34 files changed, 22213 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/39672-8.txt b/39672-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80010e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6142 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: How to Make an Index
+
+Author: Henry B. Wheatley
+
+Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39672]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                       The Book-Lover's Library.
+
+                               Edited by
+
+                       Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+                         =By the Same Author.=
+
+_Tastefully printed and bound in cloth_, =4s. 6d.=; _in Roxburgh_, =7s.
+6d.= _Large Paper_, =21s.=
+
+                        _HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY._
+
+"An admirable guide to the best bibliographies and books of
+reference.... It is altogether a volume to be desired."--_Globe._
+
+"Everything about this book is satisfactory--paper, type, margin,
+size--above all, the contents."--_St. James's Gazette._
+
+                     _HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY._
+
+"Every collector of books knows how many and difficult are the problems
+that present themselves in connection with cataloguing. Mr. Wheatley
+deals with all patiently, wisely, and exhaustively."--_British Weekly._
+
+"Mr. Wheatley's volume is unique. It is written with so much care and
+such profound knowledge of the subject that there can be no doubt that
+it will satisfactorily meet all requirements."--_Bristol Mercury._
+
+                             ELLIOT STOCK,
+                      62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.
+
+
+
+
+                              HOW TO MAKE
+                                AN INDEX
+
+
+                                   BY
+
+                       HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+                 AUTHOR OF "HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY"
+                  "HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY," ETC., ETC.
+
+
+    "M. Bochart ... me prioit surtout d'y faire un Index, etant,
+    disoit-il, l'âme des gros livres."--_Menagiana._
+
+
+                                 LONDON
+                   ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW
+                                  1902
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                               _PREFACE._
+
+
+[Illustration: _I]n 1878 I wrote for the Index Society, as its first
+publication, a pamphlet entitled "What is an Index?" The present little
+book is compiled on somewhat similar lines; but, as its title suggests,
+it is drawn up with a more practical object. The first four chapters are
+"Historical," and the other four are "Practical"; but the historical
+portion is intended to lead up to the practical portion by showing what
+to imitate and what to avoid._
+
+_There has been of late years a considerable change in public opinion
+with respect to the difficulties attending the making of both indexes
+and catalogues. It was once a common opinion that anyone without
+preparatory knowledge or experience could make an index. That that
+opinion is not true is amply proved, I hope, in the chapter on the "Bad
+Indexer."_
+
+_I have attempted to describe the best way of setting to work on an
+index. To do this with any hope of success it is necessary to give
+details that may to some seem puerile, but I have ventured on
+particulars for which I hope I may not be condemned._
+
+_I must also ask the forbearance of my readers for the constant use of
+the personal pronoun. If I could have left it out, I would gladly have
+done so; but to a great extent this book relates to the experiences of
+an old indexer. They must be taken for what they are worth, and I hope
+forgiveness will be extended to me for the form in which these
+experiences are related._
+
+                                                            H. B. W.
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                                CONTENTS.
+
+
+                             _HISTORICAL._
+                                                                PAGE
+                               CHAPTER I.
+
+                              INTRODUCTION
+
+The So-called Evils of Index Learning--Glanville and
+    Swift--Thomas Fuller's Defence of the Index--Advantages of
+    saving the Brain by knowing where to find what is
+    wanted--Dr. Johnson's Division of Necessary
+    Knowledge--Gradual Introduction of the Word
+    "Index"--Synonyms--Final Triumph of Index--Interesting
+    Indexes--Prynne's Index to his _Histrio-Mastix_--Index to
+    Richardson's Novels--David Hume an Indexer--Sir James Paget
+    enjoyed making Indexes--Amusing Blunder in Musical Index       1
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+                     AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES.
+
+Leigh Hunt's Good Word for Indexes--Indexes to _Tatler_ and
+    _Spectator_, and _The Athenian Oracle_--Table of Contents to
+    Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_--Index to _Biglow Papers_--Dr.
+    William King and his Satirical Indexes--"Boyle upon
+    Bentley"--The Royal Society and Sir Hans Sloane
+    ridiculed--Speaker Bromley's _Travels_--Reprint with King's
+    Index                                                         25
+
+
+                              CHAPTER III.
+
+                            THE BAD INDEXER.
+
+Some of the Worst Indexes in Periodicals--Jewel's
+    _Apology_--Classified in place of completely Alphabetical
+    Indexes--Mr. Poole's Opinion of Indexes to Periodicals--Miss
+    Hetherington's Examples of Bad Indexes--Want of Complete
+    Alphabetization--Confusion of _u_ and _n_, and Blunders
+    caused by it--Classification within the Alphabet--Variety of
+    Alphabets--Want of Cross References--Useless Cross
+    References--Amusing Mistranslations--Incorrect Filling-up of
+    Contractions--Bad Index to Walpole's _Letters_--Incorrect
+    Use of the Line for Repetition of Heading--Index to Pepys's
+    _Diary_--Evil of an Indexless Book--Complaints                53
+
+
+                              CHAPTER IV.
+
+                           THE GOOD INDEXER.
+
+Difficulties of being Exact--Value of a Good
+    Index--Scaliger, Nicolas Antonio, Pineda, Samuel
+    Jeake--Carlyle on Indexless Books--Macaulay's Opinion of the
+    Aim of an Index--Official Indexes--Amount paid by Parliament
+    for Indexes--Good Legal Indexes--Indexes to Jeremy Bentham's
+    _Works_, and to Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_--Dr. Birkbeck
+    Hill's Index to Boswell's _Life of Johnson_--Boswell's
+    Original Index--Issue of Revised Index to Ranke's _History
+    of England_--The Indexer born and made--Characteristics of a
+    Good Indexer                                                  85
+
+
+                              _PRACTICAL._
+
+                               CHAPTER V.
+
+                     DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES.
+
+Easiest Kinds of Indexes to make--Concordances--Scientific
+    Books--Incompleteness of some Indexes--Indexes to Catalogues
+    of Libraries--Proposed Subject Index to the Catalogue of the
+    British Museum--Controversy in _The Times_--Mr. Fortescue's
+    Opinion--Dictionary Catalogue                                118
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+                GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL INDEXES.
+
+Rules, with Explanations and Illustrations: (1) One Index to each
+    Book; (2) One Alphabet; (3) Order of the English Alphabet;
+    (4) Arrangement of Headings; (5) Arrangement of Foreign
+    Proper Names; (6) Proper Names with Prefixes; (7) Titles of
+    Peers rather than their Family Names; (8) Compound Names;
+    (9) Adjective _v._ Substantive as a Catchword; (10)
+    Shortness of Entries; (11) Repetition of Short Entries; (12)
+    Abstracts of the Contents of Articles in Periodicals; (13)
+    Authorities to be Indexed; (14) Division of the Page for
+    Reference; (15) Use of Numerals for Series of Volumes; (16)
+    Certain Entries to be printed in Capitals; (17) Type for
+    Headings--Arrangement of Oriental Names--Sir George
+    Birdwood's Memorandum                                        132
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VII.
+
+                       HOW TO SET ABOUT AN INDEX.
+
+Hints as to the Making of an Index--Two Kinds of Index--Arrangement
+    of Growing Indexes--Use of Cards, Paper Slips, or
+    Foolscap--Indexer's Knowledge of the Book to be
+    Indexed--Selection of the best Catchword--Use of
+    Numerals--Index for Different Editions of Same Book--Cutting
+    up and arranging Slips--Sorting into Alphabet--Pasting down
+    the Slips--Paste to Use--Calculations of the Relative
+    Lengths of the Letters of the Alphabet--Preparation of
+    "Copy" for the Printer--Correction of the Press              172
+
+
+                             CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                      GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX.
+
+Early Proposals for an Index Society--Foundation of a
+    Society--Indexes of History and Biography--General Index:
+    What it should be                                           206
+
+INDEX                                                           225
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                         HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX.
+
+                               CHAPTER I.
+
+                             INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+    "I for my part venerate the inventor of Indexes; and I know not
+    to whom to yield the preference, either to Hippocrates, who was
+    the great anatomiser of the human body, or to that unknown
+    labourer in literature who first laid open the nerves and
+    arteries of a book."
+                          --ISAAC DISRAELI, _Literary Miscellanies_.
+
+
+[Illustration: I]t is generally agreed that that only is true knowledge
+which consists of information assimilated by our own minds. Mere
+disjointed facts kept in our memories have no right to be described as
+knowledge. It is this understanding that has made many writers jeer at
+so-called index-learning. Thus, in the seventeenth century, Joseph
+Glanville, writing in his _Vanity of Dogmatizing_, says: "Methinks 'tis
+a pitiful piece of knowledge that can be learnt from an index, and a
+poor ambition to be rich in the inventory of another's treasure." Dr.
+Watts alluded to those whose "learning reaches no farther than the
+tables of contents"; but then he added a sentence which quite takes the
+sting from what he had said before, and shows how absolutely needful an
+index is. He says: "If a book has no index or table of contents, 'tis
+very useful to make one as you are reading it."
+
+Swift had his say on index-learning, too. In the _Tale of a Tub_
+(Section VII.) he wrote: "The most accomplisht way of using books at
+present is twofold: Either serve them as some men do Lords, learn their
+titles exactly, and then brag of their acquaintance. Or secondly, which
+indeed is the choicer, the profounder and politer method, to get a
+thorough insight into the Index, by which the whole book is governed and
+turned, like fishes by the tail. For to enter the palace of Learning at
+the great gate, requires an expense of time and forms; therefore men of
+much haste and little ceremony are content to get in by the back-door.
+For, the Arts are all in a flying march, and therefore more easily
+subdued by attacking them in the rear.... Thus men catch Knowledge by
+throwing their wit on the posteriors of a book, as boys do sparrows with
+flinging salt upon their tails. Thus human life is best understood by
+the wise man's Rule of regarding the end. Thus are the Sciences found
+like Hercules' oxen, by tracing them backwards. Thus are old Sciences
+unravelled like old stockings, by beginning at the foot."
+
+Thomas Fuller, with his usual common-sense, wisely argues that the
+diligent man should not be deprived of a tool because the idler may
+misuse it. He writes: "An Index is a necessary implement and no
+impediment of a book except in the same sense wherein the carriages
+[_i.e._ things carried] of an army are termed _impedimenta_. Without
+this a large author is but a labyrinth without a clue to direct the
+reader therein. I confess there is a lazy kind of learning which is only
+indical, when scholars (like adders which only bite the horses' heels)
+nibble but at the tables, which are calces librorum, neglecting the body
+of the book. But though the idle deserve no crutches (let not a staff be
+used by them but on them), pity it is the weary should be denied the
+benefit thereof, and industrious scholars prohibited the accommodation
+of an index, most used by those who most pretend to contemn it."
+
+The same objection to "indical" learning is urged to-day, but it is
+really a futile one. No man can know everything; he may possess much
+true knowledge, but there is a mass of matter that the learned man knows
+he can never master completely. He does not care to burden his mind with
+what might be to him useless lumber. In this case his object is only to
+know where he can find the information when he wants it. Indexes are of
+the greatest help to these men, and for their purposes the indexes ought
+to be well made. But it is needless to labour this point, for has not
+Johnson, in his clear and virile language, said the last word on the
+matter?--"Knowledge is of two kinds; we know a subject ourselves, or we
+know where we can find information upon it. When we inquire into any
+subject, the first thing we have to do is to know what books have
+treated of it. This leads us to look at catalogues and the backs of
+books."
+
+Before going further, it would be well for author and reader to come to
+an agreement as to what an index really is. An index may, in certain
+circumstances, be arranged in the order of the book, like a table of
+contents, or it may be classified or chronological; but the index to a
+book such as we all think of when we speak of an index should be
+alphabetical. The other arrangements must be exceptional, because the
+books indexed are exceptional.
+
+It is strange, however, to find how long the world was in coming to this
+very natural conclusion. The first attempt at indexing a book was in the
+form of an abstract of contents in the order of the book itself. Seneca,
+in sending certain volumes to his friend Lucilius, accompanied them with
+notes of particular passages, so that he "who only aimed at the useful
+might be spared the trouble of examining them entire." Cicero used the
+word "index" to express the table of contents of a book, and he asked
+his friend Atticus to send him two library clerks to repair his books.
+He added that he wished them to bring with them some parchment to make
+indexes upon.
+
+Many old manuscripts have useful tables of contents, and in Dan Michel's
+_Ayenbite of Inwyt_ (1340) there is a very full table with the heading:
+"Thise byeth the capiteles of the boc volyinde."
+
+It was only a step to arrange this table of contents in the order of the
+alphabet, and thus form a true index; but it took a long time to take
+this step. Alphabetical indexes of names are to be found in some old
+manuscript books, but it may be said that the general use of the
+alphabetical arrangement is one of those labour-saving expedients which
+came into use with the invention of printing.
+
+Erasmus supplied alphabetical indexes to many of his books; but even in
+his time arrangement in alphabetical order was by no means considered
+indispensable in an index, and the practice came into general use very
+slowly.
+
+The word "index" had a hard fight with such synonyms as "calendar,"
+"catalogue," "inventory," "register," "summary," "syllabus." In time it
+beat all its companions in the race, although it had the longest
+struggle with the word "table."[1]
+
+  [1] All these words are fairly common; but there is another
+      which was used only occasionally in the sixteenth century. This
+      is "pye," supposed to be derived from the Greek [Greek: Pinax],
+      among the meanings of which, as given in Liddell and Scott's
+      Lexicon, is, "A register, or list." The late Sir T. Duffus
+      Hardy, in some observations on the derivation of the word
+      "Pye-Book," remarks that the earliest use he had noted of pye in
+      this sense is dated 1547: "A Pye of all the names of such
+      Balives as been to accompte pro anno regni regis Edwardi Sexti
+      primo."--_Appendix to the "35th Report of the Deputy Keeper of
+      the Public Records,"_ p. 195.
+
+Cicero used the word "index," and explained it by the word "syllabus."
+Index was not generally acknowledged as an English word until late in
+the seventeenth century.
+
+North's racy translation of Plutarch's _Lives_, the book so diligently
+used by Shakespeare in the production of his Roman histories, contains
+an alphabetical index at the end, but it is called a table. On the
+title-page of Baret's _Alvearie_ (1573), one of the early English
+dictionaries, mention is made of "two _Tables_ in the ende of this
+booke"; but the tables themselves, which were compiled by Abraham
+Fleming, being lists of the Latin and French words, are headed "Index."
+Between these two tables, in the edition of 1580, is "an Abecedarie,
+Index or Table" of Proverbs. The word "index" is not included in the
+body of the dictionary, where, however, "Table" and "Regester" are
+inserted. "Table" is defined as "a booke or regester for memorie of
+thinges," and "regester" as "a reckeninge booke wherein thinges dayly
+done be written." By this it is clear that Baret did not consider index
+to be an English word.
+
+At the end of Johnson's edition of Gerarde's _Herbal_ (1636) is an
+"Index Latinus," followed by a "Table of English names," although a few
+years previously Minsheu had given "index" a sort of half-hearted
+welcome into his dictionary. Under that word in the _Guide into Tongues_
+(1617) is the entry, "vide Table in Booke, in litera T.," where we read,
+"a Table in a booke or Index." Even when acknowledged as an English
+word, it was frequently differentiated from the analytical table: for
+instance, Dugdale's _Warwickshire_ contains an "Index of Towns and
+Places," and a "Table of men's names and matters of most note"; and
+Scobell's _Acts and Ordinances of Parliament_ (1640-1656), published
+1658, has "An Alphabetical Table of the most material contents of the
+whole book," preceded by "An Index of the general titles comprized in
+the ensuing Table." There are a few exceptions to the rule here set
+forth: for instance, Plinie's _Natural Historie of the World_,
+translated by Philemon Holland (1601), has at the beginning, "The
+Inventorie or Index containing the contents of 37 bookes," and at the
+end, "An Index pointing to the principal matters." In Speed's _History
+of Great Britaine_ (1611) there is an "Index or Alphabetical Table
+containing the principal matters in this history."
+
+The introduction of the word "index" into English from the Latin word in
+the nominative shows that it dates from a comparatively recent period,
+and came into the language through literature and not through speech. In
+earlier times it was the custom to derive our words from the Latin
+accusative. The Italian word _indice_ was from the accusative, and this
+word was used by Ben Jonson when he wrote, "too much talking is ever the
+indice of a fool" (_Discoveries_, ed. 1640, p. 93). The French word
+_indice_ has a different meaning from the Italian _indice_, and
+according to Littré is not derived from _index_, but from _indicium_. It
+is possible that Jonson's "indice" is the French, and not the Italian,
+word.
+
+Drayton uses "index" as an indicator:
+
+  "Lest when my lisping guiltie tongue should hault,
+   My lookes might prove the index to my fault."
+               --_Rosamond's Epistle_, lines 103-104.
+
+Shakespeare uses the word as a table of contents at the beginning of a
+book rather than as an alphabetical list at the end: for instance,
+Nestor says:
+
+  "Our imputation shall be oddly poised
+   In this wild action: for the success,
+   Although particular, shall give a scantling
+   Of good or bad unto the general;
+   And in such _indexes_, although small pricks
+   To their _subsequent volumes_, there is seen
+   The baby figure of the giant mass
+   Of things to come at large."
+                --_Troilus and Cressida_, I. 3.
+
+Buckingham threatens:
+
+                          "I'll sort occasion,
+  As _index_ to the story we late talk'd of,
+  To part the queen's proud kindred from the king."
+                           --_Richard III._, II. 2.
+
+And Iago refers to "an _index_ and obscure prologue to the history of
+lust and foul thoughts" (_Othello_, II. 1). It may be remarked in the
+quotation from _Troilus and Cressida_ that Shakespeare uses the proper
+plural--"indexes"--instead of "indices," which even now some writers
+insist on using. No word can be considered as thoroughly naturalised
+that is allowed to take the plural form of the language from which it is
+obtained. The same remark applies to the word "appendix," the plural of
+which some write as "appendices" instead of "appendixes." In the case of
+"indices," this word is correctly appropriated to another use.
+
+Indexes need not necessarily be dry; and some of the old ones are full
+of quaint touches which make them by no means the least interesting
+portion of the books they adorn. John Florio's translation of
+Montaigne's _Essays_ contains "An Index or Table directing to many of
+the principal matters and personages mentioned in this Booke," which is
+full of curious entries and odd cross references. The entries are not in
+perfect alphabetical order. A few of the headings will give a good idea
+of the whole:
+
+    "Action better than speach."
+
+    "Action to some is rest."
+
+    "Beasts are Physitians, Logitians, Musitians, Artists, Students,
+    Politikes, Docible, Capable of Military Order, of Affections, of
+    Justice, of Friendship, of Husbandry, of thankefulnesse and of
+    compassion," etc.
+
+    "Bookes and Bookishnesse."
+
+    "Bookes not so profitable as Conference--as deare as children."
+
+    "Bruit creatures have imagination."
+
+    "Cloysters not without cares."
+
+    "Good fortune not to be despised altogether."
+
+    "Societie of bookes."
+
+Here are some of the cross references:
+
+    "Alteration _vide_ Inconstancy."
+
+    "Amitie _vide_ Friendship."
+
+    "Ant _vide_ Emmets."
+
+    "Apprehension _vide_ Imagination."
+
+    "Balladmakers _vide_ Rymers."
+
+    "Boasting _vide_ Vaunting."
+
+    "Chance _vide_ Fortune."
+
+    "Common People _vide_ the Vulgar."
+
+    "Disparity _vide_ Equality."
+
+    "Emperickes _vide_ Physitians."
+
+An instance of how loosely the word "index" has been used will be found
+in Robert Boyle's _Some Considerations touching the Usefulnesse of
+Experimental Natural Philosophy_ (Oxford, 1663). This book is divided
+into two parts, and at the end of each part is "The Index." This
+so-called index is arranged in order of the pages, and is really only a
+full table of contents.
+
+Indexes did not become at all common till the sixteenth century, and Mr.
+Cornelius Walford asked in _Notes and Queries_ what was the earliest
+index. Mr. Edward Solly answered: "Polydore Vergil in _Anglicæ Historiæ_
+(1556), has what may fairly be called a good index--thirty-seven pages.
+This may be taken as a starting-point as to date; and we may ask for
+earlier examples" (6th S. xi. 155). Another contributor referred to an
+earlier edition of Polydore Vergil (1546), and still another one cited
+Lyndewood's _Provinciale_ (1525), which has several indexes.
+
+One old index may be singled out as having caused its author serious
+misfortune. William Prynne concocted a most wonderful attack upon the
+"stage" under the title of _Histrio-Mastix_ (1633), which is absolutely
+unreadable by reason of the vast mass of authorities gathered from every
+century and every nation, to prove the wickedness of play-acting.
+Carlyle refers to the _Histrio-Mastix_ as "a book still extant, but
+never more to be read by mortal."
+
+If Prynne had sent his child out into the world without an index, he
+might have escaped from persecution, as no one would have found out the
+enormities which were supposed to lurk within the pages of the book. But
+he was unwise enough to add a most elaborate index, in which all the
+attacks upon a calling that received the sanction of the Court were
+arranged in a convenient form for reference. Attorney-General Noy found
+that the author himself had forged the weapons which he (the prosecutor)
+could use in the attack. This is proved by a passage in Noy's speech at
+Prynne's trial, where he points out that the accused "says Christ was a
+Puritan, in his Index." Noy calls it an index, but Prynne himself
+describes it as "A Table (with some brief additions) of the chiefest
+passages in this treatise."[2]
+
+  [2] There is a note to the table which shows that the book grew
+      in size during the printing--"p. signifying the page, f. the
+      folioes from pag. 513 to 545 (which exceeded the Printer's
+      computation), m. the marginall notes: if you finde f. before any
+      pages from 545 to 568, then looke the folioes which are
+      overcast; if p. then the page following."
+
+The entries in the index are so curious and one-sided in their
+accusations that it is worth while to quote some of them rather fully:
+
+    "Actors of popular or private enterludes for gaine or pleasure,
+    infamous, unlawfull and that as well in Princes, Noblemen,
+    Gentlemen, Schollers, Divines or Common Actors."
+
+    "Æschylus, one of the first inventors of Tragedies--his strange
+    and sudden death."
+
+    "Christ wept oft, but never laughed--a puritan--dishonoured and
+    offended with Stage playes."
+
+    "Crossing of the face when men go to plays shuts in the Devil."
+
+    "Devils, inventors and fomentors of stage plays and dancing.
+    Have stage plays in hell every Lord's day night."
+
+    "Heaven--no stage plays there."
+
+    "Herod Agrippa smitten in theater by an angel and so died."
+
+    "Herod the great, the first erecter of a theater among the Jews
+    who thereupon conspire his death."
+
+    "King James his statute against prophaning scripture and God's
+    name in Playes--his Statutes make Players rogues and Playes
+    unlawfull pastimes."
+
+    "Kings--infamous for them to act or frequent Playes or favour
+    Players."
+
+    "Plagues occasioned by stage plays. All the Roman actors
+    consumed by a plague."
+
+    "Play-bookes see Bookes."
+
+    "Players infamous ...
+     ---- many of them Papists and most desperate wicked wretches."
+
+    "Play haunters the worst and lewdest persons for the most
+    part...."
+
+    "Play haunting unlawfull...."
+
+    "Play-houses stiled by the Fathers and others, the Devil's
+    temples, Chappels and synagogues...."
+
+    "Play-poets examples of God's judgements on the chiefest of
+    them...."
+
+    "Puritans, condemners of Stage-playes and other corruptions
+    stiled so--The very best and holiest Christians called
+    so....--Christ, his prophets, apostles, the Fathers and
+    Primitive christians Puritans as men now judged--hated and
+    condemned onely for their grace yea holinesse of life--Accused
+    of hypocrisie and sedition, and why."
+
+    "Puritan, an honourable nickname of Christianity and grace."
+
+    "Theaters overturned by tempests."
+
+It was the strong terms in which women actors are denounced that gave
+such offence at Court, where the Queen and her ladies were specially
+attracted to the stage. Prynne's book was published six weeks before
+Henrietta Maria acted in a pastoral at Somerset House, so that the
+following passage could not have been intended to allude to the
+Queen:[3]
+
+  [3] See Cobbett's _State Trials_, vol. 3, coll. 561-586.
+
+    "Women actors notorious whores ... and dare then any Christian
+    women be so more than whorishly impudent as to act, to speake
+    publikely on a stage perchance in man's apparell and cut haire
+    here proved sinfull and abominable in the presence of sundry men
+    and women?... O let such presidents of impudency, of impiety be
+    never heard of or suffered among Christians."
+
+There are some interesting letters in Ellis's _Original Letters_ (2nd
+Series, vol. 3) which illustrate the effect on the Court of these
+violent expressions of opinion. Jo. Pory wrote to Sir Thomas Puckering
+on September 20th, 1632: "That which the Queen's Majesty, some of her
+ladies and all her maides of honour are now practicing upon is a
+Pastorall penned by Mr. Walter Montague, wherein her Majesty is pleased
+to acte a parte, as well for her recreation as for the exercise of her
+Englishe."
+
+George Gresley wrote to the same Puckering on the following 31st of
+January: "Mr. Prinne an Utter Barrister of Lincoln's Inne is brought
+into the High Commission Court and Star Chamber, for publishing a Booke
+(a little before the Queene's acting of her play) of the unlawfullness
+of Plaies wherein in the Table of his Booke and his brief additions
+thereunto he hath these words [the extracts given above are here
+printed], which wordes it is thought by some will cost him his eares, or
+heavily punnisht and deepely fined."
+
+Those who thought thus were amply justified in their opinion. Mr. Hill
+Burton observes that it was a very odd compliment to Queen Henrietta
+Maria to presume that these words refer to her, and he adds that the
+supposition reminds him of Victor Hugo's sarcasm respecting Napoleon
+III., that when the Parisian police overheard any one use the terms
+"ruffian" and "scoundrel," they said, "You must be speaking of the
+Emperor!"
+
+Prynne is so full in his particulars that he might have given us much
+information respecting the stage in his own day, which we should have
+welcomed; but, instead, he is ever more ready to draw his examples from
+Greek and Latin authorities.
+
+In the eighteenth century a practice arose of drawing up indexes of
+sentiments and opinions as distinguished from facts. Such indexes
+required a special skill in the indexer, who was usually the original
+author. There is a curious poetical index to the Iliad in Pope's
+_Homer_, referring to all the places in which similes are used.
+
+Samuel Johnson was very anxious that Richardson should produce such an
+index to his novels. In the _Correspondence of Samuel Richardson_ (vol.
+v., p. 282) is a letter from Johnson to the novelist, in which he
+writes: "I wish you would add an _index rerum_, that when the reader
+recollects any incident, he may easily find it, which at present he
+cannot do, unless he knows in which volume it is told; for Clarissa is
+not a performance to be read with eagerness, and laid aside for ever;
+but will be occasionally consulted by the busy, the aged and the
+studious; and therefore I beg that this edition, by which I suppose
+posterity is to abide, may want nothing that can facilitate its use."
+
+At the end of each volume of _Clarissa Harlowe_ Richardson added a sort
+of table of all the passages best worth remembering, and as he was the
+judge himself, it naturally extended to a considerable length. In
+September, 1753, Johnson again wrote to Richardson suggesting the
+propriety of making an index to his three works, but he added: "While I
+am writing an objection arises; such an index to the three would look
+like the preclusion of a fourth, to which I will never contribute; for
+if I cannot benefit mankind I hope never to injure them."
+
+Richardson took the hint of his friend, and in 1755 appeared a volume of
+four hundred and ten pages, entitled, _A Collection of the moral and
+instructive Sentiments, Maxims, Cautions, and Reflexions contained in
+the Histories of Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison, digested
+under proper heads_.
+
+The tables of sentiments are arranged in separate alphabets for each
+novel. The production of this book was a labour of love to its author,
+who, moreover, was skilled in the mechanical work of indexing, and in
+the early part of his career had filled up his leisure hours by
+compiling indexes for the booksellers and writing prefaces and
+dedications. At the end of his "collection" are two letters from the
+author to two of his admirers; one was to a lady who was solicitous for
+an additional volume to _Sir Charles Grandison_, supposing that work
+ended too abruptly.
+
+David Hume is to be added to the list of celebrated men who have been
+indexers, although he does not appear to have liked the work. In
+referring to the fourth edition of his _Essays_ he wrote: "I intend to
+make an index to it." Two years later he is grateful that the work of
+indexing another book is to be done for him; writing to Millar (December
+18th, 1759), he says: "I think that an Index will be very proper, and am
+glad that you free me from the trouble of undertaking that task, for
+which I know myself to be very unfit."[4]
+
+  [4] Letters of David Hume to William Strahan, edited by G.
+      Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. Oxford, 1888.
+
+Sir James Paget, the great surgeon, not only made indexes, but delighted
+in the task. He told Dr. Goodhart, _apropos_ of the Hunterian Museum
+Catalogues, College of Surgeons, that "it had always been a pleasure to
+him to make an index."[5]
+
+  [5] Paget's _Life_, p. 350.
+
+At the end of this chapter I must refer to an excellent blunder, because
+it would not be fair to introduce it with the work of the bad indexer,
+as it is an instance not exactly of ignorance, but of too great
+cleverness.
+
+Of the Fétis Musical Library, bought by the Belgian Government at his
+death for 152,000 francs, an excellent catalogue was compiled and
+printed. In the index are references to Dumas (Alexandre) _père_, and
+Dumas (Alexandre) _fils_. The musician who consults the work will be
+surprised at this unexpected development of these two famous authors'
+powers, but will be disappointed on referring to the numbers cited to
+find that they are reports of some legal proceedings brought by the firm
+of Alexandre _père et fils_, the well-known harmonium-makers, against a
+rival firm. The indexer's better acquaintance with _Les Trois
+Mousquetaires_ and _La Dame aux Camélias_ led him astray.
+
+My friend Mr. J. E. Matthew, who communicated this to me, adds: "After
+many years of constant use of the catalogue, this is the only mistake,
+beyond a literal, that I ever found."
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                              CHAPTER II.
+
+                     AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES.
+
+
+    "It will thus often happen that the controversialist states his
+    case first in the title-page; he then gives it at greater length
+    in the introduction; again perhaps in a preface; a third time in
+    an analytical form through means of a table of contents; after
+    all this skirmishing he brings up his heavy columns in the body
+    of the book; and if he be very skilfull he may let fly a few
+    Parthian arrows from the index."--J. HILL BURTON'S
+    _Book-Hunter_.
+
+
+[Illustration: O]ne of the last things the genuine indexer thinks of is
+to make his work amusing; but some wits have been very successful in
+producing humorous indexes, and others have seen their way to make an
+author ridiculous by satirically perverting his meaning in the form of
+an ordinary index. We can find specimens of each of these classes.
+
+Leigh Hunt has a charming little paper, "A Word upon Indexes," in his
+_Indicator_. He writes: "Index-making has been held to be the driest as
+well as lowest species of writing. We shall not dispute the humbleness
+of it; but since we have had to make an index ourselves,[6] we have
+discovered that the task need not be so very dry. Calling to mind
+indexes in general, we found them presenting us a variety of pleasant
+memories and contrasts. We thought of those to the Spectator, which we
+used to look at so often at school, for the sake of choosing a paper to
+abridge. We thought of the index to the Pantheon of Fabulous Histories
+of the Heathen Gods, which we used to look at oftener. We remember how
+we imagined we should feel some day, if ever our name should appear in
+the list of Hs; as thus, Home, Howard, Hume, Huniades, ----. The poets
+would have been better, but then the names, though perhaps less
+unfitting, were not so flattering; as for instance Halifax, Hammond,
+Harte, Hughes, ----. We did not like to come after Hughes."
+
+  [6] To the original edition of the _Indicator_; the reprint (2
+      vols. 8vo, 1834) has no index.
+
+The indexes to the _Tatler_ and the _Spectator_ are full of piquancy,
+and possess that admirable quality of making the consulter wish to read
+the book itself. The entries are so enticing that they lead you on to
+devour the whole book. Hunt writes of them: "We have just been looking
+at the indexes to the Tatler and Spectator, and never were more forcibly
+struck with the feeling we formerly expressed about a man's being better
+pleased with other writers than with himself. Our index seemed the
+poorest and most second-hand in the world after theirs: but let any one
+read theirs, and then call an index a dry thing if he can. As there 'is
+a soul of goodness in things evil' so there is a soul of humour in
+things dry, and in things dry by profession. Lawyers know this, as well
+as index-makers, or they would die of sheer thirst and aridity. But as
+grapes, ready to burst with wine, issue out of the most stony places,
+like jolly fellows bringing burgundy out of a cellar; so an Index, like
+the _Tatler's_, often gives us a taste of the quintessence of his
+humour." The very title gives good promise of what is to be found in the
+book: "A faithful Index of the dull as well as the ingenious passages in
+the Tatlers."
+
+Here are a few entries chosen at random:
+
+    Vol. 1--
+    "Bachelor's scheme to govern a wife."
+    "Knaves prove fools."
+
+    Vol. 2--
+    "Actors censured for adding words of their own in their parts."
+    "Dead men, who."
+    "Dead persons heard, judged and censured.
+    ---- Allegations laid against them, their pleas."
+    "Love letters before and after marriage, found in a grave."
+    "Mathematical sieve to sift impertinences in writing and
+       discourse."
+    "News, Old People die in France."
+
+    Vol. 3--
+    "Flattery of women, its ill consequences."
+    "Maids of Honour, their allowance of Beef for their Breakfast in
+       Queen Elizabeth's time."
+    "Silence, significant on many occasions.
+    ---- Instances of it."
+
+    Vol. 4--
+    "Blockheads apt to admire one another."
+    "Female Library proposed for the Improvement of the Sex."
+    "Night, longer formerly in this Island than at present."
+
+In 1757 _A General Index to the Spectators, Tatlers, and Guardians_ was
+published, and in 1760 the same work was re-issued with a new
+title-page. Certain supposed blots in the original indexes were here
+corrected and the following explanation made in the preface:
+"Notwithstanding the learning and care of the compilers of the first
+Indexes to these volumes, some slight inaccuracies have passed, and
+where observed they are altered. Few readers who desire to know Mr.
+Bickerstaff's Opinion of the Comedy called the Country Wife, or the
+character of Mrs. Bickerstaff as an actress, would consult the Index
+under the word _Acts_." This seems to refer to an entry in the index to
+the first volume of the _Tatler_:
+
+    "Acts the Country-Wife: (Mrs. Bignel)."
+
+The index to the original edition of the _Spectator_ is equally good
+with that of the _Tatler_, but the entries are longer and more elaborate
+than those in the latter. The references are not made to the pages, as
+is the case with the _Tatler_, but to the numbers of the papers. The
+following entries are worthy of quotation:
+
+    Vol. 2--
+
+    "Gentry of England generally speaking in debt."
+    "Great men not truly known till some years after their deaths."
+    "Women, the English excel all other nations in beauty.
+     ---- Signs of their improvement under the Spectator's hands.
+     ---- Their pains in all ages to adorn the outside of their
+          heads."
+
+A precursor of the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_ was the curious _Athenian
+Oracle_, of the eccentric John Dunton, each volume of which contained
+"An Alphabetical Table for the speedy finding of any questions, by a
+member of the Athenian Society," from which the following amusing
+entries are taken:
+
+    "Ark, what became of it after the Flood?"
+
+    "Bees, a swarm lit upon the Crown and Scepter in Cheapside,
+    what do they portend?"
+
+    "Hawthorn-tree at Glassenbury, what think you of it?"
+
+    "Noah's flood, whither went the waters?"
+
+    "Pied Piper, was he a man or dæmon?"
+
+    "Triumphant Arch erected in Cheapside 1691, described."
+
+A selection from this curious seventeenth-century miscellany was made by
+Mr. J. Underhill, and published by Walter Scott a few years ago.
+
+Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_ is one of the works of genius which is
+little known in the present day, but well repays perusal. A humorous
+table of contents was prepared by the author, which he styled an index.
+He wrote: "I have added a ludicrous index purely to show (fools) that I
+am in jest." This was afterwards omitted, but D'Israeli reprinted it in
+his _Curiosities of Literature_. It contains an amusing _précis_ of the
+chief points of the poem; the whole is short, and a few extracts will
+give an idea of its plan:
+
+    "A CIRCUMSTANCE in the situation of the mansion of early
+    Discipline, discovering the surprising influence of the
+    connexion of ideas."
+
+    "SOME peculiarities indicative of a country school, with a short
+    sketch of the sovereign presiding over it."
+
+    "SOME account of her night-cap, apron and a tremendous
+    description of her birchen sceptre."
+
+    "HER titles and punctilious nicety in the ceremonious assertion
+    of them."
+
+    "A VIEW of this rural potentate as seated in her chair of state,
+    conferring honours distributing bounties and dispensing
+    proclamations."
+
+Gay composed a full and humorous index for his interesting picture of
+eighteenth-century London--_Trivia_. The poet added a few entries to the
+index in the quarto edition of his _Poems_ (1720). The following
+selected references will show the character of the index:
+
+    "Asses, their arrogance."
+    "Autumn, what cries then in use."
+    "Bully, his insolence to be corrected."
+    "Chairs and chariots prejudicial to health."
+    "Cellar, the misfortune of falling into one."
+    "Coach fallen into a hole described."
+    "Glazier, his skill at football."
+    "London, its happiness before the invention of Coaches and Chairs."
+    "Periwigs, how stolen off the head."
+    "Quarrels for the wall to be avoided."
+    "Schoolboys, mischievous in frosty weather."
+    "Wall, to whom to be given.
+      ---- to whom to be denied."
+    "Women, the ill consequence of gazing on them."
+
+Of modern examples of the amusing index, by far the best is that added
+to the inimitable _Biglow Papers_ by the accomplished author, James
+Russell Lowell. Here are some extracts from the index to the First
+Series:
+
+    "Adam, eldest son of, respected."
+
+    "Babel, probably the first congress."
+
+    "Birch, virtue of, in instilling certain of the dead languages."
+
+    "Cæsar, a tribute to. His _Veni, Vidi, Vici_ censured for undue
+    prolixity."
+
+    "Castles, Spanish, comfortable accommodation in."
+
+    "Eating Words, habit of, convenient in time of famine."
+
+    "Longinus recommends swearing (Fuseli did the same thing)."
+
+    "No, a monosyllable. Hard to utter."
+
+    "Noah enclosed letter in bottle, probably."
+
+    "Ulysses, husband of Penelope. Borrows money. (For full
+    particulars see _Homer_ and _Dante_.)"
+
+    "Wrong, abstract, safe to oppose."
+
+The following are from the Second Series:
+
+    "Antony of Padua, Saint, happy in his hearers."
+
+    "Applause, popular, the _summum bonum_."
+
+    "'Atlantic,' editors of, See _Neptune_. [There is no entry under
+    Neptune.]"
+
+    "Belmont. See _Woods_."
+
+    "Bible, not composed for use of coloured persons."
+
+    "Charles I, accident to his neck."
+
+    "Ezekiel would make a poor figure at a Caucus."
+
+    "Facts, their unamiability. Compared to an old fashioned
+    stage-coach."
+
+    "Family trees, a primitive forest of."
+
+    "Jeremiah hardly the best guide in modern politics."
+
+    "Missionaries, useful to alligators. Culinary liabilities of."
+
+    "Rum and water combine kindly."
+
+    "Shoddy, poor covering for outer or inner man."
+
+    "'They'll say,' a notable bully."
+
+    "Woods, the, See _Belmont_."
+
+    "World, this, its unhappy temper."
+
+    "Writing, dangerous to reputation."
+
+The witty Dr. William King, student of Christ Church, Oxford, and
+afterwards Judge of the Irish Court of Admiralty, presented an example
+of the skilled controversialist spoken of by Hill Burton as letting fly
+"a few Parthian arrows from the Index." He was dubbed by Isaac D'Israeli
+the inventor of satirical indexes, and he certainly succeeded in
+producing several ill-natured ones.
+
+When the wits of Christ Church produced under the name of the Hon.
+Charles Boyle the clever volume with which they thought to annihilate
+the great Dr. Bentley, Dr. King was the one who assisted by producing a
+bitter index.
+
+The first edition of _Dr. Bentley's Dissertation on the Epistles of
+Phalaris and the Fables of Esop examin'd_ (1698) has no index; but Dr.
+King's work was added to the second edition published in the same year.
+It was styled, _A short account of Dr. Bentley by way of Index_. Then
+follows:
+
+    "Dr. Bentley's true story of the MS.  prov'd false by the
+        testimonies of
+    ---- Mr. Bennet, p. 6.
+    ---- Mr. Gibson, p. 7.
+    ---- Dr. King, p. 8.
+    ---- Dr. Bentley, p. 19."
+    "Dr. Bentley's civil usage of Mr. Boyle.
+    "His civil language to
+    ---- Mr. Boyle.
+    ---- Sir W. Temple.
+    "His singular humanity to
+    ---- Mr. Boyle.
+    ---- Sir Edward Sherburne.
+    humanity to Foreigners.
+    "His Ingenuity in
+    ---- relating matters of fact.
+    ---- citing authors.
+    ---- transcribing and plundering
+    notes and prefaces of
+    ---- Mr. Boyle.
+    ---- Vizzanius.
+    ---- Nevelet.
+    ---- Camerarius.
+    ---- Editor of Hesychius.
+    ---- Salmasius.
+    ---- Dr. Bentley.
+    "His appeal to Foreigners.
+    ---- a suspicious plan.
+    ---- a false one.
+    "His modesty and decency in contradicting great men.
+    "(Long list from Plato to Every body).
+    "His happiness in confident assertions for want
+    ---- of Reading.
+    ---- of Judgment.
+    ---- of Sincerity.
+    "His profound skill in Criticism
+      From beginning to
+        The End."
+
+This is certainly more vindictive than witty.
+
+All the wits rushed madly into the fray, and Swift, in his "Battel
+fought last Friday between the Antient and Modern Books in St. James's
+Library," committed himself irretrievably to the wrong side in this way:
+"A captain whose name was B-ntl-y, in person the most deformed of all
+the moderns; tall but without shape or comeliness, large but without
+strength or proportion. His armour was patched up of a thousand
+incoherent pieces...."
+
+Then look at the leader of the opposing host: "Boyl clad in a suit of
+armor which had been given him by all the gods immediately advanced
+against the trembling foe, who now fled before him."
+
+It is amazing that such a perverted judgment should have been given by
+some of our greatest writers, but all is to be traced to Bentley's
+defects of temper, so that Dr. King was not altogether wrong in his
+index.
+
+Sir George Trevelyan in his _Life of Macaulay_ refers to Bentley's
+famous maxim (which in print and talk alike he dearly loved to quote),
+that no man was ever written down except by himself, and quotes what the
+historian wrote after perhaps his tenth perusal of Bishop Monk's life of
+the great critic: "Bentley seems to me an eminent instance of the extent
+to which intellectual powers of a most rare and admirable kind may be
+impaired by moral defects."
+
+Charles Boyle's book went through four editions, and still there was
+silence; but at last appeared the "immortal" _Dissertation_, as Porson
+calls it, which not only defeated his enemies, but routed them
+completely. Bentley's _Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris_, with
+an answer to the objections of the Hon. C. Boyle, Esq., first appeared
+in 1699. De Quincey described it as one of the three most triumphant
+dissertations existing upon the class of historico-critical problems,
+"All three are loaded with a superfetation of evidence, and conclusive
+beyond what the mind altogether wishes."[7] In another place De Quincey
+points out the line of argument followed by Bentley: "It was by
+anachronisms of this character that Bentley detected the spuriousness of
+the letters ascribed to Phalaris. Sicilian towns, &c., were in those
+letters called by names that did not arise until that prince had been
+dead for centuries. Manufactures were mentioned that were of much later
+invention. As handles for this exposure of a systematic forgery, which
+oftentimes had a moral significance, these indications were valuable,
+and gave excessive brilliancy to that immortal dissertation of
+Bentley's."[8]
+
+  [7] _Rosicrucians and Free-Masons_ (De Quincey's _Works_, vol.
+      13, p. 388).
+
+  [8] _Memorial Chronology_ (De Quincey's _Works_, vol. 14, p. 309).
+
+The fate which the wits thought to bring upon Bentley fell upon them,
+and they quarrelled among themselves. It was believed that Charles
+Boyle, when credit was to be obtained, looked upon himself as author of
+the book; but afterwards, when it was discredited, he only awaited the
+public trial of the conspirators to wash his hands of the whole affair.
+Atterbury, who had much to do with the production of the volume, was
+particularly annoyed by Boyle's conduct. He wrote to Boyle: "In laying
+the design of the book, in writing above half of it, in reviewing
+[revising] a great part of the rest, in transcribing the whole and
+attending the press, half a year of my life went away. What I promised
+myself from hence was that some service would be done to your
+reputation, and that you would think so. In the first of these I was not
+mistaken--in the latter I am. When you were abroad, sir, the highest you
+could prevail with yourself to go in your opinion of the book was, that
+you hoped it would do you no harm. When you returned I supposed you
+would have seen that it had been far from hurting you. However, you have
+not thought fit to let me know your mind on this matter; for since you
+came to England, no one expression, that I know of, has dropped from you
+that could give me reason to believe you had any opinion of what I had
+done, or even took it kindly from me."[9]
+
+  [9] _Memoirs of Bishop Atterbury_, compiled by Folkestone
+      Williams, vol. i. (1869), p. 42.
+
+In the same year (1698) King turned his attention to a less formidable
+antagonist than the great Bentley. His _Journey to London_ is a very
+ingenious parody of Dr. Martin Lister's _Journey to Paris_, and, the
+pages of the original being referred to, it forms an index to that book.
+
+The Royal Society in its early years had to pass through a long period
+of ridicule and misrepresentation. The author of _Hudibras_ commenced
+the crusade, but the gibes of Butler were easier to bear than those of
+Dr. William King, who was particularly savage against Sir Hans Sloane.
+_The Transactioneer_ (1700) and _Useful Transactions in Philosophy_
+(1708-1709) were very galling to the distinguished naturalist, and
+annoyed the Royal Society, whose _Philosophical Transactions_ were
+unmercifully laughed at. To both the tracts referred to were prefixed
+satirical tables of contents, and what made them the more annoying was
+that the author's own words were very ingeniously used and turned
+against him. King writes: "The bulls and blunders which Sloane and his
+friends so naturally pour forth cannot be misrepresented, so careful I
+am in producing them."
+
+Here is a specimen of the contents of _The Transactioneer_:
+
+    "The Tatler's Opinion of a Virtuoso."
+    "Some Account of Sir Hans Sloane.
+    ----  of Dr. Salmon.
+    ----  of Mr. Oldenburg.
+    ----  of Dr. Plot."
+    "The Compiling of the Philosophical Transactions the work of a
+          single person.
+    ----  the excellence of his style.
+    ----  his clearness and perspicacity.
+    ----  Genius to Poetry.
+    ----  Verses on Jamaica Pepper.
+    ----  Politicks in Gardening.
+    ----  Skill in Botanicks."
+
+The following appear in the contents of the "Voyage to Cajamai" in
+_Useful Transactions_:
+
+    Preface of the author--
+
+    "Knew a white bramble in a dark room."
+
+    Author's introduction--
+
+    "Mountains higher than hills."
+
+    "Hay good for horses."
+
+The most important of King's indexes was that added to Bromley's
+_Travels_, because it had the effect of balking a distinguished
+political character of his ambition of filling the office of Speaker of
+the House of Commons.
+
+William Bromley (1664-1732), after leaving Christ Church, Oxford, spent
+several years in travelling on the Continent. He was elected a Member of
+Parliament in 1689, and soon occupied a prominent position among the
+non-jurors. In 1692 he published "_Remarks in the Grande Tour of France
+and Italy, lately performed by a Person of quality._ London. Printed by
+E. H. for Tho. Basset at the George in Fleet Street, 1692." A second
+edition appeared in the following year: "_Remarks made in Travels
+through France and Italy, with many Publick Inscriptions. Lately taken
+by a Person of Quality_. London (Thomas Basset) 1693."
+
+In March, 1701-1702, Bromley was elected Member of Parliament for the
+University of Oxford, which he continued to represent during the
+remainder of his life. In 1702 he published another volume of travels:
+"_Several Years' Travels through Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany,
+Prussia, Sweden, Denmark and the United Provinces performed by a
+Gentleman_."
+
+In 1705 Bromley was supposed to have pre-eminent claims to the
+Speakership, which office was then vacant; but what was supposed to be a
+certainty was turned into failure by the action of his opponents. They
+took the opportunity of reprinting his _Remarks_, with the addition of a
+satirical index, as an electioneering squib. This reprint appeared as
+"_Remarks in the Grand Tour ... performed by a Person of Quality in the
+year 1691_. The second edition to which is added a table of the
+principal matters. London. Printed for John Nutt near Stationers' Hall,
+1705." This was really the third edition, but probably the reprinters
+overlooked the edition of 1693. It was reprinted with the original
+licence of "Rob. Midgley, Feb. 20th, 1691-2."
+
+In the Bodleian copy of this book there is a manuscript note by Dr.
+Rawlinson to the effect that this index was drawn up by Robert Harley,
+Earl of Oxford; but this was probably only a party rumour. Dr. Parr
+possessed Bromley's own copy of the reprint with the following
+manuscript note by the author:
+
+    "This edition of these travels is a specimen of the good nature
+    and good manners of the Whigs, and I have reason to believe of
+    one of the ministry (very conversant in this sort of calumny)
+    for the sake of publishing '_the Table of the principal matters
+    &c_' to expose me whom the gentlemen of the Church of England
+    designed to be Speaker of the House of Commons, in the
+    Parliament, that met Oct. 25 1705. When notwithstanding the
+    Whigs and Court joining to keep me out of the chair, and the
+    greatest violence towards the Members, turning out some, and
+    threatening others, to influence their votes, I had the honour
+    (and I shall ever esteem it a greater honour than my
+    competitor's success) to have the suffrages of 205 disinterested
+    gentlemen for me: such a number as never lost such a question
+    before; and such as, with the addition of those that by force,
+    and contrary to their inclination, with the greatest reluctance
+    voted against me, must have prevailed for me.
+
+    "This was a very malicious proceeding; my words and meaning
+    plainly perverted in several places; which if they had been
+    improper, and any observations trifling or impertinent, an
+    allowance was due for my being very young, when they were made.
+    But the performances of others, not entitled to such allowance
+    may be in this manner exposed, as appears by the like Tables
+    published for the Travels of Bp. Burnet and Mr. Addison. _Wm.
+    Bromley._"
+
+Dr. Parr took this all very seriously, and set great value upon the
+book. He added a note to that written by Bromley, in which he said:
+
+    "Mr. Bromley was very much galled with the republication, and
+    the ridiculous, but not untrue, representation of the contents.
+    Such a work would unavoidably expose the author to derision:
+    instead therefore of suffering it to be sold after my death, and
+    to become a subject of contemptuous gossip, or an instrument of
+    party annoyance, I think it a proper act of respect and kindness
+    for the Bromley family, for me to put it in possession of the
+    Rev. Mr. Davenport Bromley, upon the express condition that he
+    never sells it nor gives it away, that, after reading it, he
+    seals it up carefully and places it where no busy eye, nor
+    thievish hand can reach it.
+                                                         "S. P."
+
+This note was written in 1823, and the precautions taken by Parr seem
+rather belated. Even the family were little likely to mind the public
+seeing a political skit more than a century old, which did no dishonour
+to their ancestor's character.
+
+It is very probable that Harley was at the expense of reprinting the
+book, as it is reported that every one who came to his house was asked
+if he had seen Mr. Bromley's _Travels_; and when the answer was in the
+negative, Harley at once fetched a copy, which he presented to his
+visitor. There is no doubt, however, that the index was drawn up by Dr.
+King.
+
+The index is neither particularly amusing nor clever, but it is very
+ill-natured. Dr. Parr infers that the book is not misrepresented, but
+there can be little doubt that the index is in most instances very
+unfair. Thus the first entry in the table is:
+
+    "Chatham, where and how situated, viz. on the other side of
+    Rochester bridge, though commonly reported to be on this side,
+    p. 1."
+
+The passage indexed is quite clear, and contains the natural statement
+of a fact.
+
+    "Lodged at Rochester, an episcopal seat in the same county
+    [Kent]. The cathedral church is plain and decent, and the city
+    appears well peopled. When I left it and passed the Bridge I was
+    at Chatham, the famous Dock, where so many of our great ships
+    are built."
+
+The following are some further entries from the index:
+
+    "Dover and Calais neither of them places of Strength tho'
+    frontier towns, p. 2."
+
+    "Boulogne the first city on the French shore, lies on the coast,
+    p. 2." [These are the same words as in the book.]
+
+    "Crosses and Crucifixes on the Roads in France prove it not
+    England, p. 3."
+
+The passage here indexed is as follows:
+
+    "Crosses and Crucifixes are so plentiful every where on this
+    road, that from them alone an Englishman will be satisfied he is
+    out of his own country; besides the Roads are much better than
+    ours."
+
+    "Eight pictures take up less room than sixteen of the same size,
+    p. 14."
+
+This is founded on the following:
+
+    "They contain the Histories of the Old and New Testaments, and
+    are placed in two rows one above the other; those that represent
+    the Old Testament are in the uppermost reaching round the room
+    and are sixteen. Those of the new are under them, but being only
+    eight reach not so far as the former, and where no pictures are
+    be the doors to the presses where the sacred vestments are
+    kept."
+
+    "Travelling by night not proper to take a view of the adjacent
+    countries, p. 223."
+
+This is a version of the following:
+
+    "The heat of the weather made travelling in the night most
+    desirable and we chose it between Sienna and Florence.... By
+    this means I could see little of the country."
+
+    "The Duchess dowager of Savoy who was grandmother to the present
+    Duke was mother to his father, p. 243."
+
+This is a perversion of the following
+perfectly natural observation:
+
+    "This was designed by the Dutchess Christina grandmother of this
+    Duke in the minority of her son (his father) in 1660."
+
+The entry, "Jews at Legorn not obliged to wear red hats, p. 223,"
+contains nothing absurd, but rather is an interesting piece of
+information, because the Jews were obliged to wear these hats in other
+parts of Italy, and it was the knowledge of this fact that induced
+Macklin to wear a red hat when acting Shylock, a personation which
+induced an admirer to exclaim:
+
+    "This is the Jew
+     That Shakespeare drew."
+
+Such perversions as these could have done Bromley, one would think,
+little harm; but the real harm done consisted in bringing to light and
+insisting upon the author's political attitude when he referred to King
+William and Queen Mary as "the Prince and Princess of Orange." The
+passage is as follows:
+
+    "A gallery, where among the pictures of Christian Princes are
+    those of King Charles the Second and his Queen, King James the
+    Second and his Queen and the Prince and Princess of Orange."
+
+It would indeed seem strange that one who had thus referred to his King
+and Queen should occupy so important a public office as Speaker of the
+House of Commons. Another ground of offence was that when in Rome he
+kissed the Pope's slipper.
+
+Although Bromley was disappointed in 1705, his time came; and after the
+Tory reaction consequent on the trial of Sacheverell he was in 1710
+chosen Speaker without opposition. There is a portrait of Bromley in the
+University Picture Gallery in the Bodleian at Oxford.
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                              CHAPTER III.
+
+                            THE BAD INDEXER.
+
+    "At the laundress's at the Hole in the Wall in Cursitor's Alley
+    up three pair of stairs, the author of my Church history--you
+    may also speak to the gentleman who lies by him in the flock
+    bed, my index maker."--SWIFT'S _Account of the Condition of
+    Edmund Curll_ (Instructions to a porter how to find Mr. Curll's
+    authors).
+
+[Illustration: B]ad indexers are everywhere, and what is most singular
+is that each one makes the same sort of blunders--blunders which it
+would seem impossible that any one could make, until we find these same
+blunders over and over again in black and white. One of the commonest is
+to place the references under unimportant words, for which no one would
+think of looking, such as A and The. The worst indexes of this class are
+often added to journals and newspapers. A good instance of confusion
+will be found in the index to a volume of _The Freemason_ which is
+before me; but this is by no means singular, and certainly not the worst
+of its class. Under A we find the following entries:
+
+    "Afternoon Outing of the Skelmersdale Lodge."
+    "An Oration delivered," etc.
+    "Annual Outing of the Queen Victoria Lodge."
+    "Another Masonic MS."
+
+Under B:
+
+    "Bro. Bain's Masonic Library."
+
+Under F:
+
+    "First Ball of the Fellowship Lodge.
+    "First Ladies' Night."
+
+Under I:
+
+    "Interesting Extract from an 'Old Masonian's' Letter."
+
+Under L:
+
+    "Ladies' Banquet."
+    "Ladies' Night."
+    "Ladies' Summer Outing."
+    "Late Bro. Sir B. W. Richardson."
+
+Under N:
+
+    "New Grand Officers."
+    "New Home for Keighley Freemasons."
+    "New Masonic Hall."
+
+Under O:
+
+    "Our Portrait Gallery."
+
+Under R:
+
+    "Recent Festival."
+
+Under S:
+
+    "Send-off dinner."
+    "Summer Festival."
+    "Summer Outing."
+
+Under T:
+
+    "Third Ladies' Night."
+
+Under Y:
+
+    "Ye olde Masonians."
+
+There are many other absurd headings, but these are the worst instances.
+They show the confusion of not only placing references where they would
+never be looked for, but of giving similar entries all over the index
+under whatever heading came first to the mind of the indexer. For
+instance, there is one _Afternoon_ Outing, one _Annual_ Outing, one
+_Ladies'_ Outing, one _Summer_ Outing, and three other Outings under O.
+None of these have any references the one from the other.
+
+There are a large number of indexes in which not only the best heading
+is not chosen, but the very worst is. Thus, choosing at random, we find
+such an order as the following in an old volume of the _Canadian
+Journal_:
+
+    "_A_ Monograph of the British Spongiadæ."
+
+    "_On_ the Iodide of Barium."
+
+    "_Sir_ Charles Barry, a Biography."
+
+    "_The_ late Professor Boole."
+
+    "_The_ Mohawk Language."
+
+The same misarrangement will sometimes be found even in standard English
+journals.
+
+The edition of Jewel's _Apology_, published by Isaacson in 1825,
+contains an index which is worthy of special remark. It is divided into
+four alphabets, referring respectively to (1) Life; (2) Apology; (3)
+Notes to Life; (4) Notes to Apology; and this complicated machinery is
+attached to a book of only 286 pages. I think it is scarcely too much to
+say that there is hardly an entry in the index which would be of any use
+to the consulter. A few examples will show that this is not an unfair
+judgment:
+
+    "_Belief_ of a Resurrection."
+
+    "_Caution_, Reformers proceeded with Caution."
+
+    "_If_ Protestants are Heretics let the Papists prove them so
+    from Scripture."
+
+    "_In_ withdrawing themselves from the Church of Rome,
+    Protestants have not erred from Christ and his Apostles."
+
+    "_King_ John."
+
+    "_The_ Pope assumes Regal power and habit."
+
+    "Ditto employs spies."
+
+That this idiotic kind of index (which can be of no possible use to any
+one) is not yet extinct may be seen in one of those daintily printed
+books of essays which are now so common. In mercy I will not mention the
+title, but merely say that it was published in 1901. A few extracts will
+show the character of the work:
+
+    "_A_ Book," etc.
+
+    "_Is_ public taste," etc.
+
+    "_On_ reading old books."
+
+    "_The_ advantage," etc.
+
+    "_The_ blessedness," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Book-stall Reader."
+
+    "_The_ Girl," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Long Life," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Preservative," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Prosperity," etc.
+
+    "_Two_ Classes of Literature."
+
+There are many instances of such bad indexes, but it would be tedious to
+quote more of them. The amazing thing is that many persons unconnected
+with one another should be found to do the same ridiculous work, and
+suppose that by any possibility it could be of use to a single human
+being. But what is even more astounding is to find intelligent editors
+passing such useless rubbish and wasting good type and paper upon it.
+
+Another prominent blunder in indexing periodicals is to follow in the
+index the divisions of the paper. In an alphabetical index there should
+be no classification, but the alphabet should be followed throughout.
+Nothing is so maddening to consult as an index in which the different
+divisions of the periodical are kept distinct, with a separate alphabet
+under each. It is hopeless to consult these, and it is often easier to
+turn over the pages and look through the volume than to refer to the
+index. The main object of an index is to bring together all the items on
+a similar subject which are separated in the book itself.
+
+The indexes of some periodicals are good, but those of the many are bad.
+Mr. Poole and his helpers, who had an extensive experience of periodical
+literature, made the following rule to be observed in the new edition of
+Poole's _Index to Periodical Literature_:
+
+    "All references must be made from an inspection, and if
+    necessary the perusal of each article. Hence, no use will be
+    made of the index which is usually printed with the volume, or
+    of any other index. Those indexes were _made by unskilful
+    persons_, and are full of all sorts of errors. It will be less
+    work to discard them entirely than to supply their omissions and
+    correct their errors."
+
+This rule is sufficiently severe, but it cannot be said that it is
+unjust.
+
+Miss Hetherington, who has had a singularly large experience of indexes
+to periodicals, has no higher idea of these than Mr. Poole. In an
+article on "The Indexing of Periodicals" in the _Index to the Periodical
+Literature of the World_ for 1892, she gives a remarkable series of
+instances of absurd entries. Some of these are due to the vicious habit
+of trying to save trouble by cutting up the lists of contents, and
+repeating the entries under different headings. Miss Hetherington's
+examples are well worth repeating; but as bad indexing is the rule, it
+is scarcely worth while to gibbet any one magazine, as most of them are
+equally bad. It is only amazing how any one in authority can allow such
+absurdities as the following to be printed. These six groups are from
+one magazine:
+
+    "Academy in Africa, A Monkey's."
+
+    "Africa, A Monkey's Academy in."
+
+    "Monkey's Academy in Africa, A."
+
+    "Aspects, The Renaissance in its Broader."
+
+    "Renaissance in its Broader Aspects, The."
+
+    "Campaign, His Last, and After."
+
+    "His Last Campaign, and After."
+
+    "Entertainment, The Triumph of the Variety."
+
+    "Triumph of the Variety Entertainment, The."
+
+    "Variety Entertainment, The Triumph of the."
+
+    "Evicted Tenants, The Irish, Are they Knaves?"
+
+    "Irish Evicted Tenants, The, Are they Knaves?"
+
+    "French Revolution, Scenes from the."
+
+    "Revolution, Scenes from the French."
+
+    "Scenes from the French Revolution."
+
+Miss Hetherington adds, respecting this particular magazine: "But the
+whole index might be quoted. The indexer seems to have had three lists
+of contents for his purpose, but he has not always dared to use more
+than two, and so "The Irish Evicted Tenants" do not figure under the
+class "Knaves." The contributors are on another page, with figures only
+against their names, the cause of reference not being specified."
+
+Equally absurd, and contrived on a similar system, are the following
+entries from another magazine:
+
+    "Eastern Desert on Foot, Through an."
+
+    "Foot, Through an Eastern Desert on."
+
+    "Through an Eastern Desert on Foot."
+
+    "Finds, The Rev. J. Sturgis's."
+
+    "Sturgis's Finds, The Rev. J."
+
+    "Complexion! What a Pretty."
+
+    "Pretty Complexion! What a."
+
+    "What a Pretty Complexion!"
+
+These two groups are from a very prominent magazine:
+
+    "Creek in Demerara, Up a."
+
+    "Demerara, Up a Creek in."
+
+    "Up a Creek in Demerara."
+
+    "Home, The Russians at."
+
+    "Russians at Home, The."
+
+    "The Russians at Home."
+
+In the foregoing, by giving three entries, one, by chance, may be
+correct; but in the following case there are two useless references:
+
+    "Baron de Marbot, The Memoirs of the."
+
+    "Memoirs of the Baron de Marbot, The."
+
+    But nothing under _Marbot_.
+
+Some indexers have a fancy for placing authors under their Christian
+names, as these three from one index.
+
+    "Philip Bourke Marston."
+
+    "Rudyard Kipling."
+
+    "Walt Whitman."
+
+These entries are amusing:
+
+    "Foot in it, On Putting One's."
+
+    "On Putting One's Foot in it."
+
+Surely it is strange that such absurdities as these should continue to
+be published! Mr. Poole drew attention to the evil, and Miss
+Hetherington has done the same; yet it continues, and publishers are not
+ashamed to print such rubbish as that just instanced. We may add a quite
+recent instance--viz. _Longman's Magazine_ for October, 1901, which
+contains an index to the thirty-eighth volume. It occupies two pages in
+double columns, and there are no duplicate entries. In that small space
+I find these useless entries:
+
+    "According to the Code" (not under Code).
+
+    "Disappearance of Plants" (not under Plants).
+
+    "Eighteenth Century London through French Eye-glasses" (not
+    under London).
+
+    "Gilbert White" (not under White).
+
+    "Mission of Mr. Rider Haggard" (not under Haggard).
+
+    "Some Eighteenth Century Children's Books" (not under Children's
+    Books).
+
+    "Some Notes on an Examination" (not under Examination).
+
+                               * * * * *
+
+The two chief causes of the badness
+of indexes are found--
+
+    1. In the original composition.
+
+    2. In the bad arrangement.
+
+Of the first cause little need be said. The chief fault is due to the
+incompetence of the indexer, shown by his use of trivial references, his
+neglect of what should be indexed, his introduction of what might well
+be left out, his bad analysis, and his bad headings.
+
+The second cause is still more important, because a competent indexer
+may prepare his materials well, and keep clear of all the faults noticed
+above, and yet spoil his work by neglect of a proper system of
+arrangement.
+
+The chief faults under this second division consist of--
+
+    1. Want of complete alphabetisation.
+
+    2. Classification within the alphabet.
+
+    3. Variety of alphabets.
+
+    4. Want of cross references.
+
+These are all considerable faults, and will therefore bear being
+enlarged upon.
+
+1. _The want of complete alphabetisation_ is a great evil, but it was
+very general at one time. In some old indexes references are arranged
+under the first letter only. In the index to a large and valuable map of
+England, published at the beginning of this century, the names of places
+are not arranged further than the third letter, and this naturally gives
+great trouble to the consulter. In order to save himself, the compiler
+has given others a considerably greater amount of trouble. In arranging
+entries in alphabetical order it is necessary to sort them to the most
+minute difference of spelling. The alphabetical arrangement, however,
+has its difficulties, which must be overcome; for instance, it looks
+awkward when the plural comes before the singular, and the adjective
+before the substantive from which it is formed, as "naval" and "navies"
+before "navy." In such cases it will be necessary to make a heading such
+as "Navy," which will include the plural and the adjective.
+
+The vowel I should be kept distinct from the consonant J, and the vowel
+U from the consonant V.
+
+More blunders have probably been made by the confusing of u and n in old
+books than from any other cause. These letters are identical in early
+manuscripts, and consequently the modern copyist has to decide which
+letter to choose, and sometimes he blunders.
+
+In Capgrave's _Chronicles of England_ is a reference to the "londe of
+Iude," but this is misspelt "Inde" in the edition published in the
+Master of the Rolls' Series in 1858. Here is a simple misprint caused by
+the misreading of I for J and n for u; but this can easily be set right.
+The indexer, however, has enlarged it into a wonderful blunder. Under
+the letter I is the following curious piece of information:
+
+    "India ... conquered by Judas Maccabeus and his brethren, 56"!!
+
+Many more instances of this confusion of the letters u and n might be
+given, some of them causing permanent confusion of names; but two (which
+are the complement of each other) will suffice.
+
+George Lo_n_don was a very eminent horticulturist in his day, who at
+the Revolution was appointed Superintendent of the Royal Gardens;
+but he can seldom get his name properly spelt because a later
+horticulturist has made the name of Lo_u_don more familiar. In fact, I
+was once called to account by a reviewer who supposed I had made a
+mistake in referring to Lo_n_don instead of Lo_u_don. The reverse
+mistake was once made by the great Duke of Wellington. C. J. Loudon
+(who wrote a very bad hand) requested the Duke to let him see the
+Waterloo beeches at Stratfieldsaye. The letter puzzled Wellington, who
+knew nothing of the horticulturist, and read C. J. Lo_u_don as C. J.
+Lo_n_don, and beeches as breeches; so he wrote off to the then Bishop of
+London (Dr. Blomfield) to say that his Waterloo breeches disappeared
+long ago.
+
+2. _Classification within the alphabet._--Examples have already been
+given where the arrangement of the book is followed rather than the
+alphabetical order; but these were instances of bad indexing, and
+sometimes a good indexer fails in the same way, thus showing how
+important is good arrangement. An index of great complexity, one full of
+scientific difficulties, was once made by a very able man. The _précis_
+was admirable, and the various subjects were gathered together under
+their headings with great skill--in fact, it could not well have been
+more perfect; but it had one flaw which spoiled it. The nature of the
+index necessitated a large number of subdivisions under the various
+chief headings; these were arranged on a system clear to the compiler,
+and probably a logical one to him. But the user of the index had not the
+clue to this arrangement, and he could not find his way through the
+complicated maze; it was an unfortunate instance of extreme cleverness.
+When the index was finished, but before it was published, a simple
+remedy for the confusion was suggested and carried out. The whole of the
+subdivisions under each main heading were rearranged in perfect
+alphabetical order. This was a heroic proceeding, but it was highly
+successful, and the rearranged index gave satisfaction, and the same
+system was followed in other indexes that succeeded it.
+
+3. _Variety of alphabets._--An index should be one and indivisible, and
+should not be broken up into several alphabets. Foreigners are greater
+sinners against this fundamental rule than Englishmen, and they almost
+invariably separate the author or persons from subjects. Sometimes,
+however, the division is not very carefully made, for in the _Autoren
+Register_ to Carus' and Engelmann's _Bibliography of Zoology_ may be
+found the following entries: _Schreiben_, _Schriften_, _Zu_ Humboldt's
+Cosmos, _Zur_ Fauna. Some English books are much divided. Thus the new
+edition of Hutchins's _Dorset_ (1874) has at the end eight separate
+indexes: (1) Places, (2) Pedigrees, (3) Persons, (4) Arms, (5) Blazons,
+(6) Glossarial, (7) Domesday, (8) Inquisitions.
+
+The index to the original quarto edition of Warton's _History of English
+Poetry_ (1774) has six alphabets, but a general index compiled by Thomas
+Fillingham, was published in 1804, uniform with the work in quarto. The
+general index to the _Annual Register_ has as many as fourteen
+alphabets. The general index to the _Reports of the British Association_
+is split up into six alphabets, following the divisions of each volume.
+
+4. _Want of cross references._--Although an alphabetical index should
+not be classified, yet it is necessary to gather together the synonyms,
+and place all the references under the best of these headings, with
+cross references from the others. For instance, Wealth should be under
+W, Finance under F, and Population under P; and they should not all be
+grouped under Political Economy, because each of these subjects is
+distinct and more conveniently found under the separate heading than
+under a grouped heading. On the other hand, entries relating to
+Tuberculosis must not be scattered over the index under such headings as
+Consumption, Decline, and Phthisis, but be gathered together under the
+heading chosen, with cross references from the others. In bad indexes
+this rule is invariably broken, and it must be allowed that the proper
+carrying out of this rule is very difficult, so that where it is
+invariably adopted, we have one of the best signs of a really good
+index. Bad indexers are usually much too haphazard in their work to
+insert cross references.
+
+The careful use of cross references is next in importance to the
+selection of appropriate headings. Great judgment, however, is required,
+as the consulters are naturally irritated by being referred backwards
+and forwards, particularly in a large index. At the same time, if
+judiciously inserted, such references are a great help. Mr. Poole says,
+in an article on his own index in the _Library Journal_: "If every
+subject shall have cross references to its allies, the work will be
+mainly a book of cross references rather than an index of subjects." He
+then adds: "One correspondent gives fifty-eight cross references under
+Mental Philosophy, and fifty-eight more might be added just as
+appropriate."
+
+The indexer should be careful that his cross references are real, but he
+has not always attended to this. In Eadie's _Dictionary of the Bible_
+(1850) there is a reference, "Dorcas _see_ Tabitha," but there is no
+entry under Tabitha at all.
+
+In Cobbett's _Woodlands_ there is a good specimen of backwards and
+forwards cross referencing. The author writes:
+
+    "Many years ago I wished to know whether I could raise birch
+    trees from the _seed_.... I then looked into the great book of
+    knowledge, the _Encyclopædia Britannica_; there I found in the
+    general dictionary:
+
+    "'BIRCH TREE--See _Betula_ (Botany Index).'
+
+    "I hastened to BETULA with great eagerness, and there I found:
+
+    "'BETULA--See _Beech tree_.'
+
+    "That was all, and this was pretty encouragement."
+
+William Morris used to make merry over the futility of some cross
+references. He was using a print of an old English manuscript which was
+full of notes in explanation of self-evident passages, but one difficult
+expression--_viz._ "The bung of a thrub chandler"--was left unexplained.
+In the index under Bung there was a reference to Thrub chandler, and
+under Thrub chandler another back to Bung. Still the lexicographers are
+unable to tell us what kind of a barrel a "thrub chandler" really was. I
+give this story on the authority of my friend, Mr. S. C. Cockerell.
+
+No reference to the contents of a general heading which is without
+subdivision should be allowed unless of course the page is given.
+
+There are too many vague cross references in the _Penny Cyclopædia_
+where you are referred from the known to the unknown. If a general
+heading be divided into sections, and each of these be clearly defined,
+they should be cross referenced, but not otherwise. At present you may
+look for Pesth and be referred to Hungary, where probably there is much
+about Pesth, but you do not know where to look for it in the long
+article without some clue. Sometimes cross references are mere
+expedients, particularly in the case of a cyclopædia published in
+volumes or parts. Thus a writer agrees to contribute an article early in
+the alphabet, but it is not ready in time for the publication of the
+part, so a cross reference is inserted which sends the reader to a
+synonym later on in the alphabet. In certain cases this has been done
+two or three times. An instance occurs in the life of the distinguished
+bibliographer, the late Henry Bradshaw (than whom no one was more
+capable of producing a masterly article), who undertook to write on
+"Printing" in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_. When the time for
+publication arrived (1885), Bradshaw was not ready, and in place of the
+article appeared the cross reference, "PRINTING, TYPOGRAPHIC--See
+_Typography_." Bradshaw died on February 10, 1886, and the article on
+"Typography" which was published in Vol. 23 in 1888, was written by Mr.
+Hessels.
+
+Cross referencing has its curiosities as well as other branches of our
+subject. Perhaps the most odd collection of cross references is to be
+found in Serjeant William Hawkins's _Pleas of the Crown_ (1716; 5th ed.,
+1771; 7th ed., 4 vols., 1795), of which it was said in the _Monthly
+Magazine_ for June, 1801 (p. 419): "A plain, unlettered man is led to
+suspect that the writer of the volume and the writer of the index are
+playing at cross purposes."
+
+The following are some of the most amusing entries:
+
+    "Cards _see_ Dice."
+
+    "Cattle _see_ Clergy."
+
+    "Chastity _see_ Homicide."
+
+    "Cheese _see_ Butter."
+
+    "Coin _see_ High Treason."
+
+    "Convicts _see_ Clergy."
+
+    "Death _see_ Appeal."
+
+    "Election _see_ Bribery."
+
+    "Farthings _see_ Halfpenny."
+
+    "Fear _see_ Robbery."
+
+    "Footway _see_ Nuisance."
+
+    "Honour _see_ Constable."
+
+    "Incapacity _see_ Officers."
+
+    "King _see_ Treason."
+
+    "Knaves _see_ Words."
+
+    "Letters _see_ Libel."
+
+    "London _see_ Outlawry."
+
+    "Shop _see_ Burglary."
+
+    "Sickness _see_ Bail."
+
+    "Threats _see_ Words."
+
+    "Westminster Hall _see_ Contempt and Lie."
+
+    "Writing _see_ Treason."
+
+This arrangement of some of the cross references is perhaps scarcely
+fair. They are spread over several elaborate indexes in the original,
+and in their proper places do not strike one in the same way as when
+they are set out by themselves. One of the instances given by the critic
+in the _Monthly Magazine_ is unfairly cited. It is there given as
+"Assault _see_ Son." The cross reference really is, "Assault _see_ Son
+Assault."
+
+Hawkins's work is divided into two parts, and the folio editions have
+two indexes, one to each part; the octavo edition has four indexes, one
+to each volume.
+
+The index to Ford's _Handbook of Spain_ contains an amusing reference:
+
+    "Wellington, _see_ Duke."
+
+Besides these four divisions of the chief faults in indexing, there are
+many other pitfalls gaping wide to receive the careless indexer.
+
+Names are a great difficulty, but it is not necessary to refer to these
+more generally here, as they are fully dealt with in the rules (_see_
+Chapter VI.)
+
+It is not often that an English indexer has to index a French book, but
+should he do so he would often need to be careful. The Frenchman does
+not care to leave that which he does not understand unexplained. The
+translation of _Love's Last Shift_ as _La Dernière Chemise de l'Amour_,
+attributed by Horace Walpole to the Dowager Duchess of Bolton in George
+I.'s reign, is probably an invention, but some translations quite as
+amusing are genuine. G. Brunet of Bordeaux, having occasion in his _La
+France Littéraire au XV^e siècle_ to mention "White Knights," at one
+time the seat of the Duke of Marlborough, translates it into _Le
+Chevalier Blanc_. When Dr. Buckland, the geologist, died, a certain
+French paper published a biography of him in which it was explained that
+the deceased had been a very versatile writer, for besides his work on
+geology he had produced one _Sur les Ponts et Chaussées_. This was a
+puzzling statement, but it turned out to be a translation of
+_Bridgewater Treatises_, in which series his _Geology and Mineralogy_
+was published in 1837.
+
+Sometimes contractions give trouble to the indexer, and he must be
+careful not to fill them out unless he is sure of what they mean. Many
+blunders have been made in this way. In the _Historie of Edward IV._
+(1471), edited by that careful and trustworthy antiquary John Bruce for
+the Camden Society in 1838, there is the following remarkable statement:
+"Wherefore the Kynge may say, as Julius Cæsar sayde, he that is not
+agaynst me is with me."
+
+This chapter might be made a very long one by instancing a series of
+badly indexed books, but this would be a tedious recital devoid of any
+utility, for the blunders and carelessness of the bad indexer are
+singularly alike in their futility. It is nevertheless worth while to
+mention the index to Peter Cunningham's complete edition of Walpole's
+_Letters_, because that work deserves a good index. We may hope that
+when Mrs. Toynbee publishes her new and complete edition of the
+_Letters_, she will add a really satisfactory index. The present index
+is very bad and most irritating to the person who uses it. Examples of
+most of the careless and foolish blunders in indexing are to be found
+here; for instance, there are long lists of references without
+indication of the reason for any of them. The same person is entered in
+two places if he is spoken of under slightly different names. The same
+nobleman is referred to as Lord ---- and as the Earl of ----, while
+sometimes a heading devoted to Lord ---- contains references to two
+distinct men. Van Eyck has one reference under Van and another under
+Eyck. Mrs. Godfrey is entered under both Godfrey and _La_ Godfrey. Many
+other absurdities are to be found in the index, but the extract of one
+heading will be sufficient to show how ill the arrangement is:
+
+  "Gower, edition of,
+  ---- Baptist Leveson,
+  ---- Countess of,
+  ---- Dowager Lady,
+  ---- Duke of,
+  ---- Earl of,
+  ---- John, Earl,
+  ---- Lady,
+  ---- Lady Elizabeth,
+  ---- Lady Mary Leveson,
+  ---- Lord,
+  ---- Richard Leveson."
+
+There is no authority at all for a Duke of Gower, and if we look up the
+reference (iv. 39) we find that it refers to "the late Lord G----,"
+possibly the Earl Gower.
+
+The confusion by which two persons are made into one has sometimes an
+evil consequence worse than putting the consulter of an index on the
+wrong scent, for the character of an innocent person may be taken away
+by this means. (Constance) Lady Russell of Swallowfield points out in
+_Notes and Queries_, that in the index to _Familiar Letters of Sir
+Walter Scott_ (1894) there are three references under Lady Charlotte
+Campbell, one of which is to a Lady C----, really intended for the
+notorious Lady Conyngham, mistress to George IV. In another index Mary
+Bellenden is described thus: "Bellenden, Miss, Mistress of George II."
+This is really too bad; for the charming maid of honour called by Gay
+"Smiling Mary, soft and fair as down," turned a deaf ear to the
+importunities of the king, as we know on the authority of Horace
+Walpole.
+
+The index to Lord Braybrooke's edition of Pepys's _Diary_ has many
+faults, mostly due to bad arrangement; but it must be allowed that there
+is a great difficulty in indexing a private diary such as this. The
+diarist knew to whom he was referring when he mentioned Mr. or Mrs.----;
+but where there are two or more persons of the same name, it is hard to
+distinguish between them correctly. This has been a stumbling-block in
+the compilation of the index to the new edition, in which a better
+system was attempted.
+
+It has been said that a bad index is better than no index at all, but
+this statement is open to question. Still, all must agree that an
+indexless book is a great evil. Mr. J. H. Markland is the authority for
+the declaration that "the omission of an index when essential should be
+an indictable offence." Carlyle denounces the publishers of books
+unprovided with this necessary appendage; and Baynes, the author of the
+_Archæological Epistle to Dean Mills_ (usually attributed to Mason),
+concocted a terrible curse against such evil-doers. The reporter was the
+learned Francis Douce, who said to Mr. Thoms: "Sir, my friend John
+Baynes used to say that the man who published a book without an index
+ought to be damned ten miles beyond Hell, where the Devil could not get
+for stinging-nettles."[10] Lord Campbell proposed that any author who
+published a book without an index should be deprived of the benefits of
+the Copyright Act; and the Hon. Horace Binney, LL.D., a distinguished
+American lawyer, held the same views, and would have condemned the
+culprit to the same punishment. Those, however, who hold the soundest
+views sometimes fail in practice; thus Lord Campbell had to acknowledge
+that he had himself sinned before the year 1857.
+
+  [10]  _Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, VIII. 87.
+
+These are the words written by Lord Campbell in the preface to the first
+volume of his _Lives of the Chief Justices_ (1857): "I have only further
+to express my satisfaction in thinking that a heavy weight is now to be
+removed from my conscience. So essential did I consider an index to be
+to every book, that I proposed to bring a Bill into Parliament to
+deprive an author who publishes a book without an Index of the privilege
+of copyright; and moreover to subject him for his offence to a pecuniary
+penalty. Yet from difficulties started by my printers, my own books have
+hitherto been without an Index. But I am happy to announce that a
+learned friend at the Bar, on whose accuracy I can place entire
+reliance, has kindly prepared a copious index, which will be appended to
+this work, and another for a new stereotyped edition of the Lives of the
+Chancellors."
+
+Mr. John Morley, in an article in the _Fortnightly Review_ on Mr.
+Russell's edition of Matthew Arnold's _Letters_, lifts up his voice
+against an indexless book. He says: "One damning sin of omission Mr.
+Russell has indeed perpetrated: the two volumes have no index, nor even
+a table of contents."[11] _George Selwyn and his Contemporaries_, a most
+interesting but badly arranged book, by John Heneage Jesse, was
+published without an index, and a new edition was issued (1882) also
+without this necessary addition. The student of the manners of the
+eighteenth century must constantly refer to this book, and yet it is
+almost impossible to find in it what you want without great waste of
+labour. I have found it necessary to make a manuscript index for my own
+use.
+
+  [11]  Quoted _Notes and Queries_, 8th Series, IX. 425.
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+                           THE GOOD INDEXER.
+
+    "Thomas Norton was appointed Remembrancer of the city of London
+    in 1570, and directions were given to him that 'he shall gather
+    together and reduce the same [the Bookes] into Indices, Tables
+    or Kalendars, whereby they may be more easily, readily and
+    orderly founde.'"--_Analytical Index to "Remembrancia,"_ p. v.
+
+
+[Illustration: T]he acrostic
+    I  I
+    N  never
+    D  did
+    E  ensure
+    X  exactness
+made by a contributor to _Notes and Queries_ as a motto for an index
+expresses very well the difficulties ever present to the indexer; and
+the most successful will confess the truth that it contains, however
+much others may consider his work to be good.
+
+There are many indexes which are only of partial merit, but which a
+little more care and experience on the part of the indexer would have
+made good. If the medium indexer felt that indexing was work that must
+be done to the best of his ability, and he studied the best examples, he
+would gradually become a good indexer.
+
+The famous bibliographer, William Oldys, rated the labours of the
+diligent indexer very highly, and expressed his views very clearly thus:
+
+    "The labour and patience, the judgment and penetration which are
+    required to make a good index is only known to those who have
+    gone through this most painful, but least praised part of a
+    publication. But laborious as it is, I think it is indispensably
+    necessary to manifest the treasures of any multifarious
+    collection, facilitate the knowledge to those who seek it, and
+    invite them to make application thereof."[12]
+
+  [12]  _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Series, XI. 309.
+
+Similar sentiments were expressed by a writer in the _Monthly Review_
+which have been quoted by Dr. Allibone in his valuable _Dictionary of
+English Literature_.[13]
+
+  [13]  Vol. i., p. 85.
+
+    "The compilation of an index is one of those useful labours for
+    which the public, commonly better pleased with entertainment
+    than with real service, are rarely so forward to express their
+    gratitude as we think they ought to be. It has been considered a
+    task fit only for the plodding and the dull: but with more truth
+    it may be said that this is the judgment of the idle and the
+    shallow. The value of anything, it has been observed, is best
+    known by the want of it. Agreeably to this idea, we, who have
+    often experienced great inconveniences from the want of indices,
+    entertain the highest sense of their worth and importance. We
+    know that in the construction of a good index, there is far more
+    scope for the exercise of judgment and abilities, than is
+    commonly supposed. We feel the merits of the compiler of such an
+    index, and we are ever ready to testify our thankfulness for his
+    exertions."
+
+A goodly roll may be drawn up of eminent men who have not been ashamed
+to appear before the world as indexers. In the first rank we must place
+the younger Scaliger, who devoted ten months on the compilation of an
+elaborate index to Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_. Bibliographers
+have been unanimous in praise of the energy exhibited by the great
+critic in undertaking so vast a labour. Antonio describes the index as a
+Herculean work, and LeClerc observes that if we think it surprising that
+so great a man should undertake so laborious a task we must remember
+that such indexes can only be made by a very able man.
+
+Nicolas Antonio, the compiler of one of the fullest and most accurate
+bibliographies ever planned, was a connoisseur of indexes, and wrote a
+short essay on the makers of them. His _Bibliotheca Hispana_ is not
+known so well as it deserves to be, but those who use it find it one of
+the most trustworthy of guides. The system upon which the authors' names
+are arranged is one that at first sight may seem to give cause for
+ridicule, for they appear in an alphabet of Christian names; but when we
+consider that the Spaniards and Portuguese stand alone among European
+nations in respect to the importance they pay to the Christian name, and
+remember, further, that authors and others are often alluded to by their
+Christian names alone, we shall see a valid reason for the plan. Another
+point that should not be forgotten is the number of Spanish authors who
+have belonged to the religious orders and are never known by their
+surnames. This arrangement, however, necessitates a full index of
+surnames, and Antonio has given one which was highly praised both by
+Baillet and Bayle, two men who were well able to form an opinion.
+
+Juan de Pineda's _Monarchia Ecclesiastica o historia Universal del
+Mundo_ (_Salamanca_, 1588) has a very curious and valuable table which
+forms the fifth volume of the whole set; and the three folio volumes of
+indexes in one alphabet to the _Annales Ecclesiastici_ of Baronius form
+a noble work.
+
+Samuel Jeake, senior, compiled a valuable work on "Arithmetick" in 1674,
+which was published by his son in 1696: [Greek: Logistikêlogia]; _or,
+Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed_. Professor De Morgan specially
+refers to this book in his _Arithmetical Books_, saying: "Those who know
+the value of a large book with a good index will pick this one up when
+they can." He praises it on account of the value of the information it
+contains and the fulness of the references to that information. The
+alphabetical table, directing to some special points noted in the
+precedent treatise, was probably the work of Samuel Jeake, junior. The
+author's epistle is dated from Rye, 1674, and one of the entries is
+curious:
+
+    "Winchelsea, when drowned 74."
+
+S. Jeake being a resident at Rye had an interesting note to add to this:
+
+    "Among the records of this town of Rye is a Memorandum entered
+    that the year old Winchelsea was drowned (1287) corn was 2_s._
+    the quarter."
+
+Thomas Carlyle denounced the putters forth of indexless books, and his
+sincerity is proved by the publication in 1874 of a separate index to
+the people's edition of his Works. In his introduction to _Cromwell's
+Letters and Speeches_ he is very severe on some of the old folios he was
+forced to use:
+
+    "The Rushworths, Whitelocks, Nalsons, Thurloes; enormous folios,
+    these and many other have been printed and some of them again
+    printed but never yet edited,--edited as you edit wagon-loads of
+    broken bricks, and dry mortar simply by tumbling up the wagon!
+    Not one of those monstrous old volumes has so much as an index.
+    It is the general rule of editing on this matter. If your editor
+    correct the press, it is an honourable distinction."
+
+A very eminent name may be added to the list of indexers, for, when a
+boy of fifteen, Macaulay made the index to a volume of the _Christian
+Observer_ (of which periodical his father was editor), and this he
+introduced to the notice of Hannah More in these words:
+
+    "To add to the list, my dear Madam, you will soon see a work of
+    mine in print. Do not be frightened; it is only the Index to the
+    thirteenth volume of the _Christian Observer_, which I have had
+    the honour of composing. Index-making, though the lowest, is not
+    the most useless round in the ladder of literature; and I pride
+    myself upon being able to say that there are many readers of the
+    _Christian Observer_ who could do without Walter Scott's works,
+    but not without those of, my dear Madam, your affectionate
+    friend, THOMAS B. MACAULAY."
+
+Although proud of his work, Macaulay places index-making in a very low
+position. In later life he used a contemptuous expression when he was
+describing the appearance of those who followed the lowest grade in the
+literary profession. The late Mr. H. Campkin, a veteran indexer, quotes
+this description in the preface to one of his valuable indexes--that to
+the twenty-five volumes of the _Sussex Archæological Collections_:
+
+    "The compilation of Indexes will always and naturally so, be
+    regarded as a humble art; 'index-makers in ragged coats of
+    frieze' are classed by Lord Macaulay as the very lowest of the
+    frequenters of the coffee houses of the Dryden and Swift era.
+    Yet ''tis my vocation, Hal,' and into very pleasant
+    companionship it has sometimes brought me, and if in this
+    probably the last of my twenty-five years' labours in this
+    direction, I have succeeded in furnishing a fairly practicable
+    key to a valuable set of volumes, my frieze coat, how tattered
+    soever signifieth not, will continue to hang upon my shoulders
+    not uncomfortably."
+
+Though he did not rate highly the calling of the indexer, Macaulay knew
+that that lowly mortal has a considerable power in his hand if he
+chooses to use it, for he can state in a few words what the author may
+have hidden in verbiage, and he can so arrange his materials as to turn
+an author's own words against himself. Hence Macaulay wrote to his
+publishers, "Let no d---- Tory make the index to my History." When the
+index was in progress he appears to have seen the draught, which was
+fuller than he thought necessary. He therefore wrote to Messrs.
+Longmans:
+
+    "I am very unwilling to seem captious about such a work as an
+    Index. By all means let Mr. ---- go on. But offer him with all
+    delicacy and courtesy, from me this suggestion. I would advise
+    him to have very few heads, except proper names. A few there
+    must be, such as Convocation, Nonjurors, Bank of England,
+    National Debt. These are heads to which readers who wish for
+    information on these subject will naturally turn. But I think
+    that Mr. ---- will on consideration perceive that such heads as
+    Priestcraft, Priesthood, Party spirit, Insurrection, War, Bible,
+    Crown, Controversies, Dissent, are quite useless. Nobody will
+    ever look for them; and if every passage in which party-spirit,
+    dissent, the art of war, and the power of the Crown are
+    mentioned, is to be noticed in the Index, the size of the
+    volumes will be doubled. The best rule is to keep close to
+    proper names, and never to deviate from that rule without some
+    special occasion."[14]
+
+[14] Trevelyan's _Life and Letters of Macaulay_, chap. xi.
+
+These remarks exhibit Macaulay's eminently common-sense view of the
+value of an index, but it is evident that he did not realise the
+possibility of a good and full index such as might have been produced.
+The _History of England_, with all its wealth of picturesque
+illustration, deserves a full index compiled by some one capable of
+exhibiting the spirit of that great work in a brilliant analysis.
+
+Sir George Trevelyan's delightful _Life_ of his uncle was originally
+published without an index, and Mr. Perceval Clark made an admirable
+one, both full and interesting, which was issued by the Index Society in
+1881. Mr. Clark writes in his preface:
+
+    "The single heading MACAULAY of course takes up a large space of
+    the Index, and will be found, together with a few other
+    headings, to contain everything directly touching him. The list
+    of his published writings refers of course only to writings
+    mentioned by his Biographer, and lays no claim to be considered
+    an exhaustive bibliography of his works. The books Macaulay read
+    that were 'mostly trash' have their places in the body of the
+    Index, while those that stood by him in all vicissitudes as
+    comforters, nurses, and companions, have half a page to
+    themselves under one of the sections of MACAULAY. The
+    particulars of his life and work in India are given under INDIA;
+    localities in London under LONDON; various newspapers under
+    NEWSPAPERS, and certain French and Italian towns visited by
+    Macaulay under their countries respectively."
+
+Just such an index one would like to see of the _History of England_.
+
+It may be added that the popular edition of the _Life_ published
+subsequently has an index.
+
+A large number of official indexes are excellent, although some very bad
+ones have been printed. Still, it may be generally stated that in
+Government Departments there are those in power who know the value of a
+good digest, and understand that it is necessary to employ skilled
+labour. The work is well paid, and therefore not scamped; and plenty of
+room is devoted to the index, which is printed in a satisfactory manner
+in type well set out.
+
+We have no modern statistics to offer, but the often quoted statement
+that in 1778 a total of £12,000 was voted for indexes to the Journals of
+the House of Commons shows that the value of indexes was appreciated by
+Parliament in the eighteenth century. The items of this amount were:
+
+    "To Mr. Edward Moore £6400 as a final compensation for thirteen
+    years labour; Rev. Mr. Forster £3000 for nine years' labour;
+    Rev. Dr. Roger Flaxman £3000 for nine years' labour; and £500 to
+    Mr. Cunningham."
+
+One of the most admirable applications of index making is to be found in
+the series of Calendars of State Papers issued under the sanction of the
+Master of the Rolls, which have made available to all a mass of
+historical material of unrivalled value. How many students have been
+grateful for the indexes to these calendars, and also for the aid given
+to him by the indexes to Parliamentary papers and other Government
+publications!
+
+It is impossible to mention all the good official indexes, but a special
+word of praise must be given to the indexes to the _Statutes of the
+Realm_, the folio edition published by the Record Commission. I have
+often consulted the _Alphabetical Index to the Statutes from Magna
+Charta to the End of the Reign of Queen Anne_ (1824) with the greatest
+pleasure and profit. It is a model of good workmanship.
+
+The lawyers have analytical minds, and they know how important full
+indexes and digests are to complete their stock-in-trade. They have done
+much, but there is still much to be done. Lord Thring drew up some
+masterly instructions for an index to the Statute Law, which is to be
+considered as a step towards a code. These instructions conclude with
+these weighty words:
+
+    "Let no man imagine that the construction of an index to the
+    Statute Law is a mere piece of mechanical drudgery, unworthy of
+    the energy and ability of an accomplished lawyer. Next to
+    codification, the most difficult task that can be accomplished
+    is to prepare a detailed plan for a code, as distinct from the
+    easy task of devising a theoretical system of codification. Now
+    the preparation of an index, such as has been suggested in the
+    above instructions, is the preparation of a detailed plan for a
+    code. Each effective title, is in effect, a plan for the
+    codification of the legal subject-matter grouped under that
+    title, and the whole index if completed would be a summary of a
+    code arranged in alphabetical order."[15]
+
+  [15] These instructions, with specimens of the proposed index, are
+       printed in the _Law Magazine_ for August, 1877, 4th Series,
+       vol. 8, p. 491.
+
+That this question of digesting the law is to be considered as one which
+should interest all classes of Englishmen, and not the lawyer only, may
+be seen from an article in the _Nineteenth Century_ (September, 1877) on
+the "Improvement of the Law by Private Enterprise," by the late Sir
+James Fitzjames Stephen, who did so much towards a complete digest of
+the law. He wrote:
+
+    "I have long believed that the law might by proper means be
+    relieved of this extreme obscurity and intricacy, and might be
+    displayed in its true light as a subject of study of the deepest
+    possible interest, not only to every one who takes an interest
+    in politics or ethics, or in the application of logic and
+    metaphysics to those subjects. In short, I think that nothing
+    but the rearrangement and condensation of the vast masses of
+    matter contained in our law libraries is required, in order to
+    add to human knowledge what would be practically a new
+    department of the highest and most permanent interest. Law holds
+    in suspension both the logic and the ethics, which are in fact
+    recognised by men of business and men of the world as the
+    standards by which the practice of common life ought to be
+    regulated, and by which men ought to form their opinions in all
+    their most important temporal affairs. It would be a far greater
+    service to mankind than many people would suppose to have these
+    standards clearly defined and brought within the reach of every
+    one who cared to study them."
+
+The following remarks will apply with equal force to a more general and
+universal index than that of the law:
+
+    "The preparation of a digest either of the whole or of any
+    branch of the law is work of a very peculiar kind. It is one of
+    the few literary undertakings in which a number of persons can
+    really and effectively work together. Any given subject may, it
+    is true, be dealt with in a variety of different ways; but when
+    the general scheme, according to which it is to be treated, has
+    been determined on, when the skeleton of the book has been drawn
+    out, plenty of persons might be found to do the work of filling
+    up the details, though that work is very far from being easy or
+    matter of routine."
+
+The value of analytical or index work is set in a very strong light by
+an observation of Sir James Stephen respecting the early digesters of
+the law. The origin of English law is to be found in the year-books and
+other series of old reports, which from the language used in them and
+the black-letter printing with its contractions, etc., are practically
+inaccessible. Lord Chief Justice Coke and others who reduced these books
+into form are in consequence treated as ultimate authorities, although
+the almost worshipped Coke is said by Sir James to be "one of the most
+confused, pedantic, and inaccurate of men."
+
+A good index is that to the Works of Jeremy Bentham, published in 1843
+under the dictation of Sir John Bowring. _The Analytical Index to the
+Works of Jeremy Bentham and to the Memoirs and Correspondence_ was
+compiled by J. H. Burton, to whom it does great credit. The indexer
+prefixed a sensible note, where he writes:
+
+    "In some instances it would have been impossible to convey a
+    notion of the train of reasoning followed by the author, without
+    using his own words, and in these no attempt has been made to do
+    more than indicate the place where the subject is discussed. In
+    other cases where it has appeared to the compiler that an
+    intelligible analysis has been made, he may have failed in his
+    necessarily abbreviated sentences in embodying the meaning of
+    the original, but defects of this description are indigenous to
+    Indexes in general."
+
+But here all is utility, and it is to the literary index that we turn
+for pleasure as well as instruction.
+
+The index to Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_, vols. 1-8 (1887), is a most
+interesting book, especially to Ruskin admirers. There are some
+specially delightful original and characteristic references under the
+heading of _London_, such as the following:
+
+    "London, Fifty square miles outside of, demoralised by upper
+        classes
+
+    ---- Its middle classes compare unfavourably with apes
+
+    ---- Some blue sky in, still
+
+    ---- Hospital named after Christ's native village in,
+
+    ---- Honestest journal of, _Punch_.
+
+    ---- crossings, what would they be without benevolent police?"
+
+The index is well made and the references are full of life and charm,
+but the whole is spoilt by the bad arrangement. The entries are set out
+in single lines under the headings in the successive order of the pages.
+This looks unsystematic, as they ought to be arranged in alphabet. When
+the references are given in the order of the pages they should be
+printed in block.
+
+There are several entries commencing with "'s"; thus, under
+
+      "ST. GEORGE."
+    p. 386:
+      "'s war
+      "of Hanover Square."
+    p. 387:
+      "'s Square
+      's, Hanover Square"
+    p. 389:
+      "'s law
+      's school
+      's message
+      's Chapel at Venice."
+
+In long headings that occupy separate pages these are repeated at the
+top of the page, but the headings are not sufficiently full: thus the
+saints are arranged in alphabet under _S_; George commences on page 386.
+On
+
+    p. 387:
+      "Saint--Saints _continued_ story of,"
+    p. 388:
+      "what of gold etc. he thinks good for people, they shall have"
+    p. 389:
+      "tenth part of fortunes for"
+    p. 390:
+      "his creed"
+    p. 391:
+      "loss of a good girl for his work"
+
+In the case of all the references on these pages you have to go back to
+page 386 to find out to whom they refer.
+
+There is a particularly bad block of references filling half a page
+under _Lord_.
+
+  "Lord, High Chancellor, 7.6; 's Prayer vital to a nation, 7.22;
+  Mayor and Corporation, &c of Hosts."
+
+It is a pity that an interesting index should be thus marred by bad
+arrangement.
+
+Dr. Birkbeck Hill's complete index to his admirable edition of Boswell's
+_Life of Johnson_ is a delightful companion to the work, and may be
+considered as a model of what an index should be; for compilation,
+arrangement, and printing all are good. Under the different headings are
+capital abstracts in blocks. There are sub-headings in alphabet under
+the main heading _Johnson_.
+
+A charming appendix to the index consists of "Dicta Philosophi: A
+Concordance of Johnson's Sayings."
+
+Dr. Hill writes in his preface:
+
+    "In my Index, which has cost me many months' heavy work, 'while
+    I bore burdens with dull patience and beat the track of the
+    alphabet with sluggish resolution,' I have, I hope, shown that I
+    am not unmindful of all that I owe to men of letters. To the
+    dead we cannot pay the debt of gratitude that is their due. Some
+    relief is obtained from its burthen, if we in our turn make the
+    men of our own generation debtors to us. The plan on which my
+    Index is made, will I trust be found convenient. By the
+    alphabetical arrangement in the separate entries of each article
+    the reader, I venture to think, will be greatly facilitated in
+    his researches. Certain subjects I have thought it best to form
+    into groups. Under America, France, Ireland, London, Oxford,
+    Paris and Scotland, are gathered together almost all the
+    references to those subjects. The provincial towns of France,
+    however, by some mistake I did not include in the general
+    article. One important but intentional omission I must justify.
+    In the case of the quotations in which my notes abound I have
+    not thought it needful in the Index to refer to the book unless
+    the eminence of the author required a separate and a second
+    entry. My labour would have been increased beyond all endurance
+    and my Index have been swollen almost into a monstrosity had I
+    always referred to the book as well as to the matter which was
+    contained in the passage that I extracted. Though in such a
+    variety of subjects there must be many omissions, yet I shall be
+    greatly disappointed if actual errors are discovered. Every
+    entry I have made myself, and every entry I have verified in the
+    proof sheets, not by comparing it with my manuscript, but by
+    turning to the reference in the printed volumes. Some indulgence
+    nevertheless may well be claimed and granted. If Homer at times
+    nods, an index maker may be pardoned, should he in the fourth or
+    fifth month of his task at the end of a day of eight hours' work
+    grow drowsy. May I fondly hope that to the maker of so large an
+    index will be extended the gratitude which Lord Bolingbroke says
+    was once shown to lexicographers? 'I approve,' writes his
+    lordship, 'the devotion of a studious man at Christ Church, who
+    was overheard in his oratory entering into a detail with God,
+    and acknowledging the divine goodness in furnishing the world
+    with makers of dictionaries.'"
+
+It is impossible to speak too highly of Dr. Hill's indexes to Boswell's
+_Life of Johnson_ and Boswell's _Letters_ and _Johnson Miscellanies_.
+Not only are they good indexes in themselves, but an indescribable
+literary air breathes over every page, and gives distinction to the
+whole. The index volume of the _Life_ is by no means the least
+interesting of the set, and one instinctively thinks of the once
+celebrated Spaniard quoted by the great bibliographer Antonio--that the
+index of a book should be made by the author, even if the book itself
+were written by some one else.
+
+The very excellence of this index has been used as a cause of complaint
+against its compiler. It has been said that everything that is known of
+Johnson can be found in the index, and therefore that the man who uses
+it is able to pose as a student, appearing to know as much as he who
+knows his _Boswell_ by heart; but this is somewhat of a joke, for no
+useful information can be gained unless the book to which the index
+refers is searched, and he who honestly searches ceases to be a
+smatterer. It is absurd to deprive earnest readers of a useful help lest
+reviewers and smatterers misuse it.
+
+Boswell himself made the original index to the _Life of Johnson_, which
+has several characteristic signs of its origin. Mr. Percy Fitzgerald, in
+his edition (1874), reprints the original "Table of Contents to the Life
+of Johnson," with this note:
+
+    "This is Mr. Boswell's own Index, the paging being altered to
+    suit the present edition; and the reader will see that it bears
+    signs of having been prepared by Mr. Boswell himself. In the
+    second edition he made various additions, as well as
+    alterations, which are characteristic in their way. Thus, 'Lord
+    Bute' is changed into 'the Earl of Bute,' and 'Francis Barber'
+    into 'Mr. Francis Barber.' After Mrs. Macaulay's name he added,
+    'Johnson's acute and unanswerable refutation of her levelling
+    reveries'; and after that of Hawkins he put 'contradicted and
+    corrected.' There are also various little compliments introduced
+    where previously he had merely given the name. Such as 'Temple,
+    Mr., the author's old and most intimate friend'; 'Vilette,
+    Reverend Mr., his just claims on the publick'; 'Smith, Captain,
+    his attention to Johnson at Warley Camp'; 'Somerville, Mr., the
+    authour's warm and grateful remembrance of him'; 'Hall, General,
+    his politeness to Johnson at Warley Camp'; 'Heberden, Dr., his
+    kind attendance on Johnson.' On the other hand, Lord Eliot's
+    'politeness to Johnson' which stands in the first edition, is
+    cut down in the second to the bald 'Eliot, Lord'; while
+    'Loughborough, Lord, his talents and great good fortune,' may
+    have seemed a little offensive, and was expunged. The Literary
+    Club was reverentially put in capitals. There are also such odd
+    entries as 'Brutus, a ruffian,' &c."
+
+One wishes that there were more indexes like Dr. Hill's in the world;
+and since I made an index to Shelley's works, I have often thought that
+a series of indexes of great authors would be of inestimable value.
+
+First, all the author's works should be indexed, then his biographies,
+and lastly the anecdotes and notices in reviews and other books. How
+valuable would such books be in the study of our greatest poets! The
+plan is quite possible of attainment, and the indexes would be
+entertaining in themselves if made fairly full.
+
+It is not possible to refer to all the good indexes that have been
+produced, for they are too numerous. A very remarkable index is that of
+the publications of the Parker Society by Henry Gough, which contains a
+great mass of valuable information presented in a handy form. It is the
+only volume issued by the society which is sought after, as the books
+themselves are a drug in the market. Mr. Gough was employed to make an
+index to the publications of the Camden Society, which would have been
+of still more value on account of the much greater interest of the books
+indexed; but the expense of printing the index was too great for the
+funds of the society, and it had to be abandoned, to the great loss of
+the literary world. Most of the archæological societies, commencing with
+the Society of Antiquaries, have issued excellent indexes, and the
+scientific societies also have produced indexes of varying merit.
+
+The esteem in which the indexes of _Notes and Queries_ are held is
+evidenced by the high prices they realise when they occur for sale. Mr.
+Tedder's full indexes to the Reports of the Conference of Librarians and
+the Library Association may also be mentioned.
+
+A very striking instance of the great value which a general index of a
+book may possess as a distinct work can be seen in the "Index to the
+first ten volumes of Book Prices Current (1887-1896), constituting a
+reference list of subjects and incidentally a key to Anonymous and
+Pseudonymous Literature, London, 1901."
+
+Here, in one alphabet, is a brief bibliography of the books sold in ten
+years well set out, and the dates of the distinctive editions clearly
+indicated. The compilation of this index must have been a specially
+laborious work, and does great credit to William Jaggard, of Liverpool,
+the compiler.
+
+The authorities of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, are to be highly
+commended for their conduct in respect to the index to Ranke's _History
+of England_. This was attached to the sixth volume of the work published
+in 1875. It is by no means a bad index in itself; but a revised index
+was issued in 1897, which is a greatly improved edition by the addition
+of dates and fuller descriptions and Christian names and titles to the
+persons mentioned. The new index is substantially the same as the old
+one, but the reviser has gone carefully through it, improving it at all
+points, by which means it was extended over an additional twenty-three
+pages. It is instructive to compare the two editions. Four references as
+they appear in the two will show the improvement:
+
+      _Old index._              _New index._
+
+    "Lower House."            "Lower House see
+                               Commons, House
+                               of."
+
+    "Window tax v. 102."      "Window tax, imposed
+                               1695 v. 102."
+
+    "Witt, John de."          "Witt, Cornelius de."
+
+    "Witt, Cornelius de."     "Witt, John de."
+
+Miss Hetherington has very justly explained the cause of bad indexing.
+She says that it has been stated in the _Review of Reviews_ that the
+indexer is born, _not_ made, and that the present writer said: "An ideal
+indexer needs many qualifications; but unlike the poet he is not born,
+_but_ made!" She then adds to these differing opinions: "More truly he
+is born _and_ made."
+
+I agree to the correction and forswear my former heresy. Certainly the
+indexer requires to be born with some of the necessary qualities innate
+in him, and then he requires to have those qualities turned to a
+practical point by the study of good examples, so as to know what to
+follow and what to avoid. Miss Hetherington goes on to say:
+
+    "As a matter of fact, people without the first necessary
+    qualifications, or any aptitude whatever for the work are set to
+    compile indexes, and the work is regarded as nothing more than
+    purely mechanical copying that any hack may do. So long as
+    indexing and cataloguing are treated with contempt rather than
+    as arts not to be acquired in a day, or perhaps a year, and so
+    long as authors and their readers are indifferent to good work,
+    will worthless indexing continue."[16]
+
+  [16] _Index to the Periodical Literature of the World_ (1892).
+
+What, then, are the chief characteristics that are required to form a
+good indexer? I think they may be stated under five headings:
+
+1. Common-sense.
+
+2. Insight into the meaning of the author.
+
+3. Power of analysis.
+
+4. Common feeling with the consulter and insight into his mind, so that
+the indexer may put the references he has drawn from the book under
+headings where they are most likely to be sought.
+
+5. General knowledge, with the power of overcoming difficulties.
+
+The ignorant man cannot make a good index. The indexer will find that
+his miscellaneous knowledge is sure to come in useful, and that which he
+might doubt would ever be used by him will be found to be helpful when
+least expected. It may seem absurd to make out that the good indexer
+should be a sort of Admirable Crichton. There can be no doubt, however,
+that he requires a certain amount of knowledge; and the good cataloguer
+and indexer, without knowing everything, will be found to possess a keen
+sense of knowledge.
+
+As I owe all my interest in bibliography and indexing to him, I may
+perhaps be allowed to introduce the name of my elder brother, the late
+Mr. B. R. Wheatley, a Vice-President of the Library Association, as that
+of a good indexer. He devoted his best efforts to the advancement of
+bibliography. When fresh from school he commenced his career by making
+the catalogue of one of the parts of the great _Heber Catalogue_. He
+planned and made one of the earliest of indexes to a library
+catalogue--that of the Athenæum Club. He made one of the best of indexes
+to the transactions of a society in that of the Statistical Society,
+which he followed by indexes of the Transactions of the Royal Medical
+and Chirurgical Society, Clinical, and other societies. He also made an
+admirable index to Tooke's _History of Prices_--a work of great labour,
+which met with the high approval of the authors, Thomas Tooke and
+William Newmarch.
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                               CHAPTER V.
+
+                     DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES.
+
+
+    "Of all your talents you are a most amazing man at Indexes. What
+    a flag too, do you hang out at the stern! You must certainly
+    persuade people that the book overflows with matter, which (to
+    speak the truth) is but thinly spread. But I know all this is
+    fair in trade, and you have a right to expect that the publick
+    should purchase freely when you reduce the whole book into an
+    epitome for their benefit; I shall read the index with
+    pleasure."--WILLIAM CLARKE TO WILLIAM BOWYER, NICHOLS'S
+    _Literary Anecdotes_, vol. 3, p. 46.
+
+[Illustration: I]n dealing with the art of the indexer it is most
+important to consider the different classes of indexes. There are simple
+indexes, such as those of names and places, which only require care and
+proper alphabetical arrangement. The makers of these often plume
+themselves upon their work; but they must remember that the making of
+these indexes can only be ranked as belonging to the lowest rung of the
+index ladder.
+
+The easiest books to index are those coming within the classes of
+History, Travel, Topography, and generally those that deal almost
+entirely with facts. The indexing of these is largely a mechanical
+operation, and only requires care and judgment. Verbal indexes and
+concordances are fairly easy when the plan is settled; but they are
+often works of great labour, and the compilers deserve great credit for
+their perseverance. John Marbeck stands at the head of this body of
+indefatigable workers who have placed the world under the greatest
+obligations. He was the first to publish a concordance of the Bible,[17]
+to be followed nearly two centuries later by the work of Alexander
+Cruden, whose name has almost become a synonym for a concordance. After
+the Bible come the works of Shakespeare, indexed by Samuel Ayscough
+(1790), Francis Twiss (1805), Mrs. Cowden Clarke (1845), and Mr. John
+Bartlett, who published in 1894 a still fuller concordance than that of
+Mrs. Clarke. It is a vast quarto volume of 1,910 pages in double
+columns, and represents an enormous amount of self-denying labour. Dr.
+Alexander Schmidt's _Shakespeare Lexicon_ (1874) is something more than
+a concordance, for it is a dictionary as well.
+
+  [17] "A Concordance, that is to saie, a worke wherein by the
+       ordre of the letters of the ABC ye maie redely finde any
+       worde conteigned in the whole Bible, so often as it is there
+       expressed or mencioned ... anno 1550."--_Folio._
+
+A dictionary is an index of words. We do not mention dictionaries in
+this connection to insist on the fact that they are indexes of words,
+but rather to point out that a dictionary such as those of Liddell and
+Scott, Littré, Murray, and Bradley, reaches the high watermark of index
+work, and so the ordinary indexer is able to claim that he belongs to
+the same class as the producers of such masterpieces as these.
+
+Scientific books are the most difficult to index; but here there is a
+difference between the science of fact and the science of thought, the
+latter being the most difficult to deal with. The indexing of books of
+logic and ethics will call forth all the powers of the indexer and show
+his capabilities; but what we call the science of fact contains opinions
+as well as facts, and some branches of political economy are subjects by
+no means easy to index.
+
+Some authors indicate their line of reasoning by the compilation of
+headings. This is a great help to the indexer; but if the author does
+not present such headings, the indexer has to make them himself, and he
+therefore needs the abilities of the _précis_-writer.
+
+There are indexes of Books, of Transactions, Periodicals, etc., and
+indexes of Catalogues. Each of these classes demands a different method.
+A book must be thoroughly indexed; but the index of Journals and
+Transactions may be confined to the titles of the papers and articles.
+It is, however, better to index the contents of the essays as well as
+their titles.
+
+Before the indexer commences his work he must consider whether his index
+is to be full or short. Sometimes it is not necessary to adopt the full
+index--frequently it is too expensive a luxury for publisher or author;
+but the short index can be done well if necessary.
+
+Whatever plan is followed, the indexer must use his judgment. This ought
+to be the marked characteristic of the good indexer. The bad indexer is
+entirely without this great gift.
+
+While trying to be complete, the indexer must reject the trivial; and
+this is not always easy. He must not follow in the steps of the lady who
+confessed that she only indexed those points which specially interested
+her. We have fair warning of incompleteness in _The Register of Corpus
+Christi Guild, York_, published by the Surtees Society in 1872, where we
+read, on page 321:
+
+    "This Index contains the names of all persons mentioned in the
+    appendix and foot-notes, but a selection only is given of those
+    who were admitted into the Guild or enrolled in the Obituary."
+
+The plan here adopted is not to be commended, for it is clear that so
+important a name-list as this is should be thoroughly indexed. However
+learned and judicious an editor may be, we do not choose to submit to
+his judgment in the offhand decision of what is and what is not
+important.
+
+There is a considerable difference in the choice of headings for a
+general or special index--say, for instance, in indexing electrical
+subjects the headings would differ greatly in the indexes of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers or of the Institution of Electrical
+Engineers. In the former, dynamos, transformers, secondary or storage
+batteries, alternate and continuous currents would probably be grouped
+under the general heading of Electricity, while in the latter we shall
+find Dynamos under D, Transformers under T, Batteries under B, Alternate
+under A, and Continuous under C.
+
+The indexes to catalogues of libraries, etc., are among the most
+difficult of indexes to compile. It was not usual to attach an index of
+subjects to a catalogue of authors until late years, and that to the
+_Catalogue of the Athenæum Club Library_ (1851) is an early specimen.
+The _New York State Library Catalogue_ (1856) has an index, as have
+those of the _Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society_ (1860) and the
+_London Library_ (1865 and 1875). That appended to the _Catalogue of the
+Manchester Free Library_ (1864) is more a short list of titles than an
+index.
+
+There are special difficulties attendant on the indexing of catalogues.
+Books are written in many languages, and there is considerable trouble
+in bringing together the books on a given subject produced in many
+countries. The titles of books are not drawn up on the same system or
+with any wish to help the indexer. Titles are seldom straightforward,
+for they are largely concocted to attract the readers, without any
+honest wish to express correctly the nature of the contents of the book.
+They are usually either too short or too enigmatical. The titles of
+pamphlets, again, are often too long; and it may be taken as an axiom
+that the longer the title the less important the book.
+
+The indexer, however, has a great advantage over the cataloguer, because
+the latter is bound by bibliographical etiquette not to alter the title
+of a book, while the indexer is at liberty to alter the title as he
+likes, so as to bring together books on the same subject, however
+different the titles may be. Herein consists the great objection to the
+index composed of short titles, as in Dr. Crestadoro's _Index to the
+Manchester Free Library Catalogue_. Books almost entirely alike in
+subject are separated by reason of the different wording of the titles.
+It is much more convenient to gather together under one entry books
+identical in subject, and there is no utility in separating an
+"elementary treatise" on electricity from "the elements" of electricity.
+One important point connected with indexes to catalogues is to add the
+date of the book after the name of the author, so that the seeker may
+know whether the book is old or new.
+
+An index ought not to supersede the table of contents, as this is often
+useful for those who cannot find what they want in the index, from
+having forgotten the point of the heading under which it would most
+likely appear in the alphabet.
+
+In the year 1900 there was a controversy in _The Times_ on a proposed
+subject index to the catalogue of the library of the British Museum. It
+was commenced on October 15th by a letter signed "A Scholar," and closed
+on November 19th by the same writer, who summed up the whole
+controversy. "A Scholar" expressed himself strongly against the
+proposal, and as he himself confesses he used very arrogant language. In
+consequence of which, most readers must have desired to find him proved
+to be in the wrong. This desire was satisfied when Mr. Fortescue, the
+keeper of the printed books at the British Museum, delivered his address
+as President of the Library Association on August 27th last.
+
+The two points made by the "Scholar" were: (1) That the making of a
+general subject index to the catalogue proposed by the authorities of
+the British Museum would be a waste of money; (2) That it was a great
+evil for the five-yearly indexes originated by Mr. Fortescue to be
+discontinued.
+
+Now let us see what is to be said with authority on these points.
+
+Mr. Fortescue said:
+
+    "Last Autumn ... I read with respectful astonishment a letter to
+    'The Times' from a writer who preferred to veil his identity
+    under the modest signature of 'a Scholar.' There I read that
+    'the studious public of this country and Europe in general have
+    been surprised by the news that the authorities of the British
+    Museum seriously contemplate the compilation of a subject index
+    to the vast collection of printed books in that library.' I can
+    assure you that the surprise of the studious public and of
+    Europe in general cannot have surpassed my own when I thus
+    learned of what the authorities were seriously contemplating.
+    Nevertheless, it left me able, I thought, to discern that their
+    vast conceptions had not been so fortunate as to gain the
+    approval of 'a Scholar' and to marvel whence _The Times_ and
+    other great journals had drawn their truly surprising
+    information. Some of the arguments put forth in sundry
+    criticisms of the 'scheme' showed how much thought had been
+    bestowed upon matters which then first dazzled my bewildered
+    imagination. It may come some day (who shall say what will
+    not?), this General Index, or it may never come. But up to the
+    present moment I am aware of no authority who is seriously
+    contemplating so large a venture unless perhaps it be 'a
+    Scholar' himself."
+
+Then as to the five-yearly indexes Mr. Fortescue said:
+
+    "Experience has taught us that there is no form of subject-index
+    which the public values so highly as one which gives the most
+    recent literature on every possible subject. And to meet this
+    manifest want we shall certainly continue to issue, with all the
+    latest improvements I hope, the modest Indexes which we have
+    hitherto published in five-yearly (I am afraid as President of
+    The Library Association I should say 'in quinquennial') volumes.
+    The Museum sweeps its net so wide and in such remote seas that a
+    more or less complete collection of books on almost every
+    subject or historical event is gathered within it for future
+    students. To take only two incidents from the last year or two,
+    the next index will contain not less than a hundred and forty
+    books and pamphlets, in almost every European tongue, on the
+    Dreyfus case, and from four to five hundred books on the present
+    war in South Africa. Such bibliographical tests have more than
+    an ephemeral or immediate value. They will remain as records of
+    events or phases of thought long after their causes shall have
+    faded from all but the page of history."
+
+Of late years the dictionary catalogue has come very largely into use in
+public libraries. This consists of a union of catalogue of authors and
+index of subjects which is found to be very useful and illuminating to
+the readers in free libraries, most of whom are probably not versed in
+the niceties of bibliographical arrangement, but are more likely to want
+a book on a particular subject than to require a special book which they
+know. Mr. Cutter has written the history of the dictionary catalogue in
+the _United States Special Report_ (pp. 533-539), and he traces it back
+in America to about the year 1815.
+
+Excellent specimens of these dictionary catalogues have been produced.
+They are of great value to the ordinary reader at a small public
+library, but I venture to think that to construct one for a large
+library is a waste of power, because if several large libraries of a
+similar character do the same thing, there is constant repetition and
+considerable loss by the unnecessary outlay. If a fairly complete
+standard index were made, it could be used by all the libraries, and in
+return the libraries might unite to pay its cost. I am pleased to know
+that Mr. Fortescue prefers to keep index and catalogue distinct. He said
+in his address:
+
+    "I have formed, so far as I know, but one dogmatic conviction,
+    and it is this: that the best catalogue which the art of man can
+    invent is a catalogue in two inter-dependent yet independent
+    parts; the first and greater part an alphabetical catalogue of
+    authors, the second and lesser part a subject-index. I know well
+    that I shall be told that I am out of date, that such an opinion
+    is as the voice of one crying in the wilderness--that the
+    dictionary catalogue has won its battle--but even so, perhaps
+    the more so, do I feel it the part of a serious and immovable
+    conviction to declare my belief that--for student and librarian
+    alike--this twofold catalogue, author and subject each in its
+    own division, is the best catalogue a library can have, and that
+    the dictionary catalogue is the very worst. But whatever may be
+    our individual opinion on this head, it is only necessary to
+    enter into a very simple calculation to see that if the
+    dictionary system could have governed the rules of the British
+    Museum Catalogue it would by now have consisted of not less than
+    twelve million entries; and assuredly it would have been neither
+    completed nor printed to-day."
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VI.
+
+                     GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL
+                                INDEXES.
+
+    "In order to guard against blunders Bayle proposed that certain
+    directions should be drawn up for the guidance of the compilers
+    of indexes."
+
+
+[Illustration: T]hese rules, originally drawn up by a committee of the
+Index Society, were primarily intended for the use of indexers making
+indexes of indexless books to be published by the society, which, being
+produced separately from the books themselves, needed some introductory
+note. In all cases, however, some explanation of the mode of compilation
+should be attached to the index. The compiler comes fresh from his
+difficulties and the expedients he has devised to overcome them, and it
+is therefore well for him to explain to the user of the index what those
+special difficulties are.
+
+The object of the Index Society was to set up a standard of uniformity
+in the compilation of the indexes published by them. Although rigid
+uniformity is not needed in all indexes, it is well that these should be
+made in accordance with the best experience of past workers rather than
+on a system which varies with the mood of the compiler. It is hoped that
+the following rules may be of some practical use to future indexers.
+
+In the eighth chapter of _How to Catalogue a Library_ there are a series
+of rules for making a catalogue of a small library in which are codified
+the different points which had been discussed in the previous chapters.
+In the present chapter the Index Society rules are printed in italic,
+and to them are now added some illustrative remarks. There is
+necessarily a certain likeness between rules for indexing and rules for
+cataloguing, but the differences are perhaps more marked. At all events,
+the rules for one class of work will not always be suitable for the
+other class.
+
+
+    1. _Every work should have one index to the whole set, and not an
+    index to each volume._
+
+An index to each volume of a set is convenient if a general amalgamated
+index to the whole set is given as well; but a work with several indexes
+and no general one is most inconvenient and irritating, while to have
+both seems extravagant. If, however, the author or publisher is willing
+to present both, it is not for the user of the book to complain.
+
+
+    2. _Indexes to be arranged in alphabetical order, proper names
+    and subjects being united in one alphabet. An introduction
+    containing some indication of the classification of the contents
+    of the book indexed to be prefixed._
+
+In an alphabetical index the alphabet must be all in all. When the
+alphabet is used, it must be used throughout. There is no advantage in
+dividing proper names from subjects, as is so often done, particularly
+in foreign indexes. Another objectionable practice frequently adopted in
+the indexes of periodical publications is to keep together the entries
+under the separate headings used in the journal itself, and thus to have
+a number of distinct alphabets under different headings. This union of
+alphabetical and classified indexing has been condemned on a former
+page, and need not here be referred to further.
+
+In the case of large headings the items should be arranged in
+alphabetical order under them. There is occasionally a difficulty in
+carrying this out completely, but it should be attempted. We want as
+little classification as possible in an alphabetical index. Mr. W. F.
+Poole wisely said in reference to the proposal of one of his helpers on
+the _Index of Periodical Literature_ to place Wealth, Finance, and
+Population under the heading of Political Economy: "The fatal defect of
+every classified arrangement is that nobody understands it except the
+person who made it and he is often in doubt."
+
+
+    3. _The entries to be arranged according to the order of the
+    English alphabet. I and J and U and V to be kept distinct._
+
+There are few things more irritating than to find the alphabet confused
+by the union of the vowel _i_ with the consonant _j_, or the vowel _u_
+with the consonant _v_. No doubt they were not distinguished some
+centuries ago, but this is no reason why they should again be confused
+now that they are usually distinct. There may be special reasons why
+they should be mixed together in the British Museum Catalogue, but it is
+not evident that these are sufficient.
+
+The only safe rule is to use the English alphabet as it is to-day in an
+English index. One of the rules of the American Library Association is:
+"The German _ae_, _oe_, _ue_ always to be written _ä_, _ö_, _ü_, and
+arranged as _a_, _o_, _u_." By this Goethe would have to be written
+Göthe, which is now an unusual form, and I think it would be better to
+insist that where both forms are used, one or other should be chosen and
+all instances spelt alike. It is a very common practice to arrange _ä_,
+_ö_, _ü_, as if they were written _ae_, _oe_, _ue_; but this leads to
+the greatest confusion, and no notice should be taken of letters that
+are merely to be understood.
+
+
+    4. _Headings consisting of two or more distinct words are not to
+    be treated as integral portions of one word; thus the
+    arrangement should be_:
+
+        _Grave_, John      }     { _Grave_ at Kherson
+        _Grave_ at Kherson }     { _Grave_, John
+        _Grave_ of Hope    }     { _Gravelot_
+        _Grave_ Thoughts   } not { _Grave_ of Hope
+        _Gravelot_         }     { _Gravesend_
+        _Gravesend_        }     { _Grave_ Thoughts.
+
+The perfect alphabetical arrangement is often ignored, and it is not
+always easy to decide as to what is the best order; but the above rule
+seems to put the matter pretty clearly. If no system is adhered to, it
+becomes very difficult to steer a course through the confusion. When
+such entries are printed, a very incongruous appearance often results
+from the use of a line to indicate repetition when a word similar in
+spelling, but not really the same word, occurs; thus, in the above,
+Grave _surname_, Grave _substantive_, and Grave _adjective_ must all be
+repeated. It is inattention to this obvious fact that has caused such
+ludicrous blunders as the following:
+
+    "Mill on Liberty
+     ---- on the Floss."[18]
+
+      [18] Miss Hetherington gives an additional instance of this
+           class of blunder, but her only authority is "said to be
+           from the index of a young lady's scrap book":
+
+                "Patti, Adelina,
+                 ---- oyster."
+
+           The example in the text is absolutely genuine, although
+           it has been doubted.
+
+    "Cotton, Sir Willoughby,
+     ----, price of."
+
+    "Old age
+     ---- Artillery Yard
+     ---- Bailey."
+
+These are all genuine entries taken from books, and similar blunders are
+not uncommon even in fairly good indexes; thus, in the _Calendar of
+Treasury Papers_, 1714-1719, issued by the Public Record Office, under
+_Ireland_ are the following entries:
+
+    "Ireland, Mrs. Jane, Sempstress and Starcher to King William;
+    cxcvii. 32.
+
+    ... Attorney General of, _See_ Attorney General, Ireland."
+
+Then follow nearly two columns on Ireland with the marks of repetition
+(...) throughout.
+
+The names of streets in the _Post Office Directory_ are now arranged in
+a strict alphabetical order on the lines laid down in this rule; thus we
+have:
+
+    "White Street
+     White's Row
+     White Heart
+     Whitechapel."
+
+Again:
+
+    "Abbott Road
+     Abbott Street
+     Abbott's Road."
+
+Again:
+
+    "King Square
+     King Street
+     King and Queen Street
+     King David Street
+     King Edward Road
+     King William Street
+     King's Arms Court
+     King's Road
+     Kinglake Street
+     Kingsbury Road
+     Kingsgate Street."
+
+Sometimes there is a slip, as might be expected in so complicated a list
+of names. Thus in the foregoing sequence Kinghorn Street comes between
+King William Street and King's Arms Court, while I think it ought to
+come immediately before Kinglake Street; but, after all, this is a
+matter of opinion. Strattondale Street comes before Stratton Street; but
+this is merely a case of missorting.
+
+There is one piece of alphabetisation which the editor of the _Post
+Office Directory_ has always adopted, and that is to place Upper and
+Lower under those adjectives, and Old Bond Street under _Old_, and New
+Bond Street under _New_. These two names belong to what is practically
+one street (although each division is separately numbered), which is
+always spoken of as Bond Street, and therefore for which the majority of
+persons will look under Bond. South Molton Street is correctly placed
+under South because there is no North Molton Street, and the street is
+named after South Molton; while South Eaton Place is merely a
+continuation of Eaton Place. Some persons, however, think that names
+should be treated as they stand, and that we should not go behind them
+to find out what they mean.
+
+
+    5. _Proper Names of foreigners to be arranged alphabetically
+    under the prefixes_--
+
+        _Dal_   }    { _Dal Sie_
+        _Del_   }    { _Del Rio_
+        _Della_ }    { _Della Casa_
+        _Des_   } as { _Des Cloiseaux_
+        _Du_    }    { _Du Bois_
+        _La_    }    { _La Condamine_
+        _Le_    }    { _Le Sage_,
+
+    _but not under the prefixes_--
+
+        _D_   as  _Abbadie_  not  _D'Abbadie_
+        _Da_   "  _Silva_     "   _Da Silva_
+        _De_   "  _La Place_  "   _De La Place_
+        _Von_  "  _Humboldt_  "   _Von Humboldt_
+        _Van_  "  _Beneden_   "   _Van Beneden_.
+
+    _It is an acknowledged principle that when the prefix is a
+    preposition it is to be rejected; but when an article, it is to
+    be retained. When, however, as in the case of the French Du,
+    Des, the two are joined, it is necessary to retain the
+    preposition. This also applies to the case of the Italian Della,
+    which is often rejected by cataloguers. English names are,
+    however, to be arranged under the prefixes_:
+
+        _De_   }    { _De Quincey_
+        _Dela_ } as { _Delabeche_
+        _Van_  }    { _Van Mildert_,
+
+    _because these prefixes are meaningless in English, and form an
+    integral part of the name._
+
+Whatever rule is adopted, some difficulty will be found in carrying it
+out: for instance, if we consider Van Dyck as a foreigner, his name will
+appear as Dyck (Van); but if as an Englishman, his name will be treated
+as Vandyck.
+
+A prefix which is translated into the relative term in a foreign
+language cannot be considered as a fixed portion of the name. Thus
+Alexander von Humboldt, when away from his native Germany, translated
+his name into Alexandre de Humboldt. The reason why prefixes are
+retained in English names is because they have no meaning in themselves,
+and cannot be translated. There is a difficulty here in respect to
+certain names with De before them; for instance, the Rothschilds call
+themselves De Rothschild, but when the head of the family in England was
+made a peer of the United Kingdom he became Lord Rothschild without the
+De. In fact, we have to come to the conclusion that when men think of
+making changes in their names they pay very little attention to the
+difficulties they are forging for the cataloguer and the indexer.
+
+In this rule no mention is made of such out-of-the-way forms as Im Thurn
+and Ten Brink. It is very difficult to decide upon the alphabetical
+position of these names. If the indexer had to deal with a number of
+these curious prefixes, it would probably be well to ignore them; but
+when in the case of an English index they rarely occur, it will probably
+be better to put Im Thurn under I and Ten Brink under T.
+
+With respect to the translation of foreign titles, the historian Freeman
+made a curious statement which is quoted in one of the American Q.P.
+indexes. Freeman wrote:
+
+    "No man was ever so clear [as Macaulay] from the vice of
+    thrusting in foreign words into an English sentence. One sees
+    this in such small matters as the accurate way in which he uses
+    foreign titles. He speaks, for instance, of the 'Duke of Maine,'
+    the 'Count of Avaux,' while in other writers one sees the
+    vulgarism of the _Court Circular_, 'Duke de Maine,' 'Duc de
+    Maine,'--perhaps 'Duc of Maine.'"
+
+Duke de Maine and Duc of Maine may be vulgar, they are certainly
+incorrect; but I fail to see how it can be vulgar to call a man by his
+right name--"Duc de Maine." I do not venture to censure Macaulay, but
+for lesser men it is certainly a great mistake to translate the names of
+foreigners, in spite of Freeman's expression of his strong opinion.
+
+
+    6. _Proper names with the prefix St., as St. Albans, St. John,
+    to be arranged in the alphabet as if written in full--Saint.
+    When the word Saint represents a ceremonial title, as in the
+    case of St. Alban, St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names are
+    to be arranged under the letters A and G respectively; but the
+    places St. Albans, St. Giles's, and St. Augustine's will be
+    found under the prefix Saint. The prefixes M' and Mc to be
+    arranged as if written in full--Mac._
+
+This rule is very frequently neglected, more particularly in respect to
+the neglect of the difference between Saint Alban the man and St. Albans
+the place.
+
+
+    7. _Peers to be arranged under their titles, by which alone in
+    most cases they are known, and not under their family names,
+    except in such a case as Horace Walpole, who is almost unknown
+    by his title of Earl of Orford, which came to him late in life.
+    Bishops, deans, etc., to be always under their family names._
+
+About this rule there is great difference of opinion. The British Museum
+practice is to catalogue peers under their surnames, and the same plan
+has been adopted in the _Dictionary of National Biography_. It is rather
+difficult to understand how this practice has come into being. There are
+difficulties on both sides; but the great majority of peers are, I
+believe, known solely by their titles, and when these noblemen are
+entered under their family names cross references are required because
+very few persons know the family names of peers. The Library Association
+and Bodleian rules adopt the common-sense plan of entering noblemen
+under their titles, and Mr. Cutter gives some excellent reasons for
+doing this, although he cannot make up his mind to run counter to a
+supposed well-established rule. Mr. Cutter writes:
+
+    "STANHOPE Philip Dormer, 4th _Earl of Chesterfield_.... This is
+    the British Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's. Mr. Perkins prefers
+    entry under titles for British noblemen also, in which I should
+    agree with him if the opposite practice were not so well
+    established. The reasons for entry under the title are that
+    British noblemen are always spoken of, always sign by their
+    titles only, and seldom put the family name upon the title-pages
+    of their books, so that ninety-nine in a hundred readers must
+    look under the title first. The reasons against it are that the
+    founders of noble families are often as well known--sometimes
+    even better--by their family name as by their titles (as Charles
+    Jenkinson, afterwards Lord Liverpool; Sir Robert Walpole,
+    afterwards Earl of Orford); that the same man bears different
+    titles in different parts of his life (thus P. Stanhope
+    published his _History of England from the Peace of Utrecht_ as
+    Lord Mahon, and his _Reign of Queen Anne_ as Earl Stanhope);
+    that it separates members of the same family (Lord Chancellor
+    Eldon would be under Eldon, and his father and all his brothers
+    and sisters under the family name, Scott), [Mr. Cutter forgot
+    that Lord Eldon's elder brother William was also a peer--Lord
+    Stowell] and brings together members of different families (thus
+    the earldom of Bath has been held by members of the families of
+    Chandé, Bourchier, Granville and Pulteney, and the family name
+    of the present Marquis of Bath is Thynne), which last argument
+    would be more to the point in planning a family history."
+
+The advocates of the practice of arranging peers under their family
+names make much of the difficulties attendant on such changes of name as
+Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban's, Benjamin Disraeli (afterwards Earl
+of Beaconsfield), Sir John Lubbock (now Lord Avebury), and Richard
+Monckton Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton). These, doubtless, are
+difficulties, but I believe that they amount in all to very few as
+compared with the cases on the other side.
+
+This is a matter that might be settled by calculation, and it would be
+well worth while to settle it. Mr. Cutter says that ninety-nine in a
+hundred must look under the title first, but I doubt if the percentage
+be quite as high as this. If it were, it ought to be conclusive against
+any other arrangement than that under titles.
+
+Moreover, these instances do not really meet the case, for they belong
+to another class, which has to be dealt with in cataloguing--that is,
+those who change their names. When a man succeeds to a peerage he
+changes his name just as a Commoner may change his name in order to
+succeed to a certain property.
+
+
+    8. _Foreign compound names to be arranged under the first name,
+    as Lacaze Duthiers. English compound names under the last,
+    except in such cases as Royston-Pigott, where the first name is
+    a true surname. The first name in a foreign compound is, as a
+    rule, the surname; but the first name in an English compound is
+    usually a mere Christian name._
+
+This rule is open to some special difficulties. It can be followed with
+safety in respect to foreign names, but special knowledge is required in
+respect to English names. Of late years a large number of persons have
+taken a fancy to bring into prominence their last Christian name when it
+is obtained from a surname. They then hyphen their Christian name with
+their surname, because they wish to be called by both. The Smiths and
+the Joneses commenced the practice, but others have followed their lead.
+The indexer has no means of telling whether in a hyphened name the first
+name is a real surname or not, and he needs to know much personal and
+family history before he can decide correctly.
+
+Hyphens are used most recklessly nowadays, and the user has no thought
+of the trouble he gives to the indexer. If the Christian name is
+hyphened to the surname, and all the family agree to use the two
+together as their surname, the indexer must treat the compound name as a
+true surname. Often a hyphen is used merely to show that the person
+bearing the names wishes to be known by both, but with no intention of
+making the Christian name into a surname. Thus a father may not give all
+his children the same Christian name, but change it for each individual,
+as one son may be James Somerset-Jones and another George Balfour-Jones.
+In such a case as this the hyphen is quite out of place, and Jones must
+still be treated as the only surname. No one has a right to expect his
+Christian name to be treated as a surname merely by reason of his
+joining the Christian name to the surname by a hyphen. He must publicly
+announce his intention of treating his Christian name as a surname, or
+change it by Act of Parliament. Even when the name is legally changed,
+there is often room for confusion. The late Mr. Edward Solly, F.R.S.,
+who was very interested in these inquiries, drew my attention to the
+fact that the family of Hesketh changed their name in 1806 to Bamford by
+Act of Parliament, and subsequently obtained another Act to change it
+back to Hesketh. The present form of the family names is
+Lloyd-Hesketh-Bamford-Hesketh.
+
+With respect to Spanish and Portuguese names it is well to bear in mind
+that there are several surnames made from Christian names, as, for
+instance, Fernando is a Christian name and Fernandez is a surname, just
+as with us Richard is a Christian name and Richards a surname.
+
+
+    9. _An adjective is frequently to be preferred to a
+    substantive as a catchword; for instance, when it contains the
+    point of the compound, as Alimentary Canal, English History;
+    also when the compound forms a distinctive name, as Soane
+    Museum._
+
+The object of this rule is often overlooked, and many indexers purposely
+reject the use of adjectives as headings. One of the most marked
+instances of an opposite rule may be seen in the index to Hare's _Walks
+in London_ (1878), where all the alleys, bridges, buildings, churches,
+courts, houses, streets, etc., are arranged under these headings, and
+not under the proper name of each. There may be a certain advantage in
+some of these headings, but few would look for Lisson Grove under Grove,
+and the climax of absurdity is reached when Chalk Farm is placed under
+Farm.
+
+
+    10. _The entries to be as short as is consistent with
+    intelligibility, but the insertion of names without
+    specification of the cause of reference to be avoided, except in
+    particular cases. The extent of the references, when more than
+    one page, to be marked by indicating the first and last pages._
+
+This rule requires to be carried out with judgment. Few things are more
+annoying than a long string of references without any indication of the
+cause of reference, but on the other hand it is objectionable to come
+across a frivolous entry. The consulter is annoyed to find no additional
+information in the book to what is already given in the index. It will
+therefore be found best to set out the various entries in which some
+fact or opinion is mentioned, and then to gather together the remaining
+references under the heading of _Alluded to_.
+
+The most extreme instances of annoying block lists of references under a
+name are to be found in Ayscough's elaborate index to the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_, where all the references under one surname are placed
+together without even the distinction of the Christian name. The late
+Mr. Edward Solly made a curious calculation as to the time that would be
+employed in looking up these references. For instance, under the name
+Smith there are 2,411 entries _en masse_, and with no initial letters.
+If there were these divisions, one would find Zachary Smith in a few
+minutes, but now one must look to each reference to find what is wanted.
+With taking down the volumes and hunting through long lists of names,
+Mr. Solly found that two minutes were occupied in looking up each
+reference; hence it might take the consulter eight days (working
+steadily ten hours a day) to find out if there be any note about Zachary
+Smith in the magazine, a task which no one would care to undertake.
+
+A like instance of bad indexing will be found in Scott's edition of
+Swift's _Works_. Here there are 638 references to Robert Harley, Earl of
+Oxford, without any indication of the reason why his name is entered in
+the index. This case also affords a good instance of careless indexing
+in another particular, for these references are separated under
+different headings instead of being gathered under one, as follows:
+
+    Harley (Robert)         277 references.
+    Oxford (Lord)           111     "
+    Treasurer, Lord Oxford  300     "
+
+The late Mr. B. R. Wheatley read a paper before the Conference of
+Librarians (1877) on this subject of indexes, without details of the
+reason or cause of reference, entitled, "An 'Evitandum' in Index-making,
+principally met with in French and German Periodical Scientific
+Literature" (_Transactions_, p. 88). He pointed out that often in German
+Indexes the entries in the _Sach Register_ would be full and correct,
+while those in the _Namen Register_ would usually be meagre, and consist
+merely of the surnames of the authors and the initials of their
+Christian names. He then referred to many instances of the uselessness
+of these indexes. He further referred to the forty so-called indexes of
+subjects added to Allibone's valuable _Critical Dictionary of English
+Literature_, which are practically useless. He concluded his paper with
+these words:
+
+    "You are referred to the 'Morals and Manners' index for such
+    varied subjects as Apparitions, Divorce, Marriage, Duelling,
+    Freemasonry, Mormonism, Mythology, Spiritualism and Witchcraft.
+    There are 1,365 names in this index, and how are you to discover
+    which belong to any of the above subjects without wading through
+    the whole? It is, in fact, an entire system of indexing
+    backwards from particulars to generals, instead of from generals
+    to particulars. It is something like writing on a sign-post on
+    the road to Bath, 'To Somersetshire,' and if in one phrase I
+    were to add a characteristic entry to these sub-indexes, or to
+    give one form of reference which should be typical of this style
+    of index, I should say--Needle, _see_ Bottle of Hay. You find
+    the bottle of hay--but where is the needle?"
+
+The form in which the various entries in an index are to be drawn up is
+worthy of much attention, and particular care should be taken to expunge
+all redundant words. For example, it would be better to write:
+
+    "Smith (John), his character; his execution,"
+
+than
+
+    "Smith (John), character of; execution of";
+
+or
+
+    "Brown (Robert) saves money,"
+
+than
+
+    "Brown (Robert), saving of money by."
+
+A good instance of the frivolous entry is the hackneyed quotation,
+
+    "Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind,"
+
+which is supposed to be a reference to a passage in this form: "Mr.
+Justice Best said that he had a great mind to commit the man for trial."
+This particular reference is almost too good to be true, and I have not
+been able to trace it to its source. That has been said to be in the
+index to one of Chitty's law-books, and it is added that possibly Chitty
+had a grudge against Sir William Draper Best, one of the Puisne Judges
+of the King's Bench from 1819 to 1824, and Lord Chief Justice of the
+Common Pleas from 1824 to 1829, in which latter year he was created Lord
+Wynford. Another explanation is that it was a joke of Leigh Hunt's, who
+first published it in the _Examiner_.
+
+
+    11. _Short entries to be repeated under such headings as are
+    likely to be required, in place of a too frequent use of cross
+    references. These references, however, to be made from cognate
+    headings, as Cerebral to Brain, and vice versâ, where the
+    subject matter is different._
+
+Cross references are very useful, but they are not usually popular with
+those who are unaccustomed to them. They ought to be used where the
+number of references under a certain heading is large, but it is always
+better to duplicate the references than to refer too often to
+insignificant entries.
+
+
+    12. _In the case of journals and transactions brief abstracts of
+    the contents of the several articles or papers to be drawn up
+    and arranged in the alphabetical index under the heading of the
+    article._
+
+The advantage of this plan is that a _précis_ can be made of the
+articles or papers which will be useful to the reader as containing an
+abstract of the contents, much of which might not be of sufficient
+importance to be sorted out in the alphabet; in the case where the
+entries are important they can be duplicated in the alphabet. A good
+specimen of this plan of indexing may be found in the indexes to the
+Journal of the Statistical Society.
+
+
+    13.  _Authorities quoted or referred to in a book, to be indexed
+    under each author's name, the titles of his works being
+    separately set out and the word "quoted" added in italics._
+
+This rule is quite clear, and there is nothing to be added to it. It is
+evident that all books quoted should be indexed.
+
+
+    14.  _When the indexed page is large, or contains long lists of
+    names, it is to be divided into four sections, referred to
+    respectively as a, b, c, d; thus if a page contains 64 lines,
+    1-16 will be a, 17-32 b, 33-48 c, 49-64 d. If in double columns,
+    the page is still to be divided into four--a and b forming the
+    upper and lower halves of the first column, and c and d the
+    upper and lower halves of the second column._
+
+This division of the page will often be found very useful, and save much
+time to the consulter.
+
+
+    15.  _When a work is in more than one volume, the number of the
+    volume is to be specified by small Roman numerals. In the case
+    of long sets, such as the "Gentleman's Magazine," a special
+    Arabic numeral =for= indicating the volume, distinct from the
+    page numeral, may be employed with advantage._
+
+The frequent use of high numbers in Roman capitals is very inconvenient.
+
+
+    16.  _Entries which refer to complete chapters or distinct
+    papers, to be printed in small capitals or italics._
+
+This is useful as indicating that the italic entry is of more importance
+than those in Roman type.
+
+
+    17.  _Headings to be printed in a marked type. A dash, instead
+    of indentation, to be used as a mark of repetition. The dash to
+    be kept for entries exactly similar, and the word to be repeated
+    when the second differs in any way from the first. The proper
+    name to be repeated when that of a different person. In the case
+    of joint authors, the Christian name or initials of the first,
+    whose surname is arranged in the alphabet, to be in parentheses,
+    but the Christian names of the second to be in the natural
+    order, as Smith (John) and Alexander Brown, not Smith (John) and
+    Brown (Alexander)._
+
+Dashes should be of a uniform length, and that length should not be too
+great. It is a mistake to suppose that the dash is to be the length of
+the line which is not repeated. If it be necessary to make the
+repetition of a portion of the title as well as the author, this should
+be indicated by another dash, and not by the elongation of the former
+one.
+
+The reason for the last direction in this rule is that the Christian
+name is only brought back in order to make the alphabetical position of
+the surname clear; and as this is not necessary in respect to the second
+person, the names should remain in their natural order.
+
+The initials which stand for Christian names often give much trouble,
+particularly among foreigners. Most Frenchmen use the letter M. to stand
+for monsieur, giving no Christian name; but sometimes M. stands for
+Michel or other Christian name commencing with M. The Germans are often
+very careless in the use of initials, and I have found in one index of a
+scientific periodical the following specimens of this confusion: (1) H.
+D. Gerling, (2) H. W. Brandes, (3) D. W. Olbers. Here all three cases
+look alike, but in the first H. D. represent two titles--Herr Doctor; in
+the second, H. W. represent two Christian names--Heinrich Wilhelm; and
+in the third one title and one Christian name--Dr. W. Olbers.
+
+The above rules do not apply to subject indexes, and in certain cases
+may need modification in accordance with the special character of the
+work to be indexed. On the whole, it may be said that an alphabetical
+index is the best; but under special circumstances it may be well to
+have a classified index. Generally it may be said that there are special
+objections to classification, and therefore if a classified index is
+decided upon, it must needs be exceptional, and rules must be made for
+it by the maker of the index.
+
+In the foregoing rules no mention is made of the difficulties attendant
+on the use of Oriental names. Under "Rules for a Small Library" in _How
+to Catalogue a Library_, I wrote:
+
+    "7. Oriental names to be registered in accordance with the
+    system adopted by a recognised authority on the subject."
+
+This, however, is only shifting the responsibility. In an ordinary
+English index this point is not likely to give much trouble, and the
+rule may be safely adopted of registration under the first name. But
+where there are many names to be dealt with, difficulties are sure to
+arise. In India the last name is usually adopted, and the forenames are
+frequently contracted into initials, so that it is obligatory to use
+this name. We must never forget the practical conclusion that a man's
+real name is that by which he is known. But the indexer's difficulty in
+a large number of cases is that he does not know what that name is. Sir
+George Birdwood has kindly drawn up for me the following memorandum on
+the subject, which is of great value, from the interesting historical
+account of the growth of surnames in India under British rule which he
+gives.
+
+
+                    ON THE INDEXING OF THE NAMES OF
+                            EASTERN PEOPLE.
+
+    Confining myself to the people--Parsees, Hindoos, and Mussulmans
+    (_muslimin_)--of India, I find it very difficult to state an
+    unexceptionable rule for the indexing of their names; and I
+    index them in the order in which they are signed by the people
+    themselves. The first or forename of a Parsee or a Hindoo, but
+    not of a Mussulman if he be a Pathan, is his own personal or, as
+    we say, "Christian"--that is, baptismal or "water"--name; and
+    their second their father's personal name, and not his family
+    or, as we say, "blood" name, or true surname. The naming of
+    individuals in the successive generations of a Parsee or Hindoo,
+    and certain Mussulmanee families, runs thus: A. G., N. A., U.
+    N., and so on, the grandfather's name disappearing in the third
+    generation.
+
+    The Parsees only in comparatively recent times adopted family or
+    true surnames derived from the personal or paternal names, or
+    both, of the first distinguished member of the family, or from
+    his occupation or place of residence, or from some notable
+    friend or patron of his, or from some title conferred on him by
+    the ruler whose subject he was. Thus the Patels of Bombay are
+    descended from Rustom (the son of) Dorabjee, who, for the
+    assistance he gave the English in 1692 against the Seedee of
+    Junjeera, was created, by _sanad_ (_i.e._ patent), _patel_
+    (_i.e._ mayor) of the Coolees of Bombay.
+
+    The Parsee Ashburners derive their patronymic from an ancestor
+    in the early part of the late century, the friend and associate
+    of a well-known English gentleman then resident in Western
+    India. The Bhownaggrees take their name from an ancestor, a
+    wealthy _jaghirdar_, who in 1744 built a tank of solid stone for
+    public use at Bhavnagar in Kattyawar, and also from their later
+    official connection with this well-known "model Native State."
+    The Jamsetjee Jejeebhoys and Comasjee Jehanghiers derive their
+    double-barreled surnames from the first baronet and knight,
+    respectively, of these two eminent Parsee families. Other
+    well-known Parsee surnames are Albless, Bahadurjee, Banajee,
+    Bengalee, Bhandoopwala, Bharda, Cama (or Kama), Dadysett,
+    Damanwala, Gamadia, Gazdar, Ghandi, Kapadia, Karaka, Khabrajee,
+    Kharagat, Kohiyar, Marzban, Modee, Petit (Sir Dinshaw Manockjee
+    Petit, first baronet of this name), Panday, Parak, Sanjana,
+    Sayar, Seth, Sethna, Shroff, Talyarkan, Wadia. Some of their
+    surnames are very eccentric, such as Doctor, Ready-money,
+    Solicitor, etc., and should be abolished. There is actually a
+    Dr. Solicitor.
+
+    The interesting point about the Parsee surnames is that when
+    first introduced, through the influence of their close contact
+    with the English, they were not absolutely hereditary, but were
+    changed after a generation or two. Thus the present Bhownaggrees
+    used, at one time, the surname of Compadore, from the office so
+    designated held by one of their ancestors under the Portuguese.
+
+    The Hindoos have always had surnames, and jealously guard their
+    authenticity and continuity in the traditions of their families,
+    although they do not, even yet in Western India, universally use
+    them in public. Their personal and paternal names are derived,
+    among the higher castes, from the names of the gods, the
+    thousand and one names of Vishnoo and Seeva, of Ganesha, etc.,
+    and from the names of well-known mythological heroes, historical
+    saints, etc., the name selected being one the initial of which
+    indicates the lunar asterism (_nakshatra_) under which the
+    child (_i.e._ a son) is born; but their surnames have a tribal,
+    or, as in the case of the Parsees, a local, or official, or some
+    other merely accidental, origin.
+
+    If, then, we had only to deal with the Hindoos and Parsees, they
+    might be readily indexed under their surnames. But when we come
+    to the Indian Mussulmans the problem is at once seen to be beset
+    with perplexities which seem to me impossible to unravel. The
+    Indian Mussulmans--indeed all _muslimin_--are classified as
+    Sayeds, Sheikhs, Mo(n)gols, and Pathans. The Sayeds (literally,
+    "nobles," "lords") are the descendants of the Prophet Mahomet,
+    through his son-in-law Allee; those descended through Fatima
+    being distinguished as Sayed Hussanee and Sayed Hooseinee, and
+    those from his other wives as Sayed Allee. The first name given
+    to a Mussulman of this class is the _quasi_-surname Sayed or
+    Meer (also, literally, "nobleman," "lord"), followed by the
+    personal name and the paternal name; but these _quasi_-surnames
+    often fall into disuse after manhood has been reached.
+
+    The Sheikhs (literally, "chiefs"),--and all _muslimin_ descended
+    from Mahomet and Aboo Bukeer and Oomur are Sheikhs,--have one or
+    other of the following surnames placed before or after their
+    personal and paternal names: Abd, Allee, Bukhs, Goolam, Khoaja,
+    Sheikh. But as Sayeds are also all Sheikhs, they sometimes, on
+    attaining manhood, assume the surname of Sheikh, dropping that
+    of Sayed, or Meer, given to them at birth.
+
+    The Mo(n)gols, whether of the Persian (Eranee) sect of Sheeahs,
+    or the Turkish (Tooranee) sect of Soonnees, have placed before,
+    or after, their personal and paternal names, one or other of the
+    following surnames: Aga ("lord"), Beg ("lord"), Meerza, and
+    Mo(n)gol. But in Persia both Sayeds and Sheikhs assume, instead
+    of their proper patronymics, the surname of Aga, or Beg, or
+    Mo(n)gol; while Mo(n)gols whose mothers are Sayeds are given the
+    pre, or post, surname of Meerza.
+
+    The Pathans have the surname Khan ("lord") placed invariably
+    after their personal and paternal names. But Sayeds and Sheikhs
+    often have the word Khan placed after their class, personal, and
+    paternal names--not, however, as a surname, but as a
+    complimentary or substantial title, pure and simple.
+
+    Again, all classes of _muslimin_, and the Hindoos also, and even
+    the Parsees, are in the habit of adding all sorts of
+    complimentary and substantial titles both before and after their
+    names. How, then, is it possible to apply any one rightly
+    reasoned rule to the indexing of such names, or any but the
+    arbitrary rule of thumb:--to index them in the order in which
+    the bearer of them places them in his signature to letters,
+    cheques, and other documents? This gets over all the
+    embarrassing difficulties created by the paraphernalia of a
+    man's official designations, complimentary--or substantial,
+    titles, etc. Take, for example, this transcript of a
+    hypothetical Hindoo official's visiting-card:
+
+        "Dewan Sahib" (official and courtesy titles).
+
+        "Rajashri" (special social title).
+
+        "A." (personal name).
+
+        "B." (paternal name).
+
+        "Z." (family or true surname).
+
+    No Englishman unfamiliar with the etiquettes of Indian personal
+    nomenclature could possibly index such a card as this with
+    intelligent correctness. But this Hindoo gentleman would simply
+    sign himself in a private letter, "A. B. Z." (_i.e._ A., the son
+    of B., of the clan of Z.), and so he should be indexed.
+
+    The personal names of _muslimin_ also have for the most part an
+    astronomical association, being generally selected from those
+    beginning with the initial or finial letter of the name of the
+    planet ruling the day on which the child (_i.e._ a son) is born.
+
+    I presume that what I have here said of the methods of naming
+    the Indian Mussulmans also applies to the _muslimin_ of Persia
+    and Central Asia and Turkey and Arabia; but beyond these
+    countries I have no information as to the methods of naming
+    people in the other Oriental Indies, such as Ceylon, Burmah,
+    China, and Japan.
+
+    As to the transliteration of Oriental personal names, I always
+    accept that followed by the person bearing them.
+
+    I have put the matter as briefly as possible, and almost too
+    briefly for absolute accuracy of expression; and it will be
+    noted I say nothing of local exceptions to the general rule
+    regulating Hindoo names of persons; and, again, nothing of
+    female names, Hindoo, Mussulmanee, or Parsee.
+
+                                                GEORGE BIRDWOOD.
+    _January 9, 1902._
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                              CHAPTER VII.
+
+                      HOW TO SET ABOUT THE INDEX.
+
+    "And thus by God's assistance we have finished our Table.
+    Miraculous almost was the execution done by David on the
+    Amalekites who saved neither man nor woman alive to bring
+    tidings to Gath. I cannot promise such exactness in our Index,
+    that no name hath escaped our enquiry: some few, perchance,
+    hardly slipping by, may tell tales against us. This I profess, I
+    have not, in the language of some modern quartermaster, wilfully
+    burnt towns, and purposely omitted them; and hope that such as
+    have escaped our discovering, will only upon examination appear
+    either not generally agreed on, by authors, for proper names, or
+    else by proportion falling without the bounds of Palestine, Soli
+    Deo gloria."--THOMAS FULLER.
+
+
+[Illustration: R]ules are needed for index making in order to obtain
+uniformity, but the mode of working must to a large extent be left to
+the indexer. Most of us have our own favourite ways of doing things, and
+it is therefore absurd to dictate to others how to set to work. If we
+employ any one to do a certain work, we are entitled to expect it to be
+well done; but we ought to allow the worker to adopt his own mode of
+work. Some men will insist not only on the work being well done, but
+also upon their way of doing it. This takes the spirit out of the
+worker, and is therefore most unwise.
+
+Still, I have found that those who are unaccustomed to index work are
+anxious to be informed how to proceed. The following notes are therefore
+only intended as hints for the use of those who wish for them, and need
+not be acted upon if the reader has a plan that he finds better suited
+for his purpose. Two essentially different kinds of index must be
+considered first: (1) There is the index which is always growing; and
+(2) there is the index that is made at one time, and is printed
+immediately it is ready for the press. The same course of procedure will
+not be suitable for both these classes.
+
+1. Indexes to commonplace books belong to this category. It has been
+usual here to leave a few pages blank for the index, and to arrange the
+entries in strict alphabetical order under the first letters and then
+under the first vowel following a consonant, or the second, when the
+initial is a vowel. This is highly inconvenient and confusing,
+especially when words without a second vowel, as _Ash_ and _Epps_, are
+placed at the head of each letter, _Ash_ coming before _Adam_ and
+_Abel_, and _Epps_ before _Ebenezer_. It is better to spare a few more
+pages for the index, and plan the alphabet out so that the entries may
+come in their correct alphabetical order. Unfortunately the blank index
+is usually set out according to this absurd vowel system. Commonplace
+books are now, however, very much out of fashion. A better system of
+note-keeping is to use paper of a uniform size, to write each distinct
+note on a separate sheet of paper, and to fasten the slips of paper
+together by means of clips. If this plan is adopted, the notes are much
+more easily consulted, and they can be rearranged as often as is
+necessary. Now the index can be made on cards, or a special
+alphabeticised[19] book can be set aside for the purpose. Cards of a
+uniform size, kept in trays or boxes, are very convenient for the
+purpose of making an ever-growing index. You can make a general index in
+one alphabet, and when you have any special subject on hand, you can
+choose out the particular cards connected with that subject, and arrange
+them in a distinct alphabet. When the distinct alphabet is no longer
+required, the cards can be rearranged in the general alphabet. Cards are
+unquestionably the most convenient for an index that is ever changing in
+volume and in form. Rearrangement can be made without the trouble of
+re-writing the entries.
+
+  [19] Some may consider this a monstrous word; but it conveys a
+       convenient description of blank books with the alphabet
+       marked on the leaves of the book either cut in or with
+       tablets projecting from the margin.
+
+2. For an index which is made straight off at one time, and sent to the
+printer when finished, foolscap paper is probably the most convenient to
+use. The pages as written upon can be numbered, and this will relieve
+the mind of the indexer of fear that any of these should be lost. The
+numbering will serve till the time comes for the index to be cut up and
+arranged.
+
+Some indexers use separate slips of a uniform size, or cards, with a
+single entry on each slip. Although this plan has the advantage that you
+can keep your index in alphabetical order as you go along, which is
+sometimes convenient for reference, it is, on the whole, a cumbersome
+one for an index, although it is almost essential for a catalogue.
+
+In the present day when paper is so cheap, it is well to use fresh
+sheets all of the same size--either quarto post or foolscap. Some
+persons are so absurdly economical as to use the blank sides of used
+paper, such as envelopes, etc., so that their manuscript is of all sizes
+and will never range. It is necessary to warn such persons that they
+lose more time by the inconvenient form of their paper than they gain by
+not buying new material.
+
+In general practice the most convenient plan is to make your index
+straight on, using the paper you have chosen. Another plan is to use a
+portfolio of parchment with an alphabet cut on the leaves, and with
+guards to receive several leaves of foolscap under each letter. Thus
+every entry can be written at once in first letters. Where there are
+many large headings this is very convenient, and time is saved by
+entering the various references on the same folio without the constant
+repetition of the same heading. Possibly the most convenient method is
+to unite the two plans. Those references which we know to belong to
+large headings can be entered on the folios in the alphabetical
+guard-book, and the rest can be written straight through on the separate
+leaves.
+
+Before commencing his work, the indexer must think out the plan and the
+kind of index he is to produce; he will then consider how he is to draw
+out the references.
+
+Whatever system is adopted, it is well to bear in mind that the indexer
+should obtain some knowledge of the book he is about to index before he
+sets to work. The following remarks by Lord Thring may be applied to
+other subjects than law:
+
+    "A complete knowledge of the whole _law_ is required before he
+    begins to make the index, for until he can look down on the
+    entire field of law before him, he cannot possibly judge of the
+    proper arrangement of the headings or of the relative importance
+    of the various provisions."
+
+During his work the indexer must constantly ask himself what it is for
+which the consulter is likely to seek. The author frequently uses
+periphrases to escape from the repetition of the same fact in the same
+form, but these periphrases will give little information when inserted
+as headings in an index; and it is in this point of selecting the best
+catchword that the good indexer will show his superiority over the
+commonplace worker.
+
+This paramount characteristic of the good indexer is by no means an easy
+one to acquire. When the indexer is absorbed in the work upon which he
+is working, he takes for granted much with which the consulter coming
+fresh to the subject is not familiar. The want of this characteristic is
+most marked in the case of the bad indexer.
+
+In printing references to the entries in an index it is important to
+make a distinction between the volume and the page; this is done best by
+printing the number of the volumes in Roman letters and the page in
+Arabic numerals. When, however, the volumes are numerous, the Roman
+letters become cumbersome, and mistakes are apt to occur, so that one is
+forced to use Arabic numerals; and in order to distinguish between
+volume and page, the numbers of the volumes must be printed in solid
+black type.
+
+When a book is often reprinted in different forms it would be well to
+refer to chapters and paragraphs, so that the same index would do for
+all editions. The paragraphs in Dr. Jessopp's edition of North's _Lives
+of the Norths_ are numbered, but they are not numbered throughout. The
+references are very confusing and require a key. Thus, P stands for
+Preface; F for Life of the Lord Keeper; D, Life of Dudley; J, Life of
+Dr. John; R, Autobiography of Roger, and also Notes; R L, Letters from
+Lady North; R I, Letters from Roger North; and S, Supplementary. In the
+Letters the references are to pages and not to paragraphs. With such a
+complicated system, one is tempted to leave the index severely alone.
+This is the more annoying in that the index is not a long one, and the
+pages might have been inserted without any great trouble.
+
+Much confusion has been caused by reprinting an index for one edition in
+a later one without alteration. An instance may be given by citing the
+reprint of Whitelock's _Memorials_, published at the University Press,
+Oxford, in 1853. The original edition is in one volume folio (1682,
+reprinted 1732), and the new edition is in four volumes octavo. But to
+save expense the old index was printed to the new book. The difficulty
+was in part got over by giving the pages of the 1732 edition in the
+margin; but as may be imagined, it is a most troublesome business to
+find anything by this means. Moreover, the old index is not a good one,
+but thoroughly bad, with all the old misprints retained in the new
+edition. As a specimen of the extreme inaccuracy of the compilation, it
+may be mentioned that under one heading of thirty-four entries Mr.
+Edward Peacock detected seven blunders. Although Mr. Peacock had no
+statistics of the other entries, his experience led him to believe that
+if any heading were taken at random, about one in four of the entries
+would be found to be misprinted.
+
+In the case of a large index it is necessary to take into consideration
+the greatly increased work connected with arrangement. The amount of
+this may be said to increase in geometrical rather than in arithmetical
+progression. When the indexer comes to the last page of a great book he
+rejoices to have finished his work; but he will find by experience, when
+he calculates the arrangement of his materials, that he has scarcely
+done more than half of what is before him.
+
+If cards or separate slips are used, these will only need to be arranged
+for the press; but if sheets of paper have been, written upon, these
+will have to be cut up. There is little to be said about this, but it is
+worth giving the hint that much time is saved if shears or large
+scissors are used, so that the whole width of paper may be severed in
+two cuts.
+
+In the case of a small index there is little difficulty with material,
+for it can be arranged at once into first letters, and when the table is
+cleared of the slips these can be placed in the pages of an ordinary
+book to keep them distinct, and can then be sorted in perfect alphabet
+and pasted down. In the case of a large index it will be necessary to
+place the slips in a safer place. Large envelopes are useful receptacles
+for first letters; and when the slips are placed in them, the indexer
+will feel at ease and sure that none will be lost.
+
+It is well to go through the whole of the envelopes of first letters and
+sort the slips into second and third letters before the pasting is
+commenced, so that you may know that the order is correct, or make such
+alterations as are necessary before it is too late. The final perfect
+alphabetical arrangement can be made when the slips are placed on the
+table ready to be pasted.
+
+The sorting of slips into alphabetical order seems a simple matter which
+scarcely needs any particular directions; still such have been made.
+
+The late Mr. Charles F. Blackburn, who had had a considerable
+experience, gave some instruction for sorting slips in his _Hints on
+Catalogue Titles_ (1884). He wrote:
+
+    "Having never seen in print any directions for putting titles
+    into alphabetical order, I venture to describe the system I have
+    been accustomed to use. First sort the entire heap into six
+    heaps, which will lie before you thus:
+
+        A--D  E--H  I--M
+        N--R   S    T--Z.
+
+    Then take the heap A--D and sort it into its component letters,
+    after which each letter can be brought into shape by use of the
+    plan first applied to the whole alphabet. It is best to go on
+    with the second process until you have the whole alphabet in
+    separate letters, because if you brought A, for example, into
+    its component parts and put them into alphabetical order, you
+    might not impossibly find some A's among the later letters--one
+    of the inevitable accidents of sorting quickly. With this hint
+    or two the young cataloguer will easily find his way; and
+    various devices for doing this or that more handily are sure to
+    suggest themselves in the course of practice. The great thing is
+    to be started."
+
+The latter part of this extract is good advice, but I think it is a
+mistake to make two operations of the sorting in first letters, for it
+can be done quite easily in one.
+
+The following suggestion made by Mr. Blackburn is a good one, and is
+likely to save the very possible mixture of some of the heaps:
+
+    "In my own practice I have got into a way of letting the slips
+    fall on the table at an angle of forty-five degrees. Then, if
+    the accumulation of titles should cause the heaps to slide, they
+    will run into one another distinct, so that they can be
+    separated instantly without sorting afresh."
+
+I have never myself found any difficulty in sorting out into first
+letters at one time, and it soon becomes easy to place the slips in
+their proper heaps without any thought. Mr. F. B. Perkins, of the Boston
+Public Library, however, in his paper on "Book Indexes" gives some good
+directions which are worth quoting here:
+
+    "Next alphabet them by initial letters. This process is usually
+    best done by using a diagram or imaginary frame of five rows of
+    five letters each, on which to put the titles at this first
+    handling. The following arrangement of printers' dashes will
+    show what I mean. (The letters placed at the left hand of the
+    first row and right hand of the last indicate well enough where
+    the rest belong.)
+
+        A ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- U
+        B ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- V
+        C ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- W
+        D ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- X
+        E ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- YZ."[20]
+
+      [20] _Public Libraries in the United States._ Special Report.
+           Part I., 1876, p. 730.
+
+When the alphabetical arrangement is completed so far as the indexer
+considers it necessary for his purpose, it is time to think of the
+pasting down of the slips. This can be done in several ways, and the
+operator will doubtless choose that which suits him best. As already
+remarked, men will always find out the way most agreeable to themselves,
+and it is unwise to insist on others following our way in preference to
+their own.
+
+The human mind is capable of interesting itself in almost anything it
+may undertake; but indexing cannot be other than hard work, and it is
+unfair to make it harder by fixing unnecessary limits. The worker is
+always happier at his work if he is allowed to do it in his own way.
+
+The first thing to settle is as to the paper upon which the index is to
+be pasted. A very large-sized paper is inconvenient, and foolscap or
+quarto is the best for constant handling,--all the pages should be of
+exactly the same size. Sometimes it is necessary to have a small margin,
+but generally the width of the paper used for the index should be
+followed. There is no greater mistake than to study economy in the use
+of paper for pasting on. Some persons have facilities for the use of
+wastepaper that has been printed on on one side, and, not having been
+used, is in good order and of equal size. Some persons cut up
+newspapers, but this is a practice not to be recommended, not only on
+account of the print, but because the paper is generally so abominably
+bad and tearable. If the wastepaper referred to above is not within
+reach, it is well to buy a good printing-paper, which can be cut into
+the size required. There are, however, many cheap papers already
+machine-cut into the size required, which can easily be obtained.
+
+Some with the love of saving strong upon them cut up newspapers into
+lengths of about four inches wide, and paste the slips upon these, with
+the result that all the ragged ends give continual trouble, and are apt
+to be torn away. Of all savings, this is the most ill-advised.
+
+Although the "copy" is to be printed from at once, and will soon become
+useless, it is a great comfort to have material that is convenient to
+handle while it is required. Some thought may also be given to the
+compositor, whose life will be made a burden to him if you send him
+"copy" with all the ends loose. It is also well to keep the pages as
+flat as possible, so that a heap of these do not wobble about, but keep
+together smooth and tidy.
+
+Sometimes it may be desirable to paste only on half the paper, so as to
+have room for additional entries. If this is done, the side must be
+altered periodically, or the pages will slip about and give endless
+trouble.
+
+When the index is in course of arrangement the greatest care must be
+taken that none of the slips are lost, for such a loss is almost
+irreparable--first because you do not know when a slip goes astray; and
+even if you do know of your loss it is almost impossible to remedy it,
+as you have no clue to the place from which the slip came.
+
+There will always be anxiety to the indexer while his work is being cut
+up and sorted. A breeze from a window when a door is opened may blow
+some of his slips away. Too many of the slips should not be allowed on
+the table at one time, and the indexer will feel the greatest comfort
+when he knows that his slips are safely reposing in their several
+envelopes. All queries should also be kept in envelopes, and each
+envelope should be inscribed with a proper description of its contents.
+When the slips are pasted down they are safe--that is if they have been
+affixed securely to the paper.
+
+Having made these general observations, we may now proceed to consider
+how to paste. It seems a very simple matter, that requires no
+directions; but even here a few remarks may not be out of place.
+
+When your paper is ready in a pile of about fifty pages, each page
+numbered in its proper sequence, you can proceed to work. For the
+purpose of laying down slips on uniform pages at one time, paste is the
+only satisfactory material. Gum will only be used by the inexperienced.
+It cannot be used satisfactorily on large surfaces, like paste, and when
+it oozes up between the slips it is stickier and does more damage in
+fixing the pages together than paste does. You might as well fix
+paperhangings on your walls with gum.
+
+As to paste, if you have a long job on hand it is better to have it made
+at home, of a good consistency, but not too thick. It ought to run
+freely from the brush. A good cook will make good paste, but if you are
+specially particular you can make it yourself. If you require it to last
+for any time, you must add a little alum; but when you have a big index
+before you, you will use a bowl of paste in an evening, and there is
+therefore no question as to keeping.
+
+"Stickphast" is a very good material; it sticks well and keeps well, and
+it is an excellent adjunct to the writing-table, but it is not suitable
+for pasting down a long index. It is too dear, it is too thick, and it
+is too lumpy. If the paste is made at home, it need not be lumpy; and
+lumps, when you are pasting, are irritating to the last degree.
+
+The paper and the paste being ready, with a fair-sized brush to spread
+the paste, we come to consider how best to proceed with the work in
+hand. You require a good-sized table,--a large board on tressels in an
+empty room is the best, but a dining-table will serve. At the extreme
+right of the table you place the batch of paper upon which you are about
+to paste, and then sort your slips in perfect order, ranging them in
+columns from right to left. The object of thus going backwards is to
+save you from passing over several columns as you take the slips off the
+table, and, instead, going straight on. You can push your batch of paper
+on as the various columns successively disappear. More slips should not
+be set out than you can paste at one sitting, as it is not well to leave
+the slips loose on the table. Of course, you can paste from the left
+side if you wish, and then the columns will range from left to right;
+but this is not so convenient for continued arrangement of the columns
+of slips as you require them.
+
+There are more ways than one in placing the paste upon the paper; the
+most usual way is to paste down the two sides of the paper just the
+width of the slips, and some add a stroke down the middle. Another way
+is to put a plentiful supply of paste on a page or board, and then to
+place the back of each slip upon this. If you place your fingers on the
+two ends and press them towards the middle, the slip will be ready to be
+placed in its proper position, having taken up just sufficient paste. A
+still different plan is to paste the board or paper as in the previous
+case, and then place the face of the whole page on this. You then take
+it off, and, placing the dry side on the batch of paper, proceed to
+affix the slips to it. The advantage of the two last processes is that
+the paper is not so wet as in the first-mentioned plan, and in
+consequence the paper does not curl so much, but lies flatter. In the
+first place the sheets must be set out separately on the floor to dry,
+so that they may not stick together, but this is not so necessary in the
+two latter processes.
+
+Some indexers strongly object to pasting. This was the case with Mr. E.
+H. Malcolm, who wrote thus to _Notes and Queries_:
+
+    "I long ago discovered the cause of imperfections in my own
+    work. It was the 'cutting into slips' and 'laying down'
+    processes. The fact is you cannot be sure of preserving the
+    cuttings or slips, if very numerous; they are almost certain to
+    get mixed or lost, or elude you somehow. My remedy is this. I
+    now take cheap notepaper and write one entry only on each leaf.
+    Having compiled my index thus from A to Z, I arrange my slips
+    and manipulate them as I would a pack of cards, although
+    shuffling only for the purpose of getting the arrangement of the
+    letters right. Thus I save myself all the labour and trouble of
+    pasting or laying down the slips in analytical order. I do not
+    mind a little extra expenditure of paper by only entering one
+    item on every slip, for I am compensated for the appearance of
+    bulk by finding that I have secured order and arrangement free
+    from the consequences of a finical arrangement of the slips and
+    a dirty and tiresome labour of pasting down."[21]
+
+      [21] 5th S., vi. 114 (1876).
+
+As already pointed out in these pages, Mr. Malcolm is quite right
+respecting slips for a growing index; but when it comes to sending the
+"copy" to the printer the case is different. Here there is more safety
+in the pasted down slips, which are less likely to be lost than the
+loose ones even when numbered.
+
+As you proceed in your work you may wish to know how far your index
+agrees with other indexes in its proportion of letters, and to calculate
+what proportion of the whole you have already done.
+
+Some calculations as to the relative extent of the different letters
+have been made. Thus B is the largest letter in an index of proper
+names, but loses its pre-eminence in an index of subjects; and S takes
+high rank in both classes.
+
+Mr. F. A. Curtis,[22] of the Eagle Insurance Office, made in 1858 a
+calculation of the relative proportions of the different letters of the
+alphabet in respect to proper names. He described his object in a letter
+entitled, "On the Best Method of Constructing an Index." He wrote that,
+having had occasion to construct an index of the lives assured in the
+"Eagle" Company, he had drawn up a few observations upon the subject.
+"The requirements of an index and the proportions of its several parts
+are the two principal questions to be considered. Under the first head
+it may be observed that the index of a company upon a large scale should
+afford as much abstract information as possible. Those who refer to it
+do so with different views, for the objects of their inquiry must
+necessarily vary with their respective duties. It is therefore desirable
+that the index should be constructed with a view to provide for the
+wants of each person, so far, at least, as to enable him to obtain
+information in the most direct way; and it will be proper to insert in
+the index particulars some of which do not usually find a place in such
+a book. Let it be supposed that an individual signing his name 'J.
+Smith' inquires about the bonus, premium, or assignment, etc., of his
+policy, without stating either number, date, or amount. This is not an
+unusual case, and it will serve to illustrate my meaning by showing the
+nature of the difficulties which have to be encountered. J. may stand
+for John, James, Joseph, etc. There will probably be many of each kind
+in connection with the like surname, and it would be very difficult to
+discover, without a tedious investigation, to which policy J. Smith
+refers, unless the individuality of each person recorded in the index
+under that name be distinctly shown. The 'locality' of the assurance
+might be adopted as a mark of distinction; and we should in many
+instances be able to fix upon the right name by simply comparing the
+address of the writer with the place where the policy was effected."
+
+  [22] _Assurance Magazine_, vol. viii., 1860, pp. 54-7.
+
+This is a most valuable suggestion to all indexers. Many persons, to
+save trouble at the time, write initials instead of full Christian
+names. It should be a rule always to write these in full. When the index
+comes to be printed, the Christian names can be contracted if it is
+necessary to save space. The most important matter in the arrangement of
+an index is to avoid the confusion of two persons as one, and the
+possibility of making this blunder is greatly increased by the use of
+initials instead of full names. In the _British Museum Catalogue_ it has
+been found necessary in many cases to add particulars to distinguish
+between men with the same names.
+
+Mr. Curtis goes on to say:
+
+    "With regard to the second part of this subject--_i.e._ the
+    proportions of the several parts of the index--I may observe
+    that the most useful mode of division appears to me to be that
+    which is adopted by many offices--namely, to classify the
+    surname under its first letter, and to subdivide according to
+    the first vowel thereafter, adopting the first subdivision for
+    such names as 'Ash,' 'Epps,' etc., which have no succeeding
+    vowel."
+
+This, however, is a very unnatural arrangement, and has been, I believe,
+very generally given up. It is therefore unnecessary to refer further to
+Mr. Curtis's calculations of the proportions of the vowels in the
+subdivisions. Calculations can be made for the subdivision of the
+complete alphabet with a better result. Of course, in the case of
+initial vowels the following consonants have most to be considered, and
+in initial consonants the following vowels. Mr. Curtis's calculations
+respecting the first letters of surnames are of much value. He used the
+commercial lists of the _Post Office London Directory_, and compared
+them with Liverpool, Hull, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, and
+Bristol directories, and with three lists of different assurance
+companies; and after making his calculations from nearly 233,000
+surnames, he found the total average very similar in its result. Mr.
+William Davis made similar calculations from the _Clergy List_, which
+came out much the same. These he contributed to _Notes and Queries_,[23]
+and subsequently he made a further calculation from French names.[24]
+
+  [23] 2nd S., vi. 496.
+
+  [24] 3rd S., iv. 371.
+
+I have united these results in one table as follows:
+
+           MR. CURTIS.   CLERGY LIST.   FRENCH NAMES.
+    A         3·1            3·1            2·9
+    B        10·9           11·3           11·5
+    C         8·5            7·9            9·2
+    D         4·3            4·7           10·7
+    E         2·4            2·5            0·9
+    F         3·6            3·1            3·9
+    G         5·1            4·6            7·4
+    H         8·6            9·3            3·5
+    I, J      3·2            3·5            2·4
+    K         2·0            1·8            6·4
+    L         4·7            4·3           10·8
+    M         6·7            6·9            8·8
+    N         2·0            1·6            1·2
+    O         1·0            1·1            0·6
+    P         5·9            6·1            6·7
+    Q         0·2            0·0            0·3
+    R         4·6            4·4            5·3
+    S         9·7            7·7            4·3
+    T         4·0            4·4            3·3
+    U, V      1·0            1·3            3·2
+    W         7·9            8·3            0·8
+    X         0·0            0·0            0·0
+    Y         0·5            0·4            0·1
+    Z         0·1            0·0            0·0
+
+It will be noticed that B is strongest in all three, and C is fairly
+equal. S is smaller in French names, but probably would be much larger
+in German names. H and W are also much smaller in French, while D and L
+are much larger. The preponderance of the latter letters is of course
+caused by the large number of names beginning with _De_ and _La_.
+
+Indexes are not confined to proper names, and therefore it is necessary
+to add some calculations as to the proportions of the several letters in
+indexes of subjects. The following table is formed from three large
+indexes, each different in character. I. represents Gough's _Index to
+the Publications of the Parker Society_, which may be taken as a very
+good standard index. The subjects are very varied, and there are no
+specially long headings; it also contains proper names as well as
+subjects. II. represents an index of subjects in Civil Engineering which
+contains a good number of large headings. III. represents the index to
+the Minutes of a public board, and also contains a considerable
+proportion of large headings. It will be seen that the numbers vary so
+considerably as to be of very little practical value. The percentages
+are, I think, interesting, but they show conclusively that indexes will
+vary so considerably that in order to obtain a satisfactory percentage a
+separate calculation will have to be made in each case. Large headings
+will vitiate any average; in fact, I have lately had to do with an index
+in which R was the largest letter, on account of such extensive headings
+as _Railways_ and _Roads_.
+
+One striking point in the averages is that B is found to be displaced
+from the pre-eminent position it occupies in the percentages of proper
+names.
+
+           I.      II.    III.
+    A    10·67    2·63    5·58
+    B     6·94    5·07    6·28
+    C    15·63    8·26    8·84
+    D     2·48    4·50    4·65
+    E     3·23    6·94   11·39
+    F     2·85    3·38    1·63
+    G     4·34    3·56    1·86
+    H     4·34    3·19    2·09
+    I     1·74    2·72    1·39
+    J     3·97    0·14    0·46
+    K     0·74    0·05    0·23
+    L     5·58    4·97   15·12
+    M     5·71    5·82    7·67
+    N     1·37    0·19    0·93
+    O     1·74    1·31    1·63
+    P     9·31    6·75    7·67
+    Q     0·12    0·94    0·47
+    R     2·48   12·38    8·14
+    S     8·44   13·32    8·14
+    T     3·60    5·72    1·40
+    U     0·50    0·05    0·47
+    V     0·99    0·61    2·33
+    W     2·61    7·41    1·51
+    X     0·03    0·00    0·00
+    Y     0·22    0·00    0·00
+    Z     0·37    0·09    0·06
+        ------  ------   ------
+       100·00   100·00   100·00
+
+When the whole index is pasted down it is not yet ready for the printer,
+as it will require to be marked for the instruction of the compositor.
+The printer will have general instructions as to the kind of type to be
+used and the plan to be adopted, but it will be necessary to mark out
+those words that are not to be repeated and to insert lines indicating
+repetition. There are also sure to be little alterations in wording,
+necessitated by the coming together of the slips, which could not be
+foreseen when the slips were first written out.
+
+In a large work it is probable that your employers are importunate for
+"copy," and you will be urged to send this to the printer as you have it
+ready. If possible, it should be kept to the end, so that you may look
+over it as a whole, and so see that the same subjects are not in more
+places than one. You will probably have to make modifications in your
+plan as you go along, and this may cause difficulties which you will now
+be able to set right.
+
+Much of the value of an index depends upon the mode in which it is
+printed, and every endeavour should be made to set it out with
+clearness. It was not the practice in old indexes to bring the indexed
+word to the front, but to leave it in its place in the sentence, so that
+the alphabetical order was not made perceptible to the eye.
+
+There is a great deal to arrange in preparing for the press. Lines of
+repetition are often a source of blundering, specimens of which have
+already been given.
+
+The dash should not be too long, and very often space is saved and
+greater clearness is obtained by putting the general heading on a line
+by itself, and slightly indenting the following entries.
+
+Black type for headings and for the references to volume and page add
+much to the clearness of an index, but some persons have a decided
+objection to the spottiness that is thus given to the page.
+
+Tastes differ so much in respect to printing that it is not possible to
+indicate the best style to be adopted, and so each must choose for
+himself. One point, however, is of the greatest importance, and that is
+where a heading is continued over leaf it should be repeated with the
+addition of _continued_ at the end of the heading. It is not unusual in
+such cases to see the dash used at the top of the page, which is absurd.
+
+When the index has been put into print, the indexer has still to correct
+the press, and this is not always an easy matter, as the printer is
+scarcely likely to have understood all the necessarily elaborate and
+complicated marks used in preparing for the press. It will therefore
+still be some time before the end is in sight, and probably the indexer
+will see cause to agree with my statement on a former page, that in the
+case of a large index, when the indexing of the book itself is
+completed, little more than half of the total work is done.
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                             CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                      GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX.
+
+    "When Baillet, the learned author of the _Jugemens des Savans_,
+    was appointed by M. de Lamoignon keeper of the exquisite library
+    collected by that nobleman, he set to work to compile an index
+    of the contents of all the books contained in it, and this he is
+    said to have completed in August, 1682. After this date,
+    however, the Index continued to grow, and it extended to
+    thirty-two folio volumes, all written by Baillet's own hand."
+
+
+[Illustration: A]s knowledge increases and books and magazines gather in
+number, the need for many indexes becomes daily more evident. We often
+are certain that something has been written on a subject in which we are
+interested, but in vain we seek for a clue to it. We want a key to all
+this ever-increasing literature.
+
+As long ago as 1842 the late Thomas Watts, of the British Museum, one of
+the most learned and all-knowing of librarians, spoke to the late Dr.
+Greenhill of Hastings on the need for the formation of an Index Society.
+This date I give on the authority of Dr. Greenhill. Mr. Watts was a
+perfect index in himself, and few inquirers sought information from him
+which his fully stored mind was not able to supply; and he was not
+jealous of the printed index, as some authorities are. Twelve years
+after--in 1854--an announcement was made in _Notes and Queries_ of the
+projected formation of a "Society for the Formation of a General
+Literary Index." In the 2nd Series, vol. i., p. 486, the late Mr. Thomas
+Jones, who signed himself "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," commenced a series
+of articles, which he continued for several years, as a contribution to
+this general index; but nothing more was heard of the society. Inquiries
+were made in various numbers of _Notes and Queries_, but no response was
+obtained. In 1876 a contributor to the same periodical, signing himself
+"A. H.," proposed the formation of a staff of index compilers. In 1874
+the late Professor Stanley Jevons published his _Principles of Science_.
+In the chapter on Classification he enlarged on the value of indexes,
+and added:
+
+    "The time will perhaps come when our views upon this subject
+    will be extended, and either Government or some public society
+    will undertake the systematic cataloguing and indexing of masses
+    of historical and scientific information, which are now almost
+    closed against inquiry" (1st ed., vol. ii., p. 405; 2nd ed., p.
+    718).
+
+In the following year Mr. Edward Solly and I, without having then seen
+this passage, consulted as to the possibility of starting an Index
+Society, but postponed the actual carrying out of the scheme for a time.
+In July of this same year, 1875, Mr. J. Ashton Cross argued in a
+pamphlet that a universal index might be formed by co-operation through
+a clearing-house, and would pay if published in separate parts. In
+September, 1877, some letters by Mr. W. J. Thoms, who signed himself "A
+Lover of Indexes," were published in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, in which
+the foundation of an Index Society was strongly urged. In October, 1877,
+Mr. Cross read a paper before the Conference of Librarians, which was a
+revival of the scheme previously suggested. Mr. Robert Harrison, late
+Secretary of the London Library, in a report of the Conference of
+Librarians published in the _Athenæum_ for October 13th, 1877, wrote:
+
+    "Could not a permanent Index Society be founded with the support
+    of voluntary contributions of money as well as of subject
+    matter? In this way a regular staff could be set to work, under
+    competent direction, and could be kept steadily at work until
+    its performances became so generally known and so useful as to
+    enable it to stand alone and be self-supporting. Many readers
+    would readily jot down the name of any new subject they met with
+    in the book before them, and the page on which it occurs, and
+    forward their notes to be sorted and arranged by any society
+    that would undertake the work."
+
+Mr. Justin Winsor, the late distinguished librarian of Harvard
+University, writing to the _Athenæum_, said:
+
+    "We have been in America striving for years to get some
+    organised body to undertake this very work."
+
+Following on all this correspondence, the Index Society was founded; but
+after doing some useful work it was amalgamated with the Index Library
+founded by Mr. Phillimore, having failed from want of popular support.
+This want of permanent success was probably owing to its aim being too
+general. Those who were interested in one class of index cared little
+for indexes which were quite different in subject.
+
+I fear that the interest of the public in the production of indexes
+(which is considerable) does not go to the length of willingness to pay
+for these indexes, which from the fewness of those who care for these
+helps must always be expensive. When suggestions were made in _Notes and
+Queries_ for the compilation and publication of certain needed indexes,
+Mr. J. Cuthbert Welch wrote that the editor of a journal offered to
+publish an index if he could obtain sufficient subscribers. Respecting
+this offer, the publisher said, "Altogether I had six offers to take one
+copy each." This rebuff caused Mr. Welch to say, "Is it not rather that
+people are not energetic to buy such indexes than that publishers are
+not energetic enough to issue them?"[25]
+
+  [25] 8th S., i. 364.
+
+There is still a great want for indexes of history and biography, and it
+is probable that if the objects of the Index Society had been confined
+to these it might have been more successful. In November, 1878, Mr.
+Edward Solly wrote a letter to me in which he sketched out a very
+important scheme for a biographical index which would be of the greatest
+value. He wrote:
+
+    "I do not think the Index Society can take up any subject of
+    greater utility, or one more likely to be of service to the
+    general public as well as students, than an Index of
+    Biographies. An entire index of all known lives would obviously
+    be much too large an undertaking; we can only attempt a part of
+    the subject. Probably in the first instance we should do well to
+    try and form an index of British lives; such a work would I
+    think, if tolerably complete, certainly fill at least ten large
+    octavo volumes.
+
+    "The work might be considerably diminished in bulk if we were to
+    determine to leave out all names now to be found in certain
+    standard works such as Chalmers' Biographical Dictionary. It is
+    evident, however, that to do this would greatly diminish the
+    value of our index, and would cause us to put aside hundreds of
+    memoranda which it is most important to index, I mean references
+    to more recent notes, memoirs, letters and anecdotes, which are
+    to be met with in journals and lives, and which often throw new
+    and important light on older published Biographies.
+
+    "It is on account of these difficulties that I would propose
+    that we endeavour to undertake an index of Biographical
+    references of persons who have died in a certain given
+    period--say 1800-1825, or 1800-1850, or perhaps 1750-1800.
+
+    "With a view to this I should like to see lists made of all
+    Biographical matters in such books as the Gentleman's Magazine,
+    European Magazine, Monthly Magazine, Anti-Jacobin Magazine, etc.
+    Also such books as the Annual Necrology, Public Characters,
+    Living Authors, etc., and thirdly of references to Biographical
+    Memoranda dispersed throughout Lives and Memoirs such as
+    'Kilvert's Memoirs,' I mean books in which no one from the title
+    would expect to find such information."
+
+It will be seen that such an index as is here sketched would be an
+inestimable help to the student. It would form a useful supplement to
+the _Dictionary of National Biography_, for it must be remembered that
+such an index would contain a majority of references to men and women
+whose claims to distinction or notoriety do not attain to the standard
+set up by the promoters of that grand work. Possibly, if such an index
+was undertaken by co-operation as an object in itself, and not as one
+among other subjects, it might be compiled in one alphabet instead of in
+periods, which would make it much more valuable for reference. Naturally
+the great advantage of periods is that, if left incomplete, what is
+published (if it covers a period) will always be of value, while a
+portion of the alphabet would be almost worthless.
+
+The Rev. John E. B. Mayor has collected a great mass of biographical
+references which are of much value. In an interesting communication on
+his indexes he suggests the formation of a British Biographical Society
+which might be called the Antony Wood Society.[26]
+
+  [26] _Notes and Queries_, 5th S., xii. 511.
+
+There is one project of the Index Society which has never been
+undertaken, but which is still wanted as much as ever--_viz._ a general
+or universal index. Some think this to be an impossibility, and that to
+attempt its preparation is a waste of time. Those who hold this opinion
+have not sufficient faith in the simplicity and usefulness of the
+alphabet. Every one has notes and references of some kind, which are
+useless if kept unarranged, but, if sorted into alphabetical order,
+become valuable.
+
+The object of the general index is just this, that anything, however
+disconnected, can be placed there, and much that would otherwise be lost
+will there find a resting-place. Always growing and never pretending to
+be complete, the index will be useful to all, and its consulters will be
+sure to find something worth their trouble, if not all they may require.
+
+Some attempts have been made at compiling a general index, for what are
+_Poole's Index_, _Index of Essays_, Q.P. Indexes, Hetherington's _Index
+to the Periodicals of the World_, and _Indexes to "The Times,"_ but
+contributions towards a universal index? Such a work as is here proposed
+can scarcely be carried out unless Government aid is extended to it; but
+surely the small amount of money that need be expended upon a sort of
+general inquiry office would be well laid out!
+
+A sort of skeleton index of universal information might be drawn up, and
+this could be added to gradually, partly by specialised effort and
+partly by the reception of any stray references of interest sent by
+those who recognise that their notes would find a home. This could be
+kept in a clearing-house and reference-room.
+
+When the index had become of some importance, and was recognised as a
+help to the inquirer, it could be printed. When published, it might be
+interleaved, so that additions might be made which could be sent to the
+office. Gradually the index would grow into a work of very considerable
+importance.
+
+One of the chief objections to index catalogues of public libraries is
+that the same work is practically repeated by each library, while a
+general index would be useful to all. Surely some arrangement might be
+made by which the various libraries would contribute funds to the
+central office and receive the indexes, which would serve their purpose
+as well as those of all the other libraries!
+
+Having said so much, it seems necessary to explain rather more fully
+what the general index should contain and what should be omitted. To
+explain it in a few words, it should be a sort of encyclopædia of
+references rather than of direct information; but it should contain more
+headings than any existing encyclopædia. Every one must have felt the
+want of some book which would give information or references on a large
+number of subjects that are constantly topics of ordinary conversation,
+but are consistently ignored in the ordinary books of reference. On the
+other hand, mere technical references should be omitted, because these
+details would overload the work, and because specialists have their own
+sources of information. It is the general information which every one is
+supposed to possess that is so difficult to obtain.
+
+In the first instance the groundwork of the index should be laid down
+with care by an expert. All special bibliographies should be entered
+under their subjects, both those published separately and those included
+in other books. Various societies have published indexes. There are
+those among the publications of the Index Society and many others. The
+Bibliographical Society has published indexes to the German periodical
+_Serapeum_ and to Dibdin's edition of Ames' and Herbert's _Typographical
+Antiquities_; but very few persons know of these books.
+
+The authorities of the British Museum have given students an immense
+help by gathering separate indexes and bibliographies on various
+subjects into the dwarf bookcases in the Reading-room. Here are a large
+number of aids to knowledge of which the general reader would have known
+nothing if they had not so obligingly been brought under his notice.[27]
+
+[27] The late Professor Justin Winsor gave a list of indexes in
+     his useful _Handbook for Readers_ (for the Boston Public
+     Library); and I added a "Preliminary List of Indexes" to _What
+     is an Index?_ London, 1879. Other lists have also been published
+     by the British Museum, etc.
+
+A large number of books contain special information of importance on
+various subjects, the existence of which would never be guessed from the
+titles. Attempts at general indexes of special subjects have been
+published, such as F. S. Thomas's _Historical Notes_ (1509-1714), and
+the main points of these should be included in the proposed General
+Index.
+
+When a good groundwork has been made, the index could be printed; and
+doubtless, if this printed index was widely circulated, a large number
+of helpers would speedily be found. Many persons know of places where
+full information on some subject may be found, and would be glad to
+place their collections where they would be helpful to others.
+
+There can surely be no doubt that a general inquiry office with such an
+ever-growing index and a library of printed indexes would be a boon not
+only to the student, but to the general public. Every day the great
+truth that keys to knowledge are more and more required is generally
+appreciated.
+
+As a groundwork for such a general index, selection could be made from
+the books already mentioned; and from the index volumes of Watt's
+_Bibliotheca Britannica_ (1824), which, with all its faults, is one of
+the most valuable helps to bibliography, and the subject index of James
+Darling's _Cyclopædia Bibliographica_ (1854-1859), many useful
+references could be obtained. These two books are gradually getting out
+of date, but information may be obtained from their pages which is not
+easily to be obtained elsewhere.
+
+In closing this subject, I feel that too great honour cannot be done to
+the memory of W. F. Poole, who placed the world under great obligations
+by the production of his _Index of Periodical Literature_. As far back
+as 1848, when a student at Yale College, he published an _Index to
+Subjects treated in the Reviews and other Periodicals_ (New York). In
+1853 an improved edition was published as the _Index to Periodical
+Literature_. When Mr. Poole attended the Library Conference at London in
+1877 he expressed publicly his pleasure in seeing on the shelves of the
+British Museum Library a copy of his first index, which he had not seen
+for some years elsewhere. He realised that the work, if it were to be
+continued, was too great an undertaking for one man, and he succeeded in
+arranging for a co-operative index, which is continued now in several
+supplements under the able superintendence of Mr. William I. Fletcher.
+
+An _Index to the "Times"_ was started by J. Giddings in 1862-63, but not
+continued. Later, Mr. S. Palmer commenced a _Quarterly Index_, which has
+been continued forward to the present time, and also backward. In 1899
+Bailey's _Annual Index to the "Times"_ came into being.
+
+The indexing of a paper such as the _Times_ is a very arduous and
+difficult undertaking. In consequence, these indexes cannot be
+considered as models of what such works should be.
+
+Mr. Corrie Leonard Thompson criticises in _Notes and Queries_ (7th S.,
+x. 345) the arrangement of the headings of Palmer's _Index to the
+"Times"_ severely, but not unfairly. He writes:
+
+    "The following are instances of the absurdities which appear in
+    the volume just issued (Oct.-Dec. 1842), and will serve to
+    illustrate the system which has been adopted throughout the
+    index:
+
+    "In November, 1842, a floating chapel on the Severn was loosed
+    from its moorings; this occurrence appears in the index under
+    the heading, 'Disgraceful Act.' Again, referring to the dry
+    weather that was prevailing at the time, the entry is, 'Present
+    Dry Season.' Other references to the same subject are, however,
+    to be found under the heading 'Weather,' which of course is
+    correct.
+
+    "A more marked example of carelessness or ignorance of the art
+    of indexing, or both, is that of two women who were committed to
+    Ruthin prison--one, Amelia Home for firing a pistol at a man
+    named Roberts; the other, Jane Williams, for stealing a mare
+    belonging to Robert Owen. This occurrence is entered under the
+    letter R--'Rather uncommon for Females.' The chance of any one
+    looking under Rather for an occurrence of this kind must be
+    infinitesimal, to say the least of it; and so on. A storm at
+    Saone-et-Loire is indexed under 'Fatal Storm,' and an account of
+    the trial of a small boy for stealing a twopenny pie will be
+    found under 'Atrocious Criminal.' A certain Jane Thomas was so
+    overjoyed at seeing her mother waiting at the stage-door of a
+    theatre that she died in her arms. The employment of capitals is
+    most remarkable, as is also the arrangement of the words, 'Death
+    of Jane Thomas in her Mother's Arms in Holborn at Joy in Seeing
+    her parent at the Stage Door to Receive her.'
+
+    "The errors pointed out in these examples, omitting the last
+    instance, as well as the additional fault of indexing under
+    adjectives which have no distinctive feature in them to guide
+    the searcher, evidently arise from the fact that the simple
+    heading of the newspaper article has been taken, without any
+    attempt being made to discover the actual contents of such
+    article."
+
+As already stated on a previous page, it is most important to index the
+articles in periodicals afresh, and not always to follow the heading of
+the original. This is of course more particularly the case in respect to
+newspapers, where the headings are drawn up to catch the reader's eye.
+The same rule may be insisted on in respect to all indexing, and this is
+so important that the restatement of it may well conclude this little
+volume.
+
+In making a general index of several volumes, always index the volumes
+afresh, and do not be contented with using what has been done before. It
+is always wiser to put 'new wine into new bottles.'
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                                 INDEX.
+
+
+  Abecedarie as a synonym of index, 8.
+
+  Acrostic as a motto for an index, 85.
+
+  Adjectives, when to be used as catchwords, 151.
+    ---- (substantival) as headings, 151.
+
+  Allibone's _Dictionary of English Literature_ alluded to, 87.
+    ---- the forty indexes, 155.
+
+  Alphabet (One) for indexes, 134;
+    order of the English alphabet, 135.
+
+  Alphabetisation, Want of complete, in indexes, 65.
+
+  Alphabets, Variety of, in indexes, 69.
+
+  _Annual Register_, fourteen alphabets in the index, 70.
+
+  Antonio (N.), value of his _Bibliotheca Hispana_, 88.
+    ---- his quotation of the remark that an index should be made by
+         the author of the book, 109.
+
+  Appendix, objection to the plural appendices, 12.
+
+  _Archæological Epistle to Dean Milles, not_ by Mason, but by
+      Baynes, 82.
+
+  Arrangement (Bad) in indexes, 64.
+
+  _Athenæum (The)_, suggestion of an Index Society in 1877, 209.
+
+  Athenæum library catalogue, index of subjects, 117, 124.
+
+  _Athenian Oracle_, Index to, 30.
+
+  Atterbury (Bishop), his connection with the attack upon Dr. Bentley,
+    40.
+
+  Authorities quoted or referred to to be indexed, 159.
+
+  _Ayenbite of Inwyt_, table of contents to the book, 6.
+
+
+  Baillet, his index to the books in the Lamoignon Library, 206.
+
+  Baret's _Alvearie_, use of the words "index" and "table" in that
+    book, 8.
+
+  Baronius, noble index to his Annales _Ecclesiastici_, 89.
+
+  Bartlett (John), concordance to Shakespeare, 120.
+
+  Bayle, his opinion on the need of judgment in the compilation of an
+    index, 132.
+
+  Baynes (John), his terrible curse, 82.
+
+  Bellenden (Mary) maligned in an index, 81.
+
+  Bentham's _Works_, Good index to, by J. H. Burton, 102.
+
+  Bentley's _Dissertation on the Epistle of Phalaris_, attack of the
+    "Wits" upon this book and Dr. King's Index, 36.
+
+  Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind, 157.
+
+  Bible, Concordances to the, 119.
+
+  "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," his contribution to a general index in
+  _Notes and Queries_, 207.
+
+  _Biglow Papers_, Humorous index to, 33.
+
+  Biographical (British) Society suggested by the Rev. John E. B.
+    Mayor, 214.
+
+  _Biography, Dictionary of National_, plan of arranging peers under
+    their surnames instead of their titles, 146.
+
+  Birdwood's (Sir George) note "On the Indexing of the Names of Eastern
+    People," 164.
+
+  Blackburn (Charles F.), _Hints on Catalogue Titles_ quoted, 183.
+
+  "Book Prices Current," General index to, 113.
+
+  Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, Boswell's own index, 109.
+    ---- Dr. Birkbeck Hill's admirable index to his edition, 105.
+
+  Boyle (Hon. Charles), his attack upon Bentley, 36.
+    ---- offended Atterbury, 40.
+
+  "Boyle upon Bentley," 36.
+
+  Boyle's (Hon. Robert) _Considerations touching Natural Philosophy_,
+    table of contents called an index, 13.
+
+  _British Association Reports_, index in six alphabets, 70.
+
+  British Museum, collection of indexes in the Reading-room a great
+    boon, 218.
+    ---- proposed subject index to the catalogue of the library, 126.
+
+  Bromley's (William) _Travels_, ill-natured index made to them by Dr.
+    King, 44;
+    his note on the attack made upon him, 46;
+    his Jacobite leanings, 52;
+    his portrait at Oxford, 52.
+
+  Bruce's (John) edition of _Historie of Edward IV._, absurd filling
+    up of initials J. C., 78.
+
+  Brunet (G.) translates _White Knight_ as _Le Chevalier Blanc_, 77.
+
+  Buckland (Dr.) said to be the author of a work _Sur les Ponts et
+    Chaussées_, 77.
+
+  Burton (Hill), _Book-Hunter_, allusion to the power in the hands of
+    an indexer, 24.
+    ---- his reference to Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 20.
+    ---- his index to Bentham's _Works_, 102.
+
+
+  Calendar as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+  Camden Society's publications, Proposed index to, 112.
+
+  Campbell (Lady Charlotte) maligned in an index, 81.
+
+  Campbell (Lord) proposed punishment for the publication of an
+    indexless book, 82.
+    ---- his confession, 83.
+
+  Campkin (Henry), plea for index-makers, 92.
+
+  _Canadian Journal_, bad index, 56.
+
+  Capgrave's _Chronicle of England_, blunder in the index, 66.
+
+  Cards or separate slips used for indexes, 182.
+
+  Carlyle (Thomas), he denounces the putters-forth of indexless books,
+    82, 91.
+    ---- his reference to Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 15.
+    ---- his remarks on the want of indexes to the standard historical
+         collections, 91.
+
+  Catalogue as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+  Catalogues, Indexes to, 123.
+    ---- of libraries, Indexes to, 123.
+
+  Chitty (E.), his supposed grudge against Justice Best, 157.
+
+  _Christian Observer_, Index to, by Macaulay, 91.
+
+  Cicero, his use of the word "index," 6, 8.
+
+  Clark's (Perceval) index to Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, 95.
+
+  Clarke (Mrs. Cowden), her _Concordance to Shakespeare_, 120.
+
+  Clarke (William) quoted, 118.
+
+  Classification within the alphabet, Evils of, 58, 67.
+
+  Cobbett's _Woodlands_ quoted, 72.
+
+  Coke (Lord Chief Justice) an inaccurate man, 101.
+
+  Commonplace books, Indexes to, 174.
+
+  Concordances to the Bible, 119.
+
+  Concordances to Shakespeare, 120.
+
+  Contractions, dangers in filling them out, 78.
+
+  _Corpus Christi Guild, York_, Incomplete index to _The Register_ of,
+    122.
+
+  Crestadoro's _Index to the Manchester Free Library Catalogue_, 125.
+
+  Cross (J. Ashton), proposal for a universal index, 208, 209.
+
+  Cross references not usually popular, 158.
+    ---- curiosities of, 72.
+    ---- want of, in indexes, 70.
+
+  Cunningham (Mr.) paid £500 for indexing, 97.
+
+  Curll's authors, instructions how to find them, 53.
+
+  Curtis (F. A.) on the best method of constructing an index, 195.
+
+  Cutter's rule as to the arrangement of peers under their surnames,
+    146.
+
+  Cutting up of entries when written on pages of paper, 182.
+
+
+  "Da," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  "Dal" surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Darling's (James) _Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, Index, 220.
+
+  Dashes in printing representing repetition to be of uniform length,
+    161, 204;
+    instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.
+
+  "De," French surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141;
+    English surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 142.
+
+  De Quincey on Bentley, 39.
+
+  "Del," "Della," surnames to be arranged under these prefixes, 141.
+
+  "Des," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Dictionary catalogue, its history, 129.
+    ---- Mr. Fortescue's objections to it, 130.
+
+  Dictionary makers really indexers, 120.
+
+  Disraeli's (Isaac) _Literary Miscellanies_ quoted, 1.
+
+  Drayton (M.), his use of the word "index," 11.
+
+  "Du," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Dugdale's _Warwickshire_, the words "index" and "table" both used, 9.
+
+  Dumas (Alexandre) _père et fils_, confused with Alexandre _père et
+    fils_, harmonium-makers, 24.
+
+
+  Eadie's _Dictionary of the Bible_, Cross reference in, 72.
+
+  Electricity, Indexes of, 123.
+
+  Ellis's _Original Letters_ quoted, 19.
+
+  _Encyclopædia Britannica_, Cross references in, 72, 74.
+
+  Envelopes as safe receptacles for index slips, 182, 189.
+
+  Erasmus made alphabetical indexes, 7.
+
+
+  Fétis Musical Library, blunder in the index to the catalogue, 24.
+
+  Flaxman (Dr. Roger) paid £3000 for indexing, 97.
+
+  Fleming (Abraham), his use of the word "index," 8.
+
+  Fletcher (William I.), his valuable additions to index literature,
+    221.
+
+  Ford's _Handbook of Spain_, Amusing cross reference in, 76.
+
+  Forster (Rev. --) paid £3000 for indexing, 97.
+
+  Fortescue (G. K.) on the proposed subject index to the British
+    Museum library catalogue, 126.
+    ---- on five-yearly indexes to the British Museum catalogue, 128.
+
+  Freeman's  opinion  that foreign names should be Englished, 144.
+
+  _Freemason_, bad index quoted, 54.
+
+  Fuller (Thomas) quoted, 3, 172.
+
+
+  Gay's _Trivia_, humorous index, 32.
+
+  _Gentleman's Magazine_, badness of the index of names, 153.
+
+  Gerarde's _Herbal_, by Johnson, use of the words "index" and "table"
+    in that book, 9.
+
+  Giddings (J.), index to _The Times_, 221.
+
+  Glanville's (Joseph) _Vanity of Dogmatizing_ quoted, 2.
+
+  Gough (H.), index to Parker Society's publications, 112.
+
+  Greenhill (Dr.) on the formation of an Index Society, 207.
+
+  Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_, index to the book by Scaliger, 88.
+
+  Gum an unsatisfactory material for laying down slips, 189.
+
+
+  Hardy (Sir T. Duffus), remarks on the "Pye-book," 7.
+
+  Hare's _Walks in London_, Index to, 152.
+
+  Harley (Robert, Earl of Oxford), the index to Bromley's _Travels_
+    attributed to him, 46, 48.
+
+  Harrison (Robert) proposes the formation of an Index Society in
+    _The Athenæum_, 209.
+
+  Hawkins's _Pleas of the Crown_, Odd cross references in, 75.
+
+  Headings, alphabetical arrangement of, 137.
+    ---- instances of bad, 54.
+    ---- printing of, 160.
+
+  Henrietta Maria offended with Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 18.
+
+  Heskeths, their change of name, 151.
+
+  Hetherington's (Miss) opinions on the indexing of periodicals, 59;
+    specimens of absurd references quoted by her, 60;
+    on the qualifications of an indexer, 114.
+
+  Hill's (Dr. Birkbeck) admirable indexes, 105-108.
+
+  Historical collections, need of indexes to these standard works, 91.
+
+  Homer, poetical index to Pope's translation of the Iliad, 21.
+
+  House of Commons' Journals, sums paid for the indexes, 97.
+
+  Hume (David), index to his _Essays_, 23;
+    he was glad to be saved from the drudgery of making one, 23.
+
+  Hunt (Leigh), his opinion on index-making, 26.
+    ---- supposed author of the joke on Best's great mind, 157.
+
+  Hutchins's _Dorset_, Separate indexes to, 69.
+
+  Hyphen, Use of, in compound names, 149.
+
+
+  I and J to be kept distinct, 66, 135.
+
+  Im Thurn, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.
+
+  Index, alphabetical order not at first considered essential, 6;
+    classification to be abjured in an alphabetical index, 58, 67;
+    evils of dividing an index into several alphabets, 69;
+    _General or Universal Index_ (chap. viii.), 206, 223;
+    history of the word, 7;
+    use by the Romans, 6;
+    naturalisation of the word in English, 8;
+    introduced into English in the nominative case, 10;
+    _How to Set About the Index_ (chap. vii.), 172-205;
+    long struggle with the word "table," 7;
+    soul of a book, _Title-page_;
+    one index to each book, 134;
+    two chief causes of the badness of indexes, 64;
+    varied kinds of, 5.
+
+  Index-learning ridiculed, 2.
+
+  Index Society, its formation, 210;
+    published index to Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, 95;
+    amalgamation with the Index Library, 210.
+
+  Indexer, chief characteristics of a good indexer, 116;
+    difference of opinion as to whether the indexer is "born, _not_
+    made," "not born, _but_ made," or "born _and_ made," 114;
+    power in his hands, 93;
+    _The Bad Indexer_ (chap. iii.), 53-84;
+    _The Good Indexer_ (chap. iv.), 85-117.
+
+  Indexes, _Amusing and Satirical Indexes_ (chap. ii.), 25-52;
+    _Different Classes of Indexes_ (chap. v.), 118-131;
+    _General Rules for Alphabetical Indexes_ (chap. vi.), 132-171;
+    list of indexes, 218;
+    official indexes, 96;
+    to great authors proposed, 111;
+    veneration due to the inventor of indexes, 1.
+
+  India said in the index to Capgrave's _Chronicle_ to be conquered by
+    Judas Maccabeus, 66.
+
+  Indical, word used by Fuller, 4.
+
+  Indice, word used by Ben Jonson, 10.
+    ---- French word, 10.
+    ---- Italian word, 10.
+
+  Indices, objections to the use of this plural in English, 11.
+
+  Indicium, the original of the French _indice_, 10.
+
+  Initials, Careless use of, 161.
+
+  Inventory as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+
+  J.C., absurd filling out of these initials, 78.
+
+  Jaggard's (William) index to _Book Prices Current_, 113.
+
+  Jeake's _Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed_, Index to, 89.
+
+  Jevons (Professor Stanley), his suggestion of an Index Society, 208.
+    ---- his _Principles of Science_ quoted, 208.
+
+  Jewel's _Apology_ by Isaacson, bad index, 56.
+
+  Jews generally wore red hats in Italy, but not at Leghorn, 51.
+
+  Johnson (Dr.), his division of necessary knowledge, 5.
+    ---- advises Richardson to add an index to his novels, 21.
+
+  Jones (Thomas), his contribution to a general index in _Notes and
+    Queries_, 207.
+
+  Jonson (Ben), his use of the word "indice," 10.
+
+
+  King (Dr. William), the inventor of satirical indexes, 35.
+    ---- his attack upon Bentley in the index to "Boyle upon Bentley,"
+         36.
+
+  King (Dr. William), his parody of _Lister's Journey to Paris_, 42.
+    ---- his attack upon Sir Hans Sloane and the _Philosophical
+         Transactions"_, 42.
+    ---- satirical index to Bromley's _Travels_, 44.
+
+  Knowledge, what is true, 1.
+
+
+  "La," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Lamoignon (M. de), his library, indexed by Baillet, 206.
+
+  Lawyers good indexers, 98.
+
+  "Le," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Library Association, Index to _Reports_, 113.
+
+  Lister's _Journey to Paris_ parodied by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  Littré, his derivation of indice, 10.
+
+  Lo_n_don (George), his name often spelt Lo_u_don, 67.
+
+  _Longman's Magazine_, bad index, 63.
+
+  Lo_u_don (C. J.), the Duke of Wellington mistakes his signature for
+    that of the Bishop of London, 67.
+
+  Lowell's _Biglow Papers_, humorous index, 33.
+
+
+  "M'" and "Mc" to be arranged as if written "Mac," 145.
+
+  Macaulay (Lord) an indexer, 91.
+    ---- indexers treated with contempt by him, 92.
+    ---- his opinion on the index to his _History_, 93.
+    ---- objection to the indexing of his _History_ by a Tory, 93.
+    ---- his Englishing of foreign names approved by Freeman, 144.
+    ---- on Bentley's foibles, 38.
+
+  Maine (Duc de), Duc of Maine, Duke de Maine, or Duke of Maine, 144.
+
+  Malcolm (E. H.) quoted, 193.
+
+  Markland (J. H.), remarks on indexing, 82.
+
+  Mayor's (Rev. John E. B.) collection of biographical references, 214.
+
+  Michel's (Dan) _Ayenbite of Inwyt_, table of contents, 6.
+
+  Minsheu, his use of the word "index," 9.
+
+  Montaigne's _Essays_, index to Florio's translation, 12.
+
+  Moore (Edward) paid £6400 for indexing, 97.
+
+  More (Hannah), Macaulay's letter to her, 91.
+
+  Morley (John) protests against indexless books, 84.
+
+  Morris (William) on an absurd cross reference, 72.
+
+
+  Names, authors arranged under their Christian names, 89;
+    compound names, 149;
+    proper names with prefixes, 145;
+    rule for the arrangement of compound names, 149;
+    rules for the arrangement of foreign and English respectively,
+      141, 142.
+
+  North's _Lives of the Norths_, index to Jessopp's edition, 179.
+
+  Norton (Thomas), Remembrancer of London, an indexer, 85.
+
+  _Notes and Queries_, announcement in its pages of the projected
+    formation of an Index Society in 1854, 207.
+    ---- indexes highly appreciated, 112.
+
+  Noy (Attorney-General) prosecutes Prynne, 15
+
+  Numerals, Use of, for series of volumes, 159.
+
+
+  Oldys (William) on the need of indexes, 86.
+
+  Oriental names, Rules for indexing, 163;
+    Sir George Birdwood's notes on the names of Eastern people, 164.
+
+  Oxford (Robert Harley, Earl of) reported to be author of the index
+    to Bromley's _Travels_, 46, 48.
+
+
+  Page, when a division of a, should be marked, 159.
+
+  Paget (Sir James) pleased to make an index, 23.
+
+  Paper, saving of, an unwise economy, 176, 187.
+
+  Parr (Dr.), note on the index to Bromley's _Travels_, 47.
+
+  Paste the only material for laying down slips, 189.
+
+  Peacock (Edward), detection of blunders in Oxford reprint of
+    Whitelock's _Memorials_, 181.
+
+  Peers to be arranged under their titles, 145.
+
+  _Penny Cyclopædia_, vague cross references in, 73.
+
+  Periodicals, transactions, etc., Indexing of, 121;
+    usually badly indexed, 59.
+
+  Perkins (F. B.), plan of arranging slips, 185.
+
+  _Philosophical Transactions_ laughed at by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  Pineda (Juan de), index to his _Monarchia Ecclesiastica_, 89.
+
+  Plays, Prynne's attack upon, 16.
+
+  Plinie's _Natural Historie_, by Holland, Use of the word "index"
+    in, 10.
+
+  Plutarch's _Lives_, by North, the index called a table, 8.
+
+  Poole's (W. F.) _Index to Periodical Literature_ quoted, 59;
+    its great value, 220;
+    new edition by co-operation, 221;
+    his remarks on cross references, 71.
+
+  Printing of headings, 160;
+    special type, 160.
+
+  Prynne, _Histrio-Mastix_, specimens from the index, 14.
+    ---- a martyr to his conscientiousness in making an index, 15.
+
+  Puritans, Prynne's praise of, 17.
+
+  "Pye" as a synonym of index, 7 (note).
+
+  "Pye-book," derivation, 7 (note).
+
+
+  Ranke's _History of England_, issue of revised index by the
+    Clarendon Press, 113.
+
+  Rawlinson (Dr.) on the index to Bromley's _Travels_, 45.
+
+  Register as a synonym of index, 7, 8.
+
+  _Remembrancia_, Index to, quoted, 85.
+
+  Repetition, Marks of, in an index, 161, 204;
+    instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.
+
+  Richardson (S.), index to his three novels, 22.
+    ---- a practised indexer, 22.
+
+  Royal Society attacked by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  _Rules for Alphabetical Indexes_ (chap. vi.), 132-171.
+
+  Rules for cataloguing referred to, 133.
+
+  Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_, Index to, 103.
+
+  Russell (Constance, Lady) points out confusions in indexes, 80.
+
+
+  "St." to be arranged in the alphabet as "Saint," 145.
+
+  Saints to be arranged under their proper names, 145.
+
+  Scaliger, his index to Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_, 88.
+
+  Schmidt (Dr. Alexander), _Shakespeare Lexicon_ (1874), 120.
+
+  "Scholar's (A)" opposition to publication of a subject-index to the
+    British Museum library catalogue, 126.
+
+  Scientific books, Indexing of, 120.
+
+  Scobell's _Acts and Ordinances of Parliament_, the words "index" and
+    "table" both used, 9.
+
+  _Selwyn (George), and his Contemporaries_, published without an
+    index, 84.
+
+  Seneca, his indication of the contents of his books, 6.
+
+  Shakespeare, his use of the word "index," 11.
+
+  Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_, humorous table of contents, 31.
+
+  Shylock acted by Macklin in a red hat, 51.
+
+  Sloane (Sir Hans) laughed at by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  Solly (Edward), calculation of the time wasted in looking up a
+    reference in the index to the _Gentleman's Magazine_, 153.
+    ---- note on early indexes, 14.
+    ---- proposes the formation of an Index Society, 208.
+    ---- scheme of a biographical index, 211.
+
+  _Spectator, The_, Index to, 30.
+
+  _Spectators_, _Tatlers_, and _Guardians_, general index, 29.
+
+  Speed's _History of Great Britaine_, the words "index" and "table"
+    both used, 10.
+
+  State papers, indexes to the calendars, 97.
+
+  Statutes of the realm, valuable index to the edition of the _Record
+    Commission_, 98.
+
+  Stephen (Sir J. Fitzjames) on a complete digest of the law, 99.
+    ---- on the early digesters of the law, 101.
+
+  Summary as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+  Swift's _Battle of the Books_ quoted, 38.
+    ---- _Condition of Edmund Curll_ quoted, 53.
+    ---- his satirical reference to index-learning, 2.
+    ---- _Tale of a Tub_ quoted, 2.
+    ---- _Works_ edited by Scott, bad index, 154.
+
+  Syllabus as a synonym of index, 7, 8.
+
+
+  Table as a synonym of index, 7, 8, 9.
+
+  _Tatler, The_, Index to, 27.
+
+  Tedder (H. R.), his indexes to _Reports of Conference of Librarians
+    and Library Association_, 112.
+
+  Ten Brink, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.
+
+  Thomas (F. S.), _Historical Notes_ referred to, 219.
+
+  Thompson (Corrie L.), his criticism of Palmer's index to
+    _The Times_, 221.
+
+  Thoms (W. J.) urged the formation of an Index Society, 209.
+
+  Thring (Lord), his instructions for an index to the _Statute Law_, 98.
+
+  Thrub-chandler, Bung of a, 73.
+
+  _Times (The)_, Indexes to, 221;
+    criticism on Palmer's index, 221.
+
+  Translations (French) of titles, 77.
+
+  Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, Index to, by Perceval Clark, 95.
+
+
+  U and N, Confusion between, 66.
+
+  U and V to be kept distinct, 66, 135.
+
+
+  "Van," foreign names not to be indexed under this prefix, 141.
+    ---- English names to be indexed under this prefix, 142.
+
+  Vergil (Polydore), _Anglicæ Historiæ_ has a good index, 14.
+
+  "Von," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+
+  Walford (Cornelius), inquiry for the earliest index, 14.
+
+  Walpole's _Letters_, Bad index to, 79;
+    examples of bad entries, 80.
+
+  Warton's _History of English Poetry_, index, 70.
+
+  Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_, index, 219.
+
+  Watts (Dr.), his warning against index-learning, 2.
+
+  Watts (Thomas), his expression of the need for an Index Society, 207.
+
+  Welch (J. Cuthbert) on the publication of an index to a journal, 211.
+
+  Wellington (Duke of), amusing misreading of Lo_u_don's letter, 67.
+    ---- cross reference in Ford's _Handbook to Spain_, 76.
+
+  Wheatley (B. R.) as a good indexer, 117;
+    his "Evitandum" in indexing, 155.
+
+  _White Knights_ translated as _Le Chevalier Blanc_, 77.
+
+  Whitelock's _Memorial_, Carlyle's condemnation of, 91;
+    index to Oxford reprint, 180.
+
+  Winsor (Justin) advocated the formation of Index Society, 210.
+
+  Wynford (Lord), previously Sir W. D. Best, 157.
+
+
+  _York, Register of Corpu Christi Guild_, index, 122.
+
+
+                _Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London._
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                          PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF
+                         BOOK-LOVER'S LIBRARY.
+
+_Cloth, price_ =4s. 6d.=; _Roxburgh Half Morocco_, =7s. 6d.=;
+_Large Paper_, =£1 1s.= _net_.
+
+
+=How to Form a Library.= By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. Second Edition.
+
+CONTENTS: How Men have Formed Libraries.--How to Buy.--Public
+Libraries.--General Bibliographies.--Special Bibliographies.--Publishing
+Societies.--Child's Library.--One Hundred Books.
+
+=Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine.= By WILLIAM CAREW HAZLITT.
+
+=The Literature of Local Institutions.= By G. LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A.
+    The work is divided into the following Sections: 1. Local Government
+    generally.--2. The Shire.--3. The Hundred.--4. Municipal
+    Government.--5. Guilds.--6. The Manor.--7. The Township and Parish.
+
+=Foreign Visitors in England, and What They have Thought of Us.= Being
+    some Notes on their Books and Opinions during the last Three
+    Centuries. By EDWARD SMITH.
+
+=Modern Methods of Illustrating Books.= Commencing with the early forms
+    of illustrating books, and tracing the art down to our own day, the
+    author leads the reader up to modern processes of producing
+    illustrations.
+
+=The Dedication of Books.= To Patron and Friend. A Chapter in Literary
+    History. By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+=Gleanings in Old Garden Literature.= By WILLIAM CAREW HAZLITT.
+
+=The Story of some Famous Books.= Second Edition. By EDWARD SAUNDERS,
+    Author of "Salad for the Social." Interspersed in the narrative are
+    many amusing anecdotes, curious and suggestive allusions, and much
+    out-of-the way information which will be welcomed by the book-lover
+    and the student, as well as the reader who seeks amusement only.
+
+=The Enemies of Books.= By WILLIAM BLADES. Second Edition. This
+    entertaining volume gives a series of readable chapters on the
+    various causes which have operated in the destruction of books.
+
+=The Book of Noodles.= Stories of Simpletons; or, Fools and their
+    Follies. By W. A. CLOUSTON, Author of "The Book of Sindibad,"
+    "Popular Tales and Fictions," etc., etc.
+
+=How to Catalogue a Library.= By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A., Author of
+    "How to Form a Library."
+
+CONTENTS: Introduction on Cataloguing Generally.--The Battle of the
+Rules.--Print _v._ MS.--How to treat a Title-page.--Reference and
+Subject-Index.--The Arrangement of a Catalogue.--Something about
+MSS.--Rules for a Small Library.--A List of Latinised Names of
+Places.--A List of Classical Names.--An unusually copious Index is
+added.
+
+=Reporting in the Olden Time and To-day.= By JOHN PENDLETON,
+    Author of "The History of Derbyshire."
+
+=Studies In Jocular Literature.= A Popular Subject more closely
+    Considered. By WILLIAM C. HAZLITT.
+
+=The Story of the IMITATIONE CHRISTI.= By LEONARD WHEATLEY. With
+    a Portrait of Thomas à Kempis.
+
+=Books Condemned to be Burnt.= By JAMES ANSON FARRER.
+
+=Books in Chains=, and other Bibliographical Papers. By WM. BLADES.
+
+=Literary Blunders=: A Chapter in the History of Human Error. By
+    HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+=Book Song=: An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book-men, from
+    Modern Authors. Edited by GLEESON WHITE.
+
+=Walton and the Early Writers on Fishing.= By R. B. MANSTON,
+    Editor of the _Fishing Gazette_.
+
+=Books that have been Fatal to their Authors.= By Rev. P. H.
+    DITCHFIELD.
+
+=Book Verse=: An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book-men, from
+    the Earliest Times to Recent Years. Edited by W. ROBERTS.
+
+=The Literature of Music.= By JAMES E. MATTHEW, Author of "A
+    Manual of Musical History."
+
+=The Novels of Charles Dickens.= A Bibliography and Sketch. By
+    FREDERIC G. KITTON, Author of "Charles Dickens by Pen and
+    Pencil," etc. With a portrait which has not been published
+    before.
+
+=The Minor Writings of Charles Dickens=: A Bibliography and
+    Sketch. By F. G. KITTON, Author of "Dickensiana," "The Novels of
+    Charles Dickens," "Dickens and his Illustrators," etc.
+
+=Book Auctions in England in the Seventeenth Century.= By JOHN
+    LAWLER, Compiler of the Sunderland and Ashburnham Catalogues.
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+                   ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+
+
+
+                           Transcriber Notes:
+
+Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_.
+
+Passages in bold were indicated by =equal signs=.
+
+Small caps were replaced with ALL CAPS.
+
+Throughout the document, the oe ligature was replaced with "oe".
+
+Throughout the dialogues, there were words used to mimic accents of
+the speakers. Those words were retained as-is.
+
+The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate. Thus
+the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in
+the List of Illustrations, and the order of illustrations may not be the
+same in the List of Illustrations and in the book.
+
+Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected
+unless otherwise noted.
+
+In the first page, a period was added after "F.S.A".
+
+On page 6, the y in "boc volyinde" was a yogh in the book.
+
+On page 22, a quotation mark was removed after "proper heads.".
+
+On page 58, a quotation mark was added after "Classes of Literature."
+
+On page 77, the caret symbol followed by an "e" represents a
+superscripted e.
+
+On page 110, a quotation mark was added before "Heberden, Dr."
+
+On page 112, "It it" was replaced with "It is".
+
+On page 115, "wil" was replaced with "will".
+
+On page 188, "with slip about" was replaced with "will slip about".
+
+On page 213, a period was placed after "etc".
+
+On page 216, a period was placed after "considerable importance".
+
+On page 225, a period was placed after "88".
+
+On page 228, a period was placed after "220".
+
+On page 229, a period was placed after "54".
+
+On page 229, a comma was placed after "Athenæum".
+
+On page 232, a period was placed after 44.
+
+On page 235, a period was placed after "Corrie L".
+
+In the advertisements, a period was added after "Henry B".
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39672-8.txt or 39672-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/6/7/39672/
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/39672-8.zip b/39672-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eadded2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-8.zip
diff --git a/39672-h.zip b/39672-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..148766e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h.zip
diff --git a/39672-h/39672-h.htm b/39672-h/39672-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1435be7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/39672-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,9913 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of How To Make An Index, by Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+body {
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+ }
+
+h1 {
+    margin-top: 7%;
+    text-indent: 0%;
+    text-align: center;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+h2 {
+    margin-top: 4%;
+    text-indent: 0%;
+    text-align: center;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+h3 {
+    text-indent: 0%;
+    text-align: center;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* paragraphs */
+
+p {
+    margin-top: 3%;
+    margin-bottom: 3%;
+    text-align: justify;
+} /* general paragraph */
+
+p.h1 {
+    margin-top: 7%;
+    text-indent: 0%;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 300%;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+p.h2 {
+    margin-top: 7%;
+    text-indent: 0%;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 150%;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+p.h3 {
+    margin-top: 2%;
+    text-indent: 0%;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 100%;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+p.cnobmargin {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-bottom: .0%;
+} /* centered no bottom margin */
+
+p.cnomargins {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-bottom: .0%;
+    margin-top: .0%;
+} /* centered no bottom or top margin */
+
+p.cnotmargin {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: .0%;
+} /* centered no top margin */
+
+p.indent {
+    text-indent: 4%;
+} /* indented paragraph */
+
+p.hangindent {
+    margin-left: 12%;
+    margin-right: 4%;
+    text-indent: -8%;
+} /* hanging indentation */
+
+/* horizontal rules */
+
+hr {
+    width: 33%;
+    margin-top: 8%;
+    margin-bottom: 8%;
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+.hr2
+{
+    width: 90%;
+    max-width: 90%;
+    color: #CCCCCC;
+    background-color: #FFFFFF;
+    border: none;
+    border-bottom: 6px double black;
+    margin: 8% auto;
+} /* horizontal rule for chapter divisions */
+
+/* tables */
+
+table {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+td   {text-align: center;} /* right align cell */
+
+.pagenum {
+    position: absolute;
+    left: 92%;
+    font-size: smaller;
+    text-align: right;
+} /* page numbers */
+
+/* block quotes and notes */
+.blockquot {
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+}
+
+/* Formatting */
+
+.bbox     {border: solid 2px;
+           margin-left: 25%;
+           margin-right: 25%;
+           padding: 6px;
+}
+
+.center {
+    text-indent: 0%;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.right {text-align: right;}
+
+.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+/* Links attributes */
+
+a:link              { color:#000000; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;}
+
+a:visited           { color:#25383C; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;}
+
+a:hover             { color:#008000; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;}
+
+a:active            { color:#000000; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #808080;}
+
+ins {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed #dcdcdc;}
+
+/* Images */
+
+img {
+    padding: 6px;
+} /* without border */
+
+.figcenter {
+    margin: auto;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.figleft {
+    float: left;
+    clear: left;
+    margin-left: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 1%;
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-right: 1%;
+    padding: 0;
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+/* Footnotes */
+
+.footnotes {border: dashed 1px; background-color: #CCCCCC;}
+
+.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+
+.fnanchor {
+    vertical-align: super;
+    font-size: .8em;
+    text-decoration:
+    none;
+}
+
+/* Poetry */
+.poem {
+    margin-left:10%;
+    margin-right:10%;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.poem br {display: none;}
+
+.poem .stanza {margin: 4% 0% 4% 0%;}
+
+.poem span.i0 {
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: 0%;
+    padding-left: 12%;
+    text-indent: -12%;
+}
+
+.poem span.i2 {
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: 8%;
+    padding-left: 12%;
+    text-indent: -12%;
+}
+
+.poem span.i4 {
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: 16%;
+    padding-left: 12%;
+    text-indent: -12%;
+}
+
+/* Other */
+span.cursive {
+    font-family: "Blackmoor LET", cursive;
+}
+
+span.ralign {
+    position: absolute;
+    right: 10%;
+    top: auto;
+}
+
+div.tnote {
+    background-color: #CCCCFF;
+    border-style: dotted;
+    margin-left: 10%;
+    margin-right: 10%;
+    padding: 1%;
+    font-style: normal;
+    font-size: 90%;
+    text-align: justify;
+}
+
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: How to Make an Index
+
+Author: Henry B. Wheatley
+
+Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39672]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/dec-front.jpg" width="400" height="573" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="h1">The Book-Lover's Library.</p>
+
+<p class="h2">Edited by</p>
+
+<p class="h2">Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="h2"><span class="cursive">By the Same Author.</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Tastefully printed and bound in cloth</i>,
+<b>4s. 6d.</b>; <i>in Roxburgh</i>, <b>7s. 6d.</b> <i>Large
+Paper</i>, <b>21s.</b></p>
+
+<p class="h3"><i>HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent">"An admirable guide to the best bibliographies
+and books of reference....
+It is altogether a volume to be desired."&mdash;<i>Globe.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Everything about this book is satisfactory&mdash;paper,
+type, margin, size&mdash;above
+all, the contents."&mdash;<i>St. James's
+Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p class="h3"><i>HOW TO CATALOGUE A
+LIBRARY.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Every collector of books knows how
+many and difficult are the problems that
+present themselves in connection with
+cataloguing. Mr. Wheatley deals with
+all patiently, wisely, and exhaustively."&mdash;<i>British
+Weekly.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Mr. Wheatley's volume is unique.
+It is written with so much care and
+such profound knowledge of the subject
+that there can be no doubt that it will
+satisfactorily meet all requirements."&mdash;<i>Bristol
+Mercury.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="cnobmargin">ELLIOT STOCK,</p>
+<p class="cnotmargin"><span class="smcap">62, Paternoster Row, London.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h1>HOW TO MAKE<br />
+AN INDEX</h1>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">BY</p>
+
+<h2>HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.</h2>
+
+<p class="cnobmargin">AUTHOR OF "HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY"</p>
+<p class="cnotmargin">"HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY," ETC., ETC.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"M. Bochart ... me prioit surtout d'y faire un Index, etant, disoit-il, l'âme des gros livres."&mdash;<i>Menagiana.</i></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="cnobmargin">LONDON</p>
+<p class="cnomargins">ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW</p>
+<p class="cnotmargin">1902</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevii" id="pagevii"></a>[pg&nbsp;vii]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p-vii-1.jpg" width="600" height="93" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><i>PREFACE.</i></h2>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p-vii-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="I" title="I" />
+</div>
+
+<p><i>N 1878 I wrote for the Index
+Society, as its first publication,
+a pamphlet entitled "What is
+an Index?" The present little book is
+compiled on somewhat similar lines; but,
+as its title suggests, it is drawn up with
+a more practical object. The first four
+chapters are "Historical," and the other
+four are "Practical"; but the historical
+portion is intended to lead up to the
+practical portion by showing what to
+imitate and what to avoid.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent"><i>There has been of late years a considerable
+change in public opinion with respect
+to the difficulties attending the making of
+both indexes and catalogues. It was once</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii" id="pageviii"></a>[pg&nbsp;viii]</span>
+<i>a common opinion that anyone without
+preparatory knowledge or experience could
+make an index. That that opinion is not
+true is amply proved, I hope, in the chapter
+on the "Bad Indexer."</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent"><i>I have attempted to describe the best
+way of setting to work on an index. To
+do this with any hope of success it is necessary
+to give details that may to some seem
+puerile, but I have ventured on particulars
+for which I hope I may not be condemned.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent"><i>I must also ask the forbearance of my
+readers for the constant use of the personal
+pronoun. If I could have left it out, I
+would gladly have done so; but to a great
+extent this book relates to the experiences
+of an old indexer. They must be taken
+for what they are worth, and I hope forgiveness
+will be extended to me for the
+form in which these experiences are related.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right">H. B. W.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageix" id="pageix"></a>[pg&nbsp;ix]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p1-1.jpg" width="600" height="109" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<p class="h2"><i>HISTORICAL.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right">PAGE</p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER I.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">INTRODUCTION</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="hangindent">The So-called Evils of Index Learning&mdash;Glanville
+and Swift&mdash;Thomas Fuller's
+Defence of the Index&mdash;Advantages of
+saving the Brain by knowing where
+to find what is wanted&mdash;Dr. Johnson's
+Division of Necessary Knowledge&mdash;Gradual
+Introduction of the Word "Index"&mdash;Synonyms&mdash;Final
+Triumph of
+Index&mdash;Interesting Indexes&mdash;Prynne's
+Index to his <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>&mdash;Index to
+Richardson's Novels&mdash;David Hume an
+Indexer&mdash;Sir James Paget enjoyed making
+Indexes&mdash;Amusing Blunder in Musical
+Index &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C1">1</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER II.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Leigh Hunt's Good Word for Indexes&mdash;Indexes
+to <i>Tatler</i> and <i>Spectator</i>, and <i>The</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagex" id="pagex"></a>[pg&nbsp;x]</span>
+<i>Athenian Oracle</i>&mdash;Table of Contents to
+Shenstone's <i>Schoolmistress</i>&mdash;Index to
+<i>Biglow Papers</i>&mdash;Dr. William King and
+his Satirical Indexes&mdash;"Boyle upon
+Bentley"&mdash;The Royal Society and Sir
+Hans Sloane ridiculed&mdash;Speaker Bromley's
+<i>Travels</i>&mdash;Reprint with King's Index &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C2">25</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER III.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">THE BAD INDEXER.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Some of the Worst Indexes in Periodicals&mdash;Jewel's
+<i>Apology</i>&mdash;Classified in place
+of completely Alphabetical Indexes&mdash;Mr.
+Poole's Opinion of Indexes to
+Periodicals&mdash;Miss Hetherington's Examples
+of Bad Indexes&mdash;Want of
+Complete Alphabetization&mdash;Confusion
+of <i>u</i> and <i>n</i>, and Blunders caused by it&mdash;Classification
+within the Alphabet&mdash;Variety
+of Alphabets&mdash;Want of Cross
+References&mdash;Useless Cross References&mdash;Amusing
+Mistranslations&mdash;Incorrect Filling-up
+of Contractions&mdash;Bad Index to
+Walpole's <i>Letters</i>&mdash;Incorrect Use of the
+Line for Repetition of Heading&mdash;Index
+to Pepys's <i>Diary</i>&mdash;Evil of an Indexless
+Book&mdash;Complaints &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C3">53</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER IV.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">THE GOOD INDEXER.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Difficulties of being Exact&mdash;Value of a Good
+Index&mdash;Scaliger, Nicolas Antonio,
+Pineda, Samuel Jeake&mdash;Carlyle on
+Indexless Books&mdash;Macaulay's Opinion of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexi" id="pagexi"></a>[pg&nbsp;xi]</span>
+the Aim of an Index&mdash;Official Indexes&mdash;Amount
+paid by Parliament for Indexes&mdash;Good
+Legal Indexes&mdash;Indexes to
+Jeremy Bentham's <i>Works</i>, and to Ruskin's
+<i>Fors Clavigera</i>&mdash;Dr. Birkbeck Hill's
+Index to Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i>&mdash;Boswell's
+Original Index&mdash;Issue of Revised
+Index to Ranke's <i>History of
+England</i>&mdash;The Indexer born and made&mdash;Characteristics
+of a Good Indexer &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C4">85</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h2"><i>PRACTICAL.</i></p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER V.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Easiest Kinds of Indexes to make&mdash;Concordances&mdash;Scientific
+Books&mdash;Incompleteness
+of some Indexes&mdash;Indexes to Catalogues
+of Libraries&mdash;Proposed Subject Index to
+the Catalogue of the British Museum&mdash;Controversy
+in <i>The Times</i>&mdash;Mr. Fortescue's
+Opinion&mdash;Dictionary Catalogue &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C5">118</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER VI.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL INDEXES.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Rules, with Explanations and Illustrations:
+(1) One Index to each Book; (2) One
+Alphabet; (3) Order of the English
+Alphabet; (4) Arrangement of Headings;
+(5) Arrangement of Foreign Proper
+Names; (6) Proper Names with Prefixes;
+(7) Titles of Peers rather than
+their Family Names; (8) Compound
+Names; (9) Adjective <i>v.</i> Substantive as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexii" id="pagexii"></a>[pg&nbsp;xii]</span>
+a Catchword; (10) Shortness of Entries;
+(11) Repetition of Short Entries; (12)
+Abstracts of the Contents of Articles in
+Periodicals; (13) Authorities to be Indexed;
+(14) Division of the Page for
+Reference; (15) Use of Numerals for
+Series of Volumes; (16) Certain Entries
+to be printed in Capitals; (17) Type for
+Headings&mdash;Arrangement of Oriental
+Names&mdash;Sir George Birdwood's Memorandum &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C6">132</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER VII.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">HOW TO SET ABOUT AN INDEX.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hints as to the Making of an Index&mdash;Two
+Kinds of Index&mdash;Arrangement of Growing
+Indexes&mdash;Use of Cards, Paper Slips,
+or Foolscap&mdash;Indexer's Knowledge of
+the Book to be Indexed&mdash;Selection of
+the best Catchword&mdash;Use of Numerals&mdash;Index
+for Different Editions of Same
+Book&mdash;Cutting up and arranging Slips&mdash;Sorting
+into Alphabet&mdash;Pasting down
+the Slips&mdash;Paste to Use&mdash;Calculations
+of the Relative Lengths of the Letters of
+the Alphabet&mdash;Preparation of "Copy"
+for the Printer&mdash;Correction of the Press &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C7">172</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h3">CHAPTER VIII.</p>
+
+<p class="h3">GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Early Proposals for an Index Society&mdash;Foundation
+of a Society&mdash;Indexes of History
+and Biography&mdash;General Index: What
+it should be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="ralign"><a href="#C8">206</a></span></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Index</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#I">225</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>[pg&nbsp;1]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p1-1.jpg" width="600" height="109" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="h2">HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><a name="C1" id="C1"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"I for my part venerate the inventor of
+Indexes; and I know not to whom to yield the
+preference, either to Hippocrates, who was the
+great anatomiser of the human body, or to that
+unknown labourer in literature who first laid
+open the nerves and arteries of a book."</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">&mdash;Isaac Disraeli</span>, <i>Literary Miscellanies</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p1-2.jpg" width="100" height="98" alt="I" title="I" />
+</div>
+
+<p>T is generally agreed that that
+only is true knowledge which
+consists of information assimilated
+by our own minds. Mere
+disjointed facts kept in our memories have
+no right to be described as knowledge. It
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>[pg&nbsp;2]</span>
+is this understanding that has made many
+writers jeer at so-called index-learning.
+Thus, in the seventeenth century, Joseph
+Glanville, writing in his <i>Vanity of Dogmatizing</i>,
+says: "Methinks 'tis a pitiful piece
+of knowledge that can be learnt from an
+index, and a poor ambition to be rich
+in the inventory of another's treasure."
+Dr. Watts alluded to those whose "learning
+reaches no farther than the tables of
+contents"; but then he added a sentence
+which quite takes the sting from what
+he had said before, and shows how
+absolutely needful an index is. He says:
+"If a book has no index or table of
+contents, 'tis very useful to make one as
+you are reading it."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Swift had his say on index-learning, too.
+In the <i>Tale of a Tub</i> (Section VII.) he
+wrote: "The most accomplisht way of
+using books at present is twofold: Either
+serve them as some men do Lords, learn
+their titles exactly, and then brag of their
+acquaintance. Or secondly, which indeed
+is the choicer, the profounder and
+politer method, to get a thorough insight
+into the Index, by which the whole book
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>[pg&nbsp;3]</span>
+is governed and turned, like fishes by
+the tail. For to enter the palace of
+Learning at the great gate, requires an
+expense of time and forms; therefore
+men of much haste and little ceremony
+are content to get in by the back-door.
+For, the Arts are all in a flying march,
+and therefore more easily subdued by
+attacking them in the rear.... Thus
+men catch Knowledge by throwing their
+wit on the posteriors of a book, as boys
+do sparrows with flinging salt upon their
+tails. Thus human life is best understood
+by the wise man's Rule of regarding the
+end. Thus are the Sciences found like
+Hercules' oxen, by tracing them backwards.
+Thus are old Sciences unravelled
+like old stockings, by beginning at the
+foot."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Thomas Fuller, with his usual common-sense,
+wisely argues that the diligent
+man should not be deprived of a tool
+because the idler may misuse it. He
+writes: "An Index is a necessary implement
+and no impediment of a book
+except in the same sense wherein the
+carriages [<i>i.e.</i> things carried] of an army
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>[pg&nbsp;4]</span>
+are termed <i>impedimenta</i>. Without this a
+large author is but a labyrinth without
+a clue to direct the reader therein. I
+confess there is a lazy kind of learning
+which is only indical, when scholars (like
+adders which only bite the horses' heels)
+nibble but at the tables, which are calces
+librorum, neglecting the body of the
+book. But though the idle deserve no
+crutches (let not a staff be used by them
+but on them), pity it is the weary should
+be denied the benefit thereof, and
+industrious scholars prohibited the accommodation
+of an index, most used by
+those who most pretend to contemn it."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The same objection to "indical" learning
+is urged to-day, but it is really a futile
+one. No man can know everything; he
+may possess much true knowledge, but
+there is a mass of matter that the learned
+man knows he can never master completely.
+He does not care to burden
+his mind with what might be to him
+useless lumber. In this case his object
+is only to know where he can find the
+information when he wants it. Indexes
+are of the greatest help to these men,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>[pg&nbsp;5]</span>
+and for their purposes the indexes ought
+to be well made. But it is needless to
+labour this point, for has not Johnson, in
+his clear and virile language, said the last
+word on the matter?&mdash;"Knowledge is of
+two kinds; we know a subject ourselves,
+or we know where we can find information
+upon it. When we inquire into any
+subject, the first thing we have to do is
+to know what books have treated of it.
+This leads us to look at catalogues and
+the backs of books."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Before going further, it would be well
+for author and reader to come to an
+agreement as to what an index really is.
+An index may, in certain circumstances,
+be arranged in the order of the book,
+like a table of contents, or it may be
+classified or chronological; but the index
+to a book such as we all think of when we
+speak of an index should be alphabetical.
+The other arrangements must be exceptional,
+because the books indexed are
+exceptional.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It is strange, however, to find how
+long the world was in coming to this
+very natural conclusion. The first attempt
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>[pg&nbsp;6]</span>
+at indexing a book was in the form of an
+abstract of contents in the order of the
+book itself. Seneca, in sending certain
+volumes to his friend Lucilius, accompanied
+them with notes of particular
+passages, so that he "who only aimed
+at the useful might be spared the trouble
+of examining them entire." Cicero used
+the word "index" to express the table
+of contents of a book, and he asked his
+friend Atticus to send him two library
+clerks to repair his books. He added
+that he wished them to bring with them
+some parchment to make indexes upon.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Many old manuscripts have useful
+tables of contents, and in Dan Michel's
+<i>Ayenbite of Inwyt</i> (1340) there is a very
+full table with the heading: "Thise
+byeth the capiteles of the boc vol&#541;inde."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It was only a step to arrange this table
+of contents in the order of the alphabet,
+and thus form a true index; but it took a
+long time to take this step. Alphabetical
+indexes of names are to be found in some
+old manuscript books, but it may be said
+that the general use of the alphabetical
+arrangement is one of those labour-saving
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>[pg&nbsp;7]</span>
+expedients which came into use
+with the invention of printing.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Erasmus supplied alphabetical indexes
+to many of his books; but even in his
+time arrangement in alphabetical order
+was by no means considered indispensable
+in an index, and the practice came into
+general use very slowly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The word "index" had a hard fight
+with such synonyms as "calendar," "catalogue,"
+"inventory," "register," "summary,"
+"syllabus." In time it beat all
+its companions in the race, although it
+had the longest struggle with the word
+"table."
+<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_1_1">
+<span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+All these words are fairly common; but there
+is another which was used only occasionally in the
+sixteenth century. This is "pye," supposed to be
+derived from the Greek &#960;&#943;&#957;&#945;&#958;, among the meanings
+of which, as given in Liddell and Scott's
+Lexicon, is, "A register, or list." The late Sir
+T. Duffus Hardy, in some observations on the
+derivation of the word "Pye-Book," remarks that
+the earliest use he had noted of pye in this sense
+is dated 1547: "A Pye of all the names of such
+Balives as been to accompte pro anno regni regis
+Edwardi Sexti primo."&mdash;<i>Appendix to the "35th
+Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public
+Records,"</i> p. 195.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>[pg&nbsp;8]</span>
+Cicero used the word "index," and
+explained it by the word "syllabus."
+Index was not generally acknowledged
+as an English word until late in the
+seventeenth century.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">North's racy translation of Plutarch's
+<i>Lives</i>, the book so diligently used by
+Shakespeare in the production of his
+Roman histories, contains an alphabetical
+index at the end, but it is called a table.
+On the title-page of Baret's <i>Alvearie</i>
+(1573), one of the early English dictionaries,
+mention is made of "two <i>Tables</i>
+in the ende of this booke"; but the
+tables themselves, which were compiled
+by Abraham Fleming, being lists of the
+Latin and French words, are headed
+"Index." Between these two tables, in
+the edition of 1580, is "an Abecedarie,
+Index or Table" of Proverbs. The
+word "index" is not included in the
+body of the dictionary, where, however,
+"Table" and "Regester" are inserted.
+"Table" is defined as "a booke or regester
+for memorie of thinges," and "regester"
+as "a reckeninge booke wherein thinges
+dayly done be written." By this it is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>[pg&nbsp;9]</span>
+clear that Baret did not consider index
+to be an English word.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">At the end of Johnson's edition of
+Gerarde's <i>Herbal</i> (1636) is an "Index
+Latinus," followed by a "Table of
+English names," although a few years
+previously Minsheu had given "index"
+a sort of half-hearted welcome into his
+dictionary. Under that word in the
+<i>Guide into Tongues</i> (1617) is the entry,
+"vide Table in Booke, in litera T.,"
+where we read, "a Table in a booke
+or Index." Even when acknowledged
+as an English word, it was frequently
+differentiated from the analytical table:
+for instance, Dugdale's <i>Warwickshire</i>
+contains an "Index of Towns and
+Places," and a "Table of men's names
+and matters of most note"; and Scobell's
+<i>Acts and Ordinances of Parliament</i>
+(1640-1656), published 1658, has "An
+Alphabetical Table of the most material
+contents of the whole book," preceded
+by "An Index of the general titles
+comprized in the ensuing Table." There
+are a few exceptions to the rule here
+set forth: for instance, Plinie's <i>Natural</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>[pg&nbsp;10]</span>
+<i>Historie of the World</i>, translated by
+Philemon Holland (1601), has at the
+beginning, "The Inventorie or Index
+containing the contents of 37 bookes,"
+and at the end, "An Index pointing to the
+principal matters." In Speed's <i>History
+of Great Britaine</i> (1611) there is an
+"Index or Alphabetical Table containing
+the principal matters in this history."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The introduction of the word "index"
+into English from the Latin word in the
+nominative shows that it dates from a
+comparatively recent period, and came
+into the language through literature and
+not through speech. In earlier times it
+was the custom to derive our words from
+the Latin accusative. The Italian word
+<i>indice</i> was from the accusative, and this
+word was used by Ben Jonson when he
+wrote, "too much talking is ever the
+indice of a fool" (<i>Discoveries</i>, ed. 1640,
+p. 93). The French word <i>indice</i> has a
+different meaning from the Italian <i>indice</i>,
+and according to Littré is not derived
+from <i>index</i>, but from <i>indicium</i>. It is
+possible that Jonson's "indice" is the
+French, and not the Italian, word.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[pg&nbsp;11]</span>
+Drayton uses "index" as an indicator:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Lest when my lisping guiltie tongue should hault,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">My lookes might prove the index to my fault."</span><br />
+<span class="i2">&mdash;<i>Rosamond's Epistle</i>, lines 103-104.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Shakespeare uses the word as a table
+of contents at the beginning of a book
+rather than as an alphabetical list at the
+end: for instance, Nestor says:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Our imputation shall be oddly poised</span><br />
+<span class="i0">In this wild action: for the success,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Although particular, shall give a scantling</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Of good or bad unto the general;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">And in such <i>indexes</i>, although small pricks</span><br />
+<span class="i0">To their <i>subsequent volumes</i>, there is seen</span><br />
+<span class="i0">The baby figure of the giant mass</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Of things to come at large."</span><br />
+<span class="i2">&mdash;<i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, I. 3.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Buckingham threatens:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"I'll sort occasion,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">As <i>index</i> to the story we late talk'd of,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">To part the queen's proud kindred from the king."</span><br />
+<span class="i2">&mdash;<i>Richard III.</i>, II. 2.</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">And Iago refers to "an <i>index</i> and obscure
+prologue to the history of lust and
+foul thoughts" (<i>Othello</i>, II. 1). It may be
+remarked in the quotation from <i>Troilus
+and Cressida</i> that Shakespeare uses the
+proper plural&mdash;"indexes"&mdash;instead of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>[pg&nbsp;12]</span>
+"indices," which even now some writers
+insist on using. No word can be considered
+as thoroughly naturalised that is
+allowed to take the plural form of the
+language from which it is obtained. The
+same remark applies to the word
+"appendix," the plural of which some
+write as "appendices" instead of
+"appendixes." In the case of "indices,"
+this word is correctly appropriated to
+another use.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Indexes need not necessarily be dry;
+and some of the old ones are full of
+quaint touches which make them by no
+means the least interesting portion of the
+books they adorn. John Florio's translation
+of Montaigne's <i>Essays</i> contains "An
+Index or Table directing to many of the
+principal matters and personages mentioned
+in this Booke," which is full of
+curious entries and odd cross references.
+The entries are not in perfect alphabetical
+order. A few of the headings will give a
+good idea of the whole:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Action better than speach."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Action to some is rest."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Beasts are Physitians, Logitians,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg&nbsp;13]</span>
+Musitians, Artists, Students, Politikes,
+Docible, Capable of Military Order, of
+Affections, of Justice, of Friendship, of
+Husbandry, of thankefulnesse and of compassion,"
+etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Bookes and Bookishnesse."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Bookes not so profitable as Conference&mdash;as
+deare as children."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Bruit creatures have imagination."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Cloysters not without cares."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Good fortune not to be despised
+altogether."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Societie of bookes."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Here are some of the cross references:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Alteration <i>vide</i> Inconstancy."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Amitie <i>vide</i> Friendship."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Ant <i>vide</i> Emmets."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Apprehension <i>vide</i> Imagination."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Balladmakers <i>vide</i> Rymers."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Boasting <i>vide</i> Vaunting."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Chance <i>vide</i> Fortune."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Common People <i>vide</i> the Vulgar."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Disparity <i>vide</i> Equality."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Emperickes <i>vide</i> Physitians."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">An instance of how loosely the word
+"index" has been used will be found in
+Robert Boyle's <i>Some Considerations touching</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg&nbsp;14]</span>
+<i>the Usefulnesse of Experimental Natural
+Philosophy</i> (Oxford, 1663). This book
+is divided into two parts, and at the end
+of each part is "The Index." This so-called
+index is arranged in order of the
+pages, and is really only a full table of
+contents.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Indexes did not become at all common
+till the sixteenth century, and Mr.
+Cornelius Walford asked in <i>Notes and
+Queries</i> what was the earliest index. Mr.
+Edward Solly answered: "Polydore Vergil
+in <i>Anglicæ Historiæ</i> (1556), has what may
+fairly be called a good index&mdash;thirty-seven
+pages. This may be taken as a starting-point
+as to date; and we may ask for
+earlier examples" (6th S. xi. 155). Another
+contributor referred to an earlier edition of
+Polydore Vergil (1546), and still another
+one cited Lyndewood's <i>Provinciale</i> (1525),
+which has several indexes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">One old index may be singled out as
+having caused its author serious misfortune.
+William Prynne concocted a
+most wonderful attack upon the "stage"
+under the title of <i>Histrio-Mastix</i> (1633),
+which is absolutely unreadable by reason
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg&nbsp;15]</span>
+of the vast mass of authorities gathered
+from every century and every nation, to
+prove the wickedness of play-acting.
+Carlyle refers to the <i>Histrio-Mastix</i> as
+"a book still extant, but never more to
+be read by mortal."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">If Prynne had sent his child out into
+the world without an index, he might
+have escaped from persecution, as no one
+would have found out the enormities which
+were supposed to lurk within the pages of
+the book. But he was unwise enough to
+add a most elaborate index, in which all
+the attacks upon a calling that received
+the sanction of the Court were arranged in
+a convenient form for reference. Attorney-General
+Noy found that the author
+himself had forged the weapons which he
+(the prosecutor) could use in the attack.
+This is proved by a passage in Noy's
+speech at Prynne's trial, where he points
+out that the accused "says Christ was
+a Puritan, in his Index." Noy calls it
+an index, but Prynne himself describes
+it as "A Table (with some brief additions)
+of the chiefest passages in this treatise."
+<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_2_2">
+<span class="label">[2]</span></a>
+There is a note to the table which shows
+that the book grew in size during the printing&mdash;"p.
+signifying the page, f. the folioes from
+pag. 513 to 545 (which exceeded the Printer's
+computation), m. the marginall notes: if you
+finde f. before any pages from 545 to 568, then
+looke the folioes which are overcast; if p. then
+the page following."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg&nbsp;16]</span>
+The entries in the index are so curious
+and one-sided in their accusations that
+it is worth while to quote some of them
+rather fully:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Actors of popular or private enterludes
+for gaine or pleasure, infamous, unlawfull
+and that as well in Princes, Noblemen,
+Gentlemen, Schollers, Divines or Common
+Actors."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Æschylus, one of the first inventors
+of Tragedies&mdash;his strange and sudden
+death."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Christ wept oft, but never laughed&mdash;a
+puritan&mdash;dishonoured and offended
+with Stage playes."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Crossing of the face when men go
+to plays shuts in the Devil."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Devils, inventors and fomentors of
+stage plays and dancing. Have stage
+plays in hell every Lord's day night."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Heaven&mdash;no stage plays there."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg&nbsp;17]</span>
+"Herod Agrippa smitten in theater by
+an angel and so died."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Herod the great, the first erecter of
+a theater among the Jews who thereupon
+conspire his death."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"King James his statute against prophaning
+scripture and God's name in
+Playes&mdash;his Statutes make Players rogues
+and Playes unlawfull pastimes."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Kings&mdash;infamous for them to act or
+frequent Playes or favour Players."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Plagues occasioned by stage plays. All
+the Roman actors consumed by a plague."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Play-bookes see Bookes."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Players infamous ...</p>
+
+<p class="indent">&mdash;&mdash; many of them Papists and most
+desperate wicked wretches."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Play haunters the worst and lewdest
+persons for the most part...."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Play haunting unlawfull...."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Play-houses stiled by the Fathers
+and others, the Devil's temples, Chappels
+and synagogues...."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Play-poets examples of God's judgements
+on the chiefest of them...."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Puritans, condemners of Stage-playes
+and other corruptions stiled so&mdash;The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg&nbsp;18]</span>
+very best and holiest Christians called
+so....&mdash;Christ, his prophets, apostles,
+the Fathers and Primitive christians
+Puritans as men now judged&mdash;hated
+and condemned onely for their grace yea
+holinesse of life&mdash;Accused of hypocrisie
+and sedition, and why."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Puritan, an honourable nickname of
+Christianity and grace."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Theaters overturned by tempests."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">It was the strong terms in which women
+actors are denounced that gave such
+offence at Court, where the Queen and
+her ladies were specially attracted to the
+stage. Prynne's book was published six
+weeks before Henrietta Maria acted in
+a pastoral at Somerset House, so that
+the following passage could not have
+been intended to allude to the Queen:
+<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_3_3">
+<span class="label">[3]</span></a>
+See Cobbett's <i>State Trials</i>, vol. 3, coll.
+561-586.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">"Women actors notorious whores ...
+and dare then any Christian women be
+so more than whorishly impudent as to
+act, to speake publikely on a stage perchance
+in man's apparell and cut haire
+here proved sinfull and abominable in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg&nbsp;19]</span>
+the presence of sundry men and women?...
+O let such presidents of impudency,
+of impiety be never heard of or suffered
+among Christians."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are some interesting letters in
+Ellis's <i>Original Letters</i> (2nd Series, vol. 3)
+which illustrate the effect on the Court
+of these violent expressions of opinion.
+Jo. Pory wrote to Sir Thomas Puckering
+on September 20th, 1632: "That which
+the Queen's Majesty, some of her ladies
+and all her maides of honour are now
+practicing upon is a Pastorall penned
+by Mr. Walter Montague, wherein her
+Majesty is pleased to acte a parte, as
+well for her recreation as for the exercise
+of her Englishe."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">George Gresley wrote to the same
+Puckering on the following 31st of
+January: "Mr. Prinne an Utter Barrister
+of Lincoln's Inne is brought into the
+High Commission Court and Star
+Chamber, for publishing a Booke (a
+little before the Queene's acting of her
+play) of the unlawfullness of Plaies
+wherein in the Table of his Booke and
+his brief additions thereunto he hath
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg&nbsp;20]</span>
+these words [the extracts given above
+are here printed], which wordes it is
+thought by some will cost him his
+eares, or heavily punnisht and deepely
+fined."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Those who thought thus were amply
+justified in their opinion. Mr. Hill
+Burton observes that it was a very
+odd compliment to Queen Henrietta
+Maria to presume that these words refer
+to her, and he adds that the supposition
+reminds him of Victor Hugo's sarcasm
+respecting Napoleon III., that when the
+Parisian police overheard any one use the
+terms "ruffian" and "scoundrel," they said,
+"You must be speaking of the Emperor!"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Prynne is so full in his particulars that
+he might have given us much information
+respecting the stage in his own day, which
+we should have welcomed; but, instead,
+he is ever more ready to draw his examples
+from Greek and Latin authorities.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the eighteenth century a practice
+arose of drawing up indexes of sentiments
+and opinions as distinguished from facts.
+Such indexes required a special skill in
+the indexer, who was usually the original
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg&nbsp;21]</span>
+author. There is a curious poetical index
+to the Iliad in Pope's <i>Homer</i>, referring to
+all the places in which similes are used.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Samuel Johnson was very anxious that
+Richardson should produce such an index
+to his novels. In the <i>Correspondence of
+Samuel Richardson</i> (vol. v., p. 282) is
+a letter from Johnson to the novelist,
+in which he writes: "I wish you would
+add an <i>index rerum</i>, that when the reader
+recollects any incident, he may easily
+find it, which at present he cannot do,
+unless he knows in which volume it is
+told; for Clarissa is not a performance
+to be read with eagerness, and laid aside
+for ever; but will be occasionally consulted
+by the busy, the aged and the studious;
+and therefore I beg that this edition, by
+which I suppose posterity is to abide, may
+want nothing that can facilitate its use."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">At the end of each volume of <i>Clarissa
+Harlowe</i> Richardson added a sort of
+table of all the passages best worth
+remembering, and as he was the judge
+himself, it naturally extended to a considerable
+length. In September, 1753,
+Johnson again wrote to Richardson
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg&nbsp;22]</span>
+suggesting the propriety of making an
+index to his three works, but he added:
+"While I am writing an objection arises;
+such an index to the three would look like
+the preclusion of a fourth, to which I will
+never contribute; for if I cannot benefit
+mankind I hope never to injure them."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Richardson took the hint of his friend,
+and in 1755 appeared a volume of four
+hundred and ten pages, entitled, <i>A
+Collection of the moral and instructive
+Sentiments, Maxims, Cautions, and Reflexions
+contained in the Histories of
+Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison,
+digested under proper heads</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The tables of sentiments are arranged
+in separate alphabets for each novel.
+The production of this book was a labour
+of love to its author, who, moreover, was
+skilled in the mechanical work of indexing,
+and in the early part of his career
+had filled up his leisure hours by compiling
+indexes for the booksellers and
+writing prefaces and dedications. At
+the end of his "collection" are two
+letters from the author to two of his
+admirers; one was to a lady who was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg&nbsp;23]</span>
+solicitous for an additional volume to
+<i>Sir Charles Grandison</i>, supposing that
+work ended too abruptly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">David Hume is to be added to the
+list of celebrated men who have been
+indexers, although he does not appear to
+have liked the work. In referring to the
+fourth edition of his <i>Essays</i> he wrote:
+"I intend to make an index to it." Two
+years later he is grateful that the work of
+indexing another book is to be done for
+him; writing to Millar (December 18th,
+1759), he says: "I think that an Index
+will be very proper, and am glad that
+you free me from the trouble of undertaking
+that task, for which I know myself
+to be very unfit."
+<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_4_4">
+<span class="label">[4]</span></a>
+Letters of David Hume to William Strahan,
+edited by G. Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. Oxford, 1888.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Sir James Paget, the great surgeon, not
+only made indexes, but delighted in the
+task. He told Dr. Goodhart, <i>apropos</i> of
+the Hunterian Museum Catalogues, College
+of Surgeons, that "it had always been
+a pleasure to him to make an index."
+<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_5_5">
+<span class="label">[5]</span></a>
+Paget's <i>Life</i>, p. 350.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">At the end of this chapter I must
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[pg&nbsp;24]</span>
+refer to an excellent blunder, because it
+would not be fair to introduce it with
+the work of the bad indexer, as it is
+an instance not exactly of ignorance, but
+of too great cleverness.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Of the Fétis Musical Library, bought
+by the Belgian Government at his death
+for 152,000 francs, an excellent catalogue
+was compiled and printed. In the index
+are references to Dumas (Alexandre) <i>père</i>,
+and Dumas (Alexandre) <i>fils</i>. The
+musician who consults the work will
+be surprised at this unexpected development
+of these two famous authors'
+powers, but will be disappointed on referring
+to the numbers cited to find that
+they are reports of some legal proceedings
+brought by the firm of Alexandre <i>père et
+fils</i>, the well-known harmonium-makers,
+against a rival firm. The indexer's better
+acquaintance with <i>Les Trois Mousquetaires</i>
+and <i>La Dame aux Camélias</i> led him astray.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">My friend Mr. J. E. Matthew, who
+communicated this to me, adds: "After
+many years of constant use of the
+catalogue, this is the only mistake,
+beyond a literal, that I ever found."</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[pg&nbsp;25]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p25-1.jpg" width="600px" height="82" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="C2" id="C2"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">Amusing and Satirical Indexes.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"It will thus often happen that the controversialist
+states his case first in the title-page;
+he then gives it at greater length in the introduction;
+again perhaps in a preface; a third time
+in an analytical form through means of a table
+of contents; after all this skirmishing he brings
+up his heavy columns in the body of the book; and
+if he be very skilfull he may let fly a few Parthian
+arrows from the index."&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. Hill Burton's</span>
+<i>Book-Hunter</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p25-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="O" title="O" />
+</div>
+
+<p>NE of the last things the genuine
+indexer thinks of is to make
+his work amusing; but some
+wits have been very successful
+in producing humorous indexes, and
+others have seen their way to make an
+author ridiculous by satirically perverting
+his meaning in the form of an ordinary
+index. We can find specimens of each
+of these classes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg&nbsp;26]</span>
+Leigh Hunt has a charming little paper,
+"A Word upon Indexes," in his <i>Indicator</i>.
+He writes: "Index-making has been held
+to be the driest as well as lowest species
+of writing. We shall not dispute the
+humbleness of it; but since we have had
+to make an index ourselves,
+<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+ we have
+discovered that the task need not be
+so very dry. Calling to mind indexes in
+general, we found them presenting us a
+variety of pleasant memories and contrasts.
+We thought of those to the Spectator,
+which we used to look at so often at
+school, for the sake of choosing a paper
+to abridge. We thought of the index
+to the Pantheon of Fabulous Histories
+of the Heathen Gods, which we used to
+look at oftener. We remember how we
+imagined we should feel some day, if ever
+our name should appear in the list of
+Hs; as thus, Home, Howard, Hume,
+Huniades, &mdash;&mdash;. The poets would have
+been better, but then the names, though
+perhaps less unfitting, were not so flattering;
+as for instance Halifax, Hammond,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg&nbsp;27]</span>
+Harte, Hughes, &mdash;&mdash;. We did not like to
+come after Hughes."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_6_6">
+<span class="label">[6]</span></a>
+To the original edition of the <i>Indicator</i>; the
+reprint (2 vols. 8vo, 1834) has no index.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The indexes to the <i>Tatler</i> and the
+<i>Spectator</i> are full of piquancy, and possess
+that admirable quality of making the
+consulter wish to read the book itself.
+The entries are so enticing that they
+lead you on to devour the whole book.
+Hunt writes of them: "We have just
+been looking at the indexes to the Tatler
+and Spectator, and never were more
+forcibly struck with the feeling we
+formerly expressed about a man's being
+better pleased with other writers than
+with himself. Our index seemed the
+poorest and most second-hand in the
+world after theirs: but let any one read
+theirs, and then call an index a dry thing
+if he can. As there 'is a soul of goodness
+in things evil' so there is a soul of
+humour in things dry, and in things dry
+by profession. Lawyers know this, as
+well as index-makers, or they would die
+of sheer thirst and aridity. But as grapes,
+ready to burst with wine, issue out of
+the most stony places, like jolly fellows
+bringing burgundy out of a cellar; so an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg&nbsp;28]</span>
+Index, like the <i>Tatler's</i>, often gives us a
+taste of the quintessence of his humour."
+The very title gives good promise of
+what is to be found in the book: "A
+faithful Index of the dull as well as the
+ingenious passages in the Tatlers."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Here are a few entries chosen at random:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Vol. 1&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Bachelor's scheme to govern a wife."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Knaves prove fools."</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Vol. 2&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Actors censured for adding words of their own in their parts."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Dead men, who."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Dead persons heard, judged and censured.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Allegations laid against them, their pleas."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Love letters before and after marriage, found in a grave."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Mathematical sieve to sift impertinences in writing and discourse."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"News, Old People die in France."</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Vol. 3&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Flattery of women, its ill consequences."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Maids of Honour, their allowance</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[pg&nbsp;29]</span>
+<span class="i0">of Beef for their Breakfast in Queen Elizabeth's time."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Silence, significant on many occasions.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Instances of it."</span><br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Vol. 4&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Blockheads apt to admire one another."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Female Library proposed for the Improvement of the Sex."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Night, longer formerly in this Island than at present."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In 1757 <i>A General Index to the
+Spectators, Tatlers, and Guardians</i> was
+published, and in 1760 the same work
+was re-issued with a new title-page.
+Certain supposed blots in the original
+indexes were here corrected and the
+following explanation made in the preface:
+"Notwithstanding the learning and care
+of the compilers of the first Indexes to
+these volumes, some slight inaccuracies
+have passed, and where observed they
+are altered. Few readers who desire to
+know Mr. Bickerstaff's Opinion of the
+Comedy called the Country Wife, or the
+character of Mrs. Bickerstaff as an actress,
+would consult the Index under the word
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[pg&nbsp;30]</span>
+<i>Acts</i>." This seems to refer to an entry in
+the index to the first volume of the <i>Tatler</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Acts the Country-Wife: (Mrs. Bignel)."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The index to the original edition of the
+<i>Spectator</i> is equally good with that of
+the <i>Tatler</i>, but the entries are longer and
+more elaborate than those in the latter.
+The references are not made to the pages,
+as is the case with the <i>Tatler</i>, but to the
+numbers of the papers. The following
+entries are worthy of quotation:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">Vol. 2&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Gentry of England generally speaking
+in debt."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Great men not truly known till some
+years after their deaths."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Women, the English excel all other
+nations in beauty.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">&mdash;&mdash; Signs of their improvement under
+the Spectator's hands.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">&mdash;&mdash; Their pains in all ages to adorn
+the outside of their heads."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">A precursor of the <i>Tatler</i> and <i>Spectator</i>
+was the curious <i>Athenian Oracle</i>, of the
+eccentric John Dunton, each volume of
+which contained "An Alphabetical Table
+for the speedy finding of any questions,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg&nbsp;31]</span>
+by a member of the Athenian Society,"
+from which the following amusing entries
+are taken:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Ark, what became of it after the
+Flood?"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Bees, a swarm lit upon the Crown
+and Scepter in Cheapside, what do they
+portend?"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Hawthorn-tree at Glassenbury, what
+think you of it?"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Noah's flood, whither went the
+waters?"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Pied Piper, was he a man or dæmon?"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Triumphant Arch erected in Cheapside
+1691, described."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">A selection from this curious seventeenth-century
+miscellany was made by
+Mr. J. Underhill, and published by
+Walter Scott a few years ago.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Shenstone's <i>Schoolmistress</i> is one of the
+works of genius which is little known in
+the present day, but well repays perusal.
+A humorous table of contents was
+prepared by the author, which he styled
+an index. He wrote: "I have added a
+ludicrous index purely to show (fools)
+that I am in jest." This was afterwards
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[pg&nbsp;32]</span>
+omitted, but D'Israeli reprinted it in his
+<i>Curiosities of Literature</i>. It contains an
+amusing <i>précis</i> of the chief points of the
+poem; the whole is short, and a few
+extracts will give an idea of its plan:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">A circumstance</span> in the situation of the
+mansion of early Discipline, discovering
+the surprising influence of the connexion
+of ideas."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">Some</span> peculiarities indicative of a
+country school, with a short sketch of
+the sovereign presiding over it."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">Some</span> account of her night-cap, apron
+and a tremendous description of her
+birchen sceptre."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">Her</span> titles and punctilious nicety in
+the ceremonious assertion of them."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">A view</span> of this rural potentate as
+seated in her chair of state, conferring
+honours distributing bounties and dispensing
+proclamations."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Gay composed a full and humorous
+index for his interesting picture of
+eighteenth-century London&mdash;<i>Trivia</i>. The
+poet added a few entries to the index
+in the quarto edition of his <i>Poems</i> (1720).
+The following selected references will
+show the character of the index:</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[pg&nbsp;33]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Asses, their arrogance."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Autumn, what cries then in use."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Bully, his insolence to be corrected."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Chairs and chariots prejudicial to health."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Cellar, the misfortune of falling into one."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Coach fallen into a hole described."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Glazier, his skill at football."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"London, its happiness before the invention of Coaches and Chairs."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Periwigs, how stolen off the head."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Quarrels for the wall to be avoided."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Schoolboys, mischievous in frosty weather."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Wall, to whom to be given.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; to whom to be denied."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Women, the ill consequence of gazing on them."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Of modern examples of the amusing
+index, by far the best is that added to
+the inimitable <i>Biglow Papers</i> by the accomplished
+author, James Russell Lowell.
+Here are some extracts from the index
+to the First Series:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Adam, eldest son of, respected."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Babel, probably the first congress."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[pg&nbsp;34]</span>
+"Birch, virtue of, in instilling certain
+of the dead languages."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Cæsar, a tribute to. His <i>Veni, Vidi,
+Vici</i> censured for undue prolixity."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Castles, Spanish, comfortable accommodation
+in."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Eating Words, habit of, convenient in
+time of famine."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Longinus recommends swearing (Fuseli
+did the same thing)."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"No, a monosyllable. Hard to utter."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Noah enclosed letter in bottle, probably."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Ulysses, husband of Penelope.
+Borrows money. (For full particulars see
+<i>Homer</i> and <i>Dante</i>.)"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Wrong, abstract, safe to oppose."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The following are from the Second Series:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Antony of Padua, Saint, happy in
+his hearers."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Applause, popular, the <i>summum
+bonum</i>."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"'Atlantic,' editors of, See <i>Neptune</i>.
+[There is no entry under Neptune.]"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Belmont. See <i>Woods</i>."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Bible, not composed for use of
+coloured persons."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[pg&nbsp;35]</span>
+"Charles I, accident to his neck."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Ezekiel would make a poor figure at
+a Caucus."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Facts, their unamiability. Compared
+to an old fashioned stage-coach."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Family trees, a primitive forest of."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Jeremiah hardly the best guide in
+modern politics."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Missionaries, useful to alligators.
+Culinary liabilities of."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Rum and water combine kindly."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Shoddy, poor covering for outer or
+inner man."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"'They'll say,' a notable bully."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Woods, the, See <i>Belmont</i>."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"World, this, its unhappy temper."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Writing, dangerous to reputation."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The witty Dr. William King, student of
+Christ Church, Oxford, and afterwards
+Judge of the Irish Court of Admiralty,
+presented an example of the skilled controversialist
+spoken of by Hill Burton
+as letting fly "a few Parthian arrows
+from the Index."  He was dubbed by
+Isaac D'Israeli the inventor of satirical
+indexes, and he certainly succeeded in
+producing several ill-natured ones.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[pg&nbsp;36]</span>
+When the wits of Christ Church produced
+under the name of the Hon.
+Charles Boyle the clever volume with
+which they thought to annihilate the
+great Dr. Bentley, Dr. King was the one
+who assisted by producing a bitter index.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The first edition of <i>Dr. Bentley's
+Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris
+and the Fables of Esop examin'd</i> (1698)
+has no index; but Dr. King's work was
+added to the second edition published
+in the same year. It was styled, <i>A
+short account of Dr. Bentley by way of
+Index</i>. Then follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Dr. Bentley's true story of the MS. prov'd false by the testimonies of</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Mr. Bennet, p. 6.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Mr. Gibson, p. 7.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Dr. King, p. 8.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Dr. Bentley, p. 19."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Dr. Bentley's civil usage of Mr. Boyle.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"His civil language to</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Mr. Boyle.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Sir W. Temple.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"His singular humanity to</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Mr. Boyle.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Sir Edward Sherburne.</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[pg&nbsp;37]</span>
+<span class="i0">humanity to Foreigners.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"His Ingenuity in</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; relating matters of fact.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; citing authors.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; transcribing and plundering</span><br />
+<span class="i0">notes and prefaces of</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Mr. Boyle.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Vizzanius.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Nevelet.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Camerarius.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Editor of Hesychius.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Salmasius.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Dr. Bentley.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"His appeal to Foreigners.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; a suspicious plan.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; a false one.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"His modesty and decency in contradicting great men.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"(Long list from Plato to Every body).</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"His happiness in confident assertions for want</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; of Reading.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; of Judgment.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; of Sincerity.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"His profound skill in Criticism</span><br />
+<span class="i2">From beginning to</span><br />
+<span class="i4">The End."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[pg&nbsp;38]</span>
+This is certainly more vindictive than
+witty.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">All the wits rushed madly into the
+fray, and Swift, in his "Battel fought last
+Friday between the Antient and Modern
+Books in St. James's Library," committed
+himself irretrievably to the wrong side
+in this way: "A captain whose name
+was B-ntl-y, in person the most deformed
+of all the moderns; tall but without shape
+or comeliness, large but without strength
+or proportion. His armour was patched
+up of a thousand incoherent pieces...."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Then look at the leader of the opposing
+host: "Boyl clad in a suit of armor
+which had been given him by all the
+gods immediately advanced against the
+trembling foe, who now fled before him."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It is amazing that such a perverted
+judgment should have been given by
+some of our greatest writers, but all is to
+be traced to Bentley's defects of temper,
+so that Dr. King was not altogether
+wrong in his index.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Sir George Trevelyan in his <i>Life of
+Macaulay</i> refers to Bentley's famous
+maxim (which in print and talk alike
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[pg&nbsp;39]</span>
+he dearly loved to quote), that no man
+was ever written down except by himself,
+and quotes what the historian wrote
+after perhaps his tenth perusal of Bishop
+Monk's life of the great critic: "Bentley
+seems to me an eminent instance of the
+extent to which intellectual powers of a
+most rare and admirable kind may be
+impaired by moral defects."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Charles Boyle's book went through four
+editions, and still there was silence; but
+at last appeared the "immortal" <i>Dissertation</i>,
+as Porson calls it, which not only
+defeated his enemies, but routed them
+completely. Bentley's <i>Dissertation upon
+the Epistles of Phalaris</i>, with an answer
+to the objections of the Hon. C.
+Boyle, Esq., first appeared in 1699. De
+Quincey described it as one of the
+three most triumphant dissertations existing
+upon the class of historico-critical
+problems, "All three are loaded with a
+superfetation of evidence, and conclusive
+beyond what the mind altogether wishes."
+<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p class="indent">In another place De Quincey points out
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[pg&nbsp;40]</span>
+the line of argument followed by Bentley:
+"It was by anachronisms of this character
+that Bentley detected the spuriousness
+of the letters ascribed to Phalaris. Sicilian
+towns, &amp;c., were in those letters called
+by names that did not arise until that
+prince had been dead for centuries.
+Manufactures were mentioned that were
+of much later invention. As handles for
+this exposure of a systematic forgery,
+which oftentimes had a moral significance,
+these indications were valuable, and gave
+excessive brilliancy to that immortal dissertation
+of Bentley's."
+<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_7_7">
+<span class="label">[7]</span></a>
+<i>Rosicrucians and Free-Masons</i> (De Quincey's
+<i>Works</i>, vol. 13, p. 388).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_8_8">
+<span class="label">[8]</span></a>
+<i>Memorial Chronology</i> (De Quincey's <i>Works</i>,
+vol. 14, p. 309).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The fate which the wits thought to
+bring upon Bentley fell upon them, and
+they quarrelled among themselves. It
+was believed that Charles Boyle, when
+credit was to be obtained, looked upon
+himself as author of the book; but afterwards,
+when it was discredited, he only
+awaited the public trial of the conspirators
+to wash his hands of the whole affair.
+Atterbury, who had much to do with the
+production of the volume, was particularly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[pg&nbsp;41]</span>
+annoyed by Boyle's conduct. He wrote
+to Boyle: "In laying the design of the
+book, in writing above half of it, in reviewing
+[revising] a great part of the rest,
+in transcribing the whole and attending
+the press, half a year of my life went
+away. What I promised myself from
+hence was that some service would be
+done to your reputation, and that you
+would think so. In the first of these I
+was not mistaken&mdash;in the latter I am.
+When you were abroad, sir, the highest
+you could prevail with yourself to go in
+your opinion of the book was, that you
+hoped it would do you no harm. When
+you returned I supposed you would have
+seen that it had been far from hurting
+you. However, you have not thought
+fit to let me know your mind on this
+matter; for since you came to England,
+no one expression, that I know of, has
+dropped from you that could give me
+reason to believe you had any opinion
+of what I had done, or even took it
+kindly from me."
+<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_9_9">
+<span class="label">[9]</span></a>
+<i>Memoirs of Bishop Atterbury</i>, compiled by
+Folkestone Williams, vol. i. (1869), p. 42.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[pg&nbsp;42]</span>
+In the same year (1698) King turned
+his attention to a less formidable antagonist
+than the great Bentley. His <i>Journey
+to London</i> is a very ingenious parody
+of Dr. Martin Lister's <i>Journey to Paris</i>,
+and, the pages of the original being
+referred to, it forms an index to that
+book.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Royal Society in its early years
+had to pass through a long period of
+ridicule and misrepresentation. The
+author of <i>Hudibras</i> commenced the
+crusade, but the gibes of Butler were
+easier to bear than those of Dr. William
+King, who was particularly savage against
+Sir Hans Sloane. <i>The Transactioneer</i>
+(1700) and <i>Useful Transactions in Philosophy</i>
+(1708-1709) were very galling to the
+distinguished naturalist, and annoyed the
+Royal Society, whose <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>
+were unmercifully laughed at. To
+both the tracts referred to were prefixed
+satirical tables of contents, and what
+made them the more annoying was that
+the author's own words were very ingeniously
+used and turned against him.
+King writes: "The bulls and blunders
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[pg&nbsp;43]</span>
+which Sloane and his friends so naturally
+pour forth cannot be misrepresented, so
+careful I am in producing them."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Here is a specimen of the contents
+of <i>The Transactioneer</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The Tatler's Opinion of a Virtuoso."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Some Account of Sir Hans Sloane.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  of Dr. Salmon.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  of Mr. Oldenburg.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  of Dr. Plot."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"The Compiling of the Philosophical Transactions the work of a single person.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  the excellence of his style.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  his clearness and perspicacity.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  Genius to Poetry.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  Verses on Jamaica Pepper.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  Politicks in Gardening.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash;  Skill in Botanicks."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The following appear in the contents
+of the "Voyage to Cajamai" in <i>Useful
+Transactions</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Preface of the author&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Knew a white bramble in a dark room."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">Author's introduction&mdash;</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Mountains higher than hills."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Hay good for horses."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[pg&nbsp;44]</span>
+The most important of King's indexes
+was that added to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>,
+because it had the effect of balking a
+distinguished political character of his
+ambition of filling the office of Speaker
+of the House of Commons.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">William Bromley (1664-1732), after
+leaving Christ Church, Oxford, spent
+several years in travelling on the Continent.
+He was elected a Member of
+Parliament in 1689, and soon occupied
+a prominent position among the non-jurors.
+In 1692 he published "<i>Remarks
+in the Grande Tour of France and Italy,
+lately performed by a Person of quality.</i>
+London. Printed by E. H. for Tho.
+Basset at the George in Fleet Street,
+1692." A second edition appeared in
+the following year: "<i>Remarks made in
+Travels through France and Italy, with
+many Publick Inscriptions. Lately taken
+by a Person of Quality</i>. London (Thomas
+Basset) 1693."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In March, 1701-1702, Bromley was
+elected Member of Parliament for the University
+of Oxford, which he continued to
+represent during the remainder of his life.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[pg&nbsp;45]</span>
+In 1702 he published another volume
+of travels: "<i>Several Years' Travels through
+Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Prussia,
+Sweden, Denmark and the United Provinces
+performed by a Gentleman</i>."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In 1705 Bromley was supposed to have
+pre-eminent claims to the Speakership,
+which office was then vacant; but what
+was supposed to be a certainty was turned
+into failure by the action of his opponents.
+They took the opportunity of reprinting
+his <i>Remarks</i>, with the addition of a
+satirical index, as an electioneering squib.
+This reprint appeared as "<i>Remarks in the
+Grand Tour ... performed by a Person
+of Quality in the year 1691</i>. The second
+edition to which is added a table of the
+principal matters. London. Printed for
+John Nutt near Stationers' Hall, 1705."
+This was really the third edition, but
+probably the reprinters overlooked the
+edition of 1693. It was reprinted with
+the original licence of "Rob. Midgley,
+Feb. 20th, 1691-2."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the Bodleian copy of this book there
+is a manuscript note by Dr. Rawlinson to
+the effect that this index was drawn up by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[pg&nbsp;46]</span>
+Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford; but this
+was probably only a party rumour. Dr.
+Parr possessed Bromley's own copy of
+the reprint with the following manuscript
+note by the author:</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"This edition of these travels is a specimen
+of the good nature and good manners
+of the Whigs, and I have reason to believe
+of one of the ministry (very conversant
+in this sort of calumny) for the
+sake of publishing '<i>the Table of the principal
+matters &amp;c</i>' to expose me whom
+the gentlemen of the Church of England
+designed to be Speaker of the House
+of Commons, in the Parliament, that
+met Oct. 25 1705. When notwithstanding
+the Whigs and Court joining
+to keep me out of the chair, and the
+greatest violence towards the Members,
+turning out some, and threatening others,
+to influence their votes, I had the
+honour (and I shall ever esteem it a
+greater honour than my competitor's
+success) to have the suffrages of 205
+disinterested gentlemen for me: such a
+number as never lost such a question
+before; and such as, with the addition
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[pg&nbsp;47]</span>
+of those that by force, and contrary to
+their inclination, with the greatest reluctance
+voted against me, must have
+prevailed for me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"This was a very malicious proceeding;
+my words and meaning plainly perverted
+in several places; which if they had been
+improper, and any observations trifling or
+impertinent, an allowance was due for
+my being very young, when they were
+made. But the performances of others,
+not entitled to such allowance may be
+in this manner exposed, as appears by
+the like Tables published for the Travels
+of Bp. Burnet and Mr. Addison. <i>Wm.
+Bromley.</i>"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Dr. Parr took this all very seriously,
+and set great value upon the book. He
+added a note to that written by Bromley,
+in which he said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Mr. Bromley was very much galled
+with the republication, and the ridiculous,
+but not untrue, representation of the
+contents. Such a work would unavoidably
+expose the author to derision:
+instead therefore of suffering it to be
+sold after my death, and to become a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[pg&nbsp;48]</span>
+subject of contemptuous gossip, or an
+instrument of party annoyance, I think
+it a proper act of respect and kindness
+for the Bromley family, for me to put
+it in possession of the Rev. Mr. Davenport
+Bromley, upon the express condition
+that he never sells it nor gives it away,
+that, after reading it, he seals it up
+carefully and places it where no busy
+eye, nor thievish hand can reach it.</p>
+
+<p class="right">"S. P."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This note was written in 1823, and the
+precautions taken by Parr seem rather
+belated. Even the family were little
+likely to mind the public seeing a political
+skit more than a century old, which did
+no dishonour to their ancestor's character.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It is very probable that Harley was at
+the expense of reprinting the book, as
+it is reported that every one who came
+to his house was asked if he had seen
+Mr. Bromley's <i>Travels</i>; and when the
+answer was in the negative, Harley at
+once fetched a copy, which he presented
+to his visitor. There is no doubt, however,
+that the index was drawn up by
+Dr. King.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[pg&nbsp;49]</span>
+The index is neither particularly amusing
+nor clever, but it is very ill-natured.
+Dr. Parr infers that the book is not misrepresented,
+but there can be little doubt
+that the index is in most instances very
+unfair. Thus the first entry in the table is:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Chatham, where and how situated,
+viz. on the other side of Rochester bridge,
+though commonly reported to be on this
+side, p. 1."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The passage indexed is quite clear, and
+contains the natural statement of a fact.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Lodged at Rochester, an episcopal
+seat in the same county [Kent]. The
+cathedral church is plain and decent,
+and the city appears well peopled. When
+I left it and passed the Bridge I was at
+Chatham, the famous Dock, where so
+many of our great ships are built."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The following are some further entries
+from the index:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Dover and Calais neither of them
+places of Strength tho' frontier towns,
+p. 2."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Boulogne the first city on the French
+shore, lies on the coast, p. 2." [These
+are the same words as in the book.]</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[pg&nbsp;50]</span>
+"Crosses and Crucifixes on the Roads
+in France prove it not England, p. 3."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The passage here indexed is as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Crosses and Crucifixes are so plentiful
+every where on this road, that from them
+alone an Englishman will be satisfied
+he is out of his own country; besides
+the Roads are much better than ours."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Eight pictures take up less room than
+sixteen of the same size, p. 14."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This is founded on the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"They contain the Histories of the
+Old and New Testaments, and are placed
+in two rows one above the other; those
+that represent the Old Testament are
+in the uppermost reaching round the
+room and are sixteen. Those of the new
+are under them, but being only eight
+reach not so far as the former, and
+where no pictures are be the doors to
+the presses where the sacred vestments
+are kept."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Travelling by night not proper to
+take a view of the adjacent countries,
+p. 223."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This is a version of the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The heat of the weather made
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[pg&nbsp;51]</span>
+travelling in the night most desirable
+and we chose it between Sienna and
+Florence.... By this means I could see
+little of the country."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"The Duchess dowager of Savoy who
+was grandmother to the present Duke was
+mother to his father, p. 243."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This is a perversion of the following
+perfectly natural observation:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"This was designed by the Dutchess
+Christina grandmother of this Duke in
+the minority of her son (his father) in
+1660."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The entry, "Jews at Legorn not obliged
+to wear red hats, p. 223," contains nothing
+absurd, but rather is an interesting piece
+of information, because the Jews were
+obliged to wear these hats in other parts
+of Italy, and it was the knowledge of
+this fact that induced Macklin to wear a
+red hat when acting Shylock, a personation
+which induced an admirer to exclaim:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"This is the Jew</span><br />
+<span class="i0">That Shakespeare drew."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Such perversions as these could have
+done Bromley, one would think, little
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[pg&nbsp;52]</span>
+harm; but the real harm done consisted
+in bringing to light and insisting upon
+the author's political attitude when he
+referred to King William and Queen
+Mary as "the Prince and Princess of
+Orange." The passage is as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"A gallery, where among the pictures
+of Christian Princes are those of King
+Charles the Second and his Queen, King
+James the Second and his Queen and
+the Prince and Princess of Orange."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">It would indeed seem strange that one
+who had thus referred to his King and
+Queen should occupy so important a
+public office as Speaker of the House
+of Commons. Another ground of offence
+was that when in Rome he kissed the
+Pope's slipper.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Although Bromley was disappointed in
+1705, his time came; and after the Tory
+reaction consequent on the trial of
+Sacheverell he was in 1710 chosen
+Speaker without opposition. There is a
+portrait of Bromley in the University
+Picture Gallery in the Bodleian at Oxford.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[pg&nbsp;53]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p53-1.jpg" width="600" height="95" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="C3" id="C3"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">The Bad Indexer.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"At the laundress's at the Hole in the Wall
+in Cursitor's Alley up three pair of stairs, the
+author of my Church history&mdash;you may also
+speak to the gentleman who lies by him in the
+flock bed, my index maker."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Swift's</span> <i>Account
+of the Condition of Edmund Curll</i> (Instructions
+to a porter how to find Mr. Curll's authors).</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p53-2.jpg" width="100" height="101" alt="B" title="B" />
+</div>
+
+<p>AD indexers are everywhere, and
+what is most singular is that
+each one makes the same sort
+of blunders&mdash;blunders which
+it would seem impossible that any one
+could make, until we find these same
+blunders over and over again in black and
+white. One of the commonest is to place
+the references under unimportant words,
+for which no one would think of looking,
+such as A and The. The worst indexes
+of this class are often added to journals
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[pg&nbsp;54]</span>
+and newspapers. A good instance of
+confusion will be found in the index to a
+volume of <i>The Freemason</i> which is before
+me; but this is by no means singular,
+and certainly not the worst of its class.
+Under A we find the following entries:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Afternoon Outing of the Skelmersdale
+Lodge."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"An Oration delivered," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Annual Outing of the Queen Victoria
+Lodge."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Another Masonic MS."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under B:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Bro. Bain's Masonic Library."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under F:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"First Ball of the Fellowship Lodge.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"First Ladies' Night."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under I:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Interesting Extract from an 'Old
+Masonian's' Letter."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under L:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Ladies' Banquet."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Ladies' Night."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Ladies' Summer Outing."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Late Bro. Sir B. W. Richardson."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under N:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"New Grand Officers."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[pg&nbsp;55]</span>
+"New Home for Keighley Freemasons."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"New Masonic Hall."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under O:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Our Portrait Gallery."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under R:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Recent Festival."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under S:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Send-off dinner."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Summer Festival."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Summer Outing."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under T:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Third Ladies' Night."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Under Y:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Ye olde Masonians."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">There are many other absurd headings,
+but these are the worst instances. They
+show the confusion of not only placing
+references where they would never be
+looked for, but of giving similar entries
+all over the index under whatever heading
+came first to the mind of the indexer. For
+instance, there is one <i>Afternoon</i> Outing,
+one <i>Annual</i> Outing, one <i>Ladies'</i> Outing,
+one <i>Summer</i> Outing, and three other
+Outings under O. None of these have
+any references the one from the other.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are a large number of indexes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[pg&nbsp;56]</span>
+in which not only the best heading is
+not chosen, but the very worst is. Thus,
+choosing at random, we find such an order
+as the following in an old volume of
+the <i>Canadian Journal</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"<i>A</i> Monograph of the British
+Spongiadæ."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>On</i> the Iodide of Barium."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>Sir</i> Charles Barry, a Biography."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> late Professor Boole."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Mohawk Language."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The same misarrangement will sometimes
+be found even in standard English
+journals.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The edition of Jewel's <i>Apology</i>, published
+by Isaacson in 1825, contains an
+index which is worthy of special remark.
+It is divided into four alphabets, referring
+respectively to (1) Life; (2)
+Apology; (3) Notes to Life; (4) Notes to
+Apology; and this complicated machinery
+is attached to a book of only 286 pages.
+I think it is scarcely too much to say
+that there is hardly an entry in the index
+which would be of any use to the consulter.
+A few examples will show that
+this is not an unfair judgment:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[pg&nbsp;57]</span>
+"<i>Belief</i> of a Resurrection."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>Caution</i>, Reformers proceeded with
+Caution."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>If</i> Protestants are Heretics let the
+Papists prove them so from Scripture."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>In</i> withdrawing themselves from the
+Church of Rome, Protestants have not
+erred from Christ and his Apostles."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>King</i> John."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Pope assumes Regal power and
+habit."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Ditto employs spies."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">That this idiotic kind of index (which
+can be of no possible use to any one)
+is not yet extinct may be seen in one
+of those daintily printed books of essays
+which are now so common. In mercy
+I will not mention the title, but merely
+say that it was published in 1901. A few
+extracts will show the character of the work:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"<i>A</i> Book," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>Is</i> public taste," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>On</i> reading old books."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> advantage," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> blessedness," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Book-stall Reader."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Girl," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[pg&nbsp;58]</span>
+"<i>The</i> Long Life," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Preservative," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Prosperity," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"<i>Two</i> Classes of Literature."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">There are many instances of such bad
+indexes, but it would be tedious to quote
+more of them. The amazing thing is
+that many persons unconnected with one
+another should be found to do the same
+ridiculous work, and suppose that by any
+possibility it could be of use to a single
+human being. But what is even more
+astounding is to find intelligent editors
+passing such useless rubbish and wasting
+good type and paper upon it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Another prominent blunder in indexing
+periodicals is to follow in the index the
+divisions of the paper. In an alphabetical
+index there should be no classification,
+but the alphabet should be followed
+throughout. Nothing is so maddening
+to consult as an index in which the
+different divisions of the periodical are
+kept distinct, with a separate alphabet
+under each. It is hopeless to consult
+these, and it is often easier to turn over
+the pages and look through the volume
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[pg&nbsp;59]</span>
+than to refer to the index. The main
+object of an index is to bring together
+all the items on a similar subject which
+are separated in the book itself.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The indexes of some periodicals are
+good, but those of the many are bad.
+Mr. Poole and his helpers, who had an
+extensive experience of periodical literature,
+made the following rule to be
+observed in the new edition of Poole's
+<i>Index to Periodical Literature</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"All references must be made from
+an inspection, and if necessary the perusal
+of each article. Hence, no use will be
+made of the index which is usually
+printed with the volume, or of any other
+index. Those indexes were <i>made by unskilful
+persons</i>, and are full of all sorts
+of errors. It will be less work to discard
+them entirely than to supply their
+omissions and correct their errors."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This rule is sufficiently severe, but it
+cannot be said that it is unjust.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Miss Hetherington, who has had a
+singularly large experience of indexes to
+periodicals, has no higher idea of these
+than Mr. Poole. In an article on "The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[pg&nbsp;60]</span>
+Indexing of Periodicals" in the <i>Index
+to the Periodical Literature of the World</i>
+for 1892, she gives a remarkable series of
+instances of absurd entries. Some of these
+are due to the vicious habit of trying
+to save trouble by cutting up the lists of
+contents, and repeating the entries under
+different headings. Miss Hetherington's
+examples are well worth repeating; but
+as bad indexing is the rule, it is scarcely
+worth while to gibbet any one magazine,
+as most of them are equally bad.
+It is only amazing how any one in
+authority can allow such absurdities as
+the following to be printed. These six
+groups are from one magazine:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Academy in Africa, A Monkey's."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Africa, A Monkey's Academy in."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Monkey's Academy in Africa, A."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Aspects, The Renaissance in its
+Broader."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Renaissance in its Broader Aspects,
+The."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Campaign, His Last, and After."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"His Last Campaign, and After."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Entertainment, The Triumph of the
+Variety."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[pg&nbsp;61]</span>
+ "Triumph of the Variety Entertainment,
+The."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Variety Entertainment, The Triumph
+of the."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Evicted Tenants, The Irish, Are they
+Knaves?"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Irish Evicted Tenants, The, Are they
+Knaves?"</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"French Revolution, Scenes from the."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Revolution, Scenes from the French."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Scenes from the French Revolution."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Miss Hetherington adds, respecting
+this particular magazine: "But the whole
+index might be quoted.  The indexer
+seems to have had three lists of contents
+for his purpose, but he has not
+always dared to use more than two,
+and so "The Irish Evicted Tenants" do
+not figure under the class "Knaves."
+The contributors are on another page,
+with figures only against their names, the
+cause of reference not being specified."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Equally absurd, and contrived on a
+similar system, are the following entries
+from another magazine:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Eastern Desert on Foot, Through an."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Foot, Through an Eastern Desert on."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[pg&nbsp;62]</span>
+"Through an Eastern Desert on Foot."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Finds, The Rev. J. Sturgis's."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Sturgis's Finds, The Rev. J."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Complexion! What a Pretty."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Pretty Complexion! What a."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"What a Pretty Complexion!"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">These two groups are from a very
+prominent magazine:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Creek in Demerara, Up a."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Demerara, Up a Creek in."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Up a Creek in Demerara."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Home, The Russians at."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Russians at Home, The."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"The Russians at Home."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">In the foregoing, by giving three entries,
+one, by chance, may be correct; but in
+the following case there are two useless
+references:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Baron de Marbot, The Memoirs of
+the."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Memoirs of the Baron de Marbot,
+The."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">But nothing under <i>Marbot</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Some indexers have a fancy for placing
+authors under their Christian names, as
+these three from one index.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Philip Bourke Marston."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[pg&nbsp;63]</span>
+"Rudyard Kipling."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Walt Whitman."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">These entries are amusing:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Foot in it, On Putting One's."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"On Putting One's Foot in it."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Surely it is strange that such absurdities
+as these should continue to be published!
+Mr. Poole drew attention to the evil,
+and Miss Hetherington has done the
+same; yet it continues, and publishers
+are not ashamed to print such rubbish
+as that just instanced. We may add a
+quite recent instance&mdash;viz. <i>Longman's
+Magazine</i> for October, 1901, which contains
+an index to the thirty-eighth volume.
+It occupies two pages in double columns,
+and there are no duplicate entries. In that
+small space I find these useless entries:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"According to the Code" (not under
+Code).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Disappearance of Plants" (not under
+Plants).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Eighteenth Century London through
+French Eye-glasses" (not under London).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Gilbert White" (not under White).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Mission of Mr. Rider Haggard" (not
+under Haggard).</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[pg&nbsp;64]</span>
+"Some Eighteenth Century Children's
+Books" (not under Children's Books).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Some Notes on an Examination" (not
+under Examination).</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="indent">The two chief causes of the badness
+of indexes are found&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">1. In the original composition.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">2. In the bad arrangement.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Of the first cause little need be said.
+The chief fault is due to the incompetence
+of the indexer, shown by
+his use of trivial references, his neglect
+of what should be indexed, his introduction
+of what might well be left out,
+his bad analysis, and his bad headings.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The second cause is still more important,
+because a competent indexer
+may prepare his materials well, and keep
+clear of all the faults noticed above,
+and yet spoil his work by neglect of a
+proper system of arrangement.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The chief faults under this second
+division consist of&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">1. Want of complete alphabetisation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">2. Classification within the alphabet.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">3. Variety of alphabets.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[pg&nbsp;65]</span>
+4. Want of cross references.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">These are all considerable faults,
+and will therefore bear being enlarged
+upon.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">1. <i>The want of complete alphabetisation</i>
+is a great evil, but it was very general
+at one time. In some old indexes references
+are arranged under the first
+letter only. In the index to a large
+and valuable map of England, published
+at the beginning of this century, the
+names of places are not arranged further
+than the third letter, and this naturally
+gives great trouble to the consulter. In
+order to save himself, the compiler
+has given others a considerably greater
+amount of trouble. In arranging entries
+in alphabetical order it is necessary to
+sort them to the most minute difference
+of spelling. The alphabetical arrangement,
+however, has its difficulties, which
+must be overcome; for instance, it looks
+awkward when the plural comes before
+the singular, and the adjective before
+the substantive from which it is formed,
+as "naval" and "navies" before "navy."
+In such cases it will be necessary to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[pg&nbsp;66]</span>
+make a heading such as "Navy," which
+will include the plural and the adjective.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The vowel I should be kept distinct
+from the consonant J, and the vowel U
+from the consonant V.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">More blunders have probably been
+made by the confusing of u and n in
+old books than from any other cause.
+These letters are identical in early manuscripts,
+and consequently the modern
+copyist has to decide which letter to
+choose, and sometimes he blunders.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In Capgrave's <i>Chronicles of England</i>
+is a reference to the "londe of Iude,"
+but this is misspelt "Inde" in the edition
+published in the Master of the Rolls'
+Series in 1858. Here is a simple misprint
+caused by the misreading of I for J
+and n for u; but this can easily be set
+right. The indexer, however, has enlarged
+it into a wonderful blunder.
+Under the letter I is the following curious
+piece of information:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"India ... conquered by Judas Maccabeus
+and his brethren, 56"!!</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Many more instances of this confusion
+of the letters u and n might be given,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[pg&nbsp;67]</span>
+some of them causing permanent confusion
+of names; but two (which are the
+complement of each other) will suffice.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">George Lo<i>n</i>don was a very eminent
+horticulturist in his day, who at the
+Revolution was appointed Superintendent
+of the Royal Gardens; but he can seldom
+get his name properly spelt because a
+later horticulturist has made the name
+of Lo<i>u</i>don more familiar. In fact, I
+was once called to account by a reviewer
+who supposed I had made a mistake in
+referring to Lo<i>n</i>don instead of Lo<i>u</i>don.
+The reverse mistake was once made by
+the great Duke of Wellington. C. J.
+Loudon (who wrote a very bad hand)
+requested the Duke to let him see the
+Waterloo beeches at Stratfieldsaye. The
+letter puzzled Wellington, who knew
+nothing of the horticulturist, and read
+C. J. Lo<i>u</i>don as C. J. Lo<i>n</i>don, and
+beeches as breeches; so he wrote off to
+the then Bishop of London (Dr. Blomfield)
+to say that his Waterloo breeches
+disappeared long ago.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">2. <i>Classification within the alphabet.</i>&mdash;Examples
+have already been given where
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[pg&nbsp;68]</span>
+the arrangement of the book is followed
+rather than the alphabetical order; but
+these were instances of bad indexing,
+and sometimes a good indexer fails in the
+same way, thus showing how important
+is good arrangement. An index of
+great complexity, one full of scientific
+difficulties, was once made by a very able
+man. The <i>précis</i> was admirable, and the
+various subjects were gathered together
+under their headings with great skill&mdash;in
+fact, it could not well have been
+more perfect; but it had one flaw which
+spoiled it. The nature of the index
+necessitated a large number of subdivisions
+under the various chief headings;
+these were arranged on a system clear
+to the compiler, and probably a logical
+one to him. But the user of the index
+had not the clue to this arrangement,
+and he could not find his way through
+the complicated maze; it was an unfortunate
+instance of extreme cleverness.
+When the index was finished, but before
+it was published, a simple remedy
+for the confusion was suggested and
+carried out. The whole of the subdivisions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[pg&nbsp;69]</span>
+under each main heading were
+rearranged in perfect alphabetical order.
+This was a heroic proceeding, but it
+was highly successful, and the rearranged
+index gave satisfaction, and the same
+system was followed in other indexes
+that succeeded it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">3. <i>Variety of alphabets.</i>&mdash;An index
+should be one and indivisible, and
+should not be broken up into several
+alphabets. Foreigners are greater sinners
+against this fundamental rule than Englishmen,
+and they almost invariably separate
+the author or persons from subjects.
+Sometimes, however, the division is not
+very carefully made, for in the <i>Autoren
+Register</i> to Carus' and Engelmann's
+<i>Bibliography of Zoology</i> may be found
+the following entries: <i>Schreiben</i>, <i>Schriften</i>,
+<i>Zu</i> Humboldt's Cosmos, <i>Zur</i> Fauna.
+Some English books are much divided.
+Thus the new edition of Hutchins's
+<i>Dorset</i> (1874) has at the end eight
+separate indexes: (1) Places, (2) Pedigrees,
+(3) Persons, (4) Arms, (5) Blazons,
+(6) Glossarial, (7) Domesday, (8) Inquisitions.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[pg&nbsp;70]</span>
+The index to the original quarto edition
+of Warton's <i>History of English Poetry</i>
+(1774) has six alphabets, but a general
+index compiled by Thomas Fillingham,
+was published in 1804, uniform with the
+work in quarto. The general index to
+the <i>Annual Register</i> has as many as fourteen
+alphabets. The general index to
+the <i>Reports of the British Association</i> is
+split up into six alphabets, following the
+divisions of each volume.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">4. <i>Want of cross references.</i>&mdash;Although
+an alphabetical index should not be
+classified, yet it is necessary to gather
+together the synonyms, and place all
+the references under the best of these
+headings, with cross references from the
+others. For instance, Wealth should be
+under W, Finance under F, and Population
+under P; and they should not all
+be grouped under Political Economy,
+because each of these subjects is distinct
+and more conveniently found under the
+separate heading than under a grouped
+heading. On the other hand, entries
+relating to Tuberculosis must not be scattered
+over the index under such headings
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[pg&nbsp;71]</span>
+as Consumption, Decline, and Phthisis,
+but be gathered together under the heading
+chosen, with cross references from the
+others. In bad indexes this rule is invariably
+broken, and it must be allowed
+that the proper carrying out of this rule
+is very difficult, so that where it is
+invariably adopted, we have one of the
+best signs of a really good index.
+Bad indexers are usually much too
+haphazard in their work to insert cross
+references.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The careful use of cross references is
+next in importance to the selection of
+appropriate headings. Great judgment,
+however, is required, as the consulters
+are naturally irritated by being referred
+backwards and forwards, particularly in
+a large index. At the same time, if
+judiciously inserted, such references are
+a great help. Mr. Poole says, in an
+article on his own index in the <i>Library
+Journal</i>: "If every subject shall have
+cross references to its allies, the work
+will be mainly a book of cross references
+rather than an index of subjects." He
+then adds: "One correspondent gives
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[pg&nbsp;72]</span>
+fifty-eight cross references under Mental
+Philosophy, and fifty-eight more might
+be added just as appropriate."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The indexer should be careful that his
+cross references are real, but he has not
+always attended to this. In Eadie's <i>Dictionary
+of the Bible</i> (1850) there is a
+reference, "Dorcas <i>see</i> Tabitha," but
+there is no entry under Tabitha at all.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In Cobbett's <i>Woodlands</i> there is a good
+specimen of backwards and forwards
+cross referencing. The author writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Many years ago I wished to know
+whether I could raise birch trees from
+the <i>seed</i>.... I then looked into the
+great book of knowledge, the <i>Encyclopædia
+Britannica</i>; there I found in the general
+dictionary:</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"'<span class="smcap">Birch tree</span>&mdash;See <i>Betula</i> (Botany
+Index).'</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"I hastened to <span class="smcap">Betula</span> with great
+eagerness, and there I found:</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"'<span class="smcap">Betula</span>&mdash;See <i>Beech tree</i>.'</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"That was all, and this was pretty
+encouragement."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">William Morris used to make merry
+over the futility of some cross references.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[pg&nbsp;73]</span>
+He was using a print of an old English
+manuscript which was full of notes in explanation
+of self-evident passages, but one
+difficult expression&mdash;<i>viz.</i> "The bung of
+a thrub chandler"&mdash;was left unexplained.
+In the index under Bung there was a
+reference to Thrub chandler, and under
+Thrub chandler another back to Bung.
+Still the lexicographers are unable to tell us
+what kind of a barrel a "thrub chandler"
+really was. I give this story on the authority
+of my friend, Mr. S. C. Cockerell.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">No reference to the contents of a
+general heading which is without subdivision
+should be allowed unless of
+course the page is given.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are too many vague cross
+references in the <i>Penny Cyclopædia</i>
+where you are referred from the known
+to the unknown. If a general heading
+be divided into sections, and each of
+these be clearly defined, they should be
+cross referenced, but not otherwise. At
+present you may look for Pesth and be
+referred to Hungary, where probably
+there is much about Pesth, but you do
+not know where to look for it in the long
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[pg&nbsp;74]</span>
+article without some clue. Sometimes
+cross references are mere expedients,
+particularly in the case of a cyclopædia
+published in volumes or parts. Thus a
+writer agrees to contribute an article
+early in the alphabet, but it is not ready
+in time for the publication of the part,
+so a cross reference is inserted which
+sends the reader to a synonym later on
+in the alphabet. In certain cases this
+has been done two or three times. An
+instance occurs in the life of the distinguished
+bibliographer, the late Henry
+Bradshaw (than whom no one was more
+capable of producing a masterly article),
+who undertook to write on "Printing"
+in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. When
+the time for publication arrived (1885),
+Bradshaw was not ready, and in place
+of the article appeared the cross reference,
+"<span class="smcap">Printing, Typographic</span>&mdash;See <i>Typography</i>."
+Bradshaw died on February 10,
+1886, and the article on "Typography"
+which was published in Vol. 23 in 1888,
+was written by Mr. Hessels.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Cross referencing has its curiosities as
+well as other branches of our subject.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[pg&nbsp;75]</span>
+Perhaps the most odd collection of cross
+references is to be found in Serjeant
+William Hawkins's <i>Pleas of the Crown</i>
+(1716; 5th ed., 1771; 7th ed., 4 vols., 1795),
+of which it was said in the <i>Monthly
+Magazine</i> for June, 1801 (p. 419): "A
+plain, unlettered man is led to suspect
+that the writer of the volume and the
+writer of the index are playing at cross
+purposes."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The following are some of the most
+amusing entries:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Cards <i>see</i> Dice."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Cattle <i>see</i> Clergy."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Chastity <i>see</i> Homicide."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Cheese <i>see</i> Butter."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Coin <i>see</i> High Treason."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Convicts <i>see</i> Clergy."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Death <i>see</i> Appeal."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Election <i>see</i> Bribery."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Farthings <i>see</i> Halfpenny."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Fear <i>see</i> Robbery."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Footway <i>see</i> Nuisance."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Honour <i>see</i> Constable."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Incapacity <i>see</i> Officers."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"King <i>see</i> Treason."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Knaves <i>see</i> Words."</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[pg&nbsp;76]</span>
+"Letters <i>see</i> Libel."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"London <i>see</i> Outlawry."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Shop <i>see</i> Burglary."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Sickness <i>see</i> Bail."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Threats <i>see</i> Words."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Westminster Hall <i>see</i> Contempt and
+Lie."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Writing <i>see</i> Treason."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This arrangement of some of the cross
+references is perhaps scarcely fair. They
+are spread over several elaborate indexes
+in the original, and in their proper places
+do not strike one in the same way as
+when they are set out by themselves.
+One of the instances given by the critic
+in the <i>Monthly Magazine</i> is unfairly cited.
+It is there given as "Assault <i>see</i> Son."
+The cross reference really is, "Assault
+<i>see</i> Son Assault."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Hawkins's work is divided into two
+parts, and the folio editions have two
+indexes, one to each part; the octavo
+edition has four indexes, one to each
+volume.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The index to Ford's <i>Handbook of
+Spain</i> contains an amusing reference:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Wellington, <i>see</i> Duke."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[pg&nbsp;77]</span>
+Besides these four divisions of the chief
+faults in indexing, there are many other
+pitfalls gaping wide to receive the careless
+indexer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Names are a great difficulty, but it is
+not necessary to refer to these more
+generally here, as they are fully dealt
+with in the rules (<i>see</i> Chapter VI.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It is not often that an English indexer
+has to index a French book, but should
+he do so he would often need to be
+careful. The Frenchman does not care
+to leave that which he does not understand
+unexplained. The translation of <i>Love's
+Last Shift</i> as <i>La Dernière Chemise de
+l'Amour</i>, attributed by Horace Walpole
+to the Dowager Duchess of Bolton in
+George I.'s reign, is probably an invention,
+but some translations quite as amusing
+are genuine. G. Brunet of Bordeaux,
+having occasion in his <i>La France Littéraire
+au XV^e siècle</i> to mention "White
+Knights," at one time the seat of the
+Duke of Marlborough, translates it into
+<i>Le Chevalier Blanc</i>. When Dr. Buckland,
+the geologist, died, a certain French paper
+published a biography of him in which it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[pg&nbsp;78]</span>
+was explained that the deceased had been
+a very versatile writer, for besides his
+work on geology he had produced one
+<i>Sur les Ponts et Chaussées</i>. This was a
+puzzling statement, but it turned out to
+be a translation of <i>Bridgewater Treatises</i>,
+in which series his <i>Geology and Mineralogy</i>
+was published in 1837.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Sometimes contractions give trouble to
+the indexer, and he must be careful not
+to fill them out unless he is sure of what
+they mean. Many blunders have been
+made in this way. In the <i>Historie of
+Edward IV.</i> (1471), edited by that careful
+and trustworthy antiquary John Bruce
+for the Camden Society in 1838, there
+is the following remarkable statement:
+"Wherefore the Kynge may say, as Julius
+Cæsar sayde, he that is not agaynst me
+is with me."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">This chapter might be made a very
+long one by instancing a series of badly
+indexed books, but this would be a tedious
+recital devoid of any utility, for the blunders
+and carelessness of the bad indexer are
+singularly alike in their futility. It is
+nevertheless worth while to mention the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[pg&nbsp;79]</span>
+index to Peter Cunningham's complete
+edition of Walpole's <i>Letters</i>, because
+that work deserves a good index. We
+may hope that when Mrs. Toynbee
+publishes her new and complete edition
+of the <i>Letters</i>, she will add a really
+satisfactory index. The present index
+is very bad and most irritating to the
+person who uses it. Examples of most
+of the careless and foolish blunders in
+indexing are to be found here; for
+instance, there are long lists of references
+without indication of the reason for
+any of them. The same person is
+entered in two places if he is spoken
+of under slightly different names. The
+same nobleman is referred to as Lord &mdash;&mdash;
+and as the Earl of &mdash;&mdash;, while sometimes
+a heading devoted to Lord &mdash;&mdash; contains
+references to two distinct men. Van
+Eyck has one reference under Van and
+another under Eyck. Mrs. Godfrey is
+entered under both Godfrey and <i>La</i>
+Godfrey. Many other absurdities are to
+be found in the index, but the extract
+of one heading will be sufficient to show
+how ill the arrangement is:</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[pg&nbsp;80]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Gower, edition of,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Baptist Leveson,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Countess of,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Dowager Lady,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Duke of,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Earl of,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; John, Earl,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Lady,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Lady Elizabeth,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Lady Mary Leveson,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Lord,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Richard Leveson."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">There is no authority at all for a Duke
+of Gower, and if we look up the reference
+(iv. 39) we find that it refers to "the
+late Lord G&mdash;&mdash;," possibly the Earl
+Gower.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The confusion by which two persons
+are made into one has sometimes an evil
+consequence worse than putting the
+consulter of an index on the wrong scent,
+for the character of an innocent person
+may be taken away by this means.
+(Constance) Lady Russell of Swallowfield
+points out in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, that
+in the index to <i>Familiar Letters of Sir</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[pg&nbsp;81]</span>
+<i>Walter Scott</i> (1894) there are three references
+under Lady Charlotte Campbell,
+one of which is to a Lady C&mdash;&mdash;, really intended
+for the notorious Lady Conyngham,
+mistress to George IV. In another index
+Mary Bellenden is described thus:
+"Bellenden, Miss, Mistress of George II."
+This is really too bad; for the charming
+maid of honour called by Gay "Smiling
+Mary, soft and fair as down," turned a
+deaf ear to the importunities of the king,
+as we know on the authority of Horace
+Walpole.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The index to Lord Braybrooke's edition
+of Pepys's <i>Diary</i> has many faults, mostly
+due to bad arrangement; but it must be
+allowed that there is a great difficulty in
+indexing a private diary such as this.
+The diarist knew to whom he was
+referring when he mentioned Mr. or
+Mrs.&mdash;&mdash;; but where there are two or more
+persons of the same name, it is hard
+to distinguish between them correctly.
+This has been a stumbling-block in the
+compilation of the index to the new
+edition, in which a better system was
+attempted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[pg&nbsp;82]</span>
+It has been said that a bad index is
+better than no index at all, but this statement
+is open to question. Still, all must
+agree that an indexless book is a great
+evil. Mr. J. H. Markland is the authority
+for the declaration that "the omission
+of an index when essential should be an
+indictable offence." Carlyle denounces
+the publishers of books unprovided with
+this necessary appendage; and Baynes,
+the author of the <i>Archæological Epistle to
+Dean Mills</i> (usually attributed to Mason),
+concocted a terrible curse against such
+evil-doers. The reporter was the learned
+Francis Douce, who said to Mr. Thoms:
+"Sir, my friend John Baynes used to
+say that the man who published a book
+without an index ought to be damned ten
+miles beyond Hell, where the Devil could
+not get for stinging-nettles."
+<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+<span class="i0">Lord</span><br />
+Campbell proposed that any author who
+published a book without an index should
+be deprived of the benefits of the Copyright
+Act; and the Hon. Horace
+Binney, LL.D., a distinguished American
+lawyer, held the same views, and would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[pg&nbsp;83]</span>
+have condemned the culprit to the same
+punishment. Those, however, who hold
+the soundest views sometimes fail in
+practice; thus Lord Campbell had to
+acknowledge that he had himself sinned
+before the year 1857.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_10_10">
+<span class="label">[10]</span></a>
+ <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 5th Series, VIII. 87.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">These are the words written by Lord
+Campbell in the preface to the first
+volume of his <i>Lives of the Chief Justices</i>
+(1857): "I have only further to express
+my satisfaction in thinking that a heavy
+weight is now to be removed from my
+conscience. So essential did I consider
+an index to be to every book, that I
+proposed to bring a Bill into Parliament
+to deprive an author who publishes a
+book without an Index of the privilege
+of copyright; and moreover to subject
+him for his offence to a pecuniary penalty.
+Yet from difficulties started by my
+printers, my own books have hitherto
+been without an Index. But I am happy
+to announce that a learned friend at
+the Bar, on whose accuracy I can place
+entire reliance, has kindly prepared a
+copious index, which will be appended
+to this work, and another for a new
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[pg&nbsp;84]</span>
+stereotyped edition of the Lives of the
+Chancellors."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Mr. John Morley, in an article in the
+<i>Fortnightly Review</i> on Mr. Russell's
+edition of Matthew Arnold's <i>Letters</i>, lifts
+up his voice against an indexless book.
+He says: "One damning sin of omission
+Mr. Russell has indeed perpetrated: the
+two volumes have no index, nor even a
+table of contents."
+<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+ <i>George Selwyn and
+his Contemporaries</i>, a most interesting
+but badly arranged book, by John
+Heneage Jesse, was published without
+an index, and a new edition was issued
+(1882) also without this necessary addition.
+The student of the manners of
+the eighteenth century must constantly
+refer to this book, and yet it is almost
+impossible to find in it what you want
+without great waste of labour. I have
+found it necessary to make a manuscript
+index for my own use.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_11_11">
+<span class="label">[11]</span></a>
+ Quoted <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 8th Series, IX. 425.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[pg&nbsp;85]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p85-1.jpg" width="600" height="95" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="C4" id="C4"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">The Good Indexer.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"Thomas Norton was appointed Remembrancer
+of the city of London in 1570, and
+directions were given to him that 'he shall
+gather together and reduce the same [the Bookes]
+into Indices, Tables or Kalendars, whereby
+they may be more easily, readily and orderly
+founde.'"&mdash;<i>Analytical Index to "Remembrancia,"</i>
+p. v.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p85-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="T" title="T" />
+</div>
+
+<p>HE acrostic</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I&nbsp;&nbsp;I</span><br />
+<span class="i0">N&nbsp;&nbsp;never</span><br />
+<span class="i0">D&nbsp;&nbsp;did</span><br />
+<span class="i0">E&nbsp;&nbsp;ensure</span><br />
+<span class="i0">X&nbsp;&nbsp;exactness</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>made by a contributor to <i>Notes and
+Queries</i> as a motto for an index expresses
+very well the difficulties ever present
+to the indexer; and the most successful
+will confess the truth that it contains,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[pg&nbsp;86]</span>
+however much others may consider his
+work to be good.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are many indexes which are only
+of partial merit, but which a little more
+care and experience on the part of the
+indexer would have made good. If the
+medium indexer felt that indexing was work
+that must be done to the best of his ability,
+and he studied the best examples, he
+would gradually become a good indexer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The famous bibliographer, William
+Oldys, rated the labours of the diligent
+indexer very highly, and expressed his
+views very clearly thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The labour and patience, the judgment
+and penetration which are required
+to make a good index is only known
+to those who have gone through this
+most painful, but least praised part of
+a publication. But laborious as it
+is, I think it is indispensably necessary
+to manifest the treasures of any multifarious
+collection, facilitate the knowledge
+to those who seek it, and invite them to
+make application thereof."
+<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_12_12">
+<span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+ <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 2nd Series, XI. 309.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Similar sentiments were expressed by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[pg&nbsp;87]</span>
+a writer in the <i>Monthly Review</i> which have
+been quoted by Dr. Allibone in his valuable
+<i>Dictionary of English Literature</i>.
+<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_13_13">
+<span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+ Vol. i., p. 85.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The compilation of an index is one of
+those useful labours for which the public,
+commonly better pleased with entertainment
+than with real service, are rarely
+so forward to express their gratitude as
+we think they ought to be. It has been
+considered a task fit only for the plodding
+and the dull: but with more truth it may
+be said that this is the judgment of the
+idle and the shallow. The value of anything,
+it has been observed, is best known
+by the want of it. Agreeably to this
+idea, we, who have often experienced
+great inconveniences from the want of
+indices, entertain the highest sense of
+their worth and importance. We know
+that in the construction of a good index,
+there is far more scope for the exercise
+of judgment and abilities, than is
+commonly supposed. We feel the merits
+of the compiler of such an index, and
+we are ever ready to testify our thankfulness
+for his exertions."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[pg&nbsp;88]</span>
+A goodly roll may be drawn up of
+eminent men who have not been ashamed
+to appear before the world as indexers.
+In the first rank we must place the
+younger Scaliger, who devoted ten months
+on the compilation of an elaborate index
+to Gruter's <i>Thesaurus Inscriptionum</i>.
+Bibliographers have been unanimous in
+praise of the energy exhibited by the
+great critic in undertaking so vast a labour.
+Antonio describes the index as a Herculean
+work, and LeClerc observes that if we
+think it surprising that so great a man
+should undertake so laborious a task
+we must remember that such indexes
+can only be made by a very able man.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Nicolas Antonio, the compiler of one
+of the fullest and most accurate bibliographies
+ever planned, was a connoisseur
+of indexes, and wrote a short essay on
+the makers of them. His <i>Bibliotheca
+Hispana</i> is not known so well as it
+deserves to be, but those who use it find
+it one of the most trustworthy of guides.
+The system upon which the authors'
+names are arranged is one that at first
+sight may seem to give cause for ridicule,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[pg&nbsp;89]</span>
+for they appear in an alphabet of
+Christian names; but when we consider
+that the Spaniards and Portuguese stand
+alone among European nations in respect
+to the importance they pay to the
+Christian name, and remember, further,
+that authors and others are often alluded
+to by their Christian names alone, we
+shall see a valid reason for the plan.
+Another point that should not be forgotten
+is the number of Spanish authors who
+have belonged to the religious orders
+and are never known by their surnames.
+This arrangement, however, necessitates a
+full index of surnames, and Antonio has
+given one which was highly praised both
+by Baillet and Bayle, two men who were
+well able to form an opinion.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Juan de Pineda's <i>Monarchia Ecclesiastica
+o historia Universal del Mundo</i>
+(<i>Salamanca</i>, 1588) has a very curious and
+valuable table which forms the fifth volume
+of the whole set; and the three folio
+volumes of indexes in one alphabet to
+the <i>Annales Ecclesiastici</i> of Baronius form
+a noble work.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Samuel Jeake, senior, compiled a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[pg&nbsp;90]</span>
+valuable work on "Arithmetick" in 1674,
+which was published by his son in 1696:
+&#923;&#959;&#947;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#953;&#954;&#951;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#953;&#945;; <i>or, Arithmetick Surveighed
+and Reviewed</i>. Professor De
+Morgan specially refers to this book in
+his <i>Arithmetical Books</i>, saying: "Those
+who know the value of a large book with
+a good index will pick this one up when
+they can." He praises it on account of
+the value of the information it contains
+and the fulness of the references to that
+information. The alphabetical table,
+directing to some special points noted
+in the precedent treatise, was probably
+the work of Samuel Jeake, junior. The
+author's epistle is dated from Rye, 1674,
+and one of the entries is curious:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Winchelsea, when drowned 74."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">S. Jeake being a resident at Rye had
+an interesting note to add to this:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Among the records of this town of
+Rye is a Memorandum entered that the
+year old Winchelsea was drowned (1287)
+corn was 2<i>s.</i> the quarter."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Thomas Carlyle denounced the putters
+forth of indexless books, and his sincerity
+is proved by the publication in 1874 of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[pg&nbsp;91]</span>
+a separate index to the people's edition
+of his Works. In his introduction to
+<i>Cromwell's Letters and Speeches</i> he is
+very severe on some of the old folios
+he was forced to use:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The Rushworths, Whitelocks, Nalsons,
+Thurloes; enormous folios, these and
+many other have been printed and some
+of them again printed but never yet edited,&mdash;edited
+as you edit wagon-loads of
+broken bricks, and dry mortar simply by
+tumbling up the wagon! Not one of
+those monstrous old volumes has so much
+as an index. It is the general rule of
+editing on this matter. If your editor
+correct the press, it is an honourable
+distinction."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">A very eminent name may be added
+to the list of indexers, for, when a boy
+of fifteen, Macaulay made the index to
+a volume of the <i>Christian Observer</i> (of
+which periodical his father was editor),
+and this he introduced to the notice of
+Hannah More in these words:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"To add to the list, my dear Madam,
+you will soon see a work of mine in print.
+Do not be frightened; it is only the Index
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[pg&nbsp;92]</span>
+to the thirteenth volume of the <i>Christian
+Observer</i>, which I have had the honour
+of composing. Index-making, though the
+lowest, is not the most useless round in
+the ladder of literature; and I pride myself
+upon being able to say that there are
+many readers of the <i>Christian Observer</i>
+who could do without Walter Scott's
+works, but not without those of, my
+dear Madam, your affectionate friend,
+<span class="smcap">Thomas B. Macaulay</span>."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Although proud of his work, Macaulay
+places index-making in a very low position.
+In later life he used a contemptuous
+expression when he was describing the
+appearance of those who followed the
+lowest grade in the literary profession.
+The late Mr. H. Campkin, a veteran
+indexer, quotes this description in the
+preface to one of his valuable indexes&mdash;that
+to the twenty-five volumes of the
+<i>Sussex Archæological Collections</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The compilation of Indexes will always
+and naturally so, be regarded as a humble
+art; 'index-makers in ragged coats of
+frieze' are classed by Lord Macaulay as
+the very lowest of the frequenters of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[pg&nbsp;93]</span>
+coffee houses of the Dryden and Swift
+era. Yet ''tis my vocation, Hal,' and [F1: `'tis?]
+into very pleasant companionship it has
+sometimes brought me, and if in this
+probably the last of my twenty-five years'
+labours in this direction, I have succeeded
+in furnishing a fairly practicable key to
+a valuable set of volumes, my frieze coat,
+how tattered soever signifieth not, will
+continue to hang upon my shoulders
+not uncomfortably."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Though he did not rate highly the
+calling of the indexer, Macaulay knew that
+that lowly mortal has a considerable power
+in his hand if he chooses to use it, for
+he can state in a few words what the
+author may have hidden in verbiage, and
+he can so arrange his materials as to turn
+an author's own words against himself.
+Hence Macaulay wrote to his publishers,
+"Let no d&mdash;&mdash; Tory make the index
+to my History." When the index was
+in progress he appears to have seen
+the draught, which was fuller than he
+thought necessary. He therefore wrote
+to Messrs. Longmans:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"I am very unwilling to seem captious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[pg&nbsp;94]</span>
+about such a work as an Index. By all
+means let Mr. &mdash;&mdash; go on. But offer him
+with all delicacy and courtesy, from me
+this suggestion. I would advise him to
+have very few heads, except proper names.
+A few there must be, such as Convocation,
+Nonjurors, Bank of England,
+National Debt. These are heads to
+which readers who wish for information
+on these subject will naturally turn. But
+I think that Mr. &mdash;&mdash; will on consideration
+perceive that such heads as Priestcraft,
+Priesthood, Party spirit, Insurrection,
+War, Bible, Crown, Controversies, Dissent,
+are quite useless. Nobody will ever
+look for them; and if every passage in
+which party-spirit, dissent, the art of war,
+and the power of the Crown are mentioned,
+is to be noticed in the Index, the
+size of the volumes will be doubled. The
+best rule is to keep close to proper
+names, and never to deviate from that
+rule without some special occasion."
+<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_14_14">
+<span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+ Trevelyan's <i>Life and Letters of Macaulay</i>,
+chap. xi.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">These remarks exhibit Macaulay's
+eminently common-sense view of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[pg&nbsp;95]</span>
+value of an index, but it is evident that
+he did not realise the possibility of a
+good and full index such as might have
+been produced. The <i>History of England</i>,
+with all its wealth of picturesque illustration,
+deserves a full index compiled by
+some one capable of exhibiting the
+spirit of that great work in a brilliant
+analysis.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Sir George Trevelyan's delightful <i>Life</i>
+of his uncle was originally published without
+an index, and Mr. Perceval Clark
+made an admirable one, both full and
+interesting, which was issued by the
+Index Society in 1881. Mr. Clark writes
+in his preface:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The single heading <span class="smcap">Macaulay</span> of
+course takes up a large space of the
+Index, and will be found, together with
+a few other headings, to contain everything
+directly touching him. The list of
+his published writings refers of course
+only to writings mentioned by his
+Biographer, and lays no claim to be
+considered an exhaustive bibliography of
+his works. The books Macaulay read
+that were 'mostly trash' have their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[pg&nbsp;96]</span>
+places in the body of the Index, while
+those that stood by him in all vicissitudes
+as comforters, nurses, and companions,
+have half a page to themselves under
+one of the sections of <span class="smcap">Macaulay</span>. The
+particulars of his life and work in India
+are given under <span class="smcap">India</span>; localities in
+London under <span class="smcap">London</span>; various newspapers
+under <span class="smcap">Newspapers</span>, and certain
+French and Italian towns visited by
+Macaulay under their countries respectively."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Just such an index one would like to
+see of the <i>History of England</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It may be added that the popular
+edition of the <i>Life</i> published subsequently
+has an index.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A large number of official indexes
+are excellent, although some very bad
+ones have been printed. Still, it may
+be generally stated that in Government
+Departments there are those in power
+who know the value of a good digest, and
+understand that it is necessary to employ
+skilled labour. The work is well paid,
+and therefore not scamped; and plenty of
+room is devoted to the index, which is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[pg&nbsp;97]</span>
+printed in a satisfactory manner in type
+well set out.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">We have no modern statistics to offer,
+but the often quoted statement that in
+1778 a total of £12,000 was voted for
+indexes to the Journals of the House of
+Commons shows that the value of indexes
+was appreciated by Parliament in the
+eighteenth century. The items of this
+amount were:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"To Mr. Edward Moore £6400 as a
+final compensation for thirteen years
+labour; Rev. Mr. Forster £3000 for nine
+years' labour; Rev. Dr. Roger Flaxman
+£3000 for nine years' labour; and £500
+to Mr. Cunningham."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">One of the most admirable applications
+of index making is to be found in the
+series of Calendars of State Papers issued
+under the sanction of the Master of the
+Rolls, which have made available to all
+a mass of historical material of unrivalled
+value. How many students have been
+grateful for the indexes to these calendars,
+and also for the aid given to him by the
+indexes to Parliamentary papers and other
+Government publications!</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[pg&nbsp;98]</span>
+It is impossible to mention all the
+good official indexes, but a special word
+of praise must be given to the indexes to
+the <i>Statutes of the Realm</i>, the folio edition
+published by the Record Commission.
+I have often consulted the <i>Alphabetical
+Index to the Statutes from Magna Charta
+to the End of the Reign of Queen Anne</i>
+(1824) with the greatest pleasure and
+profit. It is a model of good workmanship.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The lawyers have analytical minds, and
+they know how important full indexes
+and digests are to complete their stock-in-trade.
+They have done much, but
+there is still much to be done. Lord
+Thring drew up some masterly instructions
+for an index to the Statute Law,
+which is to be considered as a step
+towards a code. These instructions
+conclude with these weighty words:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Let no man imagine that the construction
+of an index to the Statute Law is
+a mere piece of mechanical drudgery,
+unworthy of the energy and ability of an
+accomplished lawyer. Next to codification,
+the most difficult task that can be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[pg&nbsp;99]</span>
+accomplished is to prepare a detailed plan
+for a code, as distinct from the easy task
+of devising a theoretical system of codification.
+Now the preparation of an index,
+such as has been suggested in the above
+instructions, is the preparation of a
+detailed plan for a code. Each effective
+title, is in effect, a plan for the codification
+of the legal subject-matter grouped under
+that title, and the whole index if completed
+would be a summary of a code
+arranged in alphabetical order."
+<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_15_15">
+<span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+These instructions, with specimens of the
+proposed index, are printed in the <i>Law Magazine</i>
+for August, 1877, 4th Series, vol. 8, p. 491.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">That this question of digesting the law
+is to be considered as one which should
+interest all classes of Englishmen, and
+not the lawyer only, may be seen from
+an article in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i>
+(September, 1877) on the "Improvement
+of the Law by Private Enterprise," by the
+late Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, who
+did so much towards a complete digest
+of the law. He wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"I have long believed that the law
+might by proper means be relieved of this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[pg&nbsp;100]</span>
+extreme obscurity and intricacy, and might
+be displayed in its true light as a subject
+of study of the deepest possible interest,
+not only to every one who takes an
+interest in politics or ethics, or in the
+application of logic and metaphysics to
+those subjects. In short, I think that
+nothing but the rearrangement and condensation
+of the vast masses of matter
+contained in our law libraries is required,
+in order to add to human knowledge
+what would be practically a new department
+of the highest and most permanent
+interest. Law holds in suspension both
+the logic and the ethics, which are in
+fact recognised by men of business and
+men of the world as the standards by
+which the practice of common life ought
+to be regulated, and by which men ought
+to form their opinions in all their most
+important temporal affairs. It would be
+a far greater service to mankind than
+many people would suppose to have
+these standards clearly defined and
+brought within the reach of every one
+who cared to study them."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The following remarks will apply with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[pg&nbsp;101]</span>
+equal force to a more general and
+universal index than that of the law:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The preparation of a digest either of
+the whole or of any branch of the law
+is work of a very peculiar kind. It is
+one of the few literary undertakings in
+which a number of persons can really
+and effectively work together. Any
+given subject may, it is true, be dealt
+with in a variety of different ways; but
+when the general scheme, according to
+which it is to be treated, has been determined
+on, when the skeleton of the book
+has been drawn out, plenty of persons
+might be found to do the work of filling
+up the details, though that work is very
+far from being easy or matter of routine."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The value of analytical or index work
+is set in a very strong light by an observation
+of Sir James Stephen respecting
+the early digesters of the law. The origin
+of English law is to be found in the
+year-books and other series of old
+reports, which from the language used
+in them and the black-letter printing
+with its contractions, etc., are practically
+inaccessible. Lord Chief Justice Coke
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[pg&nbsp;102]</span>
+and others who reduced these books
+into form are in consequence treated as
+ultimate authorities, although the almost
+worshipped Coke is said by Sir James
+to be "one of the most confused,
+pedantic, and inaccurate of men."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A good index is that to the Works
+of Jeremy Bentham, published in 1843
+under the dictation of Sir John Bowring.
+<i>The Analytical Index to the Works of
+Jeremy Bentham and to the Memoirs
+and Correspondence</i> was compiled by
+J. H. Burton, to whom it does great
+credit. The indexer prefixed a sensible
+note, where he writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"In some instances it would have
+been impossible to convey a notion of
+the train of reasoning followed by the
+author, without using his own words, and
+in these no attempt has been made
+to do more than indicate the place
+where the subject is discussed. In other
+cases where it has appeared to the compiler
+that an intelligible analysis has been
+made, he may have failed in his necessarily
+abbreviated sentences in embodying
+the meaning of the original, but defects
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>[pg&nbsp;103]</span>
+of this description are indigenous to
+Indexes in general."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">But here all is utility, and it is to
+the literary index that we turn for
+pleasure as well as instruction.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The index to Ruskin's <i>Fors Clavigera</i>,
+vols. 1-8 (1887), is a most interesting book,
+especially to Ruskin admirers. There
+are some specially delightful original and
+characteristic references under the heading
+of <i>London</i>, such as the following:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"London, Fifty square miles outside of, demoralised by upper classes</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Its middle classes compare unfavourably with apes</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Some blue sky in, still</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Hospital named after Christ's native village in,</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; Honestest journal of, <i>Punch</i>.</span><br />
+<span class="i0">&mdash;&mdash; crossings, what would they be without benevolent police?"</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The index is well made and the
+references are full of life and charm,
+but the whole is spoilt by the bad
+arrangement. The entries are set out in
+single lines under the headings in the
+successive order of the pages. This looks
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[pg&nbsp;104]</span>
+unsystematic, as they ought to be arranged
+in alphabet. When the references are
+given in the order of the pages they should
+be printed in block.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are several entries commencing
+with "'s"; thus, under</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"<span class="smcap">St. George.</span>"</span><br />
+<span class="i0">p. 386:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"'s war</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"of Hanover Square."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">p. 387:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"'s Square</span><br />
+<span class="i2">'s, Hanover Square"</span><br />
+<span class="i0">p. 389:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"'s law</span><br />
+<span class="i2">'s school</span><br />
+<span class="i2">'s message</span><br />
+<span class="i2">'s Chapel at Venice."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In long headings that occupy separate
+pages these are repeated at the top of
+the page, but the headings are not sufficiently
+full: thus the saints are arranged
+in alphabet under <i>S</i>; George commences
+on page 386. On</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">p. 387:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"Saint&mdash;Saints <i>continued</i></span><br />
+<span class="i2">story of,"</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[pg&nbsp;105]</span>
+<span class="i0">p. 388:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"what of gold etc. he thinks good for people, they shall have"</span><br />
+<span class="i0">p. 389:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"tenth part of fortunes for"</span><br />
+<span class="i0">p. 390:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"his creed"</span><br />
+<span class="i0">p. 391:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">"loss of a good girl for his work"</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In the case of all the references on
+these pages you have to go back to
+page 386 to find out to whom they
+refer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There is a particularly bad block of
+references filling half a page under
+<i>Lord</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Lord, High Chancellor, 7.6; 's Prayer vital to a nation, 7.22; Mayor and Corporation, &amp;c of Hosts."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">It is a pity that an interesting index
+should be thus marred by bad arrangement.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Dr. Birkbeck Hill's complete index to
+his admirable edition of Boswell's <i>Life
+of Johnson</i> is a delightful companion
+to the work, and may be considered as
+a model of what an index should be;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[pg&nbsp;106]</span>
+for compilation, arrangement, and printing
+all are good. Under the different
+headings are capital abstracts in blocks.
+There are sub-headings in alphabet under
+the main heading <i>Johnson</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A charming appendix to the index
+consists of "Dicta Philosophi: A Concordance
+of Johnson's Sayings."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Dr. Hill writes in his preface:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"In my Index, which has cost me
+many months' heavy work, 'while I bore
+burdens with dull patience and beat the
+track of the alphabet with sluggish resolution,'
+I have, I hope, shown that I
+am not unmindful of all that I owe
+to men of letters. To the dead we
+cannot pay the debt of gratitude that
+is their due. Some relief is obtained from
+its burthen, if we in our turn make the
+men of our own generation debtors
+to us. The plan on which my Index
+is made, will I trust be found convenient.
+By the alphabetical arrangement in the
+separate entries of each article the reader,
+I venture to think, will be greatly facilitated
+in his researches. Certain subjects
+I have thought it best to form into groups.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[pg&nbsp;107]</span>
+Under America, France, Ireland, London,
+Oxford, Paris and Scotland, are gathered
+together almost all the references to
+those subjects. The provincial towns of
+France, however, by some mistake I
+did not include in the general article.
+One important but intentional omission
+I must justify. In the case of the
+quotations in which my notes abound
+I have not thought it needful in the
+Index to refer to the book unless the
+eminence of the author required a
+separate and a second entry. My
+labour would have been increased beyond
+all endurance and my Index have
+been swollen almost into a monstrosity
+had I always referred to the book as
+well as to the matter which was contained
+in the passage that I extracted.
+Though in such a variety of subjects
+there must be many omissions, yet I
+shall be greatly disappointed if actual
+errors are discovered. Every entry I
+have made myself, and every entry I
+have verified in the proof sheets, not
+by comparing it with my manuscript,
+but by turning to the reference in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[pg&nbsp;108]</span>
+printed volumes. Some indulgence
+nevertheless may well be claimed and
+granted. If Homer at times nods, an
+index maker may be pardoned, should
+he in the fourth or fifth month of his
+task at the end of a day of eight hours'
+work grow drowsy. May I fondly hope
+that to the maker of so large an index
+will be extended the gratitude which
+Lord Bolingbroke says was once shown
+to lexicographers? 'I approve,' writes
+his lordship, 'the devotion of a studious
+man at Christ Church, who was overheard
+in his oratory entering into a
+detail with God, and acknowledging the
+divine goodness in furnishing the world
+with makers of dictionaries.'"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">It is impossible to speak too highly
+of Dr. Hill's indexes to Boswell's <i>Life of
+Johnson</i> and Boswell's <i>Letters</i> and <i>Johnson
+Miscellanies</i>. Not only are they good
+indexes in themselves, but an indescribable
+literary air breathes over every
+page, and gives distinction to the whole.
+The index volume of the <i>Life</i> is by no
+means the least interesting of the set,
+and one instinctively thinks of the once
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[pg&nbsp;109]</span>
+celebrated Spaniard quoted by the great
+bibliographer Antonio&mdash;that the index of
+a book should be made by the author,
+even if the book itself were written by
+some one else.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The very excellence of this index
+has been used as a cause of complaint
+against its compiler. It has been said
+that everything that is known of Johnson
+can be found in the index, and therefore
+that the man who uses it is able to pose
+as a student, appearing to know as much
+as he who knows his <i>Boswell</i> by heart;
+but this is somewhat of a joke, for no
+useful information can be gained unless
+the book to which the index refers is
+searched, and he who honestly searches
+ceases to be a smatterer. It is absurd
+to deprive earnest readers of a useful
+help lest reviewers and smatterers misuse
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Boswell himself made the original index
+to the <i>Life of Johnson</i>, which has several
+characteristic signs of its origin. Mr.
+Percy Fitzgerald, in his edition (1874),
+reprints the original "Table of Contents
+to the Life of Johnson," with this note:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[pg&nbsp;110]</span>
+"This is Mr. Boswell's own Index, the
+paging being altered to suit the present
+edition; and the reader will see that it
+bears signs of having been prepared by Mr.
+Boswell himself. In the second edition
+he made various additions, as well as
+alterations, which are characteristic in
+their way. Thus, 'Lord Bute' is changed
+into 'the Earl of Bute,' and 'Francis
+Barber' into 'Mr. Francis Barber.'
+After Mrs. Macaulay's name he added,
+'Johnson's acute and unanswerable refutation
+of her levelling reveries'; and
+after that of Hawkins he put 'contradicted
+and corrected.' There are also
+various little compliments introduced
+where previously he had merely given
+the name. Such as 'Temple, Mr., the
+author's old and most intimate friend';
+'Vilette, Reverend Mr., his just claims
+on the publick'; 'Smith, Captain, his
+attention to Johnson at Warley Camp';
+'Somerville, Mr., the authour's warm and
+grateful remembrance of him'; 'Hall,
+General, his politeness to Johnson at
+Warley Camp'; 'Heberden, Dr., his
+kind attendance on Johnson.' On the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[pg&nbsp;111]</span>
+other hand, Lord Eliot's 'politeness to
+Johnson' which stands in the first
+edition, is cut down in the second to
+the bald 'Eliot, Lord'; while 'Loughborough,
+Lord, his talents and great good
+fortune,' may have seemed a little offensive,
+and was expunged. The Literary
+Club was reverentially put in capitals.
+There are also such odd entries as
+'Brutus, a ruffian,' &amp;c."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">One wishes that there were more indexes
+like Dr. Hill's in the world; and since I
+made an index to Shelley's works, I have
+often thought that a series of indexes of
+great authors would be of inestimable
+value.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">First, all the author's works should be
+indexed, then his biographies, and lastly
+the anecdotes and notices in reviews
+and other books. How valuable would
+such books be in the study of our
+greatest poets! The plan is quite possible
+of attainment, and the indexes
+would be entertaining in themselves if
+made fairly full.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It is not possible to refer to all the
+good indexes that have been produced,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[pg&nbsp;112]</span>
+for they are too numerous. A very
+remarkable index is that of the publications
+of the Parker Society by Henry
+Gough, which contains a great mass of
+valuable information presented in a handy
+form. It is the only volume issued by
+the society which is sought after, as
+the books themselves are a drug in the
+market. Mr. Gough was employed to
+make an index to the publications of
+the Camden Society, which would have
+been of still more value on account of
+the much greater interest of the books
+indexed; but the expense of printing the
+index was too great for the funds of the
+society, and it had to be abandoned,
+to the great loss of the literary world.
+Most of the archæological societies,
+commencing with the Society of Antiquaries,
+have issued excellent indexes, and
+the scientific societies also have produced
+indexes of varying merit.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The esteem in which the indexes of
+<i>Notes and Queries</i> are held is evidenced
+by the high prices they realise when they
+occur for sale. Mr. Tedder's full indexes
+to the Reports of the Conference of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg&nbsp;113]</span>
+Librarians and the Library Association
+may also be mentioned.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A very striking instance of the great
+value which a general index of a book
+may possess as a distinct work can be
+seen in the "Index to the first ten
+volumes of Book Prices Current (1887-1896),
+constituting a reference list of
+subjects and incidentally a key to Anonymous
+and Pseudonymous Literature,
+London, 1901."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Here, in one alphabet, is a brief bibliography
+of the books sold in ten years
+well set out, and the dates of the distinctive
+editions clearly indicated. The compilation
+of this index must have been a
+specially laborious work, and does great
+credit to William Jaggard, of Liverpool,
+the compiler.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The authorities of the Clarendon Press,
+Oxford, are to be highly commended for
+their conduct in respect to the index
+to Ranke's <i>History of England</i>. This
+was attached to the sixth volume of the
+work published in 1875. It is by no
+means a bad index in itself; but a revised
+index was issued in 1897, which is a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[pg&nbsp;114]</span>
+greatly improved edition by the addition
+of dates and fuller descriptions and
+Christian names and titles to the persons
+mentioned. The new index is substantially
+the same as the old one, but the
+reviser has gone carefully through it,
+improving it at all points, by which means
+it was extended over an additional twenty-three
+pages. It is instructive to compare
+the two editions. Four references as
+they appear in the two will show the
+improvement:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="old and new index">
+<tr>
+<td><i>Old index.</i></td>
+<td><i>New index.</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Lower House."</td>
+<td>"Lower House see Commons, House of."</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Window tax v. 102."</td>
+<td>"Window tax, imposed 1695 v. 102."</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Witt, John de."</td>
+<td>"Witt, Cornelius de."</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>"Witt, Cornelius de."</td>
+<td>"Witt, John de."</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Miss Hetherington has very justly
+explained the cause of bad indexing.
+She says that it has been stated in the
+<i>Review of Reviews</i> that the indexer is
+born, <i>not</i> made, and that the present
+writer said: "An ideal indexer needs
+many qualifications; but unlike the poet
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg&nbsp;115]</span>
+he is not born, <i>but</i> made!" She then
+adds to these differing opinions: "More
+truly he is born <i>and</i> made."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">I agree to the correction and forswear
+my former heresy. Certainly the indexer
+requires to be born with some of the
+necessary qualities innate in him, and
+then he requires to have those qualities
+turned to a practical point by the study
+of good examples, so as to know what
+to follow and what to avoid. Miss
+Hetherington goes on to say:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"As a matter of fact, people without
+the first necessary qualifications, or any
+aptitude whatever for the work are set
+to compile indexes, and the work is
+regarded as nothing more than purely
+mechanical copying that any hack may
+do. So long as indexing and cataloguing
+are treated with contempt rather than
+as arts not to be acquired in a day, or
+perhaps a year, and so long as authors
+and their readers are indifferent to good
+work, will worthless indexing continue."
+<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_16_16">
+<span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+<i>Index to the Periodical Literature of the
+World</i> (1892).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">What, then, are the chief characteristics
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg&nbsp;116]</span>
+that are required to form a good indexer?
+I think they may be stated under five
+headings:</p>
+
+<p class="indent">1. Common-sense.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">2. Insight into the meaning of the author.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">3. Power of analysis.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">4. Common feeling with the consulter
+and insight into his mind, so that the
+indexer may put the references he has
+drawn from the book under headings
+where they are most likely to be sought.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">5. General knowledge, with the power
+of overcoming difficulties.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The ignorant man cannot make a good
+index. The indexer will find that his
+miscellaneous knowledge is sure to come
+in useful, and that which he might doubt
+would ever be used by him will be found
+to be helpful when least expected. It
+may seem absurd to make out that the
+good indexer should be a sort of Admirable
+Crichton. There can be no doubt,
+however, that he requires a certain
+amount of knowledge; and the good
+cataloguer and indexer, without knowing
+everything, will be found to possess a
+keen sense of knowledge.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg&nbsp;117]</span>
+As I owe all my interest in bibliography
+and indexing to him, I may perhaps be
+allowed to introduce the name of my
+elder brother, the late Mr. B. R.
+Wheatley, a Vice-President of the Library
+Association, as that of a good indexer.
+He devoted his best efforts to the
+advancement of bibliography. When
+fresh from school he commenced his
+career by making the catalogue of one of
+the parts of the great <i>Heber Catalogue</i>.
+He planned and made one of the earliest
+of indexes to a library catalogue&mdash;that of
+the Athenæum Club. He made one of the
+best of indexes to the transactions of a
+society in that of the Statistical Society,
+which he followed by indexes of the
+Transactions of the Royal Medical and
+Chirurgical Society, Clinical, and other
+societies. He also made an admirable
+index to Tooke's <i>History of Prices</i>&mdash;a
+work of great labour, which met with the
+high approval of the authors, Thomas
+Tooke and William Newmarch.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p117.jpg" width="400" height="106" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg&nbsp;118]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p118-1.jpg" width="600" height="82" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="C5" id="C5"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">Different Classes of Indexes.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"Of all your talents you are a most amazing
+man at Indexes. What a flag too, do you hang
+out at the stern! You must certainly persuade
+people that the book overflows with matter,
+which (to speak the truth) is but thinly spread.
+But I know all this is fair in trade, and you have
+a right to expect that the publick should purchase
+freely when you reduce the whole book into an
+epitome for their benefit; I shall read the index
+with pleasure."&mdash;<span class="smcap">William Clarke to William
+Bowyer</span>, <span class="smcap">Nichols's</span> <i>Literary Anecdotes</i>, vol. 3,
+p. 46.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p118-2.jpg" width="100" height="97" alt="I" title="I" />
+</div>
+
+<p>N dealing with the art of the
+indexer it is most important to
+consider the different classes of
+indexes. There are simple indexes,
+such as those of names and
+places, which only require care and
+proper alphabetical arrangement. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>[pg&nbsp;119]</span>
+makers of these often plume themselves
+upon their work; but they must
+remember that the making of these indexes
+can only be ranked as belonging
+to the lowest rung of the index ladder.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The easiest books to index are those
+coming within the classes of History,
+Travel, Topography, and generally those
+that deal almost entirely with facts. The
+indexing of these is largely a mechanical
+operation, and only requires care and
+judgment. Verbal indexes and concordances
+are fairly easy when the plan
+is settled; but they are often works of
+great labour, and the compilers deserve
+great credit for their perseverance. John
+Marbeck stands at the head of this body
+of indefatigable workers who have placed
+the world under the greatest obligations.
+He was the first to publish a concordance
+of the Bible,
+<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>
+ to be followed nearly two
+centuries later by the work of Alexander
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>[pg&nbsp;120]</span>
+Cruden, whose name has almost become
+a synonym for a concordance. After the
+Bible come the works of Shakespeare, indexed
+by Samuel Ayscough (1790), Francis
+Twiss (1805), Mrs. Cowden Clarke (1845),
+and Mr. John Bartlett, who published
+in 1894 a still fuller concordance than
+that of Mrs. Clarke. It is a vast quarto
+volume of 1,910 pages in double columns,
+and represents an enormous amount
+of self-denying labour. Dr. Alexander
+Schmidt's <i>Shakespeare Lexicon</i> (1874) is
+something more than a concordance, for
+it is a dictionary as well.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_17_17">
+<span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+"A Concordance, that is to saie, a worke
+wherein by the ordre of the letters of the ABC
+ye maie redely finde any worde conteigned in
+the whole Bible, so often as it is there expressed
+or mencioned ... anno 1550."&mdash;<i>Folio.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">A dictionary is an index of words.
+We do not mention dictionaries in this
+connection to insist on the fact that they
+are indexes of words, but rather to point
+out that a dictionary such as those of
+Liddell and Scott, Littré, Murray, and
+Bradley, reaches the high watermark
+of index work, and so the ordinary indexer
+is able to claim that he belongs to
+the same class as the producers of such
+masterpieces as these.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Scientific books are the most difficult
+to index; but here there is a difference
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>[pg&nbsp;121]</span>
+between the science of fact and the
+science of thought, the latter being the
+most difficult to deal with. The indexing
+of books of logic and ethics will call forth
+all the powers of the indexer and show
+his capabilities; but what we call the
+science of fact contains opinions as well
+as facts, and some branches of political
+economy are subjects by no means easy
+to index.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Some authors indicate their line of
+reasoning by the compilation of headings.
+This is a great help to the indexer; but if
+the author does not present such headings,
+the indexer has to make them himself,
+and he therefore needs the abilities of the
+<i>précis</i>-writer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are indexes of Books, of Transactions,
+Periodicals, etc., and indexes of
+Catalogues. Each of these classes demands
+a different method. A book must
+be thoroughly indexed; but the index of
+Journals and Transactions may be confined
+to the titles of the papers and
+articles. It is, however, better to index
+the contents of the essays as well as
+their titles.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[pg&nbsp;122]</span>
+Before the indexer commences his
+work he must consider whether his index
+is to be full or short. Sometimes it is
+not necessary to adopt the full index&mdash;frequently
+it is too expensive a luxury for
+publisher or author; but the short index
+can be done well if necessary.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Whatever plan is followed, the indexer
+must use his judgment. This ought to
+be the marked characteristic of the good
+indexer. The bad indexer is entirely
+without this great gift.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">While trying to be complete, the
+indexer must reject the trivial; and this
+is not always easy. He must not follow
+in the steps of the lady who confessed
+that she only indexed those points which
+specially interested her. We have fair
+warning of incompleteness in <i>The Register
+of Corpus Christi Guild, York</i>, published
+by the Surtees Society in 1872, where we
+read, on page 321:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"This Index contains the names of
+all persons mentioned in the appendix
+and foot-notes, but a selection only is
+given of those who were admitted into
+the Guild or enrolled in the Obituary."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>[pg&nbsp;123]</span>
+The plan here adopted is not to be
+commended, for it is clear that so important
+a name-list as this is should be
+thoroughly indexed. However learned
+and judicious an editor may be, we do
+not choose to submit to his judgment
+in the offhand decision of what is and
+what is not important.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There is a considerable difference in
+the choice of headings for a general or
+special index&mdash;say, for instance, in
+indexing electrical subjects the headings
+would differ greatly in the indexes of
+the Institution of Civil Engineers or
+of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
+In the former, dynamos, transformers,
+secondary or storage batteries, alternate
+and continuous currents would probably
+be grouped under the general heading
+of Electricity, while in the latter we shall
+find Dynamos under D, Transformers
+under T, Batteries under B, Alternate
+under A, and Continuous under C.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The indexes to catalogues of libraries,
+etc., are among the most difficult of indexes
+to compile. It was not usual to attach an
+index of subjects to a catalogue of authors
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>[pg&nbsp;124]</span>
+until late years, and that to the <i>Catalogue
+of the Athenæum Club Library</i> (1851) is
+an early specimen. The <i>New York State
+Library Catalogue</i> (1856) has an index,
+as have those of the <i>Royal Medical
+and Chirurgical Society</i> (1860) and the
+<i>London Library</i> (1865 and 1875). That
+appended to the <i>Catalogue of the Manchester
+Free Library</i> (1864) is more a
+short list of titles than an index.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are special difficulties attendant
+on the indexing of catalogues. Books are
+written in many languages, and there is
+considerable trouble in bringing together
+the books on a given subject produced
+in many countries. The titles of books
+are not drawn up on the same system
+or with any wish to help the indexer.
+Titles are seldom straightforward, for they
+are largely concocted to attract the
+readers, without any honest wish to express
+correctly the nature of the contents
+of the book. They are usually either too
+short or too enigmatical. The titles of
+pamphlets, again, are often too long; and
+it may be taken as an axiom that the
+longer the title the less important the book.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>[pg&nbsp;125]</span>
+The indexer, however, has a great
+advantage over the cataloguer, because
+the latter is bound by bibliographical
+etiquette not to alter the title of a book,
+while the indexer is at liberty to alter
+the title as he likes, so as to bring together
+books on the same subject, however
+different the titles may be. Herein consists
+the great objection to the index
+composed of short titles, as in Dr.
+Crestadoro's <i>Index to the Manchester Free
+Library Catalogue</i>. Books almost entirely
+alike in subject are separated by reason
+of the different wording of the titles.
+It is much more convenient to gather
+together under one entry books identical
+in subject, and there is no utility in
+separating an "elementary treatise" on
+electricity from "the elements" of electricity.
+One important point connected
+with indexes to catalogues is to add the
+date of the book after the name of the
+author, so that the seeker may know
+whether the book is old or new.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">An index ought not to supersede the
+table of contents, as this is often useful
+for those who cannot find what they want
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>[pg&nbsp;126]</span>
+in the index, from having forgotten the
+point of the heading under which it would
+most likely appear in the alphabet.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the year 1900 there was a controversy
+in <i>The Times</i> on a proposed
+subject index to the catalogue of the
+library of the British Museum. It was
+commenced on October 15th by a letter
+signed "A Scholar," and closed on
+November 19th by the same writer, who
+summed up the whole controversy. "A
+Scholar" expressed himself strongly against
+the proposal, and as he himself confesses
+he used very arrogant language. In consequence
+of which, most readers must
+have desired to find him proved to be
+in the wrong. This desire was satisfied
+when Mr. Fortescue, the keeper of the
+printed books at the British Museum,
+delivered his address as President of the
+Library Association on August 27th last.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The two points made by the "Scholar"
+were: (1) That the making of a general
+subject index to the catalogue proposed
+by the authorities of the British Museum
+would be a waste of money; (2) That it
+was a great evil for the five-yearly indexes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>[pg&nbsp;127]</span>
+originated by Mr. Fortescue to be discontinued.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Now let us see what is to be said
+with authority on these points.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Mr. Fortescue said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Last Autumn ... I read with respectful
+astonishment a letter to 'The
+Times' from a writer who preferred to
+veil his identity under the modest signature
+of 'a Scholar.' There I read that
+'the studious public of this country and
+Europe in general have been surprised
+by the news that the authorities of the
+British Museum seriously contemplate
+the compilation of a subject index to
+the vast collection of printed books
+in that library.' I can assure you that
+the surprise of the studious public and
+of Europe in general cannot have surpassed
+my own when I thus learned
+of what the authorities were seriously
+contemplating. Nevertheless, it left me
+able, I thought, to discern that their vast
+conceptions had not been so fortunate as
+to gain the approval of 'a Scholar' and
+to marvel whence <i>The Times</i> and other
+great journals had drawn their truly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[pg&nbsp;128]</span>
+surprising information. Some of the
+arguments put forth in sundry criticisms
+of the 'scheme' showed how much thought
+had been bestowed upon matters which
+then first dazzled my bewildered imagination.
+It may come some day (who shall
+say what will not?), this General Index,
+or it may never come. But up to the
+present moment I am aware of no
+authority who is seriously contemplating
+so large a venture unless perhaps it be
+'a Scholar' himself."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Then as to the five-yearly indexes
+Mr. Fortescue said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Experience has taught us that there
+is no form of subject-index which the
+public values so highly as one which gives
+the most recent literature on every possible
+subject. And to meet this manifest want
+we shall certainly continue to issue, with
+all the latest improvements I hope, the
+modest Indexes which we have hitherto
+published in five-yearly (I am afraid as
+President of The Library Association I
+should say 'in quinquennial') volumes.
+The Museum sweeps its net so wide and
+in such remote seas that a more or less
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>[pg&nbsp;129]</span>
+complete collection of books on almost
+every subject or historical event is gathered
+within it for future students. To take
+only two incidents from the last year or
+two, the next index will contain not less
+than a hundred and forty books and
+pamphlets, in almost every European
+tongue, on the Dreyfus case, and from
+four to five hundred books on the present
+war in South Africa. Such bibliographical
+tests have more than an ephemeral or
+immediate value. They will remain as
+records of events or phases of thought
+long after their causes shall have faded
+from all but the page of history."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Of late years the dictionary catalogue
+has come very largely into use in public
+libraries. This consists of a union of
+catalogue of authors and index of subjects
+which is found to be very useful
+and illuminating to the readers in free
+libraries, most of whom are probably not
+versed in the niceties of bibliographical
+arrangement, but are more likely to want
+a book on a particular subject than to
+require a special book which they know.
+Mr. Cutter has written the history of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>[pg&nbsp;130]</span>
+dictionary catalogue in the <i>United States
+Special Report</i> (pp. 533-539), and he
+traces it back in America to about the
+year 1815.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Excellent specimens of these dictionary
+catalogues have been produced. They
+are of great value to the ordinary reader
+at a small public library, but I venture
+to think that to construct one for a
+large library is a waste of power, because
+if several large libraries of a similar
+character do the same thing, there is
+constant repetition and considerable loss
+by the unnecessary outlay. If a fairly
+complete standard index were made, it
+could be used by all the libraries, and
+in return the libraries might unite to
+pay its cost. I am pleased to know
+that Mr. Fortescue prefers to keep index
+and catalogue distinct. He said in his
+address:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"I have formed, so far as I know,
+but one dogmatic conviction, and it is
+this: that the best catalogue which the
+art of man can invent is a catalogue in
+two inter-dependent yet independent
+parts; the first and greater part an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>[pg&nbsp;131]</span>
+alphabetical catalogue of authors, the
+second and lesser part a subject-index.
+I know well that I shall be told that I
+am out of date, that such an opinion
+is as the voice of one crying in the
+wilderness&mdash;that the dictionary catalogue
+has won its battle&mdash;but even so, perhaps
+the more so, do I feel it the part of a
+serious and immovable conviction to
+declare my belief that&mdash;for student and
+librarian alike&mdash;this twofold catalogue,
+author and subject each in its own
+division, is the best catalogue a library
+can have, and that the dictionary catalogue
+is the very worst. But whatever
+may be our individual opinion on this
+head, it is only necessary to enter into
+a very simple calculation to see that
+if the dictionary system could have
+governed the rules of the British Museum
+Catalogue it would by now have consisted
+of not less than twelve million entries;
+and assuredly it would have been neither
+completed nor printed to-day."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>[pg&nbsp;132]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p132-1.jpg" width="600" height="99" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="C6" id="C6"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">General Rules for Alphabetical
+Indexes.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"In order to guard against blunders Bayle
+proposed that certain directions should be drawn
+up for the guidance of the compilers of indexes."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p132-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="T" title="T" />
+</div>
+
+<p>HESE rules, originally drawn up
+by a committee of the Index
+Society, were primarily intended
+for the use of indexers making
+indexes of indexless books to be published
+by the society, which, being produced
+separately from the books themselves,
+needed some introductory note. In all
+cases, however, some explanation of the
+mode of compilation should be attached
+to the index. The compiler comes fresh
+from his difficulties and the expedients
+he has devised to overcome them, and
+it is therefore well for him to explain to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>[pg&nbsp;133]</span>
+the user of the index what those special
+difficulties are.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The object of the Index Society was
+to set up a standard of uniformity in the
+compilation of the indexes published by
+them. Although rigid uniformity is not
+needed in all indexes, it is well that these
+should be made in accordance with the
+best experience of past workers rather
+than on a system which varies with the
+mood of the compiler. It is hoped that
+the following rules may be of some
+practical use to future indexers.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the eighth chapter of <i>How to Catalogue
+a Library</i> there are a series of rules
+for making a catalogue of a small library
+in which are codified the different points
+which had been discussed in the previous
+chapters. In the present chapter the
+Index Society rules are printed in italic,
+and to them are now added some illustrative
+remarks. There is necessarily a
+certain likeness between rules for indexing
+and rules for cataloguing, but the differences
+are perhaps more marked. At all
+events, the rules for one class of work will
+not always be suitable for the other class.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>[pg&nbsp;134]</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">1. <i>Every work should have one index to the
+whole set, and not an index to each volume.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">An index to each volume of a set
+is convenient if a general amalgamated
+index to the whole set is given as well;
+but a work with several indexes and no
+general one is most inconvenient and
+irritating, while to have both seems extravagant.
+If, however, the author or
+publisher is willing to present both, it is
+not for the user of the book to complain.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">2. <i>Indexes to be arranged in alphabetical
+order, proper names and subjects being
+united in one alphabet. An introduction
+containing some indication of the classification
+of the contents of the book indexed to
+be prefixed.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">In an alphabetical index the alphabet
+must be all in all. When the alphabet
+is used, it must be used throughout.
+There is no advantage in dividing proper
+names from subjects, as is so often
+done, particularly in foreign indexes.
+Another objectionable practice frequently
+adopted in the indexes of periodical
+publications is to keep together the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>[pg&nbsp;135]</span>
+entries under the separate headings used
+in the journal itself, and thus to have
+a number of distinct alphabets under
+different headings. This union of alphabetical
+and classified indexing has been
+condemned on a former page, and need
+not here be referred to further.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the case of large headings the items
+should be arranged in alphabetical order
+under them. There is occasionally a
+difficulty in carrying this out completely,
+but it should be attempted. We want
+as little classification as possible in an
+alphabetical index. Mr. W. F. Poole
+wisely said in reference to the proposal
+of one of his helpers on the <i>Index of
+Periodical Literature</i> to place Wealth,
+Finance, and Population under the heading
+of Political Economy: "The fatal defect
+of every classified arrangement is that
+nobody understands it except the person
+who made it and he is often in doubt."</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">3. <i>The entries to be arranged according
+to the order of the English alphabet. I
+and J and U and V to be kept distinct.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">There are few things more irritating
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>[pg&nbsp;136]</span>
+than to find the alphabet confused by the
+union of the vowel <i>i</i> with the consonant <i>j</i>,
+or the vowel <i>u</i> with the consonant <i>v</i>. No
+doubt they were not distinguished some
+centuries ago, but this is no reason why
+they should again be confused now that
+they are usually distinct. There may
+be special reasons why they should be
+mixed together in the British Museum
+Catalogue, but it is not evident that
+these are sufficient.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The only safe rule is to use the English
+alphabet as it is to-day in an English
+index. One of the rules of the American
+Library Association is: "The German
+<i>ae</i>, <i>oe</i>, <i>ue</i> always to be written <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>, and
+arranged as <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>." By this Goethe
+would have to be written Göthe, which is
+now an unusual form, and I think it would
+be better to insist that where both forms
+are used, one or other should be chosen
+and all instances spelt alike. It is a
+very common practice to arrange <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>,
+as if they were written <i>ae</i>, <i>oe</i>, <i>ue</i>; but
+this leads to the greatest confusion, and
+no notice should be taken of letters that
+are merely to be understood.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>[pg&nbsp;137]</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">4. <i>Headings consisting of two or more
+distinct words are not to be treated as
+integral portions of one word; thus the
+arrangement should be</i>:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="headings">
+<tr>
+<td><i>Grave</i>, John</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td><i>Grave</i> at Kherson</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Grave</i> at Kherson</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td><i>Grave</i>, John</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Grave</i> of Hope</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td><i>Gravelot</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Grave</i> Thoughts</td>
+<td>not</td>
+<td><i>Grave</i> of Hope</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Gravelot</i></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td><i>Gravesend</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Gravesend</i></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td><i>Grave</i> Thoughts.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The perfect alphabetical arrangement is
+often ignored, and it is not always easy
+to decide as to what is the best order;
+but the above rule seems to put the
+matter pretty clearly. If no system is
+adhered to, it becomes very difficult to
+steer a course through the confusion.
+When such entries are printed, a very
+incongruous appearance often results from
+the use of a line to indicate repetition
+when a word similar in spelling, but not
+really the same word, occurs; thus, in the
+above, Grave <i>surname</i>, Grave <i>substantive</i>,
+and Grave <i>adjective</i> must all be repeated.
+It is inattention to this obvious fact that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>[pg&nbsp;138]</span>
+has caused such ludicrous blunders as
+the following:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Mill on Liberty</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> &mdash;&mdash; on the Floss."
+<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Cotton, Sir Willoughby,</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> &mdash;&mdash;, price of."</span><br />
+<span class="i0">"Old age</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> &mdash;&mdash; Artillery Yard</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> &mdash;&mdash; Bailey."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_18_18">
+<span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+Miss Hetherington gives an additional instance
+of this class of blunder, but her only authority is
+"said to be from the index of a young lady's scrap
+book":</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Patti, Adelina,</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> &mdash;&mdash; oyster."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The example in the text is absolutely genuine,
+although it has been doubted.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">These are all genuine entries taken from
+books, and similar blunders are not
+uncommon even in fairly good indexes;
+thus, in the <i>Calendar of Treasury Papers</i>,
+1714-1719, issued by the Public Record
+Office, under <i>Ireland</i> are the following
+entries:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Ireland, Mrs. Jane, Sempstress and
+Starcher to King William; cxcvii. 32.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>[pg&nbsp;139]</span>
+... Attorney General of, <i>See</i> Attorney
+General, Ireland."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Then follow nearly two columns on
+Ireland with the marks of repetition (...)
+throughout.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The names of streets in the <i>Post Office
+Directory</i> are now arranged in a strict
+alphabetical order on the lines laid down
+in this rule; thus we have:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"White Street</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> White's Row</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> White Heart</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> Whitechapel."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Again:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Abbott Road</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> Abbott Street</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> Abbott's Road."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Again:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"King Square</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> King Street</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> King and Queen Street</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> King David Street</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> King Edward Road</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> King William Street</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> King's Arms Court</span><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" id="page140"></a>[pg&nbsp;140]</span>
+<span class="i0"> King's Road</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> Kinglake Street</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> Kingsbury Road</span><br />
+<span class="i0"> Kingsgate Street."</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Sometimes there is a slip, as might be
+expected in so complicated a list of names.
+Thus in the foregoing sequence Kinghorn
+Street comes between King William
+Street and King's Arms Court, while I
+think it ought to come immediately before
+Kinglake Street; but, after all, this is a
+matter of opinion. Strattondale Street
+comes before Stratton Street; but this is
+merely a case of missorting.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There is one piece of alphabetisation
+which the editor of the <i>Post Office
+Directory</i> has always adopted, and that
+is to place Upper and Lower under those
+adjectives, and Old Bond Street under
+<i>Old</i>, and New Bond Street under <i>New</i>.
+These two names belong to what is
+practically one street (although each
+division is separately numbered), which
+is always spoken of as Bond Street, and
+therefore for which the majority of persons
+will look under Bond. South Molton
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>[pg&nbsp;141]</span>
+Street is correctly placed under South
+because there is no North Molton Street,
+and the street is named after South
+Molton; while South Eaton Place is
+merely a continuation of Eaton Place.
+Some persons, however, think that names
+should be treated as they stand, and that
+we should not go behind them to find out
+what they mean.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">5. <i>Proper Names of foreigners to be
+arranged alphabetically under the prefixes</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="proper names">
+<tr>
+<td><i>Dal</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>Dal Sie</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Del</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>Del Rio</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Della</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>Della Casa</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Des</i></td>
+<td>as</td>
+<td><i>Des Cloiseaux</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Du</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>Du Bois</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>La</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>La Condamine</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Le</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>Le Sage</i>,</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><i>but not under the prefixes</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="proper names">
+<tr>
+<td><i>D</i></td>
+<td>as</td>
+<td><i>Abbadie</i></td>
+<td>not</td>
+<td><i>D'Abbadie</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Da</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>Silva</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>Da Silva</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>De</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>La Place</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>De La Place</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Von</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>Humboldt</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>Von Humboldt</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Van</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>Beneden</i></td>
+<td>"</td>
+<td><i>Van Beneden</i>.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>[pg&nbsp;142]</span>
+<i>It is an acknowledged principle that when
+the prefix is a preposition it is to be rejected;
+but when an article, it is to be retained.
+When, however, as in the case of the French
+Du, Des, the two are joined, it is necessary
+to retain the preposition. This also applies
+to the case of the Italian Della, which
+is often rejected by cataloguers. English
+names are, however, to be arranged under
+the prefixes</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="proper names">
+<tr>
+<td><i>De</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>De Quincey</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Dela</i></td>
+<td>as</td>
+<td><i>Delabeche</i></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><i>Van</i></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><i>Van Mildert</i>,</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><i>because these prefixes are meaningless in
+English, and form an integral part of
+the name.</i></p>
+
+<p class="indent">Whatever rule is adopted, some difficulty
+will be found in carrying it out: for
+instance, if we consider Van Dyck as a
+foreigner, his name will appear as Dyck
+(Van); but if as an Englishman, his
+name will be treated as Vandyck.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A prefix which is translated into the
+relative term in a foreign language cannot
+be considered as a fixed portion of the
+name. Thus Alexander von Humboldt,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>[pg&nbsp;143]</span>
+when away from his native Germany,
+translated his name into Alexandre de
+Humboldt. The reason why prefixes are
+retained in English names is because they
+have no meaning in themselves, and
+cannot be translated. There is a difficulty
+here in respect to certain names with
+De before them; for instance, the
+Rothschilds call themselves De Rothschild,
+but when the head of the family
+in England was made a peer of the United
+Kingdom he became Lord Rothschild
+without the De. In fact, we have to come
+to the conclusion that when men think of
+making changes in their names they pay
+very little attention to the difficulties
+they are forging for the cataloguer and
+the indexer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In this rule no mention is made of such
+out-of-the-way forms as Im Thurn and
+Ten Brink. It is very difficult to decide
+upon the alphabetical position of these
+names. If the indexer had to deal with
+a number of these curious prefixes, it
+would probably be well to ignore them;
+but when in the case of an English index
+they rarely occur, it will probably be better
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>[pg&nbsp;144]</span>
+to put Im Thurn under I and Ten Brink
+under T.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">With respect to the translation of
+foreign titles, the historian Freeman made
+a curious statement which is quoted
+in one of the American Q.P. indexes.
+Freeman wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"No man was ever so clear [as
+Macaulay] from the vice of thrusting in
+foreign words into an English sentence.
+One sees this in such small matters as
+the accurate way in which he uses foreign
+titles. He speaks, for instance, of the
+'Duke of Maine,' the 'Count of Avaux,'
+while in other writers one sees the
+vulgarism of the <i>Court Circular</i>, 'Duke
+de Maine,' 'Duc de Maine,'&mdash;perhaps
+'Duc of Maine.'"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Duke de Maine and Duc of Maine
+may be vulgar, they are certainly incorrect;
+but I fail to see how it can be
+vulgar to call a man by his right name&mdash;"Duc
+de Maine." I do not venture
+to censure Macaulay, but for lesser men
+it is certainly a great mistake to translate
+the names of foreigners, in spite of Freeman's
+expression of his strong opinion.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>[pg&nbsp;145]</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">6. <i>Proper names with the prefix St.,
+as St. Albans, St. John, to be arranged
+in the alphabet as if written in full&mdash;Saint.
+When the word Saint represents a ceremonial
+title, as in the case of St. Alban,
+St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names
+are to be arranged under the letters A and
+G respectively; but the places St. Albans,
+St. Giles's, and St. Augustine's will be
+found under the prefix Saint. The prefixes
+M' and Mc to be arranged as if written
+in full&mdash;Mac.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This rule is very frequently neglected,
+more particularly in respect to the neglect
+of the difference between Saint Alban the
+man and St. Albans the place.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">7. <i>Peers to be arranged under their
+titles, by which alone in most cases they are
+known, and not under their family names,
+except in such a case as Horace Walpole,
+who is almost unknown by his title of
+Earl of Orford, which came to him late
+in life. Bishops, deans, etc., to be always
+under their family names.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">About this rule there is great difference
+of opinion. The British Museum practice
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>[pg&nbsp;146]</span>
+is to catalogue peers under their surnames,
+and the same plan has been adopted in the
+<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. It is
+rather difficult to understand how this
+practice has come into being. There are
+difficulties on both sides; but the great
+majority of peers are, I believe, known
+solely by their titles, and when these
+noblemen are entered under their family
+names cross references are required
+because very few persons know the family
+names of peers. The Library Association
+and Bodleian rules adopt the
+common-sense plan of entering noblemen
+under their titles, and Mr. Cutter gives
+some excellent reasons for doing this,
+although he cannot make up his mind to
+run counter to a supposed well-established
+rule. Mr. Cutter writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">"Stanhope</span> Philip Dormer, 4th <i>Earl
+of Chesterfield</i>.... This is the British
+Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's. Mr.
+Perkins prefers entry under titles for
+British noblemen also, in which I should
+agree with him if the opposite practice
+were not so well established. The reasons
+for entry under the title are that British
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>[pg&nbsp;147]</span>
+noblemen are always spoken of, always
+sign by their titles only, and seldom put
+the family name upon the title-pages of
+their books, so that ninety-nine in a
+hundred readers must look under the
+title first. The reasons against it are that
+the founders of noble families are often
+as well known&mdash;sometimes even better&mdash;by
+their family name as by their titles
+(as Charles Jenkinson, afterwards Lord
+Liverpool; Sir Robert Walpole, afterwards
+Earl of Orford); that the same man
+bears different titles in different parts of
+his life (thus P. Stanhope published his
+<i>History of England from the Peace of
+Utrecht</i> as Lord Mahon, and his <i>Reign
+of Queen Anne</i> as Earl Stanhope); that
+it separates members of the same family
+(Lord Chancellor Eldon would be under
+Eldon, and his father and all his brothers
+and sisters under the family name, Scott),
+[Mr. Cutter forgot that Lord Eldon's
+elder brother William was also a peer&mdash;Lord
+Stowell] and brings together
+members of different families (thus the
+earldom of Bath has been held by
+members of the families of Chandé,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>[pg&nbsp;148]</span>
+Bourchier, Granville and Pulteney, and
+the family name of the present Marquis
+of Bath is Thynne), which last argument
+would be more to the point in planning
+a family history."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The advocates of the practice of
+arranging peers under their family names
+make much of the difficulties attendant
+on such changes of name as
+Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban's,
+Benjamin Disraeli (afterwards Earl of
+Beaconsfield), Sir John Lubbock (now
+Lord Avebury), and Richard Monckton
+Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton).
+These, doubtless, are difficulties, but I
+believe that they amount in all to very
+few as compared with the cases on the
+other side.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">This is a matter that might be settled
+by calculation, and it would be well worth
+while to settle it. Mr. Cutter says that
+ninety-nine in a hundred must look under
+the title first, but I doubt if the percentage
+be quite as high as this. If it
+were, it ought to be conclusive against any
+other arrangement than that under titles.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Moreover, these instances do not really
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>[pg&nbsp;149]</span>
+meet the case, for they belong to another
+class, which has to be dealt with in
+cataloguing&mdash;that is, those who change
+their names. When a man succeeds to
+a peerage he changes his name just as a
+Commoner may change his name in order
+to succeed to a certain property.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">8. <i>Foreign compound names to be arranged
+under the first name, as Lacaze Duthiers.
+English compound names under the last,
+except in such cases as Royston-Pigott, where
+the first name is a true surname. The
+first name in a foreign compound is, as
+a rule, the surname; but the first name
+in an English compound is usually a
+mere Christian name.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This rule is open to some special
+difficulties. It can be followed with
+safety in respect to foreign names, but
+special knowledge is required in respect
+to English names. Of late years a
+large number of persons have taken a
+fancy to bring into prominence their
+last Christian name when it is obtained
+from a surname. They then hyphen
+their Christian name with their surname,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>[pg&nbsp;150]</span>
+because they wish to be called by both.
+The Smiths and the Joneses commenced
+the practice, but others have followed
+their lead. The indexer has no means
+of telling whether in a hyphened name
+the first name is a real surname or not,
+and he needs to know much personal
+and family history before he can decide
+correctly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Hyphens are used most recklessly
+nowadays, and the user has no thought
+of the trouble he gives to the indexer.
+If the Christian name is hyphened to the
+surname, and all the family agree to use
+the two together as their surname, the
+indexer must treat the compound name as
+a true surname. Often a hyphen is used
+merely to show that the person bearing
+the names wishes to be known by both,
+but with no intention of making the
+Christian name into a surname. Thus
+a father may not give all his children the
+same Christian name, but change it for
+each individual, as one son may be James
+Somerset-Jones and another George
+Balfour-Jones. In such a case as this
+the hyphen is quite out of place, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>[pg&nbsp;151]</span>
+Jones must still be treated as the only
+surname. No one has a right to expect
+his Christian name to be treated as a
+surname merely by reason of his joining
+the Christian name to the surname by
+a hyphen. He must publicly announce
+his intention of treating his Christian
+name as a surname, or change it by Act
+of Parliament. Even when the name is
+legally changed, there is often room for
+confusion. The late Mr. Edward Solly,
+F.R.S., who was very interested in these
+inquiries, drew my attention to the fact
+that the family of Hesketh changed their
+name in 1806 to Bamford by Act of
+Parliament, and subsequently obtained
+another Act to change it back to Hesketh.
+The present form of the family names is
+Lloyd-Hesketh-Bamford-Hesketh.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">With respect to Spanish and Portuguese
+names it is well to bear in mind that
+there are several surnames made from
+Christian names, as, for instance, Fernando
+is a Christian name and Fernandez is
+a surname, just as with us Richard is a
+Christian name and Richards a surname.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">9. <i>An adjective is frequently to be</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>[pg&nbsp;152]</span>
+<i>preferred to a substantive as a catchword; for
+instance, when it contains the point of the
+compound, as Alimentary Canal, English
+History; also when the compound forms
+a distinctive name, as Soane Museum.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The object of this rule is often overlooked,
+and many indexers purposely
+reject the use of adjectives as headings.
+One of the most marked instances of an
+opposite rule may be seen in the index
+to Hare's <i>Walks in London</i> (1878), where
+all the alleys, bridges, buildings, churches,
+courts, houses, streets, etc., are arranged
+under these headings, and not under
+the proper name of each. There may
+be a certain advantage in some of these
+headings, but few would look for Lisson
+Grove under Grove, and the climax of
+absurdity is reached when Chalk Farm
+is placed under Farm.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">10. <i>The entries to be as short as is consistent
+with intelligibility, but the insertion
+of names without specification of the cause
+of reference to be avoided, except in particular
+cases. The extent of the references,
+when more than one page, to be marked by
+indicating the first and last pages.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>[pg&nbsp;153]</span>
+This rule requires to be carried out with
+judgment. Few things are more annoying
+than a long string of references without
+any indication of the cause of reference,
+but on the other hand it is objectionable
+to come across a frivolous entry. The
+consulter is annoyed to find no additional
+information in the book to what is
+already given in the index. It will therefore
+be found best to set out the various
+entries in which some fact or opinion is
+mentioned, and then to gather together
+the remaining references under the heading
+of <i>Alluded to</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The most extreme instances of annoying
+block lists of references under a name
+are to be found in Ayscough's elaborate
+index to the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, where
+all the references under one surname are
+placed together without even the distinction
+of the Christian name. The late
+Mr. Edward Solly made a curious calculation
+as to the time that would be employed
+in looking up these references. For
+instance, under the name Smith there are
+2,411 entries <i>en masse</i>, and with no initial
+letters. If there were these divisions,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>[pg&nbsp;154]</span>
+one would find Zachary Smith in a few
+minutes, but now one must look to each
+reference to find what is wanted. With
+taking down the volumes and hunting
+through long lists of names, Mr. Solly
+found that two minutes were occupied
+in looking up each reference; hence it
+might take the consulter eight days
+(working steadily ten hours a day) to find
+out if there be any note about Zachary
+Smith in the magazine, a task which no
+one would care to undertake.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A like instance of bad indexing will be
+found in Scott's edition of Swift's <i>Works</i>.
+Here there are 638 references to Robert
+Harley, Earl of Oxford, without any
+indication of the reason why his name
+is entered in the index. This case also
+affords a good instance of careless
+indexing in another particular, for these
+references are separated under different
+headings instead of being gathered under
+one, as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="bad indexing">
+<tr>
+<td>Harley (Robert)</td>
+<td>277</td>
+<td>references.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Oxford (Lord)</td>
+<td>111</td>
+<td>"</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Treasurer, Lord Oxford</td>
+<td>300</td>
+<td>"</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>[pg&nbsp;155]</span>
+The late Mr. B. R. Wheatley read a
+paper before the Conference of Librarians
+(1877) on this subject of indexes, without
+details of the reason or cause of reference,
+entitled, "An 'Evitandum' in Index-making,
+principally met with in French
+and German Periodical Scientific Literature"
+(<i>Transactions</i>, p. 88). He pointed
+out that often in German Indexes the
+entries in the <i>Sach Register</i> would be full
+and correct, while those in the <i>Namen
+Register</i> would usually be meagre, and
+consist merely of the surnames of the
+authors and the initials of their Christian
+names. He then referred to many instances
+of the uselessness of these indexes.
+He further referred to the forty so-called
+indexes of subjects added to Allibone's
+valuable <i>Critical Dictionary of English
+Literature</i>, which are practically useless.
+He concluded his paper with these words:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"You are referred to the 'Morals and
+Manners' index for such varied subjects
+as Apparitions, Divorce, Marriage, Duelling,
+Freemasonry, Mormonism, Mythology,
+Spiritualism and Witchcraft. There
+are 1,365 names in this index, and how
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156" id="page156"></a>[pg&nbsp;156]</span>
+are you to discover which belong to any
+of the above subjects without wading
+through the whole? It is, in fact, an
+entire system of indexing backwards
+from particulars to generals, instead of
+from generals to particulars. It is something
+like writing on a sign-post on the
+road to Bath, 'To Somersetshire,' and
+if in one phrase I were to add a characteristic
+entry to these sub-indexes, or
+to give one form of reference which
+should be typical of this style of index,
+I should say&mdash;Needle, <i>see</i> Bottle of Hay.
+You find the bottle of hay&mdash;but where
+is the needle?"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The form in which the various entries
+in an index are to be drawn up is worthy
+of much attention, and particular care
+should be taken to expunge all redundant
+words. For example, it would be
+better to write:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Smith (John), his character; his execution,"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">than</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Smith (John), character of; execution of";</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">or</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>[pg&nbsp;157]</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Brown (Robert) saves money,"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">than</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Brown (Robert), saving of money by."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">A good instance of the frivolous entry
+is the hackneyed quotation,</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind,"</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">which is supposed to be a reference to
+a passage in this form: "Mr. Justice
+Best said that he had a great mind to
+commit the man for trial." This particular
+reference is almost too good to
+be true, and I have not been able to
+trace it to its source. That has been
+said to be in the index to one of
+Chitty's law-books, and it is added that
+possibly Chitty had a grudge against
+Sir William Draper Best, one of the
+Puisne Judges of the King's Bench from
+1819 to 1824, and Lord Chief Justice
+of the Common Pleas from 1824 to
+1829, in which latter year he was created
+Lord Wynford. Another explanation is
+that it was a joke of Leigh Hunt's, who
+first published it in the <i>Examiner</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">11. <i>Short entries to be repeated under
+such headings as are likely to be required,
+in place of a too frequent use of cross</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>[pg&nbsp;158]</span>
+<i>references. These references, however, to
+be made from cognate headings, as Cerebral
+to Brain, and vice versâ, where the
+subject matter is different.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Cross references are very useful, but
+they are not usually popular with those
+who are unaccustomed to them. They
+ought to be used where the number of
+references under a certain heading is
+large, but it is always better to duplicate
+the references than to refer too often to
+insignificant entries.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">12. <i>In the case of journals and transactions
+brief abstracts of the contents of the
+several articles or papers to be drawn up
+and arranged in the alphabetical index
+under the heading of the article.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The advantage of this plan is that a
+<i>précis</i> can be made of the articles or
+papers which will be useful to the reader
+as containing an abstract of the contents,
+much of which might not be of sufficient
+importance to be sorted out in the alphabet;
+in the case where the entries are important
+they can be duplicated in the alphabet.
+A good specimen of this plan of indexing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>[pg&nbsp;159]</span>
+may be found in the indexes to the
+Journal of the Statistical Society.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">13.  <i>Authorities quoted or referred to in a
+book, to be indexed under each author's name,
+the titles of his works being separately set
+out and the word "quoted" added in italics.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This rule is quite clear, and there is
+nothing to be added to it. It is evident
+that all books quoted should be indexed.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">14.  <i>When the indexed page is large, or
+contains long lists of names, it is to be
+divided into four sections, referred to respectively
+as a, b, c, d; thus if a page
+contains 64 lines, 1-16 will be a, 17-32 b,
+33-48 c, 49-64 d. If in double columns,
+the page is still to be divided into four&mdash;a
+and b forming the upper and lower halves
+of the first column, and c and d the upper
+and lower halves of the second column.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This division of the page will often
+be found very useful, and save much time
+to the consulter.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">15.  <i>When a work is in more than one
+volume, the number of the volume is to be
+specified by small Roman numerals. In the
+case of long sets, such as the "Gentleman's</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>[pg&nbsp;160]</span>
+<i>Magazine," a special Arabic numeral for
+indicating the volume, distinct from the page
+numeral, may be employed with advantage.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The frequent use of high numbers in
+Roman capitals is very inconvenient.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">16.  <i>Entries which refer to complete
+chapters or distinct papers, to be printed in
+small capitals or italics.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This is useful as indicating that the
+italic entry is of more importance than
+those in Roman type.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">17.  <i>Headings to be printed in a marked
+type. A dash, instead of indentation, to
+be used as a mark of repetition. The dash
+to be kept for entries exactly similar, and
+the word to be repeated when the second
+differs in any way from the first. The
+proper name to be repeated when that of
+a different person. In the case of joint
+authors, the Christian name or initials of
+the first, whose surname is arranged in
+the alphabet, to be in parentheses, but the
+Christian names of the second to be in
+the natural order, as Smith (John) and
+Alexander Brown, not Smith (John) and
+Brown (Alexander).</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>[pg&nbsp;161]</span>
+Dashes should be of a uniform length,
+and that length should not be too great.
+It is a mistake to suppose that the dash
+is to be the length of the line which
+is not repeated. If it be necessary to
+make the repetition of a portion of the
+title as well as the author, this should be
+indicated by another dash, and not by the
+elongation of the former one.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The reason for the last direction in this
+rule is that the Christian name is only
+brought back in order to make the
+alphabetical position of the surname clear;
+and as this is not necessary in respect
+to the second person, the names should
+remain in their natural order.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The initials which stand for Christian
+names often give much trouble, particularly
+among foreigners. Most Frenchmen
+use the letter M. to stand for
+monsieur, giving no Christian name; but
+sometimes M. stands for Michel or other
+Christian name commencing with M.
+The Germans are often very careless in
+the use of initials, and I have found in
+one index of a scientific periodical the
+following specimens of this confusion:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>[pg&nbsp;162]</span>
+(1) H. D. Gerling, (2) H. W. Brandes,
+(3) D. W. Olbers. Here all three cases
+look alike, but in the first H. D. represent
+two titles&mdash;Herr Doctor; in the second,
+H. W. represent two Christian names&mdash;Heinrich
+Wilhelm; and in the third
+one title and one Christian name&mdash;Dr.
+W. Olbers.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The above rules do not apply to
+subject indexes, and in certain cases may
+need modification in accordance with the
+special character of the work to be
+indexed. On the whole, it may be said
+that an alphabetical index is the best;
+but under special circumstances it may
+be well to have a classified index.
+Generally it may be said that there are
+special objections to classification, and
+therefore if a classified index is decided
+upon, it must needs be exceptional, and
+rules must be made for it by the maker
+of the index.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the foregoing rules no mention is
+made of the difficulties attendant on the
+use of Oriental names. Under "Rules
+for a Small Library" in <i>How to Catalogue
+a Library</i>, I wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>[pg&nbsp;163]</span>
+"7. Oriental names to be registered
+in accordance with the system adopted
+by a recognised authority on the subject."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This, however, is only shifting the
+responsibility. In an ordinary English
+index this point is not likely to give much
+trouble, and the rule may be safely
+adopted of registration under the first
+name. But where there are many names
+to be dealt with, difficulties are sure to
+arise. In India the last name is usually
+adopted, and the forenames are frequently
+contracted into initials, so that it is
+obligatory to use this name. We must
+never forget the practical conclusion that
+a man's real name is that by which he
+is known. But the indexer's difficulty in
+a large number of cases is that he does
+not know what that name is. Sir George
+Birdwood has kindly drawn up for me the
+following memorandum on the subject,
+which is of great value, from the interesting
+historical account of the growth of
+surnames in India under British rule
+which he gives.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>[pg&nbsp;164]</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">On the Indexing of the Names of
+Eastern People.</span></p>
+
+<p class="indent">Confining myself to the people&mdash;Parsees,
+Hindoos, and Mussulmans
+(<i>muslimin</i>)&mdash;of India, I find it very
+difficult to state an unexceptionable rule
+for the indexing of their names; and I
+index them in the order in which they
+are signed by the people themselves.
+The first or forename of a Parsee or
+a Hindoo, but not of a Mussulman if
+he be a Pathan, is his own personal or,
+as we say, "Christian"&mdash;that is, baptismal
+or "water"&mdash;name; and their second their
+father's personal name, and not his family
+or, as we say, "blood" name, or true
+surname. The naming of individuals
+in the successive generations of a Parsee
+or Hindoo, and certain Mussulmanee
+families, runs thus: A. G., N. A., U. N.,
+and so on, the grandfather's name
+disappearing in the third generation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Parsees only in comparatively recent
+times adopted family or true surnames
+derived from the personal or paternal
+names, or both, of the first distinguished
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page165" id="page165"></a>[pg&nbsp;165]</span>
+member of the family, or from his occupation
+or place of residence, or from some
+notable friend or patron of his, or from
+some title conferred on him by the ruler
+whose subject he was. Thus the Patels
+of Bombay are descended from Rustom
+(the son of) Dorabjee, who, for the
+assistance he gave the English in 1692
+against the Seedee of Junjeera, was created,
+by <i>sanad</i> (<i>i.e.</i> patent), <i>patel</i> (<i>i.e.</i> mayor)
+of the Coolees of Bombay.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Parsee Ashburners derive their
+patronymic from an ancestor in the early
+part of the late century, the friend and
+associate of a well-known English gentleman
+then resident in Western India. The
+Bhownaggrees take their name from an
+ancestor, a wealthy <i>jaghirdar</i>, who in
+1744 built a tank of solid stone for public
+use at Bhavnagar in Kattyawar, and
+also from their later official connection
+with this well-known "model Native
+State." The Jamsetjee Jejeebhoys and
+Comasjee Jehanghiers derive their double-barreled
+surnames from the first baronet
+and knight, respectively, of these two
+eminent Parsee families. Other well-known
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>[pg&nbsp;166]</span>
+Parsee surnames are Albless,
+Bahadurjee, Banajee, Bengalee, Bhandoopwala,
+Bharda, Cama (or Kama), Dadysett,
+Damanwala, Gamadia, Gazdar, Ghandi,
+Kapadia, Karaka, Khabrajee, Kharagat,
+Kohiyar, Marzban, Modee, Petit (Sir
+Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first baronet
+of this name), Panday, Parak, Sanjana,
+Sayar, Seth, Sethna, Shroff, Talyarkan,
+Wadia. Some of their surnames are
+very eccentric, such as Doctor, Ready-money,
+Solicitor, etc., and should be
+abolished. There is actually a Dr.
+Solicitor.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The interesting point about the Parsee
+surnames is that when first introduced,
+through the influence of their close contact
+with the English, they were not
+absolutely hereditary, but were changed
+after a generation or two. Thus the
+present Bhownaggrees used, at one time,
+the surname of Compadore, from the
+office so designated held by one of their
+ancestors under the Portuguese.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Hindoos have always had surnames,
+and jealously guard their authenticity and
+continuity in the traditions of their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>[pg&nbsp;167]</span>
+families, although they do not, even
+yet in Western India, universally use
+them in public. Their personal and
+paternal names are derived, among the
+higher castes, from the names of the gods,
+the thousand and one names of Vishnoo
+and Seeva, of Ganesha, etc., and from the
+names of well-known mythological heroes,
+historical saints, etc., the name selected
+being one the initial of which indicates
+the lunar asterism (<i>nakshatra</i>) under
+which the child (<i>i.e.</i> a son) is born; but
+their surnames have a tribal, or, as in
+the case of the Parsees, a local, or official,
+or some other merely accidental, origin.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">If, then, we had only to deal with
+the Hindoos and Parsees, they might be
+readily indexed under their surnames.
+But when we come to the Indian Mussulmans
+the problem is at once seen to be
+beset with perplexities which seem to
+me impossible to unravel. The Indian
+Mussulmans&mdash;indeed all <i>muslimin</i>&mdash;are
+classified as Sayeds, Sheikhs, Mo(n)gols,
+and Pathans. The Sayeds (literally,
+"nobles," "lords") are the descendants
+of the Prophet Mahomet, through his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168" id="page168"></a>[pg&nbsp;168]</span>
+son-in-law Allee; those descended through
+Fatima being distinguished as Sayed
+Hussanee and Sayed Hooseinee, and
+those from his other wives as Sayed Allee.
+The first name given to a Mussulman of
+this class is the <i>quasi</i>-surname Sayed or
+Meer (also, literally, "nobleman," "lord"),
+followed by the personal name and the
+paternal name; but these <i>quasi</i>-surnames
+often fall into disuse after manhood has
+been reached.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Sheikhs (literally, "chiefs"),&mdash;and
+all <i>muslimin</i> descended from Mahomet and
+Aboo Bukeer and Oomur are Sheikhs,&mdash;have
+one or other of the following surnames
+placed before or after their personal
+and paternal names: Abd, Allee, Bukhs,
+Goolam, Khoaja, Sheikh. But as Sayeds
+are also all Sheikhs, they sometimes, on
+attaining manhood, assume the surname
+of Sheikh, dropping that of Sayed, or
+Meer, given to them at birth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Mo(n)gols, whether of the Persian
+(Eranee) sect of Sheeahs, or the Turkish
+(Tooranee) sect of Soonnees, have placed
+before, or after, their personal and paternal
+names, one or other of the following
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>[pg&nbsp;169]</span>
+surnames: Aga ("lord"), Beg ("lord"),
+Meerza, and Mo(n)gol. But in Persia
+both Sayeds and Sheikhs assume, instead
+of their proper patronymics, the surname of
+Aga, or Beg, or Mo(n)gol; while Mo(n)gols
+whose mothers are Sayeds are given the
+pre, or post, surname of Meerza.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Pathans have the surname Khan
+("lord") placed invariably after their
+personal and paternal names. But Sayeds
+and Sheikhs often have the word Khan
+placed after their class, personal, and
+paternal names&mdash;not, however, as a surname,
+but as a complimentary or substantial
+title, pure and simple.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Again, all classes of <i>muslimin</i>, and the
+Hindoos also, and even the Parsees, are in
+the habit of adding all sorts of complimentary
+and substantial titles both before
+and after their names. How, then, is it
+possible to apply any one rightly reasoned
+rule to the indexing of such names, or
+any but the arbitrary rule of thumb:&mdash;to
+index them in the order in which the bearer
+of them places them in his signature to
+letters, cheques, and other documents?
+This gets over all the embarrassing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page170" id="page170"></a>[pg&nbsp;170]</span>
+difficulties created by the paraphernalia of a
+man's official designations, complimentary&mdash;or
+substantial, titles, etc. Take, for
+example, this transcript of a hypothetical
+Hindoo official's visiting-card:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Dewan Sahib" (official and courtesy
+titles).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Rajashri" (special social title).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"A." (personal name).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"B." (paternal name).</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Z." (family or true surname).</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">No Englishman unfamiliar with the
+etiquettes of Indian personal nomenclature
+could possibly index such a card
+as this with intelligent correctness. But
+this Hindoo gentleman would simply sign
+himself in a private letter, "A. B. Z."
+(<i>i.e.</i> A., the son of B., of the clan of Z.),
+and so he should be indexed.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The personal names of <i>muslimin</i> also
+have for the most part an astronomical
+association, being generally selected from
+those beginning with the initial or finial
+letter of the name of the planet ruling
+the day on which the child (<i>i.e.</i> a son)
+is born.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">I presume that what I have here said
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>[pg&nbsp;171]</span>
+of the methods of naming the Indian
+Mussulmans also applies to the <i>muslimin</i>
+of Persia and Central Asia and Turkey
+and Arabia; but beyond these countries
+I have no information as to the methods
+of naming people in the other Oriental
+Indies, such as Ceylon, Burmah, China,
+and Japan.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">As to the transliteration of Oriental
+personal names, I always accept that
+followed by the person bearing them.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">I have put the matter as briefly as
+possible, and almost too briefly for absolute
+accuracy of expression; and it will be
+noted I say nothing of local exceptions
+to the general rule regulating Hindoo
+names of persons; and, again, nothing of
+female names, Hindoo, Mussulmanee, or
+Parsee.</p>
+
+<p class="right">GEORGE BIRDWOOD.</p>
+
+<p><i>January 9, 1902.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p171.jpg" width="400" height="118" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>[pg&nbsp;172]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p172-1.jpg" width="600" height="91" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="C7" id="C7"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">How to Set About the Index.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"And thus by God's assistance we have finished
+our Table. Miraculous almost was the execution
+done by David on the Amalekites who saved
+neither man nor woman alive to bring tidings to
+Gath. I cannot promise such exactness in our
+Index, that no name hath escaped our enquiry:
+some few, perchance, hardly slipping by, may
+tell tales against us. This I profess, I have not,
+in the language of some modern quartermaster,
+wilfully burnt towns, and purposely omitted
+them; and hope that such as have escaped our
+discovering, will only upon examination appear
+either not generally agreed on, by authors, for
+proper names, or else by proportion falling
+without the bounds of Palestine, Soli Deo
+gloria."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Thomas Fuller.</span></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p172-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="R" title="R" />
+</div>
+
+<p>ULES are needed for index
+making in order to obtain uniformity,
+but the mode of working
+must to a large extent be left to
+the indexer. Most of us have our own
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>[pg&nbsp;173]</span>
+favourite ways of doing things, and it is
+therefore absurd to dictate to others how
+to set to work. If we employ any one to
+do a certain work, we are entitled to
+expect it to be well done; but we ought
+to allow the worker to adopt his own
+mode of work. Some men will insist
+not only on the work being well done,
+but also upon their way of doing it.
+This takes the spirit out of the worker,
+and is therefore most unwise.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Still, I have found that those who are
+unaccustomed to index work are anxious
+to be informed how to proceed. The
+following notes are therefore only intended
+as hints for the use of those who
+wish for them, and need not be acted
+upon if the reader has a plan that he
+finds better suited for his purpose. Two
+essentially different kinds of index must
+be considered first: (1) There is the
+index which is always growing; and (2)
+there is the index that is made at one
+time, and is printed immediately it is
+ready for the press. The same course
+of procedure will not be suitable for both
+these classes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page174" id="page174"></a>[pg&nbsp;174]</span>
+1. Indexes to commonplace books
+belong to this category. It has been
+usual here to leave a few pages blank
+for the index, and to arrange the entries
+in strict alphabetical order under the
+first letters and then under the first vowel
+following a consonant, or the second,
+when the initial is a vowel. This is
+highly inconvenient and confusing,
+especially when words without a second
+vowel, as <i>Ash</i> and <i>Epps</i>, are placed at
+the head of each letter, <i>Ash</i> coming
+before <i>Adam</i> and <i>Abel</i>, and <i>Epps</i> before
+<i>Ebenezer</i>. It is better to spare a few
+more pages for the index, and plan the
+alphabet out so that the entries may
+come in their correct alphabetical order.
+Unfortunately the blank index is usually
+set out according to this absurd vowel
+system. Commonplace books are now,
+however, very much out of fashion. A
+better system of note-keeping is to use
+paper of a uniform size, to write each
+distinct note on a separate sheet of paper,
+and to fasten the slips of paper together
+by means of clips. If this plan is adopted,
+the notes are much more easily consulted,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>[pg&nbsp;175]</span>
+and they can be rearranged as often
+as is necessary. Now the index can
+be made on cards, or a special alphabeticised
+<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>
+book can be set aside for the
+purpose. Cards of a uniform size, kept
+in trays or boxes, are very convenient for
+the purpose of making an ever-growing
+index. You can make a general index in
+one alphabet, and when you have any
+special subject on hand, you can choose
+out the particular cards connected with
+that subject, and arrange them in a distinct
+alphabet. When the distinct alphabet
+is no longer required, the cards can
+be rearranged in the general alphabet.
+Cards are unquestionably the most convenient
+for an index that is ever changing
+in volume and in form. Rearrangement
+can be made without the trouble of
+re-writing the entries.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_19_19">
+<span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+Some may consider this a monstrous word;
+but it conveys a convenient description of blank
+books with the alphabet marked on the leaves
+of the book either cut in or with tablets
+projecting from the margin.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">2. For an index which is made straight
+off at one time, and sent to the printer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>[pg&nbsp;176]</span>
+when finished, foolscap paper is probably
+the most convenient to use. The pages
+as written upon can be numbered, and
+this will relieve the mind of the indexer of
+fear that any of these should be lost. The
+numbering will serve till the time comes
+for the index to be cut up and arranged.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Some indexers use separate slips of a
+uniform size, or cards, with a single entry
+on each slip. Although this plan has
+the advantage that you can keep your
+index in alphabetical order as you go
+along, which is sometimes convenient for
+reference, it is, on the whole, a cumbersome
+one for an index, although it is
+almost essential for a catalogue.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the present day when paper is so
+cheap, it is well to use fresh sheets all
+of the same size&mdash;either quarto post or
+foolscap. Some persons are so absurdly
+economical as to use the blank sides of
+used paper, such as envelopes, etc., so that
+their manuscript is of all sizes and will
+never range. It is necessary to warn such
+persons that they lose more time by the
+inconvenient form of their paper than
+they gain by not buying new material.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>[pg&nbsp;177]</span>
+In general practice the most convenient
+plan is to make your index straight on,
+using the paper you have chosen. Another
+plan is to use a portfolio of parchment
+with an alphabet cut on the leaves, and
+with guards to receive several leaves of
+foolscap under each letter. Thus every
+entry can be written at once in first
+letters. Where there are many large
+headings this is very convenient, and
+time is saved by entering the various
+references on the same folio without the
+constant repetition of the same heading.
+Possibly the most convenient method is
+to unite the two plans. Those references
+which we know to belong to large headings
+can be entered on the folios in the
+alphabetical guard-book, and the rest
+can be written straight through on the
+separate leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Before commencing his work, the
+indexer must think out the plan and the
+kind of index he is to produce; he will
+then consider how he is to draw out
+the references.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Whatever system is adopted, it is well
+to bear in mind that the indexer should
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>[pg&nbsp;178]</span>
+obtain some knowledge of the book he
+is about to index before he sets to work.
+The following remarks by Lord Thring
+may be applied to other subjects than law:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"A complete knowledge of the whole
+<i>law</i> is required before he begins to make
+the index, for until he can look down
+on the entire field of law before him,
+he cannot possibly judge of the proper
+arrangement of the headings or of the
+relative importance of the various provisions."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">During his work the indexer must constantly
+ask himself what it is for which
+the consulter is likely to seek. The
+author frequently uses periphrases to
+escape from the repetition of the same
+fact in the same form, but these periphrases
+will give little information when
+inserted as headings in an index; and
+it is in this point of selecting the best
+catchword that the good indexer will
+show his superiority over the commonplace
+worker.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">This paramount characteristic of the
+good indexer is by no means an easy one
+to acquire. When the indexer is absorbed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id="page179"></a>[pg&nbsp;179]</span>
+in the work upon which he is working, he
+takes for granted much with which the
+consulter coming fresh to the subject is
+not familiar. The want of this characteristic
+is most marked in the case of
+the bad indexer.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In printing references to the entries
+in an index it is important to make a
+distinction between the volume and the
+page; this is done best by printing the
+number of the volumes in Roman letters
+and the page in Arabic numerals. When,
+however, the volumes are numerous, the
+Roman letters become cumbersome, and
+mistakes are apt to occur, so that one is
+forced to use Arabic numerals; and in
+order to distinguish between volume and
+page, the numbers of the volumes must
+be printed in solid black type.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When a book is often reprinted in
+different forms it would be well to refer
+to chapters and paragraphs, so that the
+same index would do for all editions.
+The paragraphs in Dr. Jessopp's edition of
+North's <i>Lives of the Norths</i> are numbered,
+but they are not numbered throughout.
+The references are very confusing and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page180" id="page180"></a>[pg&nbsp;180]</span>
+require a key. Thus, P stands for Preface;
+F for Life of the Lord Keeper; D, Life of
+Dudley; J, Life of Dr. John; R, Autobiography
+of Roger, and also Notes; R L,
+Letters from Lady North; R I, Letters
+from Roger North; and S, Supplementary.
+In the Letters the references are to pages
+and not to paragraphs. With such a
+complicated system, one is tempted to
+leave the index severely alone. This is
+the more annoying in that the index is
+not a long one, and the pages might have
+been inserted without any great trouble.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Much confusion has been caused by
+reprinting an index for one edition in a
+later one without alteration. An instance
+may be given by citing the reprint of
+Whitelock's <i>Memorials</i>, published at the
+University Press, Oxford, in 1853. The
+original edition is in one volume folio
+(1682, reprinted 1732), and the new
+edition is in four volumes octavo. But to
+save expense the old index was printed
+to the new book. The difficulty was in
+part got over by giving the pages of the
+1732 edition in the margin; but as may
+be imagined, it is a most troublesome
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>[pg&nbsp;181]</span>
+business to find anything by this means.
+Moreover, the old index is not a good
+one, but thoroughly bad, with all the
+old misprints retained in the new edition.
+As a specimen of the extreme inaccuracy
+of the compilation, it may be mentioned
+that under one heading of thirty-four
+entries Mr. Edward Peacock detected
+seven blunders. Although Mr. Peacock
+had no statistics of the other entries,
+his experience led him to believe that
+if any heading were taken at random,
+about one in four of the entries would
+be found to be misprinted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the case of a large index it is
+necessary to take into consideration the
+greatly increased work connected with
+arrangement. The amount of this may
+be said to increase in geometrical rather
+than in arithmetical progression. When
+the indexer comes to the last page of a
+great book he rejoices to have finished
+his work; but he will find by experience,
+when he calculates the arrangement
+of his materials, that he has scarcely
+done more than half of what is before
+him.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>[pg&nbsp;182]</span>
+If cards or separate slips are used, these
+will only need to be arranged for the
+press; but if sheets of paper have been,
+written upon, these will have to be cut up.
+There is little to be said about this, but
+it is worth giving the hint that much time
+is saved if shears or large scissors are
+used, so that the whole width of paper
+may be severed in two cuts.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the case of a small index there is
+little difficulty with material, for it can
+be arranged at once into first letters, and
+when the table is cleared of the slips these
+can be placed in the pages of an ordinary
+book to keep them distinct, and can then
+be sorted in perfect alphabet and pasted
+down. In the case of a large index it
+will be necessary to place the slips in a
+safer place. Large envelopes are useful
+receptacles for first letters; and when the
+slips are placed in them, the indexer will
+feel at ease and sure that none will be lost.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It is well to go through the whole of the
+envelopes of first letters and sort the slips
+into second and third letters before the
+pasting is commenced, so that you may
+know that the order is correct, or make
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>[pg&nbsp;183]</span>
+such alterations as are necessary before
+it is too late. The final perfect alphabetical
+arrangement can be made when
+the slips are placed on the table ready
+to be pasted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The sorting of slips into alphabetical
+order seems a simple matter which scarcely
+needs any particular directions; still such
+have been made.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The late Mr. Charles F. Blackburn,
+who had had a considerable experience,
+gave some instruction for sorting slips in
+his <i>Hints on Catalogue Titles</i> (1884). He
+wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Having never seen in print any
+directions for putting titles into alphabetical
+order, I venture to describe the system
+I have been accustomed to use. First
+sort the entire heap into six heaps, which
+will lie before you thus:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="sort letters">
+<tr>
+<td>A&mdash;D</td>
+<td>E&mdash;H</td>
+<td>I&mdash;M</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>N&mdash;R</td>
+<td>S</td>
+<td>T&mdash;Z.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Then take the heap A&mdash;D and sort it
+into its component letters, after which
+each letter can be brought into shape by
+use of the plan first applied to the whole
+alphabet. It is best to go on with the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>[pg&nbsp;184]</span>
+second process until you have the whole
+alphabet in separate letters, because if
+you brought A, for example, into its component
+parts and put them into alphabetical
+order, you might not impossibly find
+some A's among the later letters&mdash;one of
+the inevitable accidents of sorting quickly.
+With this hint or two the young cataloguer
+will easily find his way; and various devices
+for doing this or that more handily
+are sure to suggest themselves in the
+course of practice. The great thing is
+to be started."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">The latter part of this extract is good
+advice, but I think it is a mistake to make
+two operations of the sorting in first letters,
+for it can be done quite easily in one.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The following suggestion made by Mr.
+Blackburn is a good one, and is likely to
+save the very possible mixture of some
+of the heaps:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"In my own practice I have got into
+a way of letting the slips fall on the
+table at an angle of forty-five degrees.
+Then, if the accumulation of titles should
+cause the heaps to slide, they will run
+into one another distinct, so that they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id="page185"></a>[pg&nbsp;185]</span>
+can be separated instantly without sorting
+afresh."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">I have never myself found any difficulty
+in sorting out into first letters at one time,
+and it soon becomes easy to place the
+slips in their proper heaps without any
+thought. Mr. F. B. Perkins, of the Boston
+Public Library, however, in his paper
+on "Book Indexes" gives some good
+directions which are worth quoting here:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Next alphabet them by initial letters.
+This process is usually best done by
+using a diagram or imaginary frame of
+five rows of five letters each, on which
+to put the titles at this first handling.
+The following arrangement of printers'
+dashes will show what I mean. (The
+letters placed at the left hand of the first
+row and right hand of the last indicate
+well enough where the rest belong.)</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; U</span><br />
+<span class="i0">B &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; V</span><br />
+<span class="i0">C &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; W</span><br />
+<span class="i0">D &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; X</span><br />
+<span class="i0">E &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; YZ."<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_20_20">
+<span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+<i>Public Libraries in the United States.</i> Special
+Report. Part I., 1876, p. 730.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>[pg&nbsp;186]</span>
+When the alphabetical arrangement is
+completed so far as the indexer considers
+it necessary for his purpose, it is time to
+think of the pasting down of the slips.
+This can be done in several ways, and
+the operator will doubtless choose that
+which suits him best. As already remarked,
+men will always find out the
+way most agreeable to themselves, and
+it is unwise to insist on others following
+our way in preference to their own.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The human mind is capable of interesting
+itself in almost anything it may
+undertake; but indexing cannot be
+other than hard work, and it is unfair
+to make it harder by fixing unnecessary
+limits. The worker is always happier at
+his work if he is allowed to do it in his
+own way.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The first thing to settle is as to the
+paper upon which the index is to be
+pasted. A very large-sized paper is inconvenient,
+and foolscap or quarto is the
+best for constant handling,&mdash;all the pages
+should be of exactly the same size.
+Sometimes it is necessary to have a small
+margin, but generally the width of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187" id="page187"></a>[pg&nbsp;187]</span>
+paper used for the index should be
+followed. There is no greater mistake
+than to study economy in the use of
+paper for pasting on. Some persons have
+facilities for the use of wastepaper that
+has been printed on on one side, and, not
+having been used, is in good order and
+of equal size. Some persons cut up
+newspapers, but this is a practice not to
+be recommended, not only on account
+of the print, but because the paper is
+generally so abominably bad and tearable.
+If the wastepaper referred to above is
+not within reach, it is well to buy a
+good printing-paper, which can be cut
+into the size required. There are, however,
+many cheap papers already machine-cut
+into the size required, which can
+easily be obtained.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Some with the love of saving strong
+upon them cut up newspapers into
+lengths of about four inches wide, and
+paste the slips upon these, with the
+result that all the ragged ends give continual
+trouble, and are apt to be torn
+away. Of all savings, this is the most
+ill-advised.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>[pg&nbsp;188]</span>
+Although the "copy" is to be printed
+from at once, and will soon become useless,
+it is a great comfort to have material
+that is convenient to handle while it is
+required. Some thought may also be
+given to the compositor, whose life will
+be made a burden to him if you send
+him "copy" with all the ends loose. It
+is also well to keep the pages as flat as
+possible, so that a heap of these do not
+wobble about, but keep together smooth
+and tidy.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Sometimes it may be desirable to paste
+only on half the paper, so as to have
+room for additional entries. If this is
+done, the side must be altered periodically,
+or the pages will slip about and give
+endless trouble.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When the index is in course of arrangement
+the greatest care must be taken
+that none of the slips are lost, for such
+a loss is almost irreparable&mdash;first because
+you do not know when a slip goes astray;
+and even if you do know of your loss
+it is almost impossible to remedy it, as
+you have no clue to the place from
+which the slip came.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>[pg&nbsp;189]</span>
+There will always be anxiety to the
+indexer while his work is being cut up
+and sorted. A breeze from a window
+when a door is opened may blow some
+of his slips away. Too many of the
+slips should not be allowed on the table
+at one time, and the indexer will feel
+the greatest comfort when he knows that
+his slips are safely reposing in their
+several envelopes. All queries should
+also be kept in envelopes, and each
+envelope should be inscribed with a
+proper description of its contents. When
+the slips are pasted down they are
+safe&mdash;that is if they have been affixed
+securely to the paper.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Having made these general observations,
+we may now proceed to consider
+how to paste. It seems a very simple
+matter, that requires no directions; but
+even here a few remarks may not be
+out of place.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When your paper is ready in a pile
+of about fifty pages, each page numbered
+in its proper sequence, you can proceed
+to work. For the purpose of laying down
+slips on uniform pages at one time, paste
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id="page190"></a>[pg&nbsp;190]</span>
+is the only satisfactory material. Gum
+will only be used by the inexperienced.
+It cannot be used satisfactorily on large
+surfaces, like paste, and when it oozes
+up between the slips it is stickier and
+does more damage in fixing the pages
+together than paste does. You might as
+well fix paperhangings on your walls
+with gum.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">As to paste, if you have a long job
+on hand it is better to have it made
+at home, of a good consistency, but not
+too thick. It ought to run freely from
+the brush. A good cook will make good
+paste, but if you are specially particular
+you can make it yourself. If you require
+it to last for any time, you must add a
+little alum; but when you have a big
+index before you, you will use a bowl
+of paste in an evening, and there is therefore
+no question as to keeping.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"Stickphast" is a very good material;
+it sticks well and keeps well, and it is
+an excellent adjunct to the writing-table,
+but it is not suitable for pasting down
+a long index. It is too dear, it is too
+thick, and it is too lumpy. If the paste
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>[pg&nbsp;191]</span>
+is made at home, it need not be lumpy;
+and lumps, when you are pasting, are
+irritating to the last degree.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The paper and the paste being ready,
+with a fair-sized brush to spread the
+paste, we come to consider how best to
+proceed with the work in hand. You
+require a good-sized table,&mdash;a large board
+on tressels in an empty room is the best,
+but a dining-table will serve. At the
+extreme right of the table you place the
+batch of paper upon which you are about
+to paste, and then sort your slips in
+perfect order, ranging them in columns
+from right to left. The object of thus
+going backwards is to save you from
+passing over several columns as you take
+the slips off the table, and, instead, going
+straight on. You can push your batch
+of paper on as the various columns successively
+disappear. More slips should
+not be set out than you can paste at
+one sitting, as it is not well to leave the
+slips loose on the table. Of course, you
+can paste from the left side if you wish,
+and then the columns will range from
+left to right; but this is not so convenient
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>[pg&nbsp;192]</span>
+for continued arrangement of the columns
+of slips as you require them.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There are more ways than one in
+placing the paste upon the paper; the
+most usual way is to paste down the two
+sides of the paper just the width of the
+slips, and some add a stroke down the
+middle. Another way is to put a plentiful
+supply of paste on a page or board, and
+then to place the back of each slip upon
+this. If you place your fingers on the two
+ends and press them towards the middle,
+the slip will be ready to be placed in
+its proper position, having taken up just
+sufficient paste. A still different plan is
+to paste the board or paper as in the
+previous case, and then place the face of
+the whole page on this. You then take
+it off, and, placing the dry side on the
+batch of paper, proceed to affix the slips
+to it. The advantage of the two last
+processes is that the paper is not so
+wet as in the first-mentioned plan, and in
+consequence the paper does not curl so
+much, but lies flatter. In the first place
+the sheets must be set out separately on
+the floor to dry, so that they may not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>[pg&nbsp;193]</span>
+stick together, but this is not so necessary
+in the two latter processes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Some indexers strongly object to
+pasting. This was the case with Mr.
+E. H. Malcolm, who wrote thus to <i>Notes
+and Queries</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"I long ago discovered the cause of
+imperfections in my own work. It was
+the 'cutting into slips' and 'laying down'
+processes. The fact is you cannot be
+sure of preserving the cuttings or slips,
+if very numerous; they are almost certain
+to get mixed or lost, or elude you somehow.
+My remedy is this. I now take
+cheap notepaper and write one entry
+only on each leaf. Having compiled my
+index thus from A to Z, I arrange my
+slips and manipulate them as I would a
+pack of cards, although shuffling only for
+the purpose of getting the arrangement of
+the letters right. Thus I save myself all
+the labour and trouble of pasting or
+laying down the slips in analytical order.
+I do not mind a little extra expenditure
+of paper by only entering one item on
+every slip, for I am compensated for the
+appearance of bulk by finding that I
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>[pg&nbsp;194]</span>
+have secured order and arrangement
+free from the consequences of a finical
+arrangement of the slips and a dirty and
+tiresome labour of pasting down."
+<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_21_21">
+<span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+5th S., vi. 114 (1876).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">As already pointed out in these pages,
+Mr. Malcolm is quite right respecting slips
+for a growing index; but when it comes
+to sending the "copy" to the printer the
+case is different. Here there is more
+safety in the pasted down slips, which are
+less likely to be lost than the loose ones
+even when numbered.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">As you proceed in your work you may
+wish to know how far your index agrees
+with other indexes in its proportion of
+letters, and to calculate what proportion
+of the whole you have already done.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Some calculations as to the relative
+extent of the different letters have been
+made. Thus B is the largest letter in
+an index of proper names, but loses its
+pre-eminence in an index of subjects; and
+S takes high rank in both classes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Mr. F. A. Curtis,
+<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>
+ of the Eagle
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>[pg&nbsp;195]</span>
+Insurance Office, made in 1858 a calculation
+of the relative proportions of the
+different letters of the alphabet in respect
+to proper names. He described his object
+in a letter entitled, "On the Best Method
+of Constructing an Index." He wrote
+that, having had occasion to construct an
+index of the lives assured in the "Eagle"
+Company, he had drawn up a few
+observations upon the subject. "The
+requirements of an index and the proportions
+of its several parts are the two
+principal questions to be considered.
+Under the first head it may be observed
+that the index of a company upon a large
+scale should afford as much abstract
+information as possible. Those who
+refer to it do so with different views,
+for the objects of their inquiry must
+necessarily vary with their respective
+duties. It is therefore desirable that the
+index should be constructed with a view
+to provide for the wants of each person,
+so far, at least, as to enable him to obtain
+information in the most direct way; and
+it will be proper to insert in the index
+particulars some of which do not usually
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>[pg&nbsp;196]</span>
+find a place in such a book. Let it be
+supposed that an individual signing his
+name 'J. Smith' inquires about the
+bonus, premium, or assignment, etc., of
+his policy, without stating either number,
+date, or amount. This is not an unusual
+case, and it will serve to illustrate my
+meaning by showing the nature of the
+difficulties which have to be encountered.
+J. may stand for John, James, Joseph, etc.
+There will probably be many of each kind
+in connection with the like surname, and
+it would be very difficult to discover,
+without a tedious investigation, to which
+policy J. Smith refers, unless the individuality
+of each person recorded in
+the index under that name be distinctly
+shown. The 'locality' of the assurance
+might be adopted as a mark of distinction;
+and we should in many instances be
+able to fix upon the right name by simply
+comparing the address of the writer with
+the place where the policy was effected."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_22_22">
+<span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+<i>Assurance Magazine</i>, vol. viii., 1860,
+pp. 54-7.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">This is a most valuable suggestion to
+all indexers. Many persons, to save
+trouble at the time, write initials instead
+of full Christian names. It should be a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>[pg&nbsp;197]</span>
+rule always to write these in full. When
+the index comes to be printed, the
+Christian names can be contracted if it
+is necessary to save space. The most
+important matter in the arrangement of
+an index is to avoid the confusion of
+two persons as one, and the possibility
+of making this blunder is greatly increased
+by the use of initials instead of
+full names. In the <i>British Museum
+Catalogue</i> it has been found necessary
+in many cases to add particulars to distinguish
+between men with the same names.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Mr. Curtis goes on to say:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"With regard to the second part of
+this subject&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> the proportions of the
+several parts of the index&mdash;I may observe
+that the most useful mode of division
+appears to me to be that which is adopted
+by many offices&mdash;namely, to classify the
+surname under its first letter, and to
+subdivide according to the first vowel
+thereafter, adopting the first subdivision
+for such names as 'Ash,' 'Epps,' etc.,
+which have no succeeding vowel."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">This, however, is a very unnatural
+arrangement, and has been, I believe,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>[pg&nbsp;198]</span>
+very generally given up. It is therefore
+unnecessary to refer further to Mr.
+Curtis's calculations of the proportions of
+the vowels in the subdivisions. Calculations
+can be made for the subdivision of
+the complete alphabet with a better
+result. Of course, in the case of initial
+vowels the following consonants have
+most to be considered, and in initial
+consonants the following vowels. Mr.
+Curtis's calculations respecting the first
+letters of surnames are of much value.
+He used the commercial lists of the <i>Post
+Office London Directory</i>, and compared
+them with Liverpool, Hull, Manchester,
+Sheffield, Birmingham, and Bristol directories,
+and with three lists of different
+assurance companies; and after making
+his calculations from nearly 233,000 surnames,
+he found the total average very
+similar in its result. Mr. William Davis
+made similar calculations from the <i>Clergy
+List</i>, which came out much the same.
+These he contributed to <i>Notes and
+Queries</i>,
+<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+ and subsequently he made a
+further calculation from French names.
+<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_23_23">
+<span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+2nd S., vi. 496.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_24_24">
+<span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+3rd S., iv. 371.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>[pg&nbsp;199]</span>
+I have united these results in one table
+as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="index1">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>MR. CURTIS.</td>
+<td>CLERGY LIST.</td>
+<td>FRENCH NAMES.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A</td>
+<td>3·1</td>
+<td>3·1</td>
+<td>2·9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>B</td>
+<td>10·9</td>
+<td>11·3</td>
+<td>11·5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>C</td>
+<td>8·5</td>
+<td>7·9</td>
+<td>9·2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>D</td>
+<td>4·3</td>
+<td>4·7</td>
+<td>10·7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>E</td>
+<td>2·4</td>
+<td>2·5</td>
+<td>0·9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>F</td>
+<td>3·6</td>
+<td>3·1</td>
+<td>3·9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>G</td>
+<td>5·1</td>
+<td>4·6</td>
+<td>7·4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>H</td>
+<td>8·6</td>
+<td>9·3</td>
+<td>3·5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>I, J</td>
+<td>3·2</td>
+<td>3·5</td>
+<td>2·4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>K</td>
+<td>2·0</td>
+<td>1·8</td>
+<td>6·4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>L</td>
+<td>4·7</td>
+<td>4·3</td>
+<td>10·8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>M</td>
+<td>6·7</td>
+<td>6·9</td>
+<td>8·8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>N</td>
+<td>2·0</td>
+<td>1·6</td>
+<td>1·2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>O</td>
+<td>1·0</td>
+<td>1·1</td>
+<td>0·6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>P</td>
+<td>5·9</td>
+<td>6·1</td>
+<td>6·7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Q</td>
+<td>0·2</td>
+<td>0·0</td>
+<td>0·3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>R</td>
+<td>4·6</td>
+<td>4·4</td>
+<td>5·3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>S</td>
+<td>9·7</td>
+<td>7·7</td>
+<td>4·3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>T</td>
+<td>4·0</td>
+<td>4·4</td>
+<td>3·3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>U, V</td>
+<td>1·0</td>
+<td>1·3</td>
+<td>3·2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>W</td>
+<td>7·9</td>
+<td>8·3</td>
+<td>0·8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>X</td>
+<td>0·0</td>
+<td>0·0</td>
+<td>0·0</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Y</td>
+<td>0·5</td>
+<td>0·4</td>
+<td>0·1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Z</td>
+<td>0·1</td>
+<td>0·0</td>
+<td>0·0</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>[pg&nbsp;200]</span>
+It will be noticed that B is strongest
+in all three, and C is fairly equal. S is
+smaller in French names, but probably
+would be much larger in German names.
+H and W are also much smaller in
+French, while D and L are much
+larger. The preponderance of the latter
+letters is of course caused by the large
+number of names beginning with <i>De</i>
+and <i>La</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Indexes are not confined to proper
+names, and therefore it is necessary to
+add some calculations as to the proportions
+of the several letters in indexes of subjects.
+The following table is formed from three
+large indexes, each different in character.
+I. represents Gough's <i>Index to the Publications
+of the Parker Society</i>, which
+may be taken as a very good standard
+index. The subjects are very varied, and
+there are no specially long headings; it
+also contains proper names as well as
+subjects. II. represents an index of
+subjects in Civil Engineering which contains
+a good number of large headings.
+III. represents the index to the Minutes
+of a public board, and also contains a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page201" id="page201"></a>[pg&nbsp;201]</span>
+considerable proportion of large headings.
+It will be seen that the numbers vary
+so considerably as to be of very little
+practical value. The percentages are, I
+think, interesting, but they show conclusively
+that indexes will vary so considerably
+that in order to obtain a satisfactory
+percentage a separate calculation will
+have to be made in each case. Large
+headings will vitiate any average; in fact,
+I have lately had to do with an index
+in which R was the largest letter, on
+account of such extensive headings as
+<i>Railways</i> and <i>Roads</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">One striking point in the averages is
+that B is found to be displaced from
+the pre-eminent position it occupies in the
+percentages of proper names.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="index 2">
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>I.</td>
+<td>II.</td>
+<td>III.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>A</td>
+<td>10·67</td>
+<td>2·63</td>
+<td>5·58</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>B</td>
+<td>6·94</td>
+<td>5·07</td>
+<td>6·28</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>C</td>
+<td>15·63</td>
+<td>8·26</td>
+<td>8·84</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>D</td>
+<td>2·48</td>
+<td>4·50</td>
+<td>4·65</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>E</td>
+<td>3·23</td>
+<td>6·94</td>
+<td>11·39</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>F</td>
+<td>2·85</td>
+<td>3·38</td>
+<td>1·63</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>G</td>
+<td>4·34</td>
+<td>3·56</td>
+<td>1·86</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page202" id="page202"></a>[pg&nbsp;202]</span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="index 3">
+<tr>
+<td>H</td>
+<td>4·34</td>
+<td>3·19</td>
+<td>2·09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>I</td>
+<td>1·74</td>
+<td>2·72</td>
+<td>1·39</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>J</td>
+<td>3·97</td>
+<td>0·14</td>
+<td>0·46</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>K</td>
+<td>0·74</td>
+<td>0·05</td>
+<td>0·23</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>L</td>
+<td>5·58</td>
+<td>4·97</td>
+<td>15·12</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>M</td>
+<td>5·71</td>
+<td>5·82</td>
+<td>7·67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>N</td>
+<td>1·37</td>
+<td>0·19</td>
+<td>0·93</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>O</td>
+<td>1·74</td>
+<td>1·31</td>
+<td>1·63</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>P</td>
+<td>9·31</td>
+<td>6·75</td>
+<td>7·67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Q</td>
+<td>0·12</td>
+<td>0·94</td>
+<td>0·47</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>R</td>
+<td>2·48</td>
+<td>12·38</td>
+<td>8·14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>S</td>
+<td>8·44</td>
+<td>13·32</td>
+<td>8·14</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>T</td>
+<td>3·60</td>
+<td>5·72</td>
+<td>1·40</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>U</td>
+<td>0·50</td>
+<td>0·05</td>
+<td>0·47</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>V</td>
+<td>0·99</td>
+<td>0·61</td>
+<td>2·33</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>W</td>
+<td>2·61</td>
+<td>7·41</td>
+<td>1·51</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>X</td>
+<td>0·03</td>
+<td>0·00</td>
+<td>0·00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Y</td>
+<td>0·22</td>
+<td>0·00</td>
+<td>0·00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Z</td>
+<td>0·37</td>
+<td>0·09</td>
+<td>0·06</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+<td>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td>100·00</td>
+<td>100·00</td>
+<td>100·00</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">When the whole index is pasted down
+it is not yet ready for the printer, as it
+will require to be marked for the instruction
+of the compositor. The printer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page203" id="page203"></a>[pg&nbsp;203]</span>
+will have general instructions as to the
+kind of type to be used and the plan
+to be adopted, but it will be necessary
+to mark out those words that are not to
+be repeated and to insert lines indicating
+repetition. There are also sure to be little
+alterations in wording, necessitated by the
+coming together of the slips, which could
+not be foreseen when the slips were first
+written out.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In a large work it is probable that
+your employers are importunate for
+"copy," and you will be urged to send
+this to the printer as you have it ready.
+If possible, it should be kept to the end,
+so that you may look over it as a whole,
+and so see that the same subjects are
+not in more places than one. You will
+probably have to make modifications in
+your plan as you go along, and this may
+cause difficulties which you will now be
+able to set right.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Much of the value of an index depends
+upon the mode in which it is printed,
+and every endeavour should be made
+to set it out with clearness. It was not
+the practice in old indexes to bring the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page204" id="page204"></a>[pg&nbsp;204]</span>
+indexed word to the front, but to leave
+it in its place in the sentence, so that
+the alphabetical order was not made
+perceptible to the eye.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There is a great deal to arrange in
+preparing for the press. Lines of repetition
+are often a source of blundering,
+specimens of which have already been
+given.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The dash should not be too long, and
+very often space is saved and greater
+clearness is obtained by putting the
+general heading on a line by itself, and
+slightly indenting the following entries.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Black type for headings and for the
+references to volume and page add much
+to the clearness of an index, but some
+persons have a decided objection to the
+spottiness that is thus given to the page.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Tastes differ so much in respect to
+printing that it is not possible to indicate
+the best style to be adopted, and so
+each must choose for himself. One
+point, however, is of the greatest importance,
+and that is where a heading is
+continued over leaf it should be repeated
+with the addition of <i>continued</i> at the end
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page205" id="page205"></a>[pg&nbsp;205]</span>
+of the heading. It is not unusual in
+such cases to see the dash used at the
+top of the page, which is absurd.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When the index has been put into
+print, the indexer has still to correct the
+press, and this is not always an easy
+matter, as the printer is scarcely likely
+to have understood all the necessarily
+elaborate and complicated marks used in
+preparing for the press. It will therefore
+still be some time before the end is in
+sight, and probably the indexer will see
+cause to agree with my statement on a
+former page, that in the case of a large
+index, when the indexing of the book
+itself is completed, little more than half
+of the total work is done.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p205.jpg" width="350" height="179" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page206" id="page206"></a>[pg&nbsp;206]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p206-1.jpg" width="600" height="98" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="C8" id="C8"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">General or Universal Index.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">
+"When Baillet, the learned author of the
+<i>Jugemens des Savans</i>, was appointed by M. de
+Lamoignon keeper of the exquisite library
+collected by that nobleman, he set to work to
+compile an index of the contents of all the books
+contained in it, and this he is said to have completed
+in August, 1682. After this date, however,
+the Index continued to grow, and it extended to
+thirty-two folio volumes, all written by Baillet's
+own hand."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p206-2.jpg" width="100" height="97" alt="A" title="A" />
+</div>
+
+<p>S knowledge increases and books
+and magazines gather in number,
+the need for many indexes
+becomes daily more evident.
+We often are certain that something
+has been written on a subject in which
+we are interested, but in vain we seek
+for a clue to it. We want a key to
+all this ever-increasing literature.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207" id="page207"></a>[pg&nbsp;207]</span>
+As long ago as 1842 the late Thomas
+Watts, of the British Museum, one
+of the most learned and all-knowing of
+librarians, spoke to the late Dr. Greenhill
+of Hastings on the need for the formation
+of an Index Society. This date I give
+on the authority of Dr. Greenhill. Mr.
+Watts was a perfect index in himself,
+and few inquirers sought information
+from him which his fully stored mind
+was not able to supply; and he was
+not jealous of the printed index, as
+some authorities are. Twelve years after&mdash;in
+1854&mdash;an announcement was made
+in <i>Notes and Queries</i> of the projected
+formation of a "Society for the Formation
+of a General Literary Index." In
+the 2nd Series, vol. i., p. 486, the
+late Mr. Thomas Jones, who signed
+himself "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," commenced
+a series of articles, which he
+continued for several years, as a contribution
+to this general index; but nothing
+more was heard of the society. Inquiries
+were made in various numbers of <i>Notes
+and Queries</i>, but no response was obtained.
+In 1876 a contributor to the same
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page208" id="page208"></a>[pg&nbsp;208]</span>
+periodical, signing himself "A. H.," proposed
+the formation of a staff of index
+compilers. In 1874 the late Professor
+Stanley Jevons published his <i>Principles of
+Science</i>. In the chapter on Classification
+he enlarged on the value of indexes, and
+added:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The time will perhaps come when
+our views upon this subject will be extended,
+and either Government or some
+public society will undertake the systematic
+cataloguing and indexing of masses of
+historical and scientific information,
+which are now almost closed against
+inquiry" (1st ed., vol. ii., p. 405; 2nd
+ed., p. 718).</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">In the following year Mr. Edward Solly
+and I, without having then seen this
+passage, consulted as to the possibility of
+starting an Index Society, but postponed
+the actual carrying out of the scheme for
+a time. In July of this same year, 1875,
+Mr. J. Ashton Cross argued in a pamphlet
+that a universal index might be formed
+by co-operation through a clearing-house,
+and would pay if published in separate
+parts. In September, 1877, some letters
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page209" id="page209"></a>[pg&nbsp;209]</span>
+by Mr. W. J. Thoms, who signed himself
+"A Lover of Indexes," were published
+in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, in which the
+foundation of an Index Society was
+strongly urged. In October, 1877, Mr.
+Cross read a paper before the Conference
+of Librarians, which was a revival of
+the scheme previously suggested. Mr.
+Robert Harrison, late Secretary of the
+London Library, in a report of the
+Conference of Librarians published in
+the <i>Athenæum</i> for October 13th, 1877,
+wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"Could not a permanent Index Society
+be founded with the support of voluntary
+contributions of money as well as of
+subject matter? In this way a regular
+staff could be set to work, under competent
+direction, and could be kept
+steadily at work until its performances
+became so generally known and so useful
+as to enable it to stand alone and be
+self-supporting. Many readers would
+readily jot down the name of any new
+subject they met with in the book before
+them, and the page on which it occurs,
+and forward their notes to be sorted and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page210" id="page210"></a>[pg&nbsp;210]</span>
+arranged by any society that would
+undertake the work."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Mr. Justin Winsor, the late distinguished
+librarian of Harvard University, writing
+to the <i>Athenæum</i>, said:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"We have been in America striving
+for years to get some organised body to
+undertake this very work."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">Following on all this correspondence,
+the Index Society was founded; but after
+doing some useful work it was amalgamated
+with the Index Library founded by Mr.
+Phillimore, having failed from want of
+popular support. This want of permanent
+success was probably owing to its aim
+being too general. Those who were
+interested in one class of index cared
+little for indexes which were quite different
+in subject.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">I fear that the interest of the public
+in the production of indexes (which is
+considerable) does not go to the length of
+willingness to pay for these indexes, which
+from the fewness of those who care for
+these helps must always be expensive.
+When suggestions were made in <i>Notes
+and Queries</i> for the compilation and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page211" id="page211"></a>[pg&nbsp;211]</span>
+publication of certain needed indexes,
+Mr. J. Cuthbert Welch wrote that the
+editor of a journal offered to publish an
+index if he could obtain sufficient subscribers.
+Respecting this offer, the
+publisher said, "Altogether I had six
+offers to take one copy each." This
+rebuff caused Mr. Welch to say, "Is it
+not rather that people are not energetic
+to buy such indexes than that publishers
+are not energetic enough to issue
+them?"
+<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_25_25">
+<span class="label">[25]</span></a>
+8th S., i. 364.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">There is still a great want for indexes
+of history and biography, and it is probable
+that if the objects of the Index Society
+had been confined to these it might have
+been more successful. In November, 1878,
+Mr. Edward Solly wrote a letter to me
+in which he sketched out a very important
+scheme for a biographical index which
+would be of the greatest value. He
+wrote:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"I do not think the Index Society can
+take up any subject of greater utility, or
+one more likely to be of service to the
+general public as well as students, than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page212" id="page212"></a>[pg&nbsp;212]</span>
+an Index of Biographies. An entire
+index of all known lives would obviously
+be much too large an undertaking; we can
+only attempt a part of the subject. Probably
+in the first instance we should do
+well to try and form an index of British
+lives; such a work would I think, if
+tolerably complete, certainly fill at least
+ten large octavo volumes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"The work might be considerably
+diminished in bulk if we were to determine
+to leave out all names now to be
+found in certain standard works such as
+Chalmers' Biographical Dictionary. It
+is evident, however, that to do this would
+greatly diminish the value of our index,
+and would cause us to put aside hundreds
+of memoranda which it is most important
+to index, I mean references to more recent
+notes, memoirs, letters and anecdotes,
+which are to be met with in journals and
+lives, and which often throw new and
+important light on older published
+Biographies.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"It is on account of these difficulties
+that I would propose that we endeavour
+to undertake an index of Biographical
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page213" id="page213"></a>[pg&nbsp;213]</span>
+references of persons who have died in
+a certain given period&mdash;say 1800-1825,
+or 1800-1850, or perhaps 1750-1800.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"With a view to this I should like to
+see lists made of all Biographical matters
+in such books as the Gentleman's
+Magazine, European Magazine, Monthly
+Magazine, Anti-Jacobin Magazine, etc.
+Also such books as the Annual Necrology,
+Public Characters, Living Authors, etc.,
+and thirdly of references to Biographical
+Memoranda dispersed throughout Lives
+and Memoirs such as 'Kilvert's Memoirs,'
+I mean books in which no one from the
+title would expect to find such information."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">It will be seen that such an index as
+is here sketched would be an inestimable
+help to the student. It would form a
+useful supplement to the <i>Dictionary of
+National Biography</i>, for it must be remembered
+that such an index would
+contain a majority of references to men
+and women whose claims to distinction
+or notoriety do not attain to the standard
+set up by the promoters of that grand
+work. Possibly, if such an index was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page214" id="page214"></a>[pg&nbsp;214]</span>
+undertaken by co-operation as an object
+in itself, and not as one among other
+subjects, it might be compiled in one
+alphabet instead of in periods, which
+would make it much more valuable for
+reference. Naturally the great advantage
+of periods is that, if left incomplete, what
+is published (if it covers a period) will
+always be of value, while a portion of
+the alphabet would be almost worthless.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Rev. John E. B. Mayor has
+collected a great mass of biographical
+references which are of much value. In
+an interesting communication on his
+indexes he suggests the formation of a
+British Biographical Society which might
+be called the Antony Wood Society.
+<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_26_26">
+<span class="label">[26]</span></a>
+<i>Notes and Queries</i>, 5th S., xii. 511.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">There is one project of the Index
+Society which has never been undertaken,
+but which is still wanted as much as
+ever&mdash;<i>viz.</i> a general or universal index.
+Some think this to be an impossibility,
+and that to attempt its preparation is a
+waste of time. Those who hold this
+opinion have not sufficient faith in the
+simplicity and usefulness of the alphabet.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page215" id="page215"></a>[pg&nbsp;215]</span>
+Every one has notes and references of
+some kind, which are useless if kept unarranged,
+but, if sorted into alphabetical
+order, become valuable.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The object of the general index is just
+this, that anything, however disconnected,
+can be placed there, and much that would
+otherwise be lost will there find a resting-place.
+Always growing and never pretending
+to be complete, the index will
+be useful to all, and its consulters will
+be sure to find something worth their
+trouble, if not all they may require.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Some attempts have been made at
+compiling a general index, for what are
+<i>Poole's Index</i>, <i>Index of Essays</i>, Q.P.
+Indexes, Hetherington's <i>Index to the
+Periodicals of the World</i>, and <i>Indexes to
+"The Times,"</i> but contributions towards
+a universal index? Such a work as is
+here proposed can scarcely be carried out
+unless Government aid is extended to it;
+but surely the small amount of money
+that need be expended upon a sort of
+general inquiry office would be well
+laid out!</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A sort of skeleton index of universal
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>[pg&nbsp;216]</span>
+information might be drawn up, and this
+could be added to gradually, partly by
+specialised effort and partly by the reception
+of any stray references of interest
+sent by those who recognise that their
+notes would find a home. This could
+be kept in a clearing-house and reference-room.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When the index had become of some
+importance, and was recognised as a help
+to the inquirer, it could be printed.
+When published, it might be interleaved,
+so that additions might be made which
+could be sent to the office. Gradually
+the index would grow into a work of
+very considerable importance.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">One of the chief objections to index
+catalogues of public libraries is that the
+same work is practically repeated by each
+library, while a general index would be
+useful to all. Surely some arrangement
+might be made by which the various
+libraries would contribute funds to the
+central office and receive the indexes,
+which would serve their purpose as well
+as those of all the other libraries!</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Having said so much, it seems necessary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page217" id="page217"></a>[pg&nbsp;217]</span>
+to explain rather more fully what the
+general index should contain and what
+should be omitted. To explain it in a
+few words, it should be a sort of
+encyclopædia of references rather than
+of direct information; but it should contain
+more headings than any existing
+encyclopædia. Every one must have felt
+the want of some book which would give
+information or references on a large
+number of subjects that are constantly
+topics of ordinary conversation, but are
+consistently ignored in the ordinary books
+of reference. On the other hand, mere
+technical references should be omitted,
+because these details would overload the
+work, and because specialists have their
+own sources of information. It is the
+general information which every one is
+supposed to possess that is so difficult
+to obtain.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the first instance the groundwork
+of the index should be laid down with
+care by an expert. All special bibliographies
+should be entered under their
+subjects, both those published separately
+and those included in other books.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page218" id="page218"></a>[pg&nbsp;218]</span>
+Various societies have published indexes.
+There are those among the publications
+of the Index Society and many others.
+The Bibliographical Society has published
+indexes to the German periodical
+<i>Serapeum</i> and to Dibdin's edition of
+Ames' and Herbert's <i>Typographical
+Antiquities</i>; but very few persons know
+of these books.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The authorities of the British Museum
+have given students an immense help
+by gathering separate indexes and bibliographies
+on various subjects into the
+dwarf bookcases in the Reading-room.
+Here are a large number of aids to knowledge
+of which the general reader would
+have known nothing if they had not so
+obligingly been brought under his notice.
+<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a>
+<a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_27_27">
+<span class="label">[27]</span></a>
+The late Professor Justin Winsor gave a list of
+indexes in his useful <i>Handbook for Readers</i> (for
+the Boston Public Library); and I added a
+"Preliminary List of Indexes" to <i>What is an
+Index?</i> London, 1879. Other lists have also
+been published by the British Museum, etc.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">A large number of books contain
+special information of importance on
+various subjects, the existence of which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page219" id="page219"></a>[pg&nbsp;219]</span>
+would never be guessed from the titles.
+Attempts at general indexes of special
+subjects have been published, such as
+F. S. Thomas's <i>Historical Notes</i> (1509-1714),
+and the main points of these should
+be included in the proposed General Index.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When a good groundwork has been
+made, the index could be printed; and
+doubtless, if this printed index was widely
+circulated, a large number of helpers
+would speedily be found. Many persons
+know of places where full information
+on some subject may be found, and
+would be glad to place their collections
+where they would be helpful to others.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">There can surely be no doubt that a
+general inquiry office with such an ever-growing
+index and a library of printed
+indexes would be a boon not only to the
+student, but to the general public. Every
+day the great truth that keys to knowledge
+are more and more required is
+generally appreciated.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">As a groundwork for such a general
+index, selection could be made from
+the books already mentioned; and from
+the index volumes of Watt's <i>Bibliotheca</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page220" id="page220"></a>[pg&nbsp;220]</span>
+<i>Britannica</i> (1824), which, with all its
+faults, is one of the most valuable
+helps to bibliography, and the subject
+index of James Darling's <i>Cyclopædia
+Bibliographica</i> (1854-1859), many useful
+references could be obtained. These two
+books are gradually getting out of date,
+but information may be obtained from
+their pages which is not easily to be
+obtained elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In closing this subject, I feel that too
+great honour cannot be done to the
+memory of W. F. Poole, who placed the
+world under great obligations by the production
+of his <i>Index of Periodical Literature</i>.
+As far back as 1848, when a
+student at Yale College, he published an
+<i>Index to Subjects treated in the Reviews
+and other Periodicals</i> (New York). In
+1853 an improved edition was published
+as the <i>Index to Periodical Literature</i>.
+When Mr. Poole attended the Library
+Conference at London in 1877 he expressed
+publicly his pleasure in seeing
+on the shelves of the British Museum
+Library a copy of his first index, which
+he had not seen for some years elsewhere.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page221" id="page221"></a>[pg&nbsp;221]</span>
+He realised that the work, if it were to
+be continued, was too great an undertaking
+for one man, and he succeeded
+in arranging for a co-operative index,
+which is continued now in several supplements
+under the able superintendence
+of Mr. William I. Fletcher.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">An <i>Index to the "Times"</i> was started
+by J. Giddings in 1862-63, but not continued.
+Later, Mr. S. Palmer commenced
+a <i>Quarterly Index</i>, which has been continued
+forward to the present time, and
+also backward. In 1899 Bailey's <i>Annual
+Index to the "Times"</i> came into being.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The indexing of a paper such as the
+<i>Times</i> is a very arduous and difficult
+undertaking. In consequence, these indexes
+cannot be considered as models of
+what such works should be.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Mr. Corrie Leonard Thompson criticises
+in <i>Notes and Queries</i> (7th S., x. 345)
+the arrangement of the headings of
+Palmer's <i>Index to the "Times"</i> severely,
+but not unfairly. He writes:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent">"The following are instances of the
+absurdities which appear in the volume
+just issued (Oct.-Dec. 1842), and will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page222" id="page222"></a>[pg&nbsp;222]</span>
+serve to illustrate the system which has
+been adopted throughout the index:</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"In November, 1842, a floating chapel
+on the Severn was loosed from its
+moorings; this occurrence appears in the
+index under the heading, 'Disgraceful
+Act.' Again, referring to the dry weather
+that was prevailing at the time, the
+entry is, 'Present Dry Season.' Other
+references to the same subject are, however,
+to be found under the heading
+'Weather,' which of course is correct.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"A more marked example of carelessness
+or ignorance of the art of indexing, or
+both, is that of two women who were committed
+to Ruthin prison&mdash;one, Amelia
+Home for firing a pistol at a man named
+Roberts; the other, Jane Williams, for
+stealing a mare belonging to Robert
+Owen. This occurrence is entered under
+the letter R&mdash;'Rather uncommon for
+Females.' The chance of any one looking
+under Rather for an occurrence of this
+kind must be infinitesimal, to say the
+least of it; and so on. A storm at
+Saone-et-Loire is indexed under 'Fatal
+Storm,' and an account of the trial of a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" id="page223"></a>[pg&nbsp;223]</span>
+small boy for stealing a twopenny pie will
+be found under 'Atrocious Criminal.'
+A certain Jane Thomas was so overjoyed
+at seeing her mother waiting at the stage-door
+of a theatre that she died in her
+arms. The employment of capitals is
+most remarkable, as is also the arrangement
+of the words, 'Death of Jane Thomas
+in her Mother's Arms in Holborn at Joy
+in Seeing her parent at the Stage Door
+to Receive her.'</p>
+
+<p class="indent">"The errors pointed out in these examples,
+omitting the last instance, as well
+as the additional fault of indexing under
+adjectives which have no distinctive feature
+in them to guide the searcher, evidently
+arise from the fact that the simple heading
+of the newspaper article has been
+taken, without any attempt being made
+to discover the actual contents of such
+article."</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="indent">As already stated on a previous page,
+it is most important to index the articles
+in periodicals afresh, and not always to
+follow the heading of the original. This
+is of course more particularly the case in
+respect to newspapers, where the headings
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page224" id="page224"></a>[pg&nbsp;224]</span>
+are drawn up to catch the reader's eye.
+The same rule may be insisted on in
+respect to all indexing, and this is so
+important that the restatement of it may
+well conclude this little volume.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In making a general index of several
+volumes, always index the volumes afresh,
+and do not be contented with using
+what has been done before. It is always
+wiser to put 'new wine into new bottles.'</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page225" id="page225"></a>[pg&nbsp;225]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/dec-p225.jpg" width="600" height="95" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Abecedarie as a synonym of index, 8.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Acrostic as a motto for an index, 85.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Adjectives, when to be used as catchwords, 151.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; (substantival) as headings, 151.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Allibone's <i>Dictionary of English Literature</i> alluded to, 87.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; the forty indexes, 155.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Alphabet (One) for indexes, 134;<br />
+order of the English alphabet, 135.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Alphabetisation, Want of complete, in indexes, 65.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Alphabets, Variety of, in indexes, 69.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Annual Register</i>, fourteen alphabets in the index, 70.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Antonio (N.), value of his <i>Bibliotheca Hispana</i>, 88.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his quotation of the remark that an index should be made by the author of the book, 109.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Appendix, objection to the plural appendices, 12.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Archæological Epistle to Dean Milles, not</i> by Mason, but by Baynes, 82.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Arrangement (Bad) in indexes, 64.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Athenæum (The)</i>, suggestion of an Index Society in 1877, 209.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Athenæum library catalogue, index of subjects, 117, 124.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Athenian Oracle</i>, Index to, 30.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Atterbury (Bishop), his connection with the attack upon Dr. Bentley, 40.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Authorities quoted or referred to to be indexed, 159.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Ayenbite of Inwyt</i>, table of contents to the book, 6.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Baillet, his index to the books in the Lamoignon Library, 206.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Baret's <i>Alvearie</i>, use of the words "index" and "table" in that book, 8.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page226" id="page226"></a>[pg&nbsp;226]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Baronius, noble index to his Annales <i>Ecclesiastici</i>, 89.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bartlett (John), concordance to Shakespeare, 120.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bayle, his opinion on the need of judgment in the compilation of an index, 132.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Baynes (John), his terrible curse, 82.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bellenden (Mary) maligned in an index, 81.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bentham's <i>Works</i>, Good index to, by J. H. Burton, 102.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bentley's <i>Dissertation on the Epistle of Phalaris</i>, attack of the "Wits" upon this book and Dr. King's Index, 36.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind, 157.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bible, Concordances to the, 119.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Bibliothecar. Chetham.," his contribution to a general index in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 207.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Biglow Papers</i>, Humorous index to, 33.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Biographical (British) Society suggested by the Rev. John E. B. Mayor, 214.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Biography, Dictionary of National</i>, plan of arranging peers under their surnames instead of their titles, 146.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Birdwood's (Sir George) note "On the Indexing of the Names of Eastern People," 164.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Blackburn (Charles F.), <i>Hints on Catalogue Titles</i> quoted, 183.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Book Prices Current," General index to, 113.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i>, Boswell's own index, 109.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; Dr. Birkbeck Hill's admirable index to his edition, 105.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Boyle (Hon. Charles), his attack upon Bentley, 36.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; offended Atterbury, 40.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Boyle upon Bentley," 36.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Boyle's (Hon. Robert) <i>Considerations touching Natural Philosophy</i>, table of contents called an index, 13.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>British Association Reports</i>, index in six alphabets, 70.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">British Museum, collection of indexes in the Reading-room a great boon, 218.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; proposed subject index to the catalogue of the library, 126.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bromley's (William) <i>Travels</i>, ill-natured index made to them by Dr. King, 44;<br />
+his note on the attack made upon him, 46;<br />
+his Jacobite leanings, 52;<br />
+his portrait at Oxford, 52.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>[pg&nbsp;227]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Bruce's (John) edition of <i>Historie of Edward IV.</i>, absurd filling up of initials J. C., 78.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Brunet (G.) translates <i>White Knight</i> as <i>Le Chevalier Blanc</i>, 77.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Buckland (Dr.) said to be the author of a work <i>Sur les Ponts et Chaussées</i>, 77.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Burton (Hill), <i>Book-Hunter</i>, allusion to the power in the hands of an indexer, 24.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his reference to Prynne's <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, 20.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his index to Bentham's <i>Works</i>, 102.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Calendar as a synonym of index, 7.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Camden Society's publications, Proposed index to, 112.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Campbell (Lady Charlotte) maligned in an index, 81.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Campbell (Lord) proposed punishment for the publication of an indexless book, 82.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his confession, 83.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Campkin (Henry), plea for index-makers, 92.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Canadian Journal</i>, bad index, 56.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Capgrave's <i>Chronicle of England</i>, blunder in the index, 66.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cards or separate slips used for indexes, 182.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Carlyle (Thomas), he denounces the putters-forth of indexless books, 82, 91.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his reference to Prynne's <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, 15.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his remarks on the want of indexes to the standard historical collections, 91.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Catalogue as a synonym of index, 7.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Catalogues, Indexes to, 123.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; of libraries, Indexes to, 123.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Chitty (E.), his supposed grudge against Justice Best, 157.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Christian Observer</i>, Index to, by Macaulay, 91.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cicero, his use of the word "index," 6, 8.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Clark's (Perceval) index to Trevelyan's <i>Life of Macaulay</i>, 95.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Clarke (Mrs. Cowden), her <i>Concordance to Shakespeare</i>, 120.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Clarke (William) quoted, 118.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Classification within the alphabet, Evils of, 58, 67.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cobbett's <i>Woodlands</i> quoted, 72.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Coke (Lord Chief Justice) an inaccurate man, 101.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Commonplace books, Indexes to, 174.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Concordances to the Bible, 119.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page228" id="page228"></a>[pg&nbsp;228]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Concordances to Shakespeare, 120.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Contractions, dangers in filling them out, 78.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Corpus Christi Guild, York</i>, Incomplete index to <i>The Register</i> of, 122.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Crestadoro's <i>Index to the Manchester Free Library Catalogue</i>, 125.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cross (J. Ashton), proposal for a universal index, 208, 209.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cross references not usually popular, 158.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; curiosities of, 72.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; want of, in indexes, 70.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cunningham (Mr.) paid £500 for indexing, 97.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Curll's authors, instructions how to find them, 53.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Curtis (F. A.) on the best method of constructing an index, 195.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cutter's rule as to the arrangement of peers under their surnames, 146.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Cutting up of entries when written on pages of paper, 182.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Da," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Dal" surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Darling's (James) <i>Cyclopædia Bibliographica</i>, Index, 220.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Dashes in printing representing repetition to be of uniform length, 161, 204;<br />
+instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"De," French surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141;<br />
+English surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 142.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">De Quincey on Bentley, 39.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Del," "Della," surnames to be arranged under these prefixes, 141.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Des," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Dictionary catalogue, its history, 129.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; Mr. Fortescue's objections to it, 130.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Dictionary makers really indexers, 120.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Disraeli's (Isaac) <i>Literary Miscellanies</i> quoted, 1.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Drayton (M.), his use of the word "index," 11.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Du," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Dugdale's <i>Warwickshire</i>, the words "index" and "table" both used, 9.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Dumas (Alexandre) <i>père et fils</i>, confused with Alexandre <i>père et fils</i>, harmonium-makers, 24.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page229" id="page229"></a>[pg&nbsp;229]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Eadie's <i>Dictionary of the Bible</i>, Cross reference in, 72.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Electricity, Indexes of, 123.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Ellis's <i>Original Letters</i> quoted, 19.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Cross references in, 72, 74.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Envelopes as safe receptacles for index slips, 182, 189.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Erasmus made alphabetical indexes, 7.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Fétis Musical Library, blunder in the index to the catalogue, 24.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Flaxman (Dr. Roger) paid £3000 for indexing, 97.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Fleming (Abraham), his use of the word "index," 8.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Fletcher (William I.), his valuable additions to index literature, 221.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Ford's <i>Handbook of Spain</i>, Amusing cross reference in, 76.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Forster (Rev. &mdash;) paid £3000 for indexing, 97.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Fortescue (G. K.) on the proposed subject index to the British Museum library catalogue, 126.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; on five-yearly indexes to the British Museum catalogue, 128.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Freeman's  opinion  that foreign names should be Englished, 144.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Freemason</i>, bad index quoted, 54.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Fuller (Thomas) quoted, 3, 172.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Gay's <i>Trivia</i>, humorous index, 32.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, badness of the index of names, 153.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Gerarde's <i>Herbal</i>, by Johnson, use of the words "index" and "table" in that book, 9.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Giddings (J.), index to <i>The Times</i>, 221.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Glanville's (Joseph) <i>Vanity of Dogmatizing</i> quoted, 2.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Gough (H.), index to Parker Society's publications, 112.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Greenhill (Dr.) on the formation of an Index Society, 207.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Gruter's <i>Thesaurus Inscriptionum</i>, index to the book by Scaliger, 88.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Gum an unsatisfactory material for laying down slips, 189.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hardy (Sir T. Duffus), remarks on the "Pye-book," 7.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hare's <i>Walks in London</i>, Index to, 152.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Harley (Robert, Earl of Oxford), the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i> attributed to him, 46, 48.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Harrison (Robert) proposes the formation of an Index Society in <i>The Athenæum</i>, 209.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230" id="page230"></a>[pg&nbsp;230]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hawkins's <i>Pleas of the Crown</i>, Odd cross references in, 75.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Headings, alphabetical arrangement of, 137.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; instances of bad, 54.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; printing of, 160.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Henrietta Maria offended with Prynne's <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, 18.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Heskeths, their change of name, 151.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hetherington's (Miss) opinions on the indexing of periodicals, 59;<br />
+specimens of absurd references quoted by her, 60;<br />
+on the qualifications of an indexer, 114.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hill's (Dr. Birkbeck) admirable indexes, 105-108.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Historical collections, need of indexes to these standard works, 91.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Homer, poetical index to Pope's translation of the Iliad, 21.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">House of Commons' Journals, sums paid for the indexes, 97.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hume (David), index to his <i>Essays</i>, 23;<br />
+he was glad to be saved from the drudgery of making one, 23.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hunt (Leigh), his opinion on index-making, 26.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; supposed author of the joke on Best's great mind, 157.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hutchins's <i>Dorset</i>, Separate indexes to, 69.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Hyphen, Use of, in compound names, 149.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">I and J to be kept distinct, 66, 135.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Im Thurn, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Index, alphabetical order not at first considered essential, 6;<br />
+classification to be abjured in an alphabetical index, 58, 67;<br />
+evils of dividing an index into several alphabets, 69;<br />
+<i>General or Universal Index</i> (chap. viii.), 206, 223;<br />
+history of the word, 7;<br />
+use by the Romans, 6;<br />
+naturalisation of the word in English, 8;<br />
+introduced into English in the nominative case, 10;<br />
+<i>How to Set About the Index</i> (chap. vii.), 172-205;<br />
+long struggle with the word "table," 7;<br />
+soul of a book, <i>Title-page</i>;<br />
+one index to each book, 134;<br />
+two chief causes of the badness of indexes, 64;<br />
+varied kinds of, 5.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Index-learning ridiculed, 2.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Index Society, its formation, 210;<br />
+published index to Trevelyan's <i>Life of Macaulay</i>, 95;<br />
+amalgamation with the Index Library, 210.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page231" id="page231"></a>[pg&nbsp;231]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Indexer, chief characteristics of a good indexer, 116;<br />
+difference of opinion as to whether the indexer is "born, <i>not</i> made," "not born, <i>but</i> made," or "born <i>and</i> made," 114;<br />
+power in his hands, 93;<br />
+<i>The Bad Indexer</i> (chap. iii.), 53-84;<br />
+<i>The Good Indexer</i> (chap. iv.), 85-117.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Indexes, <i>Amusing and Satirical Indexes</i> (chap. ii.), 25-52;<br />
+<i>Different Classes of Indexes</i> (chap. v.), 118-131;<br />
+<i>General Rules for Alphabetical Indexes</i> (chap. vi.), 132-171;<br />
+list of indexes, 218;<br />
+official indexes, 96;<br />
+to great authors proposed, 111;<br />
+veneration due to the inventor of indexes, 1.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">India said in the index to Capgrave's <i>Chronicle</i> to be conquered by Judas Maccabeus, 66.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Indical, word used by Fuller, 4.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Indice, word used by Ben Jonson, 10.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; French word, 10.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; Italian word, 10.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Indices, objections to the use of this plural in English, 11.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Indicium, the original of the French <i>indice</i>, 10.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Initials, Careless use of, 161.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Inventory as a synonym of index, 7.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">J.C., absurd filling out of these initials, 78.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Jaggard's (William) index to <i>Book Prices Current</i>, 113.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Jeake's <i>Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed</i>, Index to, 89.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Jevons (Professor Stanley), his suggestion of an Index Society, 208.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his <i>Principles of Science</i> quoted, 208.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Jewel's <i>Apology</i> by Isaacson, bad index, 56.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Jews generally wore red hats in Italy, but not at Leghorn, 51.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Johnson (Dr.), his division of necessary knowledge, 5.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; advises Richardson to add an index to his novels, 21.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Jones (Thomas), his contribution to a general index in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 207.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Jonson (Ben), his use of the word "indice," 10.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">King (Dr. William), the inventor of satirical indexes, 35.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his attack upon Bentley in the index to "Boyle upon Bentley," 36.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page232" id="page232"></a>[pg&nbsp;232]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">King (Dr. William), his parody of <i>Lister's Journey to Paris</i>, 42.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his attack upon Sir Hans Sloane and the <i>Philosophical Transactions"</i>, 42.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; satirical index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 44.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Knowledge, what is true, 1.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">"La," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Lamoignon (M. de), his library, indexed by Baillet, 206.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Lawyers good indexers, 98.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Le," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Library Association, Index to <i>Reports</i>, 113.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Lister's <i>Journey to Paris</i> parodied by Dr. King, 42.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Littré, his derivation of indice, 10.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Lo<i>n</i>don (George), his name often spelt Lo<i>u</i>don, 67.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Longman's Magazine</i>, bad index, 63.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Lo<i>u</i>don (C. J.), the Duke of Wellington mistakes his signature for that of the Bishop of London, 67.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Lowell's <i>Biglow Papers</i>, humorous index, 33.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">"M'" and "Mc" to be arranged as if written "Mac," 145.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Macaulay (Lord) an indexer, 91.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; indexers treated with contempt by him, 92.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his opinion on the index to his <i>History</i>, 93.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; objection to the indexing of his <i>History</i> by a Tory, 93.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his Englishing of foreign names approved by Freeman, 144.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; on Bentley's foibles, 38.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Maine (Duc de), Duc of Maine, Duke de Maine, or Duke of Maine, 144.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Malcolm (E. H.) quoted, 193.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Markland (J. H.), remarks on indexing, 82.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Mayor's (Rev. John E. B.) collection of biographical references, 214.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Michel's (Dan) <i>Ayenbite of Inwyt</i>, table of contents, 6.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Minsheu, his use of the word "index," 9.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Montaigne's <i>Essays</i>, index to Florio's translation, 12.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Moore (Edward) paid £6400 for indexing, 97.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">More (Hannah), Macaulay's letter to her, 91.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Morley (John) protests against indexless books, 84.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Morris (William) on an absurd cross reference, 72.</p>
+
+<p ><span class="pagenum"><a name="page233" id="page233"></a>[pg&nbsp;233]</span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Names, authors arranged under their Christian names, 89;<br />
+compound names, 149;<br />
+proper names with prefixes, 145;<br />
+rule for the arrangement of compound names, 149;<br />
+rules for the arrangement of foreign and English respectively, 141, 142.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">North's <i>Lives of the Norths</i>, index to Jessopp's edition, 179.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Norton (Thomas), Remembrancer of London, an indexer, 85.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Notes and Queries</i>, announcement in its pages of the projected formation of an Index Society in 1854, 207.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; indexes highly appreciated, 112.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Noy (Attorney-General) prosecutes Prynne, 15</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Numerals, Use of, for series of volumes, 159.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Oldys (William) on the need of indexes, 86.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Oriental names, Rules for indexing, 163;<br />
+Sir George Birdwood's notes on the names of Eastern people, 164.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Oxford (Robert Harley, Earl of) reported to be author of the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 46, 48.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Page, when a division of a, should be marked, 159.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Paget (Sir James) pleased to make an index, 23.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Paper, saving of, an unwise economy, 176, 187.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Parr (Dr.), note on the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 47.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Paste the only material for laying down slips, 189.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Peacock (Edward), detection of blunders in Oxford reprint of Whitelock's <i>Memorials</i>, 181.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Peers to be arranged under their titles, 145.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Penny Cyclopædia</i>, vague cross references in, 73.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Periodicals, transactions, etc., Indexing of, 121;<br />
+usually badly indexed, 59.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Perkins (F. B.), plan of arranging slips, 185.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Philosophical Transactions</i> laughed at by Dr. King, 42.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Pineda (Juan de), index to his <i>Monarchia Ecclesiastica</i>, 89.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Plays, Prynne's attack upon, 16.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Plinie's <i>Natural Historie</i>, by Holland, Use of the word "index" in, 10.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Plutarch's <i>Lives</i>, by North, the index called a table, 8.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page234" id="page234"></a>[pg&nbsp;234]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Poole's (W. F.) <i>Index to Periodical Literature</i> quoted, 59;<br />
+its great value, 220;<br />
+new edition by co-operation, 221;<br />
+his remarks on cross references, 71.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Printing of headings, 160;<br />
+special type, 160.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Prynne, <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, specimens from the index, 14.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; a martyr to his conscientiousness in making an index, 15.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Puritans, Prynne's praise of, 17.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Pye" as a synonym of index, 7 (note).</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Pye-book," derivation, 7 (note).</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Ranke's <i>History of England</i>, issue of revised index by the Clarendon Press, 113.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Rawlinson (Dr.) on the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 45.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Register as a synonym of index, 7, 8.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Remembrancia</i>, Index to, quoted, 85.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Repetition, Marks of, in an index, 161, 204;<br />
+instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Richardson (S.), index to his three novels, 22.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; a practised indexer, 22.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Royal Society attacked by Dr. King, 42.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Rules for Alphabetical Indexes</i> (chap. vi.), 132-171.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Rules for cataloguing referred to, 133.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Ruskin's <i>Fors Clavigera</i>, Index to, 103.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Russell (Constance, Lady) points out confusions in indexes, 80.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">"St." to be arranged in the alphabet as "Saint," 145.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Saints to be arranged under their proper names, 145.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Scaliger, his index to Gruter's <i>Thesaurus Inscriptionum</i>, 88.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Schmidt (Dr. Alexander), <i>Shakespeare Lexicon</i> (1874), 120.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Scholar's (A)" opposition to publication of a subject-index to the British Museum library catalogue, 126.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Scientific books, Indexing of, 120.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Scobell's <i>Acts and Ordinances of Parliament</i>, the words "index" and "table" both used, 9.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Selwyn (George), and his Contemporaries</i>, published without an index, 84.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Seneca, his indication of the contents of his books, 6.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page235" id="page235"></a>[pg&nbsp;235]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Shakespeare, his use of the word "index," 11.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Shenstone's <i>Schoolmistress</i>, humorous table of contents, 31.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Shylock acted by Macklin in a red hat, 51.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Sloane (Sir Hans) laughed at by Dr. King, 42.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Solly (Edward), calculation of the time wasted in looking up a reference in the index to the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, 153.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; note on early indexes, 14.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; proposes the formation of an Index Society, 208.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; scheme of a biographical index, 211.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Spectator, The</i>, Index to, 30.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Spectators</i>, <i>Tatlers</i>, and <i>Guardians</i>, general index, 29.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Speed's <i>History of Great Britaine</i>, the words "index" and "table" both used, 10.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">State papers, indexes to the calendars, 97.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Statutes of the realm, valuable index to the edition of the <i>Record Commission</i>, 98.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Stephen (Sir J. Fitzjames) on a complete digest of the law, 99.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; on the early digesters of the law, 101.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Summary as a synonym of index, 7.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Swift's <i>Battle of the Books</i> quoted, 38.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Condition of Edmund Curll</i> quoted, 53.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; his satirical reference to index-learning, 2.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Tale of a Tub</i> quoted, 2.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; <i>Works</i> edited by Scott, bad index, 154.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Syllabus as a synonym of index, 7, 8.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Table as a synonym of index, 7, 8, 9.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Tatler, The</i>, Index to, 27.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Tedder (H. R.), his indexes to <i>Reports of Conference of Librarians and Library Association</i>, 112.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Ten Brink, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Thomas (F. S.), <i>Historical Notes</i> referred to, 219.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Thompson (Corrie L.), his criticism of Palmer's index to <i>The Times</i>, 221.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Thoms (W. J.) urged the formation of an Index Society, 209.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Thring (Lord), his instructions for an index to the <i>Statute Law</i>, 98.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Thrub-chandler, Bung of a, 73.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>Times (The)</i>, Indexes to, 221;<br />
+criticism on Palmer's index, 221.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236" id="page236"></a>[pg&nbsp;236]</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Translations (French) of titles, 77.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Trevelyan's <i>Life of Macaulay</i>, Index to, by Perceval Clark, 95.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">U and N, Confusion between, 66.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">U and V to be kept distinct, 66, 135.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Van," foreign names not to be indexed under this prefix, 141.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; English names to be indexed under this prefix, 142.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Vergil (Polydore), <i>Anglicæ Historiæ</i> has a good index, 14.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">"Von," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent">Walford (Cornelius), inquiry for the earliest index, 14.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Walpole's <i>Letters</i>, Bad index to, 79;<br />
+examples of bad entries, 80.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Warton's <i>History of English Poetry</i>, index, 70.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Watt's <i>Bibliotheca Britannica</i>, index, 219.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Watts (Dr.), his warning against index-learning, 2.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Watts (Thomas), his expression of the need for an Index Society, 207.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Welch (J. Cuthbert) on the publication of an index to a journal, 211.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Wellington (Duke of), amusing misreading of Lo<i>u</i>don's letter, 67.<br />
+&mdash;&mdash; cross reference in Ford's <i>Handbook to Spain</i>, 76.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Wheatley (B. R.) as a good indexer, 117;<br />
+his "Evitandum" in indexing, 155.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>White Knights</i> translated as <i>Le Chevalier Blanc</i>, 77.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Whitelock's <i>Memorial</i>, Carlyle's condemnation of, 91;<br />
+index to Oxford reprint, 180.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Winsor (Justin) advocated the formation of Index Society, 210.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Wynford (Lord), previously Sir W. D. Best, 157.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent"><i>York, Register of Corpu Christi Guild</i>, index, 122.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/dec-end.jpg" width="400" height="569" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p class="h2">PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF<br />
+BOOK-LOVER'S LIBRARY.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cloth, price</i> <b>4s. 6d.</b>; <i>Roxburgh Half Morocco</i>, <b>7s.</b> <b>6d.</b>;
+<i>Large Paper</i>, <b>£1 1s.</b> <i>net</i>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>How to Form a Library.</b> By <span class="smcap">Henry B. Wheatley</span>,
+F.S.A. Second Edition.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Contents:</span> How Men have Formed Libraries.&mdash;How
+to Buy.&mdash;Public Libraries.&mdash;General Bibliographies.&mdash;Special
+Bibliographies.&mdash;Publishing Societies.&mdash;Child's
+Library.&mdash;One Hundred Books.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine.</b> By
+<span class="smcap">William Carew Hazlitt</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Literature of Local Institutions.</b> By <span class="smcap">G.
+Laurence Gomme</span>, F.S.A. The work is divided
+into the following Sections: 1. Local Government
+generally.&mdash;2. The Shire.&mdash;3. The Hundred.&mdash;4.
+Municipal Government.&mdash;5. Guilds.&mdash;6. The
+Manor.&mdash;7. The Township and Parish.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Foreign Visitors in England, and What They
+have Thought of Us.</b> Being some Notes on their
+Books and Opinions during the last Three
+Centuries. By <span class="smcap">Edward Smith</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Modern Methods of Illustrating Books.</b> Commencing
+with the early forms of illustrating books,
+and tracing the art down to our own day, the
+author leads the reader up to modern processes of
+producing illustrations.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Dedication of Books.</b> To Patron and Friend.
+A Chapter in Literary History. By <span class="smcap">Henry B.
+Wheatley</span>, F.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Gleanings in Old Garden Literature.</b> By <span class="smcap">William
+Carew Hazlitt</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Story of some Famous Books.</b> Second
+Edition. By <span class="smcap">Edward Saunders</span>, Author of
+"Salad for the Social." Interspersed in the narrative
+are many amusing anecdotes, curious and
+suggestive allusions, and much out-of-the way information
+which will be welcomed by the book-lover
+and the student, as well as the reader who
+seeks amusement only.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Enemies of Books.</b> By <span class="smcap">William Blades</span>.
+Second Edition. This entertaining volume gives
+a series of readable chapters on the various causes
+which have operated in the destruction of books.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Book of Noodles.</b> Stories of Simpletons; or,
+Fools and their Follies. By <span class="smcap">W. A. Clouston</span>,
+Author of "The Book of Sindibad," "Popular
+Tales and Fictions," etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>How to Catalogue a Library.</b> By <span class="smcap">Henry B.
+Wheatley</span>, F.S.A., Author of "How to Form a
+Library."</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>: Introduction on Cataloguing Generally.&mdash;The
+Battle of the Rules.&mdash;Print <i>v.</i> MS.&mdash;How to
+treat a Title-page.&mdash;Reference and Subject-Index.&mdash;The
+Arrangement of a Catalogue.&mdash;Something about
+MSS.&mdash;Rules for a Small Library.&mdash;A List of Latinised
+Names of Places.&mdash;A List of Classical Names.&mdash;An
+unusually copious Index is added.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Reporting in the Olden Time and To-day.</b> By
+<span class="smcap">John Pendleton</span>, Author of "The History of
+Derbyshire."</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Studies In Jocular Literature.</b> A Popular Subject
+more closely Considered. By <span class="smcap">William C. Hazlitt</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Story of the IMITATIONE CHRISTI.</b> By
+<span class="smcap">Leonard Wheatley</span>. With a Portrait of Thomas
+à Kempis.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Books Condemned to be Burnt.</b> By <span class="smcap">James
+Anson Farrer</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Books in Chains</b>, and other Bibliographical Papers.
+By <span class="smcap">Wm. Blades</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Literary Blunders</b>: A Chapter in the History of
+Human Error. By <span class="smcap">Henry B. Wheatley</span>, F.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Book Song</b>: An Anthology of Poems of Books
+and Book-men, from Modern Authors. Edited by
+<span class="smcap">Gleeson White</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Walton and the Early Writers on Fishing.</b> By
+<span class="smcap">R. B. Manston</span>, Editor of the <i>Fishing Gazette</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Books that have been Fatal to their Authors.</b>
+By Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Book Verse</b>: An Anthology of Poems of Books and
+Book-men, from the Earliest Times to Recent
+Years. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. Roberts</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Literature of Music.</b> By <span class="smcap">James E. Matthew</span>,
+Author of "A Manual of Musical History."</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Novels of Charles Dickens.</b> A Bibliography
+and Sketch. By <span class="smcap">Frederic G. Kitton</span>, Author
+of "Charles Dickens by Pen and Pencil," etc.
+With a portrait which has not been published
+before.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>The Minor Writings of Charles Dickens</b>: A
+Bibliography and Sketch. By <span class="smcap">F. G. Kitton</span>, Author
+of "Dickensiana," "The Novels of Charles
+Dickens," "Dickens and his Illustrators," etc.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><b>Book Auctions in England in the Seventeenth
+Century.</b> By <span class="smcap">John Lawler</span>, Compiler of the
+Sunderland and Ashburnham Catalogues.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="cnobmargin">LONDON:</p>
+<p class="cnotmargin">ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<div class="tnote">
+<h2>Transcriber Notes:</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected
+unless otherwise noted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the first page, a period was added after "F.S.A".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 22, a quotation mark was removed after "proper heads.".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 58, a quotation mark was added after "Classes of Literature."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 110, a quotation mark was added before "Heberden, Dr."</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 112, "It it" was replaced with "It is".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 115, "wil" was replaced with "will".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">on page 188, "with slip about" was replaced with "will slip about".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 209, a quotation mark was added before "Could not a permanent".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 213, a period was placed after "etc".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 216, a period was placed after "considerable importance".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 225, a period was placed after "88".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 228, a period was placed after "220".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 229, a period was placed after "54".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 229, a comma was placed after "Athenæum".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 232, a period was placed after 44.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 235, a period was placed after "Corrie L".</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the advertisements, a period was added after "Henry B".</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39672-h.htm or 39672-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/6/7/39672/
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-end.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-end.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d848648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-end.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-front.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-front.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..191b7d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-front.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p-ix.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p-ix.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..328c562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p-ix.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p-vii-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p-vii-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..569ae05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p-vii-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p-vii-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p-vii-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5852bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p-vii-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p1-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p1-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81eed42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p1-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p1-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p1-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a96a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p1-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p117.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p117.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d81aa5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p117.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p118-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p118-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ef1127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p118-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p118-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p118-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3347099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p118-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p132-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p132-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a31c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p132-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p132-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p132-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e51951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p132-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p171.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p171.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..680d7cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p171.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p172-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p172-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fd9698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p172-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p172-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p172-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..734a0cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p172-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p205.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p205.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36d371d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p205.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p206-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p206-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dfca1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p206-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p206-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p206-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97b1034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p206-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p225.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p225.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00e78b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p225.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p25-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p25-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb12abf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p25-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p25-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p25-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..914ebf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p25-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p53-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p53-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcb1226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p53-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p53-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p53-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4909da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p53-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p85-1.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p85-1.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d21d475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p85-1.jpg
diff --git a/39672-h/images/dec-p85-2.jpg b/39672-h/images/dec-p85-2.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b62086c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672-h/images/dec-p85-2.jpg
diff --git a/39672.txt b/39672.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f13359
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6142 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: How to Make an Index
+
+Author: Henry B. Wheatley
+
+Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39672]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                       The Book-Lover's Library.
+
+                               Edited by
+
+                       Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+                         =By the Same Author.=
+
+_Tastefully printed and bound in cloth_, =4s. 6d.=; _in Roxburgh_, =7s.
+6d.= _Large Paper_, =21s.=
+
+                        _HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY._
+
+"An admirable guide to the best bibliographies and books of
+reference.... It is altogether a volume to be desired."--_Globe._
+
+"Everything about this book is satisfactory--paper, type, margin,
+size--above all, the contents."--_St. James's Gazette._
+
+                     _HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY._
+
+"Every collector of books knows how many and difficult are the problems
+that present themselves in connection with cataloguing. Mr. Wheatley
+deals with all patiently, wisely, and exhaustively."--_British Weekly._
+
+"Mr. Wheatley's volume is unique. It is written with so much care and
+such profound knowledge of the subject that there can be no doubt that
+it will satisfactorily meet all requirements."--_Bristol Mercury._
+
+                             ELLIOT STOCK,
+                      62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON.
+
+
+
+
+                              HOW TO MAKE
+                                AN INDEX
+
+
+                                   BY
+
+                       HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+                 AUTHOR OF "HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY"
+                  "HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY," ETC., ETC.
+
+
+    "M. Bochart ... me prioit surtout d'y faire un Index, etant,
+    disoit-il, l'ame des gros livres."--_Menagiana._
+
+
+                                 LONDON
+                   ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW
+                                  1902
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                               _PREFACE._
+
+
+[Illustration: _I]n 1878 I wrote for the Index Society, as its first
+publication, a pamphlet entitled "What is an Index?" The present little
+book is compiled on somewhat similar lines; but, as its title suggests,
+it is drawn up with a more practical object. The first four chapters are
+"Historical," and the other four are "Practical"; but the historical
+portion is intended to lead up to the practical portion by showing what
+to imitate and what to avoid._
+
+_There has been of late years a considerable change in public opinion
+with respect to the difficulties attending the making of both indexes
+and catalogues. It was once a common opinion that anyone without
+preparatory knowledge or experience could make an index. That that
+opinion is not true is amply proved, I hope, in the chapter on the "Bad
+Indexer."_
+
+_I have attempted to describe the best way of setting to work on an
+index. To do this with any hope of success it is necessary to give
+details that may to some seem puerile, but I have ventured on
+particulars for which I hope I may not be condemned._
+
+_I must also ask the forbearance of my readers for the constant use of
+the personal pronoun. If I could have left it out, I would gladly have
+done so; but to a great extent this book relates to the experiences of
+an old indexer. They must be taken for what they are worth, and I hope
+forgiveness will be extended to me for the form in which these
+experiences are related._
+
+                                                            H. B. W.
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                                CONTENTS.
+
+
+                             _HISTORICAL._
+                                                                PAGE
+                               CHAPTER I.
+
+                              INTRODUCTION
+
+The So-called Evils of Index Learning--Glanville and
+    Swift--Thomas Fuller's Defence of the Index--Advantages of
+    saving the Brain by knowing where to find what is
+    wanted--Dr. Johnson's Division of Necessary
+    Knowledge--Gradual Introduction of the Word
+    "Index"--Synonyms--Final Triumph of Index--Interesting
+    Indexes--Prynne's Index to his _Histrio-Mastix_--Index to
+    Richardson's Novels--David Hume an Indexer--Sir James Paget
+    enjoyed making Indexes--Amusing Blunder in Musical Index       1
+
+
+                               CHAPTER II.
+
+                     AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES.
+
+Leigh Hunt's Good Word for Indexes--Indexes to _Tatler_ and
+    _Spectator_, and _The Athenian Oracle_--Table of Contents to
+    Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_--Index to _Biglow Papers_--Dr.
+    William King and his Satirical Indexes--"Boyle upon
+    Bentley"--The Royal Society and Sir Hans Sloane
+    ridiculed--Speaker Bromley's _Travels_--Reprint with King's
+    Index                                                         25
+
+
+                              CHAPTER III.
+
+                            THE BAD INDEXER.
+
+Some of the Worst Indexes in Periodicals--Jewel's
+    _Apology_--Classified in place of completely Alphabetical
+    Indexes--Mr. Poole's Opinion of Indexes to Periodicals--Miss
+    Hetherington's Examples of Bad Indexes--Want of Complete
+    Alphabetization--Confusion of _u_ and _n_, and Blunders
+    caused by it--Classification within the Alphabet--Variety of
+    Alphabets--Want of Cross References--Useless Cross
+    References--Amusing Mistranslations--Incorrect Filling-up of
+    Contractions--Bad Index to Walpole's _Letters_--Incorrect
+    Use of the Line for Repetition of Heading--Index to Pepys's
+    _Diary_--Evil of an Indexless Book--Complaints                53
+
+
+                              CHAPTER IV.
+
+                           THE GOOD INDEXER.
+
+Difficulties of being Exact--Value of a Good
+    Index--Scaliger, Nicolas Antonio, Pineda, Samuel
+    Jeake--Carlyle on Indexless Books--Macaulay's Opinion of the
+    Aim of an Index--Official Indexes--Amount paid by Parliament
+    for Indexes--Good Legal Indexes--Indexes to Jeremy Bentham's
+    _Works_, and to Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_--Dr. Birkbeck
+    Hill's Index to Boswell's _Life of Johnson_--Boswell's
+    Original Index--Issue of Revised Index to Ranke's _History
+    of England_--The Indexer born and made--Characteristics of a
+    Good Indexer                                                  85
+
+
+                              _PRACTICAL._
+
+                               CHAPTER V.
+
+                     DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES.
+
+Easiest Kinds of Indexes to make--Concordances--Scientific
+    Books--Incompleteness of some Indexes--Indexes to Catalogues
+    of Libraries--Proposed Subject Index to the Catalogue of the
+    British Museum--Controversy in _The Times_--Mr. Fortescue's
+    Opinion--Dictionary Catalogue                                118
+
+
+                               CHAPTER VI.
+
+                GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL INDEXES.
+
+Rules, with Explanations and Illustrations: (1) One Index to each
+    Book; (2) One Alphabet; (3) Order of the English Alphabet;
+    (4) Arrangement of Headings; (5) Arrangement of Foreign
+    Proper Names; (6) Proper Names with Prefixes; (7) Titles of
+    Peers rather than their Family Names; (8) Compound Names;
+    (9) Adjective _v._ Substantive as a Catchword; (10)
+    Shortness of Entries; (11) Repetition of Short Entries; (12)
+    Abstracts of the Contents of Articles in Periodicals; (13)
+    Authorities to be Indexed; (14) Division of the Page for
+    Reference; (15) Use of Numerals for Series of Volumes; (16)
+    Certain Entries to be printed in Capitals; (17) Type for
+    Headings--Arrangement of Oriental Names--Sir George
+    Birdwood's Memorandum                                        132
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VII.
+
+                       HOW TO SET ABOUT AN INDEX.
+
+Hints as to the Making of an Index--Two Kinds of Index--Arrangement
+    of Growing Indexes--Use of Cards, Paper Slips, or
+    Foolscap--Indexer's Knowledge of the Book to be
+    Indexed--Selection of the best Catchword--Use of
+    Numerals--Index for Different Editions of Same Book--Cutting
+    up and arranging Slips--Sorting into Alphabet--Pasting down
+    the Slips--Paste to Use--Calculations of the Relative
+    Lengths of the Letters of the Alphabet--Preparation of
+    "Copy" for the Printer--Correction of the Press              172
+
+
+                             CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                      GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX.
+
+Early Proposals for an Index Society--Foundation of a
+    Society--Indexes of History and Biography--General Index:
+    What it should be                                           206
+
+INDEX                                                           225
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+                         HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX.
+
+                               CHAPTER I.
+
+                             INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+    "I for my part venerate the inventor of Indexes; and I know not
+    to whom to yield the preference, either to Hippocrates, who was
+    the great anatomiser of the human body, or to that unknown
+    labourer in literature who first laid open the nerves and
+    arteries of a book."
+                          --ISAAC DISRAELI, _Literary Miscellanies_.
+
+
+[Illustration: I]t is generally agreed that that only is true knowledge
+which consists of information assimilated by our own minds. Mere
+disjointed facts kept in our memories have no right to be described as
+knowledge. It is this understanding that has made many writers jeer at
+so-called index-learning. Thus, in the seventeenth century, Joseph
+Glanville, writing in his _Vanity of Dogmatizing_, says: "Methinks 'tis
+a pitiful piece of knowledge that can be learnt from an index, and a
+poor ambition to be rich in the inventory of another's treasure." Dr.
+Watts alluded to those whose "learning reaches no farther than the
+tables of contents"; but then he added a sentence which quite takes the
+sting from what he had said before, and shows how absolutely needful an
+index is. He says: "If a book has no index or table of contents, 'tis
+very useful to make one as you are reading it."
+
+Swift had his say on index-learning, too. In the _Tale of a Tub_
+(Section VII.) he wrote: "The most accomplisht way of using books at
+present is twofold: Either serve them as some men do Lords, learn their
+titles exactly, and then brag of their acquaintance. Or secondly, which
+indeed is the choicer, the profounder and politer method, to get a
+thorough insight into the Index, by which the whole book is governed and
+turned, like fishes by the tail. For to enter the palace of Learning at
+the great gate, requires an expense of time and forms; therefore men of
+much haste and little ceremony are content to get in by the back-door.
+For, the Arts are all in a flying march, and therefore more easily
+subdued by attacking them in the rear.... Thus men catch Knowledge by
+throwing their wit on the posteriors of a book, as boys do sparrows with
+flinging salt upon their tails. Thus human life is best understood by
+the wise man's Rule of regarding the end. Thus are the Sciences found
+like Hercules' oxen, by tracing them backwards. Thus are old Sciences
+unravelled like old stockings, by beginning at the foot."
+
+Thomas Fuller, with his usual common-sense, wisely argues that the
+diligent man should not be deprived of a tool because the idler may
+misuse it. He writes: "An Index is a necessary implement and no
+impediment of a book except in the same sense wherein the carriages
+[_i.e._ things carried] of an army are termed _impedimenta_. Without
+this a large author is but a labyrinth without a clue to direct the
+reader therein. I confess there is a lazy kind of learning which is only
+indical, when scholars (like adders which only bite the horses' heels)
+nibble but at the tables, which are calces librorum, neglecting the body
+of the book. But though the idle deserve no crutches (let not a staff be
+used by them but on them), pity it is the weary should be denied the
+benefit thereof, and industrious scholars prohibited the accommodation
+of an index, most used by those who most pretend to contemn it."
+
+The same objection to "indical" learning is urged to-day, but it is
+really a futile one. No man can know everything; he may possess much
+true knowledge, but there is a mass of matter that the learned man knows
+he can never master completely. He does not care to burden his mind with
+what might be to him useless lumber. In this case his object is only to
+know where he can find the information when he wants it. Indexes are of
+the greatest help to these men, and for their purposes the indexes ought
+to be well made. But it is needless to labour this point, for has not
+Johnson, in his clear and virile language, said the last word on the
+matter?--"Knowledge is of two kinds; we know a subject ourselves, or we
+know where we can find information upon it. When we inquire into any
+subject, the first thing we have to do is to know what books have
+treated of it. This leads us to look at catalogues and the backs of
+books."
+
+Before going further, it would be well for author and reader to come to
+an agreement as to what an index really is. An index may, in certain
+circumstances, be arranged in the order of the book, like a table of
+contents, or it may be classified or chronological; but the index to a
+book such as we all think of when we speak of an index should be
+alphabetical. The other arrangements must be exceptional, because the
+books indexed are exceptional.
+
+It is strange, however, to find how long the world was in coming to this
+very natural conclusion. The first attempt at indexing a book was in the
+form of an abstract of contents in the order of the book itself. Seneca,
+in sending certain volumes to his friend Lucilius, accompanied them with
+notes of particular passages, so that he "who only aimed at the useful
+might be spared the trouble of examining them entire." Cicero used the
+word "index" to express the table of contents of a book, and he asked
+his friend Atticus to send him two library clerks to repair his books.
+He added that he wished them to bring with them some parchment to make
+indexes upon.
+
+Many old manuscripts have useful tables of contents, and in Dan Michel's
+_Ayenbite of Inwyt_ (1340) there is a very full table with the heading:
+"Thise byeth the capiteles of the boc volyinde."
+
+It was only a step to arrange this table of contents in the order of the
+alphabet, and thus form a true index; but it took a long time to take
+this step. Alphabetical indexes of names are to be found in some old
+manuscript books, but it may be said that the general use of the
+alphabetical arrangement is one of those labour-saving expedients which
+came into use with the invention of printing.
+
+Erasmus supplied alphabetical indexes to many of his books; but even in
+his time arrangement in alphabetical order was by no means considered
+indispensable in an index, and the practice came into general use very
+slowly.
+
+The word "index" had a hard fight with such synonyms as "calendar,"
+"catalogue," "inventory," "register," "summary," "syllabus." In time it
+beat all its companions in the race, although it had the longest
+struggle with the word "table."[1]
+
+  [1] All these words are fairly common; but there is another
+      which was used only occasionally in the sixteenth century. This
+      is "pye," supposed to be derived from the Greek [Greek: Pinax],
+      among the meanings of which, as given in Liddell and Scott's
+      Lexicon, is, "A register, or list." The late Sir T. Duffus
+      Hardy, in some observations on the derivation of the word
+      "Pye-Book," remarks that the earliest use he had noted of pye in
+      this sense is dated 1547: "A Pye of all the names of such
+      Balives as been to accompte pro anno regni regis Edwardi Sexti
+      primo."--_Appendix to the "35th Report of the Deputy Keeper of
+      the Public Records,"_ p. 195.
+
+Cicero used the word "index," and explained it by the word "syllabus."
+Index was not generally acknowledged as an English word until late in
+the seventeenth century.
+
+North's racy translation of Plutarch's _Lives_, the book so diligently
+used by Shakespeare in the production of his Roman histories, contains
+an alphabetical index at the end, but it is called a table. On the
+title-page of Baret's _Alvearie_ (1573), one of the early English
+dictionaries, mention is made of "two _Tables_ in the ende of this
+booke"; but the tables themselves, which were compiled by Abraham
+Fleming, being lists of the Latin and French words, are headed "Index."
+Between these two tables, in the edition of 1580, is "an Abecedarie,
+Index or Table" of Proverbs. The word "index" is not included in the
+body of the dictionary, where, however, "Table" and "Regester" are
+inserted. "Table" is defined as "a booke or regester for memorie of
+thinges," and "regester" as "a reckeninge booke wherein thinges dayly
+done be written." By this it is clear that Baret did not consider index
+to be an English word.
+
+At the end of Johnson's edition of Gerarde's _Herbal_ (1636) is an
+"Index Latinus," followed by a "Table of English names," although a few
+years previously Minsheu had given "index" a sort of half-hearted
+welcome into his dictionary. Under that word in the _Guide into Tongues_
+(1617) is the entry, "vide Table in Booke, in litera T.," where we read,
+"a Table in a booke or Index." Even when acknowledged as an English
+word, it was frequently differentiated from the analytical table: for
+instance, Dugdale's _Warwickshire_ contains an "Index of Towns and
+Places," and a "Table of men's names and matters of most note"; and
+Scobell's _Acts and Ordinances of Parliament_ (1640-1656), published
+1658, has "An Alphabetical Table of the most material contents of the
+whole book," preceded by "An Index of the general titles comprized in
+the ensuing Table." There are a few exceptions to the rule here set
+forth: for instance, Plinie's _Natural Historie of the World_,
+translated by Philemon Holland (1601), has at the beginning, "The
+Inventorie or Index containing the contents of 37 bookes," and at the
+end, "An Index pointing to the principal matters." In Speed's _History
+of Great Britaine_ (1611) there is an "Index or Alphabetical Table
+containing the principal matters in this history."
+
+The introduction of the word "index" into English from the Latin word in
+the nominative shows that it dates from a comparatively recent period,
+and came into the language through literature and not through speech. In
+earlier times it was the custom to derive our words from the Latin
+accusative. The Italian word _indice_ was from the accusative, and this
+word was used by Ben Jonson when he wrote, "too much talking is ever the
+indice of a fool" (_Discoveries_, ed. 1640, p. 93). The French word
+_indice_ has a different meaning from the Italian _indice_, and
+according to Littre is not derived from _index_, but from _indicium_. It
+is possible that Jonson's "indice" is the French, and not the Italian,
+word.
+
+Drayton uses "index" as an indicator:
+
+  "Lest when my lisping guiltie tongue should hault,
+   My lookes might prove the index to my fault."
+               --_Rosamond's Epistle_, lines 103-104.
+
+Shakespeare uses the word as a table of contents at the beginning of a
+book rather than as an alphabetical list at the end: for instance,
+Nestor says:
+
+  "Our imputation shall be oddly poised
+   In this wild action: for the success,
+   Although particular, shall give a scantling
+   Of good or bad unto the general;
+   And in such _indexes_, although small pricks
+   To their _subsequent volumes_, there is seen
+   The baby figure of the giant mass
+   Of things to come at large."
+                --_Troilus and Cressida_, I. 3.
+
+Buckingham threatens:
+
+                          "I'll sort occasion,
+  As _index_ to the story we late talk'd of,
+  To part the queen's proud kindred from the king."
+                           --_Richard III._, II. 2.
+
+And Iago refers to "an _index_ and obscure prologue to the history of
+lust and foul thoughts" (_Othello_, II. 1). It may be remarked in the
+quotation from _Troilus and Cressida_ that Shakespeare uses the proper
+plural--"indexes"--instead of "indices," which even now some writers
+insist on using. No word can be considered as thoroughly naturalised
+that is allowed to take the plural form of the language from which it is
+obtained. The same remark applies to the word "appendix," the plural of
+which some write as "appendices" instead of "appendixes." In the case of
+"indices," this word is correctly appropriated to another use.
+
+Indexes need not necessarily be dry; and some of the old ones are full
+of quaint touches which make them by no means the least interesting
+portion of the books they adorn. John Florio's translation of
+Montaigne's _Essays_ contains "An Index or Table directing to many of
+the principal matters and personages mentioned in this Booke," which is
+full of curious entries and odd cross references. The entries are not in
+perfect alphabetical order. A few of the headings will give a good idea
+of the whole:
+
+    "Action better than speach."
+
+    "Action to some is rest."
+
+    "Beasts are Physitians, Logitians, Musitians, Artists, Students,
+    Politikes, Docible, Capable of Military Order, of Affections, of
+    Justice, of Friendship, of Husbandry, of thankefulnesse and of
+    compassion," etc.
+
+    "Bookes and Bookishnesse."
+
+    "Bookes not so profitable as Conference--as deare as children."
+
+    "Bruit creatures have imagination."
+
+    "Cloysters not without cares."
+
+    "Good fortune not to be despised altogether."
+
+    "Societie of bookes."
+
+Here are some of the cross references:
+
+    "Alteration _vide_ Inconstancy."
+
+    "Amitie _vide_ Friendship."
+
+    "Ant _vide_ Emmets."
+
+    "Apprehension _vide_ Imagination."
+
+    "Balladmakers _vide_ Rymers."
+
+    "Boasting _vide_ Vaunting."
+
+    "Chance _vide_ Fortune."
+
+    "Common People _vide_ the Vulgar."
+
+    "Disparity _vide_ Equality."
+
+    "Emperickes _vide_ Physitians."
+
+An instance of how loosely the word "index" has been used will be found
+in Robert Boyle's _Some Considerations touching the Usefulnesse of
+Experimental Natural Philosophy_ (Oxford, 1663). This book is divided
+into two parts, and at the end of each part is "The Index." This
+so-called index is arranged in order of the pages, and is really only a
+full table of contents.
+
+Indexes did not become at all common till the sixteenth century, and Mr.
+Cornelius Walford asked in _Notes and Queries_ what was the earliest
+index. Mr. Edward Solly answered: "Polydore Vergil in _Anglicae Historiae_
+(1556), has what may fairly be called a good index--thirty-seven pages.
+This may be taken as a starting-point as to date; and we may ask for
+earlier examples" (6th S. xi. 155). Another contributor referred to an
+earlier edition of Polydore Vergil (1546), and still another one cited
+Lyndewood's _Provinciale_ (1525), which has several indexes.
+
+One old index may be singled out as having caused its author serious
+misfortune. William Prynne concocted a most wonderful attack upon the
+"stage" under the title of _Histrio-Mastix_ (1633), which is absolutely
+unreadable by reason of the vast mass of authorities gathered from every
+century and every nation, to prove the wickedness of play-acting.
+Carlyle refers to the _Histrio-Mastix_ as "a book still extant, but
+never more to be read by mortal."
+
+If Prynne had sent his child out into the world without an index, he
+might have escaped from persecution, as no one would have found out the
+enormities which were supposed to lurk within the pages of the book. But
+he was unwise enough to add a most elaborate index, in which all the
+attacks upon a calling that received the sanction of the Court were
+arranged in a convenient form for reference. Attorney-General Noy found
+that the author himself had forged the weapons which he (the prosecutor)
+could use in the attack. This is proved by a passage in Noy's speech at
+Prynne's trial, where he points out that the accused "says Christ was a
+Puritan, in his Index." Noy calls it an index, but Prynne himself
+describes it as "A Table (with some brief additions) of the chiefest
+passages in this treatise."[2]
+
+  [2] There is a note to the table which shows that the book grew
+      in size during the printing--"p. signifying the page, f. the
+      folioes from pag. 513 to 545 (which exceeded the Printer's
+      computation), m. the marginall notes: if you finde f. before any
+      pages from 545 to 568, then looke the folioes which are
+      overcast; if p. then the page following."
+
+The entries in the index are so curious and one-sided in their
+accusations that it is worth while to quote some of them rather fully:
+
+    "Actors of popular or private enterludes for gaine or pleasure,
+    infamous, unlawfull and that as well in Princes, Noblemen,
+    Gentlemen, Schollers, Divines or Common Actors."
+
+    "AEschylus, one of the first inventors of Tragedies--his strange
+    and sudden death."
+
+    "Christ wept oft, but never laughed--a puritan--dishonoured and
+    offended with Stage playes."
+
+    "Crossing of the face when men go to plays shuts in the Devil."
+
+    "Devils, inventors and fomentors of stage plays and dancing.
+    Have stage plays in hell every Lord's day night."
+
+    "Heaven--no stage plays there."
+
+    "Herod Agrippa smitten in theater by an angel and so died."
+
+    "Herod the great, the first erecter of a theater among the Jews
+    who thereupon conspire his death."
+
+    "King James his statute against prophaning scripture and God's
+    name in Playes--his Statutes make Players rogues and Playes
+    unlawfull pastimes."
+
+    "Kings--infamous for them to act or frequent Playes or favour
+    Players."
+
+    "Plagues occasioned by stage plays. All the Roman actors
+    consumed by a plague."
+
+    "Play-bookes see Bookes."
+
+    "Players infamous ...
+     ---- many of them Papists and most desperate wicked wretches."
+
+    "Play haunters the worst and lewdest persons for the most
+    part...."
+
+    "Play haunting unlawfull...."
+
+    "Play-houses stiled by the Fathers and others, the Devil's
+    temples, Chappels and synagogues...."
+
+    "Play-poets examples of God's judgements on the chiefest of
+    them...."
+
+    "Puritans, condemners of Stage-playes and other corruptions
+    stiled so--The very best and holiest Christians called
+    so....--Christ, his prophets, apostles, the Fathers and
+    Primitive christians Puritans as men now judged--hated and
+    condemned onely for their grace yea holinesse of life--Accused
+    of hypocrisie and sedition, and why."
+
+    "Puritan, an honourable nickname of Christianity and grace."
+
+    "Theaters overturned by tempests."
+
+It was the strong terms in which women actors are denounced that gave
+such offence at Court, where the Queen and her ladies were specially
+attracted to the stage. Prynne's book was published six weeks before
+Henrietta Maria acted in a pastoral at Somerset House, so that the
+following passage could not have been intended to allude to the
+Queen:[3]
+
+  [3] See Cobbett's _State Trials_, vol. 3, coll. 561-586.
+
+    "Women actors notorious whores ... and dare then any Christian
+    women be so more than whorishly impudent as to act, to speake
+    publikely on a stage perchance in man's apparell and cut haire
+    here proved sinfull and abominable in the presence of sundry men
+    and women?... O let such presidents of impudency, of impiety be
+    never heard of or suffered among Christians."
+
+There are some interesting letters in Ellis's _Original Letters_ (2nd
+Series, vol. 3) which illustrate the effect on the Court of these
+violent expressions of opinion. Jo. Pory wrote to Sir Thomas Puckering
+on September 20th, 1632: "That which the Queen's Majesty, some of her
+ladies and all her maides of honour are now practicing upon is a
+Pastorall penned by Mr. Walter Montague, wherein her Majesty is pleased
+to acte a parte, as well for her recreation as for the exercise of her
+Englishe."
+
+George Gresley wrote to the same Puckering on the following 31st of
+January: "Mr. Prinne an Utter Barrister of Lincoln's Inne is brought
+into the High Commission Court and Star Chamber, for publishing a Booke
+(a little before the Queene's acting of her play) of the unlawfullness
+of Plaies wherein in the Table of his Booke and his brief additions
+thereunto he hath these words [the extracts given above are here
+printed], which wordes it is thought by some will cost him his eares, or
+heavily punnisht and deepely fined."
+
+Those who thought thus were amply justified in their opinion. Mr. Hill
+Burton observes that it was a very odd compliment to Queen Henrietta
+Maria to presume that these words refer to her, and he adds that the
+supposition reminds him of Victor Hugo's sarcasm respecting Napoleon
+III., that when the Parisian police overheard any one use the terms
+"ruffian" and "scoundrel," they said, "You must be speaking of the
+Emperor!"
+
+Prynne is so full in his particulars that he might have given us much
+information respecting the stage in his own day, which we should have
+welcomed; but, instead, he is ever more ready to draw his examples from
+Greek and Latin authorities.
+
+In the eighteenth century a practice arose of drawing up indexes of
+sentiments and opinions as distinguished from facts. Such indexes
+required a special skill in the indexer, who was usually the original
+author. There is a curious poetical index to the Iliad in Pope's
+_Homer_, referring to all the places in which similes are used.
+
+Samuel Johnson was very anxious that Richardson should produce such an
+index to his novels. In the _Correspondence of Samuel Richardson_ (vol.
+v., p. 282) is a letter from Johnson to the novelist, in which he
+writes: "I wish you would add an _index rerum_, that when the reader
+recollects any incident, he may easily find it, which at present he
+cannot do, unless he knows in which volume it is told; for Clarissa is
+not a performance to be read with eagerness, and laid aside for ever;
+but will be occasionally consulted by the busy, the aged and the
+studious; and therefore I beg that this edition, by which I suppose
+posterity is to abide, may want nothing that can facilitate its use."
+
+At the end of each volume of _Clarissa Harlowe_ Richardson added a sort
+of table of all the passages best worth remembering, and as he was the
+judge himself, it naturally extended to a considerable length. In
+September, 1753, Johnson again wrote to Richardson suggesting the
+propriety of making an index to his three works, but he added: "While I
+am writing an objection arises; such an index to the three would look
+like the preclusion of a fourth, to which I will never contribute; for
+if I cannot benefit mankind I hope never to injure them."
+
+Richardson took the hint of his friend, and in 1755 appeared a volume of
+four hundred and ten pages, entitled, _A Collection of the moral and
+instructive Sentiments, Maxims, Cautions, and Reflexions contained in
+the Histories of Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison, digested
+under proper heads_.
+
+The tables of sentiments are arranged in separate alphabets for each
+novel. The production of this book was a labour of love to its author,
+who, moreover, was skilled in the mechanical work of indexing, and in
+the early part of his career had filled up his leisure hours by
+compiling indexes for the booksellers and writing prefaces and
+dedications. At the end of his "collection" are two letters from the
+author to two of his admirers; one was to a lady who was solicitous for
+an additional volume to _Sir Charles Grandison_, supposing that work
+ended too abruptly.
+
+David Hume is to be added to the list of celebrated men who have been
+indexers, although he does not appear to have liked the work. In
+referring to the fourth edition of his _Essays_ he wrote: "I intend to
+make an index to it." Two years later he is grateful that the work of
+indexing another book is to be done for him; writing to Millar (December
+18th, 1759), he says: "I think that an Index will be very proper, and am
+glad that you free me from the trouble of undertaking that task, for
+which I know myself to be very unfit."[4]
+
+  [4] Letters of David Hume to William Strahan, edited by G.
+      Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. Oxford, 1888.
+
+Sir James Paget, the great surgeon, not only made indexes, but delighted
+in the task. He told Dr. Goodhart, _apropos_ of the Hunterian Museum
+Catalogues, College of Surgeons, that "it had always been a pleasure to
+him to make an index."[5]
+
+  [5] Paget's _Life_, p. 350.
+
+At the end of this chapter I must refer to an excellent blunder, because
+it would not be fair to introduce it with the work of the bad indexer,
+as it is an instance not exactly of ignorance, but of too great
+cleverness.
+
+Of the Fetis Musical Library, bought by the Belgian Government at his
+death for 152,000 francs, an excellent catalogue was compiled and
+printed. In the index are references to Dumas (Alexandre) _pere_, and
+Dumas (Alexandre) _fils_. The musician who consults the work will be
+surprised at this unexpected development of these two famous authors'
+powers, but will be disappointed on referring to the numbers cited to
+find that they are reports of some legal proceedings brought by the firm
+of Alexandre _pere et fils_, the well-known harmonium-makers, against a
+rival firm. The indexer's better acquaintance with _Les Trois
+Mousquetaires_ and _La Dame aux Camelias_ led him astray.
+
+My friend Mr. J. E. Matthew, who communicated this to me, adds: "After
+many years of constant use of the catalogue, this is the only mistake,
+beyond a literal, that I ever found."
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                              CHAPTER II.
+
+                     AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES.
+
+
+    "It will thus often happen that the controversialist states his
+    case first in the title-page; he then gives it at greater length
+    in the introduction; again perhaps in a preface; a third time in
+    an analytical form through means of a table of contents; after
+    all this skirmishing he brings up his heavy columns in the body
+    of the book; and if he be very skilfull he may let fly a few
+    Parthian arrows from the index."--J. HILL BURTON'S
+    _Book-Hunter_.
+
+
+[Illustration: O]ne of the last things the genuine indexer thinks of is
+to make his work amusing; but some wits have been very successful in
+producing humorous indexes, and others have seen their way to make an
+author ridiculous by satirically perverting his meaning in the form of
+an ordinary index. We can find specimens of each of these classes.
+
+Leigh Hunt has a charming little paper, "A Word upon Indexes," in his
+_Indicator_. He writes: "Index-making has been held to be the driest as
+well as lowest species of writing. We shall not dispute the humbleness
+of it; but since we have had to make an index ourselves,[6] we have
+discovered that the task need not be so very dry. Calling to mind
+indexes in general, we found them presenting us a variety of pleasant
+memories and contrasts. We thought of those to the Spectator, which we
+used to look at so often at school, for the sake of choosing a paper to
+abridge. We thought of the index to the Pantheon of Fabulous Histories
+of the Heathen Gods, which we used to look at oftener. We remember how
+we imagined we should feel some day, if ever our name should appear in
+the list of Hs; as thus, Home, Howard, Hume, Huniades, ----. The poets
+would have been better, but then the names, though perhaps less
+unfitting, were not so flattering; as for instance Halifax, Hammond,
+Harte, Hughes, ----. We did not like to come after Hughes."
+
+  [6] To the original edition of the _Indicator_; the reprint (2
+      vols. 8vo, 1834) has no index.
+
+The indexes to the _Tatler_ and the _Spectator_ are full of piquancy,
+and possess that admirable quality of making the consulter wish to read
+the book itself. The entries are so enticing that they lead you on to
+devour the whole book. Hunt writes of them: "We have just been looking
+at the indexes to the Tatler and Spectator, and never were more forcibly
+struck with the feeling we formerly expressed about a man's being better
+pleased with other writers than with himself. Our index seemed the
+poorest and most second-hand in the world after theirs: but let any one
+read theirs, and then call an index a dry thing if he can. As there 'is
+a soul of goodness in things evil' so there is a soul of humour in
+things dry, and in things dry by profession. Lawyers know this, as well
+as index-makers, or they would die of sheer thirst and aridity. But as
+grapes, ready to burst with wine, issue out of the most stony places,
+like jolly fellows bringing burgundy out of a cellar; so an Index, like
+the _Tatler's_, often gives us a taste of the quintessence of his
+humour." The very title gives good promise of what is to be found in the
+book: "A faithful Index of the dull as well as the ingenious passages in
+the Tatlers."
+
+Here are a few entries chosen at random:
+
+    Vol. 1--
+    "Bachelor's scheme to govern a wife."
+    "Knaves prove fools."
+
+    Vol. 2--
+    "Actors censured for adding words of their own in their parts."
+    "Dead men, who."
+    "Dead persons heard, judged and censured.
+    ---- Allegations laid against them, their pleas."
+    "Love letters before and after marriage, found in a grave."
+    "Mathematical sieve to sift impertinences in writing and
+       discourse."
+    "News, Old People die in France."
+
+    Vol. 3--
+    "Flattery of women, its ill consequences."
+    "Maids of Honour, their allowance of Beef for their Breakfast in
+       Queen Elizabeth's time."
+    "Silence, significant on many occasions.
+    ---- Instances of it."
+
+    Vol. 4--
+    "Blockheads apt to admire one another."
+    "Female Library proposed for the Improvement of the Sex."
+    "Night, longer formerly in this Island than at present."
+
+In 1757 _A General Index to the Spectators, Tatlers, and Guardians_ was
+published, and in 1760 the same work was re-issued with a new
+title-page. Certain supposed blots in the original indexes were here
+corrected and the following explanation made in the preface:
+"Notwithstanding the learning and care of the compilers of the first
+Indexes to these volumes, some slight inaccuracies have passed, and
+where observed they are altered. Few readers who desire to know Mr.
+Bickerstaff's Opinion of the Comedy called the Country Wife, or the
+character of Mrs. Bickerstaff as an actress, would consult the Index
+under the word _Acts_." This seems to refer to an entry in the index to
+the first volume of the _Tatler_:
+
+    "Acts the Country-Wife: (Mrs. Bignel)."
+
+The index to the original edition of the _Spectator_ is equally good
+with that of the _Tatler_, but the entries are longer and more elaborate
+than those in the latter. The references are not made to the pages, as
+is the case with the _Tatler_, but to the numbers of the papers. The
+following entries are worthy of quotation:
+
+    Vol. 2--
+
+    "Gentry of England generally speaking in debt."
+    "Great men not truly known till some years after their deaths."
+    "Women, the English excel all other nations in beauty.
+     ---- Signs of their improvement under the Spectator's hands.
+     ---- Their pains in all ages to adorn the outside of their
+          heads."
+
+A precursor of the _Tatler_ and _Spectator_ was the curious _Athenian
+Oracle_, of the eccentric John Dunton, each volume of which contained
+"An Alphabetical Table for the speedy finding of any questions, by a
+member of the Athenian Society," from which the following amusing
+entries are taken:
+
+    "Ark, what became of it after the Flood?"
+
+    "Bees, a swarm lit upon the Crown and Scepter in Cheapside,
+    what do they portend?"
+
+    "Hawthorn-tree at Glassenbury, what think you of it?"
+
+    "Noah's flood, whither went the waters?"
+
+    "Pied Piper, was he a man or daemon?"
+
+    "Triumphant Arch erected in Cheapside 1691, described."
+
+A selection from this curious seventeenth-century miscellany was made by
+Mr. J. Underhill, and published by Walter Scott a few years ago.
+
+Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_ is one of the works of genius which is
+little known in the present day, but well repays perusal. A humorous
+table of contents was prepared by the author, which he styled an index.
+He wrote: "I have added a ludicrous index purely to show (fools) that I
+am in jest." This was afterwards omitted, but D'Israeli reprinted it in
+his _Curiosities of Literature_. It contains an amusing _precis_ of the
+chief points of the poem; the whole is short, and a few extracts will
+give an idea of its plan:
+
+    "A CIRCUMSTANCE in the situation of the mansion of early
+    Discipline, discovering the surprising influence of the
+    connexion of ideas."
+
+    "SOME peculiarities indicative of a country school, with a short
+    sketch of the sovereign presiding over it."
+
+    "SOME account of her night-cap, apron and a tremendous
+    description of her birchen sceptre."
+
+    "HER titles and punctilious nicety in the ceremonious assertion
+    of them."
+
+    "A VIEW of this rural potentate as seated in her chair of state,
+    conferring honours distributing bounties and dispensing
+    proclamations."
+
+Gay composed a full and humorous index for his interesting picture of
+eighteenth-century London--_Trivia_. The poet added a few entries to the
+index in the quarto edition of his _Poems_ (1720). The following
+selected references will show the character of the index:
+
+    "Asses, their arrogance."
+    "Autumn, what cries then in use."
+    "Bully, his insolence to be corrected."
+    "Chairs and chariots prejudicial to health."
+    "Cellar, the misfortune of falling into one."
+    "Coach fallen into a hole described."
+    "Glazier, his skill at football."
+    "London, its happiness before the invention of Coaches and Chairs."
+    "Periwigs, how stolen off the head."
+    "Quarrels for the wall to be avoided."
+    "Schoolboys, mischievous in frosty weather."
+    "Wall, to whom to be given.
+      ---- to whom to be denied."
+    "Women, the ill consequence of gazing on them."
+
+Of modern examples of the amusing index, by far the best is that added
+to the inimitable _Biglow Papers_ by the accomplished author, James
+Russell Lowell. Here are some extracts from the index to the First
+Series:
+
+    "Adam, eldest son of, respected."
+
+    "Babel, probably the first congress."
+
+    "Birch, virtue of, in instilling certain of the dead languages."
+
+    "Caesar, a tribute to. His _Veni, Vidi, Vici_ censured for undue
+    prolixity."
+
+    "Castles, Spanish, comfortable accommodation in."
+
+    "Eating Words, habit of, convenient in time of famine."
+
+    "Longinus recommends swearing (Fuseli did the same thing)."
+
+    "No, a monosyllable. Hard to utter."
+
+    "Noah enclosed letter in bottle, probably."
+
+    "Ulysses, husband of Penelope. Borrows money. (For full
+    particulars see _Homer_ and _Dante_.)"
+
+    "Wrong, abstract, safe to oppose."
+
+The following are from the Second Series:
+
+    "Antony of Padua, Saint, happy in his hearers."
+
+    "Applause, popular, the _summum bonum_."
+
+    "'Atlantic,' editors of, See _Neptune_. [There is no entry under
+    Neptune.]"
+
+    "Belmont. See _Woods_."
+
+    "Bible, not composed for use of coloured persons."
+
+    "Charles I, accident to his neck."
+
+    "Ezekiel would make a poor figure at a Caucus."
+
+    "Facts, their unamiability. Compared to an old fashioned
+    stage-coach."
+
+    "Family trees, a primitive forest of."
+
+    "Jeremiah hardly the best guide in modern politics."
+
+    "Missionaries, useful to alligators. Culinary liabilities of."
+
+    "Rum and water combine kindly."
+
+    "Shoddy, poor covering for outer or inner man."
+
+    "'They'll say,' a notable bully."
+
+    "Woods, the, See _Belmont_."
+
+    "World, this, its unhappy temper."
+
+    "Writing, dangerous to reputation."
+
+The witty Dr. William King, student of Christ Church, Oxford, and
+afterwards Judge of the Irish Court of Admiralty, presented an example
+of the skilled controversialist spoken of by Hill Burton as letting fly
+"a few Parthian arrows from the Index." He was dubbed by Isaac D'Israeli
+the inventor of satirical indexes, and he certainly succeeded in
+producing several ill-natured ones.
+
+When the wits of Christ Church produced under the name of the Hon.
+Charles Boyle the clever volume with which they thought to annihilate
+the great Dr. Bentley, Dr. King was the one who assisted by producing a
+bitter index.
+
+The first edition of _Dr. Bentley's Dissertation on the Epistles of
+Phalaris and the Fables of Esop examin'd_ (1698) has no index; but Dr.
+King's work was added to the second edition published in the same year.
+It was styled, _A short account of Dr. Bentley by way of Index_. Then
+follows:
+
+    "Dr. Bentley's true story of the MS.  prov'd false by the
+        testimonies of
+    ---- Mr. Bennet, p. 6.
+    ---- Mr. Gibson, p. 7.
+    ---- Dr. King, p. 8.
+    ---- Dr. Bentley, p. 19."
+    "Dr. Bentley's civil usage of Mr. Boyle.
+    "His civil language to
+    ---- Mr. Boyle.
+    ---- Sir W. Temple.
+    "His singular humanity to
+    ---- Mr. Boyle.
+    ---- Sir Edward Sherburne.
+    humanity to Foreigners.
+    "His Ingenuity in
+    ---- relating matters of fact.
+    ---- citing authors.
+    ---- transcribing and plundering
+    notes and prefaces of
+    ---- Mr. Boyle.
+    ---- Vizzanius.
+    ---- Nevelet.
+    ---- Camerarius.
+    ---- Editor of Hesychius.
+    ---- Salmasius.
+    ---- Dr. Bentley.
+    "His appeal to Foreigners.
+    ---- a suspicious plan.
+    ---- a false one.
+    "His modesty and decency in contradicting great men.
+    "(Long list from Plato to Every body).
+    "His happiness in confident assertions for want
+    ---- of Reading.
+    ---- of Judgment.
+    ---- of Sincerity.
+    "His profound skill in Criticism
+      From beginning to
+        The End."
+
+This is certainly more vindictive than witty.
+
+All the wits rushed madly into the fray, and Swift, in his "Battel
+fought last Friday between the Antient and Modern Books in St. James's
+Library," committed himself irretrievably to the wrong side in this way:
+"A captain whose name was B-ntl-y, in person the most deformed of all
+the moderns; tall but without shape or comeliness, large but without
+strength or proportion. His armour was patched up of a thousand
+incoherent pieces...."
+
+Then look at the leader of the opposing host: "Boyl clad in a suit of
+armor which had been given him by all the gods immediately advanced
+against the trembling foe, who now fled before him."
+
+It is amazing that such a perverted judgment should have been given by
+some of our greatest writers, but all is to be traced to Bentley's
+defects of temper, so that Dr. King was not altogether wrong in his
+index.
+
+Sir George Trevelyan in his _Life of Macaulay_ refers to Bentley's
+famous maxim (which in print and talk alike he dearly loved to quote),
+that no man was ever written down except by himself, and quotes what the
+historian wrote after perhaps his tenth perusal of Bishop Monk's life of
+the great critic: "Bentley seems to me an eminent instance of the extent
+to which intellectual powers of a most rare and admirable kind may be
+impaired by moral defects."
+
+Charles Boyle's book went through four editions, and still there was
+silence; but at last appeared the "immortal" _Dissertation_, as Porson
+calls it, which not only defeated his enemies, but routed them
+completely. Bentley's _Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris_, with
+an answer to the objections of the Hon. C. Boyle, Esq., first appeared
+in 1699. De Quincey described it as one of the three most triumphant
+dissertations existing upon the class of historico-critical problems,
+"All three are loaded with a superfetation of evidence, and conclusive
+beyond what the mind altogether wishes."[7] In another place De Quincey
+points out the line of argument followed by Bentley: "It was by
+anachronisms of this character that Bentley detected the spuriousness of
+the letters ascribed to Phalaris. Sicilian towns, &c., were in those
+letters called by names that did not arise until that prince had been
+dead for centuries. Manufactures were mentioned that were of much later
+invention. As handles for this exposure of a systematic forgery, which
+oftentimes had a moral significance, these indications were valuable,
+and gave excessive brilliancy to that immortal dissertation of
+Bentley's."[8]
+
+  [7] _Rosicrucians and Free-Masons_ (De Quincey's _Works_, vol.
+      13, p. 388).
+
+  [8] _Memorial Chronology_ (De Quincey's _Works_, vol. 14, p. 309).
+
+The fate which the wits thought to bring upon Bentley fell upon them,
+and they quarrelled among themselves. It was believed that Charles
+Boyle, when credit was to be obtained, looked upon himself as author of
+the book; but afterwards, when it was discredited, he only awaited the
+public trial of the conspirators to wash his hands of the whole affair.
+Atterbury, who had much to do with the production of the volume, was
+particularly annoyed by Boyle's conduct. He wrote to Boyle: "In laying
+the design of the book, in writing above half of it, in reviewing
+[revising] a great part of the rest, in transcribing the whole and
+attending the press, half a year of my life went away. What I promised
+myself from hence was that some service would be done to your
+reputation, and that you would think so. In the first of these I was not
+mistaken--in the latter I am. When you were abroad, sir, the highest you
+could prevail with yourself to go in your opinion of the book was, that
+you hoped it would do you no harm. When you returned I supposed you
+would have seen that it had been far from hurting you. However, you have
+not thought fit to let me know your mind on this matter; for since you
+came to England, no one expression, that I know of, has dropped from you
+that could give me reason to believe you had any opinion of what I had
+done, or even took it kindly from me."[9]
+
+  [9] _Memoirs of Bishop Atterbury_, compiled by Folkestone
+      Williams, vol. i. (1869), p. 42.
+
+In the same year (1698) King turned his attention to a less formidable
+antagonist than the great Bentley. His _Journey to London_ is a very
+ingenious parody of Dr. Martin Lister's _Journey to Paris_, and, the
+pages of the original being referred to, it forms an index to that book.
+
+The Royal Society in its early years had to pass through a long period
+of ridicule and misrepresentation. The author of _Hudibras_ commenced
+the crusade, but the gibes of Butler were easier to bear than those of
+Dr. William King, who was particularly savage against Sir Hans Sloane.
+_The Transactioneer_ (1700) and _Useful Transactions in Philosophy_
+(1708-1709) were very galling to the distinguished naturalist, and
+annoyed the Royal Society, whose _Philosophical Transactions_ were
+unmercifully laughed at. To both the tracts referred to were prefixed
+satirical tables of contents, and what made them the more annoying was
+that the author's own words were very ingeniously used and turned
+against him. King writes: "The bulls and blunders which Sloane and his
+friends so naturally pour forth cannot be misrepresented, so careful I
+am in producing them."
+
+Here is a specimen of the contents of _The Transactioneer_:
+
+    "The Tatler's Opinion of a Virtuoso."
+    "Some Account of Sir Hans Sloane.
+    ----  of Dr. Salmon.
+    ----  of Mr. Oldenburg.
+    ----  of Dr. Plot."
+    "The Compiling of the Philosophical Transactions the work of a
+          single person.
+    ----  the excellence of his style.
+    ----  his clearness and perspicacity.
+    ----  Genius to Poetry.
+    ----  Verses on Jamaica Pepper.
+    ----  Politicks in Gardening.
+    ----  Skill in Botanicks."
+
+The following appear in the contents of the "Voyage to Cajamai" in
+_Useful Transactions_:
+
+    Preface of the author--
+
+    "Knew a white bramble in a dark room."
+
+    Author's introduction--
+
+    "Mountains higher than hills."
+
+    "Hay good for horses."
+
+The most important of King's indexes was that added to Bromley's
+_Travels_, because it had the effect of balking a distinguished
+political character of his ambition of filling the office of Speaker of
+the House of Commons.
+
+William Bromley (1664-1732), after leaving Christ Church, Oxford, spent
+several years in travelling on the Continent. He was elected a Member of
+Parliament in 1689, and soon occupied a prominent position among the
+non-jurors. In 1692 he published "_Remarks in the Grande Tour of France
+and Italy, lately performed by a Person of quality._ London. Printed by
+E. H. for Tho. Basset at the George in Fleet Street, 1692." A second
+edition appeared in the following year: "_Remarks made in Travels
+through France and Italy, with many Publick Inscriptions. Lately taken
+by a Person of Quality_. London (Thomas Basset) 1693."
+
+In March, 1701-1702, Bromley was elected Member of Parliament for the
+University of Oxford, which he continued to represent during the
+remainder of his life. In 1702 he published another volume of travels:
+"_Several Years' Travels through Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany,
+Prussia, Sweden, Denmark and the United Provinces performed by a
+Gentleman_."
+
+In 1705 Bromley was supposed to have pre-eminent claims to the
+Speakership, which office was then vacant; but what was supposed to be a
+certainty was turned into failure by the action of his opponents. They
+took the opportunity of reprinting his _Remarks_, with the addition of a
+satirical index, as an electioneering squib. This reprint appeared as
+"_Remarks in the Grand Tour ... performed by a Person of Quality in the
+year 1691_. The second edition to which is added a table of the
+principal matters. London. Printed for John Nutt near Stationers' Hall,
+1705." This was really the third edition, but probably the reprinters
+overlooked the edition of 1693. It was reprinted with the original
+licence of "Rob. Midgley, Feb. 20th, 1691-2."
+
+In the Bodleian copy of this book there is a manuscript note by Dr.
+Rawlinson to the effect that this index was drawn up by Robert Harley,
+Earl of Oxford; but this was probably only a party rumour. Dr. Parr
+possessed Bromley's own copy of the reprint with the following
+manuscript note by the author:
+
+    "This edition of these travels is a specimen of the good nature
+    and good manners of the Whigs, and I have reason to believe of
+    one of the ministry (very conversant in this sort of calumny)
+    for the sake of publishing '_the Table of the principal matters
+    &c_' to expose me whom the gentlemen of the Church of England
+    designed to be Speaker of the House of Commons, in the
+    Parliament, that met Oct. 25 1705. When notwithstanding the
+    Whigs and Court joining to keep me out of the chair, and the
+    greatest violence towards the Members, turning out some, and
+    threatening others, to influence their votes, I had the honour
+    (and I shall ever esteem it a greater honour than my
+    competitor's success) to have the suffrages of 205 disinterested
+    gentlemen for me: such a number as never lost such a question
+    before; and such as, with the addition of those that by force,
+    and contrary to their inclination, with the greatest reluctance
+    voted against me, must have prevailed for me.
+
+    "This was a very malicious proceeding; my words and meaning
+    plainly perverted in several places; which if they had been
+    improper, and any observations trifling or impertinent, an
+    allowance was due for my being very young, when they were made.
+    But the performances of others, not entitled to such allowance
+    may be in this manner exposed, as appears by the like Tables
+    published for the Travels of Bp. Burnet and Mr. Addison. _Wm.
+    Bromley._"
+
+Dr. Parr took this all very seriously, and set great value upon the
+book. He added a note to that written by Bromley, in which he said:
+
+    "Mr. Bromley was very much galled with the republication, and
+    the ridiculous, but not untrue, representation of the contents.
+    Such a work would unavoidably expose the author to derision:
+    instead therefore of suffering it to be sold after my death, and
+    to become a subject of contemptuous gossip, or an instrument of
+    party annoyance, I think it a proper act of respect and kindness
+    for the Bromley family, for me to put it in possession of the
+    Rev. Mr. Davenport Bromley, upon the express condition that he
+    never sells it nor gives it away, that, after reading it, he
+    seals it up carefully and places it where no busy eye, nor
+    thievish hand can reach it.
+                                                         "S. P."
+
+This note was written in 1823, and the precautions taken by Parr seem
+rather belated. Even the family were little likely to mind the public
+seeing a political skit more than a century old, which did no dishonour
+to their ancestor's character.
+
+It is very probable that Harley was at the expense of reprinting the
+book, as it is reported that every one who came to his house was asked
+if he had seen Mr. Bromley's _Travels_; and when the answer was in the
+negative, Harley at once fetched a copy, which he presented to his
+visitor. There is no doubt, however, that the index was drawn up by Dr.
+King.
+
+The index is neither particularly amusing nor clever, but it is very
+ill-natured. Dr. Parr infers that the book is not misrepresented, but
+there can be little doubt that the index is in most instances very
+unfair. Thus the first entry in the table is:
+
+    "Chatham, where and how situated, viz. on the other side of
+    Rochester bridge, though commonly reported to be on this side,
+    p. 1."
+
+The passage indexed is quite clear, and contains the natural statement
+of a fact.
+
+    "Lodged at Rochester, an episcopal seat in the same county
+    [Kent]. The cathedral church is plain and decent, and the city
+    appears well peopled. When I left it and passed the Bridge I was
+    at Chatham, the famous Dock, where so many of our great ships
+    are built."
+
+The following are some further entries from the index:
+
+    "Dover and Calais neither of them places of Strength tho'
+    frontier towns, p. 2."
+
+    "Boulogne the first city on the French shore, lies on the coast,
+    p. 2." [These are the same words as in the book.]
+
+    "Crosses and Crucifixes on the Roads in France prove it not
+    England, p. 3."
+
+The passage here indexed is as follows:
+
+    "Crosses and Crucifixes are so plentiful every where on this
+    road, that from them alone an Englishman will be satisfied he is
+    out of his own country; besides the Roads are much better than
+    ours."
+
+    "Eight pictures take up less room than sixteen of the same size,
+    p. 14."
+
+This is founded on the following:
+
+    "They contain the Histories of the Old and New Testaments, and
+    are placed in two rows one above the other; those that represent
+    the Old Testament are in the uppermost reaching round the room
+    and are sixteen. Those of the new are under them, but being only
+    eight reach not so far as the former, and where no pictures are
+    be the doors to the presses where the sacred vestments are
+    kept."
+
+    "Travelling by night not proper to take a view of the adjacent
+    countries, p. 223."
+
+This is a version of the following:
+
+    "The heat of the weather made travelling in the night most
+    desirable and we chose it between Sienna and Florence.... By
+    this means I could see little of the country."
+
+    "The Duchess dowager of Savoy who was grandmother to the present
+    Duke was mother to his father, p. 243."
+
+This is a perversion of the following
+perfectly natural observation:
+
+    "This was designed by the Dutchess Christina grandmother of this
+    Duke in the minority of her son (his father) in 1660."
+
+The entry, "Jews at Legorn not obliged to wear red hats, p. 223,"
+contains nothing absurd, but rather is an interesting piece of
+information, because the Jews were obliged to wear these hats in other
+parts of Italy, and it was the knowledge of this fact that induced
+Macklin to wear a red hat when acting Shylock, a personation which
+induced an admirer to exclaim:
+
+    "This is the Jew
+     That Shakespeare drew."
+
+Such perversions as these could have done Bromley, one would think,
+little harm; but the real harm done consisted in bringing to light and
+insisting upon the author's political attitude when he referred to King
+William and Queen Mary as "the Prince and Princess of Orange." The
+passage is as follows:
+
+    "A gallery, where among the pictures of Christian Princes are
+    those of King Charles the Second and his Queen, King James the
+    Second and his Queen and the Prince and Princess of Orange."
+
+It would indeed seem strange that one who had thus referred to his King
+and Queen should occupy so important a public office as Speaker of the
+House of Commons. Another ground of offence was that when in Rome he
+kissed the Pope's slipper.
+
+Although Bromley was disappointed in 1705, his time came; and after the
+Tory reaction consequent on the trial of Sacheverell he was in 1710
+chosen Speaker without opposition. There is a portrait of Bromley in the
+University Picture Gallery in the Bodleian at Oxford.
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                              CHAPTER III.
+
+                            THE BAD INDEXER.
+
+    "At the laundress's at the Hole in the Wall in Cursitor's Alley
+    up three pair of stairs, the author of my Church history--you
+    may also speak to the gentleman who lies by him in the flock
+    bed, my index maker."--SWIFT'S _Account of the Condition of
+    Edmund Curll_ (Instructions to a porter how to find Mr. Curll's
+    authors).
+
+[Illustration: B]ad indexers are everywhere, and what is most singular
+is that each one makes the same sort of blunders--blunders which it
+would seem impossible that any one could make, until we find these same
+blunders over and over again in black and white. One of the commonest is
+to place the references under unimportant words, for which no one would
+think of looking, such as A and The. The worst indexes of this class are
+often added to journals and newspapers. A good instance of confusion
+will be found in the index to a volume of _The Freemason_ which is
+before me; but this is by no means singular, and certainly not the worst
+of its class. Under A we find the following entries:
+
+    "Afternoon Outing of the Skelmersdale Lodge."
+    "An Oration delivered," etc.
+    "Annual Outing of the Queen Victoria Lodge."
+    "Another Masonic MS."
+
+Under B:
+
+    "Bro. Bain's Masonic Library."
+
+Under F:
+
+    "First Ball of the Fellowship Lodge.
+    "First Ladies' Night."
+
+Under I:
+
+    "Interesting Extract from an 'Old Masonian's' Letter."
+
+Under L:
+
+    "Ladies' Banquet."
+    "Ladies' Night."
+    "Ladies' Summer Outing."
+    "Late Bro. Sir B. W. Richardson."
+
+Under N:
+
+    "New Grand Officers."
+    "New Home for Keighley Freemasons."
+    "New Masonic Hall."
+
+Under O:
+
+    "Our Portrait Gallery."
+
+Under R:
+
+    "Recent Festival."
+
+Under S:
+
+    "Send-off dinner."
+    "Summer Festival."
+    "Summer Outing."
+
+Under T:
+
+    "Third Ladies' Night."
+
+Under Y:
+
+    "Ye olde Masonians."
+
+There are many other absurd headings, but these are the worst instances.
+They show the confusion of not only placing references where they would
+never be looked for, but of giving similar entries all over the index
+under whatever heading came first to the mind of the indexer. For
+instance, there is one _Afternoon_ Outing, one _Annual_ Outing, one
+_Ladies'_ Outing, one _Summer_ Outing, and three other Outings under O.
+None of these have any references the one from the other.
+
+There are a large number of indexes in which not only the best heading
+is not chosen, but the very worst is. Thus, choosing at random, we find
+such an order as the following in an old volume of the _Canadian
+Journal_:
+
+    "_A_ Monograph of the British Spongiadae."
+
+    "_On_ the Iodide of Barium."
+
+    "_Sir_ Charles Barry, a Biography."
+
+    "_The_ late Professor Boole."
+
+    "_The_ Mohawk Language."
+
+The same misarrangement will sometimes be found even in standard English
+journals.
+
+The edition of Jewel's _Apology_, published by Isaacson in 1825,
+contains an index which is worthy of special remark. It is divided into
+four alphabets, referring respectively to (1) Life; (2) Apology; (3)
+Notes to Life; (4) Notes to Apology; and this complicated machinery is
+attached to a book of only 286 pages. I think it is scarcely too much to
+say that there is hardly an entry in the index which would be of any use
+to the consulter. A few examples will show that this is not an unfair
+judgment:
+
+    "_Belief_ of a Resurrection."
+
+    "_Caution_, Reformers proceeded with Caution."
+
+    "_If_ Protestants are Heretics let the Papists prove them so
+    from Scripture."
+
+    "_In_ withdrawing themselves from the Church of Rome,
+    Protestants have not erred from Christ and his Apostles."
+
+    "_King_ John."
+
+    "_The_ Pope assumes Regal power and habit."
+
+    "Ditto employs spies."
+
+That this idiotic kind of index (which can be of no possible use to any
+one) is not yet extinct may be seen in one of those daintily printed
+books of essays which are now so common. In mercy I will not mention the
+title, but merely say that it was published in 1901. A few extracts will
+show the character of the work:
+
+    "_A_ Book," etc.
+
+    "_Is_ public taste," etc.
+
+    "_On_ reading old books."
+
+    "_The_ advantage," etc.
+
+    "_The_ blessedness," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Book-stall Reader."
+
+    "_The_ Girl," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Long Life," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Preservative," etc.
+
+    "_The_ Prosperity," etc.
+
+    "_Two_ Classes of Literature."
+
+There are many instances of such bad indexes, but it would be tedious to
+quote more of them. The amazing thing is that many persons unconnected
+with one another should be found to do the same ridiculous work, and
+suppose that by any possibility it could be of use to a single human
+being. But what is even more astounding is to find intelligent editors
+passing such useless rubbish and wasting good type and paper upon it.
+
+Another prominent blunder in indexing periodicals is to follow in the
+index the divisions of the paper. In an alphabetical index there should
+be no classification, but the alphabet should be followed throughout.
+Nothing is so maddening to consult as an index in which the different
+divisions of the periodical are kept distinct, with a separate alphabet
+under each. It is hopeless to consult these, and it is often easier to
+turn over the pages and look through the volume than to refer to the
+index. The main object of an index is to bring together all the items on
+a similar subject which are separated in the book itself.
+
+The indexes of some periodicals are good, but those of the many are bad.
+Mr. Poole and his helpers, who had an extensive experience of periodical
+literature, made the following rule to be observed in the new edition of
+Poole's _Index to Periodical Literature_:
+
+    "All references must be made from an inspection, and if
+    necessary the perusal of each article. Hence, no use will be
+    made of the index which is usually printed with the volume, or
+    of any other index. Those indexes were _made by unskilful
+    persons_, and are full of all sorts of errors. It will be less
+    work to discard them entirely than to supply their omissions and
+    correct their errors."
+
+This rule is sufficiently severe, but it cannot be said that it is
+unjust.
+
+Miss Hetherington, who has had a singularly large experience of indexes
+to periodicals, has no higher idea of these than Mr. Poole. In an
+article on "The Indexing of Periodicals" in the _Index to the Periodical
+Literature of the World_ for 1892, she gives a remarkable series of
+instances of absurd entries. Some of these are due to the vicious habit
+of trying to save trouble by cutting up the lists of contents, and
+repeating the entries under different headings. Miss Hetherington's
+examples are well worth repeating; but as bad indexing is the rule, it
+is scarcely worth while to gibbet any one magazine, as most of them are
+equally bad. It is only amazing how any one in authority can allow such
+absurdities as the following to be printed. These six groups are from
+one magazine:
+
+    "Academy in Africa, A Monkey's."
+
+    "Africa, A Monkey's Academy in."
+
+    "Monkey's Academy in Africa, A."
+
+    "Aspects, The Renaissance in its Broader."
+
+    "Renaissance in its Broader Aspects, The."
+
+    "Campaign, His Last, and After."
+
+    "His Last Campaign, and After."
+
+    "Entertainment, The Triumph of the Variety."
+
+    "Triumph of the Variety Entertainment, The."
+
+    "Variety Entertainment, The Triumph of the."
+
+    "Evicted Tenants, The Irish, Are they Knaves?"
+
+    "Irish Evicted Tenants, The, Are they Knaves?"
+
+    "French Revolution, Scenes from the."
+
+    "Revolution, Scenes from the French."
+
+    "Scenes from the French Revolution."
+
+Miss Hetherington adds, respecting this particular magazine: "But the
+whole index might be quoted. The indexer seems to have had three lists
+of contents for his purpose, but he has not always dared to use more
+than two, and so "The Irish Evicted Tenants" do not figure under the
+class "Knaves." The contributors are on another page, with figures only
+against their names, the cause of reference not being specified."
+
+Equally absurd, and contrived on a similar system, are the following
+entries from another magazine:
+
+    "Eastern Desert on Foot, Through an."
+
+    "Foot, Through an Eastern Desert on."
+
+    "Through an Eastern Desert on Foot."
+
+    "Finds, The Rev. J. Sturgis's."
+
+    "Sturgis's Finds, The Rev. J."
+
+    "Complexion! What a Pretty."
+
+    "Pretty Complexion! What a."
+
+    "What a Pretty Complexion!"
+
+These two groups are from a very prominent magazine:
+
+    "Creek in Demerara, Up a."
+
+    "Demerara, Up a Creek in."
+
+    "Up a Creek in Demerara."
+
+    "Home, The Russians at."
+
+    "Russians at Home, The."
+
+    "The Russians at Home."
+
+In the foregoing, by giving three entries, one, by chance, may be
+correct; but in the following case there are two useless references:
+
+    "Baron de Marbot, The Memoirs of the."
+
+    "Memoirs of the Baron de Marbot, The."
+
+    But nothing under _Marbot_.
+
+Some indexers have a fancy for placing authors under their Christian
+names, as these three from one index.
+
+    "Philip Bourke Marston."
+
+    "Rudyard Kipling."
+
+    "Walt Whitman."
+
+These entries are amusing:
+
+    "Foot in it, On Putting One's."
+
+    "On Putting One's Foot in it."
+
+Surely it is strange that such absurdities as these should continue to
+be published! Mr. Poole drew attention to the evil, and Miss
+Hetherington has done the same; yet it continues, and publishers are not
+ashamed to print such rubbish as that just instanced. We may add a quite
+recent instance--viz. _Longman's Magazine_ for October, 1901, which
+contains an index to the thirty-eighth volume. It occupies two pages in
+double columns, and there are no duplicate entries. In that small space
+I find these useless entries:
+
+    "According to the Code" (not under Code).
+
+    "Disappearance of Plants" (not under Plants).
+
+    "Eighteenth Century London through French Eye-glasses" (not
+    under London).
+
+    "Gilbert White" (not under White).
+
+    "Mission of Mr. Rider Haggard" (not under Haggard).
+
+    "Some Eighteenth Century Children's Books" (not under Children's
+    Books).
+
+    "Some Notes on an Examination" (not under Examination).
+
+                               * * * * *
+
+The two chief causes of the badness
+of indexes are found--
+
+    1. In the original composition.
+
+    2. In the bad arrangement.
+
+Of the first cause little need be said. The chief fault is due to the
+incompetence of the indexer, shown by his use of trivial references, his
+neglect of what should be indexed, his introduction of what might well
+be left out, his bad analysis, and his bad headings.
+
+The second cause is still more important, because a competent indexer
+may prepare his materials well, and keep clear of all the faults noticed
+above, and yet spoil his work by neglect of a proper system of
+arrangement.
+
+The chief faults under this second division consist of--
+
+    1. Want of complete alphabetisation.
+
+    2. Classification within the alphabet.
+
+    3. Variety of alphabets.
+
+    4. Want of cross references.
+
+These are all considerable faults, and will therefore bear being
+enlarged upon.
+
+1. _The want of complete alphabetisation_ is a great evil, but it was
+very general at one time. In some old indexes references are arranged
+under the first letter only. In the index to a large and valuable map of
+England, published at the beginning of this century, the names of places
+are not arranged further than the third letter, and this naturally gives
+great trouble to the consulter. In order to save himself, the compiler
+has given others a considerably greater amount of trouble. In arranging
+entries in alphabetical order it is necessary to sort them to the most
+minute difference of spelling. The alphabetical arrangement, however,
+has its difficulties, which must be overcome; for instance, it looks
+awkward when the plural comes before the singular, and the adjective
+before the substantive from which it is formed, as "naval" and "navies"
+before "navy." In such cases it will be necessary to make a heading such
+as "Navy," which will include the plural and the adjective.
+
+The vowel I should be kept distinct from the consonant J, and the vowel
+U from the consonant V.
+
+More blunders have probably been made by the confusing of u and n in old
+books than from any other cause. These letters are identical in early
+manuscripts, and consequently the modern copyist has to decide which
+letter to choose, and sometimes he blunders.
+
+In Capgrave's _Chronicles of England_ is a reference to the "londe of
+Iude," but this is misspelt "Inde" in the edition published in the
+Master of the Rolls' Series in 1858. Here is a simple misprint caused by
+the misreading of I for J and n for u; but this can easily be set right.
+The indexer, however, has enlarged it into a wonderful blunder. Under
+the letter I is the following curious piece of information:
+
+    "India ... conquered by Judas Maccabeus and his brethren, 56"!!
+
+Many more instances of this confusion of the letters u and n might be
+given, some of them causing permanent confusion of names; but two (which
+are the complement of each other) will suffice.
+
+George Lo_n_don was a very eminent horticulturist in his day, who at
+the Revolution was appointed Superintendent of the Royal Gardens;
+but he can seldom get his name properly spelt because a later
+horticulturist has made the name of Lo_u_don more familiar. In fact, I
+was once called to account by a reviewer who supposed I had made a
+mistake in referring to Lo_n_don instead of Lo_u_don. The reverse
+mistake was once made by the great Duke of Wellington. C. J. Loudon
+(who wrote a very bad hand) requested the Duke to let him see the
+Waterloo beeches at Stratfieldsaye. The letter puzzled Wellington, who
+knew nothing of the horticulturist, and read C. J. Lo_u_don as C. J.
+Lo_n_don, and beeches as breeches; so he wrote off to the then Bishop of
+London (Dr. Blomfield) to say that his Waterloo breeches disappeared
+long ago.
+
+2. _Classification within the alphabet._--Examples have already been
+given where the arrangement of the book is followed rather than the
+alphabetical order; but these were instances of bad indexing, and
+sometimes a good indexer fails in the same way, thus showing how
+important is good arrangement. An index of great complexity, one full of
+scientific difficulties, was once made by a very able man. The _precis_
+was admirable, and the various subjects were gathered together under
+their headings with great skill--in fact, it could not well have been
+more perfect; but it had one flaw which spoiled it. The nature of the
+index necessitated a large number of subdivisions under the various
+chief headings; these were arranged on a system clear to the compiler,
+and probably a logical one to him. But the user of the index had not the
+clue to this arrangement, and he could not find his way through the
+complicated maze; it was an unfortunate instance of extreme cleverness.
+When the index was finished, but before it was published, a simple
+remedy for the confusion was suggested and carried out. The whole of the
+subdivisions under each main heading were rearranged in perfect
+alphabetical order. This was a heroic proceeding, but it was highly
+successful, and the rearranged index gave satisfaction, and the same
+system was followed in other indexes that succeeded it.
+
+3. _Variety of alphabets._--An index should be one and indivisible, and
+should not be broken up into several alphabets. Foreigners are greater
+sinners against this fundamental rule than Englishmen, and they almost
+invariably separate the author or persons from subjects. Sometimes,
+however, the division is not very carefully made, for in the _Autoren
+Register_ to Carus' and Engelmann's _Bibliography of Zoology_ may be
+found the following entries: _Schreiben_, _Schriften_, _Zu_ Humboldt's
+Cosmos, _Zur_ Fauna. Some English books are much divided. Thus the new
+edition of Hutchins's _Dorset_ (1874) has at the end eight separate
+indexes: (1) Places, (2) Pedigrees, (3) Persons, (4) Arms, (5) Blazons,
+(6) Glossarial, (7) Domesday, (8) Inquisitions.
+
+The index to the original quarto edition of Warton's _History of English
+Poetry_ (1774) has six alphabets, but a general index compiled by Thomas
+Fillingham, was published in 1804, uniform with the work in quarto. The
+general index to the _Annual Register_ has as many as fourteen
+alphabets. The general index to the _Reports of the British Association_
+is split up into six alphabets, following the divisions of each volume.
+
+4. _Want of cross references._--Although an alphabetical index should
+not be classified, yet it is necessary to gather together the synonyms,
+and place all the references under the best of these headings, with
+cross references from the others. For instance, Wealth should be under
+W, Finance under F, and Population under P; and they should not all be
+grouped under Political Economy, because each of these subjects is
+distinct and more conveniently found under the separate heading than
+under a grouped heading. On the other hand, entries relating to
+Tuberculosis must not be scattered over the index under such headings as
+Consumption, Decline, and Phthisis, but be gathered together under the
+heading chosen, with cross references from the others. In bad indexes
+this rule is invariably broken, and it must be allowed that the proper
+carrying out of this rule is very difficult, so that where it is
+invariably adopted, we have one of the best signs of a really good
+index. Bad indexers are usually much too haphazard in their work to
+insert cross references.
+
+The careful use of cross references is next in importance to the
+selection of appropriate headings. Great judgment, however, is required,
+as the consulters are naturally irritated by being referred backwards
+and forwards, particularly in a large index. At the same time, if
+judiciously inserted, such references are a great help. Mr. Poole says,
+in an article on his own index in the _Library Journal_: "If every
+subject shall have cross references to its allies, the work will be
+mainly a book of cross references rather than an index of subjects." He
+then adds: "One correspondent gives fifty-eight cross references under
+Mental Philosophy, and fifty-eight more might be added just as
+appropriate."
+
+The indexer should be careful that his cross references are real, but he
+has not always attended to this. In Eadie's _Dictionary of the Bible_
+(1850) there is a reference, "Dorcas _see_ Tabitha," but there is no
+entry under Tabitha at all.
+
+In Cobbett's _Woodlands_ there is a good specimen of backwards and
+forwards cross referencing. The author writes:
+
+    "Many years ago I wished to know whether I could raise birch
+    trees from the _seed_.... I then looked into the great book of
+    knowledge, the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; there I found in the
+    general dictionary:
+
+    "'BIRCH TREE--See _Betula_ (Botany Index).'
+
+    "I hastened to BETULA with great eagerness, and there I found:
+
+    "'BETULA--See _Beech tree_.'
+
+    "That was all, and this was pretty encouragement."
+
+William Morris used to make merry over the futility of some cross
+references. He was using a print of an old English manuscript which was
+full of notes in explanation of self-evident passages, but one difficult
+expression--_viz._ "The bung of a thrub chandler"--was left unexplained.
+In the index under Bung there was a reference to Thrub chandler, and
+under Thrub chandler another back to Bung. Still the lexicographers are
+unable to tell us what kind of a barrel a "thrub chandler" really was. I
+give this story on the authority of my friend, Mr. S. C. Cockerell.
+
+No reference to the contents of a general heading which is without
+subdivision should be allowed unless of course the page is given.
+
+There are too many vague cross references in the _Penny Cyclopaedia_
+where you are referred from the known to the unknown. If a general
+heading be divided into sections, and each of these be clearly defined,
+they should be cross referenced, but not otherwise. At present you may
+look for Pesth and be referred to Hungary, where probably there is much
+about Pesth, but you do not know where to look for it in the long
+article without some clue. Sometimes cross references are mere
+expedients, particularly in the case of a cyclopaedia published in
+volumes or parts. Thus a writer agrees to contribute an article early in
+the alphabet, but it is not ready in time for the publication of the
+part, so a cross reference is inserted which sends the reader to a
+synonym later on in the alphabet. In certain cases this has been done
+two or three times. An instance occurs in the life of the distinguished
+bibliographer, the late Henry Bradshaw (than whom no one was more
+capable of producing a masterly article), who undertook to write on
+"Printing" in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. When the time for
+publication arrived (1885), Bradshaw was not ready, and in place of the
+article appeared the cross reference, "PRINTING, TYPOGRAPHIC--See
+_Typography_." Bradshaw died on February 10, 1886, and the article on
+"Typography" which was published in Vol. 23 in 1888, was written by Mr.
+Hessels.
+
+Cross referencing has its curiosities as well as other branches of our
+subject. Perhaps the most odd collection of cross references is to be
+found in Serjeant William Hawkins's _Pleas of the Crown_ (1716; 5th ed.,
+1771; 7th ed., 4 vols., 1795), of which it was said in the _Monthly
+Magazine_ for June, 1801 (p. 419): "A plain, unlettered man is led to
+suspect that the writer of the volume and the writer of the index are
+playing at cross purposes."
+
+The following are some of the most amusing entries:
+
+    "Cards _see_ Dice."
+
+    "Cattle _see_ Clergy."
+
+    "Chastity _see_ Homicide."
+
+    "Cheese _see_ Butter."
+
+    "Coin _see_ High Treason."
+
+    "Convicts _see_ Clergy."
+
+    "Death _see_ Appeal."
+
+    "Election _see_ Bribery."
+
+    "Farthings _see_ Halfpenny."
+
+    "Fear _see_ Robbery."
+
+    "Footway _see_ Nuisance."
+
+    "Honour _see_ Constable."
+
+    "Incapacity _see_ Officers."
+
+    "King _see_ Treason."
+
+    "Knaves _see_ Words."
+
+    "Letters _see_ Libel."
+
+    "London _see_ Outlawry."
+
+    "Shop _see_ Burglary."
+
+    "Sickness _see_ Bail."
+
+    "Threats _see_ Words."
+
+    "Westminster Hall _see_ Contempt and Lie."
+
+    "Writing _see_ Treason."
+
+This arrangement of some of the cross references is perhaps scarcely
+fair. They are spread over several elaborate indexes in the original,
+and in their proper places do not strike one in the same way as when
+they are set out by themselves. One of the instances given by the critic
+in the _Monthly Magazine_ is unfairly cited. It is there given as
+"Assault _see_ Son." The cross reference really is, "Assault _see_ Son
+Assault."
+
+Hawkins's work is divided into two parts, and the folio editions have
+two indexes, one to each part; the octavo edition has four indexes, one
+to each volume.
+
+The index to Ford's _Handbook of Spain_ contains an amusing reference:
+
+    "Wellington, _see_ Duke."
+
+Besides these four divisions of the chief faults in indexing, there are
+many other pitfalls gaping wide to receive the careless indexer.
+
+Names are a great difficulty, but it is not necessary to refer to these
+more generally here, as they are fully dealt with in the rules (_see_
+Chapter VI.)
+
+It is not often that an English indexer has to index a French book, but
+should he do so he would often need to be careful. The Frenchman does
+not care to leave that which he does not understand unexplained. The
+translation of _Love's Last Shift_ as _La Derniere Chemise de l'Amour_,
+attributed by Horace Walpole to the Dowager Duchess of Bolton in George
+I.'s reign, is probably an invention, but some translations quite as
+amusing are genuine. G. Brunet of Bordeaux, having occasion in his _La
+France Litteraire au XV^e siecle_ to mention "White Knights," at one
+time the seat of the Duke of Marlborough, translates it into _Le
+Chevalier Blanc_. When Dr. Buckland, the geologist, died, a certain
+French paper published a biography of him in which it was explained that
+the deceased had been a very versatile writer, for besides his work on
+geology he had produced one _Sur les Ponts et Chaussees_. This was a
+puzzling statement, but it turned out to be a translation of
+_Bridgewater Treatises_, in which series his _Geology and Mineralogy_
+was published in 1837.
+
+Sometimes contractions give trouble to the indexer, and he must be
+careful not to fill them out unless he is sure of what they mean. Many
+blunders have been made in this way. In the _Historie of Edward IV._
+(1471), edited by that careful and trustworthy antiquary John Bruce for
+the Camden Society in 1838, there is the following remarkable statement:
+"Wherefore the Kynge may say, as Julius Caesar sayde, he that is not
+agaynst me is with me."
+
+This chapter might be made a very long one by instancing a series of
+badly indexed books, but this would be a tedious recital devoid of any
+utility, for the blunders and carelessness of the bad indexer are
+singularly alike in their futility. It is nevertheless worth while to
+mention the index to Peter Cunningham's complete edition of Walpole's
+_Letters_, because that work deserves a good index. We may hope that
+when Mrs. Toynbee publishes her new and complete edition of the
+_Letters_, she will add a really satisfactory index. The present index
+is very bad and most irritating to the person who uses it. Examples of
+most of the careless and foolish blunders in indexing are to be found
+here; for instance, there are long lists of references without
+indication of the reason for any of them. The same person is entered in
+two places if he is spoken of under slightly different names. The same
+nobleman is referred to as Lord ---- and as the Earl of ----, while
+sometimes a heading devoted to Lord ---- contains references to two
+distinct men. Van Eyck has one reference under Van and another under
+Eyck. Mrs. Godfrey is entered under both Godfrey and _La_ Godfrey. Many
+other absurdities are to be found in the index, but the extract of one
+heading will be sufficient to show how ill the arrangement is:
+
+  "Gower, edition of,
+  ---- Baptist Leveson,
+  ---- Countess of,
+  ---- Dowager Lady,
+  ---- Duke of,
+  ---- Earl of,
+  ---- John, Earl,
+  ---- Lady,
+  ---- Lady Elizabeth,
+  ---- Lady Mary Leveson,
+  ---- Lord,
+  ---- Richard Leveson."
+
+There is no authority at all for a Duke of Gower, and if we look up the
+reference (iv. 39) we find that it refers to "the late Lord G----,"
+possibly the Earl Gower.
+
+The confusion by which two persons are made into one has sometimes an
+evil consequence worse than putting the consulter of an index on the
+wrong scent, for the character of an innocent person may be taken away
+by this means. (Constance) Lady Russell of Swallowfield points out in
+_Notes and Queries_, that in the index to _Familiar Letters of Sir
+Walter Scott_ (1894) there are three references under Lady Charlotte
+Campbell, one of which is to a Lady C----, really intended for the
+notorious Lady Conyngham, mistress to George IV. In another index Mary
+Bellenden is described thus: "Bellenden, Miss, Mistress of George II."
+This is really too bad; for the charming maid of honour called by Gay
+"Smiling Mary, soft and fair as down," turned a deaf ear to the
+importunities of the king, as we know on the authority of Horace
+Walpole.
+
+The index to Lord Braybrooke's edition of Pepys's _Diary_ has many
+faults, mostly due to bad arrangement; but it must be allowed that there
+is a great difficulty in indexing a private diary such as this. The
+diarist knew to whom he was referring when he mentioned Mr. or Mrs.----;
+but where there are two or more persons of the same name, it is hard to
+distinguish between them correctly. This has been a stumbling-block in
+the compilation of the index to the new edition, in which a better
+system was attempted.
+
+It has been said that a bad index is better than no index at all, but
+this statement is open to question. Still, all must agree that an
+indexless book is a great evil. Mr. J. H. Markland is the authority for
+the declaration that "the omission of an index when essential should be
+an indictable offence." Carlyle denounces the publishers of books
+unprovided with this necessary appendage; and Baynes, the author of the
+_Archaeological Epistle to Dean Mills_ (usually attributed to Mason),
+concocted a terrible curse against such evil-doers. The reporter was the
+learned Francis Douce, who said to Mr. Thoms: "Sir, my friend John
+Baynes used to say that the man who published a book without an index
+ought to be damned ten miles beyond Hell, where the Devil could not get
+for stinging-nettles."[10] Lord Campbell proposed that any author who
+published a book without an index should be deprived of the benefits of
+the Copyright Act; and the Hon. Horace Binney, LL.D., a distinguished
+American lawyer, held the same views, and would have condemned the
+culprit to the same punishment. Those, however, who hold the soundest
+views sometimes fail in practice; thus Lord Campbell had to acknowledge
+that he had himself sinned before the year 1857.
+
+  [10]  _Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, VIII. 87.
+
+These are the words written by Lord Campbell in the preface to the first
+volume of his _Lives of the Chief Justices_ (1857): "I have only further
+to express my satisfaction in thinking that a heavy weight is now to be
+removed from my conscience. So essential did I consider an index to be
+to every book, that I proposed to bring a Bill into Parliament to
+deprive an author who publishes a book without an Index of the privilege
+of copyright; and moreover to subject him for his offence to a pecuniary
+penalty. Yet from difficulties started by my printers, my own books have
+hitherto been without an Index. But I am happy to announce that a
+learned friend at the Bar, on whose accuracy I can place entire
+reliance, has kindly prepared a copious index, which will be appended to
+this work, and another for a new stereotyped edition of the Lives of the
+Chancellors."
+
+Mr. John Morley, in an article in the _Fortnightly Review_ on Mr.
+Russell's edition of Matthew Arnold's _Letters_, lifts up his voice
+against an indexless book. He says: "One damning sin of omission Mr.
+Russell has indeed perpetrated: the two volumes have no index, nor even
+a table of contents."[11] _George Selwyn and his Contemporaries_, a most
+interesting but badly arranged book, by John Heneage Jesse, was
+published without an index, and a new edition was issued (1882) also
+without this necessary addition. The student of the manners of the
+eighteenth century must constantly refer to this book, and yet it is
+almost impossible to find in it what you want without great waste of
+labour. I have found it necessary to make a manuscript index for my own
+use.
+
+  [11]  Quoted _Notes and Queries_, 8th Series, IX. 425.
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                               CHAPTER IV.
+
+                           THE GOOD INDEXER.
+
+    "Thomas Norton was appointed Remembrancer of the city of London
+    in 1570, and directions were given to him that 'he shall gather
+    together and reduce the same [the Bookes] into Indices, Tables
+    or Kalendars, whereby they may be more easily, readily and
+    orderly founde.'"--_Analytical Index to "Remembrancia,"_ p. v.
+
+
+[Illustration: T]he acrostic
+    I  I
+    N  never
+    D  did
+    E  ensure
+    X  exactness
+made by a contributor to _Notes and Queries_ as a motto for an index
+expresses very well the difficulties ever present to the indexer; and
+the most successful will confess the truth that it contains, however
+much others may consider his work to be good.
+
+There are many indexes which are only of partial merit, but which a
+little more care and experience on the part of the indexer would have
+made good. If the medium indexer felt that indexing was work that must
+be done to the best of his ability, and he studied the best examples, he
+would gradually become a good indexer.
+
+The famous bibliographer, William Oldys, rated the labours of the
+diligent indexer very highly, and expressed his views very clearly thus:
+
+    "The labour and patience, the judgment and penetration which are
+    required to make a good index is only known to those who have
+    gone through this most painful, but least praised part of a
+    publication. But laborious as it is, I think it is indispensably
+    necessary to manifest the treasures of any multifarious
+    collection, facilitate the knowledge to those who seek it, and
+    invite them to make application thereof."[12]
+
+  [12]  _Notes and Queries_, 2nd Series, XI. 309.
+
+Similar sentiments were expressed by a writer in the _Monthly Review_
+which have been quoted by Dr. Allibone in his valuable _Dictionary of
+English Literature_.[13]
+
+  [13]  Vol. i., p. 85.
+
+    "The compilation of an index is one of those useful labours for
+    which the public, commonly better pleased with entertainment
+    than with real service, are rarely so forward to express their
+    gratitude as we think they ought to be. It has been considered a
+    task fit only for the plodding and the dull: but with more truth
+    it may be said that this is the judgment of the idle and the
+    shallow. The value of anything, it has been observed, is best
+    known by the want of it. Agreeably to this idea, we, who have
+    often experienced great inconveniences from the want of indices,
+    entertain the highest sense of their worth and importance. We
+    know that in the construction of a good index, there is far more
+    scope for the exercise of judgment and abilities, than is
+    commonly supposed. We feel the merits of the compiler of such an
+    index, and we are ever ready to testify our thankfulness for his
+    exertions."
+
+A goodly roll may be drawn up of eminent men who have not been ashamed
+to appear before the world as indexers. In the first rank we must place
+the younger Scaliger, who devoted ten months on the compilation of an
+elaborate index to Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_. Bibliographers
+have been unanimous in praise of the energy exhibited by the great
+critic in undertaking so vast a labour. Antonio describes the index as a
+Herculean work, and LeClerc observes that if we think it surprising that
+so great a man should undertake so laborious a task we must remember
+that such indexes can only be made by a very able man.
+
+Nicolas Antonio, the compiler of one of the fullest and most accurate
+bibliographies ever planned, was a connoisseur of indexes, and wrote a
+short essay on the makers of them. His _Bibliotheca Hispana_ is not
+known so well as it deserves to be, but those who use it find it one of
+the most trustworthy of guides. The system upon which the authors' names
+are arranged is one that at first sight may seem to give cause for
+ridicule, for they appear in an alphabet of Christian names; but when we
+consider that the Spaniards and Portuguese stand alone among European
+nations in respect to the importance they pay to the Christian name, and
+remember, further, that authors and others are often alluded to by their
+Christian names alone, we shall see a valid reason for the plan. Another
+point that should not be forgotten is the number of Spanish authors who
+have belonged to the religious orders and are never known by their
+surnames. This arrangement, however, necessitates a full index of
+surnames, and Antonio has given one which was highly praised both by
+Baillet and Bayle, two men who were well able to form an opinion.
+
+Juan de Pineda's _Monarchia Ecclesiastica o historia Universal del
+Mundo_ (_Salamanca_, 1588) has a very curious and valuable table which
+forms the fifth volume of the whole set; and the three folio volumes of
+indexes in one alphabet to the _Annales Ecclesiastici_ of Baronius form
+a noble work.
+
+Samuel Jeake, senior, compiled a valuable work on "Arithmetick" in 1674,
+which was published by his son in 1696: [Greek: Logistikelogia]; _or,
+Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed_. Professor De Morgan specially
+refers to this book in his _Arithmetical Books_, saying: "Those who know
+the value of a large book with a good index will pick this one up when
+they can." He praises it on account of the value of the information it
+contains and the fulness of the references to that information. The
+alphabetical table, directing to some special points noted in the
+precedent treatise, was probably the work of Samuel Jeake, junior. The
+author's epistle is dated from Rye, 1674, and one of the entries is
+curious:
+
+    "Winchelsea, when drowned 74."
+
+S. Jeake being a resident at Rye had an interesting note to add to this:
+
+    "Among the records of this town of Rye is a Memorandum entered
+    that the year old Winchelsea was drowned (1287) corn was 2_s._
+    the quarter."
+
+Thomas Carlyle denounced the putters forth of indexless books, and his
+sincerity is proved by the publication in 1874 of a separate index to
+the people's edition of his Works. In his introduction to _Cromwell's
+Letters and Speeches_ he is very severe on some of the old folios he was
+forced to use:
+
+    "The Rushworths, Whitelocks, Nalsons, Thurloes; enormous folios,
+    these and many other have been printed and some of them again
+    printed but never yet edited,--edited as you edit wagon-loads of
+    broken bricks, and dry mortar simply by tumbling up the wagon!
+    Not one of those monstrous old volumes has so much as an index.
+    It is the general rule of editing on this matter. If your editor
+    correct the press, it is an honourable distinction."
+
+A very eminent name may be added to the list of indexers, for, when a
+boy of fifteen, Macaulay made the index to a volume of the _Christian
+Observer_ (of which periodical his father was editor), and this he
+introduced to the notice of Hannah More in these words:
+
+    "To add to the list, my dear Madam, you will soon see a work of
+    mine in print. Do not be frightened; it is only the Index to the
+    thirteenth volume of the _Christian Observer_, which I have had
+    the honour of composing. Index-making, though the lowest, is not
+    the most useless round in the ladder of literature; and I pride
+    myself upon being able to say that there are many readers of the
+    _Christian Observer_ who could do without Walter Scott's works,
+    but not without those of, my dear Madam, your affectionate
+    friend, THOMAS B. MACAULAY."
+
+Although proud of his work, Macaulay places index-making in a very low
+position. In later life he used a contemptuous expression when he was
+describing the appearance of those who followed the lowest grade in the
+literary profession. The late Mr. H. Campkin, a veteran indexer, quotes
+this description in the preface to one of his valuable indexes--that to
+the twenty-five volumes of the _Sussex Archaeological Collections_:
+
+    "The compilation of Indexes will always and naturally so, be
+    regarded as a humble art; 'index-makers in ragged coats of
+    frieze' are classed by Lord Macaulay as the very lowest of the
+    frequenters of the coffee houses of the Dryden and Swift era.
+    Yet ''tis my vocation, Hal,' and into very pleasant
+    companionship it has sometimes brought me, and if in this
+    probably the last of my twenty-five years' labours in this
+    direction, I have succeeded in furnishing a fairly practicable
+    key to a valuable set of volumes, my frieze coat, how tattered
+    soever signifieth not, will continue to hang upon my shoulders
+    not uncomfortably."
+
+Though he did not rate highly the calling of the indexer, Macaulay knew
+that that lowly mortal has a considerable power in his hand if he
+chooses to use it, for he can state in a few words what the author may
+have hidden in verbiage, and he can so arrange his materials as to turn
+an author's own words against himself. Hence Macaulay wrote to his
+publishers, "Let no d---- Tory make the index to my History." When the
+index was in progress he appears to have seen the draught, which was
+fuller than he thought necessary. He therefore wrote to Messrs.
+Longmans:
+
+    "I am very unwilling to seem captious about such a work as an
+    Index. By all means let Mr. ---- go on. But offer him with all
+    delicacy and courtesy, from me this suggestion. I would advise
+    him to have very few heads, except proper names. A few there
+    must be, such as Convocation, Nonjurors, Bank of England,
+    National Debt. These are heads to which readers who wish for
+    information on these subject will naturally turn. But I think
+    that Mr. ---- will on consideration perceive that such heads as
+    Priestcraft, Priesthood, Party spirit, Insurrection, War, Bible,
+    Crown, Controversies, Dissent, are quite useless. Nobody will
+    ever look for them; and if every passage in which party-spirit,
+    dissent, the art of war, and the power of the Crown are
+    mentioned, is to be noticed in the Index, the size of the
+    volumes will be doubled. The best rule is to keep close to
+    proper names, and never to deviate from that rule without some
+    special occasion."[14]
+
+[14] Trevelyan's _Life and Letters of Macaulay_, chap. xi.
+
+These remarks exhibit Macaulay's eminently common-sense view of the
+value of an index, but it is evident that he did not realise the
+possibility of a good and full index such as might have been produced.
+The _History of England_, with all its wealth of picturesque
+illustration, deserves a full index compiled by some one capable of
+exhibiting the spirit of that great work in a brilliant analysis.
+
+Sir George Trevelyan's delightful _Life_ of his uncle was originally
+published without an index, and Mr. Perceval Clark made an admirable
+one, both full and interesting, which was issued by the Index Society in
+1881. Mr. Clark writes in his preface:
+
+    "The single heading MACAULAY of course takes up a large space of
+    the Index, and will be found, together with a few other
+    headings, to contain everything directly touching him. The list
+    of his published writings refers of course only to writings
+    mentioned by his Biographer, and lays no claim to be considered
+    an exhaustive bibliography of his works. The books Macaulay read
+    that were 'mostly trash' have their places in the body of the
+    Index, while those that stood by him in all vicissitudes as
+    comforters, nurses, and companions, have half a page to
+    themselves under one of the sections of MACAULAY. The
+    particulars of his life and work in India are given under INDIA;
+    localities in London under LONDON; various newspapers under
+    NEWSPAPERS, and certain French and Italian towns visited by
+    Macaulay under their countries respectively."
+
+Just such an index one would like to see of the _History of England_.
+
+It may be added that the popular edition of the _Life_ published
+subsequently has an index.
+
+A large number of official indexes are excellent, although some very bad
+ones have been printed. Still, it may be generally stated that in
+Government Departments there are those in power who know the value of a
+good digest, and understand that it is necessary to employ skilled
+labour. The work is well paid, and therefore not scamped; and plenty of
+room is devoted to the index, which is printed in a satisfactory manner
+in type well set out.
+
+We have no modern statistics to offer, but the often quoted statement
+that in 1778 a total of L12,000 was voted for indexes to the Journals of
+the House of Commons shows that the value of indexes was appreciated by
+Parliament in the eighteenth century. The items of this amount were:
+
+    "To Mr. Edward Moore L6400 as a final compensation for thirteen
+    years labour; Rev. Mr. Forster L3000 for nine years' labour;
+    Rev. Dr. Roger Flaxman L3000 for nine years' labour; and L500 to
+    Mr. Cunningham."
+
+One of the most admirable applications of index making is to be found in
+the series of Calendars of State Papers issued under the sanction of the
+Master of the Rolls, which have made available to all a mass of
+historical material of unrivalled value. How many students have been
+grateful for the indexes to these calendars, and also for the aid given
+to him by the indexes to Parliamentary papers and other Government
+publications!
+
+It is impossible to mention all the good official indexes, but a special
+word of praise must be given to the indexes to the _Statutes of the
+Realm_, the folio edition published by the Record Commission. I have
+often consulted the _Alphabetical Index to the Statutes from Magna
+Charta to the End of the Reign of Queen Anne_ (1824) with the greatest
+pleasure and profit. It is a model of good workmanship.
+
+The lawyers have analytical minds, and they know how important full
+indexes and digests are to complete their stock-in-trade. They have done
+much, but there is still much to be done. Lord Thring drew up some
+masterly instructions for an index to the Statute Law, which is to be
+considered as a step towards a code. These instructions conclude with
+these weighty words:
+
+    "Let no man imagine that the construction of an index to the
+    Statute Law is a mere piece of mechanical drudgery, unworthy of
+    the energy and ability of an accomplished lawyer. Next to
+    codification, the most difficult task that can be accomplished
+    is to prepare a detailed plan for a code, as distinct from the
+    easy task of devising a theoretical system of codification. Now
+    the preparation of an index, such as has been suggested in the
+    above instructions, is the preparation of a detailed plan for a
+    code. Each effective title, is in effect, a plan for the
+    codification of the legal subject-matter grouped under that
+    title, and the whole index if completed would be a summary of a
+    code arranged in alphabetical order."[15]
+
+  [15] These instructions, with specimens of the proposed index, are
+       printed in the _Law Magazine_ for August, 1877, 4th Series,
+       vol. 8, p. 491.
+
+That this question of digesting the law is to be considered as one which
+should interest all classes of Englishmen, and not the lawyer only, may
+be seen from an article in the _Nineteenth Century_ (September, 1877) on
+the "Improvement of the Law by Private Enterprise," by the late Sir
+James Fitzjames Stephen, who did so much towards a complete digest of
+the law. He wrote:
+
+    "I have long believed that the law might by proper means be
+    relieved of this extreme obscurity and intricacy, and might be
+    displayed in its true light as a subject of study of the deepest
+    possible interest, not only to every one who takes an interest
+    in politics or ethics, or in the application of logic and
+    metaphysics to those subjects. In short, I think that nothing
+    but the rearrangement and condensation of the vast masses of
+    matter contained in our law libraries is required, in order to
+    add to human knowledge what would be practically a new
+    department of the highest and most permanent interest. Law holds
+    in suspension both the logic and the ethics, which are in fact
+    recognised by men of business and men of the world as the
+    standards by which the practice of common life ought to be
+    regulated, and by which men ought to form their opinions in all
+    their most important temporal affairs. It would be a far greater
+    service to mankind than many people would suppose to have these
+    standards clearly defined and brought within the reach of every
+    one who cared to study them."
+
+The following remarks will apply with equal force to a more general and
+universal index than that of the law:
+
+    "The preparation of a digest either of the whole or of any
+    branch of the law is work of a very peculiar kind. It is one of
+    the few literary undertakings in which a number of persons can
+    really and effectively work together. Any given subject may, it
+    is true, be dealt with in a variety of different ways; but when
+    the general scheme, according to which it is to be treated, has
+    been determined on, when the skeleton of the book has been drawn
+    out, plenty of persons might be found to do the work of filling
+    up the details, though that work is very far from being easy or
+    matter of routine."
+
+The value of analytical or index work is set in a very strong light by
+an observation of Sir James Stephen respecting the early digesters of
+the law. The origin of English law is to be found in the year-books and
+other series of old reports, which from the language used in them and
+the black-letter printing with its contractions, etc., are practically
+inaccessible. Lord Chief Justice Coke and others who reduced these books
+into form are in consequence treated as ultimate authorities, although
+the almost worshipped Coke is said by Sir James to be "one of the most
+confused, pedantic, and inaccurate of men."
+
+A good index is that to the Works of Jeremy Bentham, published in 1843
+under the dictation of Sir John Bowring. _The Analytical Index to the
+Works of Jeremy Bentham and to the Memoirs and Correspondence_ was
+compiled by J. H. Burton, to whom it does great credit. The indexer
+prefixed a sensible note, where he writes:
+
+    "In some instances it would have been impossible to convey a
+    notion of the train of reasoning followed by the author, without
+    using his own words, and in these no attempt has been made to do
+    more than indicate the place where the subject is discussed. In
+    other cases where it has appeared to the compiler that an
+    intelligible analysis has been made, he may have failed in his
+    necessarily abbreviated sentences in embodying the meaning of
+    the original, but defects of this description are indigenous to
+    Indexes in general."
+
+But here all is utility, and it is to the literary index that we turn
+for pleasure as well as instruction.
+
+The index to Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_, vols. 1-8 (1887), is a most
+interesting book, especially to Ruskin admirers. There are some
+specially delightful original and characteristic references under the
+heading of _London_, such as the following:
+
+    "London, Fifty square miles outside of, demoralised by upper
+        classes
+
+    ---- Its middle classes compare unfavourably with apes
+
+    ---- Some blue sky in, still
+
+    ---- Hospital named after Christ's native village in,
+
+    ---- Honestest journal of, _Punch_.
+
+    ---- crossings, what would they be without benevolent police?"
+
+The index is well made and the references are full of life and charm,
+but the whole is spoilt by the bad arrangement. The entries are set out
+in single lines under the headings in the successive order of the pages.
+This looks unsystematic, as they ought to be arranged in alphabet. When
+the references are given in the order of the pages they should be
+printed in block.
+
+There are several entries commencing with "'s"; thus, under
+
+      "ST. GEORGE."
+    p. 386:
+      "'s war
+      "of Hanover Square."
+    p. 387:
+      "'s Square
+      's, Hanover Square"
+    p. 389:
+      "'s law
+      's school
+      's message
+      's Chapel at Venice."
+
+In long headings that occupy separate pages these are repeated at the
+top of the page, but the headings are not sufficiently full: thus the
+saints are arranged in alphabet under _S_; George commences on page 386.
+On
+
+    p. 387:
+      "Saint--Saints _continued_ story of,"
+    p. 388:
+      "what of gold etc. he thinks good for people, they shall have"
+    p. 389:
+      "tenth part of fortunes for"
+    p. 390:
+      "his creed"
+    p. 391:
+      "loss of a good girl for his work"
+
+In the case of all the references on these pages you have to go back to
+page 386 to find out to whom they refer.
+
+There is a particularly bad block of references filling half a page
+under _Lord_.
+
+  "Lord, High Chancellor, 7.6; 's Prayer vital to a nation, 7.22;
+  Mayor and Corporation, &c of Hosts."
+
+It is a pity that an interesting index should be thus marred by bad
+arrangement.
+
+Dr. Birkbeck Hill's complete index to his admirable edition of Boswell's
+_Life of Johnson_ is a delightful companion to the work, and may be
+considered as a model of what an index should be; for compilation,
+arrangement, and printing all are good. Under the different headings are
+capital abstracts in blocks. There are sub-headings in alphabet under
+the main heading _Johnson_.
+
+A charming appendix to the index consists of "Dicta Philosophi: A
+Concordance of Johnson's Sayings."
+
+Dr. Hill writes in his preface:
+
+    "In my Index, which has cost me many months' heavy work, 'while
+    I bore burdens with dull patience and beat the track of the
+    alphabet with sluggish resolution,' I have, I hope, shown that I
+    am not unmindful of all that I owe to men of letters. To the
+    dead we cannot pay the debt of gratitude that is their due. Some
+    relief is obtained from its burthen, if we in our turn make the
+    men of our own generation debtors to us. The plan on which my
+    Index is made, will I trust be found convenient. By the
+    alphabetical arrangement in the separate entries of each article
+    the reader, I venture to think, will be greatly facilitated in
+    his researches. Certain subjects I have thought it best to form
+    into groups. Under America, France, Ireland, London, Oxford,
+    Paris and Scotland, are gathered together almost all the
+    references to those subjects. The provincial towns of France,
+    however, by some mistake I did not include in the general
+    article. One important but intentional omission I must justify.
+    In the case of the quotations in which my notes abound I have
+    not thought it needful in the Index to refer to the book unless
+    the eminence of the author required a separate and a second
+    entry. My labour would have been increased beyond all endurance
+    and my Index have been swollen almost into a monstrosity had I
+    always referred to the book as well as to the matter which was
+    contained in the passage that I extracted. Though in such a
+    variety of subjects there must be many omissions, yet I shall be
+    greatly disappointed if actual errors are discovered. Every
+    entry I have made myself, and every entry I have verified in the
+    proof sheets, not by comparing it with my manuscript, but by
+    turning to the reference in the printed volumes. Some indulgence
+    nevertheless may well be claimed and granted. If Homer at times
+    nods, an index maker may be pardoned, should he in the fourth or
+    fifth month of his task at the end of a day of eight hours' work
+    grow drowsy. May I fondly hope that to the maker of so large an
+    index will be extended the gratitude which Lord Bolingbroke says
+    was once shown to lexicographers? 'I approve,' writes his
+    lordship, 'the devotion of a studious man at Christ Church, who
+    was overheard in his oratory entering into a detail with God,
+    and acknowledging the divine goodness in furnishing the world
+    with makers of dictionaries.'"
+
+It is impossible to speak too highly of Dr. Hill's indexes to Boswell's
+_Life of Johnson_ and Boswell's _Letters_ and _Johnson Miscellanies_.
+Not only are they good indexes in themselves, but an indescribable
+literary air breathes over every page, and gives distinction to the
+whole. The index volume of the _Life_ is by no means the least
+interesting of the set, and one instinctively thinks of the once
+celebrated Spaniard quoted by the great bibliographer Antonio--that the
+index of a book should be made by the author, even if the book itself
+were written by some one else.
+
+The very excellence of this index has been used as a cause of complaint
+against its compiler. It has been said that everything that is known of
+Johnson can be found in the index, and therefore that the man who uses
+it is able to pose as a student, appearing to know as much as he who
+knows his _Boswell_ by heart; but this is somewhat of a joke, for no
+useful information can be gained unless the book to which the index
+refers is searched, and he who honestly searches ceases to be a
+smatterer. It is absurd to deprive earnest readers of a useful help lest
+reviewers and smatterers misuse it.
+
+Boswell himself made the original index to the _Life of Johnson_, which
+has several characteristic signs of its origin. Mr. Percy Fitzgerald, in
+his edition (1874), reprints the original "Table of Contents to the Life
+of Johnson," with this note:
+
+    "This is Mr. Boswell's own Index, the paging being altered to
+    suit the present edition; and the reader will see that it bears
+    signs of having been prepared by Mr. Boswell himself. In the
+    second edition he made various additions, as well as
+    alterations, which are characteristic in their way. Thus, 'Lord
+    Bute' is changed into 'the Earl of Bute,' and 'Francis Barber'
+    into 'Mr. Francis Barber.' After Mrs. Macaulay's name he added,
+    'Johnson's acute and unanswerable refutation of her levelling
+    reveries'; and after that of Hawkins he put 'contradicted and
+    corrected.' There are also various little compliments introduced
+    where previously he had merely given the name. Such as 'Temple,
+    Mr., the author's old and most intimate friend'; 'Vilette,
+    Reverend Mr., his just claims on the publick'; 'Smith, Captain,
+    his attention to Johnson at Warley Camp'; 'Somerville, Mr., the
+    authour's warm and grateful remembrance of him'; 'Hall, General,
+    his politeness to Johnson at Warley Camp'; 'Heberden, Dr., his
+    kind attendance on Johnson.' On the other hand, Lord Eliot's
+    'politeness to Johnson' which stands in the first edition, is
+    cut down in the second to the bald 'Eliot, Lord'; while
+    'Loughborough, Lord, his talents and great good fortune,' may
+    have seemed a little offensive, and was expunged. The Literary
+    Club was reverentially put in capitals. There are also such odd
+    entries as 'Brutus, a ruffian,' &c."
+
+One wishes that there were more indexes like Dr. Hill's in the world;
+and since I made an index to Shelley's works, I have often thought that
+a series of indexes of great authors would be of inestimable value.
+
+First, all the author's works should be indexed, then his biographies,
+and lastly the anecdotes and notices in reviews and other books. How
+valuable would such books be in the study of our greatest poets! The
+plan is quite possible of attainment, and the indexes would be
+entertaining in themselves if made fairly full.
+
+It is not possible to refer to all the good indexes that have been
+produced, for they are too numerous. A very remarkable index is that of
+the publications of the Parker Society by Henry Gough, which contains a
+great mass of valuable information presented in a handy form. It is the
+only volume issued by the society which is sought after, as the books
+themselves are a drug in the market. Mr. Gough was employed to make an
+index to the publications of the Camden Society, which would have been
+of still more value on account of the much greater interest of the books
+indexed; but the expense of printing the index was too great for the
+funds of the society, and it had to be abandoned, to the great loss of
+the literary world. Most of the archaeological societies, commencing with
+the Society of Antiquaries, have issued excellent indexes, and the
+scientific societies also have produced indexes of varying merit.
+
+The esteem in which the indexes of _Notes and Queries_ are held is
+evidenced by the high prices they realise when they occur for sale. Mr.
+Tedder's full indexes to the Reports of the Conference of Librarians and
+the Library Association may also be mentioned.
+
+A very striking instance of the great value which a general index of a
+book may possess as a distinct work can be seen in the "Index to the
+first ten volumes of Book Prices Current (1887-1896), constituting a
+reference list of subjects and incidentally a key to Anonymous and
+Pseudonymous Literature, London, 1901."
+
+Here, in one alphabet, is a brief bibliography of the books sold in ten
+years well set out, and the dates of the distinctive editions clearly
+indicated. The compilation of this index must have been a specially
+laborious work, and does great credit to William Jaggard, of Liverpool,
+the compiler.
+
+The authorities of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, are to be highly
+commended for their conduct in respect to the index to Ranke's _History
+of England_. This was attached to the sixth volume of the work published
+in 1875. It is by no means a bad index in itself; but a revised index
+was issued in 1897, which is a greatly improved edition by the addition
+of dates and fuller descriptions and Christian names and titles to the
+persons mentioned. The new index is substantially the same as the old
+one, but the reviser has gone carefully through it, improving it at all
+points, by which means it was extended over an additional twenty-three
+pages. It is instructive to compare the two editions. Four references as
+they appear in the two will show the improvement:
+
+      _Old index._              _New index._
+
+    "Lower House."            "Lower House see
+                               Commons, House
+                               of."
+
+    "Window tax v. 102."      "Window tax, imposed
+                               1695 v. 102."
+
+    "Witt, John de."          "Witt, Cornelius de."
+
+    "Witt, Cornelius de."     "Witt, John de."
+
+Miss Hetherington has very justly explained the cause of bad indexing.
+She says that it has been stated in the _Review of Reviews_ that the
+indexer is born, _not_ made, and that the present writer said: "An ideal
+indexer needs many qualifications; but unlike the poet he is not born,
+_but_ made!" She then adds to these differing opinions: "More truly he
+is born _and_ made."
+
+I agree to the correction and forswear my former heresy. Certainly the
+indexer requires to be born with some of the necessary qualities innate
+in him, and then he requires to have those qualities turned to a
+practical point by the study of good examples, so as to know what to
+follow and what to avoid. Miss Hetherington goes on to say:
+
+    "As a matter of fact, people without the first necessary
+    qualifications, or any aptitude whatever for the work are set to
+    compile indexes, and the work is regarded as nothing more than
+    purely mechanical copying that any hack may do. So long as
+    indexing and cataloguing are treated with contempt rather than
+    as arts not to be acquired in a day, or perhaps a year, and so
+    long as authors and their readers are indifferent to good work,
+    will worthless indexing continue."[16]
+
+  [16] _Index to the Periodical Literature of the World_ (1892).
+
+What, then, are the chief characteristics that are required to form a
+good indexer? I think they may be stated under five headings:
+
+1. Common-sense.
+
+2. Insight into the meaning of the author.
+
+3. Power of analysis.
+
+4. Common feeling with the consulter and insight into his mind, so that
+the indexer may put the references he has drawn from the book under
+headings where they are most likely to be sought.
+
+5. General knowledge, with the power of overcoming difficulties.
+
+The ignorant man cannot make a good index. The indexer will find that
+his miscellaneous knowledge is sure to come in useful, and that which he
+might doubt would ever be used by him will be found to be helpful when
+least expected. It may seem absurd to make out that the good indexer
+should be a sort of Admirable Crichton. There can be no doubt, however,
+that he requires a certain amount of knowledge; and the good cataloguer
+and indexer, without knowing everything, will be found to possess a keen
+sense of knowledge.
+
+As I owe all my interest in bibliography and indexing to him, I may
+perhaps be allowed to introduce the name of my elder brother, the late
+Mr. B. R. Wheatley, a Vice-President of the Library Association, as that
+of a good indexer. He devoted his best efforts to the advancement of
+bibliography. When fresh from school he commenced his career by making
+the catalogue of one of the parts of the great _Heber Catalogue_. He
+planned and made one of the earliest of indexes to a library
+catalogue--that of the Athenaeum Club. He made one of the best of indexes
+to the transactions of a society in that of the Statistical Society,
+which he followed by indexes of the Transactions of the Royal Medical
+and Chirurgical Society, Clinical, and other societies. He also made an
+admirable index to Tooke's _History of Prices_--a work of great labour,
+which met with the high approval of the authors, Thomas Tooke and
+William Newmarch.
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                               CHAPTER V.
+
+                     DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES.
+
+
+    "Of all your talents you are a most amazing man at Indexes. What
+    a flag too, do you hang out at the stern! You must certainly
+    persuade people that the book overflows with matter, which (to
+    speak the truth) is but thinly spread. But I know all this is
+    fair in trade, and you have a right to expect that the publick
+    should purchase freely when you reduce the whole book into an
+    epitome for their benefit; I shall read the index with
+    pleasure."--WILLIAM CLARKE TO WILLIAM BOWYER, NICHOLS'S
+    _Literary Anecdotes_, vol. 3, p. 46.
+
+[Illustration: I]n dealing with the art of the indexer it is most
+important to consider the different classes of indexes. There are simple
+indexes, such as those of names and places, which only require care and
+proper alphabetical arrangement. The makers of these often plume
+themselves upon their work; but they must remember that the making of
+these indexes can only be ranked as belonging to the lowest rung of the
+index ladder.
+
+The easiest books to index are those coming within the classes of
+History, Travel, Topography, and generally those that deal almost
+entirely with facts. The indexing of these is largely a mechanical
+operation, and only requires care and judgment. Verbal indexes and
+concordances are fairly easy when the plan is settled; but they are
+often works of great labour, and the compilers deserve great credit for
+their perseverance. John Marbeck stands at the head of this body of
+indefatigable workers who have placed the world under the greatest
+obligations. He was the first to publish a concordance of the Bible,[17]
+to be followed nearly two centuries later by the work of Alexander
+Cruden, whose name has almost become a synonym for a concordance. After
+the Bible come the works of Shakespeare, indexed by Samuel Ayscough
+(1790), Francis Twiss (1805), Mrs. Cowden Clarke (1845), and Mr. John
+Bartlett, who published in 1894 a still fuller concordance than that of
+Mrs. Clarke. It is a vast quarto volume of 1,910 pages in double
+columns, and represents an enormous amount of self-denying labour. Dr.
+Alexander Schmidt's _Shakespeare Lexicon_ (1874) is something more than
+a concordance, for it is a dictionary as well.
+
+  [17] "A Concordance, that is to saie, a worke wherein by the
+       ordre of the letters of the ABC ye maie redely finde any
+       worde conteigned in the whole Bible, so often as it is there
+       expressed or mencioned ... anno 1550."--_Folio._
+
+A dictionary is an index of words. We do not mention dictionaries in
+this connection to insist on the fact that they are indexes of words,
+but rather to point out that a dictionary such as those of Liddell and
+Scott, Littre, Murray, and Bradley, reaches the high watermark of index
+work, and so the ordinary indexer is able to claim that he belongs to
+the same class as the producers of such masterpieces as these.
+
+Scientific books are the most difficult to index; but here there is a
+difference between the science of fact and the science of thought, the
+latter being the most difficult to deal with. The indexing of books of
+logic and ethics will call forth all the powers of the indexer and show
+his capabilities; but what we call the science of fact contains opinions
+as well as facts, and some branches of political economy are subjects by
+no means easy to index.
+
+Some authors indicate their line of reasoning by the compilation of
+headings. This is a great help to the indexer; but if the author does
+not present such headings, the indexer has to make them himself, and he
+therefore needs the abilities of the _precis_-writer.
+
+There are indexes of Books, of Transactions, Periodicals, etc., and
+indexes of Catalogues. Each of these classes demands a different method.
+A book must be thoroughly indexed; but the index of Journals and
+Transactions may be confined to the titles of the papers and articles.
+It is, however, better to index the contents of the essays as well as
+their titles.
+
+Before the indexer commences his work he must consider whether his index
+is to be full or short. Sometimes it is not necessary to adopt the full
+index--frequently it is too expensive a luxury for publisher or author;
+but the short index can be done well if necessary.
+
+Whatever plan is followed, the indexer must use his judgment. This ought
+to be the marked characteristic of the good indexer. The bad indexer is
+entirely without this great gift.
+
+While trying to be complete, the indexer must reject the trivial; and
+this is not always easy. He must not follow in the steps of the lady who
+confessed that she only indexed those points which specially interested
+her. We have fair warning of incompleteness in _The Register of Corpus
+Christi Guild, York_, published by the Surtees Society in 1872, where we
+read, on page 321:
+
+    "This Index contains the names of all persons mentioned in the
+    appendix and foot-notes, but a selection only is given of those
+    who were admitted into the Guild or enrolled in the Obituary."
+
+The plan here adopted is not to be commended, for it is clear that so
+important a name-list as this is should be thoroughly indexed. However
+learned and judicious an editor may be, we do not choose to submit to
+his judgment in the offhand decision of what is and what is not
+important.
+
+There is a considerable difference in the choice of headings for a
+general or special index--say, for instance, in indexing electrical
+subjects the headings would differ greatly in the indexes of the
+Institution of Civil Engineers or of the Institution of Electrical
+Engineers. In the former, dynamos, transformers, secondary or storage
+batteries, alternate and continuous currents would probably be grouped
+under the general heading of Electricity, while in the latter we shall
+find Dynamos under D, Transformers under T, Batteries under B, Alternate
+under A, and Continuous under C.
+
+The indexes to catalogues of libraries, etc., are among the most
+difficult of indexes to compile. It was not usual to attach an index of
+subjects to a catalogue of authors until late years, and that to the
+_Catalogue of the Athenaeum Club Library_ (1851) is an early specimen.
+The _New York State Library Catalogue_ (1856) has an index, as have
+those of the _Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society_ (1860) and the
+_London Library_ (1865 and 1875). That appended to the _Catalogue of the
+Manchester Free Library_ (1864) is more a short list of titles than an
+index.
+
+There are special difficulties attendant on the indexing of catalogues.
+Books are written in many languages, and there is considerable trouble
+in bringing together the books on a given subject produced in many
+countries. The titles of books are not drawn up on the same system or
+with any wish to help the indexer. Titles are seldom straightforward,
+for they are largely concocted to attract the readers, without any
+honest wish to express correctly the nature of the contents of the book.
+They are usually either too short or too enigmatical. The titles of
+pamphlets, again, are often too long; and it may be taken as an axiom
+that the longer the title the less important the book.
+
+The indexer, however, has a great advantage over the cataloguer, because
+the latter is bound by bibliographical etiquette not to alter the title
+of a book, while the indexer is at liberty to alter the title as he
+likes, so as to bring together books on the same subject, however
+different the titles may be. Herein consists the great objection to the
+index composed of short titles, as in Dr. Crestadoro's _Index to the
+Manchester Free Library Catalogue_. Books almost entirely alike in
+subject are separated by reason of the different wording of the titles.
+It is much more convenient to gather together under one entry books
+identical in subject, and there is no utility in separating an
+"elementary treatise" on electricity from "the elements" of electricity.
+One important point connected with indexes to catalogues is to add the
+date of the book after the name of the author, so that the seeker may
+know whether the book is old or new.
+
+An index ought not to supersede the table of contents, as this is often
+useful for those who cannot find what they want in the index, from
+having forgotten the point of the heading under which it would most
+likely appear in the alphabet.
+
+In the year 1900 there was a controversy in _The Times_ on a proposed
+subject index to the catalogue of the library of the British Museum. It
+was commenced on October 15th by a letter signed "A Scholar," and closed
+on November 19th by the same writer, who summed up the whole
+controversy. "A Scholar" expressed himself strongly against the
+proposal, and as he himself confesses he used very arrogant language. In
+consequence of which, most readers must have desired to find him proved
+to be in the wrong. This desire was satisfied when Mr. Fortescue, the
+keeper of the printed books at the British Museum, delivered his address
+as President of the Library Association on August 27th last.
+
+The two points made by the "Scholar" were: (1) That the making of a
+general subject index to the catalogue proposed by the authorities of
+the British Museum would be a waste of money; (2) That it was a great
+evil for the five-yearly indexes originated by Mr. Fortescue to be
+discontinued.
+
+Now let us see what is to be said with authority on these points.
+
+Mr. Fortescue said:
+
+    "Last Autumn ... I read with respectful astonishment a letter to
+    'The Times' from a writer who preferred to veil his identity
+    under the modest signature of 'a Scholar.' There I read that
+    'the studious public of this country and Europe in general have
+    been surprised by the news that the authorities of the British
+    Museum seriously contemplate the compilation of a subject index
+    to the vast collection of printed books in that library.' I can
+    assure you that the surprise of the studious public and of
+    Europe in general cannot have surpassed my own when I thus
+    learned of what the authorities were seriously contemplating.
+    Nevertheless, it left me able, I thought, to discern that their
+    vast conceptions had not been so fortunate as to gain the
+    approval of 'a Scholar' and to marvel whence _The Times_ and
+    other great journals had drawn their truly surprising
+    information. Some of the arguments put forth in sundry
+    criticisms of the 'scheme' showed how much thought had been
+    bestowed upon matters which then first dazzled my bewildered
+    imagination. It may come some day (who shall say what will
+    not?), this General Index, or it may never come. But up to the
+    present moment I am aware of no authority who is seriously
+    contemplating so large a venture unless perhaps it be 'a
+    Scholar' himself."
+
+Then as to the five-yearly indexes Mr. Fortescue said:
+
+    "Experience has taught us that there is no form of subject-index
+    which the public values so highly as one which gives the most
+    recent literature on every possible subject. And to meet this
+    manifest want we shall certainly continue to issue, with all the
+    latest improvements I hope, the modest Indexes which we have
+    hitherto published in five-yearly (I am afraid as President of
+    The Library Association I should say 'in quinquennial') volumes.
+    The Museum sweeps its net so wide and in such remote seas that a
+    more or less complete collection of books on almost every
+    subject or historical event is gathered within it for future
+    students. To take only two incidents from the last year or two,
+    the next index will contain not less than a hundred and forty
+    books and pamphlets, in almost every European tongue, on the
+    Dreyfus case, and from four to five hundred books on the present
+    war in South Africa. Such bibliographical tests have more than
+    an ephemeral or immediate value. They will remain as records of
+    events or phases of thought long after their causes shall have
+    faded from all but the page of history."
+
+Of late years the dictionary catalogue has come very largely into use in
+public libraries. This consists of a union of catalogue of authors and
+index of subjects which is found to be very useful and illuminating to
+the readers in free libraries, most of whom are probably not versed in
+the niceties of bibliographical arrangement, but are more likely to want
+a book on a particular subject than to require a special book which they
+know. Mr. Cutter has written the history of the dictionary catalogue in
+the _United States Special Report_ (pp. 533-539), and he traces it back
+in America to about the year 1815.
+
+Excellent specimens of these dictionary catalogues have been produced.
+They are of great value to the ordinary reader at a small public
+library, but I venture to think that to construct one for a large
+library is a waste of power, because if several large libraries of a
+similar character do the same thing, there is constant repetition and
+considerable loss by the unnecessary outlay. If a fairly complete
+standard index were made, it could be used by all the libraries, and in
+return the libraries might unite to pay its cost. I am pleased to know
+that Mr. Fortescue prefers to keep index and catalogue distinct. He said
+in his address:
+
+    "I have formed, so far as I know, but one dogmatic conviction,
+    and it is this: that the best catalogue which the art of man can
+    invent is a catalogue in two inter-dependent yet independent
+    parts; the first and greater part an alphabetical catalogue of
+    authors, the second and lesser part a subject-index. I know well
+    that I shall be told that I am out of date, that such an opinion
+    is as the voice of one crying in the wilderness--that the
+    dictionary catalogue has won its battle--but even so, perhaps
+    the more so, do I feel it the part of a serious and immovable
+    conviction to declare my belief that--for student and librarian
+    alike--this twofold catalogue, author and subject each in its
+    own division, is the best catalogue a library can have, and that
+    the dictionary catalogue is the very worst. But whatever may be
+    our individual opinion on this head, it is only necessary to
+    enter into a very simple calculation to see that if the
+    dictionary system could have governed the rules of the British
+    Museum Catalogue it would by now have consisted of not less than
+    twelve million entries; and assuredly it would have been neither
+    completed nor printed to-day."
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VI.
+
+                     GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL
+                                INDEXES.
+
+    "In order to guard against blunders Bayle proposed that certain
+    directions should be drawn up for the guidance of the compilers
+    of indexes."
+
+
+[Illustration: T]hese rules, originally drawn up by a committee of the
+Index Society, were primarily intended for the use of indexers making
+indexes of indexless books to be published by the society, which, being
+produced separately from the books themselves, needed some introductory
+note. In all cases, however, some explanation of the mode of compilation
+should be attached to the index. The compiler comes fresh from his
+difficulties and the expedients he has devised to overcome them, and it
+is therefore well for him to explain to the user of the index what those
+special difficulties are.
+
+The object of the Index Society was to set up a standard of uniformity
+in the compilation of the indexes published by them. Although rigid
+uniformity is not needed in all indexes, it is well that these should be
+made in accordance with the best experience of past workers rather than
+on a system which varies with the mood of the compiler. It is hoped that
+the following rules may be of some practical use to future indexers.
+
+In the eighth chapter of _How to Catalogue a Library_ there are a series
+of rules for making a catalogue of a small library in which are codified
+the different points which had been discussed in the previous chapters.
+In the present chapter the Index Society rules are printed in italic,
+and to them are now added some illustrative remarks. There is
+necessarily a certain likeness between rules for indexing and rules for
+cataloguing, but the differences are perhaps more marked. At all events,
+the rules for one class of work will not always be suitable for the
+other class.
+
+
+    1. _Every work should have one index to the whole set, and not an
+    index to each volume._
+
+An index to each volume of a set is convenient if a general amalgamated
+index to the whole set is given as well; but a work with several indexes
+and no general one is most inconvenient and irritating, while to have
+both seems extravagant. If, however, the author or publisher is willing
+to present both, it is not for the user of the book to complain.
+
+
+    2. _Indexes to be arranged in alphabetical order, proper names
+    and subjects being united in one alphabet. An introduction
+    containing some indication of the classification of the contents
+    of the book indexed to be prefixed._
+
+In an alphabetical index the alphabet must be all in all. When the
+alphabet is used, it must be used throughout. There is no advantage in
+dividing proper names from subjects, as is so often done, particularly
+in foreign indexes. Another objectionable practice frequently adopted in
+the indexes of periodical publications is to keep together the entries
+under the separate headings used in the journal itself, and thus to have
+a number of distinct alphabets under different headings. This union of
+alphabetical and classified indexing has been condemned on a former
+page, and need not here be referred to further.
+
+In the case of large headings the items should be arranged in
+alphabetical order under them. There is occasionally a difficulty in
+carrying this out completely, but it should be attempted. We want as
+little classification as possible in an alphabetical index. Mr. W. F.
+Poole wisely said in reference to the proposal of one of his helpers on
+the _Index of Periodical Literature_ to place Wealth, Finance, and
+Population under the heading of Political Economy: "The fatal defect of
+every classified arrangement is that nobody understands it except the
+person who made it and he is often in doubt."
+
+
+    3. _The entries to be arranged according to the order of the
+    English alphabet. I and J and U and V to be kept distinct._
+
+There are few things more irritating than to find the alphabet confused
+by the union of the vowel _i_ with the consonant _j_, or the vowel _u_
+with the consonant _v_. No doubt they were not distinguished some
+centuries ago, but this is no reason why they should again be confused
+now that they are usually distinct. There may be special reasons why
+they should be mixed together in the British Museum Catalogue, but it is
+not evident that these are sufficient.
+
+The only safe rule is to use the English alphabet as it is to-day in an
+English index. One of the rules of the American Library Association is:
+"The German _ae_, _oe_, _ue_ always to be written _ae_, _oe_, _ue_, and
+arranged as _a_, _o_, _u_." By this Goethe would have to be written
+Goethe, which is now an unusual form, and I think it would be better to
+insist that where both forms are used, one or other should be chosen and
+all instances spelt alike. It is a very common practice to arrange _ae_,
+_oe_, _ue_, as if they were written _ae_, _oe_, _ue_; but this leads to
+the greatest confusion, and no notice should be taken of letters that
+are merely to be understood.
+
+
+    4. _Headings consisting of two or more distinct words are not to
+    be treated as integral portions of one word; thus the
+    arrangement should be_:
+
+        _Grave_, John      }     { _Grave_ at Kherson
+        _Grave_ at Kherson }     { _Grave_, John
+        _Grave_ of Hope    }     { _Gravelot_
+        _Grave_ Thoughts   } not { _Grave_ of Hope
+        _Gravelot_         }     { _Gravesend_
+        _Gravesend_        }     { _Grave_ Thoughts.
+
+The perfect alphabetical arrangement is often ignored, and it is not
+always easy to decide as to what is the best order; but the above rule
+seems to put the matter pretty clearly. If no system is adhered to, it
+becomes very difficult to steer a course through the confusion. When
+such entries are printed, a very incongruous appearance often results
+from the use of a line to indicate repetition when a word similar in
+spelling, but not really the same word, occurs; thus, in the above,
+Grave _surname_, Grave _substantive_, and Grave _adjective_ must all be
+repeated. It is inattention to this obvious fact that has caused such
+ludicrous blunders as the following:
+
+    "Mill on Liberty
+     ---- on the Floss."[18]
+
+      [18] Miss Hetherington gives an additional instance of this
+           class of blunder, but her only authority is "said to be
+           from the index of a young lady's scrap book":
+
+                "Patti, Adelina,
+                 ---- oyster."
+
+           The example in the text is absolutely genuine, although
+           it has been doubted.
+
+    "Cotton, Sir Willoughby,
+     ----, price of."
+
+    "Old age
+     ---- Artillery Yard
+     ---- Bailey."
+
+These are all genuine entries taken from books, and similar blunders are
+not uncommon even in fairly good indexes; thus, in the _Calendar of
+Treasury Papers_, 1714-1719, issued by the Public Record Office, under
+_Ireland_ are the following entries:
+
+    "Ireland, Mrs. Jane, Sempstress and Starcher to King William;
+    cxcvii. 32.
+
+    ... Attorney General of, _See_ Attorney General, Ireland."
+
+Then follow nearly two columns on Ireland with the marks of repetition
+(...) throughout.
+
+The names of streets in the _Post Office Directory_ are now arranged in
+a strict alphabetical order on the lines laid down in this rule; thus we
+have:
+
+    "White Street
+     White's Row
+     White Heart
+     Whitechapel."
+
+Again:
+
+    "Abbott Road
+     Abbott Street
+     Abbott's Road."
+
+Again:
+
+    "King Square
+     King Street
+     King and Queen Street
+     King David Street
+     King Edward Road
+     King William Street
+     King's Arms Court
+     King's Road
+     Kinglake Street
+     Kingsbury Road
+     Kingsgate Street."
+
+Sometimes there is a slip, as might be expected in so complicated a list
+of names. Thus in the foregoing sequence Kinghorn Street comes between
+King William Street and King's Arms Court, while I think it ought to
+come immediately before Kinglake Street; but, after all, this is a
+matter of opinion. Strattondale Street comes before Stratton Street; but
+this is merely a case of missorting.
+
+There is one piece of alphabetisation which the editor of the _Post
+Office Directory_ has always adopted, and that is to place Upper and
+Lower under those adjectives, and Old Bond Street under _Old_, and New
+Bond Street under _New_. These two names belong to what is practically
+one street (although each division is separately numbered), which is
+always spoken of as Bond Street, and therefore for which the majority of
+persons will look under Bond. South Molton Street is correctly placed
+under South because there is no North Molton Street, and the street is
+named after South Molton; while South Eaton Place is merely a
+continuation of Eaton Place. Some persons, however, think that names
+should be treated as they stand, and that we should not go behind them
+to find out what they mean.
+
+
+    5. _Proper Names of foreigners to be arranged alphabetically
+    under the prefixes_--
+
+        _Dal_   }    { _Dal Sie_
+        _Del_   }    { _Del Rio_
+        _Della_ }    { _Della Casa_
+        _Des_   } as { _Des Cloiseaux_
+        _Du_    }    { _Du Bois_
+        _La_    }    { _La Condamine_
+        _Le_    }    { _Le Sage_,
+
+    _but not under the prefixes_--
+
+        _D_   as  _Abbadie_  not  _D'Abbadie_
+        _Da_   "  _Silva_     "   _Da Silva_
+        _De_   "  _La Place_  "   _De La Place_
+        _Von_  "  _Humboldt_  "   _Von Humboldt_
+        _Van_  "  _Beneden_   "   _Van Beneden_.
+
+    _It is an acknowledged principle that when the prefix is a
+    preposition it is to be rejected; but when an article, it is to
+    be retained. When, however, as in the case of the French Du,
+    Des, the two are joined, it is necessary to retain the
+    preposition. This also applies to the case of the Italian Della,
+    which is often rejected by cataloguers. English names are,
+    however, to be arranged under the prefixes_:
+
+        _De_   }    { _De Quincey_
+        _Dela_ } as { _Delabeche_
+        _Van_  }    { _Van Mildert_,
+
+    _because these prefixes are meaningless in English, and form an
+    integral part of the name._
+
+Whatever rule is adopted, some difficulty will be found in carrying it
+out: for instance, if we consider Van Dyck as a foreigner, his name will
+appear as Dyck (Van); but if as an Englishman, his name will be treated
+as Vandyck.
+
+A prefix which is translated into the relative term in a foreign
+language cannot be considered as a fixed portion of the name. Thus
+Alexander von Humboldt, when away from his native Germany, translated
+his name into Alexandre de Humboldt. The reason why prefixes are
+retained in English names is because they have no meaning in themselves,
+and cannot be translated. There is a difficulty here in respect to
+certain names with De before them; for instance, the Rothschilds call
+themselves De Rothschild, but when the head of the family in England was
+made a peer of the United Kingdom he became Lord Rothschild without the
+De. In fact, we have to come to the conclusion that when men think of
+making changes in their names they pay very little attention to the
+difficulties they are forging for the cataloguer and the indexer.
+
+In this rule no mention is made of such out-of-the-way forms as Im Thurn
+and Ten Brink. It is very difficult to decide upon the alphabetical
+position of these names. If the indexer had to deal with a number of
+these curious prefixes, it would probably be well to ignore them; but
+when in the case of an English index they rarely occur, it will probably
+be better to put Im Thurn under I and Ten Brink under T.
+
+With respect to the translation of foreign titles, the historian Freeman
+made a curious statement which is quoted in one of the American Q.P.
+indexes. Freeman wrote:
+
+    "No man was ever so clear [as Macaulay] from the vice of
+    thrusting in foreign words into an English sentence. One sees
+    this in such small matters as the accurate way in which he uses
+    foreign titles. He speaks, for instance, of the 'Duke of Maine,'
+    the 'Count of Avaux,' while in other writers one sees the
+    vulgarism of the _Court Circular_, 'Duke de Maine,' 'Duc de
+    Maine,'--perhaps 'Duc of Maine.'"
+
+Duke de Maine and Duc of Maine may be vulgar, they are certainly
+incorrect; but I fail to see how it can be vulgar to call a man by his
+right name--"Duc de Maine." I do not venture to censure Macaulay, but
+for lesser men it is certainly a great mistake to translate the names of
+foreigners, in spite of Freeman's expression of his strong opinion.
+
+
+    6. _Proper names with the prefix St., as St. Albans, St. John,
+    to be arranged in the alphabet as if written in full--Saint.
+    When the word Saint represents a ceremonial title, as in the
+    case of St. Alban, St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names are
+    to be arranged under the letters A and G respectively; but the
+    places St. Albans, St. Giles's, and St. Augustine's will be
+    found under the prefix Saint. The prefixes M' and Mc to be
+    arranged as if written in full--Mac._
+
+This rule is very frequently neglected, more particularly in respect to
+the neglect of the difference between Saint Alban the man and St. Albans
+the place.
+
+
+    7. _Peers to be arranged under their titles, by which alone in
+    most cases they are known, and not under their family names,
+    except in such a case as Horace Walpole, who is almost unknown
+    by his title of Earl of Orford, which came to him late in life.
+    Bishops, deans, etc., to be always under their family names._
+
+About this rule there is great difference of opinion. The British Museum
+practice is to catalogue peers under their surnames, and the same plan
+has been adopted in the _Dictionary of National Biography_. It is rather
+difficult to understand how this practice has come into being. There are
+difficulties on both sides; but the great majority of peers are, I
+believe, known solely by their titles, and when these noblemen are
+entered under their family names cross references are required because
+very few persons know the family names of peers. The Library Association
+and Bodleian rules adopt the common-sense plan of entering noblemen
+under their titles, and Mr. Cutter gives some excellent reasons for
+doing this, although he cannot make up his mind to run counter to a
+supposed well-established rule. Mr. Cutter writes:
+
+    "STANHOPE Philip Dormer, 4th _Earl of Chesterfield_.... This is
+    the British Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's. Mr. Perkins prefers
+    entry under titles for British noblemen also, in which I should
+    agree with him if the opposite practice were not so well
+    established. The reasons for entry under the title are that
+    British noblemen are always spoken of, always sign by their
+    titles only, and seldom put the family name upon the title-pages
+    of their books, so that ninety-nine in a hundred readers must
+    look under the title first. The reasons against it are that the
+    founders of noble families are often as well known--sometimes
+    even better--by their family name as by their titles (as Charles
+    Jenkinson, afterwards Lord Liverpool; Sir Robert Walpole,
+    afterwards Earl of Orford); that the same man bears different
+    titles in different parts of his life (thus P. Stanhope
+    published his _History of England from the Peace of Utrecht_ as
+    Lord Mahon, and his _Reign of Queen Anne_ as Earl Stanhope);
+    that it separates members of the same family (Lord Chancellor
+    Eldon would be under Eldon, and his father and all his brothers
+    and sisters under the family name, Scott), [Mr. Cutter forgot
+    that Lord Eldon's elder brother William was also a peer--Lord
+    Stowell] and brings together members of different families (thus
+    the earldom of Bath has been held by members of the families of
+    Chande, Bourchier, Granville and Pulteney, and the family name
+    of the present Marquis of Bath is Thynne), which last argument
+    would be more to the point in planning a family history."
+
+The advocates of the practice of arranging peers under their family
+names make much of the difficulties attendant on such changes of name as
+Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban's, Benjamin Disraeli (afterwards Earl
+of Beaconsfield), Sir John Lubbock (now Lord Avebury), and Richard
+Monckton Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton). These, doubtless, are
+difficulties, but I believe that they amount in all to very few as
+compared with the cases on the other side.
+
+This is a matter that might be settled by calculation, and it would be
+well worth while to settle it. Mr. Cutter says that ninety-nine in a
+hundred must look under the title first, but I doubt if the percentage
+be quite as high as this. If it were, it ought to be conclusive against
+any other arrangement than that under titles.
+
+Moreover, these instances do not really meet the case, for they belong
+to another class, which has to be dealt with in cataloguing--that is,
+those who change their names. When a man succeeds to a peerage he
+changes his name just as a Commoner may change his name in order to
+succeed to a certain property.
+
+
+    8. _Foreign compound names to be arranged under the first name,
+    as Lacaze Duthiers. English compound names under the last,
+    except in such cases as Royston-Pigott, where the first name is
+    a true surname. The first name in a foreign compound is, as a
+    rule, the surname; but the first name in an English compound is
+    usually a mere Christian name._
+
+This rule is open to some special difficulties. It can be followed with
+safety in respect to foreign names, but special knowledge is required in
+respect to English names. Of late years a large number of persons have
+taken a fancy to bring into prominence their last Christian name when it
+is obtained from a surname. They then hyphen their Christian name with
+their surname, because they wish to be called by both. The Smiths and
+the Joneses commenced the practice, but others have followed their lead.
+The indexer has no means of telling whether in a hyphened name the first
+name is a real surname or not, and he needs to know much personal and
+family history before he can decide correctly.
+
+Hyphens are used most recklessly nowadays, and the user has no thought
+of the trouble he gives to the indexer. If the Christian name is
+hyphened to the surname, and all the family agree to use the two
+together as their surname, the indexer must treat the compound name as a
+true surname. Often a hyphen is used merely to show that the person
+bearing the names wishes to be known by both, but with no intention of
+making the Christian name into a surname. Thus a father may not give all
+his children the same Christian name, but change it for each individual,
+as one son may be James Somerset-Jones and another George Balfour-Jones.
+In such a case as this the hyphen is quite out of place, and Jones must
+still be treated as the only surname. No one has a right to expect his
+Christian name to be treated as a surname merely by reason of his
+joining the Christian name to the surname by a hyphen. He must publicly
+announce his intention of treating his Christian name as a surname, or
+change it by Act of Parliament. Even when the name is legally changed,
+there is often room for confusion. The late Mr. Edward Solly, F.R.S.,
+who was very interested in these inquiries, drew my attention to the
+fact that the family of Hesketh changed their name in 1806 to Bamford by
+Act of Parliament, and subsequently obtained another Act to change it
+back to Hesketh. The present form of the family names is
+Lloyd-Hesketh-Bamford-Hesketh.
+
+With respect to Spanish and Portuguese names it is well to bear in mind
+that there are several surnames made from Christian names, as, for
+instance, Fernando is a Christian name and Fernandez is a surname, just
+as with us Richard is a Christian name and Richards a surname.
+
+
+    9. _An adjective is frequently to be preferred to a
+    substantive as a catchword; for instance, when it contains the
+    point of the compound, as Alimentary Canal, English History;
+    also when the compound forms a distinctive name, as Soane
+    Museum._
+
+The object of this rule is often overlooked, and many indexers purposely
+reject the use of adjectives as headings. One of the most marked
+instances of an opposite rule may be seen in the index to Hare's _Walks
+in London_ (1878), where all the alleys, bridges, buildings, churches,
+courts, houses, streets, etc., are arranged under these headings, and
+not under the proper name of each. There may be a certain advantage in
+some of these headings, but few would look for Lisson Grove under Grove,
+and the climax of absurdity is reached when Chalk Farm is placed under
+Farm.
+
+
+    10. _The entries to be as short as is consistent with
+    intelligibility, but the insertion of names without
+    specification of the cause of reference to be avoided, except in
+    particular cases. The extent of the references, when more than
+    one page, to be marked by indicating the first and last pages._
+
+This rule requires to be carried out with judgment. Few things are more
+annoying than a long string of references without any indication of the
+cause of reference, but on the other hand it is objectionable to come
+across a frivolous entry. The consulter is annoyed to find no additional
+information in the book to what is already given in the index. It will
+therefore be found best to set out the various entries in which some
+fact or opinion is mentioned, and then to gather together the remaining
+references under the heading of _Alluded to_.
+
+The most extreme instances of annoying block lists of references under a
+name are to be found in Ayscough's elaborate index to the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_, where all the references under one surname are placed
+together without even the distinction of the Christian name. The late
+Mr. Edward Solly made a curious calculation as to the time that would be
+employed in looking up these references. For instance, under the name
+Smith there are 2,411 entries _en masse_, and with no initial letters.
+If there were these divisions, one would find Zachary Smith in a few
+minutes, but now one must look to each reference to find what is wanted.
+With taking down the volumes and hunting through long lists of names,
+Mr. Solly found that two minutes were occupied in looking up each
+reference; hence it might take the consulter eight days (working
+steadily ten hours a day) to find out if there be any note about Zachary
+Smith in the magazine, a task which no one would care to undertake.
+
+A like instance of bad indexing will be found in Scott's edition of
+Swift's _Works_. Here there are 638 references to Robert Harley, Earl of
+Oxford, without any indication of the reason why his name is entered in
+the index. This case also affords a good instance of careless indexing
+in another particular, for these references are separated under
+different headings instead of being gathered under one, as follows:
+
+    Harley (Robert)         277 references.
+    Oxford (Lord)           111     "
+    Treasurer, Lord Oxford  300     "
+
+The late Mr. B. R. Wheatley read a paper before the Conference of
+Librarians (1877) on this subject of indexes, without details of the
+reason or cause of reference, entitled, "An 'Evitandum' in Index-making,
+principally met with in French and German Periodical Scientific
+Literature" (_Transactions_, p. 88). He pointed out that often in German
+Indexes the entries in the _Sach Register_ would be full and correct,
+while those in the _Namen Register_ would usually be meagre, and consist
+merely of the surnames of the authors and the initials of their
+Christian names. He then referred to many instances of the uselessness
+of these indexes. He further referred to the forty so-called indexes of
+subjects added to Allibone's valuable _Critical Dictionary of English
+Literature_, which are practically useless. He concluded his paper with
+these words:
+
+    "You are referred to the 'Morals and Manners' index for such
+    varied subjects as Apparitions, Divorce, Marriage, Duelling,
+    Freemasonry, Mormonism, Mythology, Spiritualism and Witchcraft.
+    There are 1,365 names in this index, and how are you to discover
+    which belong to any of the above subjects without wading through
+    the whole? It is, in fact, an entire system of indexing
+    backwards from particulars to generals, instead of from generals
+    to particulars. It is something like writing on a sign-post on
+    the road to Bath, 'To Somersetshire,' and if in one phrase I
+    were to add a characteristic entry to these sub-indexes, or to
+    give one form of reference which should be typical of this style
+    of index, I should say--Needle, _see_ Bottle of Hay. You find
+    the bottle of hay--but where is the needle?"
+
+The form in which the various entries in an index are to be drawn up is
+worthy of much attention, and particular care should be taken to expunge
+all redundant words. For example, it would be better to write:
+
+    "Smith (John), his character; his execution,"
+
+than
+
+    "Smith (John), character of; execution of";
+
+or
+
+    "Brown (Robert) saves money,"
+
+than
+
+    "Brown (Robert), saving of money by."
+
+A good instance of the frivolous entry is the hackneyed quotation,
+
+    "Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind,"
+
+which is supposed to be a reference to a passage in this form: "Mr.
+Justice Best said that he had a great mind to commit the man for trial."
+This particular reference is almost too good to be true, and I have not
+been able to trace it to its source. That has been said to be in the
+index to one of Chitty's law-books, and it is added that possibly Chitty
+had a grudge against Sir William Draper Best, one of the Puisne Judges
+of the King's Bench from 1819 to 1824, and Lord Chief Justice of the
+Common Pleas from 1824 to 1829, in which latter year he was created Lord
+Wynford. Another explanation is that it was a joke of Leigh Hunt's, who
+first published it in the _Examiner_.
+
+
+    11. _Short entries to be repeated under such headings as are
+    likely to be required, in place of a too frequent use of cross
+    references. These references, however, to be made from cognate
+    headings, as Cerebral to Brain, and vice versa, where the
+    subject matter is different._
+
+Cross references are very useful, but they are not usually popular with
+those who are unaccustomed to them. They ought to be used where the
+number of references under a certain heading is large, but it is always
+better to duplicate the references than to refer too often to
+insignificant entries.
+
+
+    12. _In the case of journals and transactions brief abstracts of
+    the contents of the several articles or papers to be drawn up
+    and arranged in the alphabetical index under the heading of the
+    article._
+
+The advantage of this plan is that a _precis_ can be made of the
+articles or papers which will be useful to the reader as containing an
+abstract of the contents, much of which might not be of sufficient
+importance to be sorted out in the alphabet; in the case where the
+entries are important they can be duplicated in the alphabet. A good
+specimen of this plan of indexing may be found in the indexes to the
+Journal of the Statistical Society.
+
+
+    13.  _Authorities quoted or referred to in a book, to be indexed
+    under each author's name, the titles of his works being
+    separately set out and the word "quoted" added in italics._
+
+This rule is quite clear, and there is nothing to be added to it. It is
+evident that all books quoted should be indexed.
+
+
+    14.  _When the indexed page is large, or contains long lists of
+    names, it is to be divided into four sections, referred to
+    respectively as a, b, c, d; thus if a page contains 64 lines,
+    1-16 will be a, 17-32 b, 33-48 c, 49-64 d. If in double columns,
+    the page is still to be divided into four--a and b forming the
+    upper and lower halves of the first column, and c and d the
+    upper and lower halves of the second column._
+
+This division of the page will often be found very useful, and save much
+time to the consulter.
+
+
+    15.  _When a work is in more than one volume, the number of the
+    volume is to be specified by small Roman numerals. In the case
+    of long sets, such as the "Gentleman's Magazine," a special
+    Arabic numeral =for= indicating the volume, distinct from the
+    page numeral, may be employed with advantage._
+
+The frequent use of high numbers in Roman capitals is very inconvenient.
+
+
+    16.  _Entries which refer to complete chapters or distinct
+    papers, to be printed in small capitals or italics._
+
+This is useful as indicating that the italic entry is of more importance
+than those in Roman type.
+
+
+    17.  _Headings to be printed in a marked type. A dash, instead
+    of indentation, to be used as a mark of repetition. The dash to
+    be kept for entries exactly similar, and the word to be repeated
+    when the second differs in any way from the first. The proper
+    name to be repeated when that of a different person. In the case
+    of joint authors, the Christian name or initials of the first,
+    whose surname is arranged in the alphabet, to be in parentheses,
+    but the Christian names of the second to be in the natural
+    order, as Smith (John) and Alexander Brown, not Smith (John) and
+    Brown (Alexander)._
+
+Dashes should be of a uniform length, and that length should not be too
+great. It is a mistake to suppose that the dash is to be the length of
+the line which is not repeated. If it be necessary to make the
+repetition of a portion of the title as well as the author, this should
+be indicated by another dash, and not by the elongation of the former
+one.
+
+The reason for the last direction in this rule is that the Christian
+name is only brought back in order to make the alphabetical position of
+the surname clear; and as this is not necessary in respect to the second
+person, the names should remain in their natural order.
+
+The initials which stand for Christian names often give much trouble,
+particularly among foreigners. Most Frenchmen use the letter M. to stand
+for monsieur, giving no Christian name; but sometimes M. stands for
+Michel or other Christian name commencing with M. The Germans are often
+very careless in the use of initials, and I have found in one index of a
+scientific periodical the following specimens of this confusion: (1) H.
+D. Gerling, (2) H. W. Brandes, (3) D. W. Olbers. Here all three cases
+look alike, but in the first H. D. represent two titles--Herr Doctor; in
+the second, H. W. represent two Christian names--Heinrich Wilhelm; and
+in the third one title and one Christian name--Dr. W. Olbers.
+
+The above rules do not apply to subject indexes, and in certain cases
+may need modification in accordance with the special character of the
+work to be indexed. On the whole, it may be said that an alphabetical
+index is the best; but under special circumstances it may be well to
+have a classified index. Generally it may be said that there are special
+objections to classification, and therefore if a classified index is
+decided upon, it must needs be exceptional, and rules must be made for
+it by the maker of the index.
+
+In the foregoing rules no mention is made of the difficulties attendant
+on the use of Oriental names. Under "Rules for a Small Library" in _How
+to Catalogue a Library_, I wrote:
+
+    "7. Oriental names to be registered in accordance with the
+    system adopted by a recognised authority on the subject."
+
+This, however, is only shifting the responsibility. In an ordinary
+English index this point is not likely to give much trouble, and the
+rule may be safely adopted of registration under the first name. But
+where there are many names to be dealt with, difficulties are sure to
+arise. In India the last name is usually adopted, and the forenames are
+frequently contracted into initials, so that it is obligatory to use
+this name. We must never forget the practical conclusion that a man's
+real name is that by which he is known. But the indexer's difficulty in
+a large number of cases is that he does not know what that name is. Sir
+George Birdwood has kindly drawn up for me the following memorandum on
+the subject, which is of great value, from the interesting historical
+account of the growth of surnames in India under British rule which he
+gives.
+
+
+                    ON THE INDEXING OF THE NAMES OF
+                            EASTERN PEOPLE.
+
+    Confining myself to the people--Parsees, Hindoos, and Mussulmans
+    (_muslimin_)--of India, I find it very difficult to state an
+    unexceptionable rule for the indexing of their names; and I
+    index them in the order in which they are signed by the people
+    themselves. The first or forename of a Parsee or a Hindoo, but
+    not of a Mussulman if he be a Pathan, is his own personal or, as
+    we say, "Christian"--that is, baptismal or "water"--name; and
+    their second their father's personal name, and not his family
+    or, as we say, "blood" name, or true surname. The naming of
+    individuals in the successive generations of a Parsee or Hindoo,
+    and certain Mussulmanee families, runs thus: A. G., N. A., U.
+    N., and so on, the grandfather's name disappearing in the third
+    generation.
+
+    The Parsees only in comparatively recent times adopted family or
+    true surnames derived from the personal or paternal names, or
+    both, of the first distinguished member of the family, or from
+    his occupation or place of residence, or from some notable
+    friend or patron of his, or from some title conferred on him by
+    the ruler whose subject he was. Thus the Patels of Bombay are
+    descended from Rustom (the son of) Dorabjee, who, for the
+    assistance he gave the English in 1692 against the Seedee of
+    Junjeera, was created, by _sanad_ (_i.e._ patent), _patel_
+    (_i.e._ mayor) of the Coolees of Bombay.
+
+    The Parsee Ashburners derive their patronymic from an ancestor
+    in the early part of the late century, the friend and associate
+    of a well-known English gentleman then resident in Western
+    India. The Bhownaggrees take their name from an ancestor, a
+    wealthy _jaghirdar_, who in 1744 built a tank of solid stone for
+    public use at Bhavnagar in Kattyawar, and also from their later
+    official connection with this well-known "model Native State."
+    The Jamsetjee Jejeebhoys and Comasjee Jehanghiers derive their
+    double-barreled surnames from the first baronet and knight,
+    respectively, of these two eminent Parsee families. Other
+    well-known Parsee surnames are Albless, Bahadurjee, Banajee,
+    Bengalee, Bhandoopwala, Bharda, Cama (or Kama), Dadysett,
+    Damanwala, Gamadia, Gazdar, Ghandi, Kapadia, Karaka, Khabrajee,
+    Kharagat, Kohiyar, Marzban, Modee, Petit (Sir Dinshaw Manockjee
+    Petit, first baronet of this name), Panday, Parak, Sanjana,
+    Sayar, Seth, Sethna, Shroff, Talyarkan, Wadia. Some of their
+    surnames are very eccentric, such as Doctor, Ready-money,
+    Solicitor, etc., and should be abolished. There is actually a
+    Dr. Solicitor.
+
+    The interesting point about the Parsee surnames is that when
+    first introduced, through the influence of their close contact
+    with the English, they were not absolutely hereditary, but were
+    changed after a generation or two. Thus the present Bhownaggrees
+    used, at one time, the surname of Compadore, from the office so
+    designated held by one of their ancestors under the Portuguese.
+
+    The Hindoos have always had surnames, and jealously guard their
+    authenticity and continuity in the traditions of their families,
+    although they do not, even yet in Western India, universally use
+    them in public. Their personal and paternal names are derived,
+    among the higher castes, from the names of the gods, the
+    thousand and one names of Vishnoo and Seeva, of Ganesha, etc.,
+    and from the names of well-known mythological heroes, historical
+    saints, etc., the name selected being one the initial of which
+    indicates the lunar asterism (_nakshatra_) under which the
+    child (_i.e._ a son) is born; but their surnames have a tribal,
+    or, as in the case of the Parsees, a local, or official, or some
+    other merely accidental, origin.
+
+    If, then, we had only to deal with the Hindoos and Parsees, they
+    might be readily indexed under their surnames. But when we come
+    to the Indian Mussulmans the problem is at once seen to be beset
+    with perplexities which seem to me impossible to unravel. The
+    Indian Mussulmans--indeed all _muslimin_--are classified as
+    Sayeds, Sheikhs, Mo(n)gols, and Pathans. The Sayeds (literally,
+    "nobles," "lords") are the descendants of the Prophet Mahomet,
+    through his son-in-law Allee; those descended through Fatima
+    being distinguished as Sayed Hussanee and Sayed Hooseinee, and
+    those from his other wives as Sayed Allee. The first name given
+    to a Mussulman of this class is the _quasi_-surname Sayed or
+    Meer (also, literally, "nobleman," "lord"), followed by the
+    personal name and the paternal name; but these _quasi_-surnames
+    often fall into disuse after manhood has been reached.
+
+    The Sheikhs (literally, "chiefs"),--and all _muslimin_ descended
+    from Mahomet and Aboo Bukeer and Oomur are Sheikhs,--have one or
+    other of the following surnames placed before or after their
+    personal and paternal names: Abd, Allee, Bukhs, Goolam, Khoaja,
+    Sheikh. But as Sayeds are also all Sheikhs, they sometimes, on
+    attaining manhood, assume the surname of Sheikh, dropping that
+    of Sayed, or Meer, given to them at birth.
+
+    The Mo(n)gols, whether of the Persian (Eranee) sect of Sheeahs,
+    or the Turkish (Tooranee) sect of Soonnees, have placed before,
+    or after, their personal and paternal names, one or other of the
+    following surnames: Aga ("lord"), Beg ("lord"), Meerza, and
+    Mo(n)gol. But in Persia both Sayeds and Sheikhs assume, instead
+    of their proper patronymics, the surname of Aga, or Beg, or
+    Mo(n)gol; while Mo(n)gols whose mothers are Sayeds are given the
+    pre, or post, surname of Meerza.
+
+    The Pathans have the surname Khan ("lord") placed invariably
+    after their personal and paternal names. But Sayeds and Sheikhs
+    often have the word Khan placed after their class, personal, and
+    paternal names--not, however, as a surname, but as a
+    complimentary or substantial title, pure and simple.
+
+    Again, all classes of _muslimin_, and the Hindoos also, and even
+    the Parsees, are in the habit of adding all sorts of
+    complimentary and substantial titles both before and after their
+    names. How, then, is it possible to apply any one rightly
+    reasoned rule to the indexing of such names, or any but the
+    arbitrary rule of thumb:--to index them in the order in which
+    the bearer of them places them in his signature to letters,
+    cheques, and other documents? This gets over all the
+    embarrassing difficulties created by the paraphernalia of a
+    man's official designations, complimentary--or substantial,
+    titles, etc. Take, for example, this transcript of a
+    hypothetical Hindoo official's visiting-card:
+
+        "Dewan Sahib" (official and courtesy titles).
+
+        "Rajashri" (special social title).
+
+        "A." (personal name).
+
+        "B." (paternal name).
+
+        "Z." (family or true surname).
+
+    No Englishman unfamiliar with the etiquettes of Indian personal
+    nomenclature could possibly index such a card as this with
+    intelligent correctness. But this Hindoo gentleman would simply
+    sign himself in a private letter, "A. B. Z." (_i.e._ A., the son
+    of B., of the clan of Z.), and so he should be indexed.
+
+    The personal names of _muslimin_ also have for the most part an
+    astronomical association, being generally selected from those
+    beginning with the initial or finial letter of the name of the
+    planet ruling the day on which the child (_i.e._ a son) is born.
+
+    I presume that what I have here said of the methods of naming
+    the Indian Mussulmans also applies to the _muslimin_ of Persia
+    and Central Asia and Turkey and Arabia; but beyond these
+    countries I have no information as to the methods of naming
+    people in the other Oriental Indies, such as Ceylon, Burmah,
+    China, and Japan.
+
+    As to the transliteration of Oriental personal names, I always
+    accept that followed by the person bearing them.
+
+    I have put the matter as briefly as possible, and almost too
+    briefly for absolute accuracy of expression; and it will be
+    noted I say nothing of local exceptions to the general rule
+    regulating Hindoo names of persons; and, again, nothing of
+    female names, Hindoo, Mussulmanee, or Parsee.
+
+                                                GEORGE BIRDWOOD.
+    _January 9, 1902._
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                              CHAPTER VII.
+
+                      HOW TO SET ABOUT THE INDEX.
+
+    "And thus by God's assistance we have finished our Table.
+    Miraculous almost was the execution done by David on the
+    Amalekites who saved neither man nor woman alive to bring
+    tidings to Gath. I cannot promise such exactness in our Index,
+    that no name hath escaped our enquiry: some few, perchance,
+    hardly slipping by, may tell tales against us. This I profess, I
+    have not, in the language of some modern quartermaster, wilfully
+    burnt towns, and purposely omitted them; and hope that such as
+    have escaped our discovering, will only upon examination appear
+    either not generally agreed on, by authors, for proper names, or
+    else by proportion falling without the bounds of Palestine, Soli
+    Deo gloria."--THOMAS FULLER.
+
+
+[Illustration: R]ules are needed for index making in order to obtain
+uniformity, but the mode of working must to a large extent be left to
+the indexer. Most of us have our own favourite ways of doing things, and
+it is therefore absurd to dictate to others how to set to work. If we
+employ any one to do a certain work, we are entitled to expect it to be
+well done; but we ought to allow the worker to adopt his own mode of
+work. Some men will insist not only on the work being well done, but
+also upon their way of doing it. This takes the spirit out of the
+worker, and is therefore most unwise.
+
+Still, I have found that those who are unaccustomed to index work are
+anxious to be informed how to proceed. The following notes are therefore
+only intended as hints for the use of those who wish for them, and need
+not be acted upon if the reader has a plan that he finds better suited
+for his purpose. Two essentially different kinds of index must be
+considered first: (1) There is the index which is always growing; and
+(2) there is the index that is made at one time, and is printed
+immediately it is ready for the press. The same course of procedure will
+not be suitable for both these classes.
+
+1. Indexes to commonplace books belong to this category. It has been
+usual here to leave a few pages blank for the index, and to arrange the
+entries in strict alphabetical order under the first letters and then
+under the first vowel following a consonant, or the second, when the
+initial is a vowel. This is highly inconvenient and confusing,
+especially when words without a second vowel, as _Ash_ and _Epps_, are
+placed at the head of each letter, _Ash_ coming before _Adam_ and
+_Abel_, and _Epps_ before _Ebenezer_. It is better to spare a few more
+pages for the index, and plan the alphabet out so that the entries may
+come in their correct alphabetical order. Unfortunately the blank index
+is usually set out according to this absurd vowel system. Commonplace
+books are now, however, very much out of fashion. A better system of
+note-keeping is to use paper of a uniform size, to write each distinct
+note on a separate sheet of paper, and to fasten the slips of paper
+together by means of clips. If this plan is adopted, the notes are much
+more easily consulted, and they can be rearranged as often as is
+necessary. Now the index can be made on cards, or a special
+alphabeticised[19] book can be set aside for the purpose. Cards of a
+uniform size, kept in trays or boxes, are very convenient for the
+purpose of making an ever-growing index. You can make a general index in
+one alphabet, and when you have any special subject on hand, you can
+choose out the particular cards connected with that subject, and arrange
+them in a distinct alphabet. When the distinct alphabet is no longer
+required, the cards can be rearranged in the general alphabet. Cards are
+unquestionably the most convenient for an index that is ever changing in
+volume and in form. Rearrangement can be made without the trouble of
+re-writing the entries.
+
+  [19] Some may consider this a monstrous word; but it conveys a
+       convenient description of blank books with the alphabet
+       marked on the leaves of the book either cut in or with
+       tablets projecting from the margin.
+
+2. For an index which is made straight off at one time, and sent to the
+printer when finished, foolscap paper is probably the most convenient to
+use. The pages as written upon can be numbered, and this will relieve
+the mind of the indexer of fear that any of these should be lost. The
+numbering will serve till the time comes for the index to be cut up and
+arranged.
+
+Some indexers use separate slips of a uniform size, or cards, with a
+single entry on each slip. Although this plan has the advantage that you
+can keep your index in alphabetical order as you go along, which is
+sometimes convenient for reference, it is, on the whole, a cumbersome
+one for an index, although it is almost essential for a catalogue.
+
+In the present day when paper is so cheap, it is well to use fresh
+sheets all of the same size--either quarto post or foolscap. Some
+persons are so absurdly economical as to use the blank sides of used
+paper, such as envelopes, etc., so that their manuscript is of all sizes
+and will never range. It is necessary to warn such persons that they
+lose more time by the inconvenient form of their paper than they gain by
+not buying new material.
+
+In general practice the most convenient plan is to make your index
+straight on, using the paper you have chosen. Another plan is to use a
+portfolio of parchment with an alphabet cut on the leaves, and with
+guards to receive several leaves of foolscap under each letter. Thus
+every entry can be written at once in first letters. Where there are
+many large headings this is very convenient, and time is saved by
+entering the various references on the same folio without the constant
+repetition of the same heading. Possibly the most convenient method is
+to unite the two plans. Those references which we know to belong to
+large headings can be entered on the folios in the alphabetical
+guard-book, and the rest can be written straight through on the separate
+leaves.
+
+Before commencing his work, the indexer must think out the plan and the
+kind of index he is to produce; he will then consider how he is to draw
+out the references.
+
+Whatever system is adopted, it is well to bear in mind that the indexer
+should obtain some knowledge of the book he is about to index before he
+sets to work. The following remarks by Lord Thring may be applied to
+other subjects than law:
+
+    "A complete knowledge of the whole _law_ is required before he
+    begins to make the index, for until he can look down on the
+    entire field of law before him, he cannot possibly judge of the
+    proper arrangement of the headings or of the relative importance
+    of the various provisions."
+
+During his work the indexer must constantly ask himself what it is for
+which the consulter is likely to seek. The author frequently uses
+periphrases to escape from the repetition of the same fact in the same
+form, but these periphrases will give little information when inserted
+as headings in an index; and it is in this point of selecting the best
+catchword that the good indexer will show his superiority over the
+commonplace worker.
+
+This paramount characteristic of the good indexer is by no means an easy
+one to acquire. When the indexer is absorbed in the work upon which he
+is working, he takes for granted much with which the consulter coming
+fresh to the subject is not familiar. The want of this characteristic is
+most marked in the case of the bad indexer.
+
+In printing references to the entries in an index it is important to
+make a distinction between the volume and the page; this is done best by
+printing the number of the volumes in Roman letters and the page in
+Arabic numerals. When, however, the volumes are numerous, the Roman
+letters become cumbersome, and mistakes are apt to occur, so that one is
+forced to use Arabic numerals; and in order to distinguish between
+volume and page, the numbers of the volumes must be printed in solid
+black type.
+
+When a book is often reprinted in different forms it would be well to
+refer to chapters and paragraphs, so that the same index would do for
+all editions. The paragraphs in Dr. Jessopp's edition of North's _Lives
+of the Norths_ are numbered, but they are not numbered throughout. The
+references are very confusing and require a key. Thus, P stands for
+Preface; F for Life of the Lord Keeper; D, Life of Dudley; J, Life of
+Dr. John; R, Autobiography of Roger, and also Notes; R L, Letters from
+Lady North; R I, Letters from Roger North; and S, Supplementary. In the
+Letters the references are to pages and not to paragraphs. With such a
+complicated system, one is tempted to leave the index severely alone.
+This is the more annoying in that the index is not a long one, and the
+pages might have been inserted without any great trouble.
+
+Much confusion has been caused by reprinting an index for one edition in
+a later one without alteration. An instance may be given by citing the
+reprint of Whitelock's _Memorials_, published at the University Press,
+Oxford, in 1853. The original edition is in one volume folio (1682,
+reprinted 1732), and the new edition is in four volumes octavo. But to
+save expense the old index was printed to the new book. The difficulty
+was in part got over by giving the pages of the 1732 edition in the
+margin; but as may be imagined, it is a most troublesome business to
+find anything by this means. Moreover, the old index is not a good one,
+but thoroughly bad, with all the old misprints retained in the new
+edition. As a specimen of the extreme inaccuracy of the compilation, it
+may be mentioned that under one heading of thirty-four entries Mr.
+Edward Peacock detected seven blunders. Although Mr. Peacock had no
+statistics of the other entries, his experience led him to believe that
+if any heading were taken at random, about one in four of the entries
+would be found to be misprinted.
+
+In the case of a large index it is necessary to take into consideration
+the greatly increased work connected with arrangement. The amount of
+this may be said to increase in geometrical rather than in arithmetical
+progression. When the indexer comes to the last page of a great book he
+rejoices to have finished his work; but he will find by experience, when
+he calculates the arrangement of his materials, that he has scarcely
+done more than half of what is before him.
+
+If cards or separate slips are used, these will only need to be arranged
+for the press; but if sheets of paper have been, written upon, these
+will have to be cut up. There is little to be said about this, but it is
+worth giving the hint that much time is saved if shears or large
+scissors are used, so that the whole width of paper may be severed in
+two cuts.
+
+In the case of a small index there is little difficulty with material,
+for it can be arranged at once into first letters, and when the table is
+cleared of the slips these can be placed in the pages of an ordinary
+book to keep them distinct, and can then be sorted in perfect alphabet
+and pasted down. In the case of a large index it will be necessary to
+place the slips in a safer place. Large envelopes are useful receptacles
+for first letters; and when the slips are placed in them, the indexer
+will feel at ease and sure that none will be lost.
+
+It is well to go through the whole of the envelopes of first letters and
+sort the slips into second and third letters before the pasting is
+commenced, so that you may know that the order is correct, or make such
+alterations as are necessary before it is too late. The final perfect
+alphabetical arrangement can be made when the slips are placed on the
+table ready to be pasted.
+
+The sorting of slips into alphabetical order seems a simple matter which
+scarcely needs any particular directions; still such have been made.
+
+The late Mr. Charles F. Blackburn, who had had a considerable
+experience, gave some instruction for sorting slips in his _Hints on
+Catalogue Titles_ (1884). He wrote:
+
+    "Having never seen in print any directions for putting titles
+    into alphabetical order, I venture to describe the system I have
+    been accustomed to use. First sort the entire heap into six
+    heaps, which will lie before you thus:
+
+        A--D  E--H  I--M
+        N--R   S    T--Z.
+
+    Then take the heap A--D and sort it into its component letters,
+    after which each letter can be brought into shape by use of the
+    plan first applied to the whole alphabet. It is best to go on
+    with the second process until you have the whole alphabet in
+    separate letters, because if you brought A, for example, into
+    its component parts and put them into alphabetical order, you
+    might not impossibly find some A's among the later letters--one
+    of the inevitable accidents of sorting quickly. With this hint
+    or two the young cataloguer will easily find his way; and
+    various devices for doing this or that more handily are sure to
+    suggest themselves in the course of practice. The great thing is
+    to be started."
+
+The latter part of this extract is good advice, but I think it is a
+mistake to make two operations of the sorting in first letters, for it
+can be done quite easily in one.
+
+The following suggestion made by Mr. Blackburn is a good one, and is
+likely to save the very possible mixture of some of the heaps:
+
+    "In my own practice I have got into a way of letting the slips
+    fall on the table at an angle of forty-five degrees. Then, if
+    the accumulation of titles should cause the heaps to slide, they
+    will run into one another distinct, so that they can be
+    separated instantly without sorting afresh."
+
+I have never myself found any difficulty in sorting out into first
+letters at one time, and it soon becomes easy to place the slips in
+their proper heaps without any thought. Mr. F. B. Perkins, of the Boston
+Public Library, however, in his paper on "Book Indexes" gives some good
+directions which are worth quoting here:
+
+    "Next alphabet them by initial letters. This process is usually
+    best done by using a diagram or imaginary frame of five rows of
+    five letters each, on which to put the titles at this first
+    handling. The following arrangement of printers' dashes will
+    show what I mean. (The letters placed at the left hand of the
+    first row and right hand of the last indicate well enough where
+    the rest belong.)
+
+        A ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- U
+        B ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- V
+        C ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- W
+        D ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- X
+        E ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- YZ."[20]
+
+      [20] _Public Libraries in the United States._ Special Report.
+           Part I., 1876, p. 730.
+
+When the alphabetical arrangement is completed so far as the indexer
+considers it necessary for his purpose, it is time to think of the
+pasting down of the slips. This can be done in several ways, and the
+operator will doubtless choose that which suits him best. As already
+remarked, men will always find out the way most agreeable to themselves,
+and it is unwise to insist on others following our way in preference to
+their own.
+
+The human mind is capable of interesting itself in almost anything it
+may undertake; but indexing cannot be other than hard work, and it is
+unfair to make it harder by fixing unnecessary limits. The worker is
+always happier at his work if he is allowed to do it in his own way.
+
+The first thing to settle is as to the paper upon which the index is to
+be pasted. A very large-sized paper is inconvenient, and foolscap or
+quarto is the best for constant handling,--all the pages should be of
+exactly the same size. Sometimes it is necessary to have a small margin,
+but generally the width of the paper used for the index should be
+followed. There is no greater mistake than to study economy in the use
+of paper for pasting on. Some persons have facilities for the use of
+wastepaper that has been printed on on one side, and, not having been
+used, is in good order and of equal size. Some persons cut up
+newspapers, but this is a practice not to be recommended, not only on
+account of the print, but because the paper is generally so abominably
+bad and tearable. If the wastepaper referred to above is not within
+reach, it is well to buy a good printing-paper, which can be cut into
+the size required. There are, however, many cheap papers already
+machine-cut into the size required, which can easily be obtained.
+
+Some with the love of saving strong upon them cut up newspapers into
+lengths of about four inches wide, and paste the slips upon these, with
+the result that all the ragged ends give continual trouble, and are apt
+to be torn away. Of all savings, this is the most ill-advised.
+
+Although the "copy" is to be printed from at once, and will soon become
+useless, it is a great comfort to have material that is convenient to
+handle while it is required. Some thought may also be given to the
+compositor, whose life will be made a burden to him if you send him
+"copy" with all the ends loose. It is also well to keep the pages as
+flat as possible, so that a heap of these do not wobble about, but keep
+together smooth and tidy.
+
+Sometimes it may be desirable to paste only on half the paper, so as to
+have room for additional entries. If this is done, the side must be
+altered periodically, or the pages will slip about and give endless
+trouble.
+
+When the index is in course of arrangement the greatest care must be
+taken that none of the slips are lost, for such a loss is almost
+irreparable--first because you do not know when a slip goes astray; and
+even if you do know of your loss it is almost impossible to remedy it,
+as you have no clue to the place from which the slip came.
+
+There will always be anxiety to the indexer while his work is being cut
+up and sorted. A breeze from a window when a door is opened may blow
+some of his slips away. Too many of the slips should not be allowed on
+the table at one time, and the indexer will feel the greatest comfort
+when he knows that his slips are safely reposing in their several
+envelopes. All queries should also be kept in envelopes, and each
+envelope should be inscribed with a proper description of its contents.
+When the slips are pasted down they are safe--that is if they have been
+affixed securely to the paper.
+
+Having made these general observations, we may now proceed to consider
+how to paste. It seems a very simple matter, that requires no
+directions; but even here a few remarks may not be out of place.
+
+When your paper is ready in a pile of about fifty pages, each page
+numbered in its proper sequence, you can proceed to work. For the
+purpose of laying down slips on uniform pages at one time, paste is the
+only satisfactory material. Gum will only be used by the inexperienced.
+It cannot be used satisfactorily on large surfaces, like paste, and when
+it oozes up between the slips it is stickier and does more damage in
+fixing the pages together than paste does. You might as well fix
+paperhangings on your walls with gum.
+
+As to paste, if you have a long job on hand it is better to have it made
+at home, of a good consistency, but not too thick. It ought to run
+freely from the brush. A good cook will make good paste, but if you are
+specially particular you can make it yourself. If you require it to last
+for any time, you must add a little alum; but when you have a big index
+before you, you will use a bowl of paste in an evening, and there is
+therefore no question as to keeping.
+
+"Stickphast" is a very good material; it sticks well and keeps well, and
+it is an excellent adjunct to the writing-table, but it is not suitable
+for pasting down a long index. It is too dear, it is too thick, and it
+is too lumpy. If the paste is made at home, it need not be lumpy; and
+lumps, when you are pasting, are irritating to the last degree.
+
+The paper and the paste being ready, with a fair-sized brush to spread
+the paste, we come to consider how best to proceed with the work in
+hand. You require a good-sized table,--a large board on tressels in an
+empty room is the best, but a dining-table will serve. At the extreme
+right of the table you place the batch of paper upon which you are about
+to paste, and then sort your slips in perfect order, ranging them in
+columns from right to left. The object of thus going backwards is to
+save you from passing over several columns as you take the slips off the
+table, and, instead, going straight on. You can push your batch of paper
+on as the various columns successively disappear. More slips should not
+be set out than you can paste at one sitting, as it is not well to leave
+the slips loose on the table. Of course, you can paste from the left
+side if you wish, and then the columns will range from left to right;
+but this is not so convenient for continued arrangement of the columns
+of slips as you require them.
+
+There are more ways than one in placing the paste upon the paper; the
+most usual way is to paste down the two sides of the paper just the
+width of the slips, and some add a stroke down the middle. Another way
+is to put a plentiful supply of paste on a page or board, and then to
+place the back of each slip upon this. If you place your fingers on the
+two ends and press them towards the middle, the slip will be ready to be
+placed in its proper position, having taken up just sufficient paste. A
+still different plan is to paste the board or paper as in the previous
+case, and then place the face of the whole page on this. You then take
+it off, and, placing the dry side on the batch of paper, proceed to
+affix the slips to it. The advantage of the two last processes is that
+the paper is not so wet as in the first-mentioned plan, and in
+consequence the paper does not curl so much, but lies flatter. In the
+first place the sheets must be set out separately on the floor to dry,
+so that they may not stick together, but this is not so necessary in the
+two latter processes.
+
+Some indexers strongly object to pasting. This was the case with Mr. E.
+H. Malcolm, who wrote thus to _Notes and Queries_:
+
+    "I long ago discovered the cause of imperfections in my own
+    work. It was the 'cutting into slips' and 'laying down'
+    processes. The fact is you cannot be sure of preserving the
+    cuttings or slips, if very numerous; they are almost certain to
+    get mixed or lost, or elude you somehow. My remedy is this. I
+    now take cheap notepaper and write one entry only on each leaf.
+    Having compiled my index thus from A to Z, I arrange my slips
+    and manipulate them as I would a pack of cards, although
+    shuffling only for the purpose of getting the arrangement of the
+    letters right. Thus I save myself all the labour and trouble of
+    pasting or laying down the slips in analytical order. I do not
+    mind a little extra expenditure of paper by only entering one
+    item on every slip, for I am compensated for the appearance of
+    bulk by finding that I have secured order and arrangement free
+    from the consequences of a finical arrangement of the slips and
+    a dirty and tiresome labour of pasting down."[21]
+
+      [21] 5th S., vi. 114 (1876).
+
+As already pointed out in these pages, Mr. Malcolm is quite right
+respecting slips for a growing index; but when it comes to sending the
+"copy" to the printer the case is different. Here there is more safety
+in the pasted down slips, which are less likely to be lost than the
+loose ones even when numbered.
+
+As you proceed in your work you may wish to know how far your index
+agrees with other indexes in its proportion of letters, and to calculate
+what proportion of the whole you have already done.
+
+Some calculations as to the relative extent of the different letters
+have been made. Thus B is the largest letter in an index of proper
+names, but loses its pre-eminence in an index of subjects; and S takes
+high rank in both classes.
+
+Mr. F. A. Curtis,[22] of the Eagle Insurance Office, made in 1858 a
+calculation of the relative proportions of the different letters of the
+alphabet in respect to proper names. He described his object in a letter
+entitled, "On the Best Method of Constructing an Index." He wrote that,
+having had occasion to construct an index of the lives assured in the
+"Eagle" Company, he had drawn up a few observations upon the subject.
+"The requirements of an index and the proportions of its several parts
+are the two principal questions to be considered. Under the first head
+it may be observed that the index of a company upon a large scale should
+afford as much abstract information as possible. Those who refer to it
+do so with different views, for the objects of their inquiry must
+necessarily vary with their respective duties. It is therefore desirable
+that the index should be constructed with a view to provide for the
+wants of each person, so far, at least, as to enable him to obtain
+information in the most direct way; and it will be proper to insert in
+the index particulars some of which do not usually find a place in such
+a book. Let it be supposed that an individual signing his name 'J.
+Smith' inquires about the bonus, premium, or assignment, etc., of his
+policy, without stating either number, date, or amount. This is not an
+unusual case, and it will serve to illustrate my meaning by showing the
+nature of the difficulties which have to be encountered. J. may stand
+for John, James, Joseph, etc. There will probably be many of each kind
+in connection with the like surname, and it would be very difficult to
+discover, without a tedious investigation, to which policy J. Smith
+refers, unless the individuality of each person recorded in the index
+under that name be distinctly shown. The 'locality' of the assurance
+might be adopted as a mark of distinction; and we should in many
+instances be able to fix upon the right name by simply comparing the
+address of the writer with the place where the policy was effected."
+
+  [22] _Assurance Magazine_, vol. viii., 1860, pp. 54-7.
+
+This is a most valuable suggestion to all indexers. Many persons, to
+save trouble at the time, write initials instead of full Christian
+names. It should be a rule always to write these in full. When the index
+comes to be printed, the Christian names can be contracted if it is
+necessary to save space. The most important matter in the arrangement of
+an index is to avoid the confusion of two persons as one, and the
+possibility of making this blunder is greatly increased by the use of
+initials instead of full names. In the _British Museum Catalogue_ it has
+been found necessary in many cases to add particulars to distinguish
+between men with the same names.
+
+Mr. Curtis goes on to say:
+
+    "With regard to the second part of this subject--_i.e._ the
+    proportions of the several parts of the index--I may observe
+    that the most useful mode of division appears to me to be that
+    which is adopted by many offices--namely, to classify the
+    surname under its first letter, and to subdivide according to
+    the first vowel thereafter, adopting the first subdivision for
+    such names as 'Ash,' 'Epps,' etc., which have no succeeding
+    vowel."
+
+This, however, is a very unnatural arrangement, and has been, I believe,
+very generally given up. It is therefore unnecessary to refer further to
+Mr. Curtis's calculations of the proportions of the vowels in the
+subdivisions. Calculations can be made for the subdivision of the
+complete alphabet with a better result. Of course, in the case of
+initial vowels the following consonants have most to be considered, and
+in initial consonants the following vowels. Mr. Curtis's calculations
+respecting the first letters of surnames are of much value. He used the
+commercial lists of the _Post Office London Directory_, and compared
+them with Liverpool, Hull, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, and
+Bristol directories, and with three lists of different assurance
+companies; and after making his calculations from nearly 233,000
+surnames, he found the total average very similar in its result. Mr.
+William Davis made similar calculations from the _Clergy List_, which
+came out much the same. These he contributed to _Notes and Queries_,[23]
+and subsequently he made a further calculation from French names.[24]
+
+  [23] 2nd S., vi. 496.
+
+  [24] 3rd S., iv. 371.
+
+I have united these results in one table as follows:
+
+           MR. CURTIS.   CLERGY LIST.   FRENCH NAMES.
+    A         3.1            3.1            2.9
+    B        10.9           11.3           11.5
+    C         8.5            7.9            9.2
+    D         4.3            4.7           10.7
+    E         2.4            2.5            0.9
+    F         3.6            3.1            3.9
+    G         5.1            4.6            7.4
+    H         8.6            9.3            3.5
+    I, J      3.2            3.5            2.4
+    K         2.0            1.8            6.4
+    L         4.7            4.3           10.8
+    M         6.7            6.9            8.8
+    N         2.0            1.6            1.2
+    O         1.0            1.1            0.6
+    P         5.9            6.1            6.7
+    Q         0.2            0.0            0.3
+    R         4.6            4.4            5.3
+    S         9.7            7.7            4.3
+    T         4.0            4.4            3.3
+    U, V      1.0            1.3            3.2
+    W         7.9            8.3            0.8
+    X         0.0            0.0            0.0
+    Y         0.5            0.4            0.1
+    Z         0.1            0.0            0.0
+
+It will be noticed that B is strongest in all three, and C is fairly
+equal. S is smaller in French names, but probably would be much larger
+in German names. H and W are also much smaller in French, while D and L
+are much larger. The preponderance of the latter letters is of course
+caused by the large number of names beginning with _De_ and _La_.
+
+Indexes are not confined to proper names, and therefore it is necessary
+to add some calculations as to the proportions of the several letters in
+indexes of subjects. The following table is formed from three large
+indexes, each different in character. I. represents Gough's _Index to
+the Publications of the Parker Society_, which may be taken as a very
+good standard index. The subjects are very varied, and there are no
+specially long headings; it also contains proper names as well as
+subjects. II. represents an index of subjects in Civil Engineering which
+contains a good number of large headings. III. represents the index to
+the Minutes of a public board, and also contains a considerable
+proportion of large headings. It will be seen that the numbers vary so
+considerably as to be of very little practical value. The percentages
+are, I think, interesting, but they show conclusively that indexes will
+vary so considerably that in order to obtain a satisfactory percentage a
+separate calculation will have to be made in each case. Large headings
+will vitiate any average; in fact, I have lately had to do with an index
+in which R was the largest letter, on account of such extensive headings
+as _Railways_ and _Roads_.
+
+One striking point in the averages is that B is found to be displaced
+from the pre-eminent position it occupies in the percentages of proper
+names.
+
+           I.      II.    III.
+    A    10.67    2.63    5.58
+    B     6.94    5.07    6.28
+    C    15.63    8.26    8.84
+    D     2.48    4.50    4.65
+    E     3.23    6.94   11.39
+    F     2.85    3.38    1.63
+    G     4.34    3.56    1.86
+    H     4.34    3.19    2.09
+    I     1.74    2.72    1.39
+    J     3.97    0.14    0.46
+    K     0.74    0.05    0.23
+    L     5.58    4.97   15.12
+    M     5.71    5.82    7.67
+    N     1.37    0.19    0.93
+    O     1.74    1.31    1.63
+    P     9.31    6.75    7.67
+    Q     0.12    0.94    0.47
+    R     2.48   12.38    8.14
+    S     8.44   13.32    8.14
+    T     3.60    5.72    1.40
+    U     0.50    0.05    0.47
+    V     0.99    0.61    2.33
+    W     2.61    7.41    1.51
+    X     0.03    0.00    0.00
+    Y     0.22    0.00    0.00
+    Z     0.37    0.09    0.06
+        ------  ------   ------
+       100.00   100.00   100.00
+
+When the whole index is pasted down it is not yet ready for the printer,
+as it will require to be marked for the instruction of the compositor.
+The printer will have general instructions as to the kind of type to be
+used and the plan to be adopted, but it will be necessary to mark out
+those words that are not to be repeated and to insert lines indicating
+repetition. There are also sure to be little alterations in wording,
+necessitated by the coming together of the slips, which could not be
+foreseen when the slips were first written out.
+
+In a large work it is probable that your employers are importunate for
+"copy," and you will be urged to send this to the printer as you have it
+ready. If possible, it should be kept to the end, so that you may look
+over it as a whole, and so see that the same subjects are not in more
+places than one. You will probably have to make modifications in your
+plan as you go along, and this may cause difficulties which you will now
+be able to set right.
+
+Much of the value of an index depends upon the mode in which it is
+printed, and every endeavour should be made to set it out with
+clearness. It was not the practice in old indexes to bring the indexed
+word to the front, but to leave it in its place in the sentence, so that
+the alphabetical order was not made perceptible to the eye.
+
+There is a great deal to arrange in preparing for the press. Lines of
+repetition are often a source of blundering, specimens of which have
+already been given.
+
+The dash should not be too long, and very often space is saved and
+greater clearness is obtained by putting the general heading on a line
+by itself, and slightly indenting the following entries.
+
+Black type for headings and for the references to volume and page add
+much to the clearness of an index, but some persons have a decided
+objection to the spottiness that is thus given to the page.
+
+Tastes differ so much in respect to printing that it is not possible to
+indicate the best style to be adopted, and so each must choose for
+himself. One point, however, is of the greatest importance, and that is
+where a heading is continued over leaf it should be repeated with the
+addition of _continued_ at the end of the heading. It is not unusual in
+such cases to see the dash used at the top of the page, which is absurd.
+
+When the index has been put into print, the indexer has still to correct
+the press, and this is not always an easy matter, as the printer is
+scarcely likely to have understood all the necessarily elaborate and
+complicated marks used in preparing for the press. It will therefore
+still be some time before the end is in sight, and probably the indexer
+will see cause to agree with my statement on a former page, that in the
+case of a large index, when the indexing of the book itself is
+completed, little more than half of the total work is done.
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                             CHAPTER VIII.
+
+                      GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX.
+
+    "When Baillet, the learned author of the _Jugemens des Savans_,
+    was appointed by M. de Lamoignon keeper of the exquisite library
+    collected by that nobleman, he set to work to compile an index
+    of the contents of all the books contained in it, and this he is
+    said to have completed in August, 1682. After this date,
+    however, the Index continued to grow, and it extended to
+    thirty-two folio volumes, all written by Baillet's own hand."
+
+
+[Illustration: A]s knowledge increases and books and magazines gather in
+number, the need for many indexes becomes daily more evident. We often
+are certain that something has been written on a subject in which we are
+interested, but in vain we seek for a clue to it. We want a key to all
+this ever-increasing literature.
+
+As long ago as 1842 the late Thomas Watts, of the British Museum, one of
+the most learned and all-knowing of librarians, spoke to the late Dr.
+Greenhill of Hastings on the need for the formation of an Index Society.
+This date I give on the authority of Dr. Greenhill. Mr. Watts was a
+perfect index in himself, and few inquirers sought information from him
+which his fully stored mind was not able to supply; and he was not
+jealous of the printed index, as some authorities are. Twelve years
+after--in 1854--an announcement was made in _Notes and Queries_ of the
+projected formation of a "Society for the Formation of a General
+Literary Index." In the 2nd Series, vol. i., p. 486, the late Mr. Thomas
+Jones, who signed himself "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," commenced a series
+of articles, which he continued for several years, as a contribution to
+this general index; but nothing more was heard of the society. Inquiries
+were made in various numbers of _Notes and Queries_, but no response was
+obtained. In 1876 a contributor to the same periodical, signing himself
+"A. H.," proposed the formation of a staff of index compilers. In 1874
+the late Professor Stanley Jevons published his _Principles of Science_.
+In the chapter on Classification he enlarged on the value of indexes,
+and added:
+
+    "The time will perhaps come when our views upon this subject
+    will be extended, and either Government or some public society
+    will undertake the systematic cataloguing and indexing of masses
+    of historical and scientific information, which are now almost
+    closed against inquiry" (1st ed., vol. ii., p. 405; 2nd ed., p.
+    718).
+
+In the following year Mr. Edward Solly and I, without having then seen
+this passage, consulted as to the possibility of starting an Index
+Society, but postponed the actual carrying out of the scheme for a time.
+In July of this same year, 1875, Mr. J. Ashton Cross argued in a
+pamphlet that a universal index might be formed by co-operation through
+a clearing-house, and would pay if published in separate parts. In
+September, 1877, some letters by Mr. W. J. Thoms, who signed himself "A
+Lover of Indexes," were published in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, in which
+the foundation of an Index Society was strongly urged. In October, 1877,
+Mr. Cross read a paper before the Conference of Librarians, which was a
+revival of the scheme previously suggested. Mr. Robert Harrison, late
+Secretary of the London Library, in a report of the Conference of
+Librarians published in the _Athenaeum_ for October 13th, 1877, wrote:
+
+    "Could not a permanent Index Society be founded with the support
+    of voluntary contributions of money as well as of subject
+    matter? In this way a regular staff could be set to work, under
+    competent direction, and could be kept steadily at work until
+    its performances became so generally known and so useful as to
+    enable it to stand alone and be self-supporting. Many readers
+    would readily jot down the name of any new subject they met with
+    in the book before them, and the page on which it occurs, and
+    forward their notes to be sorted and arranged by any society
+    that would undertake the work."
+
+Mr. Justin Winsor, the late distinguished librarian of Harvard
+University, writing to the _Athenaeum_, said:
+
+    "We have been in America striving for years to get some
+    organised body to undertake this very work."
+
+Following on all this correspondence, the Index Society was founded; but
+after doing some useful work it was amalgamated with the Index Library
+founded by Mr. Phillimore, having failed from want of popular support.
+This want of permanent success was probably owing to its aim being too
+general. Those who were interested in one class of index cared little
+for indexes which were quite different in subject.
+
+I fear that the interest of the public in the production of indexes
+(which is considerable) does not go to the length of willingness to pay
+for these indexes, which from the fewness of those who care for these
+helps must always be expensive. When suggestions were made in _Notes and
+Queries_ for the compilation and publication of certain needed indexes,
+Mr. J. Cuthbert Welch wrote that the editor of a journal offered to
+publish an index if he could obtain sufficient subscribers. Respecting
+this offer, the publisher said, "Altogether I had six offers to take one
+copy each." This rebuff caused Mr. Welch to say, "Is it not rather that
+people are not energetic to buy such indexes than that publishers are
+not energetic enough to issue them?"[25]
+
+  [25] 8th S., i. 364.
+
+There is still a great want for indexes of history and biography, and it
+is probable that if the objects of the Index Society had been confined
+to these it might have been more successful. In November, 1878, Mr.
+Edward Solly wrote a letter to me in which he sketched out a very
+important scheme for a biographical index which would be of the greatest
+value. He wrote:
+
+    "I do not think the Index Society can take up any subject of
+    greater utility, or one more likely to be of service to the
+    general public as well as students, than an Index of
+    Biographies. An entire index of all known lives would obviously
+    be much too large an undertaking; we can only attempt a part of
+    the subject. Probably in the first instance we should do well to
+    try and form an index of British lives; such a work would I
+    think, if tolerably complete, certainly fill at least ten large
+    octavo volumes.
+
+    "The work might be considerably diminished in bulk if we were to
+    determine to leave out all names now to be found in certain
+    standard works such as Chalmers' Biographical Dictionary. It is
+    evident, however, that to do this would greatly diminish the
+    value of our index, and would cause us to put aside hundreds of
+    memoranda which it is most important to index, I mean references
+    to more recent notes, memoirs, letters and anecdotes, which are
+    to be met with in journals and lives, and which often throw new
+    and important light on older published Biographies.
+
+    "It is on account of these difficulties that I would propose
+    that we endeavour to undertake an index of Biographical
+    references of persons who have died in a certain given
+    period--say 1800-1825, or 1800-1850, or perhaps 1750-1800.
+
+    "With a view to this I should like to see lists made of all
+    Biographical matters in such books as the Gentleman's Magazine,
+    European Magazine, Monthly Magazine, Anti-Jacobin Magazine, etc.
+    Also such books as the Annual Necrology, Public Characters,
+    Living Authors, etc., and thirdly of references to Biographical
+    Memoranda dispersed throughout Lives and Memoirs such as
+    'Kilvert's Memoirs,' I mean books in which no one from the title
+    would expect to find such information."
+
+It will be seen that such an index as is here sketched would be an
+inestimable help to the student. It would form a useful supplement to
+the _Dictionary of National Biography_, for it must be remembered that
+such an index would contain a majority of references to men and women
+whose claims to distinction or notoriety do not attain to the standard
+set up by the promoters of that grand work. Possibly, if such an index
+was undertaken by co-operation as an object in itself, and not as one
+among other subjects, it might be compiled in one alphabet instead of in
+periods, which would make it much more valuable for reference. Naturally
+the great advantage of periods is that, if left incomplete, what is
+published (if it covers a period) will always be of value, while a
+portion of the alphabet would be almost worthless.
+
+The Rev. John E. B. Mayor has collected a great mass of biographical
+references which are of much value. In an interesting communication on
+his indexes he suggests the formation of a British Biographical Society
+which might be called the Antony Wood Society.[26]
+
+  [26] _Notes and Queries_, 5th S., xii. 511.
+
+There is one project of the Index Society which has never been
+undertaken, but which is still wanted as much as ever--_viz._ a general
+or universal index. Some think this to be an impossibility, and that to
+attempt its preparation is a waste of time. Those who hold this opinion
+have not sufficient faith in the simplicity and usefulness of the
+alphabet. Every one has notes and references of some kind, which are
+useless if kept unarranged, but, if sorted into alphabetical order,
+become valuable.
+
+The object of the general index is just this, that anything, however
+disconnected, can be placed there, and much that would otherwise be lost
+will there find a resting-place. Always growing and never pretending to
+be complete, the index will be useful to all, and its consulters will be
+sure to find something worth their trouble, if not all they may require.
+
+Some attempts have been made at compiling a general index, for what are
+_Poole's Index_, _Index of Essays_, Q.P. Indexes, Hetherington's _Index
+to the Periodicals of the World_, and _Indexes to "The Times,"_ but
+contributions towards a universal index? Such a work as is here proposed
+can scarcely be carried out unless Government aid is extended to it; but
+surely the small amount of money that need be expended upon a sort of
+general inquiry office would be well laid out!
+
+A sort of skeleton index of universal information might be drawn up, and
+this could be added to gradually, partly by specialised effort and
+partly by the reception of any stray references of interest sent by
+those who recognise that their notes would find a home. This could be
+kept in a clearing-house and reference-room.
+
+When the index had become of some importance, and was recognised as a
+help to the inquirer, it could be printed. When published, it might be
+interleaved, so that additions might be made which could be sent to the
+office. Gradually the index would grow into a work of very considerable
+importance.
+
+One of the chief objections to index catalogues of public libraries is
+that the same work is practically repeated by each library, while a
+general index would be useful to all. Surely some arrangement might be
+made by which the various libraries would contribute funds to the
+central office and receive the indexes, which would serve their purpose
+as well as those of all the other libraries!
+
+Having said so much, it seems necessary to explain rather more fully
+what the general index should contain and what should be omitted. To
+explain it in a few words, it should be a sort of encyclopaedia of
+references rather than of direct information; but it should contain more
+headings than any existing encyclopaedia. Every one must have felt the
+want of some book which would give information or references on a large
+number of subjects that are constantly topics of ordinary conversation,
+but are consistently ignored in the ordinary books of reference. On the
+other hand, mere technical references should be omitted, because these
+details would overload the work, and because specialists have their own
+sources of information. It is the general information which every one is
+supposed to possess that is so difficult to obtain.
+
+In the first instance the groundwork of the index should be laid down
+with care by an expert. All special bibliographies should be entered
+under their subjects, both those published separately and those included
+in other books. Various societies have published indexes. There are
+those among the publications of the Index Society and many others. The
+Bibliographical Society has published indexes to the German periodical
+_Serapeum_ and to Dibdin's edition of Ames' and Herbert's _Typographical
+Antiquities_; but very few persons know of these books.
+
+The authorities of the British Museum have given students an immense
+help by gathering separate indexes and bibliographies on various
+subjects into the dwarf bookcases in the Reading-room. Here are a large
+number of aids to knowledge of which the general reader would have known
+nothing if they had not so obligingly been brought under his notice.[27]
+
+[27] The late Professor Justin Winsor gave a list of indexes in
+     his useful _Handbook for Readers_ (for the Boston Public
+     Library); and I added a "Preliminary List of Indexes" to _What
+     is an Index?_ London, 1879. Other lists have also been published
+     by the British Museum, etc.
+
+A large number of books contain special information of importance on
+various subjects, the existence of which would never be guessed from the
+titles. Attempts at general indexes of special subjects have been
+published, such as F. S. Thomas's _Historical Notes_ (1509-1714), and
+the main points of these should be included in the proposed General
+Index.
+
+When a good groundwork has been made, the index could be printed; and
+doubtless, if this printed index was widely circulated, a large number
+of helpers would speedily be found. Many persons know of places where
+full information on some subject may be found, and would be glad to
+place their collections where they would be helpful to others.
+
+There can surely be no doubt that a general inquiry office with such an
+ever-growing index and a library of printed indexes would be a boon not
+only to the student, but to the general public. Every day the great
+truth that keys to knowledge are more and more required is generally
+appreciated.
+
+As a groundwork for such a general index, selection could be made from
+the books already mentioned; and from the index volumes of Watt's
+_Bibliotheca Britannica_ (1824), which, with all its faults, is one of
+the most valuable helps to bibliography, and the subject index of James
+Darling's _Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_ (1854-1859), many useful
+references could be obtained. These two books are gradually getting out
+of date, but information may be obtained from their pages which is not
+easily to be obtained elsewhere.
+
+In closing this subject, I feel that too great honour cannot be done to
+the memory of W. F. Poole, who placed the world under great obligations
+by the production of his _Index of Periodical Literature_. As far back
+as 1848, when a student at Yale College, he published an _Index to
+Subjects treated in the Reviews and other Periodicals_ (New York). In
+1853 an improved edition was published as the _Index to Periodical
+Literature_. When Mr. Poole attended the Library Conference at London in
+1877 he expressed publicly his pleasure in seeing on the shelves of the
+British Museum Library a copy of his first index, which he had not seen
+for some years elsewhere. He realised that the work, if it were to be
+continued, was too great an undertaking for one man, and he succeeded in
+arranging for a co-operative index, which is continued now in several
+supplements under the able superintendence of Mr. William I. Fletcher.
+
+An _Index to the "Times"_ was started by J. Giddings in 1862-63, but not
+continued. Later, Mr. S. Palmer commenced a _Quarterly Index_, which has
+been continued forward to the present time, and also backward. In 1899
+Bailey's _Annual Index to the "Times"_ came into being.
+
+The indexing of a paper such as the _Times_ is a very arduous and
+difficult undertaking. In consequence, these indexes cannot be
+considered as models of what such works should be.
+
+Mr. Corrie Leonard Thompson criticises in _Notes and Queries_ (7th S.,
+x. 345) the arrangement of the headings of Palmer's _Index to the
+"Times"_ severely, but not unfairly. He writes:
+
+    "The following are instances of the absurdities which appear in
+    the volume just issued (Oct.-Dec. 1842), and will serve to
+    illustrate the system which has been adopted throughout the
+    index:
+
+    "In November, 1842, a floating chapel on the Severn was loosed
+    from its moorings; this occurrence appears in the index under
+    the heading, 'Disgraceful Act.' Again, referring to the dry
+    weather that was prevailing at the time, the entry is, 'Present
+    Dry Season.' Other references to the same subject are, however,
+    to be found under the heading 'Weather,' which of course is
+    correct.
+
+    "A more marked example of carelessness or ignorance of the art
+    of indexing, or both, is that of two women who were committed to
+    Ruthin prison--one, Amelia Home for firing a pistol at a man
+    named Roberts; the other, Jane Williams, for stealing a mare
+    belonging to Robert Owen. This occurrence is entered under the
+    letter R--'Rather uncommon for Females.' The chance of any one
+    looking under Rather for an occurrence of this kind must be
+    infinitesimal, to say the least of it; and so on. A storm at
+    Saone-et-Loire is indexed under 'Fatal Storm,' and an account of
+    the trial of a small boy for stealing a twopenny pie will be
+    found under 'Atrocious Criminal.' A certain Jane Thomas was so
+    overjoyed at seeing her mother waiting at the stage-door of a
+    theatre that she died in her arms. The employment of capitals is
+    most remarkable, as is also the arrangement of the words, 'Death
+    of Jane Thomas in her Mother's Arms in Holborn at Joy in Seeing
+    her parent at the Stage Door to Receive her.'
+
+    "The errors pointed out in these examples, omitting the last
+    instance, as well as the additional fault of indexing under
+    adjectives which have no distinctive feature in them to guide
+    the searcher, evidently arise from the fact that the simple
+    heading of the newspaper article has been taken, without any
+    attempt being made to discover the actual contents of such
+    article."
+
+As already stated on a previous page, it is most important to index the
+articles in periodicals afresh, and not always to follow the heading of
+the original. This is of course more particularly the case in respect to
+newspapers, where the headings are drawn up to catch the reader's eye.
+The same rule may be insisted on in respect to all indexing, and this is
+so important that the restatement of it may well conclude this little
+volume.
+
+In making a general index of several volumes, always index the volumes
+afresh, and do not be contented with using what has been done before. It
+is always wiser to put 'new wine into new bottles.'
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                                 INDEX.
+
+
+  Abecedarie as a synonym of index, 8.
+
+  Acrostic as a motto for an index, 85.
+
+  Adjectives, when to be used as catchwords, 151.
+    ---- (substantival) as headings, 151.
+
+  Allibone's _Dictionary of English Literature_ alluded to, 87.
+    ---- the forty indexes, 155.
+
+  Alphabet (One) for indexes, 134;
+    order of the English alphabet, 135.
+
+  Alphabetisation, Want of complete, in indexes, 65.
+
+  Alphabets, Variety of, in indexes, 69.
+
+  _Annual Register_, fourteen alphabets in the index, 70.
+
+  Antonio (N.), value of his _Bibliotheca Hispana_, 88.
+    ---- his quotation of the remark that an index should be made by
+         the author of the book, 109.
+
+  Appendix, objection to the plural appendices, 12.
+
+  _Archaeological Epistle to Dean Milles, not_ by Mason, but by
+      Baynes, 82.
+
+  Arrangement (Bad) in indexes, 64.
+
+  _Athenaeum (The)_, suggestion of an Index Society in 1877, 209.
+
+  Athenaeum library catalogue, index of subjects, 117, 124.
+
+  _Athenian Oracle_, Index to, 30.
+
+  Atterbury (Bishop), his connection with the attack upon Dr. Bentley,
+    40.
+
+  Authorities quoted or referred to to be indexed, 159.
+
+  _Ayenbite of Inwyt_, table of contents to the book, 6.
+
+
+  Baillet, his index to the books in the Lamoignon Library, 206.
+
+  Baret's _Alvearie_, use of the words "index" and "table" in that
+    book, 8.
+
+  Baronius, noble index to his Annales _Ecclesiastici_, 89.
+
+  Bartlett (John), concordance to Shakespeare, 120.
+
+  Bayle, his opinion on the need of judgment in the compilation of an
+    index, 132.
+
+  Baynes (John), his terrible curse, 82.
+
+  Bellenden (Mary) maligned in an index, 81.
+
+  Bentham's _Works_, Good index to, by J. H. Burton, 102.
+
+  Bentley's _Dissertation on the Epistle of Phalaris_, attack of the
+    "Wits" upon this book and Dr. King's Index, 36.
+
+  Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind, 157.
+
+  Bible, Concordances to the, 119.
+
+  "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," his contribution to a general index in
+  _Notes and Queries_, 207.
+
+  _Biglow Papers_, Humorous index to, 33.
+
+  Biographical (British) Society suggested by the Rev. John E. B.
+    Mayor, 214.
+
+  _Biography, Dictionary of National_, plan of arranging peers under
+    their surnames instead of their titles, 146.
+
+  Birdwood's (Sir George) note "On the Indexing of the Names of Eastern
+    People," 164.
+
+  Blackburn (Charles F.), _Hints on Catalogue Titles_ quoted, 183.
+
+  "Book Prices Current," General index to, 113.
+
+  Boswell's _Life of Johnson_, Boswell's own index, 109.
+    ---- Dr. Birkbeck Hill's admirable index to his edition, 105.
+
+  Boyle (Hon. Charles), his attack upon Bentley, 36.
+    ---- offended Atterbury, 40.
+
+  "Boyle upon Bentley," 36.
+
+  Boyle's (Hon. Robert) _Considerations touching Natural Philosophy_,
+    table of contents called an index, 13.
+
+  _British Association Reports_, index in six alphabets, 70.
+
+  British Museum, collection of indexes in the Reading-room a great
+    boon, 218.
+    ---- proposed subject index to the catalogue of the library, 126.
+
+  Bromley's (William) _Travels_, ill-natured index made to them by Dr.
+    King, 44;
+    his note on the attack made upon him, 46;
+    his Jacobite leanings, 52;
+    his portrait at Oxford, 52.
+
+  Bruce's (John) edition of _Historie of Edward IV._, absurd filling
+    up of initials J. C., 78.
+
+  Brunet (G.) translates _White Knight_ as _Le Chevalier Blanc_, 77.
+
+  Buckland (Dr.) said to be the author of a work _Sur les Ponts et
+    Chaussees_, 77.
+
+  Burton (Hill), _Book-Hunter_, allusion to the power in the hands of
+    an indexer, 24.
+    ---- his reference to Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 20.
+    ---- his index to Bentham's _Works_, 102.
+
+
+  Calendar as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+  Camden Society's publications, Proposed index to, 112.
+
+  Campbell (Lady Charlotte) maligned in an index, 81.
+
+  Campbell (Lord) proposed punishment for the publication of an
+    indexless book, 82.
+    ---- his confession, 83.
+
+  Campkin (Henry), plea for index-makers, 92.
+
+  _Canadian Journal_, bad index, 56.
+
+  Capgrave's _Chronicle of England_, blunder in the index, 66.
+
+  Cards or separate slips used for indexes, 182.
+
+  Carlyle (Thomas), he denounces the putters-forth of indexless books,
+    82, 91.
+    ---- his reference to Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 15.
+    ---- his remarks on the want of indexes to the standard historical
+         collections, 91.
+
+  Catalogue as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+  Catalogues, Indexes to, 123.
+    ---- of libraries, Indexes to, 123.
+
+  Chitty (E.), his supposed grudge against Justice Best, 157.
+
+  _Christian Observer_, Index to, by Macaulay, 91.
+
+  Cicero, his use of the word "index," 6, 8.
+
+  Clark's (Perceval) index to Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, 95.
+
+  Clarke (Mrs. Cowden), her _Concordance to Shakespeare_, 120.
+
+  Clarke (William) quoted, 118.
+
+  Classification within the alphabet, Evils of, 58, 67.
+
+  Cobbett's _Woodlands_ quoted, 72.
+
+  Coke (Lord Chief Justice) an inaccurate man, 101.
+
+  Commonplace books, Indexes to, 174.
+
+  Concordances to the Bible, 119.
+
+  Concordances to Shakespeare, 120.
+
+  Contractions, dangers in filling them out, 78.
+
+  _Corpus Christi Guild, York_, Incomplete index to _The Register_ of,
+    122.
+
+  Crestadoro's _Index to the Manchester Free Library Catalogue_, 125.
+
+  Cross (J. Ashton), proposal for a universal index, 208, 209.
+
+  Cross references not usually popular, 158.
+    ---- curiosities of, 72.
+    ---- want of, in indexes, 70.
+
+  Cunningham (Mr.) paid L500 for indexing, 97.
+
+  Curll's authors, instructions how to find them, 53.
+
+  Curtis (F. A.) on the best method of constructing an index, 195.
+
+  Cutter's rule as to the arrangement of peers under their surnames,
+    146.
+
+  Cutting up of entries when written on pages of paper, 182.
+
+
+  "Da," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  "Dal" surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Darling's (James) _Cyclopaedia Bibliographica_, Index, 220.
+
+  Dashes in printing representing repetition to be of uniform length,
+    161, 204;
+    instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.
+
+  "De," French surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141;
+    English surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 142.
+
+  De Quincey on Bentley, 39.
+
+  "Del," "Della," surnames to be arranged under these prefixes, 141.
+
+  "Des," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Dictionary catalogue, its history, 129.
+    ---- Mr. Fortescue's objections to it, 130.
+
+  Dictionary makers really indexers, 120.
+
+  Disraeli's (Isaac) _Literary Miscellanies_ quoted, 1.
+
+  Drayton (M.), his use of the word "index," 11.
+
+  "Du," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Dugdale's _Warwickshire_, the words "index" and "table" both used, 9.
+
+  Dumas (Alexandre) _pere et fils_, confused with Alexandre _pere et
+    fils_, harmonium-makers, 24.
+
+
+  Eadie's _Dictionary of the Bible_, Cross reference in, 72.
+
+  Electricity, Indexes of, 123.
+
+  Ellis's _Original Letters_ quoted, 19.
+
+  _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, Cross references in, 72, 74.
+
+  Envelopes as safe receptacles for index slips, 182, 189.
+
+  Erasmus made alphabetical indexes, 7.
+
+
+  Fetis Musical Library, blunder in the index to the catalogue, 24.
+
+  Flaxman (Dr. Roger) paid L3000 for indexing, 97.
+
+  Fleming (Abraham), his use of the word "index," 8.
+
+  Fletcher (William I.), his valuable additions to index literature,
+    221.
+
+  Ford's _Handbook of Spain_, Amusing cross reference in, 76.
+
+  Forster (Rev. --) paid L3000 for indexing, 97.
+
+  Fortescue (G. K.) on the proposed subject index to the British
+    Museum library catalogue, 126.
+    ---- on five-yearly indexes to the British Museum catalogue, 128.
+
+  Freeman's  opinion  that foreign names should be Englished, 144.
+
+  _Freemason_, bad index quoted, 54.
+
+  Fuller (Thomas) quoted, 3, 172.
+
+
+  Gay's _Trivia_, humorous index, 32.
+
+  _Gentleman's Magazine_, badness of the index of names, 153.
+
+  Gerarde's _Herbal_, by Johnson, use of the words "index" and "table"
+    in that book, 9.
+
+  Giddings (J.), index to _The Times_, 221.
+
+  Glanville's (Joseph) _Vanity of Dogmatizing_ quoted, 2.
+
+  Gough (H.), index to Parker Society's publications, 112.
+
+  Greenhill (Dr.) on the formation of an Index Society, 207.
+
+  Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_, index to the book by Scaliger, 88.
+
+  Gum an unsatisfactory material for laying down slips, 189.
+
+
+  Hardy (Sir T. Duffus), remarks on the "Pye-book," 7.
+
+  Hare's _Walks in London_, Index to, 152.
+
+  Harley (Robert, Earl of Oxford), the index to Bromley's _Travels_
+    attributed to him, 46, 48.
+
+  Harrison (Robert) proposes the formation of an Index Society in
+    _The Athenaeum_, 209.
+
+  Hawkins's _Pleas of the Crown_, Odd cross references in, 75.
+
+  Headings, alphabetical arrangement of, 137.
+    ---- instances of bad, 54.
+    ---- printing of, 160.
+
+  Henrietta Maria offended with Prynne's _Histrio-Mastix_, 18.
+
+  Heskeths, their change of name, 151.
+
+  Hetherington's (Miss) opinions on the indexing of periodicals, 59;
+    specimens of absurd references quoted by her, 60;
+    on the qualifications of an indexer, 114.
+
+  Hill's (Dr. Birkbeck) admirable indexes, 105-108.
+
+  Historical collections, need of indexes to these standard works, 91.
+
+  Homer, poetical index to Pope's translation of the Iliad, 21.
+
+  House of Commons' Journals, sums paid for the indexes, 97.
+
+  Hume (David), index to his _Essays_, 23;
+    he was glad to be saved from the drudgery of making one, 23.
+
+  Hunt (Leigh), his opinion on index-making, 26.
+    ---- supposed author of the joke on Best's great mind, 157.
+
+  Hutchins's _Dorset_, Separate indexes to, 69.
+
+  Hyphen, Use of, in compound names, 149.
+
+
+  I and J to be kept distinct, 66, 135.
+
+  Im Thurn, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.
+
+  Index, alphabetical order not at first considered essential, 6;
+    classification to be abjured in an alphabetical index, 58, 67;
+    evils of dividing an index into several alphabets, 69;
+    _General or Universal Index_ (chap. viii.), 206, 223;
+    history of the word, 7;
+    use by the Romans, 6;
+    naturalisation of the word in English, 8;
+    introduced into English in the nominative case, 10;
+    _How to Set About the Index_ (chap. vii.), 172-205;
+    long struggle with the word "table," 7;
+    soul of a book, _Title-page_;
+    one index to each book, 134;
+    two chief causes of the badness of indexes, 64;
+    varied kinds of, 5.
+
+  Index-learning ridiculed, 2.
+
+  Index Society, its formation, 210;
+    published index to Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, 95;
+    amalgamation with the Index Library, 210.
+
+  Indexer, chief characteristics of a good indexer, 116;
+    difference of opinion as to whether the indexer is "born, _not_
+    made," "not born, _but_ made," or "born _and_ made," 114;
+    power in his hands, 93;
+    _The Bad Indexer_ (chap. iii.), 53-84;
+    _The Good Indexer_ (chap. iv.), 85-117.
+
+  Indexes, _Amusing and Satirical Indexes_ (chap. ii.), 25-52;
+    _Different Classes of Indexes_ (chap. v.), 118-131;
+    _General Rules for Alphabetical Indexes_ (chap. vi.), 132-171;
+    list of indexes, 218;
+    official indexes, 96;
+    to great authors proposed, 111;
+    veneration due to the inventor of indexes, 1.
+
+  India said in the index to Capgrave's _Chronicle_ to be conquered by
+    Judas Maccabeus, 66.
+
+  Indical, word used by Fuller, 4.
+
+  Indice, word used by Ben Jonson, 10.
+    ---- French word, 10.
+    ---- Italian word, 10.
+
+  Indices, objections to the use of this plural in English, 11.
+
+  Indicium, the original of the French _indice_, 10.
+
+  Initials, Careless use of, 161.
+
+  Inventory as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+
+  J.C., absurd filling out of these initials, 78.
+
+  Jaggard's (William) index to _Book Prices Current_, 113.
+
+  Jeake's _Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed_, Index to, 89.
+
+  Jevons (Professor Stanley), his suggestion of an Index Society, 208.
+    ---- his _Principles of Science_ quoted, 208.
+
+  Jewel's _Apology_ by Isaacson, bad index, 56.
+
+  Jews generally wore red hats in Italy, but not at Leghorn, 51.
+
+  Johnson (Dr.), his division of necessary knowledge, 5.
+    ---- advises Richardson to add an index to his novels, 21.
+
+  Jones (Thomas), his contribution to a general index in _Notes and
+    Queries_, 207.
+
+  Jonson (Ben), his use of the word "indice," 10.
+
+
+  King (Dr. William), the inventor of satirical indexes, 35.
+    ---- his attack upon Bentley in the index to "Boyle upon Bentley,"
+         36.
+
+  King (Dr. William), his parody of _Lister's Journey to Paris_, 42.
+    ---- his attack upon Sir Hans Sloane and the _Philosophical
+         Transactions"_, 42.
+    ---- satirical index to Bromley's _Travels_, 44.
+
+  Knowledge, what is true, 1.
+
+
+  "La," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Lamoignon (M. de), his library, indexed by Baillet, 206.
+
+  Lawyers good indexers, 98.
+
+  "Le," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+  Library Association, Index to _Reports_, 113.
+
+  Lister's _Journey to Paris_ parodied by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  Littre, his derivation of indice, 10.
+
+  Lo_n_don (George), his name often spelt Lo_u_don, 67.
+
+  _Longman's Magazine_, bad index, 63.
+
+  Lo_u_don (C. J.), the Duke of Wellington mistakes his signature for
+    that of the Bishop of London, 67.
+
+  Lowell's _Biglow Papers_, humorous index, 33.
+
+
+  "M'" and "Mc" to be arranged as if written "Mac," 145.
+
+  Macaulay (Lord) an indexer, 91.
+    ---- indexers treated with contempt by him, 92.
+    ---- his opinion on the index to his _History_, 93.
+    ---- objection to the indexing of his _History_ by a Tory, 93.
+    ---- his Englishing of foreign names approved by Freeman, 144.
+    ---- on Bentley's foibles, 38.
+
+  Maine (Duc de), Duc of Maine, Duke de Maine, or Duke of Maine, 144.
+
+  Malcolm (E. H.) quoted, 193.
+
+  Markland (J. H.), remarks on indexing, 82.
+
+  Mayor's (Rev. John E. B.) collection of biographical references, 214.
+
+  Michel's (Dan) _Ayenbite of Inwyt_, table of contents, 6.
+
+  Minsheu, his use of the word "index," 9.
+
+  Montaigne's _Essays_, index to Florio's translation, 12.
+
+  Moore (Edward) paid L6400 for indexing, 97.
+
+  More (Hannah), Macaulay's letter to her, 91.
+
+  Morley (John) protests against indexless books, 84.
+
+  Morris (William) on an absurd cross reference, 72.
+
+
+  Names, authors arranged under their Christian names, 89;
+    compound names, 149;
+    proper names with prefixes, 145;
+    rule for the arrangement of compound names, 149;
+    rules for the arrangement of foreign and English respectively,
+      141, 142.
+
+  North's _Lives of the Norths_, index to Jessopp's edition, 179.
+
+  Norton (Thomas), Remembrancer of London, an indexer, 85.
+
+  _Notes and Queries_, announcement in its pages of the projected
+    formation of an Index Society in 1854, 207.
+    ---- indexes highly appreciated, 112.
+
+  Noy (Attorney-General) prosecutes Prynne, 15
+
+  Numerals, Use of, for series of volumes, 159.
+
+
+  Oldys (William) on the need of indexes, 86.
+
+  Oriental names, Rules for indexing, 163;
+    Sir George Birdwood's notes on the names of Eastern people, 164.
+
+  Oxford (Robert Harley, Earl of) reported to be author of the index
+    to Bromley's _Travels_, 46, 48.
+
+
+  Page, when a division of a, should be marked, 159.
+
+  Paget (Sir James) pleased to make an index, 23.
+
+  Paper, saving of, an unwise economy, 176, 187.
+
+  Parr (Dr.), note on the index to Bromley's _Travels_, 47.
+
+  Paste the only material for laying down slips, 189.
+
+  Peacock (Edward), detection of blunders in Oxford reprint of
+    Whitelock's _Memorials_, 181.
+
+  Peers to be arranged under their titles, 145.
+
+  _Penny Cyclopaedia_, vague cross references in, 73.
+
+  Periodicals, transactions, etc., Indexing of, 121;
+    usually badly indexed, 59.
+
+  Perkins (F. B.), plan of arranging slips, 185.
+
+  _Philosophical Transactions_ laughed at by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  Pineda (Juan de), index to his _Monarchia Ecclesiastica_, 89.
+
+  Plays, Prynne's attack upon, 16.
+
+  Plinie's _Natural Historie_, by Holland, Use of the word "index"
+    in, 10.
+
+  Plutarch's _Lives_, by North, the index called a table, 8.
+
+  Poole's (W. F.) _Index to Periodical Literature_ quoted, 59;
+    its great value, 220;
+    new edition by co-operation, 221;
+    his remarks on cross references, 71.
+
+  Printing of headings, 160;
+    special type, 160.
+
+  Prynne, _Histrio-Mastix_, specimens from the index, 14.
+    ---- a martyr to his conscientiousness in making an index, 15.
+
+  Puritans, Prynne's praise of, 17.
+
+  "Pye" as a synonym of index, 7 (note).
+
+  "Pye-book," derivation, 7 (note).
+
+
+  Ranke's _History of England_, issue of revised index by the
+    Clarendon Press, 113.
+
+  Rawlinson (Dr.) on the index to Bromley's _Travels_, 45.
+
+  Register as a synonym of index, 7, 8.
+
+  _Remembrancia_, Index to, quoted, 85.
+
+  Repetition, Marks of, in an index, 161, 204;
+    instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.
+
+  Richardson (S.), index to his three novels, 22.
+    ---- a practised indexer, 22.
+
+  Royal Society attacked by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  _Rules for Alphabetical Indexes_ (chap. vi.), 132-171.
+
+  Rules for cataloguing referred to, 133.
+
+  Ruskin's _Fors Clavigera_, Index to, 103.
+
+  Russell (Constance, Lady) points out confusions in indexes, 80.
+
+
+  "St." to be arranged in the alphabet as "Saint," 145.
+
+  Saints to be arranged under their proper names, 145.
+
+  Scaliger, his index to Gruter's _Thesaurus Inscriptionum_, 88.
+
+  Schmidt (Dr. Alexander), _Shakespeare Lexicon_ (1874), 120.
+
+  "Scholar's (A)" opposition to publication of a subject-index to the
+    British Museum library catalogue, 126.
+
+  Scientific books, Indexing of, 120.
+
+  Scobell's _Acts and Ordinances of Parliament_, the words "index" and
+    "table" both used, 9.
+
+  _Selwyn (George), and his Contemporaries_, published without an
+    index, 84.
+
+  Seneca, his indication of the contents of his books, 6.
+
+  Shakespeare, his use of the word "index," 11.
+
+  Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_, humorous table of contents, 31.
+
+  Shylock acted by Macklin in a red hat, 51.
+
+  Sloane (Sir Hans) laughed at by Dr. King, 42.
+
+  Solly (Edward), calculation of the time wasted in looking up a
+    reference in the index to the _Gentleman's Magazine_, 153.
+    ---- note on early indexes, 14.
+    ---- proposes the formation of an Index Society, 208.
+    ---- scheme of a biographical index, 211.
+
+  _Spectator, The_, Index to, 30.
+
+  _Spectators_, _Tatlers_, and _Guardians_, general index, 29.
+
+  Speed's _History of Great Britaine_, the words "index" and "table"
+    both used, 10.
+
+  State papers, indexes to the calendars, 97.
+
+  Statutes of the realm, valuable index to the edition of the _Record
+    Commission_, 98.
+
+  Stephen (Sir J. Fitzjames) on a complete digest of the law, 99.
+    ---- on the early digesters of the law, 101.
+
+  Summary as a synonym of index, 7.
+
+  Swift's _Battle of the Books_ quoted, 38.
+    ---- _Condition of Edmund Curll_ quoted, 53.
+    ---- his satirical reference to index-learning, 2.
+    ---- _Tale of a Tub_ quoted, 2.
+    ---- _Works_ edited by Scott, bad index, 154.
+
+  Syllabus as a synonym of index, 7, 8.
+
+
+  Table as a synonym of index, 7, 8, 9.
+
+  _Tatler, The_, Index to, 27.
+
+  Tedder (H. R.), his indexes to _Reports of Conference of Librarians
+    and Library Association_, 112.
+
+  Ten Brink, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.
+
+  Thomas (F. S.), _Historical Notes_ referred to, 219.
+
+  Thompson (Corrie L.), his criticism of Palmer's index to
+    _The Times_, 221.
+
+  Thoms (W. J.) urged the formation of an Index Society, 209.
+
+  Thring (Lord), his instructions for an index to the _Statute Law_, 98.
+
+  Thrub-chandler, Bung of a, 73.
+
+  _Times (The)_, Indexes to, 221;
+    criticism on Palmer's index, 221.
+
+  Translations (French) of titles, 77.
+
+  Trevelyan's _Life of Macaulay_, Index to, by Perceval Clark, 95.
+
+
+  U and N, Confusion between, 66.
+
+  U and V to be kept distinct, 66, 135.
+
+
+  "Van," foreign names not to be indexed under this prefix, 141.
+    ---- English names to be indexed under this prefix, 142.
+
+  Vergil (Polydore), _Anglicae Historiae_ has a good index, 14.
+
+  "Von," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.
+
+
+  Walford (Cornelius), inquiry for the earliest index, 14.
+
+  Walpole's _Letters_, Bad index to, 79;
+    examples of bad entries, 80.
+
+  Warton's _History of English Poetry_, index, 70.
+
+  Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_, index, 219.
+
+  Watts (Dr.), his warning against index-learning, 2.
+
+  Watts (Thomas), his expression of the need for an Index Society, 207.
+
+  Welch (J. Cuthbert) on the publication of an index to a journal, 211.
+
+  Wellington (Duke of), amusing misreading of Lo_u_don's letter, 67.
+    ---- cross reference in Ford's _Handbook to Spain_, 76.
+
+  Wheatley (B. R.) as a good indexer, 117;
+    his "Evitandum" in indexing, 155.
+
+  _White Knights_ translated as _Le Chevalier Blanc_, 77.
+
+  Whitelock's _Memorial_, Carlyle's condemnation of, 91;
+    index to Oxford reprint, 180.
+
+  Winsor (Justin) advocated the formation of Index Society, 210.
+
+  Wynford (Lord), previously Sir W. D. Best, 157.
+
+
+  _York, Register of Corpu Christi Guild_, index, 122.
+
+
+                _Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London._
+
+
+
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+                          PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF
+                         BOOK-LOVER'S LIBRARY.
+
+_Cloth, price_ =4s. 6d.=; _Roxburgh Half Morocco_, =7s. 6d.=;
+_Large Paper_, =L1 1s.= _net_.
+
+
+=How to Form a Library.= By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. Second Edition.
+
+CONTENTS: How Men have Formed Libraries.--How to Buy.--Public
+Libraries.--General Bibliographies.--Special Bibliographies.--Publishing
+Societies.--Child's Library.--One Hundred Books.
+
+=Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine.= By WILLIAM CAREW HAZLITT.
+
+=The Literature of Local Institutions.= By G. LAURENCE GOMME, F.S.A.
+    The work is divided into the following Sections: 1. Local Government
+    generally.--2. The Shire.--3. The Hundred.--4. Municipal
+    Government.--5. Guilds.--6. The Manor.--7. The Township and Parish.
+
+=Foreign Visitors in England, and What They have Thought of Us.= Being
+    some Notes on their Books and Opinions during the last Three
+    Centuries. By EDWARD SMITH.
+
+=Modern Methods of Illustrating Books.= Commencing with the early forms
+    of illustrating books, and tracing the art down to our own day, the
+    author leads the reader up to modern processes of producing
+    illustrations.
+
+=The Dedication of Books.= To Patron and Friend. A Chapter in Literary
+    History. By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+=Gleanings in Old Garden Literature.= By WILLIAM CAREW HAZLITT.
+
+=The Story of some Famous Books.= Second Edition. By EDWARD SAUNDERS,
+    Author of "Salad for the Social." Interspersed in the narrative are
+    many amusing anecdotes, curious and suggestive allusions, and much
+    out-of-the way information which will be welcomed by the book-lover
+    and the student, as well as the reader who seeks amusement only.
+
+=The Enemies of Books.= By WILLIAM BLADES. Second Edition. This
+    entertaining volume gives a series of readable chapters on the
+    various causes which have operated in the destruction of books.
+
+=The Book of Noodles.= Stories of Simpletons; or, Fools and their
+    Follies. By W. A. CLOUSTON, Author of "The Book of Sindibad,"
+    "Popular Tales and Fictions," etc., etc.
+
+=How to Catalogue a Library.= By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A., Author of
+    "How to Form a Library."
+
+CONTENTS: Introduction on Cataloguing Generally.--The Battle of the
+Rules.--Print _v._ MS.--How to treat a Title-page.--Reference and
+Subject-Index.--The Arrangement of a Catalogue.--Something about
+MSS.--Rules for a Small Library.--A List of Latinised Names of
+Places.--A List of Classical Names.--An unusually copious Index is
+added.
+
+=Reporting in the Olden Time and To-day.= By JOHN PENDLETON,
+    Author of "The History of Derbyshire."
+
+=Studies In Jocular Literature.= A Popular Subject more closely
+    Considered. By WILLIAM C. HAZLITT.
+
+=The Story of the IMITATIONE CHRISTI.= By LEONARD WHEATLEY. With
+    a Portrait of Thomas a Kempis.
+
+=Books Condemned to be Burnt.= By JAMES ANSON FARRER.
+
+=Books in Chains=, and other Bibliographical Papers. By WM. BLADES.
+
+=Literary Blunders=: A Chapter in the History of Human Error. By
+    HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.
+
+=Book Song=: An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book-men, from
+    Modern Authors. Edited by GLEESON WHITE.
+
+=Walton and the Early Writers on Fishing.= By R. B. MANSTON,
+    Editor of the _Fishing Gazette_.
+
+=Books that have been Fatal to their Authors.= By Rev. P. H.
+    DITCHFIELD.
+
+=Book Verse=: An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book-men, from
+    the Earliest Times to Recent Years. Edited by W. ROBERTS.
+
+=The Literature of Music.= By JAMES E. MATTHEW, Author of "A
+    Manual of Musical History."
+
+=The Novels of Charles Dickens.= A Bibliography and Sketch. By
+    FREDERIC G. KITTON, Author of "Charles Dickens by Pen and
+    Pencil," etc. With a portrait which has not been published
+    before.
+
+=The Minor Writings of Charles Dickens=: A Bibliography and
+    Sketch. By F. G. KITTON, Author of "Dickensiana," "The Novels of
+    Charles Dickens," "Dickens and his Illustrators," etc.
+
+=Book Auctions in England in the Seventeenth Century.= By JOHN
+    LAWLER, Compiler of the Sunderland and Ashburnham Catalogues.
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+                   ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW.
+
+
+
+
+                           Transcriber Notes:
+
+Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_.
+
+Passages in bold were indicated by =equal signs=.
+
+Small caps were replaced with ALL CAPS.
+
+Throughout the document, the oe ligature was replaced with "oe".
+
+Throughout the dialogues, there were words used to mimic accents of
+the speakers. Those words were retained as-is.
+
+The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate. Thus
+the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in
+the List of Illustrations, and the order of illustrations may not be the
+same in the List of Illustrations and in the book.
+
+Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected
+unless otherwise noted.
+
+In the first page, a period was added after "F.S.A".
+
+On page 6, the y in "boc volyinde" was a yogh in the book.
+
+On page 22, a quotation mark was removed after "proper heads.".
+
+On page 58, a quotation mark was added after "Classes of Literature."
+
+On page 77, the caret symbol followed by an "e" represents a
+superscripted e.
+
+On page 110, a quotation mark was added before "Heberden, Dr."
+
+On page 112, "It it" was replaced with "It is".
+
+On page 115, "wil" was replaced with "will".
+
+On page 188, "with slip about" was replaced with "will slip about".
+
+On page 213, a period was placed after "etc".
+
+On page 216, a period was placed after "considerable importance".
+
+On page 225, a period was placed after "88".
+
+On page 228, a period was placed after "220".
+
+On page 229, a period was placed after "54".
+
+On page 229, a comma was placed after "Athenaeum".
+
+On page 232, a period was placed after 44.
+
+On page 235, a period was placed after "Corrie L".
+
+In the advertisements, a period was added after "Henry B".
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX ***
+
+***** This file should be named 39672.txt or 39672.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/6/7/39672/
+
+Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+  www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
+North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
+contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
+Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/39672.zip b/39672.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db216c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/39672.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20f38c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #39672 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39672)