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Wheatley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: How to Make an Index + +Author: Henry B. Wheatley + +Release Date: May 12, 2012 [EBook #39672] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX *** + + + + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/dec-front.jpg" width="400" height="573" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="h1">The Book-Lover's Library.</p> + +<p class="h2">Edited by</p> + +<p class="h2">Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="bbox"> +<p class="h2"><span class="cursive">By the Same Author.</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Tastefully printed and bound in cloth</i>, +<b>4s. 6d.</b>; <i>in Roxburgh</i>, <b>7s. 6d.</b> <i>Large +Paper</i>, <b>21s.</b></p> + +<p class="h3"><i>HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY.</i></p> + +<p class="indent">"An admirable guide to the best bibliographies +and books of reference.... +It is altogether a volume to be desired."—<i>Globe.</i></p> + +<p class="indent">"Everything about this book is satisfactory—paper, +type, margin, size—above +all, the contents."—<i>St. James's +Gazette.</i></p> + +<p class="h3"><i>HOW TO CATALOGUE A +LIBRARY.</i></p> + +<p class="indent">"Every collector of books knows how +many and difficult are the problems that +present themselves in connection with +cataloguing. Mr. Wheatley deals with +all patiently, wisely, and exhaustively."—<i>British +Weekly.</i></p> + +<p class="indent">"Mr. Wheatley's volume is unique. +It is written with so much care and +such profound knowledge of the subject +that there can be no doubt that it will +satisfactorily meet all requirements."—<i>Bristol +Mercury.</i></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="cnobmargin">ELLIOT STOCK,</p> +<p class="cnotmargin"><span class="smcap">62, Paternoster Row, London.</span></p> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<h1>HOW TO MAKE<br /> +AN INDEX</h1> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="center">BY</p> + +<h2>HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A.</h2> + +<p class="cnobmargin">AUTHOR OF "HOW TO CATALOGUE A LIBRARY"</p> +<p class="cnotmargin">"HOW TO FORM A LIBRARY," ETC., ETC.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="indent">"M. Bochart ... me prioit surtout d'y faire un Index, etant, disoit-il, l'âme des gros livres."—<i>Menagiana.</i></p> + +<p> </p> + +<p class="cnobmargin">LONDON</p> +<p class="cnomargins">ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW</p> +<p class="cnotmargin">1902</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevii" id="pagevii"></a>[pg vii]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p-vii-1.jpg" width="600" height="93" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><i>PREFACE.</i></h2> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p-vii-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="I" title="I" /> +</div> + +<p><i>N 1878 I wrote for the Index +Society, as its first publication, +a pamphlet entitled "What is +an Index?" The present little book is +compiled on somewhat similar lines; but, +as its title suggests, it is drawn up with +a more practical object. The first four +chapters are "Historical," and the other +four are "Practical"; but the historical +portion is intended to lead up to the +practical portion by showing what to +imitate and what to avoid.</i></p> + +<p class="indent"><i>There has been of late years a considerable +change in public opinion with respect +to the difficulties attending the making of +both indexes and catalogues. It was once</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii" id="pageviii"></a>[pg viii]</span> +<i>a common opinion that anyone without +preparatory knowledge or experience could +make an index. That that opinion is not +true is amply proved, I hope, in the chapter +on the "Bad Indexer."</i></p> + +<p class="indent"><i>I have attempted to describe the best +way of setting to work on an index. To +do this with any hope of success it is necessary +to give details that may to some seem +puerile, but I have ventured on particulars +for which I hope I may not be condemned.</i></p> + +<p class="indent"><i>I must also ask the forbearance of my +readers for the constant use of the personal +pronoun. If I could have left it out, I +would gladly have done so; but to a great +extent this book relates to the experiences +of an old indexer. They must be taken +for what they are worth, and I hope forgiveness +will be extended to me for the +form in which these experiences are related.</i></p> + +<p class="right">H. B. W.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageix" id="pageix"></a>[pg ix]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p1-1.jpg" width="600" height="109" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + +<p class="h2"><i>HISTORICAL.</i></p> + +<p class="right">PAGE</p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER I.</p> + +<p class="h3">INTRODUCTION</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="hangindent">The So-called Evils of Index Learning—Glanville +and Swift—Thomas Fuller's +Defence of the Index—Advantages of +saving the Brain by knowing where +to find what is wanted—Dr. Johnson's +Division of Necessary Knowledge—Gradual +Introduction of the Word "Index"—Synonyms—Final +Triumph of +Index—Interesting Indexes—Prynne's +Index to his <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>—Index to +Richardson's Novels—David Hume an +Indexer—Sir James Paget enjoyed making +Indexes—Amusing Blunder in Musical +Index <span class="ralign"><a href="#C1">1</a></span></p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER II.</p> + +<p class="h3">AMUSING AND SATIRICAL INDEXES.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Leigh Hunt's Good Word for Indexes—Indexes +to <i>Tatler</i> and <i>Spectator</i>, and <i>The</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagex" id="pagex"></a>[pg x]</span> +<i>Athenian Oracle</i>—Table of Contents to +Shenstone's <i>Schoolmistress</i>—Index to +<i>Biglow Papers</i>—Dr. William King and +his Satirical Indexes—"Boyle upon +Bentley"—The Royal Society and Sir +Hans Sloane ridiculed—Speaker Bromley's +<i>Travels</i>—Reprint with King's Index <span class="ralign"><a href="#C2">25</a></span></p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER III.</p> + +<p class="h3">THE BAD INDEXER.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Some of the Worst Indexes in Periodicals—Jewel's +<i>Apology</i>—Classified in place +of completely Alphabetical Indexes—Mr. +Poole's Opinion of Indexes to +Periodicals—Miss Hetherington's Examples +of Bad Indexes—Want of +Complete Alphabetization—Confusion +of <i>u</i> and <i>n</i>, and Blunders caused by it—Classification +within the Alphabet—Variety +of Alphabets—Want of Cross +References—Useless Cross References—Amusing +Mistranslations—Incorrect Filling-up +of Contractions—Bad Index to +Walpole's <i>Letters</i>—Incorrect Use of the +Line for Repetition of Heading—Index +to Pepys's <i>Diary</i>—Evil of an Indexless +Book—Complaints <span class="ralign"><a href="#C3">53</a></span></p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER IV.</p> + +<p class="h3">THE GOOD INDEXER.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Difficulties of being Exact—Value of a Good +Index—Scaliger, Nicolas Antonio, +Pineda, Samuel Jeake—Carlyle on +Indexless Books—Macaulay's Opinion of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexi" id="pagexi"></a>[pg xi]</span> +the Aim of an Index—Official Indexes—Amount +paid by Parliament for Indexes—Good +Legal Indexes—Indexes to +Jeremy Bentham's <i>Works</i>, and to Ruskin's +<i>Fors Clavigera</i>—Dr. Birkbeck Hill's +Index to Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i>—Boswell's +Original Index—Issue of Revised +Index to Ranke's <i>History of +England</i>—The Indexer born and made—Characteristics +of a Good Indexer <span class="ralign"><a href="#C4">85</a></span></p> + +<p class="h2"><i>PRACTICAL.</i></p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER V.</p> + +<p class="h3">DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INDEXES.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Easiest Kinds of Indexes to make—Concordances—Scientific +Books—Incompleteness +of some Indexes—Indexes to Catalogues +of Libraries—Proposed Subject Index to +the Catalogue of the British Museum—Controversy +in <i>The Times</i>—Mr. Fortescue's +Opinion—Dictionary Catalogue <span class="ralign"><a href="#C5">118</a></span></p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER VI.</p> + +<p class="h3">GENERAL RULES FOR ALPHABETICAL INDEXES.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Rules, with Explanations and Illustrations: +(1) One Index to each Book; (2) One +Alphabet; (3) Order of the English +Alphabet; (4) Arrangement of Headings; +(5) Arrangement of Foreign Proper +Names; (6) Proper Names with Prefixes; +(7) Titles of Peers rather than +their Family Names; (8) Compound +Names; (9) Adjective <i>v.</i> Substantive as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexii" id="pagexii"></a>[pg xii]</span> +a Catchword; (10) Shortness of Entries; +(11) Repetition of Short Entries; (12) +Abstracts of the Contents of Articles in +Periodicals; (13) Authorities to be Indexed; +(14) Division of the Page for +Reference; (15) Use of Numerals for +Series of Volumes; (16) Certain Entries +to be printed in Capitals; (17) Type for +Headings—Arrangement of Oriental +Names—Sir George Birdwood's Memorandum <span class="ralign"><a href="#C6">132</a></span></p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER VII.</p> + +<p class="h3">HOW TO SET ABOUT AN INDEX.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hints as to the Making of an Index—Two +Kinds of Index—Arrangement of Growing +Indexes—Use of Cards, Paper Slips, +or Foolscap—Indexer's Knowledge of +the Book to be Indexed—Selection of +the best Catchword—Use of Numerals—Index +for Different Editions of Same +Book—Cutting up and arranging Slips—Sorting +into Alphabet—Pasting down +the Slips—Paste to Use—Calculations +of the Relative Lengths of the Letters of +the Alphabet—Preparation of "Copy" +for the Printer—Correction of the Press <span class="ralign"><a href="#C7">172</a></span></p> + +<p class="h3">CHAPTER VIII.</p> + +<p class="h3">GENERAL OR UNIVERSAL INDEX.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Early Proposals for an Index Society—Foundation +of a Society—Indexes of History +and Biography—General Index: What +it should be <span class="ralign"><a href="#C8">206</a></span></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="hangindent"><span class="smcap">Index</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#I">225</a></span></p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>[pg 1]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p1-1.jpg" width="600" height="109" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<p class="h2">HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="C1" id="C1"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"I for my part venerate the inventor of +Indexes; and I know not to whom to yield the +preference, either to Hippocrates, who was the +great anatomiser of the human body, or to that +unknown labourer in literature who first laid +open the nerves and arteries of a book."</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">—Isaac Disraeli</span>, <i>Literary Miscellanies</i>.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p1-2.jpg" width="100" height="98" alt="I" title="I" /> +</div> + +<p>T is generally agreed that that +only is true knowledge which +consists of information assimilated +by our own minds. Mere +disjointed facts kept in our memories have +no right to be described as knowledge. It +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span> +is this understanding that has made many +writers jeer at so-called index-learning. +Thus, in the seventeenth century, Joseph +Glanville, writing in his <i>Vanity of Dogmatizing</i>, +says: "Methinks 'tis a pitiful piece +of knowledge that can be learnt from an +index, and a poor ambition to be rich +in the inventory of another's treasure." +Dr. Watts alluded to those whose "learning +reaches no farther than the tables of +contents"; but then he added a sentence +which quite takes the sting from what +he had said before, and shows how +absolutely needful an index is. He says: +"If a book has no index or table of +contents, 'tis very useful to make one as +you are reading it."</p> + +<p class="indent">Swift had his say on index-learning, too. +In the <i>Tale of a Tub</i> (Section VII.) he +wrote: "The most accomplisht way of +using books at present is twofold: Either +serve them as some men do Lords, learn +their titles exactly, and then brag of their +acquaintance. Or secondly, which indeed +is the choicer, the profounder and +politer method, to get a thorough insight +into the Index, by which the whole book +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span> +is governed and turned, like fishes by +the tail. For to enter the palace of +Learning at the great gate, requires an +expense of time and forms; therefore +men of much haste and little ceremony +are content to get in by the back-door. +For, the Arts are all in a flying march, +and therefore more easily subdued by +attacking them in the rear.... Thus +men catch Knowledge by throwing their +wit on the posteriors of a book, as boys +do sparrows with flinging salt upon their +tails. Thus human life is best understood +by the wise man's Rule of regarding the +end. Thus are the Sciences found like +Hercules' oxen, by tracing them backwards. +Thus are old Sciences unravelled +like old stockings, by beginning at the +foot."</p> + +<p class="indent">Thomas Fuller, with his usual common-sense, +wisely argues that the diligent +man should not be deprived of a tool +because the idler may misuse it. He +writes: "An Index is a necessary implement +and no impediment of a book +except in the same sense wherein the +carriages [<i>i.e.</i> things carried] of an army +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span> +are termed <i>impedimenta</i>. Without this a +large author is but a labyrinth without +a clue to direct the reader therein. I +confess there is a lazy kind of learning +which is only indical, when scholars (like +adders which only bite the horses' heels) +nibble but at the tables, which are calces +librorum, neglecting the body of the +book. But though the idle deserve no +crutches (let not a staff be used by them +but on them), pity it is the weary should +be denied the benefit thereof, and +industrious scholars prohibited the accommodation +of an index, most used by +those who most pretend to contemn it."</p> + +<p class="indent">The same objection to "indical" learning +is urged to-day, but it is really a futile +one. No man can know everything; he +may possess much true knowledge, but +there is a mass of matter that the learned +man knows he can never master completely. +He does not care to burden +his mind with what might be to him +useless lumber. In this case his object +is only to know where he can find the +information when he wants it. Indexes +are of the greatest help to these men, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span> +and for their purposes the indexes ought +to be well made. But it is needless to +labour this point, for has not Johnson, in +his clear and virile language, said the last +word on the matter?—"Knowledge is of +two kinds; we know a subject ourselves, +or we know where we can find information +upon it. When we inquire into any +subject, the first thing we have to do is +to know what books have treated of it. +This leads us to look at catalogues and +the backs of books."</p> + +<p class="indent">Before going further, it would be well +for author and reader to come to an +agreement as to what an index really is. +An index may, in certain circumstances, +be arranged in the order of the book, +like a table of contents, or it may be +classified or chronological; but the index +to a book such as we all think of when we +speak of an index should be alphabetical. +The other arrangements must be exceptional, +because the books indexed are +exceptional.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is strange, however, to find how +long the world was in coming to this +very natural conclusion. The first attempt +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span> +at indexing a book was in the form of an +abstract of contents in the order of the +book itself. Seneca, in sending certain +volumes to his friend Lucilius, accompanied +them with notes of particular +passages, so that he "who only aimed +at the useful might be spared the trouble +of examining them entire." Cicero used +the word "index" to express the table +of contents of a book, and he asked his +friend Atticus to send him two library +clerks to repair his books. He added +that he wished them to bring with them +some parchment to make indexes upon.</p> + +<p class="indent">Many old manuscripts have useful +tables of contents, and in Dan Michel's +<i>Ayenbite of Inwyt</i> (1340) there is a very +full table with the heading: "Thise +byeth the capiteles of the boc volȝinde."</p> + +<p class="indent">It was only a step to arrange this table +of contents in the order of the alphabet, +and thus form a true index; but it took a +long time to take this step. Alphabetical +indexes of names are to be found in some +old manuscript books, but it may be said +that the general use of the alphabetical +arrangement is one of those labour-saving +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span> +expedients which came into use +with the invention of printing.</p> + +<p class="indent">Erasmus supplied alphabetical indexes +to many of his books; but even in his +time arrangement in alphabetical order +was by no means considered indispensable +in an index, and the practice came into +general use very slowly.</p> + +<p class="indent">The word "index" had a hard fight +with such synonyms as "calendar," "catalogue," +"inventory," "register," "summary," +"syllabus." In time it beat all +its companions in the race, although it +had the longest struggle with the word +"table." +<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_1_1"> +<span class="label">[1]</span></a> +All these words are fairly common; but there +is another which was used only occasionally in the +sixteenth century. This is "pye," supposed to be +derived from the Greek πίναξ, among the meanings +of which, as given in Liddell and Scott's +Lexicon, is, "A register, or list." The late Sir +T. Duffus Hardy, in some observations on the +derivation of the word "Pye-Book," remarks that +the earliest use he had noted of pye in this sense +is dated 1547: "A Pye of all the names of such +Balives as been to accompte pro anno regni regis +Edwardi Sexti primo."—<i>Appendix to the "35th +Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public +Records,"</i> p. 195.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span> +Cicero used the word "index," and +explained it by the word "syllabus." +Index was not generally acknowledged +as an English word until late in the +seventeenth century.</p> + +<p class="indent">North's racy translation of Plutarch's +<i>Lives</i>, the book so diligently used by +Shakespeare in the production of his +Roman histories, contains an alphabetical +index at the end, but it is called a table. +On the title-page of Baret's <i>Alvearie</i> +(1573), one of the early English dictionaries, +mention is made of "two <i>Tables</i> +in the ende of this booke"; but the +tables themselves, which were compiled +by Abraham Fleming, being lists of the +Latin and French words, are headed +"Index." Between these two tables, in +the edition of 1580, is "an Abecedarie, +Index or Table" of Proverbs. The +word "index" is not included in the +body of the dictionary, where, however, +"Table" and "Regester" are inserted. +"Table" is defined as "a booke or regester +for memorie of thinges," and "regester" +as "a reckeninge booke wherein thinges +dayly done be written." By this it is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span> +clear that Baret did not consider index +to be an English word.</p> + +<p class="indent">At the end of Johnson's edition of +Gerarde's <i>Herbal</i> (1636) is an "Index +Latinus," followed by a "Table of +English names," although a few years +previously Minsheu had given "index" +a sort of half-hearted welcome into his +dictionary. Under that word in the +<i>Guide into Tongues</i> (1617) is the entry, +"vide Table in Booke, in litera T.," +where we read, "a Table in a booke +or Index." Even when acknowledged +as an English word, it was frequently +differentiated from the analytical table: +for instance, Dugdale's <i>Warwickshire</i> +contains an "Index of Towns and +Places," and a "Table of men's names +and matters of most note"; and Scobell's +<i>Acts and Ordinances of Parliament</i> +(1640-1656), published 1658, has "An +Alphabetical Table of the most material +contents of the whole book," preceded +by "An Index of the general titles +comprized in the ensuing Table." There +are a few exceptions to the rule here +set forth: for instance, Plinie's <i>Natural</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> +<i>Historie of the World</i>, translated by +Philemon Holland (1601), has at the +beginning, "The Inventorie or Index +containing the contents of 37 bookes," +and at the end, "An Index pointing to the +principal matters." In Speed's <i>History +of Great Britaine</i> (1611) there is an +"Index or Alphabetical Table containing +the principal matters in this history."</p> + +<p class="indent">The introduction of the word "index" +into English from the Latin word in the +nominative shows that it dates from a +comparatively recent period, and came +into the language through literature and +not through speech. In earlier times it +was the custom to derive our words from +the Latin accusative. The Italian word +<i>indice</i> was from the accusative, and this +word was used by Ben Jonson when he +wrote, "too much talking is ever the +indice of a fool" (<i>Discoveries</i>, ed. 1640, +p. 93). The French word <i>indice</i> has a +different meaning from the Italian <i>indice</i>, +and according to Littré is not derived +from <i>index</i>, but from <i>indicium</i>. It is +possible that Jonson's "indice" is the +French, and not the Italian, word.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span> +Drayton uses "index" as an indicator:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Lest when my lisping guiltie tongue should hault,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">My lookes might prove the index to my fault."</span><br /> +<span class="i2">—<i>Rosamond's Epistle</i>, lines 103-104.</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Shakespeare uses the word as a table +of contents at the beginning of a book +rather than as an alphabetical list at the +end: for instance, Nestor says:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Our imputation shall be oddly poised</span><br /> +<span class="i0">In this wild action: for the success,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Although particular, shall give a scantling</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Of good or bad unto the general;</span><br /> +<span class="i0">And in such <i>indexes</i>, although small pricks</span><br /> +<span class="i0">To their <i>subsequent volumes</i>, there is seen</span><br /> +<span class="i0">The baby figure of the giant mass</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Of things to come at large."</span><br /> +<span class="i2">—<i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, I. 3.</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Buckingham threatens:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4">"I'll sort occasion,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">As <i>index</i> to the story we late talk'd of,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">To part the queen's proud kindred from the king."</span><br /> +<span class="i2">—<i>Richard III.</i>, II. 2.</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">And Iago refers to "an <i>index</i> and obscure +prologue to the history of lust and +foul thoughts" (<i>Othello</i>, II. 1). It may be +remarked in the quotation from <i>Troilus +and Cressida</i> that Shakespeare uses the +proper plural—"indexes"—instead of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span> +"indices," which even now some writers +insist on using. No word can be considered +as thoroughly naturalised that is +allowed to take the plural form of the +language from which it is obtained. The +same remark applies to the word +"appendix," the plural of which some +write as "appendices" instead of +"appendixes." In the case of "indices," +this word is correctly appropriated to +another use.</p> + +<p class="indent">Indexes need not necessarily be dry; +and some of the old ones are full of +quaint touches which make them by no +means the least interesting portion of the +books they adorn. John Florio's translation +of Montaigne's <i>Essays</i> contains "An +Index or Table directing to many of the +principal matters and personages mentioned +in this Booke," which is full of +curious entries and odd cross references. +The entries are not in perfect alphabetical +order. A few of the headings will give a +good idea of the whole:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Action better than speach."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Action to some is rest."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Beasts are Physitians, Logitians, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span> +Musitians, Artists, Students, Politikes, +Docible, Capable of Military Order, of +Affections, of Justice, of Friendship, of +Husbandry, of thankefulnesse and of compassion," +etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"Bookes and Bookishnesse."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Bookes not so profitable as Conference—as +deare as children."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Bruit creatures have imagination."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Cloysters not without cares."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Good fortune not to be despised +altogether."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Societie of bookes."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Here are some of the cross references:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Alteration <i>vide</i> Inconstancy."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Amitie <i>vide</i> Friendship."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Ant <i>vide</i> Emmets."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Apprehension <i>vide</i> Imagination."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Balladmakers <i>vide</i> Rymers."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Boasting <i>vide</i> Vaunting."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Chance <i>vide</i> Fortune."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Common People <i>vide</i> the Vulgar."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Disparity <i>vide</i> Equality."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Emperickes <i>vide</i> Physitians."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">An instance of how loosely the word +"index" has been used will be found in +Robert Boyle's <i>Some Considerations touching</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span> +<i>the Usefulnesse of Experimental Natural +Philosophy</i> (Oxford, 1663). This book +is divided into two parts, and at the end +of each part is "The Index." This so-called +index is arranged in order of the +pages, and is really only a full table of +contents.</p> + +<p class="indent">Indexes did not become at all common +till the sixteenth century, and Mr. +Cornelius Walford asked in <i>Notes and +Queries</i> what was the earliest index. Mr. +Edward Solly answered: "Polydore Vergil +in <i>Anglicĉ Historiĉ</i> (1556), has what may +fairly be called a good index—thirty-seven +pages. This may be taken as a starting-point +as to date; and we may ask for +earlier examples" (6th S. xi. 155). Another +contributor referred to an earlier edition of +Polydore Vergil (1546), and still another +one cited Lyndewood's <i>Provinciale</i> (1525), +which has several indexes.</p> + +<p class="indent">One old index may be singled out as +having caused its author serious misfortune. +William Prynne concocted a +most wonderful attack upon the "stage" +under the title of <i>Histrio-Mastix</i> (1633), +which is absolutely unreadable by reason +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span> +of the vast mass of authorities gathered +from every century and every nation, to +prove the wickedness of play-acting. +Carlyle refers to the <i>Histrio-Mastix</i> as +"a book still extant, but never more to +be read by mortal."</p> + +<p class="indent">If Prynne had sent his child out into +the world without an index, he might +have escaped from persecution, as no one +would have found out the enormities which +were supposed to lurk within the pages of +the book. But he was unwise enough to +add a most elaborate index, in which all +the attacks upon a calling that received +the sanction of the Court were arranged in +a convenient form for reference. Attorney-General +Noy found that the author +himself had forged the weapons which he +(the prosecutor) could use in the attack. +This is proved by a passage in Noy's +speech at Prynne's trial, where he points +out that the accused "says Christ was +a Puritan, in his Index." Noy calls it +an index, but Prynne himself describes +it as "A Table (with some brief additions) +of the chiefest passages in this treatise." +<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_2_2"> +<span class="label">[2]</span></a> +There is a note to the table which shows +that the book grew in size during the printing—"p. +signifying the page, f. the folioes from +pag. 513 to 545 (which exceeded the Printer's +computation), m. the marginall notes: if you +finde f. before any pages from 545 to 568, then +looke the folioes which are overcast; if p. then +the page following."</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span> +The entries in the index are so curious +and one-sided in their accusations that +it is worth while to quote some of them +rather fully:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Actors of popular or private enterludes +for gaine or pleasure, infamous, unlawfull +and that as well in Princes, Noblemen, +Gentlemen, Schollers, Divines or Common +Actors."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Ĉschylus, one of the first inventors +of Tragedies—his strange and sudden +death."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Christ wept oft, but never laughed—a +puritan—dishonoured and offended +with Stage playes."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Crossing of the face when men go +to plays shuts in the Devil."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Devils, inventors and fomentors of +stage plays and dancing. Have stage +plays in hell every Lord's day night."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Heaven—no stage plays there."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span> +"Herod Agrippa smitten in theater by +an angel and so died."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Herod the great, the first erecter of +a theater among the Jews who thereupon +conspire his death."</p> + +<p class="indent">"King James his statute against prophaning +scripture and God's name in +Playes—his Statutes make Players rogues +and Playes unlawfull pastimes."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Kings—infamous for them to act or +frequent Playes or favour Players."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Plagues occasioned by stage plays. All +the Roman actors consumed by a plague."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Play-bookes see Bookes."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Players infamous ...</p> + +<p class="indent">—— many of them Papists and most +desperate wicked wretches."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Play haunters the worst and lewdest +persons for the most part...."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Play haunting unlawfull...."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Play-houses stiled by the Fathers +and others, the Devil's temples, Chappels +and synagogues...."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Play-poets examples of God's judgements +on the chiefest of them...."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Puritans, condemners of Stage-playes +and other corruptions stiled so—The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span> +very best and holiest Christians called +so....—Christ, his prophets, apostles, +the Fathers and Primitive christians +Puritans as men now judged—hated +and condemned onely for their grace yea +holinesse of life—Accused of hypocrisie +and sedition, and why."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Puritan, an honourable nickname of +Christianity and grace."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Theaters overturned by tempests."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">It was the strong terms in which women +actors are denounced that gave such +offence at Court, where the Queen and +her ladies were specially attracted to the +stage. Prynne's book was published six +weeks before Henrietta Maria acted in +a pastoral at Somerset House, so that +the following passage could not have +been intended to allude to the Queen: +<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_3_3"> +<span class="label">[3]</span></a> +See Cobbett's <i>State Trials</i>, vol. 3, coll. +561-586.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">"Women actors notorious whores ... +and dare then any Christian women be +so more than whorishly impudent as to +act, to speake publikely on a stage perchance +in man's apparell and cut haire +here proved sinfull and abominable in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span> +the presence of sundry men and women?... +O let such presidents of impudency, +of impiety be never heard of or suffered +among Christians."</p> + +<p class="indent">There are some interesting letters in +Ellis's <i>Original Letters</i> (2nd Series, vol. 3) +which illustrate the effect on the Court +of these violent expressions of opinion. +Jo. Pory wrote to Sir Thomas Puckering +on September 20th, 1632: "That which +the Queen's Majesty, some of her ladies +and all her maides of honour are now +practicing upon is a Pastorall penned +by Mr. Walter Montague, wherein her +Majesty is pleased to acte a parte, as +well for her recreation as for the exercise +of her Englishe."</p> + +<p class="indent">George Gresley wrote to the same +Puckering on the following 31st of +January: "Mr. Prinne an Utter Barrister +of Lincoln's Inne is brought into the +High Commission Court and Star +Chamber, for publishing a Booke (a +little before the Queene's acting of her +play) of the unlawfullness of Plaies +wherein in the Table of his Booke and +his brief additions thereunto he hath +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> +these words [the extracts given above +are here printed], which wordes it is +thought by some will cost him his +eares, or heavily punnisht and deepely +fined."</p> + +<p class="indent">Those who thought thus were amply +justified in their opinion. Mr. Hill +Burton observes that it was a very +odd compliment to Queen Henrietta +Maria to presume that these words refer +to her, and he adds that the supposition +reminds him of Victor Hugo's sarcasm +respecting Napoleon III., that when the +Parisian police overheard any one use the +terms "ruffian" and "scoundrel," they said, +"You must be speaking of the Emperor!"</p> + +<p class="indent">Prynne is so full in his particulars that +he might have given us much information +respecting the stage in his own day, which +we should have welcomed; but, instead, +he is ever more ready to draw his examples +from Greek and Latin authorities.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the eighteenth century a practice +arose of drawing up indexes of sentiments +and opinions as distinguished from facts. +Such indexes required a special skill in +the indexer, who was usually the original +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> +author. There is a curious poetical index +to the Iliad in Pope's <i>Homer</i>, referring to +all the places in which similes are used.</p> + +<p class="indent">Samuel Johnson was very anxious that +Richardson should produce such an index +to his novels. In the <i>Correspondence of +Samuel Richardson</i> (vol. v., p. 282) is +a letter from Johnson to the novelist, +in which he writes: "I wish you would +add an <i>index rerum</i>, that when the reader +recollects any incident, he may easily +find it, which at present he cannot do, +unless he knows in which volume it is +told; for Clarissa is not a performance +to be read with eagerness, and laid aside +for ever; but will be occasionally consulted +by the busy, the aged and the studious; +and therefore I beg that this edition, by +which I suppose posterity is to abide, may +want nothing that can facilitate its use."</p> + +<p class="indent">At the end of each volume of <i>Clarissa +Harlowe</i> Richardson added a sort of +table of all the passages best worth +remembering, and as he was the judge +himself, it naturally extended to a considerable +length. In September, 1753, +Johnson again wrote to Richardson +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> +suggesting the propriety of making an +index to his three works, but he added: +"While I am writing an objection arises; +such an index to the three would look like +the preclusion of a fourth, to which I will +never contribute; for if I cannot benefit +mankind I hope never to injure them."</p> + +<p class="indent">Richardson took the hint of his friend, +and in 1755 appeared a volume of four +hundred and ten pages, entitled, <i>A +Collection of the moral and instructive +Sentiments, Maxims, Cautions, and Reflexions +contained in the Histories of +Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison, +digested under proper heads</i>.</p> + +<p class="indent">The tables of sentiments are arranged +in separate alphabets for each novel. +The production of this book was a labour +of love to its author, who, moreover, was +skilled in the mechanical work of indexing, +and in the early part of his career +had filled up his leisure hours by compiling +indexes for the booksellers and +writing prefaces and dedications. At +the end of his "collection" are two +letters from the author to two of his +admirers; one was to a lady who was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span> +solicitous for an additional volume to +<i>Sir Charles Grandison</i>, supposing that +work ended too abruptly.</p> + +<p class="indent">David Hume is to be added to the +list of celebrated men who have been +indexers, although he does not appear to +have liked the work. In referring to the +fourth edition of his <i>Essays</i> he wrote: +"I intend to make an index to it." Two +years later he is grateful that the work of +indexing another book is to be done for +him; writing to Millar (December 18th, +1759), he says: "I think that an Index +will be very proper, and am glad that +you free me from the trouble of undertaking +that task, for which I know myself +to be very unfit." +<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_4_4"> +<span class="label">[4]</span></a> +Letters of David Hume to William Strahan, +edited by G. Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. Oxford, 1888.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Sir James Paget, the great surgeon, not +only made indexes, but delighted in the +task. He told Dr. Goodhart, <i>apropos</i> of +the Hunterian Museum Catalogues, College +of Surgeons, that "it had always been +a pleasure to him to make an index." +<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_5_5"> +<span class="label">[5]</span></a> +Paget's <i>Life</i>, p. 350.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">At the end of this chapter I must +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span> +refer to an excellent blunder, because it +would not be fair to introduce it with +the work of the bad indexer, as it is +an instance not exactly of ignorance, but +of too great cleverness.</p> + +<p class="indent">Of the Fétis Musical Library, bought +by the Belgian Government at his death +for 152,000 francs, an excellent catalogue +was compiled and printed. In the index +are references to Dumas (Alexandre) <i>père</i>, +and Dumas (Alexandre) <i>fils</i>. The +musician who consults the work will +be surprised at this unexpected development +of these two famous authors' +powers, but will be disappointed on referring +to the numbers cited to find that +they are reports of some legal proceedings +brought by the firm of Alexandre <i>père et +fils</i>, the well-known harmonium-makers, +against a rival firm. The indexer's better +acquaintance with <i>Les Trois Mousquetaires</i> +and <i>La Dame aux Camélias</i> led him astray.</p> + +<p class="indent">My friend Mr. J. E. Matthew, who +communicated this to me, adds: "After +many years of constant use of the +catalogue, this is the only mistake, +beyond a literal, that I ever found."</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p25-1.jpg" width="600px" height="82" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="C2" id="C2"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">Amusing and Satirical Indexes.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"It will thus often happen that the controversialist +states his case first in the title-page; +he then gives it at greater length in the introduction; +again perhaps in a preface; a third time +in an analytical form through means of a table +of contents; after all this skirmishing he brings +up his heavy columns in the body of the book; and +if he be very skilfull he may let fly a few Parthian +arrows from the index."—<span class="smcap">J. Hill Burton's</span> +<i>Book-Hunter</i>.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p25-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="O" title="O" /> +</div> + +<p>NE of the last things the genuine +indexer thinks of is to make +his work amusing; but some +wits have been very successful +in producing humorous indexes, and +others have seen their way to make an +author ridiculous by satirically perverting +his meaning in the form of an ordinary +index. We can find specimens of each +of these classes.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> +Leigh Hunt has a charming little paper, +"A Word upon Indexes," in his <i>Indicator</i>. +He writes: "Index-making has been held +to be the driest as well as lowest species +of writing. We shall not dispute the +humbleness of it; but since we have had +to make an index ourselves, +<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> + we have +discovered that the task need not be +so very dry. Calling to mind indexes in +general, we found them presenting us a +variety of pleasant memories and contrasts. +We thought of those to the Spectator, +which we used to look at so often at +school, for the sake of choosing a paper +to abridge. We thought of the index +to the Pantheon of Fabulous Histories +of the Heathen Gods, which we used to +look at oftener. We remember how we +imagined we should feel some day, if ever +our name should appear in the list of +Hs; as thus, Home, Howard, Hume, +Huniades, ——. The poets would have +been better, but then the names, though +perhaps less unfitting, were not so flattering; +as for instance Halifax, Hammond, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span> +Harte, Hughes, ——. We did not like to +come after Hughes."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_6_6"> +<span class="label">[6]</span></a> +To the original edition of the <i>Indicator</i>; the +reprint (2 vols. 8vo, 1834) has no index.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The indexes to the <i>Tatler</i> and the +<i>Spectator</i> are full of piquancy, and possess +that admirable quality of making the +consulter wish to read the book itself. +The entries are so enticing that they +lead you on to devour the whole book. +Hunt writes of them: "We have just +been looking at the indexes to the Tatler +and Spectator, and never were more +forcibly struck with the feeling we +formerly expressed about a man's being +better pleased with other writers than +with himself. Our index seemed the +poorest and most second-hand in the +world after theirs: but let any one read +theirs, and then call an index a dry thing +if he can. As there 'is a soul of goodness +in things evil' so there is a soul of +humour in things dry, and in things dry +by profession. Lawyers know this, as +well as index-makers, or they would die +of sheer thirst and aridity. But as grapes, +ready to burst with wine, issue out of +the most stony places, like jolly fellows +bringing burgundy out of a cellar; so an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span> +Index, like the <i>Tatler's</i>, often gives us a +taste of the quintessence of his humour." +The very title gives good promise of +what is to be found in the book: "A +faithful Index of the dull as well as the +ingenious passages in the Tatlers."</p> + +<p class="indent">Here are a few entries chosen at random:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Vol. 1—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Bachelor's scheme to govern a wife."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Knaves prove fools."</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Vol. 2—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Actors censured for adding words of their own in their parts."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Dead men, who."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Dead persons heard, judged and censured.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Allegations laid against them, their pleas."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Love letters before and after marriage, found in a grave."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Mathematical sieve to sift impertinences in writing and discourse."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"News, Old People die in France."</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Vol. 3—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Flattery of women, its ill consequences."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Maids of Honour, their allowance</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[pg 29]</span> +<span class="i0">of Beef for their Breakfast in Queen Elizabeth's time."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Silence, significant on many occasions.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Instances of it."</span><br /> +</div> + +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Vol. 4—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Blockheads apt to admire one another."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Female Library proposed for the Improvement of the Sex."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Night, longer formerly in this Island than at present."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In 1757 <i>A General Index to the +Spectators, Tatlers, and Guardians</i> was +published, and in 1760 the same work +was re-issued with a new title-page. +Certain supposed blots in the original +indexes were here corrected and the +following explanation made in the preface: +"Notwithstanding the learning and care +of the compilers of the first Indexes to +these volumes, some slight inaccuracies +have passed, and where observed they +are altered. Few readers who desire to +know Mr. Bickerstaff's Opinion of the +Comedy called the Country Wife, or the +character of Mrs. Bickerstaff as an actress, +would consult the Index under the word +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[pg 30]</span> +<i>Acts</i>." This seems to refer to an entry in +the index to the first volume of the <i>Tatler</i>:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Acts the Country-Wife: (Mrs. Bignel)."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The index to the original edition of the +<i>Spectator</i> is equally good with that of +the <i>Tatler</i>, but the entries are longer and +more elaborate than those in the latter. +The references are not made to the pages, +as is the case with the <i>Tatler</i>, but to the +numbers of the papers. The following +entries are worthy of quotation:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">Vol. 2—</p> + +<p class="indent">"Gentry of England generally speaking +in debt."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Great men not truly known till some +years after their deaths."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Women, the English excel all other +nations in beauty.</p> + +<p class="indent">—— Signs of their improvement under +the Spectator's hands.</p> + +<p class="indent">—— Their pains in all ages to adorn +the outside of their heads."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">A precursor of the <i>Tatler</i> and <i>Spectator</i> +was the curious <i>Athenian Oracle</i>, of the +eccentric John Dunton, each volume of +which contained "An Alphabetical Table +for the speedy finding of any questions, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> +by a member of the Athenian Society," +from which the following amusing entries +are taken:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Ark, what became of it after the +Flood?"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Bees, a swarm lit upon the Crown +and Scepter in Cheapside, what do they +portend?"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Hawthorn-tree at Glassenbury, what +think you of it?"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Noah's flood, whither went the +waters?"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Pied Piper, was he a man or dĉmon?"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Triumphant Arch erected in Cheapside +1691, described."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">A selection from this curious seventeenth-century +miscellany was made by +Mr. J. Underhill, and published by +Walter Scott a few years ago.</p> + +<p class="indent">Shenstone's <i>Schoolmistress</i> is one of the +works of genius which is little known in +the present day, but well repays perusal. +A humorous table of contents was +prepared by the author, which he styled +an index. He wrote: "I have added a +ludicrous index purely to show (fools) +that I am in jest." This was afterwards +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span> +omitted, but D'Israeli reprinted it in his +<i>Curiosities of Literature</i>. It contains an +amusing <i>précis</i> of the chief points of the +poem; the whole is short, and a few +extracts will give an idea of its plan:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">A circumstance</span> in the situation of the +mansion of early Discipline, discovering +the surprising influence of the connexion +of ideas."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">Some</span> peculiarities indicative of a +country school, with a short sketch of +the sovereign presiding over it."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">Some</span> account of her night-cap, apron +and a tremendous description of her +birchen sceptre."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">Her</span> titles and punctilious nicety in +the ceremonious assertion of them."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<span class="smcap">A view</span> of this rural potentate as +seated in her chair of state, conferring +honours distributing bounties and dispensing +proclamations."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Gay composed a full and humorous +index for his interesting picture of +eighteenth-century London—<i>Trivia</i>. The +poet added a few entries to the index +in the quarto edition of his <i>Poems</i> (1720). +The following selected references will +show the character of the index:</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span></p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Asses, their arrogance."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Autumn, what cries then in use."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Bully, his insolence to be corrected."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Chairs and chariots prejudicial to health."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Cellar, the misfortune of falling into one."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Coach fallen into a hole described."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Glazier, his skill at football."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"London, its happiness before the invention of Coaches and Chairs."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Periwigs, how stolen off the head."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Quarrels for the wall to be avoided."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Schoolboys, mischievous in frosty weather."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Wall, to whom to be given.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— to whom to be denied."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Women, the ill consequence of gazing on them."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Of modern examples of the amusing +index, by far the best is that added to +the inimitable <i>Biglow Papers</i> by the accomplished +author, James Russell Lowell. +Here are some extracts from the index +to the First Series:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Adam, eldest son of, respected."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Babel, probably the first congress."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[pg 34]</span> +"Birch, virtue of, in instilling certain +of the dead languages."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Cĉsar, a tribute to. His <i>Veni, Vidi, +Vici</i> censured for undue prolixity."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Castles, Spanish, comfortable accommodation +in."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Eating Words, habit of, convenient in +time of famine."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Longinus recommends swearing (Fuseli +did the same thing)."</p> + +<p class="indent">"No, a monosyllable. Hard to utter."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Noah enclosed letter in bottle, probably."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Ulysses, husband of Penelope. +Borrows money. (For full particulars see +<i>Homer</i> and <i>Dante</i>.)"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Wrong, abstract, safe to oppose."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The following are from the Second Series:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Antony of Padua, Saint, happy in +his hearers."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Applause, popular, the <i>summum +bonum</i>."</p> + +<p class="indent">"'Atlantic,' editors of, See <i>Neptune</i>. +[There is no entry under Neptune.]"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Belmont. See <i>Woods</i>."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Bible, not composed for use of +coloured persons."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[pg 35]</span> +"Charles I, accident to his neck."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Ezekiel would make a poor figure at +a Caucus."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Facts, their unamiability. Compared +to an old fashioned stage-coach."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Family trees, a primitive forest of."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Jeremiah hardly the best guide in +modern politics."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Missionaries, useful to alligators. +Culinary liabilities of."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Rum and water combine kindly."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Shoddy, poor covering for outer or +inner man."</p> + +<p class="indent">"'They'll say,' a notable bully."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Woods, the, See <i>Belmont</i>."</p> + +<p class="indent">"World, this, its unhappy temper."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Writing, dangerous to reputation."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The witty Dr. William King, student of +Christ Church, Oxford, and afterwards +Judge of the Irish Court of Admiralty, +presented an example of the skilled controversialist +spoken of by Hill Burton +as letting fly "a few Parthian arrows +from the Index." He was dubbed by +Isaac D'Israeli the inventor of satirical +indexes, and he certainly succeeded in +producing several ill-natured ones.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[pg 36]</span> +When the wits of Christ Church produced +under the name of the Hon. +Charles Boyle the clever volume with +which they thought to annihilate the +great Dr. Bentley, Dr. King was the one +who assisted by producing a bitter index.</p> + +<p class="indent">The first edition of <i>Dr. Bentley's +Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris +and the Fables of Esop examin'd</i> (1698) +has no index; but Dr. King's work was +added to the second edition published +in the same year. It was styled, <i>A +short account of Dr. Bentley by way of +Index</i>. Then follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Dr. Bentley's true story of the MS. prov'd false by the testimonies of</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Mr. Bennet, p. 6.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Mr. Gibson, p. 7.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Dr. King, p. 8.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Dr. Bentley, p. 19."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Dr. Bentley's civil usage of Mr. Boyle.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His civil language to</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Mr. Boyle.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Sir W. Temple.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His singular humanity to</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Mr. Boyle.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Sir Edward Sherburne.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[pg 37]</span> +<span class="i0">humanity to Foreigners.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His Ingenuity in</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— relating matters of fact.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— citing authors.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— transcribing and plundering</span><br /> +<span class="i0">notes and prefaces of</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Mr. Boyle.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Vizzanius.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Nevelet.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Camerarius.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Editor of Hesychius.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Salmasius.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Dr. Bentley.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His appeal to Foreigners.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— a suspicious plan.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— a false one.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His modesty and decency in contradicting great men.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"(Long list from Plato to Every body).</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His happiness in confident assertions for want</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— of Reading.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— of Judgment.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— of Sincerity.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"His profound skill in Criticism</span><br /> +<span class="i2">From beginning to</span><br /> +<span class="i4">The End."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[pg 38]</span> +This is certainly more vindictive than +witty.</p> + +<p class="indent">All the wits rushed madly into the +fray, and Swift, in his "Battel fought last +Friday between the Antient and Modern +Books in St. James's Library," committed +himself irretrievably to the wrong side +in this way: "A captain whose name +was B-ntl-y, in person the most deformed +of all the moderns; tall but without shape +or comeliness, large but without strength +or proportion. His armour was patched +up of a thousand incoherent pieces...."</p> + +<p class="indent">Then look at the leader of the opposing +host: "Boyl clad in a suit of armor +which had been given him by all the +gods immediately advanced against the +trembling foe, who now fled before him."</p> + +<p class="indent">It is amazing that such a perverted +judgment should have been given by +some of our greatest writers, but all is to +be traced to Bentley's defects of temper, +so that Dr. King was not altogether +wrong in his index.</p> + +<p class="indent">Sir George Trevelyan in his <i>Life of +Macaulay</i> refers to Bentley's famous +maxim (which in print and talk alike +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[pg 39]</span> +he dearly loved to quote), that no man +was ever written down except by himself, +and quotes what the historian wrote +after perhaps his tenth perusal of Bishop +Monk's life of the great critic: "Bentley +seems to me an eminent instance of the +extent to which intellectual powers of a +most rare and admirable kind may be +impaired by moral defects."</p> + +<p class="indent">Charles Boyle's book went through four +editions, and still there was silence; but +at last appeared the "immortal" <i>Dissertation</i>, +as Porson calls it, which not only +defeated his enemies, but routed them +completely. Bentley's <i>Dissertation upon +the Epistles of Phalaris</i>, with an answer +to the objections of the Hon. C. +Boyle, Esq., first appeared in 1699. De +Quincey described it as one of the +three most triumphant dissertations existing +upon the class of historico-critical +problems, "All three are loaded with a +superfetation of evidence, and conclusive +beyond what the mind altogether wishes." +<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> + +<p class="indent">In another place De Quincey points out +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[pg 40]</span> +the line of argument followed by Bentley: +"It was by anachronisms of this character +that Bentley detected the spuriousness +of the letters ascribed to Phalaris. Sicilian +towns, &c., were in those letters called +by names that did not arise until that +prince had been dead for centuries. +Manufactures were mentioned that were +of much later invention. As handles for +this exposure of a systematic forgery, +which oftentimes had a moral significance, +these indications were valuable, and gave +excessive brilliancy to that immortal dissertation +of Bentley's." +<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_7_7"> +<span class="label">[7]</span></a> +<i>Rosicrucians and Free-Masons</i> (De Quincey's +<i>Works</i>, vol. 13, p. 388).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_8_8"> +<span class="label">[8]</span></a> +<i>Memorial Chronology</i> (De Quincey's <i>Works</i>, +vol. 14, p. 309).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The fate which the wits thought to +bring upon Bentley fell upon them, and +they quarrelled among themselves. It +was believed that Charles Boyle, when +credit was to be obtained, looked upon +himself as author of the book; but afterwards, +when it was discredited, he only +awaited the public trial of the conspirators +to wash his hands of the whole affair. +Atterbury, who had much to do with the +production of the volume, was particularly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[pg 41]</span> +annoyed by Boyle's conduct. He wrote +to Boyle: "In laying the design of the +book, in writing above half of it, in reviewing +[revising] a great part of the rest, +in transcribing the whole and attending +the press, half a year of my life went +away. What I promised myself from +hence was that some service would be +done to your reputation, and that you +would think so. In the first of these I +was not mistaken—in the latter I am. +When you were abroad, sir, the highest +you could prevail with yourself to go in +your opinion of the book was, that you +hoped it would do you no harm. When +you returned I supposed you would have +seen that it had been far from hurting +you. However, you have not thought +fit to let me know your mind on this +matter; for since you came to England, +no one expression, that I know of, has +dropped from you that could give me +reason to believe you had any opinion +of what I had done, or even took it +kindly from me." +<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_9_9"> +<span class="label">[9]</span></a> +<i>Memoirs of Bishop Atterbury</i>, compiled by +Folkestone Williams, vol. i. (1869), p. 42.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[pg 42]</span> +In the same year (1698) King turned +his attention to a less formidable antagonist +than the great Bentley. His <i>Journey +to London</i> is a very ingenious parody +of Dr. Martin Lister's <i>Journey to Paris</i>, +and, the pages of the original being +referred to, it forms an index to that +book.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Royal Society in its early years +had to pass through a long period of +ridicule and misrepresentation. The +author of <i>Hudibras</i> commenced the +crusade, but the gibes of Butler were +easier to bear than those of Dr. William +King, who was particularly savage against +Sir Hans Sloane. <i>The Transactioneer</i> +(1700) and <i>Useful Transactions in Philosophy</i> +(1708-1709) were very galling to the +distinguished naturalist, and annoyed the +Royal Society, whose <i>Philosophical Transactions</i> +were unmercifully laughed at. To +both the tracts referred to were prefixed +satirical tables of contents, and what +made them the more annoying was that +the author's own words were very ingeniously +used and turned against him. +King writes: "The bulls and blunders +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[pg 43]</span> +which Sloane and his friends so naturally +pour forth cannot be misrepresented, so +careful I am in producing them."</p> + +<p class="indent">Here is a specimen of the contents +of <i>The Transactioneer</i>:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"The Tatler's Opinion of a Virtuoso."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Some Account of Sir Hans Sloane.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— of Dr. Salmon.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— of Mr. Oldenburg.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— of Dr. Plot."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"The Compiling of the Philosophical Transactions the work of a single person.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— the excellence of his style.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— his clearness and perspicacity.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Genius to Poetry.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Verses on Jamaica Pepper.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Politicks in Gardening.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Skill in Botanicks."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The following appear in the contents +of the "Voyage to Cajamai" in <i>Useful +Transactions</i>:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Preface of the author—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Knew a white bramble in a dark room."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">Author's introduction—</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Mountains higher than hills."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Hay good for horses."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[pg 44]</span> +The most important of King's indexes +was that added to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, +because it had the effect of balking a +distinguished political character of his +ambition of filling the office of Speaker +of the House of Commons.</p> + +<p class="indent">William Bromley (1664-1732), after +leaving Christ Church, Oxford, spent +several years in travelling on the Continent. +He was elected a Member of +Parliament in 1689, and soon occupied +a prominent position among the non-jurors. +In 1692 he published "<i>Remarks +in the Grande Tour of France and Italy, +lately performed by a Person of quality.</i> +London. Printed by E. H. for Tho. +Basset at the George in Fleet Street, +1692." A second edition appeared in +the following year: "<i>Remarks made in +Travels through France and Italy, with +many Publick Inscriptions. Lately taken +by a Person of Quality</i>. London (Thomas +Basset) 1693."</p> + +<p class="indent">In March, 1701-1702, Bromley was +elected Member of Parliament for the University +of Oxford, which he continued to +represent during the remainder of his life. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[pg 45]</span> +In 1702 he published another volume +of travels: "<i>Several Years' Travels through +Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Prussia, +Sweden, Denmark and the United Provinces +performed by a Gentleman</i>."</p> + +<p class="indent">In 1705 Bromley was supposed to have +pre-eminent claims to the Speakership, +which office was then vacant; but what +was supposed to be a certainty was turned +into failure by the action of his opponents. +They took the opportunity of reprinting +his <i>Remarks</i>, with the addition of a +satirical index, as an electioneering squib. +This reprint appeared as "<i>Remarks in the +Grand Tour ... performed by a Person +of Quality in the year 1691</i>. The second +edition to which is added a table of the +principal matters. London. Printed for +John Nutt near Stationers' Hall, 1705." +This was really the third edition, but +probably the reprinters overlooked the +edition of 1693. It was reprinted with +the original licence of "Rob. Midgley, +Feb. 20th, 1691-2."</p> + +<p class="indent">In the Bodleian copy of this book there +is a manuscript note by Dr. Rawlinson to +the effect that this index was drawn up by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[pg 46]</span> +Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford; but this +was probably only a party rumour. Dr. +Parr possessed Bromley's own copy of +the reprint with the following manuscript +note by the author:</p> + +<p class="indent">"This edition of these travels is a specimen +of the good nature and good manners +of the Whigs, and I have reason to believe +of one of the ministry (very conversant +in this sort of calumny) for the +sake of publishing '<i>the Table of the principal +matters &c</i>' to expose me whom +the gentlemen of the Church of England +designed to be Speaker of the House +of Commons, in the Parliament, that +met Oct. 25 1705. When notwithstanding +the Whigs and Court joining +to keep me out of the chair, and the +greatest violence towards the Members, +turning out some, and threatening others, +to influence their votes, I had the +honour (and I shall ever esteem it a +greater honour than my competitor's +success) to have the suffrages of 205 +disinterested gentlemen for me: such a +number as never lost such a question +before; and such as, with the addition +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[pg 47]</span> +of those that by force, and contrary to +their inclination, with the greatest reluctance +voted against me, must have +prevailed for me.</p> + +<p class="indent">"This was a very malicious proceeding; +my words and meaning plainly perverted +in several places; which if they had been +improper, and any observations trifling or +impertinent, an allowance was due for +my being very young, when they were +made. But the performances of others, +not entitled to such allowance may be +in this manner exposed, as appears by +the like Tables published for the Travels +of Bp. Burnet and Mr. Addison. <i>Wm. +Bromley.</i>"</p> + +<p class="indent">Dr. Parr took this all very seriously, +and set great value upon the book. He +added a note to that written by Bromley, +in which he said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Mr. Bromley was very much galled +with the republication, and the ridiculous, +but not untrue, representation of the +contents. Such a work would unavoidably +expose the author to derision: +instead therefore of suffering it to be +sold after my death, and to become a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[pg 48]</span> +subject of contemptuous gossip, or an +instrument of party annoyance, I think +it a proper act of respect and kindness +for the Bromley family, for me to put +it in possession of the Rev. Mr. Davenport +Bromley, upon the express condition +that he never sells it nor gives it away, +that, after reading it, he seals it up +carefully and places it where no busy +eye, nor thievish hand can reach it.</p> + +<p class="right">"S. P."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This note was written in 1823, and the +precautions taken by Parr seem rather +belated. Even the family were little +likely to mind the public seeing a political +skit more than a century old, which did +no dishonour to their ancestor's character.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is very probable that Harley was at +the expense of reprinting the book, as +it is reported that every one who came +to his house was asked if he had seen +Mr. Bromley's <i>Travels</i>; and when the +answer was in the negative, Harley at +once fetched a copy, which he presented +to his visitor. There is no doubt, however, +that the index was drawn up by +Dr. King.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[pg 49]</span> +The index is neither particularly amusing +nor clever, but it is very ill-natured. +Dr. Parr infers that the book is not misrepresented, +but there can be little doubt +that the index is in most instances very +unfair. Thus the first entry in the table is:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Chatham, where and how situated, +viz. on the other side of Rochester bridge, +though commonly reported to be on this +side, p. 1."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The passage indexed is quite clear, and +contains the natural statement of a fact.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Lodged at Rochester, an episcopal +seat in the same county [Kent]. The +cathedral church is plain and decent, +and the city appears well peopled. When +I left it and passed the Bridge I was at +Chatham, the famous Dock, where so +many of our great ships are built."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The following are some further entries +from the index:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Dover and Calais neither of them +places of Strength tho' frontier towns, +p. 2."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Boulogne the first city on the French +shore, lies on the coast, p. 2." [These +are the same words as in the book.]</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span> +"Crosses and Crucifixes on the Roads +in France prove it not England, p. 3."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The passage here indexed is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Crosses and Crucifixes are so plentiful +every where on this road, that from them +alone an Englishman will be satisfied +he is out of his own country; besides +the Roads are much better than ours."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Eight pictures take up less room than +sixteen of the same size, p. 14."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This is founded on the following:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"They contain the Histories of the +Old and New Testaments, and are placed +in two rows one above the other; those +that represent the Old Testament are +in the uppermost reaching round the +room and are sixteen. Those of the new +are under them, but being only eight +reach not so far as the former, and +where no pictures are be the doors to +the presses where the sacred vestments +are kept."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Travelling by night not proper to +take a view of the adjacent countries, +p. 223."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This is a version of the following:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The heat of the weather made +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> +travelling in the night most desirable +and we chose it between Sienna and +Florence.... By this means I could see +little of the country."</p> + +<p class="indent">"The Duchess dowager of Savoy who +was grandmother to the present Duke was +mother to his father, p. 243."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This is a perversion of the following +perfectly natural observation:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"This was designed by the Dutchess +Christina grandmother of this Duke in +the minority of her son (his father) in +1660."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The entry, "Jews at Legorn not obliged +to wear red hats, p. 223," contains nothing +absurd, but rather is an interesting piece +of information, because the Jews were +obliged to wear these hats in other parts +of Italy, and it was the knowledge of +this fact that induced Macklin to wear a +red hat when acting Shylock, a personation +which induced an admirer to exclaim:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"This is the Jew</span><br /> +<span class="i0">That Shakespeare drew."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Such perversions as these could have +done Bromley, one would think, little +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[pg 52]</span> +harm; but the real harm done consisted +in bringing to light and insisting upon +the author's political attitude when he +referred to King William and Queen +Mary as "the Prince and Princess of +Orange." The passage is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"A gallery, where among the pictures +of Christian Princes are those of King +Charles the Second and his Queen, King +James the Second and his Queen and +the Prince and Princess of Orange."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">It would indeed seem strange that one +who had thus referred to his King and +Queen should occupy so important a +public office as Speaker of the House +of Commons. Another ground of offence +was that when in Rome he kissed the +Pope's slipper.</p> + +<p class="indent">Although Bromley was disappointed in +1705, his time came; and after the Tory +reaction consequent on the trial of +Sacheverell he was in 1710 chosen +Speaker without opposition. There is a +portrait of Bromley in the University +Picture Gallery in the Bodleian at Oxford.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p53-1.jpg" width="600" height="95" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="C3" id="C3"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">The Bad Indexer.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"At the laundress's at the Hole in the Wall +in Cursitor's Alley up three pair of stairs, the +author of my Church history—you may also +speak to the gentleman who lies by him in the +flock bed, my index maker."—<span class="smcap">Swift's</span> <i>Account +of the Condition of Edmund Curll</i> (Instructions +to a porter how to find Mr. Curll's authors).</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p53-2.jpg" width="100" height="101" alt="B" title="B" /> +</div> + +<p>AD indexers are everywhere, and +what is most singular is that +each one makes the same sort +of blunders—blunders which +it would seem impossible that any one +could make, until we find these same +blunders over and over again in black and +white. One of the commonest is to place +the references under unimportant words, +for which no one would think of looking, +such as A and The. The worst indexes +of this class are often added to journals +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[pg 54]</span> +and newspapers. A good instance of +confusion will be found in the index to a +volume of <i>The Freemason</i> which is before +me; but this is by no means singular, +and certainly not the worst of its class. +Under A we find the following entries:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Afternoon Outing of the Skelmersdale +Lodge."</p> + +<p class="indent">"An Oration delivered," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"Annual Outing of the Queen Victoria +Lodge."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Another Masonic MS."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under B:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Bro. Bain's Masonic Library."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under F:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"First Ball of the Fellowship Lodge.</p> + +<p class="indent">"First Ladies' Night."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under I:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Interesting Extract from an 'Old +Masonian's' Letter."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under L:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Ladies' Banquet."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Ladies' Night."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Ladies' Summer Outing."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Late Bro. Sir B. W. Richardson."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under N:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"New Grand Officers."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span> +"New Home for Keighley Freemasons."</p> + +<p class="indent">"New Masonic Hall."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under O:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Our Portrait Gallery."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under R:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Recent Festival."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under S:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Send-off dinner."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Summer Festival."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Summer Outing."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under T:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Third Ladies' Night."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Under Y:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Ye olde Masonians."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">There are many other absurd headings, +but these are the worst instances. They +show the confusion of not only placing +references where they would never be +looked for, but of giving similar entries +all over the index under whatever heading +came first to the mind of the indexer. For +instance, there is one <i>Afternoon</i> Outing, +one <i>Annual</i> Outing, one <i>Ladies'</i> Outing, +one <i>Summer</i> Outing, and three other +Outings under O. None of these have +any references the one from the other.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are a large number of indexes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[pg 56]</span> +in which not only the best heading is +not chosen, but the very worst is. Thus, +choosing at random, we find such an order +as the following in an old volume of +the <i>Canadian Journal</i>:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"<i>A</i> Monograph of the British +Spongiadĉ."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>On</i> the Iodide of Barium."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>Sir</i> Charles Barry, a Biography."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> late Professor Boole."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Mohawk Language."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The same misarrangement will sometimes +be found even in standard English +journals.</p> + +<p class="indent">The edition of Jewel's <i>Apology</i>, published +by Isaacson in 1825, contains an +index which is worthy of special remark. +It is divided into four alphabets, referring +respectively to (1) Life; (2) +Apology; (3) Notes to Life; (4) Notes to +Apology; and this complicated machinery +is attached to a book of only 286 pages. +I think it is scarcely too much to say +that there is hardly an entry in the index +which would be of any use to the consulter. +A few examples will show that +this is not an unfair judgment:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[pg 57]</span> +"<i>Belief</i> of a Resurrection."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>Caution</i>, Reformers proceeded with +Caution."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>If</i> Protestants are Heretics let the +Papists prove them so from Scripture."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>In</i> withdrawing themselves from the +Church of Rome, Protestants have not +erred from Christ and his Apostles."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>King</i> John."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Pope assumes Regal power and +habit."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Ditto employs spies."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">That this idiotic kind of index (which +can be of no possible use to any one) +is not yet extinct may be seen in one +of those daintily printed books of essays +which are now so common. In mercy +I will not mention the title, but merely +say that it was published in 1901. A few +extracts will show the character of the work:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"<i>A</i> Book," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>Is</i> public taste," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>On</i> reading old books."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> advantage," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> blessedness," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Book-stall Reader."</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Girl," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> +"<i>The</i> Long Life," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Preservative," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>The</i> Prosperity," etc.</p> + +<p class="indent">"<i>Two</i> Classes of Literature."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">There are many instances of such bad +indexes, but it would be tedious to quote +more of them. The amazing thing is +that many persons unconnected with one +another should be found to do the same +ridiculous work, and suppose that by any +possibility it could be of use to a single +human being. But what is even more +astounding is to find intelligent editors +passing such useless rubbish and wasting +good type and paper upon it.</p> + +<p class="indent">Another prominent blunder in indexing +periodicals is to follow in the index the +divisions of the paper. In an alphabetical +index there should be no classification, +but the alphabet should be followed +throughout. Nothing is so maddening +to consult as an index in which the +different divisions of the periodical are +kept distinct, with a separate alphabet +under each. It is hopeless to consult +these, and it is often easier to turn over +the pages and look through the volume +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[pg 59]</span> +than to refer to the index. The main +object of an index is to bring together +all the items on a similar subject which +are separated in the book itself.</p> + +<p class="indent">The indexes of some periodicals are +good, but those of the many are bad. +Mr. Poole and his helpers, who had an +extensive experience of periodical literature, +made the following rule to be +observed in the new edition of Poole's +<i>Index to Periodical Literature</i>:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"All references must be made from +an inspection, and if necessary the perusal +of each article. Hence, no use will be +made of the index which is usually +printed with the volume, or of any other +index. Those indexes were <i>made by unskilful +persons</i>, and are full of all sorts +of errors. It will be less work to discard +them entirely than to supply their +omissions and correct their errors."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This rule is sufficiently severe, but it +cannot be said that it is unjust.</p> + +<p class="indent">Miss Hetherington, who has had a +singularly large experience of indexes to +periodicals, has no higher idea of these +than Mr. Poole. In an article on "The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span> +Indexing of Periodicals" in the <i>Index +to the Periodical Literature of the World</i> +for 1892, she gives a remarkable series of +instances of absurd entries. Some of these +are due to the vicious habit of trying +to save trouble by cutting up the lists of +contents, and repeating the entries under +different headings. Miss Hetherington's +examples are well worth repeating; but +as bad indexing is the rule, it is scarcely +worth while to gibbet any one magazine, +as most of them are equally bad. +It is only amazing how any one in +authority can allow such absurdities as +the following to be printed. These six +groups are from one magazine:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Academy in Africa, A Monkey's."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Africa, A Monkey's Academy in."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Monkey's Academy in Africa, A."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Aspects, The Renaissance in its +Broader."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Renaissance in its Broader Aspects, +The."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Campaign, His Last, and After."</p> + +<p class="indent">"His Last Campaign, and After."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Entertainment, The Triumph of the +Variety."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[pg 61]</span> + "Triumph of the Variety Entertainment, +The."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Variety Entertainment, The Triumph +of the."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Evicted Tenants, The Irish, Are they +Knaves?"</p> + +<p class="indent">"Irish Evicted Tenants, The, Are they +Knaves?"</p> + +<p class="indent">"French Revolution, Scenes from the."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Revolution, Scenes from the French."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Scenes from the French Revolution."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Miss Hetherington adds, respecting +this particular magazine: "But the whole +index might be quoted. The indexer +seems to have had three lists of contents +for his purpose, but he has not +always dared to use more than two, +and so "The Irish Evicted Tenants" do +not figure under the class "Knaves." +The contributors are on another page, +with figures only against their names, the +cause of reference not being specified."</p> + +<p class="indent">Equally absurd, and contrived on a +similar system, are the following entries +from another magazine:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Eastern Desert on Foot, Through an."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Foot, Through an Eastern Desert on."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> +"Through an Eastern Desert on Foot."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Finds, The Rev. J. Sturgis's."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Sturgis's Finds, The Rev. J."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Complexion! What a Pretty."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Pretty Complexion! What a."</p> + +<p class="indent">"What a Pretty Complexion!"</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">These two groups are from a very +prominent magazine:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Creek in Demerara, Up a."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Demerara, Up a Creek in."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Up a Creek in Demerara."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Home, The Russians at."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Russians at Home, The."</p> + +<p class="indent">"The Russians at Home."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">In the foregoing, by giving three entries, +one, by chance, may be correct; but in +the following case there are two useless +references:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Baron de Marbot, The Memoirs of +the."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Memoirs of the Baron de Marbot, +The."</p> + +<p class="indent">But nothing under <i>Marbot</i>.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Some indexers have a fancy for placing +authors under their Christian names, as +these three from one index.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Philip Bourke Marston."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span> +"Rudyard Kipling."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Walt Whitman."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">These entries are amusing:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Foot in it, On Putting One's."</p> + +<p class="indent">"On Putting One's Foot in it."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Surely it is strange that such absurdities +as these should continue to be published! +Mr. Poole drew attention to the evil, +and Miss Hetherington has done the +same; yet it continues, and publishers +are not ashamed to print such rubbish +as that just instanced. We may add a +quite recent instance—viz. <i>Longman's +Magazine</i> for October, 1901, which contains +an index to the thirty-eighth volume. +It occupies two pages in double columns, +and there are no duplicate entries. In that +small space I find these useless entries:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"According to the Code" (not under +Code).</p> + +<p class="indent">"Disappearance of Plants" (not under +Plants).</p> + +<p class="indent">"Eighteenth Century London through +French Eye-glasses" (not under London).</p> + +<p class="indent">"Gilbert White" (not under White).</p> + +<p class="indent">"Mission of Mr. Rider Haggard" (not +under Haggard).</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> +"Some Eighteenth Century Children's +Books" (not under Children's Books).</p> + +<p class="indent">"Some Notes on an Examination" (not +under Examination).</p> +</blockquote> + +<hr /> + +<p class="indent">The two chief causes of the badness +of indexes are found—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">1. In the original composition.</p> + +<p class="indent">2. In the bad arrangement.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Of the first cause little need be said. +The chief fault is due to the incompetence +of the indexer, shown by +his use of trivial references, his neglect +of what should be indexed, his introduction +of what might well be left out, +his bad analysis, and his bad headings.</p> + +<p class="indent">The second cause is still more important, +because a competent indexer +may prepare his materials well, and keep +clear of all the faults noticed above, +and yet spoil his work by neglect of a +proper system of arrangement.</p> + +<p class="indent">The chief faults under this second +division consist of—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">1. Want of complete alphabetisation.</p> + +<p class="indent">2. Classification within the alphabet.</p> + +<p class="indent">3. Variety of alphabets.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[pg 65]</span> +4. Want of cross references.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">These are all considerable faults, +and will therefore bear being enlarged +upon.</p> + +<p class="indent">1. <i>The want of complete alphabetisation</i> +is a great evil, but it was very general +at one time. In some old indexes references +are arranged under the first +letter only. In the index to a large +and valuable map of England, published +at the beginning of this century, the +names of places are not arranged further +than the third letter, and this naturally +gives great trouble to the consulter. In +order to save himself, the compiler +has given others a considerably greater +amount of trouble. In arranging entries +in alphabetical order it is necessary to +sort them to the most minute difference +of spelling. The alphabetical arrangement, +however, has its difficulties, which +must be overcome; for instance, it looks +awkward when the plural comes before +the singular, and the adjective before +the substantive from which it is formed, +as "naval" and "navies" before "navy." +In such cases it will be necessary to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[pg 66]</span> +make a heading such as "Navy," which +will include the plural and the adjective.</p> + +<p class="indent">The vowel I should be kept distinct +from the consonant J, and the vowel U +from the consonant V.</p> + +<p class="indent">More blunders have probably been +made by the confusing of u and n in +old books than from any other cause. +These letters are identical in early manuscripts, +and consequently the modern +copyist has to decide which letter to +choose, and sometimes he blunders.</p> + +<p class="indent">In Capgrave's <i>Chronicles of England</i> +is a reference to the "londe of Iude," +but this is misspelt "Inde" in the edition +published in the Master of the Rolls' +Series in 1858. Here is a simple misprint +caused by the misreading of I for J +and n for u; but this can easily be set +right. The indexer, however, has enlarged +it into a wonderful blunder. +Under the letter I is the following curious +piece of information:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"India ... conquered by Judas Maccabeus +and his brethren, 56"!!</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Many more instances of this confusion +of the letters u and n might be given, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[pg 67]</span> +some of them causing permanent confusion +of names; but two (which are the +complement of each other) will suffice.</p> + +<p class="indent">George Lo<i>n</i>don was a very eminent +horticulturist in his day, who at the +Revolution was appointed Superintendent +of the Royal Gardens; but he can seldom +get his name properly spelt because a +later horticulturist has made the name +of Lo<i>u</i>don more familiar. In fact, I +was once called to account by a reviewer +who supposed I had made a mistake in +referring to Lo<i>n</i>don instead of Lo<i>u</i>don. +The reverse mistake was once made by +the great Duke of Wellington. C. J. +Loudon (who wrote a very bad hand) +requested the Duke to let him see the +Waterloo beeches at Stratfieldsaye. The +letter puzzled Wellington, who knew +nothing of the horticulturist, and read +C. J. Lo<i>u</i>don as C. J. Lo<i>n</i>don, and +beeches as breeches; so he wrote off to +the then Bishop of London (Dr. Blomfield) +to say that his Waterloo breeches +disappeared long ago.</p> + +<p class="indent">2. <i>Classification within the alphabet.</i>—Examples +have already been given where +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[pg 68]</span> +the arrangement of the book is followed +rather than the alphabetical order; but +these were instances of bad indexing, +and sometimes a good indexer fails in the +same way, thus showing how important +is good arrangement. An index of +great complexity, one full of scientific +difficulties, was once made by a very able +man. The <i>précis</i> was admirable, and the +various subjects were gathered together +under their headings with great skill—in +fact, it could not well have been +more perfect; but it had one flaw which +spoiled it. The nature of the index +necessitated a large number of subdivisions +under the various chief headings; +these were arranged on a system clear +to the compiler, and probably a logical +one to him. But the user of the index +had not the clue to this arrangement, +and he could not find his way through +the complicated maze; it was an unfortunate +instance of extreme cleverness. +When the index was finished, but before +it was published, a simple remedy +for the confusion was suggested and +carried out. The whole of the subdivisions +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[pg 69]</span> +under each main heading were +rearranged in perfect alphabetical order. +This was a heroic proceeding, but it +was highly successful, and the rearranged +index gave satisfaction, and the same +system was followed in other indexes +that succeeded it.</p> + +<p class="indent">3. <i>Variety of alphabets.</i>—An index +should be one and indivisible, and +should not be broken up into several +alphabets. Foreigners are greater sinners +against this fundamental rule than Englishmen, +and they almost invariably separate +the author or persons from subjects. +Sometimes, however, the division is not +very carefully made, for in the <i>Autoren +Register</i> to Carus' and Engelmann's +<i>Bibliography of Zoology</i> may be found +the following entries: <i>Schreiben</i>, <i>Schriften</i>, +<i>Zu</i> Humboldt's Cosmos, <i>Zur</i> Fauna. +Some English books are much divided. +Thus the new edition of Hutchins's +<i>Dorset</i> (1874) has at the end eight +separate indexes: (1) Places, (2) Pedigrees, +(3) Persons, (4) Arms, (5) Blazons, +(6) Glossarial, (7) Domesday, (8) Inquisitions.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[pg 70]</span> +The index to the original quarto edition +of Warton's <i>History of English Poetry</i> +(1774) has six alphabets, but a general +index compiled by Thomas Fillingham, +was published in 1804, uniform with the +work in quarto. The general index to +the <i>Annual Register</i> has as many as fourteen +alphabets. The general index to +the <i>Reports of the British Association</i> is +split up into six alphabets, following the +divisions of each volume.</p> + +<p class="indent">4. <i>Want of cross references.</i>—Although +an alphabetical index should not be +classified, yet it is necessary to gather +together the synonyms, and place all +the references under the best of these +headings, with cross references from the +others. For instance, Wealth should be +under W, Finance under F, and Population +under P; and they should not all +be grouped under Political Economy, +because each of these subjects is distinct +and more conveniently found under the +separate heading than under a grouped +heading. On the other hand, entries +relating to Tuberculosis must not be scattered +over the index under such headings +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[pg 71]</span> +as Consumption, Decline, and Phthisis, +but be gathered together under the heading +chosen, with cross references from the +others. In bad indexes this rule is invariably +broken, and it must be allowed +that the proper carrying out of this rule +is very difficult, so that where it is +invariably adopted, we have one of the +best signs of a really good index. +Bad indexers are usually much too +haphazard in their work to insert cross +references.</p> + +<p class="indent">The careful use of cross references is +next in importance to the selection of +appropriate headings. Great judgment, +however, is required, as the consulters +are naturally irritated by being referred +backwards and forwards, particularly in +a large index. At the same time, if +judiciously inserted, such references are +a great help. Mr. Poole says, in an +article on his own index in the <i>Library +Journal</i>: "If every subject shall have +cross references to its allies, the work +will be mainly a book of cross references +rather than an index of subjects." He +then adds: "One correspondent gives +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[pg 72]</span> +fifty-eight cross references under Mental +Philosophy, and fifty-eight more might +be added just as appropriate."</p> + +<p class="indent">The indexer should be careful that his +cross references are real, but he has not +always attended to this. In Eadie's <i>Dictionary +of the Bible</i> (1850) there is a +reference, "Dorcas <i>see</i> Tabitha," but +there is no entry under Tabitha at all.</p> + +<p class="indent">In Cobbett's <i>Woodlands</i> there is a good +specimen of backwards and forwards +cross referencing. The author writes:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Many years ago I wished to know +whether I could raise birch trees from +the <i>seed</i>.... I then looked into the +great book of knowledge, the <i>Encyclopĉdia +Britannica</i>; there I found in the general +dictionary:</p> + +<p class="indent">"'<span class="smcap">Birch tree</span>—See <i>Betula</i> (Botany +Index).'</p> + +<p class="indent">"I hastened to <span class="smcap">Betula</span> with great +eagerness, and there I found:</p> + +<p class="indent">"'<span class="smcap">Betula</span>—See <i>Beech tree</i>.'</p> + +<p class="indent">"That was all, and this was pretty +encouragement."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">William Morris used to make merry +over the futility of some cross references. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[pg 73]</span> +He was using a print of an old English +manuscript which was full of notes in explanation +of self-evident passages, but one +difficult expression—<i>viz.</i> "The bung of +a thrub chandler"—was left unexplained. +In the index under Bung there was a +reference to Thrub chandler, and under +Thrub chandler another back to Bung. +Still the lexicographers are unable to tell us +what kind of a barrel a "thrub chandler" +really was. I give this story on the authority +of my friend, Mr. S. C. Cockerell.</p> + +<p class="indent">No reference to the contents of a +general heading which is without subdivision +should be allowed unless of +course the page is given.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are too many vague cross +references in the <i>Penny Cyclopĉdia</i> +where you are referred from the known +to the unknown. If a general heading +be divided into sections, and each of +these be clearly defined, they should be +cross referenced, but not otherwise. At +present you may look for Pesth and be +referred to Hungary, where probably +there is much about Pesth, but you do +not know where to look for it in the long +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[pg 74]</span> +article without some clue. Sometimes +cross references are mere expedients, +particularly in the case of a cyclopĉdia +published in volumes or parts. Thus a +writer agrees to contribute an article +early in the alphabet, but it is not ready +in time for the publication of the part, +so a cross reference is inserted which +sends the reader to a synonym later on +in the alphabet. In certain cases this +has been done two or three times. An +instance occurs in the life of the distinguished +bibliographer, the late Henry +Bradshaw (than whom no one was more +capable of producing a masterly article), +who undertook to write on "Printing" +in the <i>Encyclopĉdia Britannica</i>. When +the time for publication arrived (1885), +Bradshaw was not ready, and in place +of the article appeared the cross reference, +"<span class="smcap">Printing, Typographic</span>—See <i>Typography</i>." +Bradshaw died on February 10, +1886, and the article on "Typography" +which was published in Vol. 23 in 1888, +was written by Mr. Hessels.</p> + +<p class="indent">Cross referencing has its curiosities as +well as other branches of our subject. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[pg 75]</span> +Perhaps the most odd collection of cross +references is to be found in Serjeant +William Hawkins's <i>Pleas of the Crown</i> +(1716; 5th ed., 1771; 7th ed., 4 vols., 1795), +of which it was said in the <i>Monthly +Magazine</i> for June, 1801 (p. 419): "A +plain, unlettered man is led to suspect +that the writer of the volume and the +writer of the index are playing at cross +purposes."</p> + +<p class="indent">The following are some of the most +amusing entries:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Cards <i>see</i> Dice."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Cattle <i>see</i> Clergy."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Chastity <i>see</i> Homicide."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Cheese <i>see</i> Butter."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Coin <i>see</i> High Treason."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Convicts <i>see</i> Clergy."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Death <i>see</i> Appeal."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Election <i>see</i> Bribery."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Farthings <i>see</i> Halfpenny."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Fear <i>see</i> Robbery."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Footway <i>see</i> Nuisance."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Honour <i>see</i> Constable."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Incapacity <i>see</i> Officers."</p> + +<p class="indent">"King <i>see</i> Treason."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Knaves <i>see</i> Words."</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[pg 76]</span> +"Letters <i>see</i> Libel."</p> + +<p class="indent">"London <i>see</i> Outlawry."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Shop <i>see</i> Burglary."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Sickness <i>see</i> Bail."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Threats <i>see</i> Words."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Westminster Hall <i>see</i> Contempt and +Lie."</p> + +<p class="indent">"Writing <i>see</i> Treason."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This arrangement of some of the cross +references is perhaps scarcely fair. They +are spread over several elaborate indexes +in the original, and in their proper places +do not strike one in the same way as +when they are set out by themselves. +One of the instances given by the critic +in the <i>Monthly Magazine</i> is unfairly cited. +It is there given as "Assault <i>see</i> Son." +The cross reference really is, "Assault +<i>see</i> Son Assault."</p> + +<p class="indent">Hawkins's work is divided into two +parts, and the folio editions have two +indexes, one to each part; the octavo +edition has four indexes, one to each +volume.</p> + +<p class="indent">The index to Ford's <i>Handbook of +Spain</i> contains an amusing reference:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Wellington, <i>see</i> Duke."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span> +Besides these four divisions of the chief +faults in indexing, there are many other +pitfalls gaping wide to receive the careless +indexer.</p> + +<p class="indent">Names are a great difficulty, but it is +not necessary to refer to these more +generally here, as they are fully dealt +with in the rules (<i>see</i> Chapter VI.)</p> + +<p class="indent">It is not often that an English indexer +has to index a French book, but should +he do so he would often need to be +careful. The Frenchman does not care +to leave that which he does not understand +unexplained. The translation of <i>Love's +Last Shift</i> as <i>La Dernière Chemise de +l'Amour</i>, attributed by Horace Walpole +to the Dowager Duchess of Bolton in +George I.'s reign, is probably an invention, +but some translations quite as amusing +are genuine. G. Brunet of Bordeaux, +having occasion in his <i>La France Littéraire +au XV^e siècle</i> to mention "White +Knights," at one time the seat of the +Duke of Marlborough, translates it into +<i>Le Chevalier Blanc</i>. When Dr. Buckland, +the geologist, died, a certain French paper +published a biography of him in which it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[pg 78]</span> +was explained that the deceased had been +a very versatile writer, for besides his +work on geology he had produced one +<i>Sur les Ponts et Chaussées</i>. This was a +puzzling statement, but it turned out to +be a translation of <i>Bridgewater Treatises</i>, +in which series his <i>Geology and Mineralogy</i> +was published in 1837.</p> + +<p class="indent">Sometimes contractions give trouble to +the indexer, and he must be careful not +to fill them out unless he is sure of what +they mean. Many blunders have been +made in this way. In the <i>Historie of +Edward IV.</i> (1471), edited by that careful +and trustworthy antiquary John Bruce +for the Camden Society in 1838, there +is the following remarkable statement: +"Wherefore the Kynge may say, as Julius +Cĉsar sayde, he that is not agaynst me +is with me."</p> + +<p class="indent">This chapter might be made a very +long one by instancing a series of badly +indexed books, but this would be a tedious +recital devoid of any utility, for the blunders +and carelessness of the bad indexer are +singularly alike in their futility. It is +nevertheless worth while to mention the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[pg 79]</span> +index to Peter Cunningham's complete +edition of Walpole's <i>Letters</i>, because +that work deserves a good index. We +may hope that when Mrs. Toynbee +publishes her new and complete edition +of the <i>Letters</i>, she will add a really +satisfactory index. The present index +is very bad and most irritating to the +person who uses it. Examples of most +of the careless and foolish blunders in +indexing are to be found here; for +instance, there are long lists of references +without indication of the reason for +any of them. The same person is +entered in two places if he is spoken +of under slightly different names. The +same nobleman is referred to as Lord —— +and as the Earl of ——, while sometimes +a heading devoted to Lord —— contains +references to two distinct men. Van +Eyck has one reference under Van and +another under Eyck. Mrs. Godfrey is +entered under both Godfrey and <i>La</i> +Godfrey. Many other absurdities are to +be found in the index, but the extract +of one heading will be sufficient to show +how ill the arrangement is:</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[pg 80]</span></p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Gower, edition of,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Baptist Leveson,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Countess of,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Dowager Lady,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Duke of,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Earl of,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— John, Earl,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Lady,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Lady Elizabeth,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Lady Mary Leveson,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Lord,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Richard Leveson."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">There is no authority at all for a Duke +of Gower, and if we look up the reference +(iv. 39) we find that it refers to "the +late Lord G——," possibly the Earl +Gower.</p> + +<p class="indent">The confusion by which two persons +are made into one has sometimes an evil +consequence worse than putting the +consulter of an index on the wrong scent, +for the character of an innocent person +may be taken away by this means. +(Constance) Lady Russell of Swallowfield +points out in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, that +in the index to <i>Familiar Letters of Sir</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[pg 81]</span> +<i>Walter Scott</i> (1894) there are three references +under Lady Charlotte Campbell, +one of which is to a Lady C——, really intended +for the notorious Lady Conyngham, +mistress to George IV. In another index +Mary Bellenden is described thus: +"Bellenden, Miss, Mistress of George II." +This is really too bad; for the charming +maid of honour called by Gay "Smiling +Mary, soft and fair as down," turned a +deaf ear to the importunities of the king, +as we know on the authority of Horace +Walpole.</p> + +<p class="indent">The index to Lord Braybrooke's edition +of Pepys's <i>Diary</i> has many faults, mostly +due to bad arrangement; but it must be +allowed that there is a great difficulty in +indexing a private diary such as this. +The diarist knew to whom he was +referring when he mentioned Mr. or +Mrs.——; but where there are two or more +persons of the same name, it is hard +to distinguish between them correctly. +This has been a stumbling-block in the +compilation of the index to the new +edition, in which a better system was +attempted.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[pg 82]</span> +It has been said that a bad index is +better than no index at all, but this statement +is open to question. Still, all must +agree that an indexless book is a great +evil. Mr. J. H. Markland is the authority +for the declaration that "the omission +of an index when essential should be an +indictable offence." Carlyle denounces +the publishers of books unprovided with +this necessary appendage; and Baynes, +the author of the <i>Archĉological Epistle to +Dean Mills</i> (usually attributed to Mason), +concocted a terrible curse against such +evil-doers. The reporter was the learned +Francis Douce, who said to Mr. Thoms: +"Sir, my friend John Baynes used to +say that the man who published a book +without an index ought to be damned ten +miles beyond Hell, where the Devil could +not get for stinging-nettles." +<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> +<span class="i0">Lord</span><br /> +Campbell proposed that any author who +published a book without an index should +be deprived of the benefits of the Copyright +Act; and the Hon. Horace +Binney, LL.D., a distinguished American +lawyer, held the same views, and would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[pg 83]</span> +have condemned the culprit to the same +punishment. Those, however, who hold +the soundest views sometimes fail in +practice; thus Lord Campbell had to +acknowledge that he had himself sinned +before the year 1857.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_10_10"> +<span class="label">[10]</span></a> + <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 5th Series, VIII. 87.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">These are the words written by Lord +Campbell in the preface to the first +volume of his <i>Lives of the Chief Justices</i> +(1857): "I have only further to express +my satisfaction in thinking that a heavy +weight is now to be removed from my +conscience. So essential did I consider +an index to be to every book, that I +proposed to bring a Bill into Parliament +to deprive an author who publishes a +book without an Index of the privilege +of copyright; and moreover to subject +him for his offence to a pecuniary penalty. +Yet from difficulties started by my +printers, my own books have hitherto +been without an Index. But I am happy +to announce that a learned friend at +the Bar, on whose accuracy I can place +entire reliance, has kindly prepared a +copious index, which will be appended +to this work, and another for a new +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[pg 84]</span> +stereotyped edition of the Lives of the +Chancellors."</p> + +<p class="indent">Mr. John Morley, in an article in the +<i>Fortnightly Review</i> on Mr. Russell's +edition of Matthew Arnold's <i>Letters</i>, lifts +up his voice against an indexless book. +He says: "One damning sin of omission +Mr. Russell has indeed perpetrated: the +two volumes have no index, nor even a +table of contents." +<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> + <i>George Selwyn and +his Contemporaries</i>, a most interesting +but badly arranged book, by John +Heneage Jesse, was published without +an index, and a new edition was issued +(1882) also without this necessary addition. +The student of the manners of +the eighteenth century must constantly +refer to this book, and yet it is almost +impossible to find in it what you want +without great waste of labour. I have +found it necessary to make a manuscript +index for my own use.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_11_11"> +<span class="label">[11]</span></a> + Quoted <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 8th Series, IX. 425.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[pg 85]</span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p85-1.jpg" width="600" height="95" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="C4" id="C4"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">The Good Indexer.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"Thomas Norton was appointed Remembrancer +of the city of London in 1570, and +directions were given to him that 'he shall +gather together and reduce the same [the Bookes] +into Indices, Tables or Kalendars, whereby +they may be more easily, readily and orderly +founde.'"—<i>Analytical Index to "Remembrancia,"</i> +p. v.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p85-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div> + +<p>HE acrostic</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I I</span><br /> +<span class="i0">N never</span><br /> +<span class="i0">D did</span><br /> +<span class="i0">E ensure</span><br /> +<span class="i0">X exactness</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p>made by a contributor to <i>Notes and +Queries</i> as a motto for an index expresses +very well the difficulties ever present +to the indexer; and the most successful +will confess the truth that it contains, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[pg 86]</span> +however much others may consider his +work to be good.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are many indexes which are only +of partial merit, but which a little more +care and experience on the part of the +indexer would have made good. If the +medium indexer felt that indexing was work +that must be done to the best of his ability, +and he studied the best examples, he +would gradually become a good indexer.</p> + +<p class="indent">The famous bibliographer, William +Oldys, rated the labours of the diligent +indexer very highly, and expressed his +views very clearly thus:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The labour and patience, the judgment +and penetration which are required +to make a good index is only known +to those who have gone through this +most painful, but least praised part of +a publication. But laborious as it +is, I think it is indispensably necessary +to manifest the treasures of any multifarious +collection, facilitate the knowledge +to those who seek it, and invite them to +make application thereof." +<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_12_12"> +<span class="label">[12]</span></a> + <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 2nd Series, XI. 309.</p> +</div> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Similar sentiments were expressed by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[pg 87]</span> +a writer in the <i>Monthly Review</i> which have +been quoted by Dr. Allibone in his valuable +<i>Dictionary of English Literature</i>. +<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_13_13"> +<span class="label">[13]</span></a> + Vol. i., p. 85.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The compilation of an index is one of +those useful labours for which the public, +commonly better pleased with entertainment +than with real service, are rarely +so forward to express their gratitude as +we think they ought to be. It has been +considered a task fit only for the plodding +and the dull: but with more truth it may +be said that this is the judgment of the +idle and the shallow. The value of anything, +it has been observed, is best known +by the want of it. Agreeably to this +idea, we, who have often experienced +great inconveniences from the want of +indices, entertain the highest sense of +their worth and importance. We know +that in the construction of a good index, +there is far more scope for the exercise +of judgment and abilities, than is +commonly supposed. We feel the merits +of the compiler of such an index, and +we are ever ready to testify our thankfulness +for his exertions."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[pg 88]</span> +A goodly roll may be drawn up of +eminent men who have not been ashamed +to appear before the world as indexers. +In the first rank we must place the +younger Scaliger, who devoted ten months +on the compilation of an elaborate index +to Gruter's <i>Thesaurus Inscriptionum</i>. +Bibliographers have been unanimous in +praise of the energy exhibited by the +great critic in undertaking so vast a labour. +Antonio describes the index as a Herculean +work, and LeClerc observes that if we +think it surprising that so great a man +should undertake so laborious a task +we must remember that such indexes +can only be made by a very able man.</p> + +<p class="indent">Nicolas Antonio, the compiler of one +of the fullest and most accurate bibliographies +ever planned, was a connoisseur +of indexes, and wrote a short essay on +the makers of them. His <i>Bibliotheca +Hispana</i> is not known so well as it +deserves to be, but those who use it find +it one of the most trustworthy of guides. +The system upon which the authors' +names are arranged is one that at first +sight may seem to give cause for ridicule, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[pg 89]</span> +for they appear in an alphabet of +Christian names; but when we consider +that the Spaniards and Portuguese stand +alone among European nations in respect +to the importance they pay to the +Christian name, and remember, further, +that authors and others are often alluded +to by their Christian names alone, we +shall see a valid reason for the plan. +Another point that should not be forgotten +is the number of Spanish authors who +have belonged to the religious orders +and are never known by their surnames. +This arrangement, however, necessitates a +full index of surnames, and Antonio has +given one which was highly praised both +by Baillet and Bayle, two men who were +well able to form an opinion.</p> + +<p class="indent">Juan de Pineda's <i>Monarchia Ecclesiastica +o historia Universal del Mundo</i> +(<i>Salamanca</i>, 1588) has a very curious and +valuable table which forms the fifth volume +of the whole set; and the three folio +volumes of indexes in one alphabet to +the <i>Annales Ecclesiastici</i> of Baronius form +a noble work.</p> + +<p class="indent">Samuel Jeake, senior, compiled a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[pg 90]</span> +valuable work on "Arithmetick" in 1674, +which was published by his son in 1696: +Λογιστικηλογια; <i>or, Arithmetick Surveighed +and Reviewed</i>. Professor De +Morgan specially refers to this book in +his <i>Arithmetical Books</i>, saying: "Those +who know the value of a large book with +a good index will pick this one up when +they can." He praises it on account of +the value of the information it contains +and the fulness of the references to that +information. The alphabetical table, +directing to some special points noted +in the precedent treatise, was probably +the work of Samuel Jeake, junior. The +author's epistle is dated from Rye, 1674, +and one of the entries is curious:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Winchelsea, when drowned 74."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">S. Jeake being a resident at Rye had +an interesting note to add to this:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Among the records of this town of +Rye is a Memorandum entered that the +year old Winchelsea was drowned (1287) +corn was 2<i>s.</i> the quarter."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Thomas Carlyle denounced the putters +forth of indexless books, and his sincerity +is proved by the publication in 1874 of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[pg 91]</span> +a separate index to the people's edition +of his Works. In his introduction to +<i>Cromwell's Letters and Speeches</i> he is +very severe on some of the old folios +he was forced to use:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The Rushworths, Whitelocks, Nalsons, +Thurloes; enormous folios, these and +many other have been printed and some +of them again printed but never yet edited,—edited +as you edit wagon-loads of +broken bricks, and dry mortar simply by +tumbling up the wagon! Not one of +those monstrous old volumes has so much +as an index. It is the general rule of +editing on this matter. If your editor +correct the press, it is an honourable +distinction."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">A very eminent name may be added +to the list of indexers, for, when a boy +of fifteen, Macaulay made the index to +a volume of the <i>Christian Observer</i> (of +which periodical his father was editor), +and this he introduced to the notice of +Hannah More in these words:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"To add to the list, my dear Madam, +you will soon see a work of mine in print. +Do not be frightened; it is only the Index +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[pg 92]</span> +to the thirteenth volume of the <i>Christian +Observer</i>, which I have had the honour +of composing. Index-making, though the +lowest, is not the most useless round in +the ladder of literature; and I pride myself +upon being able to say that there are +many readers of the <i>Christian Observer</i> +who could do without Walter Scott's +works, but not without those of, my +dear Madam, your affectionate friend, +<span class="smcap">Thomas B. Macaulay</span>."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Although proud of his work, Macaulay +places index-making in a very low position. +In later life he used a contemptuous +expression when he was describing the +appearance of those who followed the +lowest grade in the literary profession. +The late Mr. H. Campkin, a veteran +indexer, quotes this description in the +preface to one of his valuable indexes—that +to the twenty-five volumes of the +<i>Sussex Archĉological Collections</i>:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The compilation of Indexes will always +and naturally so, be regarded as a humble +art; 'index-makers in ragged coats of +frieze' are classed by Lord Macaulay as +the very lowest of the frequenters of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[pg 93]</span> +coffee houses of the Dryden and Swift +era. Yet ''tis my vocation, Hal,' and [F1: `'tis?] +into very pleasant companionship it has +sometimes brought me, and if in this +probably the last of my twenty-five years' +labours in this direction, I have succeeded +in furnishing a fairly practicable key to +a valuable set of volumes, my frieze coat, +how tattered soever signifieth not, will +continue to hang upon my shoulders +not uncomfortably."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Though he did not rate highly the +calling of the indexer, Macaulay knew that +that lowly mortal has a considerable power +in his hand if he chooses to use it, for +he can state in a few words what the +author may have hidden in verbiage, and +he can so arrange his materials as to turn +an author's own words against himself. +Hence Macaulay wrote to his publishers, +"Let no d—— Tory make the index +to my History." When the index was +in progress he appears to have seen +the draught, which was fuller than he +thought necessary. He therefore wrote +to Messrs. Longmans:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"I am very unwilling to seem captious +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[pg 94]</span> +about such a work as an Index. By all +means let Mr. —— go on. But offer him +with all delicacy and courtesy, from me +this suggestion. I would advise him to +have very few heads, except proper names. +A few there must be, such as Convocation, +Nonjurors, Bank of England, +National Debt. These are heads to +which readers who wish for information +on these subject will naturally turn. But +I think that Mr. —— will on consideration +perceive that such heads as Priestcraft, +Priesthood, Party spirit, Insurrection, +War, Bible, Crown, Controversies, Dissent, +are quite useless. Nobody will ever +look for them; and if every passage in +which party-spirit, dissent, the art of war, +and the power of the Crown are mentioned, +is to be noticed in the Index, the +size of the volumes will be doubled. The +best rule is to keep close to proper +names, and never to deviate from that +rule without some special occasion." +<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_14_14"> +<span class="label">[14]</span></a> + Trevelyan's <i>Life and Letters of Macaulay</i>, +chap. xi.</p> +</div> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">These remarks exhibit Macaulay's +eminently common-sense view of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[pg 95]</span> +value of an index, but it is evident that +he did not realise the possibility of a +good and full index such as might have +been produced. The <i>History of England</i>, +with all its wealth of picturesque illustration, +deserves a full index compiled by +some one capable of exhibiting the +spirit of that great work in a brilliant +analysis.</p> + +<p class="indent">Sir George Trevelyan's delightful <i>Life</i> +of his uncle was originally published without +an index, and Mr. Perceval Clark +made an admirable one, both full and +interesting, which was issued by the +Index Society in 1881. Mr. Clark writes +in his preface:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The single heading <span class="smcap">Macaulay</span> of +course takes up a large space of the +Index, and will be found, together with +a few other headings, to contain everything +directly touching him. The list of +his published writings refers of course +only to writings mentioned by his +Biographer, and lays no claim to be +considered an exhaustive bibliography of +his works. The books Macaulay read +that were 'mostly trash' have their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[pg 96]</span> +places in the body of the Index, while +those that stood by him in all vicissitudes +as comforters, nurses, and companions, +have half a page to themselves under +one of the sections of <span class="smcap">Macaulay</span>. The +particulars of his life and work in India +are given under <span class="smcap">India</span>; localities in +London under <span class="smcap">London</span>; various newspapers +under <span class="smcap">Newspapers</span>, and certain +French and Italian towns visited by +Macaulay under their countries respectively."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Just such an index one would like to +see of the <i>History of England</i>.</p> + +<p class="indent">It may be added that the popular +edition of the <i>Life</i> published subsequently +has an index.</p> + +<p class="indent">A large number of official indexes +are excellent, although some very bad +ones have been printed. Still, it may +be generally stated that in Government +Departments there are those in power +who know the value of a good digest, and +understand that it is necessary to employ +skilled labour. The work is well paid, +and therefore not scamped; and plenty of +room is devoted to the index, which is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[pg 97]</span> +printed in a satisfactory manner in type +well set out.</p> + +<p class="indent">We have no modern statistics to offer, +but the often quoted statement that in +1778 a total of £12,000 was voted for +indexes to the Journals of the House of +Commons shows that the value of indexes +was appreciated by Parliament in the +eighteenth century. The items of this +amount were:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"To Mr. Edward Moore £6400 as a +final compensation for thirteen years +labour; Rev. Mr. Forster £3000 for nine +years' labour; Rev. Dr. Roger Flaxman +£3000 for nine years' labour; and £500 +to Mr. Cunningham."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">One of the most admirable applications +of index making is to be found in the +series of Calendars of State Papers issued +under the sanction of the Master of the +Rolls, which have made available to all +a mass of historical material of unrivalled +value. How many students have been +grateful for the indexes to these calendars, +and also for the aid given to him by the +indexes to Parliamentary papers and other +Government publications!</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[pg 98]</span> +It is impossible to mention all the +good official indexes, but a special word +of praise must be given to the indexes to +the <i>Statutes of the Realm</i>, the folio edition +published by the Record Commission. +I have often consulted the <i>Alphabetical +Index to the Statutes from Magna Charta +to the End of the Reign of Queen Anne</i> +(1824) with the greatest pleasure and +profit. It is a model of good workmanship.</p> + +<p class="indent">The lawyers have analytical minds, and +they know how important full indexes +and digests are to complete their stock-in-trade. +They have done much, but +there is still much to be done. Lord +Thring drew up some masterly instructions +for an index to the Statute Law, +which is to be considered as a step +towards a code. These instructions +conclude with these weighty words:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Let no man imagine that the construction +of an index to the Statute Law is +a mere piece of mechanical drudgery, +unworthy of the energy and ability of an +accomplished lawyer. Next to codification, +the most difficult task that can be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[pg 99]</span> +accomplished is to prepare a detailed plan +for a code, as distinct from the easy task +of devising a theoretical system of codification. +Now the preparation of an index, +such as has been suggested in the above +instructions, is the preparation of a +detailed plan for a code. Each effective +title, is in effect, a plan for the codification +of the legal subject-matter grouped under +that title, and the whole index if completed +would be a summary of a code +arranged in alphabetical order." +<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_15_15"> +<span class="label">[15]</span></a> +These instructions, with specimens of the +proposed index, are printed in the <i>Law Magazine</i> +for August, 1877, 4th Series, vol. 8, p. 491.</p> +</div> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">That this question of digesting the law +is to be considered as one which should +interest all classes of Englishmen, and +not the lawyer only, may be seen from +an article in the <i>Nineteenth Century</i> +(September, 1877) on the "Improvement +of the Law by Private Enterprise," by the +late Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, who +did so much towards a complete digest +of the law. He wrote:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"I have long believed that the law +might by proper means be relieved of this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[pg 100]</span> +extreme obscurity and intricacy, and might +be displayed in its true light as a subject +of study of the deepest possible interest, +not only to every one who takes an +interest in politics or ethics, or in the +application of logic and metaphysics to +those subjects. In short, I think that +nothing but the rearrangement and condensation +of the vast masses of matter +contained in our law libraries is required, +in order to add to human knowledge +what would be practically a new department +of the highest and most permanent +interest. Law holds in suspension both +the logic and the ethics, which are in +fact recognised by men of business and +men of the world as the standards by +which the practice of common life ought +to be regulated, and by which men ought +to form their opinions in all their most +important temporal affairs. It would be +a far greater service to mankind than +many people would suppose to have +these standards clearly defined and +brought within the reach of every one +who cared to study them."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The following remarks will apply with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[pg 101]</span> +equal force to a more general and +universal index than that of the law:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The preparation of a digest either of +the whole or of any branch of the law +is work of a very peculiar kind. It is +one of the few literary undertakings in +which a number of persons can really +and effectively work together. Any +given subject may, it is true, be dealt +with in a variety of different ways; but +when the general scheme, according to +which it is to be treated, has been determined +on, when the skeleton of the book +has been drawn out, plenty of persons +might be found to do the work of filling +up the details, though that work is very +far from being easy or matter of routine."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The value of analytical or index work +is set in a very strong light by an observation +of Sir James Stephen respecting +the early digesters of the law. The origin +of English law is to be found in the +year-books and other series of old +reports, which from the language used +in them and the black-letter printing +with its contractions, etc., are practically +inaccessible. Lord Chief Justice Coke +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[pg 102]</span> +and others who reduced these books +into form are in consequence treated as +ultimate authorities, although the almost +worshipped Coke is said by Sir James +to be "one of the most confused, +pedantic, and inaccurate of men."</p> + +<p class="indent">A good index is that to the Works +of Jeremy Bentham, published in 1843 +under the dictation of Sir John Bowring. +<i>The Analytical Index to the Works of +Jeremy Bentham and to the Memoirs +and Correspondence</i> was compiled by +J. H. Burton, to whom it does great +credit. The indexer prefixed a sensible +note, where he writes:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"In some instances it would have +been impossible to convey a notion of +the train of reasoning followed by the +author, without using his own words, and +in these no attempt has been made +to do more than indicate the place +where the subject is discussed. In other +cases where it has appeared to the compiler +that an intelligible analysis has been +made, he may have failed in his necessarily +abbreviated sentences in embodying +the meaning of the original, but defects +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>[pg 103]</span> +of this description are indigenous to +Indexes in general."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">But here all is utility, and it is to +the literary index that we turn for +pleasure as well as instruction.</p> + +<p class="indent">The index to Ruskin's <i>Fors Clavigera</i>, +vols. 1-8 (1887), is a most interesting book, +especially to Ruskin admirers. There +are some specially delightful original and +characteristic references under the heading +of <i>London</i>, such as the following:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"London, Fifty square miles outside of, demoralised by upper classes</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Its middle classes compare unfavourably with apes</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Some blue sky in, still</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Hospital named after Christ's native village in,</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— Honestest journal of, <i>Punch</i>.</span><br /> +<span class="i0">—— crossings, what would they be without benevolent police?"</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The index is well made and the +references are full of life and charm, +but the whole is spoilt by the bad +arrangement. The entries are set out in +single lines under the headings in the +successive order of the pages. This looks +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[pg 104]</span> +unsystematic, as they ought to be arranged +in alphabet. When the references are +given in the order of the pages they should +be printed in block.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are several entries commencing +with "'s"; thus, under</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i2">"<span class="smcap">St. George.</span>"</span><br /> +<span class="i0">p. 386:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"'s war</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"of Hanover Square."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">p. 387:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"'s Square</span><br /> +<span class="i2">'s, Hanover Square"</span><br /> +<span class="i0">p. 389:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"'s law</span><br /> +<span class="i2">'s school</span><br /> +<span class="i2">'s message</span><br /> +<span class="i2">'s Chapel at Venice."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In long headings that occupy separate +pages these are repeated at the top of +the page, but the headings are not sufficiently +full: thus the saints are arranged +in alphabet under <i>S</i>; George commences +on page 386. On</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">p. 387:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"Saint—Saints <i>continued</i></span><br /> +<span class="i2">story of,"</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[pg 105]</span> +<span class="i0">p. 388:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"what of gold etc. he thinks good for people, they shall have"</span><br /> +<span class="i0">p. 389:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"tenth part of fortunes for"</span><br /> +<span class="i0">p. 390:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"his creed"</span><br /> +<span class="i0">p. 391:</span><br /> +<span class="i2">"loss of a good girl for his work"</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">In the case of all the references on +these pages you have to go back to +page 386 to find out to whom they +refer.</p> + +<p class="indent">There is a particularly bad block of +references filling half a page under +<i>Lord</i>.</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Lord, High Chancellor, 7.6; 's Prayer vital to a nation, 7.22; Mayor and Corporation, &c of Hosts."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">It is a pity that an interesting index +should be thus marred by bad arrangement.</p> + +<p class="indent">Dr. Birkbeck Hill's complete index to +his admirable edition of Boswell's <i>Life +of Johnson</i> is a delightful companion +to the work, and may be considered as +a model of what an index should be; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[pg 106]</span> +for compilation, arrangement, and printing +all are good. Under the different +headings are capital abstracts in blocks. +There are sub-headings in alphabet under +the main heading <i>Johnson</i>.</p> + +<p class="indent">A charming appendix to the index +consists of "Dicta Philosophi: A Concordance +of Johnson's Sayings."</p> + +<p class="indent">Dr. Hill writes in his preface:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"In my Index, which has cost me +many months' heavy work, 'while I bore +burdens with dull patience and beat the +track of the alphabet with sluggish resolution,' +I have, I hope, shown that I +am not unmindful of all that I owe +to men of letters. To the dead we +cannot pay the debt of gratitude that +is their due. Some relief is obtained from +its burthen, if we in our turn make the +men of our own generation debtors +to us. The plan on which my Index +is made, will I trust be found convenient. +By the alphabetical arrangement in the +separate entries of each article the reader, +I venture to think, will be greatly facilitated +in his researches. Certain subjects +I have thought it best to form into groups. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[pg 107]</span> +Under America, France, Ireland, London, +Oxford, Paris and Scotland, are gathered +together almost all the references to +those subjects. The provincial towns of +France, however, by some mistake I +did not include in the general article. +One important but intentional omission +I must justify. In the case of the +quotations in which my notes abound +I have not thought it needful in the +Index to refer to the book unless the +eminence of the author required a +separate and a second entry. My +labour would have been increased beyond +all endurance and my Index have +been swollen almost into a monstrosity +had I always referred to the book as +well as to the matter which was contained +in the passage that I extracted. +Though in such a variety of subjects +there must be many omissions, yet I +shall be greatly disappointed if actual +errors are discovered. Every entry I +have made myself, and every entry I +have verified in the proof sheets, not +by comparing it with my manuscript, +but by turning to the reference in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[pg 108]</span> +printed volumes. Some indulgence +nevertheless may well be claimed and +granted. If Homer at times nods, an +index maker may be pardoned, should +he in the fourth or fifth month of his +task at the end of a day of eight hours' +work grow drowsy. May I fondly hope +that to the maker of so large an index +will be extended the gratitude which +Lord Bolingbroke says was once shown +to lexicographers? 'I approve,' writes +his lordship, 'the devotion of a studious +man at Christ Church, who was overheard +in his oratory entering into a +detail with God, and acknowledging the +divine goodness in furnishing the world +with makers of dictionaries.'"</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">It is impossible to speak too highly +of Dr. Hill's indexes to Boswell's <i>Life of +Johnson</i> and Boswell's <i>Letters</i> and <i>Johnson +Miscellanies</i>. Not only are they good +indexes in themselves, but an indescribable +literary air breathes over every +page, and gives distinction to the whole. +The index volume of the <i>Life</i> is by no +means the least interesting of the set, +and one instinctively thinks of the once +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[pg 109]</span> +celebrated Spaniard quoted by the great +bibliographer Antonio—that the index of +a book should be made by the author, +even if the book itself were written by +some one else.</p> + +<p class="indent">The very excellence of this index +has been used as a cause of complaint +against its compiler. It has been said +that everything that is known of Johnson +can be found in the index, and therefore +that the man who uses it is able to pose +as a student, appearing to know as much +as he who knows his <i>Boswell</i> by heart; +but this is somewhat of a joke, for no +useful information can be gained unless +the book to which the index refers is +searched, and he who honestly searches +ceases to be a smatterer. It is absurd +to deprive earnest readers of a useful +help lest reviewers and smatterers misuse +it.</p> + +<p class="indent">Boswell himself made the original index +to the <i>Life of Johnson</i>, which has several +characteristic signs of its origin. Mr. +Percy Fitzgerald, in his edition (1874), +reprints the original "Table of Contents +to the Life of Johnson," with this note:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[pg 110]</span> +"This is Mr. Boswell's own Index, the +paging being altered to suit the present +edition; and the reader will see that it +bears signs of having been prepared by Mr. +Boswell himself. In the second edition +he made various additions, as well as +alterations, which are characteristic in +their way. Thus, 'Lord Bute' is changed +into 'the Earl of Bute,' and 'Francis +Barber' into 'Mr. Francis Barber.' +After Mrs. Macaulay's name he added, +'Johnson's acute and unanswerable refutation +of her levelling reveries'; and +after that of Hawkins he put 'contradicted +and corrected.' There are also +various little compliments introduced +where previously he had merely given +the name. Such as 'Temple, Mr., the +author's old and most intimate friend'; +'Vilette, Reverend Mr., his just claims +on the publick'; 'Smith, Captain, his +attention to Johnson at Warley Camp'; +'Somerville, Mr., the authour's warm and +grateful remembrance of him'; 'Hall, +General, his politeness to Johnson at +Warley Camp'; 'Heberden, Dr., his +kind attendance on Johnson.' On the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[pg 111]</span> +other hand, Lord Eliot's 'politeness to +Johnson' which stands in the first +edition, is cut down in the second to +the bald 'Eliot, Lord'; while 'Loughborough, +Lord, his talents and great good +fortune,' may have seemed a little offensive, +and was expunged. The Literary +Club was reverentially put in capitals. +There are also such odd entries as +'Brutus, a ruffian,' &c."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">One wishes that there were more indexes +like Dr. Hill's in the world; and since I +made an index to Shelley's works, I have +often thought that a series of indexes of +great authors would be of inestimable +value.</p> + +<p class="indent">First, all the author's works should be +indexed, then his biographies, and lastly +the anecdotes and notices in reviews +and other books. How valuable would +such books be in the study of our +greatest poets! The plan is quite possible +of attainment, and the indexes +would be entertaining in themselves if +made fairly full.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is not possible to refer to all the +good indexes that have been produced, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[pg 112]</span> +for they are too numerous. A very +remarkable index is that of the publications +of the Parker Society by Henry +Gough, which contains a great mass of +valuable information presented in a handy +form. It is the only volume issued by +the society which is sought after, as +the books themselves are a drug in the +market. Mr. Gough was employed to +make an index to the publications of +the Camden Society, which would have +been of still more value on account of +the much greater interest of the books +indexed; but the expense of printing the +index was too great for the funds of the +society, and it had to be abandoned, +to the great loss of the literary world. +Most of the archĉological societies, +commencing with the Society of Antiquaries, +have issued excellent indexes, and +the scientific societies also have produced +indexes of varying merit.</p> + +<p class="indent">The esteem in which the indexes of +<i>Notes and Queries</i> are held is evidenced +by the high prices they realise when they +occur for sale. Mr. Tedder's full indexes +to the Reports of the Conference of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span> +Librarians and the Library Association +may also be mentioned.</p> + +<p class="indent">A very striking instance of the great +value which a general index of a book +may possess as a distinct work can be +seen in the "Index to the first ten +volumes of Book Prices Current (1887-1896), +constituting a reference list of +subjects and incidentally a key to Anonymous +and Pseudonymous Literature, +London, 1901."</p> + +<p class="indent">Here, in one alphabet, is a brief bibliography +of the books sold in ten years +well set out, and the dates of the distinctive +editions clearly indicated. The compilation +of this index must have been a +specially laborious work, and does great +credit to William Jaggard, of Liverpool, +the compiler.</p> + +<p class="indent">The authorities of the Clarendon Press, +Oxford, are to be highly commended for +their conduct in respect to the index +to Ranke's <i>History of England</i>. This +was attached to the sixth volume of the +work published in 1875. It is by no +means a bad index in itself; but a revised +index was issued in 1897, which is a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span> +greatly improved edition by the addition +of dates and fuller descriptions and +Christian names and titles to the persons +mentioned. The new index is substantially +the same as the old one, but the +reviser has gone carefully through it, +improving it at all points, by which means +it was extended over an additional twenty-three +pages. It is instructive to compare +the two editions. Four references as +they appear in the two will show the +improvement:</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="old and new index"> +<tr> +<td><i>Old index.</i></td> +<td><i>New index.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>"Lower House."</td> +<td>"Lower House see Commons, House of."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>"Window tax v. 102."</td> +<td>"Window tax, imposed 1695 v. 102."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>"Witt, John de."</td> +<td>"Witt, Cornelius de."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>"Witt, Cornelius de."</td> +<td>"Witt, John de."</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Miss Hetherington has very justly +explained the cause of bad indexing. +She says that it has been stated in the +<i>Review of Reviews</i> that the indexer is +born, <i>not</i> made, and that the present +writer said: "An ideal indexer needs +many qualifications; but unlike the poet +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span> +he is not born, <i>but</i> made!" She then +adds to these differing opinions: "More +truly he is born <i>and</i> made."</p> + +<p class="indent">I agree to the correction and forswear +my former heresy. Certainly the indexer +requires to be born with some of the +necessary qualities innate in him, and +then he requires to have those qualities +turned to a practical point by the study +of good examples, so as to know what +to follow and what to avoid. Miss +Hetherington goes on to say:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"As a matter of fact, people without +the first necessary qualifications, or any +aptitude whatever for the work are set +to compile indexes, and the work is +regarded as nothing more than purely +mechanical copying that any hack may +do. So long as indexing and cataloguing +are treated with contempt rather than +as arts not to be acquired in a day, or +perhaps a year, and so long as authors +and their readers are indifferent to good +work, will worthless indexing continue." +<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_16_16"> +<span class="label">[16]</span></a> +<i>Index to the Periodical Literature of the +World</i> (1892).</p> +</div> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">What, then, are the chief characteristics +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span> +that are required to form a good indexer? +I think they may be stated under five +headings:</p> + +<p class="indent">1. Common-sense.</p> + +<p class="indent">2. Insight into the meaning of the author.</p> + +<p class="indent">3. Power of analysis.</p> + +<p class="indent">4. Common feeling with the consulter +and insight into his mind, so that the +indexer may put the references he has +drawn from the book under headings +where they are most likely to be sought.</p> + +<p class="indent">5. General knowledge, with the power +of overcoming difficulties.</p> + +<p class="indent">The ignorant man cannot make a good +index. The indexer will find that his +miscellaneous knowledge is sure to come +in useful, and that which he might doubt +would ever be used by him will be found +to be helpful when least expected. It +may seem absurd to make out that the +good indexer should be a sort of Admirable +Crichton. There can be no doubt, +however, that he requires a certain +amount of knowledge; and the good +cataloguer and indexer, without knowing +everything, will be found to possess a +keen sense of knowledge.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span> +As I owe all my interest in bibliography +and indexing to him, I may perhaps be +allowed to introduce the name of my +elder brother, the late Mr. B. R. +Wheatley, a Vice-President of the Library +Association, as that of a good indexer. +He devoted his best efforts to the +advancement of bibliography. When +fresh from school he commenced his +career by making the catalogue of one of +the parts of the great <i>Heber Catalogue</i>. +He planned and made one of the earliest +of indexes to a library catalogue—that of +the Athenĉum Club. He made one of the +best of indexes to the transactions of a +society in that of the Statistical Society, +which he followed by indexes of the +Transactions of the Royal Medical and +Chirurgical Society, Clinical, and other +societies. He also made an admirable +index to Tooke's <i>History of Prices</i>—a +work of great labour, which met with the +high approval of the authors, Thomas +Tooke and William Newmarch.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p117.jpg" width="400" height="106" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p118-1.jpg" width="600" height="82" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="C5" id="C5"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">Different Classes of Indexes.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"Of all your talents you are a most amazing +man at Indexes. What a flag too, do you hang +out at the stern! You must certainly persuade +people that the book overflows with matter, +which (to speak the truth) is but thinly spread. +But I know all this is fair in trade, and you have +a right to expect that the publick should purchase +freely when you reduce the whole book into an +epitome for their benefit; I shall read the index +with pleasure."—<span class="smcap">William Clarke to William +Bowyer</span>, <span class="smcap">Nichols's</span> <i>Literary Anecdotes</i>, vol. 3, +p. 46.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p118-2.jpg" width="100" height="97" alt="I" title="I" /> +</div> + +<p>N dealing with the art of the +indexer it is most important to +consider the different classes of +indexes. There are simple indexes, +such as those of names and +places, which only require care and +proper alphabetical arrangement. The +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span> +makers of these often plume themselves +upon their work; but they must +remember that the making of these indexes +can only be ranked as belonging +to the lowest rung of the index ladder.</p> + +<p class="indent">The easiest books to index are those +coming within the classes of History, +Travel, Topography, and generally those +that deal almost entirely with facts. The +indexing of these is largely a mechanical +operation, and only requires care and +judgment. Verbal indexes and concordances +are fairly easy when the plan +is settled; but they are often works of +great labour, and the compilers deserve +great credit for their perseverance. John +Marbeck stands at the head of this body +of indefatigable workers who have placed +the world under the greatest obligations. +He was the first to publish a concordance +of the Bible, +<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> + to be followed nearly two +centuries later by the work of Alexander +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span> +Cruden, whose name has almost become +a synonym for a concordance. After the +Bible come the works of Shakespeare, indexed +by Samuel Ayscough (1790), Francis +Twiss (1805), Mrs. Cowden Clarke (1845), +and Mr. John Bartlett, who published +in 1894 a still fuller concordance than +that of Mrs. Clarke. It is a vast quarto +volume of 1,910 pages in double columns, +and represents an enormous amount +of self-denying labour. Dr. Alexander +Schmidt's <i>Shakespeare Lexicon</i> (1874) is +something more than a concordance, for +it is a dictionary as well.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_17_17"> +<span class="label">[17]</span></a> +"A Concordance, that is to saie, a worke +wherein by the ordre of the letters of the ABC +ye maie redely finde any worde conteigned in +the whole Bible, so often as it is there expressed +or mencioned ... anno 1550."—<i>Folio.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">A dictionary is an index of words. +We do not mention dictionaries in this +connection to insist on the fact that they +are indexes of words, but rather to point +out that a dictionary such as those of +Liddell and Scott, Littré, Murray, and +Bradley, reaches the high watermark +of index work, and so the ordinary indexer +is able to claim that he belongs to +the same class as the producers of such +masterpieces as these.</p> + +<p class="indent">Scientific books are the most difficult +to index; but here there is a difference +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span> +between the science of fact and the +science of thought, the latter being the +most difficult to deal with. The indexing +of books of logic and ethics will call forth +all the powers of the indexer and show +his capabilities; but what we call the +science of fact contains opinions as well +as facts, and some branches of political +economy are subjects by no means easy +to index.</p> + +<p class="indent">Some authors indicate their line of +reasoning by the compilation of headings. +This is a great help to the indexer; but if +the author does not present such headings, +the indexer has to make them himself, +and he therefore needs the abilities of the +<i>précis</i>-writer.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are indexes of Books, of Transactions, +Periodicals, etc., and indexes of +Catalogues. Each of these classes demands +a different method. A book must +be thoroughly indexed; but the index of +Journals and Transactions may be confined +to the titles of the papers and +articles. It is, however, better to index +the contents of the essays as well as +their titles.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[pg 122]</span> +Before the indexer commences his +work he must consider whether his index +is to be full or short. Sometimes it is +not necessary to adopt the full index—frequently +it is too expensive a luxury for +publisher or author; but the short index +can be done well if necessary.</p> + +<p class="indent">Whatever plan is followed, the indexer +must use his judgment. This ought to +be the marked characteristic of the good +indexer. The bad indexer is entirely +without this great gift.</p> + +<p class="indent">While trying to be complete, the +indexer must reject the trivial; and this +is not always easy. He must not follow +in the steps of the lady who confessed +that she only indexed those points which +specially interested her. We have fair +warning of incompleteness in <i>The Register +of Corpus Christi Guild, York</i>, published +by the Surtees Society in 1872, where we +read, on page 321:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"This Index contains the names of +all persons mentioned in the appendix +and foot-notes, but a selection only is +given of those who were admitted into +the Guild or enrolled in the Obituary."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span> +The plan here adopted is not to be +commended, for it is clear that so important +a name-list as this is should be +thoroughly indexed. However learned +and judicious an editor may be, we do +not choose to submit to his judgment +in the offhand decision of what is and +what is not important.</p> + +<p class="indent">There is a considerable difference in +the choice of headings for a general or +special index—say, for instance, in +indexing electrical subjects the headings +would differ greatly in the indexes of +the Institution of Civil Engineers or +of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. +In the former, dynamos, transformers, +secondary or storage batteries, alternate +and continuous currents would probably +be grouped under the general heading +of Electricity, while in the latter we shall +find Dynamos under D, Transformers +under T, Batteries under B, Alternate +under A, and Continuous under C.</p> + +<p class="indent">The indexes to catalogues of libraries, +etc., are among the most difficult of indexes +to compile. It was not usual to attach an +index of subjects to a catalogue of authors +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span> +until late years, and that to the <i>Catalogue +of the Athenĉum Club Library</i> (1851) is +an early specimen. The <i>New York State +Library Catalogue</i> (1856) has an index, +as have those of the <i>Royal Medical +and Chirurgical Society</i> (1860) and the +<i>London Library</i> (1865 and 1875). That +appended to the <i>Catalogue of the Manchester +Free Library</i> (1864) is more a +short list of titles than an index.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are special difficulties attendant +on the indexing of catalogues. Books are +written in many languages, and there is +considerable trouble in bringing together +the books on a given subject produced +in many countries. The titles of books +are not drawn up on the same system +or with any wish to help the indexer. +Titles are seldom straightforward, for they +are largely concocted to attract the +readers, without any honest wish to express +correctly the nature of the contents +of the book. They are usually either too +short or too enigmatical. The titles of +pamphlets, again, are often too long; and +it may be taken as an axiom that the +longer the title the less important the book.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>[pg 125]</span> +The indexer, however, has a great +advantage over the cataloguer, because +the latter is bound by bibliographical +etiquette not to alter the title of a book, +while the indexer is at liberty to alter +the title as he likes, so as to bring together +books on the same subject, however +different the titles may be. Herein consists +the great objection to the index +composed of short titles, as in Dr. +Crestadoro's <i>Index to the Manchester Free +Library Catalogue</i>. Books almost entirely +alike in subject are separated by reason +of the different wording of the titles. +It is much more convenient to gather +together under one entry books identical +in subject, and there is no utility in +separating an "elementary treatise" on +electricity from "the elements" of electricity. +One important point connected +with indexes to catalogues is to add the +date of the book after the name of the +author, so that the seeker may know +whether the book is old or new.</p> + +<p class="indent">An index ought not to supersede the +table of contents, as this is often useful +for those who cannot find what they want +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>[pg 126]</span> +in the index, from having forgotten the +point of the heading under which it would +most likely appear in the alphabet.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the year 1900 there was a controversy +in <i>The Times</i> on a proposed +subject index to the catalogue of the +library of the British Museum. It was +commenced on October 15th by a letter +signed "A Scholar," and closed on +November 19th by the same writer, who +summed up the whole controversy. "A +Scholar" expressed himself strongly against +the proposal, and as he himself confesses +he used very arrogant language. In consequence +of which, most readers must +have desired to find him proved to be +in the wrong. This desire was satisfied +when Mr. Fortescue, the keeper of the +printed books at the British Museum, +delivered his address as President of the +Library Association on August 27th last.</p> + +<p class="indent">The two points made by the "Scholar" +were: (1) That the making of a general +subject index to the catalogue proposed +by the authorities of the British Museum +would be a waste of money; (2) That it +was a great evil for the five-yearly indexes +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>[pg 127]</span> +originated by Mr. Fortescue to be discontinued.</p> + +<p class="indent">Now let us see what is to be said +with authority on these points.</p> + +<p class="indent">Mr. Fortescue said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Last Autumn ... I read with respectful +astonishment a letter to 'The +Times' from a writer who preferred to +veil his identity under the modest signature +of 'a Scholar.' There I read that +'the studious public of this country and +Europe in general have been surprised +by the news that the authorities of the +British Museum seriously contemplate +the compilation of a subject index to +the vast collection of printed books +in that library.' I can assure you that +the surprise of the studious public and +of Europe in general cannot have surpassed +my own when I thus learned +of what the authorities were seriously +contemplating. Nevertheless, it left me +able, I thought, to discern that their vast +conceptions had not been so fortunate as +to gain the approval of 'a Scholar' and +to marvel whence <i>The Times</i> and other +great journals had drawn their truly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[pg 128]</span> +surprising information. Some of the +arguments put forth in sundry criticisms +of the 'scheme' showed how much thought +had been bestowed upon matters which +then first dazzled my bewildered imagination. +It may come some day (who shall +say what will not?), this General Index, +or it may never come. But up to the +present moment I am aware of no +authority who is seriously contemplating +so large a venture unless perhaps it be +'a Scholar' himself."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Then as to the five-yearly indexes +Mr. Fortescue said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Experience has taught us that there +is no form of subject-index which the +public values so highly as one which gives +the most recent literature on every possible +subject. And to meet this manifest want +we shall certainly continue to issue, with +all the latest improvements I hope, the +modest Indexes which we have hitherto +published in five-yearly (I am afraid as +President of The Library Association I +should say 'in quinquennial') volumes. +The Museum sweeps its net so wide and +in such remote seas that a more or less +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>[pg 129]</span> +complete collection of books on almost +every subject or historical event is gathered +within it for future students. To take +only two incidents from the last year or +two, the next index will contain not less +than a hundred and forty books and +pamphlets, in almost every European +tongue, on the Dreyfus case, and from +four to five hundred books on the present +war in South Africa. Such bibliographical +tests have more than an ephemeral or +immediate value. They will remain as +records of events or phases of thought +long after their causes shall have faded +from all but the page of history."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Of late years the dictionary catalogue +has come very largely into use in public +libraries. This consists of a union of +catalogue of authors and index of subjects +which is found to be very useful +and illuminating to the readers in free +libraries, most of whom are probably not +versed in the niceties of bibliographical +arrangement, but are more likely to want +a book on a particular subject than to +require a special book which they know. +Mr. Cutter has written the history of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>[pg 130]</span> +dictionary catalogue in the <i>United States +Special Report</i> (pp. 533-539), and he +traces it back in America to about the +year 1815.</p> + +<p class="indent">Excellent specimens of these dictionary +catalogues have been produced. They +are of great value to the ordinary reader +at a small public library, but I venture +to think that to construct one for a +large library is a waste of power, because +if several large libraries of a similar +character do the same thing, there is +constant repetition and considerable loss +by the unnecessary outlay. If a fairly +complete standard index were made, it +could be used by all the libraries, and +in return the libraries might unite to +pay its cost. I am pleased to know +that Mr. Fortescue prefers to keep index +and catalogue distinct. He said in his +address:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"I have formed, so far as I know, +but one dogmatic conviction, and it is +this: that the best catalogue which the +art of man can invent is a catalogue in +two inter-dependent yet independent +parts; the first and greater part an +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>[pg 131]</span> +alphabetical catalogue of authors, the +second and lesser part a subject-index. +I know well that I shall be told that I +am out of date, that such an opinion +is as the voice of one crying in the +wilderness—that the dictionary catalogue +has won its battle—but even so, perhaps +the more so, do I feel it the part of a +serious and immovable conviction to +declare my belief that—for student and +librarian alike—this twofold catalogue, +author and subject each in its own +division, is the best catalogue a library +can have, and that the dictionary catalogue +is the very worst. But whatever +may be our individual opinion on this +head, it is only necessary to enter into +a very simple calculation to see that +if the dictionary system could have +governed the rules of the British Museum +Catalogue it would by now have consisted +of not less than twelve million entries; +and assuredly it would have been neither +completed nor printed to-day."</p> +</blockquote> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>[pg 132]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p132-1.jpg" width="600" height="99" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="C6" id="C6"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">General Rules for Alphabetical +Indexes.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"In order to guard against blunders Bayle +proposed that certain directions should be drawn +up for the guidance of the compilers of indexes."</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p132-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="T" title="T" /> +</div> + +<p>HESE rules, originally drawn up +by a committee of the Index +Society, were primarily intended +for the use of indexers making +indexes of indexless books to be published +by the society, which, being produced +separately from the books themselves, +needed some introductory note. In all +cases, however, some explanation of the +mode of compilation should be attached +to the index. The compiler comes fresh +from his difficulties and the expedients +he has devised to overcome them, and +it is therefore well for him to explain to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>[pg 133]</span> +the user of the index what those special +difficulties are.</p> + +<p class="indent">The object of the Index Society was +to set up a standard of uniformity in the +compilation of the indexes published by +them. Although rigid uniformity is not +needed in all indexes, it is well that these +should be made in accordance with the +best experience of past workers rather +than on a system which varies with the +mood of the compiler. It is hoped that +the following rules may be of some +practical use to future indexers.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the eighth chapter of <i>How to Catalogue +a Library</i> there are a series of rules +for making a catalogue of a small library +in which are codified the different points +which had been discussed in the previous +chapters. In the present chapter the +Index Society rules are printed in italic, +and to them are now added some illustrative +remarks. There is necessarily a +certain likeness between rules for indexing +and rules for cataloguing, but the differences +are perhaps more marked. At all +events, the rules for one class of work will +not always be suitable for the other class.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>[pg 134]</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">1. <i>Every work should have one index to the +whole set, and not an index to each volume.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">An index to each volume of a set +is convenient if a general amalgamated +index to the whole set is given as well; +but a work with several indexes and no +general one is most inconvenient and +irritating, while to have both seems extravagant. +If, however, the author or +publisher is willing to present both, it is +not for the user of the book to complain.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">2. <i>Indexes to be arranged in alphabetical +order, proper names and subjects being +united in one alphabet. An introduction +containing some indication of the classification +of the contents of the book indexed to +be prefixed.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">In an alphabetical index the alphabet +must be all in all. When the alphabet +is used, it must be used throughout. +There is no advantage in dividing proper +names from subjects, as is so often +done, particularly in foreign indexes. +Another objectionable practice frequently +adopted in the indexes of periodical +publications is to keep together the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>[pg 135]</span> +entries under the separate headings used +in the journal itself, and thus to have +a number of distinct alphabets under +different headings. This union of alphabetical +and classified indexing has been +condemned on a former page, and need +not here be referred to further.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the case of large headings the items +should be arranged in alphabetical order +under them. There is occasionally a +difficulty in carrying this out completely, +but it should be attempted. We want +as little classification as possible in an +alphabetical index. Mr. W. F. Poole +wisely said in reference to the proposal +of one of his helpers on the <i>Index of +Periodical Literature</i> to place Wealth, +Finance, and Population under the heading +of Political Economy: "The fatal defect +of every classified arrangement is that +nobody understands it except the person +who made it and he is often in doubt."</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">3. <i>The entries to be arranged according +to the order of the English alphabet. I +and J and U and V to be kept distinct.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">There are few things more irritating +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>[pg 136]</span> +than to find the alphabet confused by the +union of the vowel <i>i</i> with the consonant <i>j</i>, +or the vowel <i>u</i> with the consonant <i>v</i>. No +doubt they were not distinguished some +centuries ago, but this is no reason why +they should again be confused now that +they are usually distinct. There may +be special reasons why they should be +mixed together in the British Museum +Catalogue, but it is not evident that +these are sufficient.</p> + +<p class="indent">The only safe rule is to use the English +alphabet as it is to-day in an English +index. One of the rules of the American +Library Association is: "The German +<i>ae</i>, <i>oe</i>, <i>ue</i> always to be written <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>, and +arranged as <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i>." By this Goethe +would have to be written Göthe, which is +now an unusual form, and I think it would +be better to insist that where both forms +are used, one or other should be chosen +and all instances spelt alike. It is a +very common practice to arrange <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i>, +as if they were written <i>ae</i>, <i>oe</i>, <i>ue</i>; but +this leads to the greatest confusion, and +no notice should be taken of letters that +are merely to be understood.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>[pg 137]</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">4. <i>Headings consisting of two or more +distinct words are not to be treated as +integral portions of one word; thus the +arrangement should be</i>:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="headings"> +<tr> +<td><i>Grave</i>, John</td> +<td> </td> +<td><i>Grave</i> at Kherson</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Grave</i> at Kherson</td> +<td> </td> +<td><i>Grave</i>, John</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Grave</i> of Hope</td> +<td> </td> +<td><i>Gravelot</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Grave</i> Thoughts</td> +<td>not</td> +<td><i>Grave</i> of Hope</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gravelot</i></td> +<td> </td> +<td><i>Gravesend</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Gravesend</i></td> +<td> </td> +<td><i>Grave</i> Thoughts.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The perfect alphabetical arrangement is +often ignored, and it is not always easy +to decide as to what is the best order; +but the above rule seems to put the +matter pretty clearly. If no system is +adhered to, it becomes very difficult to +steer a course through the confusion. +When such entries are printed, a very +incongruous appearance often results from +the use of a line to indicate repetition +when a word similar in spelling, but not +really the same word, occurs; thus, in the +above, Grave <i>surname</i>, Grave <i>substantive</i>, +and Grave <i>adjective</i> must all be repeated. +It is inattention to this obvious fact that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>[pg 138]</span> +has caused such ludicrous blunders as +the following:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Mill on Liberty</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> —— on the Floss." +<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Cotton, Sir Willoughby,</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> ——, price of."</span><br /> +<span class="i0">"Old age</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> —— Artillery Yard</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> —— Bailey."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<blockquote> +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_18_18"> +<span class="label">[18]</span></a> +Miss Hetherington gives an additional instance +of this class of blunder, but her only authority is +"said to be from the index of a young lady's scrap +book":</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Patti, Adelina,</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> —— oyster."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">The example in the text is absolutely genuine, +although it has been doubted.</p> +</div> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">These are all genuine entries taken from +books, and similar blunders are not +uncommon even in fairly good indexes; +thus, in the <i>Calendar of Treasury Papers</i>, +1714-1719, issued by the Public Record +Office, under <i>Ireland</i> are the following +entries:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Ireland, Mrs. Jane, Sempstress and +Starcher to King William; cxcvii. 32.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>[pg 139]</span> +... Attorney General of, <i>See</i> Attorney +General, Ireland."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Then follow nearly two columns on +Ireland with the marks of repetition (...) +throughout.</p> + +<p class="indent">The names of streets in the <i>Post Office +Directory</i> are now arranged in a strict +alphabetical order on the lines laid down +in this rule; thus we have:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"White Street</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> White's Row</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> White Heart</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Whitechapel."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Again:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Abbott Road</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Abbott Street</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Abbott's Road."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Again:</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"King Square</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> King Street</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> King and Queen Street</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> King David Street</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> King Edward Road</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> King William Street</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> King's Arms Court</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" id="page140"></a>[pg 140]</span> +<span class="i0"> King's Road</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Kinglake Street</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Kingsbury Road</span><br /> +<span class="i0"> Kingsgate Street."</span> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">Sometimes there is a slip, as might be +expected in so complicated a list of names. +Thus in the foregoing sequence Kinghorn +Street comes between King William +Street and King's Arms Court, while I +think it ought to come immediately before +Kinglake Street; but, after all, this is a +matter of opinion. Strattondale Street +comes before Stratton Street; but this is +merely a case of missorting.</p> + +<p class="indent">There is one piece of alphabetisation +which the editor of the <i>Post Office +Directory</i> has always adopted, and that +is to place Upper and Lower under those +adjectives, and Old Bond Street under +<i>Old</i>, and New Bond Street under <i>New</i>. +These two names belong to what is +practically one street (although each +division is separately numbered), which +is always spoken of as Bond Street, and +therefore for which the majority of persons +will look under Bond. South Molton +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>[pg 141]</span> +Street is correctly placed under South +because there is no North Molton Street, +and the street is named after South +Molton; while South Eaton Place is +merely a continuation of Eaton Place. +Some persons, however, think that names +should be treated as they stand, and that +we should not go behind them to find out +what they mean.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">5. <i>Proper Names of foreigners to be +arranged alphabetically under the prefixes</i>—</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="proper names"> +<tr> +<td><i>Dal</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Dal Sie</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Del</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Del Rio</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Della</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Della Casa</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Des</i></td> +<td>as</td> +<td><i>Des Cloiseaux</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Du</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Du Bois</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>La</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>La Condamine</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Le</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Le Sage</i>,</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><i>but not under the prefixes</i>—</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="proper names"> +<tr> +<td><i>D</i></td> +<td>as</td> +<td><i>Abbadie</i></td> +<td>not</td> +<td><i>D'Abbadie</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Da</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>Silva</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>Da Silva</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>De</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>La Place</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>De La Place</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Von</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>Humboldt</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>Von Humboldt</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Van</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>Beneden</i></td> +<td>"</td> +<td><i>Van Beneden</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>[pg 142]</span> +<i>It is an acknowledged principle that when +the prefix is a preposition it is to be rejected; +but when an article, it is to be retained. +When, however, as in the case of the French +Du, Des, the two are joined, it is necessary +to retain the preposition. This also applies +to the case of the Italian Della, which +is often rejected by cataloguers. English +names are, however, to be arranged under +the prefixes</i>:</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="proper names"> +<tr> +<td><i>De</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>De Quincey</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Dela</i></td> +<td>as</td> +<td><i>Delabeche</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Van</i></td> +<td></td> +<td><i>Van Mildert</i>,</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><i>because these prefixes are meaningless in +English, and form an integral part of +the name.</i></p> + +<p class="indent">Whatever rule is adopted, some difficulty +will be found in carrying it out: for +instance, if we consider Van Dyck as a +foreigner, his name will appear as Dyck +(Van); but if as an Englishman, his +name will be treated as Vandyck.</p> + +<p class="indent">A prefix which is translated into the +relative term in a foreign language cannot +be considered as a fixed portion of the +name. Thus Alexander von Humboldt, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>[pg 143]</span> +when away from his native Germany, +translated his name into Alexandre de +Humboldt. The reason why prefixes are +retained in English names is because they +have no meaning in themselves, and +cannot be translated. There is a difficulty +here in respect to certain names with +De before them; for instance, the +Rothschilds call themselves De Rothschild, +but when the head of the family +in England was made a peer of the United +Kingdom he became Lord Rothschild +without the De. In fact, we have to come +to the conclusion that when men think of +making changes in their names they pay +very little attention to the difficulties +they are forging for the cataloguer and +the indexer.</p> + +<p class="indent">In this rule no mention is made of such +out-of-the-way forms as Im Thurn and +Ten Brink. It is very difficult to decide +upon the alphabetical position of these +names. If the indexer had to deal with +a number of these curious prefixes, it +would probably be well to ignore them; +but when in the case of an English index +they rarely occur, it will probably be better +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>[pg 144]</span> +to put Im Thurn under I and Ten Brink +under T.</p> + +<p class="indent">With respect to the translation of +foreign titles, the historian Freeman made +a curious statement which is quoted +in one of the American Q.P. indexes. +Freeman wrote:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"No man was ever so clear [as +Macaulay] from the vice of thrusting in +foreign words into an English sentence. +One sees this in such small matters as +the accurate way in which he uses foreign +titles. He speaks, for instance, of the +'Duke of Maine,' the 'Count of Avaux,' +while in other writers one sees the +vulgarism of the <i>Court Circular</i>, 'Duke +de Maine,' 'Duc de Maine,'—perhaps +'Duc of Maine.'"</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Duke de Maine and Duc of Maine +may be vulgar, they are certainly incorrect; +but I fail to see how it can be +vulgar to call a man by his right name—"Duc +de Maine." I do not venture +to censure Macaulay, but for lesser men +it is certainly a great mistake to translate +the names of foreigners, in spite of Freeman's +expression of his strong opinion.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>[pg 145]</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">6. <i>Proper names with the prefix St., +as St. Albans, St. John, to be arranged +in the alphabet as if written in full—Saint. +When the word Saint represents a ceremonial +title, as in the case of St. Alban, +St. Giles, and St. Augustine, these names +are to be arranged under the letters A and +G respectively; but the places St. Albans, +St. Giles's, and St. Augustine's will be +found under the prefix Saint. The prefixes +M' and Mc to be arranged as if written +in full—Mac.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This rule is very frequently neglected, +more particularly in respect to the neglect +of the difference between Saint Alban the +man and St. Albans the place.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">7. <i>Peers to be arranged under their +titles, by which alone in most cases they are +known, and not under their family names, +except in such a case as Horace Walpole, +who is almost unknown by his title of +Earl of Orford, which came to him late +in life. Bishops, deans, etc., to be always +under their family names.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">About this rule there is great difference +of opinion. The British Museum practice +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>[pg 146]</span> +is to catalogue peers under their surnames, +and the same plan has been adopted in the +<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. It is +rather difficult to understand how this +practice has come into being. There are +difficulties on both sides; but the great +majority of peers are, I believe, known +solely by their titles, and when these +noblemen are entered under their family +names cross references are required +because very few persons know the family +names of peers. The Library Association +and Bodleian rules adopt the +common-sense plan of entering noblemen +under their titles, and Mr. Cutter gives +some excellent reasons for doing this, +although he cannot make up his mind to +run counter to a supposed well-established +rule. Mr. Cutter writes:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">"Stanhope</span> Philip Dormer, 4th <i>Earl +of Chesterfield</i>.... This is the British +Museum rule and Mr. Jewett's. Mr. +Perkins prefers entry under titles for +British noblemen also, in which I should +agree with him if the opposite practice +were not so well established. The reasons +for entry under the title are that British +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>[pg 147]</span> +noblemen are always spoken of, always +sign by their titles only, and seldom put +the family name upon the title-pages of +their books, so that ninety-nine in a +hundred readers must look under the +title first. The reasons against it are that +the founders of noble families are often +as well known—sometimes even better—by +their family name as by their titles +(as Charles Jenkinson, afterwards Lord +Liverpool; Sir Robert Walpole, afterwards +Earl of Orford); that the same man +bears different titles in different parts of +his life (thus P. Stanhope published his +<i>History of England from the Peace of +Utrecht</i> as Lord Mahon, and his <i>Reign +of Queen Anne</i> as Earl Stanhope); that +it separates members of the same family +(Lord Chancellor Eldon would be under +Eldon, and his father and all his brothers +and sisters under the family name, Scott), +[Mr. Cutter forgot that Lord Eldon's +elder brother William was also a peer—Lord +Stowell] and brings together +members of different families (thus the +earldom of Bath has been held by +members of the families of Chandé, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>[pg 148]</span> +Bourchier, Granville and Pulteney, and +the family name of the present Marquis +of Bath is Thynne), which last argument +would be more to the point in planning +a family history."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The advocates of the practice of +arranging peers under their family names +make much of the difficulties attendant +on such changes of name as +Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Alban's, +Benjamin Disraeli (afterwards Earl of +Beaconsfield), Sir John Lubbock (now +Lord Avebury), and Richard Monckton +Milnes (afterwards Lord Houghton). +These, doubtless, are difficulties, but I +believe that they amount in all to very +few as compared with the cases on the +other side.</p> + +<p class="indent">This is a matter that might be settled +by calculation, and it would be well worth +while to settle it. Mr. Cutter says that +ninety-nine in a hundred must look under +the title first, but I doubt if the percentage +be quite as high as this. If it +were, it ought to be conclusive against any +other arrangement than that under titles.</p> + +<p class="indent">Moreover, these instances do not really +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>[pg 149]</span> +meet the case, for they belong to another +class, which has to be dealt with in +cataloguing—that is, those who change +their names. When a man succeeds to +a peerage he changes his name just as a +Commoner may change his name in order +to succeed to a certain property.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">8. <i>Foreign compound names to be arranged +under the first name, as Lacaze Duthiers. +English compound names under the last, +except in such cases as Royston-Pigott, where +the first name is a true surname. The +first name in a foreign compound is, as +a rule, the surname; but the first name +in an English compound is usually a +mere Christian name.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This rule is open to some special +difficulties. It can be followed with +safety in respect to foreign names, but +special knowledge is required in respect +to English names. Of late years a +large number of persons have taken a +fancy to bring into prominence their +last Christian name when it is obtained +from a surname. They then hyphen +their Christian name with their surname, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>[pg 150]</span> +because they wish to be called by both. +The Smiths and the Joneses commenced +the practice, but others have followed +their lead. The indexer has no means +of telling whether in a hyphened name +the first name is a real surname or not, +and he needs to know much personal +and family history before he can decide +correctly.</p> + +<p class="indent">Hyphens are used most recklessly +nowadays, and the user has no thought +of the trouble he gives to the indexer. +If the Christian name is hyphened to the +surname, and all the family agree to use +the two together as their surname, the +indexer must treat the compound name as +a true surname. Often a hyphen is used +merely to show that the person bearing +the names wishes to be known by both, +but with no intention of making the +Christian name into a surname. Thus +a father may not give all his children the +same Christian name, but change it for +each individual, as one son may be James +Somerset-Jones and another George +Balfour-Jones. In such a case as this +the hyphen is quite out of place, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>[pg 151]</span> +Jones must still be treated as the only +surname. No one has a right to expect +his Christian name to be treated as a +surname merely by reason of his joining +the Christian name to the surname by +a hyphen. He must publicly announce +his intention of treating his Christian +name as a surname, or change it by Act +of Parliament. Even when the name is +legally changed, there is often room for +confusion. The late Mr. Edward Solly, +F.R.S., who was very interested in these +inquiries, drew my attention to the fact +that the family of Hesketh changed their +name in 1806 to Bamford by Act of +Parliament, and subsequently obtained +another Act to change it back to Hesketh. +The present form of the family names is +Lloyd-Hesketh-Bamford-Hesketh.</p> + +<p class="indent">With respect to Spanish and Portuguese +names it is well to bear in mind that +there are several surnames made from +Christian names, as, for instance, Fernando +is a Christian name and Fernandez is +a surname, just as with us Richard is a +Christian name and Richards a surname.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">9. <i>An adjective is frequently to be</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>[pg 152]</span> +<i>preferred to a substantive as a catchword; for +instance, when it contains the point of the +compound, as Alimentary Canal, English +History; also when the compound forms +a distinctive name, as Soane Museum.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The object of this rule is often overlooked, +and many indexers purposely +reject the use of adjectives as headings. +One of the most marked instances of an +opposite rule may be seen in the index +to Hare's <i>Walks in London</i> (1878), where +all the alleys, bridges, buildings, churches, +courts, houses, streets, etc., are arranged +under these headings, and not under +the proper name of each. There may +be a certain advantage in some of these +headings, but few would look for Lisson +Grove under Grove, and the climax of +absurdity is reached when Chalk Farm +is placed under Farm.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">10. <i>The entries to be as short as is consistent +with intelligibility, but the insertion +of names without specification of the cause +of reference to be avoided, except in particular +cases. The extent of the references, +when more than one page, to be marked by +indicating the first and last pages.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>[pg 153]</span> +This rule requires to be carried out with +judgment. Few things are more annoying +than a long string of references without +any indication of the cause of reference, +but on the other hand it is objectionable +to come across a frivolous entry. The +consulter is annoyed to find no additional +information in the book to what is +already given in the index. It will therefore +be found best to set out the various +entries in which some fact or opinion is +mentioned, and then to gather together +the remaining references under the heading +of <i>Alluded to</i>.</p> + +<p class="indent">The most extreme instances of annoying +block lists of references under a name +are to be found in Ayscough's elaborate +index to the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, where +all the references under one surname are +placed together without even the distinction +of the Christian name. The late +Mr. Edward Solly made a curious calculation +as to the time that would be employed +in looking up these references. For +instance, under the name Smith there are +2,411 entries <i>en masse</i>, and with no initial +letters. If there were these divisions, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>[pg 154]</span> +one would find Zachary Smith in a few +minutes, but now one must look to each +reference to find what is wanted. With +taking down the volumes and hunting +through long lists of names, Mr. Solly +found that two minutes were occupied +in looking up each reference; hence it +might take the consulter eight days +(working steadily ten hours a day) to find +out if there be any note about Zachary +Smith in the magazine, a task which no +one would care to undertake.</p> + +<p class="indent">A like instance of bad indexing will be +found in Scott's edition of Swift's <i>Works</i>. +Here there are 638 references to Robert +Harley, Earl of Oxford, without any +indication of the reason why his name +is entered in the index. This case also +affords a good instance of careless +indexing in another particular, for these +references are separated under different +headings instead of being gathered under +one, as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="bad indexing"> +<tr> +<td>Harley (Robert)</td> +<td>277</td> +<td>references.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Oxford (Lord)</td> +<td>111</td> +<td>"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Treasurer, Lord Oxford</td> +<td>300</td> +<td>"</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>[pg 155]</span> +The late Mr. B. R. Wheatley read a +paper before the Conference of Librarians +(1877) on this subject of indexes, without +details of the reason or cause of reference, +entitled, "An 'Evitandum' in Index-making, +principally met with in French +and German Periodical Scientific Literature" +(<i>Transactions</i>, p. 88). He pointed +out that often in German Indexes the +entries in the <i>Sach Register</i> would be full +and correct, while those in the <i>Namen +Register</i> would usually be meagre, and +consist merely of the surnames of the +authors and the initials of their Christian +names. He then referred to many instances +of the uselessness of these indexes. +He further referred to the forty so-called +indexes of subjects added to Allibone's +valuable <i>Critical Dictionary of English +Literature</i>, which are practically useless. +He concluded his paper with these words:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"You are referred to the 'Morals and +Manners' index for such varied subjects +as Apparitions, Divorce, Marriage, Duelling, +Freemasonry, Mormonism, Mythology, +Spiritualism and Witchcraft. There +are 1,365 names in this index, and how +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156" id="page156"></a>[pg 156]</span> +are you to discover which belong to any +of the above subjects without wading +through the whole? It is, in fact, an +entire system of indexing backwards +from particulars to generals, instead of +from generals to particulars. It is something +like writing on a sign-post on the +road to Bath, 'To Somersetshire,' and +if in one phrase I were to add a characteristic +entry to these sub-indexes, or +to give one form of reference which +should be typical of this style of index, +I should say—Needle, <i>see</i> Bottle of Hay. +You find the bottle of hay—but where +is the needle?"</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The form in which the various entries +in an index are to be drawn up is worthy +of much attention, and particular care +should be taken to expunge all redundant +words. For example, it would be +better to write:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Smith (John), his character; his execution,"</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">than</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Smith (John), character of; execution of";</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">or</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>[pg 157]</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Brown (Robert) saves money,"</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">than</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Brown (Robert), saving of money by."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">A good instance of the frivolous entry +is the hackneyed quotation,</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind,"</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">which is supposed to be a reference to +a passage in this form: "Mr. Justice +Best said that he had a great mind to +commit the man for trial." This particular +reference is almost too good to +be true, and I have not been able to +trace it to its source. That has been +said to be in the index to one of +Chitty's law-books, and it is added that +possibly Chitty had a grudge against +Sir William Draper Best, one of the +Puisne Judges of the King's Bench from +1819 to 1824, and Lord Chief Justice +of the Common Pleas from 1824 to +1829, in which latter year he was created +Lord Wynford. Another explanation is +that it was a joke of Leigh Hunt's, who +first published it in the <i>Examiner</i>.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">11. <i>Short entries to be repeated under +such headings as are likely to be required, +in place of a too frequent use of cross</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>[pg 158]</span> +<i>references. These references, however, to +be made from cognate headings, as Cerebral +to Brain, and vice versâ, where the +subject matter is different.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Cross references are very useful, but +they are not usually popular with those +who are unaccustomed to them. They +ought to be used where the number of +references under a certain heading is +large, but it is always better to duplicate +the references than to refer too often to +insignificant entries.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">12. <i>In the case of journals and transactions +brief abstracts of the contents of the +several articles or papers to be drawn up +and arranged in the alphabetical index +under the heading of the article.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The advantage of this plan is that a +<i>précis</i> can be made of the articles or +papers which will be useful to the reader +as containing an abstract of the contents, +much of which might not be of sufficient +importance to be sorted out in the alphabet; +in the case where the entries are important +they can be duplicated in the alphabet. +A good specimen of this plan of indexing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>[pg 159]</span> +may be found in the indexes to the +Journal of the Statistical Society.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">13. <i>Authorities quoted or referred to in a +book, to be indexed under each author's name, +the titles of his works being separately set +out and the word "quoted" added in italics.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This rule is quite clear, and there is +nothing to be added to it. It is evident +that all books quoted should be indexed.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">14. <i>When the indexed page is large, or +contains long lists of names, it is to be +divided into four sections, referred to respectively +as a, b, c, d; thus if a page +contains 64 lines, 1-16 will be a, 17-32 b, +33-48 c, 49-64 d. If in double columns, +the page is still to be divided into four—a +and b forming the upper and lower halves +of the first column, and c and d the upper +and lower halves of the second column.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This division of the page will often +be found very useful, and save much time +to the consulter.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">15. <i>When a work is in more than one +volume, the number of the volume is to be +specified by small Roman numerals. In the +case of long sets, such as the "Gentleman's</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>[pg 160]</span> +<i>Magazine," a special Arabic numeral for +indicating the volume, distinct from the page +numeral, may be employed with advantage.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The frequent use of high numbers in +Roman capitals is very inconvenient.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">16. <i>Entries which refer to complete +chapters or distinct papers, to be printed in +small capitals or italics.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This is useful as indicating that the +italic entry is of more importance than +those in Roman type.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">17. <i>Headings to be printed in a marked +type. A dash, instead of indentation, to +be used as a mark of repetition. The dash +to be kept for entries exactly similar, and +the word to be repeated when the second +differs in any way from the first. The +proper name to be repeated when that of +a different person. In the case of joint +authors, the Christian name or initials of +the first, whose surname is arranged in +the alphabet, to be in parentheses, but the +Christian names of the second to be in +the natural order, as Smith (John) and +Alexander Brown, not Smith (John) and +Brown (Alexander).</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>[pg 161]</span> +Dashes should be of a uniform length, +and that length should not be too great. +It is a mistake to suppose that the dash +is to be the length of the line which +is not repeated. If it be necessary to +make the repetition of a portion of the +title as well as the author, this should be +indicated by another dash, and not by the +elongation of the former one.</p> + +<p class="indent">The reason for the last direction in this +rule is that the Christian name is only +brought back in order to make the +alphabetical position of the surname clear; +and as this is not necessary in respect +to the second person, the names should +remain in their natural order.</p> + +<p class="indent">The initials which stand for Christian +names often give much trouble, particularly +among foreigners. Most Frenchmen +use the letter M. to stand for +monsieur, giving no Christian name; but +sometimes M. stands for Michel or other +Christian name commencing with M. +The Germans are often very careless in +the use of initials, and I have found in +one index of a scientific periodical the +following specimens of this confusion: +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>[pg 162]</span> +(1) H. D. Gerling, (2) H. W. Brandes, +(3) D. W. Olbers. Here all three cases +look alike, but in the first H. D. represent +two titles—Herr Doctor; in the second, +H. W. represent two Christian names—Heinrich +Wilhelm; and in the third +one title and one Christian name—Dr. +W. Olbers.</p> + +<p class="indent">The above rules do not apply to +subject indexes, and in certain cases may +need modification in accordance with the +special character of the work to be +indexed. On the whole, it may be said +that an alphabetical index is the best; +but under special circumstances it may +be well to have a classified index. +Generally it may be said that there are +special objections to classification, and +therefore if a classified index is decided +upon, it must needs be exceptional, and +rules must be made for it by the maker +of the index.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the foregoing rules no mention is +made of the difficulties attendant on the +use of Oriental names. Under "Rules +for a Small Library" in <i>How to Catalogue +a Library</i>, I wrote:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>[pg 163]</span> +"7. Oriental names to be registered +in accordance with the system adopted +by a recognised authority on the subject."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This, however, is only shifting the +responsibility. In an ordinary English +index this point is not likely to give much +trouble, and the rule may be safely +adopted of registration under the first +name. But where there are many names +to be dealt with, difficulties are sure to +arise. In India the last name is usually +adopted, and the forenames are frequently +contracted into initials, so that it is +obligatory to use this name. We must +never forget the practical conclusion that +a man's real name is that by which he +is known. But the indexer's difficulty in +a large number of cases is that he does +not know what that name is. Sir George +Birdwood has kindly drawn up for me the +following memorandum on the subject, +which is of great value, from the interesting +historical account of the growth of +surnames in India under British rule +which he gives.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>[pg 164]</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">On the Indexing of the Names of +Eastern People.</span></p> + +<p class="indent">Confining myself to the people—Parsees, +Hindoos, and Mussulmans +(<i>muslimin</i>)—of India, I find it very +difficult to state an unexceptionable rule +for the indexing of their names; and I +index them in the order in which they +are signed by the people themselves. +The first or forename of a Parsee or +a Hindoo, but not of a Mussulman if +he be a Pathan, is his own personal or, +as we say, "Christian"—that is, baptismal +or "water"—name; and their second their +father's personal name, and not his family +or, as we say, "blood" name, or true +surname. The naming of individuals +in the successive generations of a Parsee +or Hindoo, and certain Mussulmanee +families, runs thus: A. G., N. A., U. N., +and so on, the grandfather's name +disappearing in the third generation.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Parsees only in comparatively recent +times adopted family or true surnames +derived from the personal or paternal +names, or both, of the first distinguished +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page165" id="page165"></a>[pg 165]</span> +member of the family, or from his occupation +or place of residence, or from some +notable friend or patron of his, or from +some title conferred on him by the ruler +whose subject he was. Thus the Patels +of Bombay are descended from Rustom +(the son of) Dorabjee, who, for the +assistance he gave the English in 1692 +against the Seedee of Junjeera, was created, +by <i>sanad</i> (<i>i.e.</i> patent), <i>patel</i> (<i>i.e.</i> mayor) +of the Coolees of Bombay.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Parsee Ashburners derive their +patronymic from an ancestor in the early +part of the late century, the friend and +associate of a well-known English gentleman +then resident in Western India. The +Bhownaggrees take their name from an +ancestor, a wealthy <i>jaghirdar</i>, who in +1744 built a tank of solid stone for public +use at Bhavnagar in Kattyawar, and +also from their later official connection +with this well-known "model Native +State." The Jamsetjee Jejeebhoys and +Comasjee Jehanghiers derive their double-barreled +surnames from the first baronet +and knight, respectively, of these two +eminent Parsee families. Other well-known +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>[pg 166]</span> +Parsee surnames are Albless, +Bahadurjee, Banajee, Bengalee, Bhandoopwala, +Bharda, Cama (or Kama), Dadysett, +Damanwala, Gamadia, Gazdar, Ghandi, +Kapadia, Karaka, Khabrajee, Kharagat, +Kohiyar, Marzban, Modee, Petit (Sir +Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, first baronet +of this name), Panday, Parak, Sanjana, +Sayar, Seth, Sethna, Shroff, Talyarkan, +Wadia. Some of their surnames are +very eccentric, such as Doctor, Ready-money, +Solicitor, etc., and should be +abolished. There is actually a Dr. +Solicitor.</p> + +<p class="indent">The interesting point about the Parsee +surnames is that when first introduced, +through the influence of their close contact +with the English, they were not +absolutely hereditary, but were changed +after a generation or two. Thus the +present Bhownaggrees used, at one time, +the surname of Compadore, from the +office so designated held by one of their +ancestors under the Portuguese.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Hindoos have always had surnames, +and jealously guard their authenticity and +continuity in the traditions of their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>[pg 167]</span> +families, although they do not, even +yet in Western India, universally use +them in public. Their personal and +paternal names are derived, among the +higher castes, from the names of the gods, +the thousand and one names of Vishnoo +and Seeva, of Ganesha, etc., and from the +names of well-known mythological heroes, +historical saints, etc., the name selected +being one the initial of which indicates +the lunar asterism (<i>nakshatra</i>) under +which the child (<i>i.e.</i> a son) is born; but +their surnames have a tribal, or, as in +the case of the Parsees, a local, or official, +or some other merely accidental, origin.</p> + +<p class="indent">If, then, we had only to deal with +the Hindoos and Parsees, they might be +readily indexed under their surnames. +But when we come to the Indian Mussulmans +the problem is at once seen to be +beset with perplexities which seem to +me impossible to unravel. The Indian +Mussulmans—indeed all <i>muslimin</i>—are +classified as Sayeds, Sheikhs, Mo(n)gols, +and Pathans. The Sayeds (literally, +"nobles," "lords") are the descendants +of the Prophet Mahomet, through his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168" id="page168"></a>[pg 168]</span> +son-in-law Allee; those descended through +Fatima being distinguished as Sayed +Hussanee and Sayed Hooseinee, and +those from his other wives as Sayed Allee. +The first name given to a Mussulman of +this class is the <i>quasi</i>-surname Sayed or +Meer (also, literally, "nobleman," "lord"), +followed by the personal name and the +paternal name; but these <i>quasi</i>-surnames +often fall into disuse after manhood has +been reached.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Sheikhs (literally, "chiefs"),—and +all <i>muslimin</i> descended from Mahomet and +Aboo Bukeer and Oomur are Sheikhs,—have +one or other of the following surnames +placed before or after their personal +and paternal names: Abd, Allee, Bukhs, +Goolam, Khoaja, Sheikh. But as Sayeds +are also all Sheikhs, they sometimes, on +attaining manhood, assume the surname +of Sheikh, dropping that of Sayed, or +Meer, given to them at birth.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Mo(n)gols, whether of the Persian +(Eranee) sect of Sheeahs, or the Turkish +(Tooranee) sect of Soonnees, have placed +before, or after, their personal and paternal +names, one or other of the following +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>[pg 169]</span> +surnames: Aga ("lord"), Beg ("lord"), +Meerza, and Mo(n)gol. But in Persia +both Sayeds and Sheikhs assume, instead +of their proper patronymics, the surname of +Aga, or Beg, or Mo(n)gol; while Mo(n)gols +whose mothers are Sayeds are given the +pre, or post, surname of Meerza.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Pathans have the surname Khan +("lord") placed invariably after their +personal and paternal names. But Sayeds +and Sheikhs often have the word Khan +placed after their class, personal, and +paternal names—not, however, as a surname, +but as a complimentary or substantial +title, pure and simple.</p> + +<p class="indent">Again, all classes of <i>muslimin</i>, and the +Hindoos also, and even the Parsees, are in +the habit of adding all sorts of complimentary +and substantial titles both before +and after their names. How, then, is it +possible to apply any one rightly reasoned +rule to the indexing of such names, or +any but the arbitrary rule of thumb:—to +index them in the order in which the bearer +of them places them in his signature to +letters, cheques, and other documents? +This gets over all the embarrassing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page170" id="page170"></a>[pg 170]</span> +difficulties created by the paraphernalia of a +man's official designations, complimentary—or +substantial, titles, etc. Take, for +example, this transcript of a hypothetical +Hindoo official's visiting-card:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Dewan Sahib" (official and courtesy +titles).</p> + +<p class="indent">"Rajashri" (special social title).</p> + +<p class="indent">"A." (personal name).</p> + +<p class="indent">"B." (paternal name).</p> + +<p class="indent">"Z." (family or true surname).</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">No Englishman unfamiliar with the +etiquettes of Indian personal nomenclature +could possibly index such a card +as this with intelligent correctness. But +this Hindoo gentleman would simply sign +himself in a private letter, "A. B. Z." +(<i>i.e.</i> A., the son of B., of the clan of Z.), +and so he should be indexed.</p> + +<p class="indent">The personal names of <i>muslimin</i> also +have for the most part an astronomical +association, being generally selected from +those beginning with the initial or finial +letter of the name of the planet ruling +the day on which the child (<i>i.e.</i> a son) +is born.</p> + +<p class="indent">I presume that what I have here said +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>[pg 171]</span> +of the methods of naming the Indian +Mussulmans also applies to the <i>muslimin</i> +of Persia and Central Asia and Turkey +and Arabia; but beyond these countries +I have no information as to the methods +of naming people in the other Oriental +Indies, such as Ceylon, Burmah, China, +and Japan.</p> + +<p class="indent">As to the transliteration of Oriental +personal names, I always accept that +followed by the person bearing them.</p> + +<p class="indent">I have put the matter as briefly as +possible, and almost too briefly for absolute +accuracy of expression; and it will be +noted I say nothing of local exceptions +to the general rule regulating Hindoo +names of persons; and, again, nothing of +female names, Hindoo, Mussulmanee, or +Parsee.</p> + +<p class="right">GEORGE BIRDWOOD.</p> + +<p><i>January 9, 1902.</i></p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p171.jpg" width="400" height="118" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>[pg 172]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p172-1.jpg" width="600" height="91" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="C7" id="C7"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">How to Set About the Index.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"And thus by God's assistance we have finished +our Table. Miraculous almost was the execution +done by David on the Amalekites who saved +neither man nor woman alive to bring tidings to +Gath. I cannot promise such exactness in our +Index, that no name hath escaped our enquiry: +some few, perchance, hardly slipping by, may +tell tales against us. This I profess, I have not, +in the language of some modern quartermaster, +wilfully burnt towns, and purposely omitted +them; and hope that such as have escaped our +discovering, will only upon examination appear +either not generally agreed on, by authors, for +proper names, or else by proportion falling +without the bounds of Palestine, Soli Deo +gloria."—<span class="smcap">Thomas Fuller.</span></p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p172-2.jpg" width="100" height="100" alt="R" title="R" /> +</div> + +<p>ULES are needed for index +making in order to obtain uniformity, +but the mode of working +must to a large extent be left to +the indexer. Most of us have our own +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>[pg 173]</span> +favourite ways of doing things, and it is +therefore absurd to dictate to others how +to set to work. If we employ any one to +do a certain work, we are entitled to +expect it to be well done; but we ought +to allow the worker to adopt his own +mode of work. Some men will insist +not only on the work being well done, +but also upon their way of doing it. +This takes the spirit out of the worker, +and is therefore most unwise.</p> + +<p class="indent">Still, I have found that those who are +unaccustomed to index work are anxious +to be informed how to proceed. The +following notes are therefore only intended +as hints for the use of those who +wish for them, and need not be acted +upon if the reader has a plan that he +finds better suited for his purpose. Two +essentially different kinds of index must +be considered first: (1) There is the +index which is always growing; and (2) +there is the index that is made at one +time, and is printed immediately it is +ready for the press. The same course +of procedure will not be suitable for both +these classes.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page174" id="page174"></a>[pg 174]</span> +1. Indexes to commonplace books +belong to this category. It has been +usual here to leave a few pages blank +for the index, and to arrange the entries +in strict alphabetical order under the +first letters and then under the first vowel +following a consonant, or the second, +when the initial is a vowel. This is +highly inconvenient and confusing, +especially when words without a second +vowel, as <i>Ash</i> and <i>Epps</i>, are placed at +the head of each letter, <i>Ash</i> coming +before <i>Adam</i> and <i>Abel</i>, and <i>Epps</i> before +<i>Ebenezer</i>. It is better to spare a few +more pages for the index, and plan the +alphabet out so that the entries may +come in their correct alphabetical order. +Unfortunately the blank index is usually +set out according to this absurd vowel +system. Commonplace books are now, +however, very much out of fashion. A +better system of note-keeping is to use +paper of a uniform size, to write each +distinct note on a separate sheet of paper, +and to fasten the slips of paper together +by means of clips. If this plan is adopted, +the notes are much more easily consulted, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>[pg 175]</span> +and they can be rearranged as often +as is necessary. Now the index can +be made on cards, or a special alphabeticised +<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> +book can be set aside for the +purpose. Cards of a uniform size, kept +in trays or boxes, are very convenient for +the purpose of making an ever-growing +index. You can make a general index in +one alphabet, and when you have any +special subject on hand, you can choose +out the particular cards connected with +that subject, and arrange them in a distinct +alphabet. When the distinct alphabet +is no longer required, the cards can +be rearranged in the general alphabet. +Cards are unquestionably the most convenient +for an index that is ever changing +in volume and in form. Rearrangement +can be made without the trouble of +re-writing the entries.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_19_19"> +<span class="label">[19]</span></a> +Some may consider this a monstrous word; +but it conveys a convenient description of blank +books with the alphabet marked on the leaves +of the book either cut in or with tablets +projecting from the margin.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">2. For an index which is made straight +off at one time, and sent to the printer +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>[pg 176]</span> +when finished, foolscap paper is probably +the most convenient to use. The pages +as written upon can be numbered, and +this will relieve the mind of the indexer of +fear that any of these should be lost. The +numbering will serve till the time comes +for the index to be cut up and arranged.</p> + +<p class="indent">Some indexers use separate slips of a +uniform size, or cards, with a single entry +on each slip. Although this plan has +the advantage that you can keep your +index in alphabetical order as you go +along, which is sometimes convenient for +reference, it is, on the whole, a cumbersome +one for an index, although it is +almost essential for a catalogue.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the present day when paper is so +cheap, it is well to use fresh sheets all +of the same size—either quarto post or +foolscap. Some persons are so absurdly +economical as to use the blank sides of +used paper, such as envelopes, etc., so that +their manuscript is of all sizes and will +never range. It is necessary to warn such +persons that they lose more time by the +inconvenient form of their paper than +they gain by not buying new material.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>[pg 177]</span> +In general practice the most convenient +plan is to make your index straight on, +using the paper you have chosen. Another +plan is to use a portfolio of parchment +with an alphabet cut on the leaves, and +with guards to receive several leaves of +foolscap under each letter. Thus every +entry can be written at once in first +letters. Where there are many large +headings this is very convenient, and +time is saved by entering the various +references on the same folio without the +constant repetition of the same heading. +Possibly the most convenient method is +to unite the two plans. Those references +which we know to belong to large headings +can be entered on the folios in the +alphabetical guard-book, and the rest +can be written straight through on the +separate leaves.</p> + +<p class="indent">Before commencing his work, the +indexer must think out the plan and the +kind of index he is to produce; he will +then consider how he is to draw out +the references.</p> + +<p class="indent">Whatever system is adopted, it is well +to bear in mind that the indexer should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>[pg 178]</span> +obtain some knowledge of the book he +is about to index before he sets to work. +The following remarks by Lord Thring +may be applied to other subjects than law:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"A complete knowledge of the whole +<i>law</i> is required before he begins to make +the index, for until he can look down +on the entire field of law before him, +he cannot possibly judge of the proper +arrangement of the headings or of the +relative importance of the various provisions."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">During his work the indexer must constantly +ask himself what it is for which +the consulter is likely to seek. The +author frequently uses periphrases to +escape from the repetition of the same +fact in the same form, but these periphrases +will give little information when +inserted as headings in an index; and +it is in this point of selecting the best +catchword that the good indexer will +show his superiority over the commonplace +worker.</p> + +<p class="indent">This paramount characteristic of the +good indexer is by no means an easy one +to acquire. When the indexer is absorbed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id="page179"></a>[pg 179]</span> +in the work upon which he is working, he +takes for granted much with which the +consulter coming fresh to the subject is +not familiar. The want of this characteristic +is most marked in the case of +the bad indexer.</p> + +<p class="indent">In printing references to the entries +in an index it is important to make a +distinction between the volume and the +page; this is done best by printing the +number of the volumes in Roman letters +and the page in Arabic numerals. When, +however, the volumes are numerous, the +Roman letters become cumbersome, and +mistakes are apt to occur, so that one is +forced to use Arabic numerals; and in +order to distinguish between volume and +page, the numbers of the volumes must +be printed in solid black type.</p> + +<p class="indent">When a book is often reprinted in +different forms it would be well to refer +to chapters and paragraphs, so that the +same index would do for all editions. +The paragraphs in Dr. Jessopp's edition of +North's <i>Lives of the Norths</i> are numbered, +but they are not numbered throughout. +The references are very confusing and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page180" id="page180"></a>[pg 180]</span> +require a key. Thus, P stands for Preface; +F for Life of the Lord Keeper; D, Life of +Dudley; J, Life of Dr. John; R, Autobiography +of Roger, and also Notes; R L, +Letters from Lady North; R I, Letters +from Roger North; and S, Supplementary. +In the Letters the references are to pages +and not to paragraphs. With such a +complicated system, one is tempted to +leave the index severely alone. This is +the more annoying in that the index is +not a long one, and the pages might have +been inserted without any great trouble.</p> + +<p class="indent">Much confusion has been caused by +reprinting an index for one edition in a +later one without alteration. An instance +may be given by citing the reprint of +Whitelock's <i>Memorials</i>, published at the +University Press, Oxford, in 1853. The +original edition is in one volume folio +(1682, reprinted 1732), and the new +edition is in four volumes octavo. But to +save expense the old index was printed +to the new book. The difficulty was in +part got over by giving the pages of the +1732 edition in the margin; but as may +be imagined, it is a most troublesome +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>[pg 181]</span> +business to find anything by this means. +Moreover, the old index is not a good +one, but thoroughly bad, with all the +old misprints retained in the new edition. +As a specimen of the extreme inaccuracy +of the compilation, it may be mentioned +that under one heading of thirty-four +entries Mr. Edward Peacock detected +seven blunders. Although Mr. Peacock +had no statistics of the other entries, +his experience led him to believe that +if any heading were taken at random, +about one in four of the entries would +be found to be misprinted.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the case of a large index it is +necessary to take into consideration the +greatly increased work connected with +arrangement. The amount of this may +be said to increase in geometrical rather +than in arithmetical progression. When +the indexer comes to the last page of a +great book he rejoices to have finished +his work; but he will find by experience, +when he calculates the arrangement +of his materials, that he has scarcely +done more than half of what is before +him.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>[pg 182]</span> +If cards or separate slips are used, these +will only need to be arranged for the +press; but if sheets of paper have been, +written upon, these will have to be cut up. +There is little to be said about this, but +it is worth giving the hint that much time +is saved if shears or large scissors are +used, so that the whole width of paper +may be severed in two cuts.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the case of a small index there is +little difficulty with material, for it can +be arranged at once into first letters, and +when the table is cleared of the slips these +can be placed in the pages of an ordinary +book to keep them distinct, and can then +be sorted in perfect alphabet and pasted +down. In the case of a large index it +will be necessary to place the slips in a +safer place. Large envelopes are useful +receptacles for first letters; and when the +slips are placed in them, the indexer will +feel at ease and sure that none will be lost.</p> + +<p class="indent">It is well to go through the whole of the +envelopes of first letters and sort the slips +into second and third letters before the +pasting is commenced, so that you may +know that the order is correct, or make +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>[pg 183]</span> +such alterations as are necessary before +it is too late. The final perfect alphabetical +arrangement can be made when +the slips are placed on the table ready +to be pasted.</p> + +<p class="indent">The sorting of slips into alphabetical +order seems a simple matter which scarcely +needs any particular directions; still such +have been made.</p> + +<p class="indent">The late Mr. Charles F. Blackburn, +who had had a considerable experience, +gave some instruction for sorting slips in +his <i>Hints on Catalogue Titles</i> (1884). He +wrote:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Having never seen in print any +directions for putting titles into alphabetical +order, I venture to describe the system +I have been accustomed to use. First +sort the entire heap into six heaps, which +will lie before you thus:</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="sort letters"> +<tr> +<td>A—D</td> +<td>E—H</td> +<td>I—M</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>N—R</td> +<td>S</td> +<td>T—Z.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Then take the heap A—D and sort it +into its component letters, after which +each letter can be brought into shape by +use of the plan first applied to the whole +alphabet. It is best to go on with the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>[pg 184]</span> +second process until you have the whole +alphabet in separate letters, because if +you brought A, for example, into its component +parts and put them into alphabetical +order, you might not impossibly find +some A's among the later letters—one of +the inevitable accidents of sorting quickly. +With this hint or two the young cataloguer +will easily find his way; and various devices +for doing this or that more handily +are sure to suggest themselves in the +course of practice. The great thing is +to be started."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">The latter part of this extract is good +advice, but I think it is a mistake to make +two operations of the sorting in first letters, +for it can be done quite easily in one.</p> + +<p class="indent">The following suggestion made by Mr. +Blackburn is a good one, and is likely to +save the very possible mixture of some +of the heaps:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"In my own practice I have got into +a way of letting the slips fall on the +table at an angle of forty-five degrees. +Then, if the accumulation of titles should +cause the heaps to slide, they will run +into one another distinct, so that they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id="page185"></a>[pg 185]</span> +can be separated instantly without sorting +afresh."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">I have never myself found any difficulty +in sorting out into first letters at one time, +and it soon becomes easy to place the +slips in their proper heaps without any +thought. Mr. F. B. Perkins, of the Boston +Public Library, however, in his paper +on "Book Indexes" gives some good +directions which are worth quoting here:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Next alphabet them by initial letters. +This process is usually best done by +using a diagram or imaginary frame of +five rows of five letters each, on which +to put the titles at this first handling. +The following arrangement of printers' +dashes will show what I mean. (The +letters placed at the left hand of the first +row and right hand of the last indicate +well enough where the rest belong.)</p> + +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">A —— —— —— —— —— U</span><br /> +<span class="i0">B —— —— —— —— —— V</span><br /> +<span class="i0">C —— —— —— —— —— W</span><br /> +<span class="i0">D —— —— —— —— —— X</span><br /> +<span class="i0">E —— —— —— —— —— YZ."<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></span> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_20_20"> +<span class="label">[20]</span></a> +<i>Public Libraries in the United States.</i> Special +Report. Part I., 1876, p. 730.</p> +</div> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>[pg 186]</span> +When the alphabetical arrangement is +completed so far as the indexer considers +it necessary for his purpose, it is time to +think of the pasting down of the slips. +This can be done in several ways, and +the operator will doubtless choose that +which suits him best. As already remarked, +men will always find out the +way most agreeable to themselves, and +it is unwise to insist on others following +our way in preference to their own.</p> + +<p class="indent">The human mind is capable of interesting +itself in almost anything it may +undertake; but indexing cannot be +other than hard work, and it is unfair +to make it harder by fixing unnecessary +limits. The worker is always happier at +his work if he is allowed to do it in his +own way.</p> + +<p class="indent">The first thing to settle is as to the +paper upon which the index is to be +pasted. A very large-sized paper is inconvenient, +and foolscap or quarto is the +best for constant handling,—all the pages +should be of exactly the same size. +Sometimes it is necessary to have a small +margin, but generally the width of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187" id="page187"></a>[pg 187]</span> +paper used for the index should be +followed. There is no greater mistake +than to study economy in the use of +paper for pasting on. Some persons have +facilities for the use of wastepaper that +has been printed on on one side, and, not +having been used, is in good order and +of equal size. Some persons cut up +newspapers, but this is a practice not to +be recommended, not only on account +of the print, but because the paper is +generally so abominably bad and tearable. +If the wastepaper referred to above is +not within reach, it is well to buy a +good printing-paper, which can be cut +into the size required. There are, however, +many cheap papers already machine-cut +into the size required, which can +easily be obtained.</p> + +<p class="indent">Some with the love of saving strong +upon them cut up newspapers into +lengths of about four inches wide, and +paste the slips upon these, with the +result that all the ragged ends give continual +trouble, and are apt to be torn +away. Of all savings, this is the most +ill-advised.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>[pg 188]</span> +Although the "copy" is to be printed +from at once, and will soon become useless, +it is a great comfort to have material +that is convenient to handle while it is +required. Some thought may also be +given to the compositor, whose life will +be made a burden to him if you send +him "copy" with all the ends loose. It +is also well to keep the pages as flat as +possible, so that a heap of these do not +wobble about, but keep together smooth +and tidy.</p> + +<p class="indent">Sometimes it may be desirable to paste +only on half the paper, so as to have +room for additional entries. If this is +done, the side must be altered periodically, +or the pages will slip about and give +endless trouble.</p> + +<p class="indent">When the index is in course of arrangement +the greatest care must be taken +that none of the slips are lost, for such +a loss is almost irreparable—first because +you do not know when a slip goes astray; +and even if you do know of your loss +it is almost impossible to remedy it, as +you have no clue to the place from +which the slip came.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>[pg 189]</span> +There will always be anxiety to the +indexer while his work is being cut up +and sorted. A breeze from a window +when a door is opened may blow some +of his slips away. Too many of the +slips should not be allowed on the table +at one time, and the indexer will feel +the greatest comfort when he knows that +his slips are safely reposing in their +several envelopes. All queries should +also be kept in envelopes, and each +envelope should be inscribed with a +proper description of its contents. When +the slips are pasted down they are +safe—that is if they have been affixed +securely to the paper.</p> + +<p class="indent">Having made these general observations, +we may now proceed to consider +how to paste. It seems a very simple +matter, that requires no directions; but +even here a few remarks may not be +out of place.</p> + +<p class="indent">When your paper is ready in a pile +of about fifty pages, each page numbered +in its proper sequence, you can proceed +to work. For the purpose of laying down +slips on uniform pages at one time, paste +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id="page190"></a>[pg 190]</span> +is the only satisfactory material. Gum +will only be used by the inexperienced. +It cannot be used satisfactorily on large +surfaces, like paste, and when it oozes +up between the slips it is stickier and +does more damage in fixing the pages +together than paste does. You might as +well fix paperhangings on your walls +with gum.</p> + +<p class="indent">As to paste, if you have a long job +on hand it is better to have it made +at home, of a good consistency, but not +too thick. It ought to run freely from +the brush. A good cook will make good +paste, but if you are specially particular +you can make it yourself. If you require +it to last for any time, you must add a +little alum; but when you have a big +index before you, you will use a bowl +of paste in an evening, and there is therefore +no question as to keeping.</p> + +<p class="indent">"Stickphast" is a very good material; +it sticks well and keeps well, and it is +an excellent adjunct to the writing-table, +but it is not suitable for pasting down +a long index. It is too dear, it is too +thick, and it is too lumpy. If the paste +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>[pg 191]</span> +is made at home, it need not be lumpy; +and lumps, when you are pasting, are +irritating to the last degree.</p> + +<p class="indent">The paper and the paste being ready, +with a fair-sized brush to spread the +paste, we come to consider how best to +proceed with the work in hand. You +require a good-sized table,—a large board +on tressels in an empty room is the best, +but a dining-table will serve. At the +extreme right of the table you place the +batch of paper upon which you are about +to paste, and then sort your slips in +perfect order, ranging them in columns +from right to left. The object of thus +going backwards is to save you from +passing over several columns as you take +the slips off the table, and, instead, going +straight on. You can push your batch +of paper on as the various columns successively +disappear. More slips should +not be set out than you can paste at +one sitting, as it is not well to leave the +slips loose on the table. Of course, you +can paste from the left side if you wish, +and then the columns will range from +left to right; but this is not so convenient +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>[pg 192]</span> +for continued arrangement of the columns +of slips as you require them.</p> + +<p class="indent">There are more ways than one in +placing the paste upon the paper; the +most usual way is to paste down the two +sides of the paper just the width of the +slips, and some add a stroke down the +middle. Another way is to put a plentiful +supply of paste on a page or board, and +then to place the back of each slip upon +this. If you place your fingers on the two +ends and press them towards the middle, +the slip will be ready to be placed in +its proper position, having taken up just +sufficient paste. A still different plan is +to paste the board or paper as in the +previous case, and then place the face of +the whole page on this. You then take +it off, and, placing the dry side on the +batch of paper, proceed to affix the slips +to it. The advantage of the two last +processes is that the paper is not so +wet as in the first-mentioned plan, and in +consequence the paper does not curl so +much, but lies flatter. In the first place +the sheets must be set out separately on +the floor to dry, so that they may not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>[pg 193]</span> +stick together, but this is not so necessary +in the two latter processes.</p> + +<p class="indent">Some indexers strongly object to +pasting. This was the case with Mr. +E. H. Malcolm, who wrote thus to <i>Notes +and Queries</i>:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"I long ago discovered the cause of +imperfections in my own work. It was +the 'cutting into slips' and 'laying down' +processes. The fact is you cannot be +sure of preserving the cuttings or slips, +if very numerous; they are almost certain +to get mixed or lost, or elude you somehow. +My remedy is this. I now take +cheap notepaper and write one entry +only on each leaf. Having compiled my +index thus from A to Z, I arrange my +slips and manipulate them as I would a +pack of cards, although shuffling only for +the purpose of getting the arrangement of +the letters right. Thus I save myself all +the labour and trouble of pasting or +laying down the slips in analytical order. +I do not mind a little extra expenditure +of paper by only entering one item on +every slip, for I am compensated for the +appearance of bulk by finding that I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>[pg 194]</span> +have secured order and arrangement +free from the consequences of a finical +arrangement of the slips and a dirty and +tiresome labour of pasting down." +<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_21_21"> +<span class="label">[21]</span></a> +5th S., vi. 114 (1876).</p> +</div> +</div> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">As already pointed out in these pages, +Mr. Malcolm is quite right respecting slips +for a growing index; but when it comes +to sending the "copy" to the printer the +case is different. Here there is more +safety in the pasted down slips, which are +less likely to be lost than the loose ones +even when numbered.</p> + +<p class="indent">As you proceed in your work you may +wish to know how far your index agrees +with other indexes in its proportion of +letters, and to calculate what proportion +of the whole you have already done.</p> + +<p class="indent">Some calculations as to the relative +extent of the different letters have been +made. Thus B is the largest letter in +an index of proper names, but loses its +pre-eminence in an index of subjects; and +S takes high rank in both classes.</p> + +<p class="indent">Mr. F. A. Curtis, +<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> + of the Eagle +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>[pg 195]</span> +Insurance Office, made in 1858 a calculation +of the relative proportions of the +different letters of the alphabet in respect +to proper names. He described his object +in a letter entitled, "On the Best Method +of Constructing an Index." He wrote +that, having had occasion to construct an +index of the lives assured in the "Eagle" +Company, he had drawn up a few +observations upon the subject. "The +requirements of an index and the proportions +of its several parts are the two +principal questions to be considered. +Under the first head it may be observed +that the index of a company upon a large +scale should afford as much abstract +information as possible. Those who +refer to it do so with different views, +for the objects of their inquiry must +necessarily vary with their respective +duties. It is therefore desirable that the +index should be constructed with a view +to provide for the wants of each person, +so far, at least, as to enable him to obtain +information in the most direct way; and +it will be proper to insert in the index +particulars some of which do not usually +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>[pg 196]</span> +find a place in such a book. Let it be +supposed that an individual signing his +name 'J. Smith' inquires about the +bonus, premium, or assignment, etc., of +his policy, without stating either number, +date, or amount. This is not an unusual +case, and it will serve to illustrate my +meaning by showing the nature of the +difficulties which have to be encountered. +J. may stand for John, James, Joseph, etc. +There will probably be many of each kind +in connection with the like surname, and +it would be very difficult to discover, +without a tedious investigation, to which +policy J. Smith refers, unless the individuality +of each person recorded in +the index under that name be distinctly +shown. The 'locality' of the assurance +might be adopted as a mark of distinction; +and we should in many instances be +able to fix upon the right name by simply +comparing the address of the writer with +the place where the policy was effected."</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_22_22"> +<span class="label">[22]</span></a> +<i>Assurance Magazine</i>, vol. viii., 1860, +pp. 54-7.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">This is a most valuable suggestion to +all indexers. Many persons, to save +trouble at the time, write initials instead +of full Christian names. It should be a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>[pg 197]</span> +rule always to write these in full. When +the index comes to be printed, the +Christian names can be contracted if it +is necessary to save space. The most +important matter in the arrangement of +an index is to avoid the confusion of +two persons as one, and the possibility +of making this blunder is greatly increased +by the use of initials instead of +full names. In the <i>British Museum +Catalogue</i> it has been found necessary +in many cases to add particulars to distinguish +between men with the same names.</p> + +<p class="indent">Mr. Curtis goes on to say:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"With regard to the second part of +this subject—<i>i.e.</i> the proportions of the +several parts of the index—I may observe +that the most useful mode of division +appears to me to be that which is adopted +by many offices—namely, to classify the +surname under its first letter, and to +subdivide according to the first vowel +thereafter, adopting the first subdivision +for such names as 'Ash,' 'Epps,' etc., +which have no succeeding vowel."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">This, however, is a very unnatural +arrangement, and has been, I believe, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>[pg 198]</span> +very generally given up. It is therefore +unnecessary to refer further to Mr. +Curtis's calculations of the proportions of +the vowels in the subdivisions. Calculations +can be made for the subdivision of +the complete alphabet with a better +result. Of course, in the case of initial +vowels the following consonants have +most to be considered, and in initial +consonants the following vowels. Mr. +Curtis's calculations respecting the first +letters of surnames are of much value. +He used the commercial lists of the <i>Post +Office London Directory</i>, and compared +them with Liverpool, Hull, Manchester, +Sheffield, Birmingham, and Bristol directories, +and with three lists of different +assurance companies; and after making +his calculations from nearly 233,000 surnames, +he found the total average very +similar in its result. Mr. William Davis +made similar calculations from the <i>Clergy +List</i>, which came out much the same. +These he contributed to <i>Notes and +Queries</i>, +<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> + and subsequently he made a +further calculation from French names. +<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_23_23"> +<span class="label">[23]</span></a> +2nd S., vi. 496.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_24_24"> +<span class="label">[24]</span></a> +3rd S., iv. 371.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>[pg 199]</span> +I have united these results in one table +as follows:</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="index1"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>MR. CURTIS.</td> +<td>CLERGY LIST.</td> +<td>FRENCH NAMES.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>A</td> +<td>3·1</td> +<td>3·1</td> +<td>2·9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>B</td> +<td>10·9</td> +<td>11·3</td> +<td>11·5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>C</td> +<td>8·5</td> +<td>7·9</td> +<td>9·2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>D</td> +<td>4·3</td> +<td>4·7</td> +<td>10·7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>E</td> +<td>2·4</td> +<td>2·5</td> +<td>0·9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>F</td> +<td>3·6</td> +<td>3·1</td> +<td>3·9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>G</td> +<td>5·1</td> +<td>4·6</td> +<td>7·4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>H</td> +<td>8·6</td> +<td>9·3</td> +<td>3·5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I, J</td> +<td>3·2</td> +<td>3·5</td> +<td>2·4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>K</td> +<td>2·0</td> +<td>1·8</td> +<td>6·4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>L</td> +<td>4·7</td> +<td>4·3</td> +<td>10·8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>M</td> +<td>6·7</td> +<td>6·9</td> +<td>8·8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>N</td> +<td>2·0</td> +<td>1·6</td> +<td>1·2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>O</td> +<td>1·0</td> +<td>1·1</td> +<td>0·6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P</td> +<td>5·9</td> +<td>6·1</td> +<td>6·7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Q</td> +<td>0·2</td> +<td>0·0</td> +<td>0·3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>R</td> +<td>4·6</td> +<td>4·4</td> +<td>5·3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>S</td> +<td>9·7</td> +<td>7·7</td> +<td>4·3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>T</td> +<td>4·0</td> +<td>4·4</td> +<td>3·3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>U, V</td> +<td>1·0</td> +<td>1·3</td> +<td>3·2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>W</td> +<td>7·9</td> +<td>8·3</td> +<td>0·8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>X</td> +<td>0·0</td> +<td>0·0</td> +<td>0·0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Y</td> +<td>0·5</td> +<td>0·4</td> +<td>0·1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Z</td> +<td>0·1</td> +<td>0·0</td> +<td>0·0</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>[pg 200]</span> +It will be noticed that B is strongest +in all three, and C is fairly equal. S is +smaller in French names, but probably +would be much larger in German names. +H and W are also much smaller in +French, while D and L are much +larger. The preponderance of the latter +letters is of course caused by the large +number of names beginning with <i>De</i> +and <i>La</i>.</p> + +<p class="indent">Indexes are not confined to proper +names, and therefore it is necessary to +add some calculations as to the proportions +of the several letters in indexes of subjects. +The following table is formed from three +large indexes, each different in character. +I. represents Gough's <i>Index to the Publications +of the Parker Society</i>, which +may be taken as a very good standard +index. The subjects are very varied, and +there are no specially long headings; it +also contains proper names as well as +subjects. II. represents an index of +subjects in Civil Engineering which contains +a good number of large headings. +III. represents the index to the Minutes +of a public board, and also contains a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page201" id="page201"></a>[pg 201]</span> +considerable proportion of large headings. +It will be seen that the numbers vary +so considerably as to be of very little +practical value. The percentages are, I +think, interesting, but they show conclusively +that indexes will vary so considerably +that in order to obtain a satisfactory +percentage a separate calculation will +have to be made in each case. Large +headings will vitiate any average; in fact, +I have lately had to do with an index +in which R was the largest letter, on +account of such extensive headings as +<i>Railways</i> and <i>Roads</i>.</p> + +<p class="indent">One striking point in the averages is +that B is found to be displaced from +the pre-eminent position it occupies in the +percentages of proper names.</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="index 2"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>I.</td> +<td>II.</td> +<td>III.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>A</td> +<td>10·67</td> +<td>2·63</td> +<td>5·58</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>B</td> +<td>6·94</td> +<td>5·07</td> +<td>6·28</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>C</td> +<td>15·63</td> +<td>8·26</td> +<td>8·84</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>D</td> +<td>2·48</td> +<td>4·50</td> +<td>4·65</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>E</td> +<td>3·23</td> +<td>6·94</td> +<td>11·39</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>F</td> +<td>2·85</td> +<td>3·38</td> +<td>1·63</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>G</td> +<td>4·34</td> +<td>3·56</td> +<td>1·86</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page202" id="page202"></a>[pg 202]</span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="index 3"> +<tr> +<td>H</td> +<td>4·34</td> +<td>3·19</td> +<td>2·09</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>I</td> +<td>1·74</td> +<td>2·72</td> +<td>1·39</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>J</td> +<td>3·97</td> +<td>0·14</td> +<td>0·46</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>K</td> +<td>0·74</td> +<td>0·05</td> +<td>0·23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>L</td> +<td>5·58</td> +<td>4·97</td> +<td>15·12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>M</td> +<td>5·71</td> +<td>5·82</td> +<td>7·67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>N</td> +<td>1·37</td> +<td>0·19</td> +<td>0·93</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>O</td> +<td>1·74</td> +<td>1·31</td> +<td>1·63</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>P</td> +<td>9·31</td> +<td>6·75</td> +<td>7·67</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Q</td> +<td>0·12</td> +<td>0·94</td> +<td>0·47</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>R</td> +<td>2·48</td> +<td>12·38</td> +<td>8·14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>S</td> +<td>8·44</td> +<td>13·32</td> +<td>8·14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>T</td> +<td>3·60</td> +<td>5·72</td> +<td>1·40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>U</td> +<td>0·50</td> +<td>0·05</td> +<td>0·47</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>V</td> +<td>0·99</td> +<td>0·61</td> +<td>2·33</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>W</td> +<td>2·61</td> +<td>7·41</td> +<td>1·51</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>X</td> +<td>0·03</td> +<td>0·00</td> +<td>0·00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Y</td> +<td>0·22</td> +<td>0·00</td> +<td>0·00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Z</td> +<td>0·37</td> +<td>0·09</td> +<td>0·06</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>———</td> +<td>———</td> +<td>———</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>100·00</td> +<td>100·00</td> +<td>100·00</td> +</tr> +</table> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">When the whole index is pasted down +it is not yet ready for the printer, as it +will require to be marked for the instruction +of the compositor. The printer +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page203" id="page203"></a>[pg 203]</span> +will have general instructions as to the +kind of type to be used and the plan +to be adopted, but it will be necessary +to mark out those words that are not to +be repeated and to insert lines indicating +repetition. There are also sure to be little +alterations in wording, necessitated by the +coming together of the slips, which could +not be foreseen when the slips were first +written out.</p> + +<p class="indent">In a large work it is probable that +your employers are importunate for +"copy," and you will be urged to send +this to the printer as you have it ready. +If possible, it should be kept to the end, +so that you may look over it as a whole, +and so see that the same subjects are +not in more places than one. You will +probably have to make modifications in +your plan as you go along, and this may +cause difficulties which you will now be +able to set right.</p> + +<p class="indent">Much of the value of an index depends +upon the mode in which it is printed, +and every endeavour should be made +to set it out with clearness. It was not +the practice in old indexes to bring the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page204" id="page204"></a>[pg 204]</span> +indexed word to the front, but to leave +it in its place in the sentence, so that +the alphabetical order was not made +perceptible to the eye.</p> + +<p class="indent">There is a great deal to arrange in +preparing for the press. Lines of repetition +are often a source of blundering, +specimens of which have already been +given.</p> + +<p class="indent">The dash should not be too long, and +very often space is saved and greater +clearness is obtained by putting the +general heading on a line by itself, and +slightly indenting the following entries.</p> + +<p class="indent">Black type for headings and for the +references to volume and page add much +to the clearness of an index, but some +persons have a decided objection to the +spottiness that is thus given to the page.</p> + +<p class="indent">Tastes differ so much in respect to +printing that it is not possible to indicate +the best style to be adopted, and so +each must choose for himself. One +point, however, is of the greatest importance, +and that is where a heading is +continued over leaf it should be repeated +with the addition of <i>continued</i> at the end +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page205" id="page205"></a>[pg 205]</span> +of the heading. It is not unusual in +such cases to see the dash used at the +top of the page, which is absurd.</p> + +<p class="indent">When the index has been put into +print, the indexer has still to correct the +press, and this is not always an easy +matter, as the printer is scarcely likely +to have understood all the necessarily +elaborate and complicated marks used in +preparing for the press. It will therefore +still be some time before the end is in +sight, and probably the indexer will see +cause to agree with my statement on a +former page, that in the case of a large +index, when the indexing of the book +itself is completed, little more than half +of the total work is done.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p205.jpg" width="350" height="179" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page206" id="page206"></a>[pg 206]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p206-1.jpg" width="600" height="98" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="C8" id="C8"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<p class="h3"><span class="smcap">General or Universal Index.</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"> +"When Baillet, the learned author of the +<i>Jugemens des Savans</i>, was appointed by M. de +Lamoignon keeper of the exquisite library +collected by that nobleman, he set to work to +compile an index of the contents of all the books +contained in it, and this he is said to have completed +in August, 1682. After this date, however, +the Index continued to grow, and it extended to +thirty-two folio volumes, all written by Baillet's +own hand."</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p206-2.jpg" width="100" height="97" alt="A" title="A" /> +</div> + +<p>S knowledge increases and books +and magazines gather in number, +the need for many indexes +becomes daily more evident. +We often are certain that something +has been written on a subject in which +we are interested, but in vain we seek +for a clue to it. We want a key to +all this ever-increasing literature.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page207" id="page207"></a>[pg 207]</span> +As long ago as 1842 the late Thomas +Watts, of the British Museum, one +of the most learned and all-knowing of +librarians, spoke to the late Dr. Greenhill +of Hastings on the need for the formation +of an Index Society. This date I give +on the authority of Dr. Greenhill. Mr. +Watts was a perfect index in himself, +and few inquirers sought information +from him which his fully stored mind +was not able to supply; and he was +not jealous of the printed index, as +some authorities are. Twelve years after—in +1854—an announcement was made +in <i>Notes and Queries</i> of the projected +formation of a "Society for the Formation +of a General Literary Index." In +the 2nd Series, vol. i., p. 486, the +late Mr. Thomas Jones, who signed +himself "Bibliothecar. Chetham.," commenced +a series of articles, which he +continued for several years, as a contribution +to this general index; but nothing +more was heard of the society. Inquiries +were made in various numbers of <i>Notes +and Queries</i>, but no response was obtained. +In 1876 a contributor to the same +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page208" id="page208"></a>[pg 208]</span> +periodical, signing himself "A. H.," proposed +the formation of a staff of index +compilers. In 1874 the late Professor +Stanley Jevons published his <i>Principles of +Science</i>. In the chapter on Classification +he enlarged on the value of indexes, and +added:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The time will perhaps come when +our views upon this subject will be extended, +and either Government or some +public society will undertake the systematic +cataloguing and indexing of masses of +historical and scientific information, +which are now almost closed against +inquiry" (1st ed., vol. ii., p. 405; 2nd +ed., p. 718).</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">In the following year Mr. Edward Solly +and I, without having then seen this +passage, consulted as to the possibility of +starting an Index Society, but postponed +the actual carrying out of the scheme for +a time. In July of this same year, 1875, +Mr. J. Ashton Cross argued in a pamphlet +that a universal index might be formed +by co-operation through a clearing-house, +and would pay if published in separate +parts. In September, 1877, some letters +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page209" id="page209"></a>[pg 209]</span> +by Mr. W. J. Thoms, who signed himself +"A Lover of Indexes," were published +in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, in which the +foundation of an Index Society was +strongly urged. In October, 1877, Mr. +Cross read a paper before the Conference +of Librarians, which was a revival of +the scheme previously suggested. Mr. +Robert Harrison, late Secretary of the +London Library, in a report of the +Conference of Librarians published in +the <i>Athenĉum</i> for October 13th, 1877, +wrote:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"Could not a permanent Index Society +be founded with the support of voluntary +contributions of money as well as of +subject matter? In this way a regular +staff could be set to work, under competent +direction, and could be kept +steadily at work until its performances +became so generally known and so useful +as to enable it to stand alone and be +self-supporting. Many readers would +readily jot down the name of any new +subject they met with in the book before +them, and the page on which it occurs, +and forward their notes to be sorted and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page210" id="page210"></a>[pg 210]</span> +arranged by any society that would +undertake the work."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Mr. Justin Winsor, the late distinguished +librarian of Harvard University, writing +to the <i>Athenĉum</i>, said:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"We have been in America striving +for years to get some organised body to +undertake this very work."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">Following on all this correspondence, +the Index Society was founded; but after +doing some useful work it was amalgamated +with the Index Library founded by Mr. +Phillimore, having failed from want of +popular support. This want of permanent +success was probably owing to its aim +being too general. Those who were +interested in one class of index cared +little for indexes which were quite different +in subject.</p> + +<p class="indent">I fear that the interest of the public +in the production of indexes (which is +considerable) does not go to the length of +willingness to pay for these indexes, which +from the fewness of those who care for +these helps must always be expensive. +When suggestions were made in <i>Notes +and Queries</i> for the compilation and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page211" id="page211"></a>[pg 211]</span> +publication of certain needed indexes, +Mr. J. Cuthbert Welch wrote that the +editor of a journal offered to publish an +index if he could obtain sufficient subscribers. +Respecting this offer, the +publisher said, "Altogether I had six +offers to take one copy each." This +rebuff caused Mr. Welch to say, "Is it +not rather that people are not energetic +to buy such indexes than that publishers +are not energetic enough to issue +them?" +<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_25_25"> +<span class="label">[25]</span></a> +8th S., i. 364.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">There is still a great want for indexes +of history and biography, and it is probable +that if the objects of the Index Society +had been confined to these it might have +been more successful. In November, 1878, +Mr. Edward Solly wrote a letter to me +in which he sketched out a very important +scheme for a biographical index which +would be of the greatest value. He +wrote:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"I do not think the Index Society can +take up any subject of greater utility, or +one more likely to be of service to the +general public as well as students, than +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page212" id="page212"></a>[pg 212]</span> +an Index of Biographies. An entire +index of all known lives would obviously +be much too large an undertaking; we can +only attempt a part of the subject. Probably +in the first instance we should do +well to try and form an index of British +lives; such a work would I think, if +tolerably complete, certainly fill at least +ten large octavo volumes.</p> + +<p class="indent">"The work might be considerably +diminished in bulk if we were to determine +to leave out all names now to be +found in certain standard works such as +Chalmers' Biographical Dictionary. It +is evident, however, that to do this would +greatly diminish the value of our index, +and would cause us to put aside hundreds +of memoranda which it is most important +to index, I mean references to more recent +notes, memoirs, letters and anecdotes, +which are to be met with in journals and +lives, and which often throw new and +important light on older published +Biographies.</p> + +<p class="indent">"It is on account of these difficulties +that I would propose that we endeavour +to undertake an index of Biographical +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page213" id="page213"></a>[pg 213]</span> +references of persons who have died in +a certain given period—say 1800-1825, +or 1800-1850, or perhaps 1750-1800.</p> + +<p class="indent">"With a view to this I should like to +see lists made of all Biographical matters +in such books as the Gentleman's +Magazine, European Magazine, Monthly +Magazine, Anti-Jacobin Magazine, etc. +Also such books as the Annual Necrology, +Public Characters, Living Authors, etc., +and thirdly of references to Biographical +Memoranda dispersed throughout Lives +and Memoirs such as 'Kilvert's Memoirs,' +I mean books in which no one from the +title would expect to find such information."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">It will be seen that such an index as +is here sketched would be an inestimable +help to the student. It would form a +useful supplement to the <i>Dictionary of +National Biography</i>, for it must be remembered +that such an index would +contain a majority of references to men +and women whose claims to distinction +or notoriety do not attain to the standard +set up by the promoters of that grand +work. Possibly, if such an index was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page214" id="page214"></a>[pg 214]</span> +undertaken by co-operation as an object +in itself, and not as one among other +subjects, it might be compiled in one +alphabet instead of in periods, which +would make it much more valuable for +reference. Naturally the great advantage +of periods is that, if left incomplete, what +is published (if it covers a period) will +always be of value, while a portion of +the alphabet would be almost worthless.</p> + +<p class="indent">The Rev. John E. B. Mayor has +collected a great mass of biographical +references which are of much value. In +an interesting communication on his +indexes he suggests the formation of a +British Biographical Society which might +be called the Antony Wood Society. +<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_26_26"> +<span class="label">[26]</span></a> +<i>Notes and Queries</i>, 5th S., xii. 511.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">There is one project of the Index +Society which has never been undertaken, +but which is still wanted as much as +ever—<i>viz.</i> a general or universal index. +Some think this to be an impossibility, +and that to attempt its preparation is a +waste of time. Those who hold this +opinion have not sufficient faith in the +simplicity and usefulness of the alphabet. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page215" id="page215"></a>[pg 215]</span> +Every one has notes and references of +some kind, which are useless if kept unarranged, +but, if sorted into alphabetical +order, become valuable.</p> + +<p class="indent">The object of the general index is just +this, that anything, however disconnected, +can be placed there, and much that would +otherwise be lost will there find a resting-place. +Always growing and never pretending +to be complete, the index will +be useful to all, and its consulters will +be sure to find something worth their +trouble, if not all they may require.</p> + +<p class="indent">Some attempts have been made at +compiling a general index, for what are +<i>Poole's Index</i>, <i>Index of Essays</i>, Q.P. +Indexes, Hetherington's <i>Index to the +Periodicals of the World</i>, and <i>Indexes to +"The Times,"</i> but contributions towards +a universal index? Such a work as is +here proposed can scarcely be carried out +unless Government aid is extended to it; +but surely the small amount of money +that need be expended upon a sort of +general inquiry office would be well +laid out!</p> + +<p class="indent">A sort of skeleton index of universal +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>[pg 216]</span> +information might be drawn up, and this +could be added to gradually, partly by +specialised effort and partly by the reception +of any stray references of interest +sent by those who recognise that their +notes would find a home. This could +be kept in a clearing-house and reference-room.</p> + +<p class="indent">When the index had become of some +importance, and was recognised as a help +to the inquirer, it could be printed. +When published, it might be interleaved, +so that additions might be made which +could be sent to the office. Gradually +the index would grow into a work of +very considerable importance.</p> + +<p class="indent">One of the chief objections to index +catalogues of public libraries is that the +same work is practically repeated by each +library, while a general index would be +useful to all. Surely some arrangement +might be made by which the various +libraries would contribute funds to the +central office and receive the indexes, +which would serve their purpose as well +as those of all the other libraries!</p> + +<p class="indent">Having said so much, it seems necessary +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page217" id="page217"></a>[pg 217]</span> +to explain rather more fully what the +general index should contain and what +should be omitted. To explain it in a +few words, it should be a sort of +encyclopĉdia of references rather than +of direct information; but it should contain +more headings than any existing +encyclopĉdia. Every one must have felt +the want of some book which would give +information or references on a large +number of subjects that are constantly +topics of ordinary conversation, but are +consistently ignored in the ordinary books +of reference. On the other hand, mere +technical references should be omitted, +because these details would overload the +work, and because specialists have their +own sources of information. It is the +general information which every one is +supposed to possess that is so difficult +to obtain.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the first instance the groundwork +of the index should be laid down with +care by an expert. All special bibliographies +should be entered under their +subjects, both those published separately +and those included in other books. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page218" id="page218"></a>[pg 218]</span> +Various societies have published indexes. +There are those among the publications +of the Index Society and many others. +The Bibliographical Society has published +indexes to the German periodical +<i>Serapeum</i> and to Dibdin's edition of +Ames' and Herbert's <i>Typographical +Antiquities</i>; but very few persons know +of these books.</p> + +<p class="indent">The authorities of the British Museum +have given students an immense help +by gathering separate indexes and bibliographies +on various subjects into the +dwarf bookcases in the Reading-room. +Here are a large number of aids to knowledge +of which the general reader would +have known nothing if they had not so +obligingly been brought under his notice. +<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_27_27"> +<span class="label">[27]</span></a> +The late Professor Justin Winsor gave a list of +indexes in his useful <i>Handbook for Readers</i> (for +the Boston Public Library); and I added a +"Preliminary List of Indexes" to <i>What is an +Index?</i> London, 1879. Other lists have also +been published by the British Museum, etc.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="indent">A large number of books contain +special information of importance on +various subjects, the existence of which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page219" id="page219"></a>[pg 219]</span> +would never be guessed from the titles. +Attempts at general indexes of special +subjects have been published, such as +F. S. Thomas's <i>Historical Notes</i> (1509-1714), +and the main points of these should +be included in the proposed General Index.</p> + +<p class="indent">When a good groundwork has been +made, the index could be printed; and +doubtless, if this printed index was widely +circulated, a large number of helpers +would speedily be found. Many persons +know of places where full information +on some subject may be found, and +would be glad to place their collections +where they would be helpful to others.</p> + +<p class="indent">There can surely be no doubt that a +general inquiry office with such an ever-growing +index and a library of printed +indexes would be a boon not only to the +student, but to the general public. Every +day the great truth that keys to knowledge +are more and more required is +generally appreciated.</p> + +<p class="indent">As a groundwork for such a general +index, selection could be made from +the books already mentioned; and from +the index volumes of Watt's <i>Bibliotheca</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page220" id="page220"></a>[pg 220]</span> +<i>Britannica</i> (1824), which, with all its +faults, is one of the most valuable +helps to bibliography, and the subject +index of James Darling's <i>Cyclopĉdia +Bibliographica</i> (1854-1859), many useful +references could be obtained. These two +books are gradually getting out of date, +but information may be obtained from +their pages which is not easily to be +obtained elsewhere.</p> + +<p class="indent">In closing this subject, I feel that too +great honour cannot be done to the +memory of W. F. Poole, who placed the +world under great obligations by the production +of his <i>Index of Periodical Literature</i>. +As far back as 1848, when a +student at Yale College, he published an +<i>Index to Subjects treated in the Reviews +and other Periodicals</i> (New York). In +1853 an improved edition was published +as the <i>Index to Periodical Literature</i>. +When Mr. Poole attended the Library +Conference at London in 1877 he expressed +publicly his pleasure in seeing +on the shelves of the British Museum +Library a copy of his first index, which +he had not seen for some years elsewhere. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page221" id="page221"></a>[pg 221]</span> +He realised that the work, if it were to +be continued, was too great an undertaking +for one man, and he succeeded +in arranging for a co-operative index, +which is continued now in several supplements +under the able superintendence +of Mr. William I. Fletcher.</p> + +<p class="indent">An <i>Index to the "Times"</i> was started +by J. Giddings in 1862-63, but not continued. +Later, Mr. S. Palmer commenced +a <i>Quarterly Index</i>, which has been continued +forward to the present time, and +also backward. In 1899 Bailey's <i>Annual +Index to the "Times"</i> came into being.</p> + +<p class="indent">The indexing of a paper such as the +<i>Times</i> is a very arduous and difficult +undertaking. In consequence, these indexes +cannot be considered as models of +what such works should be.</p> + +<p class="indent">Mr. Corrie Leonard Thompson criticises +in <i>Notes and Queries</i> (7th S., x. 345) +the arrangement of the headings of +Palmer's <i>Index to the "Times"</i> severely, +but not unfairly. He writes:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent">"The following are instances of the +absurdities which appear in the volume +just issued (Oct.-Dec. 1842), and will +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page222" id="page222"></a>[pg 222]</span> +serve to illustrate the system which has +been adopted throughout the index:</p> + +<p class="indent">"In November, 1842, a floating chapel +on the Severn was loosed from its +moorings; this occurrence appears in the +index under the heading, 'Disgraceful +Act.' Again, referring to the dry weather +that was prevailing at the time, the +entry is, 'Present Dry Season.' Other +references to the same subject are, however, +to be found under the heading +'Weather,' which of course is correct.</p> + +<p class="indent">"A more marked example of carelessness +or ignorance of the art of indexing, or +both, is that of two women who were committed +to Ruthin prison—one, Amelia +Home for firing a pistol at a man named +Roberts; the other, Jane Williams, for +stealing a mare belonging to Robert +Owen. This occurrence is entered under +the letter R—'Rather uncommon for +Females.' The chance of any one looking +under Rather for an occurrence of this +kind must be infinitesimal, to say the +least of it; and so on. A storm at +Saone-et-Loire is indexed under 'Fatal +Storm,' and an account of the trial of a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" id="page223"></a>[pg 223]</span> +small boy for stealing a twopenny pie will +be found under 'Atrocious Criminal.' +A certain Jane Thomas was so overjoyed +at seeing her mother waiting at the stage-door +of a theatre that she died in her +arms. The employment of capitals is +most remarkable, as is also the arrangement +of the words, 'Death of Jane Thomas +in her Mother's Arms in Holborn at Joy +in Seeing her parent at the Stage Door +to Receive her.'</p> + +<p class="indent">"The errors pointed out in these examples, +omitting the last instance, as well +as the additional fault of indexing under +adjectives which have no distinctive feature +in them to guide the searcher, evidently +arise from the fact that the simple heading +of the newspaper article has been +taken, without any attempt being made +to discover the actual contents of such +article."</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="indent">As already stated on a previous page, +it is most important to index the articles +in periodicals afresh, and not always to +follow the heading of the original. This +is of course more particularly the case in +respect to newspapers, where the headings +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page224" id="page224"></a>[pg 224]</span> +are drawn up to catch the reader's eye. +The same rule may be insisted on in +respect to all indexing, and this is so +important that the restatement of it may +well conclude this little volume.</p> + +<p class="indent">In making a general index of several +volumes, always index the volumes afresh, +and do not be contented with using +what has been done before. It is always +wiser to put 'new wine into new bottles.'</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page225" id="page225"></a>[pg 225]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/dec-p225.jpg" width="600" height="95" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2><a name="I" id="I"></a>INDEX.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Abecedarie as a synonym of index, 8.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Acrostic as a motto for an index, 85.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Adjectives, when to be used as catchwords, 151.<br /> +—— (substantival) as headings, 151.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Allibone's <i>Dictionary of English Literature</i> alluded to, 87.<br /> +—— the forty indexes, 155.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Alphabet (One) for indexes, 134;<br /> +order of the English alphabet, 135.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Alphabetisation, Want of complete, in indexes, 65.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Alphabets, Variety of, in indexes, 69.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Annual Register</i>, fourteen alphabets in the index, 70.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Antonio (N.), value of his <i>Bibliotheca Hispana</i>, 88.<br /> +—— his quotation of the remark that an index should be made by the author of the book, 109.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Appendix, objection to the plural appendices, 12.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Archĉological Epistle to Dean Milles, not</i> by Mason, but by Baynes, 82.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Arrangement (Bad) in indexes, 64.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Athenĉum (The)</i>, suggestion of an Index Society in 1877, 209.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Athenĉum library catalogue, index of subjects, 117, 124.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Athenian Oracle</i>, Index to, 30.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Atterbury (Bishop), his connection with the attack upon Dr. Bentley, 40.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Authorities quoted or referred to to be indexed, 159.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Ayenbite of Inwyt</i>, table of contents to the book, 6.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Baillet, his index to the books in the Lamoignon Library, 206.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Baret's <i>Alvearie</i>, use of the words "index" and "table" in that book, 8.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page226" id="page226"></a>[pg 226]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Baronius, noble index to his Annales <i>Ecclesiastici</i>, 89.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bartlett (John), concordance to Shakespeare, 120.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bayle, his opinion on the need of judgment in the compilation of an index, 132.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Baynes (John), his terrible curse, 82.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bellenden (Mary) maligned in an index, 81.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bentham's <i>Works</i>, Good index to, by J. H. Burton, 102.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bentley's <i>Dissertation on the Epistle of Phalaris</i>, attack of the "Wits" upon this book and Dr. King's Index, 36.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Best (Mr. Justice), his great mind, 157.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bible, Concordances to the, 119.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Bibliothecar. Chetham.," his contribution to a general index in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 207.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Biglow Papers</i>, Humorous index to, 33.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Biographical (British) Society suggested by the Rev. John E. B. Mayor, 214.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Biography, Dictionary of National</i>, plan of arranging peers under their surnames instead of their titles, 146.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Birdwood's (Sir George) note "On the Indexing of the Names of Eastern People," 164.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Blackburn (Charles F.), <i>Hints on Catalogue Titles</i> quoted, 183.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Book Prices Current," General index to, 113.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Boswell's <i>Life of Johnson</i>, Boswell's own index, 109.<br /> +—— Dr. Birkbeck Hill's admirable index to his edition, 105.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Boyle (Hon. Charles), his attack upon Bentley, 36.<br /> +—— offended Atterbury, 40.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Boyle upon Bentley," 36.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Boyle's (Hon. Robert) <i>Considerations touching Natural Philosophy</i>, table of contents called an index, 13.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>British Association Reports</i>, index in six alphabets, 70.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">British Museum, collection of indexes in the Reading-room a great boon, 218.<br /> +—— proposed subject index to the catalogue of the library, 126.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bromley's (William) <i>Travels</i>, ill-natured index made to them by Dr. King, 44;<br /> +his note on the attack made upon him, 46;<br /> +his Jacobite leanings, 52;<br /> +his portrait at Oxford, 52.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>[pg 227]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Bruce's (John) edition of <i>Historie of Edward IV.</i>, absurd filling up of initials J. C., 78.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Brunet (G.) translates <i>White Knight</i> as <i>Le Chevalier Blanc</i>, 77.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Buckland (Dr.) said to be the author of a work <i>Sur les Ponts et Chaussées</i>, 77.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Burton (Hill), <i>Book-Hunter</i>, allusion to the power in the hands of an indexer, 24.<br /> +—— his reference to Prynne's <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, 20.<br /> +—— his index to Bentham's <i>Works</i>, 102.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Calendar as a synonym of index, 7.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Camden Society's publications, Proposed index to, 112.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Campbell (Lady Charlotte) maligned in an index, 81.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Campbell (Lord) proposed punishment for the publication of an indexless book, 82.<br /> +—— his confession, 83.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Campkin (Henry), plea for index-makers, 92.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Canadian Journal</i>, bad index, 56.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Capgrave's <i>Chronicle of England</i>, blunder in the index, 66.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cards or separate slips used for indexes, 182.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Carlyle (Thomas), he denounces the putters-forth of indexless books, 82, 91.<br /> +—— his reference to Prynne's <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, 15.<br /> +—— his remarks on the want of indexes to the standard historical collections, 91.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Catalogue as a synonym of index, 7.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Catalogues, Indexes to, 123.<br /> +—— of libraries, Indexes to, 123.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Chitty (E.), his supposed grudge against Justice Best, 157.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Christian Observer</i>, Index to, by Macaulay, 91.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cicero, his use of the word "index," 6, 8.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Clark's (Perceval) index to Trevelyan's <i>Life of Macaulay</i>, 95.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Clarke (Mrs. Cowden), her <i>Concordance to Shakespeare</i>, 120.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Clarke (William) quoted, 118.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Classification within the alphabet, Evils of, 58, 67.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cobbett's <i>Woodlands</i> quoted, 72.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Coke (Lord Chief Justice) an inaccurate man, 101.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Commonplace books, Indexes to, 174.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Concordances to the Bible, 119.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page228" id="page228"></a>[pg 228]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Concordances to Shakespeare, 120.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Contractions, dangers in filling them out, 78.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Corpus Christi Guild, York</i>, Incomplete index to <i>The Register</i> of, 122.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Crestadoro's <i>Index to the Manchester Free Library Catalogue</i>, 125.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cross (J. Ashton), proposal for a universal index, 208, 209.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cross references not usually popular, 158.<br /> +—— curiosities of, 72.<br /> +—— want of, in indexes, 70.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cunningham (Mr.) paid £500 for indexing, 97.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Curll's authors, instructions how to find them, 53.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Curtis (F. A.) on the best method of constructing an index, 195.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cutter's rule as to the arrangement of peers under their surnames, 146.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Cutting up of entries when written on pages of paper, 182.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">"Da," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Dal" surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Darling's (James) <i>Cyclopĉdia Bibliographica</i>, Index, 220.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dashes in printing representing repetition to be of uniform length, 161, 204;<br /> +instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"De," French surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141;<br /> +English surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 142.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">De Quincey on Bentley, 39.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Del," "Della," surnames to be arranged under these prefixes, 141.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Des," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dictionary catalogue, its history, 129.<br /> +—— Mr. Fortescue's objections to it, 130.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dictionary makers really indexers, 120.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Disraeli's (Isaac) <i>Literary Miscellanies</i> quoted, 1.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Drayton (M.), his use of the word "index," 11.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Du," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dugdale's <i>Warwickshire</i>, the words "index" and "table" both used, 9.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Dumas (Alexandre) <i>père et fils</i>, confused with Alexandre <i>père et fils</i>, harmonium-makers, 24.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page229" id="page229"></a>[pg 229]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Eadie's <i>Dictionary of the Bible</i>, Cross reference in, 72.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Electricity, Indexes of, 123.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Ellis's <i>Original Letters</i> quoted, 19.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Encyclopĉdia Britannica</i>, Cross references in, 72, 74.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Envelopes as safe receptacles for index slips, 182, 189.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Erasmus made alphabetical indexes, 7.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Fétis Musical Library, blunder in the index to the catalogue, 24.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Flaxman (Dr. Roger) paid £3000 for indexing, 97.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Fleming (Abraham), his use of the word "index," 8.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Fletcher (William I.), his valuable additions to index literature, 221.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Ford's <i>Handbook of Spain</i>, Amusing cross reference in, 76.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Forster (Rev. —) paid £3000 for indexing, 97.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Fortescue (G. K.) on the proposed subject index to the British Museum library catalogue, 126.<br /> +—— on five-yearly indexes to the British Museum catalogue, 128.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Freeman's opinion that foreign names should be Englished, 144.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Freemason</i>, bad index quoted, 54.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Fuller (Thomas) quoted, 3, 172.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Gay's <i>Trivia</i>, humorous index, 32.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, badness of the index of names, 153.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Gerarde's <i>Herbal</i>, by Johnson, use of the words "index" and "table" in that book, 9.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Giddings (J.), index to <i>The Times</i>, 221.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Glanville's (Joseph) <i>Vanity of Dogmatizing</i> quoted, 2.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Gough (H.), index to Parker Society's publications, 112.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Greenhill (Dr.) on the formation of an Index Society, 207.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Gruter's <i>Thesaurus Inscriptionum</i>, index to the book by Scaliger, 88.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Gum an unsatisfactory material for laying down slips, 189.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Hardy (Sir T. Duffus), remarks on the "Pye-book," 7.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hare's <i>Walks in London</i>, Index to, 152.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Harley (Robert, Earl of Oxford), the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i> attributed to him, 46, 48.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Harrison (Robert) proposes the formation of an Index Society in <i>The Athenĉum</i>, 209.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page230" id="page230"></a>[pg 230]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hawkins's <i>Pleas of the Crown</i>, Odd cross references in, 75.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Headings, alphabetical arrangement of, 137.<br /> +—— instances of bad, 54.<br /> +—— printing of, 160.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Henrietta Maria offended with Prynne's <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, 18.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Heskeths, their change of name, 151.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hetherington's (Miss) opinions on the indexing of periodicals, 59;<br /> +specimens of absurd references quoted by her, 60;<br /> +on the qualifications of an indexer, 114.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hill's (Dr. Birkbeck) admirable indexes, 105-108.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Historical collections, need of indexes to these standard works, 91.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Homer, poetical index to Pope's translation of the Iliad, 21.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">House of Commons' Journals, sums paid for the indexes, 97.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hume (David), index to his <i>Essays</i>, 23;<br /> +he was glad to be saved from the drudgery of making one, 23.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hunt (Leigh), his opinion on index-making, 26.<br /> +—— supposed author of the joke on Best's great mind, 157.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hutchins's <i>Dorset</i>, Separate indexes to, 69.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Hyphen, Use of, in compound names, 149.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">I and J to be kept distinct, 66, 135.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Im Thurn, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Index, alphabetical order not at first considered essential, 6;<br /> +classification to be abjured in an alphabetical index, 58, 67;<br /> +evils of dividing an index into several alphabets, 69;<br /> +<i>General or Universal Index</i> (chap. viii.), 206, 223;<br /> +history of the word, 7;<br /> +use by the Romans, 6;<br /> +naturalisation of the word in English, 8;<br /> +introduced into English in the nominative case, 10;<br /> +<i>How to Set About the Index</i> (chap. vii.), 172-205;<br /> +long struggle with the word "table," 7;<br /> +soul of a book, <i>Title-page</i>;<br /> +one index to each book, 134;<br /> +two chief causes of the badness of indexes, 64;<br /> +varied kinds of, 5.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Index-learning ridiculed, 2.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Index Society, its formation, 210;<br /> +published index to Trevelyan's <i>Life of Macaulay</i>, 95;<br /> +amalgamation with the Index Library, 210.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page231" id="page231"></a>[pg 231]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Indexer, chief characteristics of a good indexer, 116;<br /> +difference of opinion as to whether the indexer is "born, <i>not</i> made," "not born, <i>but</i> made," or "born <i>and</i> made," 114;<br /> +power in his hands, 93;<br /> +<i>The Bad Indexer</i> (chap. iii.), 53-84;<br /> +<i>The Good Indexer</i> (chap. iv.), 85-117.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Indexes, <i>Amusing and Satirical Indexes</i> (chap. ii.), 25-52;<br /> +<i>Different Classes of Indexes</i> (chap. v.), 118-131;<br /> +<i>General Rules for Alphabetical Indexes</i> (chap. vi.), 132-171;<br /> +list of indexes, 218;<br /> +official indexes, 96;<br /> +to great authors proposed, 111;<br /> +veneration due to the inventor of indexes, 1.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">India said in the index to Capgrave's <i>Chronicle</i> to be conquered by Judas Maccabeus, 66.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Indical, word used by Fuller, 4.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Indice, word used by Ben Jonson, 10.<br /> +—— French word, 10.<br /> +—— Italian word, 10.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Indices, objections to the use of this plural in English, 11.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Indicium, the original of the French <i>indice</i>, 10.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Initials, Careless use of, 161.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Inventory as a synonym of index, 7.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">J.C., absurd filling out of these initials, 78.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jaggard's (William) index to <i>Book Prices Current</i>, 113.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jeake's <i>Arithmetick Surveighed and Reviewed</i>, Index to, 89.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jevons (Professor Stanley), his suggestion of an Index Society, 208.<br /> +—— his <i>Principles of Science</i> quoted, 208.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jewel's <i>Apology</i> by Isaacson, bad index, 56.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jews generally wore red hats in Italy, but not at Leghorn, 51.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Johnson (Dr.), his division of necessary knowledge, 5.<br /> +—— advises Richardson to add an index to his novels, 21.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jones (Thomas), his contribution to a general index in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, 207.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Jonson (Ben), his use of the word "indice," 10.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">King (Dr. William), the inventor of satirical indexes, 35.<br /> +—— his attack upon Bentley in the index to "Boyle upon Bentley," 36.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page232" id="page232"></a>[pg 232]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">King (Dr. William), his parody of <i>Lister's Journey to Paris</i>, 42.<br /> +—— his attack upon Sir Hans Sloane and the <i>Philosophical Transactions"</i>, 42.<br /> +—— satirical index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 44.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Knowledge, what is true, 1.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">"La," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lamoignon (M. de), his library, indexed by Baillet, 206.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lawyers good indexers, 98.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Le," surnames to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Library Association, Index to <i>Reports</i>, 113.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lister's <i>Journey to Paris</i> parodied by Dr. King, 42.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Littré, his derivation of indice, 10.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lo<i>n</i>don (George), his name often spelt Lo<i>u</i>don, 67.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Longman's Magazine</i>, bad index, 63.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lo<i>u</i>don (C. J.), the Duke of Wellington mistakes his signature for that of the Bishop of London, 67.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Lowell's <i>Biglow Papers</i>, humorous index, 33.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">"M'" and "Mc" to be arranged as if written "Mac," 145.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Macaulay (Lord) an indexer, 91.<br /> +—— indexers treated with contempt by him, 92.<br /> +—— his opinion on the index to his <i>History</i>, 93.<br /> +—— objection to the indexing of his <i>History</i> by a Tory, 93.<br /> +—— his Englishing of foreign names approved by Freeman, 144.<br /> +—— on Bentley's foibles, 38.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Maine (Duc de), Duc of Maine, Duke de Maine, or Duke of Maine, 144.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Malcolm (E. H.) quoted, 193.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Markland (J. H.), remarks on indexing, 82.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Mayor's (Rev. John E. B.) collection of biographical references, 214.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Michel's (Dan) <i>Ayenbite of Inwyt</i>, table of contents, 6.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Minsheu, his use of the word "index," 9.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Montaigne's <i>Essays</i>, index to Florio's translation, 12.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Moore (Edward) paid £6400 for indexing, 97.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">More (Hannah), Macaulay's letter to her, 91.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Morley (John) protests against indexless books, 84.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Morris (William) on an absurd cross reference, 72.</p> + +<p ><span class="pagenum"><a name="page233" id="page233"></a>[pg 233]</span></p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Names, authors arranged under their Christian names, 89;<br /> +compound names, 149;<br /> +proper names with prefixes, 145;<br /> +rule for the arrangement of compound names, 149;<br /> +rules for the arrangement of foreign and English respectively, 141, 142.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">North's <i>Lives of the Norths</i>, index to Jessopp's edition, 179.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Norton (Thomas), Remembrancer of London, an indexer, 85.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Notes and Queries</i>, announcement in its pages of the projected formation of an Index Society in 1854, 207.<br /> +—— indexes highly appreciated, 112.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Noy (Attorney-General) prosecutes Prynne, 15</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Numerals, Use of, for series of volumes, 159.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Oldys (William) on the need of indexes, 86.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Oriental names, Rules for indexing, 163;<br /> +Sir George Birdwood's notes on the names of Eastern people, 164.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Oxford (Robert Harley, Earl of) reported to be author of the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 46, 48.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Page, when a division of a, should be marked, 159.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Paget (Sir James) pleased to make an index, 23.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Paper, saving of, an unwise economy, 176, 187.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Parr (Dr.), note on the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 47.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Paste the only material for laying down slips, 189.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Peacock (Edward), detection of blunders in Oxford reprint of Whitelock's <i>Memorials</i>, 181.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Peers to be arranged under their titles, 145.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Penny Cyclopĉdia</i>, vague cross references in, 73.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Periodicals, transactions, etc., Indexing of, 121;<br /> +usually badly indexed, 59.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Perkins (F. B.), plan of arranging slips, 185.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Philosophical Transactions</i> laughed at by Dr. King, 42.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Pineda (Juan de), index to his <i>Monarchia Ecclesiastica</i>, 89.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Plays, Prynne's attack upon, 16.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Plinie's <i>Natural Historie</i>, by Holland, Use of the word "index" in, 10.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Plutarch's <i>Lives</i>, by North, the index called a table, 8.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page234" id="page234"></a>[pg 234]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Poole's (W. F.) <i>Index to Periodical Literature</i> quoted, 59;<br /> +its great value, 220;<br /> +new edition by co-operation, 221;<br /> +his remarks on cross references, 71.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Printing of headings, 160;<br /> +special type, 160.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Prynne, <i>Histrio-Mastix</i>, specimens from the index, 14.<br /> +—— a martyr to his conscientiousness in making an index, 15.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Puritans, Prynne's praise of, 17.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Pye" as a synonym of index, 7 (note).</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Pye-book," derivation, 7 (note).</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Ranke's <i>History of England</i>, issue of revised index by the Clarendon Press, 113.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Rawlinson (Dr.) on the index to Bromley's <i>Travels</i>, 45.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Register as a synonym of index, 7, 8.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Remembrancia</i>, Index to, quoted, 85.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Repetition, Marks of, in an index, 161, 204;<br /> +instances of incorrect use of them, 80, 138.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Richardson (S.), index to his three novels, 22.<br /> +—— a practised indexer, 22.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Royal Society attacked by Dr. King, 42.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Rules for Alphabetical Indexes</i> (chap. vi.), 132-171.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Rules for cataloguing referred to, 133.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Ruskin's <i>Fors Clavigera</i>, Index to, 103.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Russell (Constance, Lady) points out confusions in indexes, 80.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">"St." to be arranged in the alphabet as "Saint," 145.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Saints to be arranged under their proper names, 145.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Scaliger, his index to Gruter's <i>Thesaurus Inscriptionum</i>, 88.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Schmidt (Dr. Alexander), <i>Shakespeare Lexicon</i> (1874), 120.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Scholar's (A)" opposition to publication of a subject-index to the British Museum library catalogue, 126.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Scientific books, Indexing of, 120.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Scobell's <i>Acts and Ordinances of Parliament</i>, the words "index" and "table" both used, 9.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Selwyn (George), and his Contemporaries</i>, published without an index, 84.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Seneca, his indication of the contents of his books, 6.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page235" id="page235"></a>[pg 235]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Shakespeare, his use of the word "index," 11.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Shenstone's <i>Schoolmistress</i>, humorous table of contents, 31.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Shylock acted by Macklin in a red hat, 51.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Sloane (Sir Hans) laughed at by Dr. King, 42.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Solly (Edward), calculation of the time wasted in looking up a reference in the index to the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, 153.<br /> +—— note on early indexes, 14.<br /> +—— proposes the formation of an Index Society, 208.<br /> +—— scheme of a biographical index, 211.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Spectator, The</i>, Index to, 30.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Spectators</i>, <i>Tatlers</i>, and <i>Guardians</i>, general index, 29.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Speed's <i>History of Great Britaine</i>, the words "index" and "table" both used, 10.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">State papers, indexes to the calendars, 97.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Statutes of the realm, valuable index to the edition of the <i>Record Commission</i>, 98.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Stephen (Sir J. Fitzjames) on a complete digest of the law, 99.<br /> +—— on the early digesters of the law, 101.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Summary as a synonym of index, 7.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Swift's <i>Battle of the Books</i> quoted, 38.<br /> +—— <i>Condition of Edmund Curll</i> quoted, 53.<br /> +—— his satirical reference to index-learning, 2.<br /> +—— <i>Tale of a Tub</i> quoted, 2.<br /> +—— <i>Works</i> edited by Scott, bad index, 154.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Syllabus as a synonym of index, 7, 8.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Table as a synonym of index, 7, 8, 9.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Tatler, The</i>, Index to, 27.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Tedder (H. R.), his indexes to <i>Reports of Conference of Librarians and Library Association</i>, 112.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Ten Brink, place of this name in the alphabet, 143.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Thomas (F. S.), <i>Historical Notes</i> referred to, 219.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Thompson (Corrie L.), his criticism of Palmer's index to <i>The Times</i>, 221.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Thoms (W. J.) urged the formation of an Index Society, 209.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Thring (Lord), his instructions for an index to the <i>Statute Law</i>, 98.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Thrub-chandler, Bung of a, 73.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>Times (The)</i>, Indexes to, 221;<br /> +criticism on Palmer's index, 221.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page236" id="page236"></a>[pg 236]</span></p> + +<p class="hangindent">Translations (French) of titles, 77.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Trevelyan's <i>Life of Macaulay</i>, Index to, by Perceval Clark, 95.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">U and N, Confusion between, 66.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">U and V to be kept distinct, 66, 135.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">"Van," foreign names not to be indexed under this prefix, 141.<br /> +—— English names to be indexed under this prefix, 142.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Vergil (Polydore), <i>Anglicĉ Historiĉ</i> has a good index, 14.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">"Von," surnames not to be arranged under this prefix, 141.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent">Walford (Cornelius), inquiry for the earliest index, 14.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Walpole's <i>Letters</i>, Bad index to, 79;<br /> +examples of bad entries, 80.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Warton's <i>History of English Poetry</i>, index, 70.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Watt's <i>Bibliotheca Britannica</i>, index, 219.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Watts (Dr.), his warning against index-learning, 2.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Watts (Thomas), his expression of the need for an Index Society, 207.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Welch (J. Cuthbert) on the publication of an index to a journal, 211.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Wellington (Duke of), amusing misreading of Lo<i>u</i>don's letter, 67.<br /> +—— cross reference in Ford's <i>Handbook to Spain</i>, 76.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Wheatley (B. R.) as a good indexer, 117;<br /> +his "Evitandum" in indexing, 155.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>White Knights</i> translated as <i>Le Chevalier Blanc</i>, 77.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Whitelock's <i>Memorial</i>, Carlyle's condemnation of, 91;<br /> +index to Oxford reprint, 180.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Winsor (Justin) advocated the formation of Index Society, 210.</p> + +<p class="hangindent">Wynford (Lord), previously Sir W. D. Best, 157.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent"><i>York, Register of Corpu Christi Guild</i>, index, 122.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Elliot Stock, Paternoster Row, London.</i></p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/dec-end.jpg" width="400" height="569" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<p class="h2">PREVIOUS VOLUMES OF<br /> +BOOK-LOVER'S LIBRARY.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Cloth, price</i> <b>4s. 6d.</b>; <i>Roxburgh Half Morocco</i>, <b>7s.</b> <b>6d.</b>; +<i>Large Paper</i>, <b>£1 1s.</b> <i>net</i>.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>How to Form a Library.</b> By <span class="smcap">Henry B. Wheatley</span>, +F.S.A. Second Edition.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Contents:</span> How Men have Formed Libraries.—How +to Buy.—Public Libraries.—General Bibliographies.—Special +Bibliographies.—Publishing Societies.—Child's +Library.—One Hundred Books.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine.</b> By +<span class="smcap">William Carew Hazlitt</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Literature of Local Institutions.</b> By <span class="smcap">G. +Laurence Gomme</span>, F.S.A. The work is divided +into the following Sections: 1. Local Government +generally.—2. The Shire.—3. The Hundred.—4. +Municipal Government.—5. Guilds.—6. The +Manor.—7. The Township and Parish.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Foreign Visitors in England, and What They +have Thought of Us.</b> Being some Notes on their +Books and Opinions during the last Three +Centuries. By <span class="smcap">Edward Smith</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Modern Methods of Illustrating Books.</b> Commencing +with the early forms of illustrating books, +and tracing the art down to our own day, the +author leads the reader up to modern processes of +producing illustrations.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Dedication of Books.</b> To Patron and Friend. +A Chapter in Literary History. By <span class="smcap">Henry B. +Wheatley</span>, F.S.A.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Gleanings in Old Garden Literature.</b> By <span class="smcap">William +Carew Hazlitt</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Story of some Famous Books.</b> Second +Edition. By <span class="smcap">Edward Saunders</span>, Author of +"Salad for the Social." Interspersed in the narrative +are many amusing anecdotes, curious and +suggestive allusions, and much out-of-the way information +which will be welcomed by the book-lover +and the student, as well as the reader who +seeks amusement only.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Enemies of Books.</b> By <span class="smcap">William Blades</span>. +Second Edition. This entertaining volume gives +a series of readable chapters on the various causes +which have operated in the destruction of books.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Book of Noodles.</b> Stories of Simpletons; or, +Fools and their Follies. By <span class="smcap">W. A. Clouston</span>, +Author of "The Book of Sindibad," "Popular +Tales and Fictions," etc., etc.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>How to Catalogue a Library.</b> By <span class="smcap">Henry B. +Wheatley</span>, F.S.A., Author of "How to Form a +Library."</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Contents</span>: Introduction on Cataloguing Generally.—The +Battle of the Rules.—Print <i>v.</i> MS.—How to +treat a Title-page.—Reference and Subject-Index.—The +Arrangement of a Catalogue.—Something about +MSS.—Rules for a Small Library.—A List of Latinised +Names of Places.—A List of Classical Names.—An +unusually copious Index is added.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Reporting in the Olden Time and To-day.</b> By +<span class="smcap">John Pendleton</span>, Author of "The History of +Derbyshire."</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Studies In Jocular Literature.</b> A Popular Subject +more closely Considered. By <span class="smcap">William C. Hazlitt</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Story of the IMITATIONE CHRISTI.</b> By +<span class="smcap">Leonard Wheatley</span>. With a Portrait of Thomas +à Kempis.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Books Condemned to be Burnt.</b> By <span class="smcap">James +Anson Farrer</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Books in Chains</b>, and other Bibliographical Papers. +By <span class="smcap">Wm. Blades</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Literary Blunders</b>: A Chapter in the History of +Human Error. By <span class="smcap">Henry B. Wheatley</span>, F.S.A.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Book Song</b>: An Anthology of Poems of Books +and Book-men, from Modern Authors. Edited by +<span class="smcap">Gleeson White</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Walton and the Early Writers on Fishing.</b> By +<span class="smcap">R. B. Manston</span>, Editor of the <i>Fishing Gazette</i>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Books that have been Fatal to their Authors.</b> +By Rev. <span class="smcap">P. H. Ditchfield</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Book Verse</b>: An Anthology of Poems of Books and +Book-men, from the Earliest Times to Recent +Years. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. Roberts</span>.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Literature of Music.</b> By <span class="smcap">James E. Matthew</span>, +Author of "A Manual of Musical History."</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Novels of Charles Dickens.</b> A Bibliography +and Sketch. By <span class="smcap">Frederic G. Kitton</span>, Author +of "Charles Dickens by Pen and Pencil," etc. +With a portrait which has not been published +before.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>The Minor Writings of Charles Dickens</b>: A +Bibliography and Sketch. By <span class="smcap">F. G. Kitton</span>, Author +of "Dickensiana," "The Novels of Charles +Dickens," "Dickens and his Illustrators," etc.</p> + +<p class="hangindent"><b>Book Auctions in England in the Seventeenth +Century.</b> By <span class="smcap">John Lawler</span>, Compiler of the +Sunderland and Ashburnham Catalogues.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="cnobmargin">LONDON:</p> +<p class="cnotmargin">ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW.</p> + +<hr class="hr2" /> + +<div class="tnote"> +<h2>Transcriber Notes:</h2> + +<p class="indent">Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected +unless otherwise noted.</p> + +<p class="indent">In the first page, a period was added after "F.S.A".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 22, a quotation mark was removed after "proper heads.".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 58, a quotation mark was added after "Classes of Literature."</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 110, a quotation mark was added before "Heberden, Dr."</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 112, "It it" was replaced with "It is".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 115, "wil" was replaced with "will".</p> + +<p class="indent">on page 188, "with slip about" was replaced with "will slip about".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 209, a quotation mark was added before "Could not a permanent".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 213, a period was placed after "etc".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 216, a period was placed after "considerable importance".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 225, a period was placed after "88".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 228, a period was placed after "220".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 229, a period was placed after "54".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 229, a comma was placed after "Athenĉum".</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 232, a period was placed after 44.</p> + +<p class="indent">On page 235, a period was placed after "Corrie L".</p> + +<p class="indent">In the advertisements, a period was added after "Henry B".</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's How to Make an Index, by Henry B. Wheatley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX *** + +***** This file should be named 39672-h.htm or 39672-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/6/7/39672/ + +Produced by Steven Gibbs and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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