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Zoological Illustrations Vol. III.
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<pre>
Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by William Swainson
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume III
or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
Interesting Animals
Author: William Swainson
Release Date: April 18, 2012 [EBook #39477]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III ***
Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
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by The Internet Archive)
</pre>
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Transcriber's note:
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<td>
The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied. All corrections are highlighted
<span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
nature of the correction will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
passage. The captions to the last plate have been corrected from "CYPRŒA" to "CYPRÆA".
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<h1>Zoological Illustrations,</h1>
<h5 style="font-size:75%">OR</h5>
<h5>ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS</h5>
<h5 style="font-size:75%">OF</h5>
<h5 style="font-size:75%">NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING</h5>
<h5 class="lg125 gsp">ANIMALS,</h5>
<h5 style="font-size:60%">SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF</h5>
<h3>Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,</h3>
<h5 style="font-size:50%">AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF</h5>
<h5 style="font-size:75%">CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.</h5>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h5 style="font-size:75%">BY</h5>
<h5><span class="gesperrt">WILLIAM SWAINSO</span>N, F.R.S., F.L.S.,</h5>
<h5 style="font-size:50%">MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.</h5>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h5>VOL. III.</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h3>London:</h3>
<h5 style="font-size:50%">PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET;</h5>
<h5 style="font-size:75%">FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;<br />
AND W. WOOD, STRAND.</h5>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5>1822-3.</h5>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<h5 class="lg150 gsp">PREFACE.</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>In concluding the last volume of these Illustrations, I may be allowed
to express the satisfaction I feel, at the favourable manner in which the
work has been received, both in this country and on the continent.</p>
<p>Several objections have been urged, even by sensible writers, against
miscellaneous works on Zoology. First, that they range over the whole
animal kingdom, without completing the history of any one tribe.
Secondly, that their authors, while professing to illustrate only what is
new or little known, intrude a large proportion of subjects to be found
in all the common natural histories. And thirdly, that this rapid mode of
publishing new discoveries, is an infringement on the right, and is
detrimental to the labours, of those naturalists who direct their
attention to one particular branch. These objections, however, are not
unanswerable; for, in the first place, these miscellanies should more
properly be considered as graphic illustrations, or collections of
figures, wherein the efforts of the artist, aided by scientific
knowledge, are called forth, to complete, by his pencil, the more minute
and detailed descriptions which should proceed from the pen of the
monographer. The most perfect works in the science are undoubtedly those
which unite the labours of both; but, in proportion as this perfection is
attained, the general utility of such works is diminished. They become so
enormously expensive, that they are only to be seen in universities and
princely libraries; for the most part inaccessible to the naturalist, and
nearly unknown to the public at large. The works of Le Vaillant,
Desmarest, Vieillot, Ferussac, and several others, published in France
and Germany, are of this description; and while in one sense they have
considerably benefitted the science, they have in another proved very
detrimental to its general diffusion. No sensible naturalist will risk
his fame, by giving his observations to the world, without knowing what
has been done by those who have preceded him;—until, in fact, he
has proper materials to work upon. He knows that these sumptuous authors
should be consulted; he has not the means of so doing; and he
relinquishes his purpose in despair. Such has been the result in two or
three instances which I could mention: and the power of materially
extending the bounds of science is thus confined to those favoured few,
who are so fortunate as to possess, or to have the power of consulting,
those splendid publications.</p>
<p>The second objection is well grounded; but in whatever degree it may
apply elsewhere, I trust the following pages will evince my anxiety to
render the work replete with subjects hitherto unknown or unrecorded; and
my own collections, in most cases, have given me ample means for
examining and comparing both the genera and species of nearly all the
subjects I have attempted to illustrate.</p>
<p>In several instances my opinions will be found to differ from those of
many celebrated naturalists of the day; but I have endeavoured to put the
reader in possession of the reasons which have led to the conclusions I
have adopted. This is but justice towards those who have preceded me, and
to the great body of naturalists, by whom such questions will ultimately
be decided. The age is past wherein the <i>ipse dixit</i> of a great name
was enough to check all inquiries after truth. Assertions must now be
proved before they are admitted: and those writers who lay before the
public tribunal of science their facts, their arguments, and their
deductions, can alone hope to have their opinions generally adopted.</p>
<p>The third and last objection is as new as it is singular; and has been
urged against Miscellanies in general by an anonymous French writer.<a
name="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> However an author may feel
annoyance or disappointment, that another should be the first to publish
discoveries, which <i>he</i> fancies belong exclusively to himself, he
surely has no title to complain. The field of Nature is open to the
inquiries of all. In her domain there are not yet established any
<i>scientific preserves</i>.<a name="NtA_2"
href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> If occupation or indolence does not
permit <i>one</i> labourer to make known his discoveries, is
<i>another</i> (who perhaps unconsciously has been working on the same
ground) to hide the knowledge <i>he</i> has gained? This is surely a
principle at once illiberal and unjust. At this time, there is not
perhaps a single department of Zoology which is not employing the
attention of more than one writer. It is to the honour, and to the
lasting benefit of science, that it should be so: and although a great
part of the new objects collected during my travels in Europe and Brazil
have recently been made public by MM. Temminck and Godart, I feel
rejoiced that this has been done by such distinguished men.</p>
<p>I have been induced to enter (perhaps too fully) into a general
defence of Zoological miscellanies, from the opinion I entertain of their
great utility. First, in diffusing a general knowledge, and exciting a
taste for such pursuits among the great mass of readers; and secondly, as
being a prompt and interesting channel of communicating new discoveries
to the scientific world. Their periodical appearances and comparative
cheapness renders them of easy access to the student; and, if well
conducted, they unite all that is essential from the pen and the
pencil.</p>
<p>Several foreign journals have noticed the appearance of these
Illustrations, and generally in such terms as to stamp a value on their
contents. One of these, however,<a name="NtA_3"
href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> contains several misrepresentations,
which have doubtless escaped the notice of the editor; and which,
therefore, it may be as well to explain in this place. The writer in this
journal, while noticing my Illustrations, seems to have mixed up with it
criticisms intended for another periodical miscellany,<a name="NtA_4"
href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> to which this has, perhaps, given birth,
and which professes to be on a similar plan. He states that these
Illustrations are to be completed in sixty numbers, making five volumes.
No such declaration, to my knowledge, has ever been made, although such
is the averred plan of the Naturalist's Repository. The reviewer goes on
to state: "Il suit pour l'Entomologie et la Conchologie la classification
surannée de Linnæus." This is not a very respectful mode of speaking of
the labours of the greatest naturalist whom his age produced; but the
proposition is a total mistake; the charge is refuted by almost every
page of my work; and, what is rather extraordinary, by the very
quotations of the reviewer. In reply to the regret expressed, "que
l'auteur n'indique pas toujours les ouvrages les plus récens," I should
have been thankful had he subjoined what works these were; as I do not
find, in the monthly lists of the <i>Bulletin</i>, any one which I have
not consulted or referred to, if connected with the objects here
described.<a name="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> M. de
Ferussac's work has been regularly cited, but his <i>Prodromus</i> I have
never been able to procure, either in England or Paris.</p>
<p>And here I cannot refrain from adverting to the great number of
Zoological publications which have appeared in this country during the
last three years; a number far exceeding in proportion that of any period
in the annals of the science. Dr. Horsfield has commenced a beautiful
work on the Animals of Java; and Mr. Sowerby is prosecuting his Genera of
Shells with much zeal, and with increased ability. Both these appear
periodically. They are conducted on the modern principles of science, and
do credit to their authors. The Naturalist's Repository, before alluded
to, likewise appears monthly, but is carried on according to the Linnæan
system, pure and unadulterated. All these, however, unite in showing how
rapidly the taste for such works has increased. Added to these, a new
quarterly Journal, exclusively devoted to Zoology, has been announced,
and, if conducted on liberal principles, its utility will be very
great.</p>
<p>But nothing, perhaps, has more fully evinced the state of public
feeling on this point among men of enlightened minds, than the
discussions which have arisen on the present state of the British Museum.
It is a subject on which I might be tempted to say much, did I not feel,
that among those who do not know me, I might be suspected of interested
or unworthy motives. But from the retirement of a country life, I may now
be allowed perhaps to say a few words. It is indeed most true, that, in
the Zoological department, this institution is a full century behind the
rest of Europe; I might almost add, of America. But the fault is
deep-rooted; and does not spring from the person (whoever he may be) to
whom this overwhelming charge is given. It is ridiculous to suppose that
the exertions of any one person (however great his talents, his zeal, and
his assiduity,) are sufficient to discharge the duties of so complicated
an office. Such a supposition implies the expectation of a moral
impossibility; and so long as such a Herculean task is allotted him, so
long will the Museum continue, with little alteration, in its present
state. Where we have <i>one</i> Zoologist, the museums of Paris, Berlin,
and Vienna have many; each is charged with the care of one particular
branch; and, by their united efforts, the whole is displayed to the
examination of the scientific, and to the view of the public. Each
professor has thus leisure to prosecute the most important objects of his
duty; <i>i. e.</i> to examine, compare, and describe, to detect
analogies, to investigate affinities, and to give to the world the fruits
of his studies. To France more particularly this honour is due. And what
has been the result? Why, that Paris has become the Zoological university
of Europe; and that the principles which have emanated from it, are now
considered the only true ones by which Nature is to be studied.</p>
<p>It is not my object to attach reproach to any body of men
collectively, or to any one individually; but truth is not to be
concealed. Every writer who has the advancement of his favourite study at
heart, is bound (however feebly) to advocate its cause. The truth of the
preceding remarks cannot be questioned; and it remains with those in
power, to consider well, whether such a state of things is consistent
with the honour and reputation of the country; with the justice due to
those great men who founded the institution; and to the expectations of
the public, by whom it is supported.</p>
<div class="poem">
<div class="stanza">
<p>Warwick, October, 1823.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate120"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
120</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl120.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl120.jpg"
alt="Plate 120." title="Plate 120." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> corrugata,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Wrinkled Apple Snail.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ globosâ, corrugatâ, olivaceâ; spiræ prominentis, acutæ,
anfractibus ventricosis; aperturæ margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato;
umbilico parvo, juxta labii interioris mediam posito; operculo
testaceo.</i></p>
<p>Shell globose, wrinkled, olive; spire prominent, acute, the whorls
ventricose; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus
small, linear, near the middle of the inner lip; operculum shelly.</p>
<p>Helix Ampullacea. <i>Linn. Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 3626.</p>
<p>Ampullaria rugosa. <i>Sowerby, Genera of Shells</i>, <i>fas.</i> 4.
<i>fig.</i> 1. 2.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The annexed figures of this hitherto undefined species will clearly
show its distinction from <i>Amp. globosa</i>, (pl. 119); and the
specific characters now framed for these two shells, will, I think,
sufficiently distinguish them from each other.</p>
<p>In comparison with <i>A. globosa</i>, this (even in the young state)
is a wrinkled, not a smooth shell, having the umbilicus placed near the
middle, not towards the base, of the inner lip: the spiral whorls are
elevated and ventricose, not depressed, and slightly convex; and the
basal volution, instead of being very wide on the upper part, (near the
suture,) is widest only in the middle. In young shells, the wrinkles and
the marginated aperture are less defined. When divested of its epidermis,
the colour is blueish white, with a few narrow bands of obscure purple. A
specimen in my own collection has the epidermis so thin, that the colours
beneath it are very conspicuous. The mouth inside is dark chesnut, with
blackish bands; the margin being pale yellow and slightly reflected. The
umbilicus, both in this and in <i>A. globosa</i>, is small and
contracted, while in the real <i>A. rugosa Lam.</i> (<i>Helix urceus
Lin.</i>) it is very large, round, and deep. This latter shell, also,
differs from both of the former, by having a thin, and not a margined
aperture.</p>
<p>Mr. Sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell, which
he has mistaken for the <i>A. rugosa</i> of Lamarck. I am informed by Mr.
Humphreys it is a native of India.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate121"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
121</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl121.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl121.jpg"
alt="Plate 121." title="Plate 121." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CINNYRIS</span> Javanica,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Javanese Creeper.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 95.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>C. supra nitidè purpureo-ærata, subtus olivaceo-crocea; scapulis,
uropygio, strigâque laterali a rostro ad pectus descendente nitidè
violaceis; jugulo castaneo; caudâ nigra.</i></p>
<p>Above glossy metallic purple; beneath olive yellow; scapulars, rump,
and lateral stripe from the bill to the breast, shining violet; throat
chesnut; tail black.</p>
<p>Nectarinia Javanica. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsefield', cf. Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. I)"
>Horsfield</span> in Linn. Tran.</i> <i>vol.</i> 13. i. <i>p.</i>
167.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Under the full conviction that nature has defined, in the most
complete manner, the geographic limits of the various tribes of birds
subsisting on vegetable juices, I am particularly anxious to rectify any
mistakes that may shake this hypothesis, in which I find myself
supported, in the fullest manner, by the opinion of Professor Temminck,
in the last edition of his <i>Manuel</i>.</p>
<p>Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsefield', cf. Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. I)"
>Horsfield</span>, in his account of the birds of Java, describes two
species under the names of <i>Nectarinia Javanica</i> and
<i>Pectoralis</i>. It happens, however, that specimens of both these
birds are in my own cabinet, and have enabled me to ascertain that they
are both decided species of <i>Cinnyris</i>, perfectly agreeing with the
characters laid down by Cuvier, Temminck, and myself, for this group. It
is difficult to say how this oversight has occurred, because Dr. H., just
before, introduces the genus <i>Cinnyris</i>, and describes under it two
new species. In short, no doubt remains in my own mind, that
<i>Cinnyris</i> is a genus as strictly confined to the tropical latitudes
of the <i>old</i>, as <i>Nectarinia</i> is to the <i>new</i> world.</p>
<p>The figure is the size of life; the outline of the bill will
illustrate the generic characters, of which one of the most important is
the nostrils. Nothing can exceed the richness and variety of tints with
which this splendid little creature is ornamented; particularly on the
head, which is glossed alternately with lilac, sea-green, and violet, and
appears as if covered with some metallic substance; the blue on the
wings, back, and edges of the tail is very deep, shining, and glossed
with purple; all the wing-feathers are edged with olive, and some of the
lesser quills with chesnut.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate122"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
122</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl122.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl122.jpg"
alt="Plate 122." title="Plate 122." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> virginea,</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Common Striped Achatina,</i></span> <i>var. 2 and 3</i>.</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ elongatâ, fasciis numerosis nigris, viridibus et flavis
ornatâ; anfractûs basalis latitudine altitudinem superante; aperturâ
rotundatâ; labio exteriore integro; basi profundè emarginatâ.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p><i>Var.</i> 2. <i>testâ fasciis fuscis ornatâ; labio interiore
albo.</i></p>
<p><i>Var.</i> 3. <i>testâ fasciis rufis ornatâ; labio interiore
roseo.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p>Shell elongated, with crowded bands of black, green, and yellow; basal
volution broader than high; aperture rounded; outer lip entire; base
deeply notched.</p>
<p>Bulla virginea. <i>Gm.</i> 3429. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 9. <i>t.</i> 117.
<i>f.</i> 1000, 1. <i>Dill.</i> 491.</p>
<p>Bulimus virgineus. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 363.—<i>Lister</i>,
15. 10. <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 40. <i>f.</i> 38. <i>Ferrusac</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 120. <i>f.</i> 3, 4, 5.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p>Var. 2. Shell banded with brown; inner lip white. <i>Ferrusac</i>,
<i>t.</i> 120. <i>f.</i> 2.</p>
<p>Var. 3. Shell banded with rufous; inner lip rosy. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 10.
173. <i>f.</i> 1682, 1683, (<i>reversed</i>.)</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The shell generally known as the <i>Ach. virginea</i> (<i>Bulla
virginea Lin.</i>) is so common, that few collectors do not possess it.
The varieties, however, of this species are rare, and differ so
remarkably in their colouring, as to require illustration. Several
kindred species of this family I have already described; and on the same
principle of establishing specific distinctions from formation instead of
colour, I shall now endeavour to point out those characters which are
common, more or less, to all the varieties of this species, and which
distinguish it from its allies. <i>A. virginea</i> may be known by the
comparative shortness of the basal whorl, which in general is broader
than high; the margin of the outer lip is entire, and sloping in an
oblique direction; the aperture is wide, and nearly round; the lower part
of the columella takes a concave direction, and between its base and that
of the outer lip is a very deep notch. The basal whorl is so broad that
the shell, if placed on a table with its mouth downwards, will remain
erect.</p>
<p>Both these and the two next varieties are in Mr. Dubois' cabinet.
Their locality is unknown; but my young friend, Mr. Frederick Parkes, has
recently sent me shells of the common variety, found by himself near
Kingston, Jamaica.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate123"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
123</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl123.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl123.jpg"
alt="Plate 123." title="Plate 123." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> virginea,</span> <i>var.</i> 3 <i>and</i> 4.</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate122">Pl. 122.</a></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. virginea, var.</i> 3. <i>testâ ampliore, albescente, fasciis
rufis nigrisque ornatâ; aperturâ purpureâ; labio interiore albo.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p><i>Var.</i> 4. <i>testâ ampliore, albâ, fasciis 3 angustis, fuscis
ornatâ; aperturâ labioque interiore albis; anfractu basali medio
subcarinato.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p>A. virginea, var. 3. Shell larger, whitish, with rufous and black
bands, aperture purple; inner lip white. <i>Middle figures.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p>Var. 4. Shell larger, white, with three narrow brown bands; aperture
and inner lip white; basal whorl in the middle slightly carinated.
<i>Upper and lower figures.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The two varieties of <i>A. virginea</i> on this plate, are still more
removed from the type of the species than those last figured; they are
both much larger in size, and var. 4 presents a slight difference of
formation, in having the basal volution somewhat carinated round the
middle; but as in every other essential character it agrees with the
rest, I have refrained from separating it as a distinct species.</p>
<p>The four varieties I have now illustrated of <i>Ach. virginea</i>,
tend to establish, in a very complete manner, the correctness of the
principles on which I have framed the specific characters of this genus;
here are four shells, with a total difference in the colouring of each,
yet all agreeing in the same formation. It should be observed likewise,
that <i>A. pallida</i>, figured at pl. 41 of this work, and <i>A.
virginea</i>, var. 4, are nearly the same in colour, while in formation
they are completely at variance. I do not think it has been hitherto
remarked, that the elegant green lines which ornament the common variety,
are only <i>external</i>; they resemble, in this respect, the epidermis
of other shells, for they may be taken off by a knife without any injury
to the enamel. M. Ferrusac has figured several other varieties in his
beautiful work on Land Shells.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate124"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
124</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl124.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl124.jpg"
alt="Plate 124." title="Plate 124." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">LICINIA</span> Crisia.</span></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 15.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. mas. Alis anticis falcato-acuminatis, fuscis, fasciâ mediâ
margineque postico flavo; posticis infra flavescentibus colore griseo
variis, basi maculis 4 fulvis.</i></p>
<p><i>Fem. Alis infra albentibus colore griseo variis; anticis integris,
supra fuscis, fasciâ mediâ margineque postico albentibus; posticarum basi
maculis 4 fulvis.</i></p>
<p><i>Male.</i> Anterior wings angulated, brown, with a central band and
hind margin yellow; posterior beneath yellowish marbled with grey, base
with 4 fulvous spots.</p>
<p><i>Female.</i> Anterior wings entire, above brown, with a central band
and hind margin whitish; all the wings beneath whitish marbled with grey;
base of the posterior with 4 fulvous spots.</p>
<p>Pieris Crisia. <i>Godart. En. Méth.</i> <i>p.</i> 197. <i>Male.</i>
<i>Drury</i>, <i>v.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 37. <i>f.</i> 1. 2?</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The extraordinary difference existing between the sexes of exotic
Lepidoptera, and particularly among the Butterflies, (<i>Papilionidæ</i>
Lin.) is a subject which hitherto has received but little attention; nor
am I aware of any entomological writer who has described those characters
which absolutely distinguish the sexes: characters which, I am persuaded,
will hereafter be found of the first importance in a natural arrangement
of these insects. But in the prosecution of this desirable object, the
naturalist, as far as regards foreign Lepidoptera, will have to encounter
serious obstacles; many individuals must be examined of each species, and
some of these dissected. It falls to the lot of few to pursue their
inquiries in the native regions of these insects. Collections in this
country are very few, and some of these are not always open to the
scientific labourer; neither can specimens be sacrificed for dissection,
where there are not more than two or three individuals of a species.</p>
<p>This is in general a very rare insect; observed for the first time by
Dr. Langsdorff and myself early in June (the tropical autumn), in a wood
adjoining the Organ Mountains at Rio de Janeiro. From its local
abundance, we were able to ascertain the sexes. The two upper figures are
of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'male', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
>female</span>, and the lower of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'female', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
>male</span> insect.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate125"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
125</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl125.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl125.jpg"
alt="Plate 125." title="Plate 125." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Nireus', see Addenda et Corrigenda">Nerius</span>.</span></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 92.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Alis nigris, fasciâ communi maculisque viridibus;
posticis dentatis breviter caudatis; his subtùs fasciâ subargenteâ,
marginali, nervis divisâ.</i> Godart.</p>
<p>P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Wings black, with spots and a common band of green;
posterior wings dentated, obsoletely tailed, beneath with a silvery
marginal band, divided by the nerves.</p>
<p>P. Nireus. <i>Fab. Sys. Ent.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> 36. <i>Godart Ency.
Méth.</i> 9. 1. <i>p.</i> 48. <i>Drury</i> 2. <i>pl.</i> 4. <i>fig.</i>
1. 2. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>p.</i> 187. A. B. (<i>mas.</i>) <i>pl.</i> 378.
F. G. (<i>fem.</i>)</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I have figured this insect, principally because it will fully
illustrate the first section (<i>a.</i>) in the arrangement of this
beautiful family proposed at plate 92. The two divisions there adopted,
after the manner of Linnæus, (<i>Græci</i> et <i>Trojani</i>) I am fully
aware, are purely artificial; but the facility this distribution will
give to the student, in searching after a particular species, is so
obvious, that it need hardly be pointed out.</p>
<p>I have only had the opportunity of examining the individual from which
the figure was taken. It is a male, having the anal valves rather
lengthened and obtuse, with a small hook between them, which projects
from the last segment of the abdomen. This circumstance proves the error
of Cramer, in having mistaken the sexes of this species, both of which he
seems to have figured. That which I apprehend is the female (Cramer, pl.
378, fig. F. G.) I have not myself seen. The blue-green on the upper
surface of the wings is very resplendent and changeable, and the palpi
and thorax beneath are covered with numerous whitish spots.</p>
<p>On the under side of the inferior wings, near their base, is a paler
band, rayed with the nerves, and in some lights shining with a pale
silvery reflection.</p>
<p>Mr. Smeathman sent this species from Sierra Leone, in Africa, to Mr.
Drury. The locality, therefore, of India, given by Linnæus and Fabricius,
must be incorrect.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate126"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
126</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl126.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl126.jpg"
alt="Plate 126." title="Plate 126." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> vitulinus,</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Orange Fox Cone</i>,</h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Brown-tipp'd variety.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>C. testâ fulvâ seu fuscâ, fasciis 2 interruptis ornatâ; spiræ
brevis, levatæ, conicæ, maculatæ anfractibus concavis, subgranosè
striatis; basi granosâ, albâ.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p><i>Var. testâ flavescente, fasciis obscuris, subalbidis ornatâ; basi
rufâ. (Fig. nos.)</i></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p>Shell fulvous or brown, with 2 interrupted white bands; spire short,
elevated, conic, spotted, volutions concave with subgranulated striæ;
base granulated, white.</p>
<p>Conus vitulinus. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 648. <i>Lamarck. Ann.</i> 15.
<i>p.</i> 265. <i>Knorr.</i> <i>vol.</i> 5. <i>tab.</i> 1. <i>fig.</i> 4
(<i>optimè</i>). <i>Dillwyn</i> 377.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 467. 55.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p>Var. Shell yellowish, with obscure whitish bands; the base rufous.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b1s">
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I received this very uncommon shell from the Island of Amboyna; and
although in size and colour it is widely different from the usual
appearance of <i>C. vitulinus</i>, I have no hesitation in considering it
as a remarkable variety only of that species.</p>
<p><i>C. vitulinus</i> in general is a small shell. The best
representation of it I have seen is given by Knorr; an author not in
general very accurate in his figures. It varies considerably in colour,
and approaches very near to <i>C. vulpinus Lam.</i> from which it
principally differs in having an elevated, though short, spire, instead
of one nearly flat: the base is granulated, and generally white; <i>C.
vulpinus</i> also has the body whorl carinated and thickest round the
upper margin, whereas, in <i>Vitulinus</i>, it is gently swelled in the
middle.</p>
<p>M. Lamarck is, I think, mistaken in the synonyms of this shell, which
is represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> plate 326, fig. <span
class="correction" title="Original reads '204', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
>2 and 4.</span>. The shell at fig. 8. appears to me as the granulated
variety of <i>C. vulpinus</i>.</p>
<p>Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate127"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
127</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl127.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl127.jpg"
alt="Plate 127." title="Plate 127." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Maldivus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Spanish Admiral Cone.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>C. testâ lævi, posticè gracili ferrugineâ, maculis albis
subtrigonis, cingulisque numerosis fuscis, albo punctatis, ornatâ; basi
nigrâ; spiræ brevis apice acuto, anfractibus lævibus, planis.</i></p>
<p>Shell smooth, posterior end slender, ferruginous, with angular white
spots, and white bands dotted with brown; base black; spire short, tip
acute, the whorls smooth and flat.</p>
<p>C. Maldivus. <i>Brug.</i> (1789.) <i>p.</i> 644. <i>Lam. Ann.</i>
<i>v.</i> 15. <i>p.</i> 264.</p>
<p>C. Jaspideus. <i>Humphreys in Mus. Cal.</i> (1797) <i>p.</i> 12.
<i>No.</i> 185.</p>
<p>Conus Generalis. <i>Var.</i> B. <i>Dillwyn.</i> 539. 11.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 465. 50.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p>Var. 1. Band in the middle narrow; <i>upper figure</i>. <i>Ency.
Méth.</i> pl. 325. fig. 6.</p>
<p>Var. 2. Band broader; <i>lower figure</i>.</p>
<p>Var. 3. Band very broad, with dotted transverse lines; <i>middle
figure</i>.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Seba.</i> <i>pl.</i> 54. <i>fig.</i> 11. 12. <i>Ency. Méth.</i>
<i>pl.</i> 325. <i>fig.</i> 5. 7.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The general similarity existing between the Spanish Admiral, and two
other cones, figured in this work, I have before alluded to; it has been
placed by the Linnæan writers as a variety of <i>C. Generalis</i>, from
which, however, it invariably differs, in being a much thicker shell,
with a shorter spire, and the whorls without any concavity. The colour of
the two species varies considerably in different individuals, but <i>C.
Maldivus</i> is always destitute of the dark brown longitudinal stripes
at the top of the body whorl, peculiar to <i>C. Generalis</i>; the white
bands are either broken into somewhat triangular spots, or are banded
with minute dots; these triangular white spots are sometimes scattered in
other parts of the shell, and the white band in the middle varies much in
breadth; of all the varieties I have yet seen, the middle figure is that
which makes the nearest approach to <i>C. Generalis</i>.</p>
<p>The very applicable name given to this shell by Mr. Humphreys, in the
<i>Museum Calonnianum</i>, I should have adopted, had not Bruguiere
previously affixed to it that of <i>Maldivus</i>, as being a native of
the Maldivian Islands.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate128"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
128</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl128.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl128.jpg"
alt="Plate 128." title="Plate 128." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Maldivus,</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Spanish Admiral Cone</i>,</h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Chesnut variety.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate127">Pl. 127.</a></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p>Conus Maldivus. Var. B. <i>testâ castaneâ, fasciâ albescente mediâ
angustâ ornatâ; anfractûs basalis basi et margine albis.</i></p>
<p><i>Var. B.</i> Chesnut, with a narrow whitish band in the middle; base
and margin of the body whorl white.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>As a further illustration of the last plate, I have been induced to
figure this very rare variety, from a specimen I met with at Mrs. Mawe's.
In the disposition of its markings, it approaches near to the shell
represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>plate</i> 325, <i>f.</i> 6, but
the white band in the middle is narrower, and quite destitute of the
circular dotted lines there expressed.</p>
<p>No shells require a greater accuracy of delineation than the Cones,
particularly in expressing the peculiarity in the form and sculpture of
their spires. I am well persuaded that a great number of the mistakes
committed by authors have originated in the wretched figures contained in
Favanne's work, and in the early volumes of Martini. Those of Favanne are
generally so loose and inaccurate, (although remarkably well engraved,)
that I do not wish, by quoting, to make them any authority; and most of
the Cones figured by Martini are equally bad.</p>
<p>Bruguiere and Lamarck have both given the character of <i>spirâ
canaliculatâ</i> to this species, which is altogether a mistake. The
spiral whorls are all <i>but</i> perfectly flat, and the suture is quite
closed up, although sometimes uneven; originating, as in many other
shells, either from the inequalities of growth, or from an accidental
sea-break, which the animal may have repaired.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate129"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
129</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl129.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl129.jpg"
alt="Plate 129." title="Plate 129." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MELLIPHAGA</span> torquata,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-collared Honeysucker.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 43.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>M. olivaceo-fulvâ, infra albâ; capite auribusque nigris; torque
nuchali lunato, albo; superciliorum cute rubrâ.</i></p>
<p>Fulvous olive, beneath white; head and ears black; nape with a white
crescent, skin of the eyebrows red.</p>
<p>Black-crowned Honeysucker. <i>Lewin's Birds of N. Holland</i>,
<i>pl.</i> 24.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>An elegant, though not a richly coloured bird; remarkable for the
bright red of the skin above the eyes, and the milk-white collar at the
back of the head. It is from New Holland, and, like others of its tribe,
derives its nourishment chiefly from the nectar of flowers; as more
particularly mentioned in my first observations on this genus at pl.
43.</p>
<p>The figure is of the natural size: excepting the crown and sides of
the head (which are deep black), the whole upper plumage is olive yellow:
the shoulders, quills, and tail brown; the two latter margined with
olive, but the exterior quills with white: the throat, breast, and collar
round the nape pure white; skin of the eyebrows red.</p>
<p>The Lunated Creeper of Dr. Shaw (<i>Le Fuscalben of Vieillot,
Certh.</i> <i>pl.</i> 61. <i>p.</i> 122.) is, I apprehend, a distinct
species. It is described as being <i>cinnamon brown</i> above, with a
bright red spot of <i>feathers behind</i> the eye. In the temperate
climate of New Holland, that variation from the usual colouring of
particular species, so frequent in tropical birds, is seldom met with;
neither can these two birds be sexes of one species, because Lewin, who
wrote on the spot, particularly remarks that the female of this is like
the male; he further adds, it is found near Paramatta, and the Hawkesbury
river, in thick bushy woods.</p>
<p>Lewin's figure is so excellent, that I should not again have
represented this bird, had not the plate been prepared previous to the
publication of his work. The outline figure of the bill will show more
clearly the uncommon length of the nostrils, a character which is
peculiar to this genus.</p>
<p><a name="Plate130"></a><a name="Plate131"></a><span
class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 130, 131</span></p>
<table class="mc" style="width:74%"><tr><td class="w50 vtp">
<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl130.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl130.jpg"
alt="Plate 130." title="Plate 130." /></a>
</div>
</td><td class="w50 vtp">
<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl131.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl131.jpg"
alt="Plate 131." title="Plate 131." /></a>
</div>
</td></tr></table>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROCHILUS</span> latipennis,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey Sickle-winged Humming Bird</i>,</h5>
<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Male and Female.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 82.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>T. viridi-aureus, subtus canus; remigum primorum (in maribus)
scapis dilatato-incurvatis; rectricium pennis 4 mediis viridibus apice
nigro, lateralibus albis basi nigrâ; rostro vix recto.</i></p>
<p>Golden green, beneath grey; greater quills (in the male) with the
shafts dilated and incurved. Four middle tail-feathers green tipped with
black, lateral feathers white with a black base; bill nearly
straight.</p>
<p>T. latipennis. <i>Lath. In. Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 310. <i>Gen.
Zool.</i> 8. 1. 318.</p>
<p>T. campylopterus. <i>Gm. Sys. Nat.</i> 499. <i>n.</i> 65.</p>
<p>L'O. mouche à larges tuyaux. <i>Vieillot Ois. D'or.</i> <i>p.</i> 21.
<i>p.</i> 59.</p>
<p>Broad-shafted H. Bird. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> <i>v.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 765.
<i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8. 318.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The opinion I expressed on the unusual formation of the wings in two
species of Humming-birds, figured at pl. 83 and 107, appears to receive
the fullest confirmation from the birds here represented. One of these
(pl. 131) is clearly the <i>T. latipennis</i>, or Broad-shafted
Humming-bird of authors; while the other presents not the slightest
difference except in the shafts of the quills, which, instead of being
thickened and dilated, are of the ordinary size.</p>
<p>Not having myself dissected these birds, I cannot decidedly say they
are male and female; but I think no reasonable doubt can remain that such
is the fact, and that these singular quill-feathers are characteristic
only of the male sex.</p>
<p>Both the birds are represented the size of life, and may be included
in one description: the upper plumage obscure blueish green, glossed with
a coppery or golden tinge and shaded with brown, the plumage beneath
entirely grey; ears and sides of the neck the same, the latter with some
spots of greenish. Tail large, even, and broad; the two middle feathers
green, tipt (in the male) with blackish; the next pair black, with the
base green, and the extreme points whitish; the remainder black, with
their ends more or less white. Wings violet brown, the shafts of the
three outer quills, in the male, dilated and compressed, but simple in
the female. Said to inhabit Cayenne. Although the bill of this species is
all but straight, it belongs naturally to the curved-bill division.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate132"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
132</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl132.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl132.jpg"
alt="Plate 132." title="Plate 132." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MACROGLOSSUM</span> annulosum,</span></h5>
<h5><i>Upper figure</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 64.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>M. alis nigris, anticis fasciis 2 hyalinè maculatis ornatis;
abdominis nigri, segmento tertio niveo.</i></p>
<p>Wings black, anterior with two bands of hyaline spots; abdomen black,
the third segment snowy.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>An elegant insect; so closely allied to <i>Sphinx Tantalus, Lin.</i>
(<i>Drury</i>, <i>v.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 5.) as to excite a
doubt if it should be considered as a separate species. Drury's figure
and description, however, of that insect, induce me to think they are
most probably distinct. <i>S. Tantalus</i> is without the two bands of
hyaline spots, and is much smaller in size.</p>
<p>In this insect are three small, white, snowy dots, on the sides of the
lower segments of the abdomen, and the same beneath: the anal segment is
grey; with the margin, and spot in the middle, black. Inhabits Brazil,
but is a rare insect.</p>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><span class="gesperrt">MACROGLOSSUM</span> fasciatum,</h5>
<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Lower figure.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>M. alis nigricantibus, anticis fusco variis, posticis strigâ
aurantiacâ centrali ornatis; thorace griseâ; corporis lateribus, maculis
aurantiacis, nigris et pallidè fulvis insignibus; antennis gracilibus;
unco producto.</i></p>
<p>Wings blackish, anterior variegated with brown, posterior with a
central orange stripe; thorax grey, sides of the body with orange, black,
and pale yellow spots; antennæ slender, hook lengthened.</p>
<p>Sphinx ceculus. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 146. <i>f.</i> G.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This is another Brazilian species, much more frequent than the last.
In Cramer, at pl. 146, g. is figured an insect under the name of
<i>Ceculus</i>, which no author appears to have quoted; but which
(miserably inaccurate as it is), I have no doubt the artist intended as a
representation of this insect; particularly as Cramer's description,
though short, is very applicable. The colours beneath are uniform dark
brown; the thorax, legs, and base of the wings, whitish; near the
exterior margin of the superior wings is a small white dot, and two
others on each side of the middle segments of the body.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate133"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
133</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl133.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl133.jpg"
alt="Plate 133." title="Plate 133." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">THECLA</span> Macaria,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut-spotted Hair-Streak.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 69.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>T. alis supra fuscis; anticis ad basin cæruleis, infra ferrugineis,
punctis 2 mediis nigris ornatis; posticis infra castaneis, anticè
pallidioribus, maculo nigro ad basin ornatis.</i></p>
<p>Wings above brown; anterior blue at the base, beneath ferruginous,
with two central black spots; posterior beneath chesnut, paler on the
fore part, with a black spot near the base.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I have selected this insect as one of the rarest among a vast number
of species of this elegant tribe, collected during my travels in Brazil.
Two specimens of the male, and one of the female insect, were captured in
the woods near Pernambuco, in lat. 8° <span class="nw">12′</span>
S.</p>
<p>The male insects, in the majority of the <i>Hair-Streaks</i>, have
either a velvet or eye-like spot in the middle of the anterior wings,
adjoining their outer margin; these spots are without lustre, and
frequently appear as if caused by being rubbed: the colours, likewise, on
the upper surface of the wings in the males, generally differ from those
of the females.</p>
<p>Wings brown; anterior, with the half next the base blue; central spot
blackish, enclosing an obscure eye-like spot margined with grey, the
pupil black with a white dot. Posterior wings two-tailed; exterior tail
very short, interior lengthened; anal angle two-lobed, margin whitish.
Anterior wings beneath, pale chesnut brown, tips chesnut; in the middle
are two black dots, one of which is small; above these are three others,
which form a short transverse line united to the margin. Posterior wings
beneath, dark chesnut; with two central blackish dots in the middle;
below are two undulated brown lines, parallel to the posterior margin;
the anterior margin pale, with a large black dot near the base; anal
angle, clouded with grey and tipt with a black spot: another spot is also
at the base of the exterior tail. In the female, all the wings above are
brown, with a pale blue base; but the under surface, except in being
paler, resembles that of the male.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate134"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
134</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl134.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl134.jpg"
alt="Plate 134." title="Plate 134." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> exustus,</span></h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Burnt, or Purple-mouthed Strombus</i></span>—(<i>Upper figure</i>.)</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 10.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. testâ nodosâ; labio interiore albo, lævi; labii exterioris
inflexi, supra sinuati, intus purpureo-atri, striati; lobo basali
edentulo.</i></p>
<p>Shell nodulous; inner lip smooth, whitish; outer lip inflected, above
sinuated, within striated, blackish purple; basal lobe not toothed.</p>
<p><i>Young.</i> S. papilio. <i>Chem.</i> x. <i>t.</i> 158. <i>f.</i>
1510, 11. <i>Dillw.</i> 661. 120. 11.</p>
<p><i>Adult.</i> Strombus exustus. <i>Humphreys in Mus. Cal.</i>
<i>p.</i> 38. <i>n.</i> 714.</p>
<p>S. lentiginosus. <i>Martini</i>, iii. <i>t.</i> 80. <i>f.</i> 825,
826. <i>Gmelin.</i> 3510. (<i>var.</i> <span class="grk">β</span>.)
<i>Dillwyn.</i> 660.</p>
<p><i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 52. <i>f.</i> 17. 18. <i>Knorr.</i> 3.
<i>t.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 2. 3?</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Specimens now before me prove that the <i>S. papilio</i> of Chemnitz
is a young shell of <i>S. exustus</i>, a species named by Mr. Humphreys
in the Calonne Catalogue, and described in his own manuscripts. In a
young state, the aperture is smooth and nearly white, but when full
grown, the outer lip is strongly striated, and the aperture reddish
purple, dark red, or reddish chesnut: the outer lip is but slightly
sinuated above, and the basal lobe never toothed, as in the next species.
Inhabits the island of Haynam, in the East Indies, and is very rare.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
>Described by Lamarck (<i>Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 211) under the name of
<i>S. Papilio</i>. The first of these names, however, has the right of
priority. (See <i>Mus. Cal.</i> 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3.
tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly represent this species; although Lamarck has
quoted them for <i>S. lentiginosus</i>.</span></p>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> lentiginosus,</h5>
<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Tuberculated Strombus</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. testâ nodosâ; labii exterioris supra rotundati ad spiram annexi,
profundè bilobati, margine crasso inflexo, sub-nodoso; lobo basali
dentato; aperturâ lævi.</i></p>
<p>Shell nodulous, outer lip above rounded, attached to the spire, deeply
bilobated, margin thick, inflexed, slightly nodulous; basal lobe toothed;
aperture smooth.</p>
<p><i>Young.</i> <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 37. 40.
<i>optimè</i>. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>t.</i> 89. <i>f.</i> 871. <i>t.</i>
91. <i>f.</i> 891. 892? <i>Lister</i>, 893. 12?</p>
<p><i>Adult.</i> S. lentiginosus. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3510. <i>Dillwyn.</i>
660. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>t.</i> 81. <i>f.</i> 827, 828.</p>
<p><i>Seba</i>, 62. <i>f.</i> 11. 30. (<i>optimè</i>.) <i>Lister</i>,
861. 18. <i>Gualt.</i> 32. <i>f.</i> A.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 203. <i>Knorr</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 13,
<i>f.</i> 2. Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing
the young shells of this and the following species.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This common shell requires little description, and is only introduced
to contrast more fully the difference between these two species: the
upper part of the lip has two deep notches, which form three prominent
lobes; the basal lobe is toothed, similar to the <i>Pteroceræ</i>: the
aperture (in those shells from the East Indies) is light pink inside. A
large and fine variety comes from the Mauritia islands, having the mouth
within pale golden yellow.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate135"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
135</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl135.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl135.jpg"
alt="Plate 135." title="Plate 135." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> tricornis,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Horned Strombus.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 10.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. testâ ponderosâ, nodis longitudinaliter compressis armatâ; labio
exteriore inflexo, margine crasso, suprà attenuato et ultra spiram
producto; canali truncato.</i></p>
<p>Shell ponderous, with longitudinally compressed nodules; outer lip
inflexed, the margin thick, above attenuated and produced beyond the
spire; channel truncated.</p>
<p><i>In young stages of growth.</i></p>
<p><i>Seba</i>, <i>pl.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 36, 10. <i>Martini</i> 3.
<i>tab.</i> 91. <i>f.</i> 890. <i>tab.</i> 85. <i>f.</i> 847.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 201.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p>Var. A. Shell whitish, outer lip much produced. <i>Upper figure.</i>
<i>Martini</i>, <i>vol.</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 84. <i>f.</i> 844, 845. <i>Sw.
Ex. Conch.</i> <i>part</i> 4.</p>
<p>Var. B. Shell varied with chesnut, outer lip shorter. <i>Lower
figure.</i> <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>t.</i> 408. <i>f.</i> 1. <i>t.</i> 409.
<i>f.</i> 2. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 84. <i>f.</i> 843.
<i>Lister</i>, 871. <i>f.</i> 25. 873. <i>f.</i> 29.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b1s">
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Martini was the first conchological writer who separated this species
from the <i>Strombus Gallus</i> of Linnæus; under which name are included
three shells, so remarkably different from each other, that they hardly
possess a single character in common.</p>
<p>The original name of Linnæus I have retained to that species figured
by <i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 62. <i>fig.</i> 1 and 2, and by myself in
<i>Exotic Conchology</i>, <i>Part</i> 4.</p>
<p><i>Strombus tricornis</i>, although figured, has never yet, I believe,
been defined.</p>
<p>Two varieties of this shell are met with; one having the attenuated
process of the lip much produced, the margins folded inward, and the tip
somewhat spatulate, or spoon-shaped: the colour of this variety is
generally white, slightly varigated with brown stripes or irregular
spots. A very fine specimen of this variety, having these characters
remarkably developed, is in my own cabinet, and is figured in <i>Exotic
Conchology</i>, part 4. The second variety has the process of the lip
shorter, and the margins not folded; the colour usually brownish, richly
clouded and variegated with chesnut; the aperture within is tinged with
pale red or rosy; but that of the other variety is pure white. I believe
this species inhabits the coasts of America; it is a heavy shell, and
sometimes measures seven inches in extreme length.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate136"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
136</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl136.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl136.jpg"
alt="Plate 136." title="Plate 136." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> crassa,</span></h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i><i>Thick Apple Snail</i>,</i></span></h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Upper and lower figures</i>.</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ globosâ, lævi, (sub epidermide) albâ, fasciis fuscis
ornatâ; spiræ levatæ apice obtuso; aperturæ margine albo, crasso;
umbilico caret.</i></p>
<p>Shell globose, smooth, beneath the epidermis white with brown bands;
spire elevated, tip obtuse; margin of the aperture thick, white;
umbilicus none.</p>
<p><i>Martini</i> 9. <i>t.</i> 128. <i>f.</i> 1135.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>A distinct species, well characterised by the absence of the
umbilicus, the situation of which is indicated only by a slight
depression: the margin of the aperture all round is thickened, and white;
but, from no groove being discernible, I suspect the operculum may be
horny. The only specimen I have, is divested of the epidermis; it is
obviously an old shell; and appears to agree with the figure of Martini,
also taken from an uncoated specimen.</p>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> oblonga,</h5>
<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Oblong Apple Snail</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ oblonga, lævi, tenui, fuscâ; spirâ levatâ, crassâ, obtusâ;
aperturæ elongatæ basi contractâ; umbilico vix obsoleto.</i></p>
<p>Shell oblong, smooth, thin, brown; spire elevated, thick, obtuse;
aperture lengthened, base contracted; umbilicus nearly obsolete.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>A rare, and undescribed shell, presenting a singular deviation from
the general globose form of the <i>Ampullariæ</i>. The inner lip is
wanting on the upper part of the aperture, and on the lower is thin,
white, and reflected over the umbilicus, which is nearly obsolete.</p>
<p>Both these shells were in the late Mrs. Bligh's collection, without
any <i>habitat</i> being affixed to them.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate137"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
137</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl137.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl137.jpg"
alt="Plate 137." title="Plate 137." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Polybius.</span></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 92.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>P. alis nigris; anticis maculo albo centrali; posticis
dentato-caudatis maculo rubro centrali nervis diviso; abdomine strigâ
laterali; thorace punctis flavis subtùs, ornatis.</i></p>
<p>P. (<i>Tr. caud.</i>) wings black; anterior with a central spot of
white; posterior dentated and tailed, with a central red spot, divided by
the nerves; stripe on each side the abdomen and spots on the thorax
beneath, yellow.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>An insect neither described nor figured by any author. To my liberal
friend, Dr. Langsdorff, I am indebted for the two specimens in my own
cabinet, collected by himself in the interior of Minas Geraes, or the
Diamond district of Brazil. I am not aware of the insect having been
found in any other part of that vast country.</p>
<p>An unusual character is presented in this species, alone sufficient to
distinguish it from any other contained in the division to which it
belongs. This consists in the thorax beneath being spotted with yellow,
and the body, on each side of the under surface, having a narrow yellow
stripe; the basal margin of the inferior wings is also yellow. Strictly
speaking, these yellow spots would remove it from the section
<i>Trojani</i>, but it would then be improperly separated from <i>P.
Lysithoüs</i>, <i>Agavus</i>, and others to which it is, in every
respect, closely allied.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate138"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
138</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl138.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl138.jpg"
alt="Plate 138." title="Plate 138." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MALURUS</span> garrulus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Noisy Soft-tail Warbler.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostrum validius, breve, totum valdè compressum, altius quam
latius, culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem
aliquandò emarginatum, vix incurvo. Nares basales membranâ tectæ,
aperturâ laterali. Alæ brevissimæ, rotundatæ, remigum 3 primorum
longitudine proximorum 4 longitudinem superante. Cauda plerumque longa,
cuneata, radiis mollibus, decompositis. Pedes validi, digito exteriore ad
digiti medii basin annexo. Hallux validus.</i></p>
<p><i>Ob. Rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructâ.</i> Tem.</p>
<p>Bill rather strong, short, much compressed its whole length, higher
than broad, the ridge prominent, dividing the frontal feathers, and bent
at the tip, which is sometimes notched. Nostrils basal, covered by a
membrane, the aperture lateral. Wings very short, rounded, the three
first quills shorter than the four next. Tail generally long, cuneated,
the radii soft and decomposed. Legs strong; the outer toe connected to
the base of the middle toe. Hind claw strong.</p>
<p>Ob. Base of the bill with setaceous hairs. <i>Temminck.</i></p>
<p>Generic Types—Turdus brachypterus. <i>Lath.</i> Le Flûteur.
<i>Vail. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2. Le Capolier.
<i>Do.</i> <i>pl.</i> 129. <i>pl.</i> 130. <i>f.</i> 1.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>M. fuscus, infrà albescentibus; plumis frontalibus rigidis,
acuminatis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus; caudâ
mediocri, rotundatâ.</i></p>
<p>M. brown, beneath whitish, feathers on the front of the head rigid,
pointed, and rufous; lines before and behind the eye whitish: tail
moderate, rounded.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The colours of this bird are altogether plain; but it is remarkable
for its very singular nest, which is so large, as to form a feature in
the woodland scenery of Bahia, the only part of Brazil where I observed
it: the nest is built in low trees, formed externally of dried sticks,
without any neatness, and is usually three or four feet long, resembling
at a distance a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by
accident: sometimes two of these nests appear as if joined together, and
there is an opening on the side, besides one at the top. The sexes are
generally seen near the nest, uttering a shrill, incessant, monotonous
chirp, particularly in the morning and evening. I never could bring
myself to tear one of their nests to pieces, merely to see its
construction.</p>
<p>All the birds of this genus are stated by Professor Temminck to be
natives either of the old world, or of the southern hemisphere; but the
observations I have made, lead me to think otherwise. Two of the generic
types M. Temminck has given, are the same as those I have selected; these
birds are now before me; the other (<i>Le Capolier</i>,) is so like the
species here figured, that (judging from Le Vaillant's plate) they might
easily pass for the same bird. Two other species, with characters
perfectly resembling <i>M. garrulus</i>, are likewise found in
Brazil.</p>
<p>From a consideration, therefore, of the affinities and habits of these
birds, I conceive they may constitute a very natural genus, closely
allied to <i>Sylvia</i>, having very compressed bills, short wings,
russet coloured plumage, with soft and generally long tails, and building
rather large and cylindrical nests. On the other hand, if the whole of
the birds mentioned by P. Temminck are retained in the genus, I apprehend
it will become entirely artificial; inasmuch as it will include not only
the birds above mentioned, but the <i>Motacilla superba</i>, and a large
non-descript bird from New Holland, the size of a thrush, which in habit,
though not in characters, resembles a shrike.</p>
<p>M. Vieillot first proposed this genus, but his definition is so short
and obscure, that little can be gained from it.</p>
<p>The slight sketch in the distance, introduced in the plate, will give
some idea of the singular nest of this bird.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate139"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
139</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl139.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl139.jpg"
alt="Plate 139." title="Plate 139." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> plumbea,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey-backed Warbler.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostri recti, tenuis, basi altiore quam latiore, mandibulâ
superiori aliquando emarginatâ, inferiori rectâ. Nares basales,
laterales, membranâ partim tectæ. Crura longiora digito medio, qui digito
exteriori ad basin annectitur. Ungue posteriore mediocri, digito
posteriore breviore et arcuato. Remigum pinnâ primâ brevissimâ aliquando
caret. Tectrices remigibus multo breviores.</i> Temm.</p>
<p>Bill straight, slender, base higher than broad; superior mandible
sometimes notched, the inferior straight. Nostrils basal, lateral, partly
covered by a membrane. Legs longer than the middle toe, which is united
to the exterior toe at the base; hinder claw moderate, shorter than the
toe, and curved. Wings; the first quill very short, or wanting, greater
covers much shorter than the quills. <i>Temminck.</i></p>
<p>Generic Types—<i>Turdus arundinaceus.</i> Lath. <i>Sylvia
locustella.</i> <i>Luscinia.</i> <i>Trochilus.</i> <i>Regulus.</i>
(Temminck.)</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. cæruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo; tectricium apicibus
albis.</i></p>
<p>Blue grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-covers tipt with
white.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>There is an elegance of shape, and a harmony of colouring, in the
Warblers, that render these delicate little birds very interesting. The
species are exceedingly numerous, and are spread over most parts of the
world; several abound in our own woods and hedges, and the "sacred bird"
of our childhood, the Robin Redbreast, is among the number. That now
before us is a native of Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr.
Leadbeater; I never met with it myself. The first quill feather is hardly
shorter than the three next, which are all of equal length; the
tail-feathers are even, and rather pointed; their colour black, margined
with grey; the two outer with a white spot on the inner web; the under
wing and tail-covers white.</p>
<p>I have made no material alteration in Prof. Temminck's definition of
this overgrown genus, being convinced it might lead to confusion, while
the generality of the birds composing it remain so little known.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">This
bird greatly resembles the female of <i>S. pusilla</i> of Wilson
(yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden
yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird:
the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description
of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as
he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson
and Vieillot say there are two.</span></p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate140"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
140</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl140.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl140.jpg"
alt="Plate 140." title="Plate 140." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROGLODYTES</span> rectirostris,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Straight-billed Wren.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6>Troglodytes. <i>Ray.</i> <i>Cuvier.</i> <i>Vieillot.</i> Sylvia. <i>Latham.</i> <i>Temminck.</i></h6>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostrum curvatum, rarò rectum, lateribus compressis; apice vix
emarginato. Nares basales. Alæ brevissimæ, rotundatæ, remigum majorum 3
exteriorum longitudine quartæ longitudinem superante, cæteris paribus et
vix remigibus minoribus longioribus. Rectrices breves, fasciculatæ,
erectæ. Hallux digito medio brevior. Plumæ fuscæ.</i></p>
<p>Bill curved; rarely straight, the sides compressed, the tip slightly
notched. Nostrils basal. Wings remarkably short, rounded, the three
exterior greater quills shorter than the fourth; the remainder of equal
length, and hardly longer than the lesser quills. Tail-feathers weak,
short, fasciculated, and generally carried erect. Hind toe shorter than
the middle toe. Plumage brown.</p>
<p>Generic Types <i>Motacillæ troglodytes et furva.</i> Gm. <i>Certhiæ
familiaris, palustris, et Caroliniana.</i> Wilson, <i>Am. Orn.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>T. fuscus, jugulo pectoreque pallidioribus; mento nigricante;
corpore medio niveo; rectricibus angustis, nigris; mandibulæ superiore
apice adunco.</i></p>
<p>Brown; throat and breast paler; chin blackish, middle of the body
snowy, feathers of the tail black and narrow; tip of the upper mandible
hooked.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This singular little bird agrees more in its general character with
<i>Troglodytes</i>, than with any other established genus; yet with this
its similitude is but slight. Anxious, nevertheless, to avoid what might
hereafter prove an unnecessary innovation, I have placed it with the
Wrens, under the distinguishing name of <i>rectirostris</i>; although I
am more inclined to think it constitutes a distinct genus.</p>
<p><i>Troglodytis</i>, originally instituted as a genus by our
illustrious countryman Ray, has been adopted both by M.M. Cuvier and
Vieillot. Professor Temminck, on the contrary, has included it with
<i>Sylvia</i>; an immense genus, already burthened with more species than
are rightly understood, or that really belong to it.</p>
<p>Figure the natural size. Bill straight, triangular at the base, the
sides compressed, tip of the upper mandible bent down and notched;
nostrils large, lengthened, covered by a membrane, which (except at the
base,) is naked; the aperture terminal, near the edge of the bill,
narrow, and oblong: the feathers on the rump and flanks remarkably long;
the three fore toes slender, and all connected at their base as far as
the first joint: tail even, and longer than the generality of Wrens, the
feathers very narrow, weak, and deep black. Plumage above light or
reddish brown; sides of the head, neck, breast, and body, the same, but
tinged with fulvous; the chin and upper part of the throat blackish, but
the margin of the feathers partly white: lower part of the throat and
breast dusky: middle of the body pure white; under wing covers, inside
margin of the quills, and edge of the shoulders, white.</p>
<p>Mr. Leadbeater favoured me with this bird, which he received from
Brazil.</p>
<p>The comparative length of the bill in this genus, (leaving the present
bird out of consideration,) offers no generic distinction, because it
varies greatly in different species. Some of those found in Brazil have
the bill nearly double the length of the common European Wren.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate141"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
141</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl141.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl141.jpg"
alt="Plate 141." title="Plate 141." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> chryseürus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Golden-tailed Parrot.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>P. nitidè viridis; fronte genisque fulvo colore tinctis; rectricium
brevium, parium, pennis mediis viridibus, cæteris aureis, omnium apicibus
nigris.</i></p>
<p>Shining green; front and sides of the head tinged with fulvous; tail
short, even, tipt with black, the two middle feathers green, the rest
golden.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I was fortunate in procuring both sexes of this very rare bird in the
vicinity of Pernambuco, being the only individuals I ever met with in
Brazil: they appeared as if tired from a long flight, which led me to
suppose they had migrated from the interior towards the coast. I do not
find the species noticed by any writer, nor have I seen it in any
collection.</p>
<p>The total length is six inches and a half; the plumage generally of a
rich emerald green, rather obscure on the top and sides of the head, but
very bright on the back and rump, where it is tinged with blue; the
feathers round the base of the bill, front, and sides of the head, are
tinged with buff colour; the scapulary feathers (protecting the base of
the wings and lesser quills) are chocolate brown, the quills themselves
black, margined externally with green and internally with olive. The most
beautiful part of the bird is the tail, which is short and even, each
feather having the tips margined by a narrow line of black, the middle
pair being green, and all the rest of a rich golden yellow colour; the
under plumage and wing covers are nearly of as deep a green as the wings,
but on the flanks there is a tinge of olive.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate142"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
142</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl142.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl142.jpg"
alt="Plate 142." title="Plate 142." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">NECTARINIA</span> flaveola,</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Yellow-bellied Nectarinia.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 117.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>N. nigricans, infrà flava; mento, superciliis rectriciumque trium
exteriarum apicibus, albis; fasciâ uropygiali olivaceâ.</i></p>
<p>Blackish brown; beneath yellow; chin, eyebrows, and tips of the three
outer tail-feathers white; band on the rump olive.</p>
<p>Certhia flaveola. <i>Gmelin</i>, 479. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> <i>v.</i>
1. <i>p.</i> 297. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> <i>v.</i> 8. <i>p.</i> 248.
<i>Turton</i>, <i>p.</i> 297.</p>
<p>Certhia, <i>No.</i> 33. <i>Brisson. Orn.</i> <i>v.</i> 6. <i>App.</i>
<i>p.</i> 117. <i>Syn.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 19.</p>
<p>Black and yellow Creeper. <i>Edwards</i>, <i>pl.</i> 122. <i>pl.</i>
362. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> <i>v.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 737. <i>Gen. Zool.</i>
<i>v.</i> 8. <i>p.</i> 248. <i>Turton.</i> <i>p.</i> 297.</p>
<p>Le Guit-Guit Sucrier. <i>Vieill. Ois. Dor. Certh.</i> <i>pl.</i> 51.
<i>p.</i> 102.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This pretty little bird, under different varieties of plumage, appears
to be scattered over the greatest part of tropical America, and is one of
the most common of its tribe. The best, and indeed the only detailed
account of its economy, is given by M. Vieillot; who remarks, that its
nest is suspended on the tops of those tall climbing plants, which, in
those countries, form a matting over the most lofty trees: the entrance
to the nest is at the bottom; the interior is divided into two
compartments, in one of which only the young are contained. It feeds both
on small insects, and the nectar of flowers. All the above synonyms refer
to the different varieties authors have enumerated of this species. Most
of these have a white spot at the base of the exterior quills; others
vary in having the throat entirely black; and some again have a yellow
rump; but none of these agree with the variety here figured, which I
believe came from Trinidad. Probably a more perfect knowledge of these
supposed varieties will show they contain two or three distinct
species.</p>
<p>Notwithstanding the shortness of the bill, this is a decided
<i>Nectarinia</i>, according to a natural, but not an artificial
arrangement. It forms, in some degree, a passage from the shining
coloured <i>Nectariniæ</i> of America, to the short-billed
<i>Melliphagæ</i> of the southern hemisphere. On a future occasion I
shall offer more detailed observations on the genus <i>Dicæum</i> of
Cuvier.</p>
<p>The figure is the size of life; and, with the specific character,
renders a further description unnecessary.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate143"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
143</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl143.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl143.jpg"
alt="Plate 143." title="Plate 143." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> sordida,</span></h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Brown Apple Snail</i></span> <i>f. 1. 2.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ globosâ, ferrugineâ, lineis transversis subcarinatis
instructâ aperturæ margine tenui; umbilico magno; operculo
corneo?</i></p>
<p>Shell globose, ferruginous, with obsolete transverse subcarinated
lines; margin of the aperture thin; umbilicus large; operculum horny?</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The only species of <i>Ampullaria</i> with which this may be
confounded is <i>A. fasciata</i>, p. 103, in comparison with which it is
a more globose shell, the aperture narrower, and the spire more obtuse;
the umbilicus is larger, round, and not contracted; the suture is not
sunk, the shell is not banded with coloured lines, nor is the surface
smooth; on the contrary, it is marked with transverse, obscurely
carinated lines; while the shell is uniform brown, the aperture within is
white, margined with brown.</p>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> puncticulata</h5>
<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Oval, punctured Apple Snail</i></h5>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ ovatâ, subtilissimè punctatâ; spirâ obtusâ; labii
exterioris margine, interiorisque basi rufis, incrassatis; operculo
corneo?</i></p>
<p>Shell oval, minutely punctured, spire obtuse; margin of the exterior
lip within, and base of the inner lip thick and rufous; operculum
horny?</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This and <i>A. oblonga</i> are the only species I am yet acquainted
with, whose form is not globose. It never grows to a size much larger
than the figure; the whole shell is marked by fine longitudinal striæ,
and transverse lines of minute dots, discernible only by the aid of a
common magnifier; the aperture within is brownish flesh-colour; the
margin is strong and reddish, and, within that of the outer lip, is a
thickened rim; which, should the operculum be testaceous, may supply the
place of the groove for its reception observable in <i>A. globosa</i> and
<i>corrugata</i>. The localities of both these species are unknown to
me.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate144"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
144</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl144.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl144.jpg"
alt="Plate 144." title="Plate 144." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> Valentiana,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Arabian Eburna.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Testa turrita, lævis, nitida, umbilicata, basi truncatâ,
emarginatâ. Aperturæ angulus superior internè canaliculatus. Animal
marinum.</i></p>
<p>Shell turrited, smooth, polished, umbilicated, base truncated,
emarginate. Upper angle of the aperture with an internal channel. Animal
marine.</p>
</blockquote>
<h6>Generic Type <i>Buccinum Spiratum</i> Lin.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>E. testâ ventricosâ, maculatâ; aperturæ longitudine spiræ
longitudinem superante; spirâ anfractibus 5 convexis, suturis alveatis;
basi balteo concavo cinctâ.</i></p>
<p>Shell ventricose, spotted; spire shorter than the aperture, of five
convex volutions; suture channelled; base with a concave belt.</p>
<p>Eburna Valentiana. <i>Sw. Appendix to Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 6.
<i>lot</i> 904.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Few species are known of <i>Eburnæ</i>, and these are neither well
defined, nor correctly figured.</p>
<p>The species selected by most authors as the type of this genus is
<i>Buccinum glabratum</i> of Linnæus, a shell which, as it unites the
characters of <i>Eburna</i> and <i>Ancilia</i>, should not have been
chosen for this purpose. Types of genera are alone intended to represent
the usual appearance of those characters on which the genus has been
founded; they should therefore be selected from such species only, as
represent these characters in their perfect development.</p>
<p><i>E. Valentiana</i> was first characterized by myself, in the
Appendix to the Bligh Collection. It was brought from the Red Sea by Lord
Valentia, in honour of whom it is named. The very short spire and concave
belt at the base, easily distinguish this shell from <i>E.
spirata</i>.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate145"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
145</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:26%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl145.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl145.jpg"
alt="Plate 145." title="Plate 145." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> tessellata,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Tessellated Eburna.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate144">Pl. 144.</a></h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>E. testâ maculis fuscis seu purpureis tessellatis fasciatâ; suturâ
vix canaliculatâ; anfractuum marginibus convexis.</i></p>
<p>Shell with bands of tessellated brown or purple spots; suture slightly
channelled; margin of the volutions convex.</p>
<p>Buccinum Spiratum. <i>var. Linn.</i> <i>Gmelin</i>, 3487. <i>Dill.</i>
620. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 262. 26. <i>Turton</i>, 4. <i>p.</i> 400.
<i>var.</i> 2.</p>
<p>Lister, 981. 41. (<i>bad.</i>) <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 73. <i>f.</i>
25. 26. <i>Martini</i>, 4. <i>pl.</i> 122. 1120. 1121.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>E.
Arcolata</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 282. 4.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>A shell hitherto placed as a variety of <i>E. spirata</i>,
(<i>Buccinum spiratum</i>, Lin.) but from which I am disposed to consider
it as specifically distinct. The channel or sulcation round the suture of
each whorl is very slight, and the adjoining margin obtuse and convex;
whereas in <i>E. spirata</i> the channel is broad and deep, having the
margin sharply carinated: so far the essential characters of the two
shells are at variance; but their difference in colour is so obvious that
no one can mistake them.</p>
<p>The form of the umbilicus in this species appears to be constant: it
is wide, deep, placed near to the upper angle of the aperture, and
margined externally by a convex belt. With the exception of Seba's
figures, (which, through the carelessness of the engraver, are reversed,)
not a tolerable representation of this shell can be found; for those
given by the authors above named, are almost too inaccurate for citation.
It inhabits the Indian Ocean.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate146"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
146</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl146.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl146.jpg"
alt="Plate 146." title="Plate 146." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> Pacifica,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>South Sea Eburna.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate144">Pl. 144.</a></h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>E. testâ ventricosâ, maculis fulvis fasciisque albis ornatâ; spiræ
angustæ, acutæ, suturis integris.</i></p>
<p>Shell ventricose, with fulvous spots and white bands; spire slender,
acute; suture entire.</p>
<p>Eburna Pacifica. <i>Swainson, Appendix to Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 6.
<i>lot</i> 904.</p>
<p>Eburna lutosa? <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 401. <i>f.</i> 4.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>E.
lutosa?</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. 282. 5.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>A delicate and rather uncommon shell: first defined in the Appendix I
subjoined to the Catalogue of the Bligh collection, dispersed by auction
last spring. Mrs. Mawe informs me she has received this, along with other
shells, from the Pacific Ocean.</p>
<p>A species at once distinguished by the entire suture and
narrow-pointed spire; the inner lip is very thick, with a longitudinal
sulcation near the umbilicus.</p>
<p>Whether this is the shell represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> at
<i>pl.</i> 401, <i>f.</i> 4, admits of doubt: a short description would
have explained the characters, but not one word is said about it. I have
already adverted to this novel mode of creating species at pl. 31. If
authors will not be at the trouble of defining new species, they have no
right to expect their names should be adopted by subsequent and more
laborious writers, to whom they leave the more scientific task, of
defining characters and collating synonyms.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate147"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
147</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl147.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl147.jpg"
alt="Plate 147." title="Plate 147." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MUSCIPETA</span> carinata,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Keel-billed Flycatcher.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 116.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>M. plumbea, infrà ferruginea; fronte juguloque nigris; temporibus
albentibus; rostri culmine carinato.</i></p>
<p>Plumbeous; body beneath ferruginous; front and throat black; sides of
the head whitish; top of the bill carinated.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Mr. Brookes, the celebrated anatomist, first drew my attention to this
singular bird; the peculiarity of the bill suggested to us the idea of
creating a genus for its reception; but a closer comparison of its other
characters with several of the exotic <i>Muscipetæ</i> induces me, at
least for the present, to associate it with those birds. The Flycatchers,
as they now stand in the works of Latham, Shaw, and other Linnæan
writers, undistinguished even by sections or subdivisions, present a mass
of confusion, which renders the search after an individual, in this
immense genus, almost hopeless.</p>
<p>Total length, six inches and a half; front, throat, and margin of the
shoulders, deep black; the whole upper plumage is of a delicate lead
colour, which is paler on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of
the head and neck; body and inner wing covers rufous; the first quill is
half the length of the second, which is rather shorter than the three
next; feet slender, weak, and short; the outer toe united, the inner
cleft. The bill at the base is triangular, but not elevated; the sides
compressed; the culmin, or top, is sharp, elevated, and curved; the tip
of both mandibles notched: nostrils simple, small, round, without a
membrane, and partly hid by the thick-set frontal feathers, and
lengthened setaceous bristles round the bill. These parts are delineated
on the plate of their natural size; and must form the basis of any future
generic alteration in the arrangement of this bird. The figure was from a
specimen belonging to Mr. Brookes; since which, I have received two
others from New Holland.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate148"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
148</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl148.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl148.jpg"
alt="Plate 148." title="Plate 148." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EMBERIZA</span> cristata,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Crested Bunting.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostrum breve, conicum, compressum, basi aliquatenus hians,
mandibulâ superiore inflexâ, inferiore superiorem magnitudine superantem.
Nares basales, rotundi, basi plumulis obtectâ. Pedes sedentes, digitis
tribus anticis basi divisis, halluce plerumque brevi, curvo, aliquando
recto.</i></p>
<p>Ob. <i>Remigum pennâ primâ brevi, secundâ tertiâque
longissimis.</i></p>
<p>Bill short, strong, conic, compressed; the base slightly gaping; upper
mandible inflexed; under mandible largest. Nostrils basal, round, covered
at the base by small feathers. Feet sitting, the three anterior toes
divided at the base; the hind claw in general short and curved, in some
species straight.</p>
<p><i>Ob.</i> The first quill of the wings shorter than the second and
third, which are the longest.</p>
<p>Generic Types (Temminck) i. <i>Emb. citrinella. miliaria</i> Lin. ii.
<i>Em. nivalis. Fring. Lapponica.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>E. olivacea, infrà flavescens; capite cristato; jugulo nigro;
strigâ oculari, scapulis rectricibusque lateralibus flavis.</i></p>
<p>Olive, beneath yellowish, head crested; throat black; eye stripe,
shoulders, and lateral tail feathers, yellow.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The elegant crest of narrow-pointed feathers on the head of this new
bird, at once distinguishes it from all others of the same family. Mr.
Brookes favoured me with the individual here described; it was purchased
alive at one of the Brazilian ports; but I strongly suspect it had been
first brought from Africa, by some one of the slave ships. The figure is
of the natural size; down the shaft of each feather on the back is a
black line; the tail is rather long, and even; the two middle feathers
black; the rest pure yellow, with black shafts, and brown exterior
terminal margins; the upper mandible of the bill is sinuated; the base
not gaping, but with a few incumbent bristles.</p>
<p>I have taken the authority of Professor Temminck for the accuracy of
the generic types of this genus under its present modification.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate149"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
149</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl149.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl149.jpg"
alt="Plate 149." title="Plate 149." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CASTNIA</span> Fabricii,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red underwing Day-moth.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Antennæ clavatæ, clavo elongato, cylindraceo, fusiformi, ad apicem
unco brevi, acuto armato. Palpi breves, graciles, haud prominentes,
articulo ultimo nudo, obliquè verticales. Vertex ocellatus? ocello oculum
juxta utrumque posito.</i></p>
<p>Obs. <i>Caput parvum; alarum basis squamis conspicuis, elongatis
imbricata.</i></p>
<p>Antennæ clubbed; club elongated, rounded, fusiform, ending in a short
acute hook. Palpi short, slender, not projecting beyond the front, the
last joint naked, obliquely vertical. Crown with a small ocellus?
adjoining each eye.</p>
<p><i>Ob.</i> Head small: base of the wings covered with conspicuous,
lengthened, imbricate scales.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>C. alis anticis, suprà ferrugineis; posticis rufis, fasciis 3
undatis, nigris, masculis ovatis interstinctis, ornatis.</i></p>
<p>Anterior wings above ferruginous; posterior rufous, with three waved
bands of black, between which are imperfect oval spots.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The insects of this genus form one of the most singular groups among
the Lepidoptera; they are few in number, and confined to the tropical
regions of America; flying only during the meridian heat, and then with
incredible rapidity: they frequent the narrow inlets of thick forests,
occasionally resting, far above the ground, on the trunks of trees. The
species here figured is very rare, and came from the Diamond district of
Brazil: it is named after the illustrious entomologist who first founded
the genus. The bases of the wings beneath are furnished, in the male,
with a spiral socket and horny spring, similar to those of the
Phalænidæ.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate150"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
150</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl150.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl150.jpg"
alt="Plate 150." title="Plate 150." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> fasciata.</span></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 81.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. alis anticis subdentatis, suprà fuscis, margine postico strigâ
pallidâ ornato; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine annuloso,
annulis nigris, interruptis, interstitiis albis.</i></p>
<p>Anterior wings subdentated, above brown, posterior margin with a pale
stripe; posterior wings fulvous, margin black; body with black
interrupted rings, the interstices white.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This approaches so near to the Sphinx Alope of Drury, that it is not
without hesitation I have ventured to separate them; it will, however, be
seen, that neither in his figure or description is any notice taken of
the pale testaceous band on the superior wings; the body likewise is
described as "encircled with rings of brown and <i>dark ash</i> colour;"
in this, the rings are black, on nearly a white ground: the under sides
of the superior wings, in Drury's insect, "are spotted along their
external edges with long yellowish spots;" in this, they are uniform pale
brown. These differences (greatly strengthened by his figure) induce me
to consider them as distinct; particularly as both insects appear to have
come from Jamaica: the upper side of the antennæ are white, the lower
brown. Cramer's figure of S. Alope affords little or no clue to
illustrate the question.</p>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> Leachii.</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. alis anticis subdentatis, griseo-fuscis, maculis mediis 3
nigris; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine griseo, annulis nigris,
interruptis.</i></p>
<p>Anterior wings subdentated, greyish brown, with three medial black
spots; posterior fulvous, margin black; abdomen grey, with interrupted
black rings.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I cannot reconcile this with any one species described by Fabricius;
at the anal angle of the lower wings, is a pale greyish spot, with two
short blackish lines: I have named it in honour of that laborious and
eminent zoologist, Dr. Leach; who presented me with the specimen here
figured.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">The
upper figure is of <i>Sphinx Leachii</i>, and the under of <i>S.
fasciata</i>.</span></p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate151"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
151</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl151.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl151.jpg"
alt="Plate 151." title="Plate 151." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ALCEDO</span> semitorquata,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Half-collared Kingsfisher.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 26.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. cæruleo-viridis, infrà ochracea; capite cyaneo, lineis nigris
transversis ornato; dorso nitidè cæruleo; pectore torque cæruleo-viridi
interrupto insigni.</i></p>
<p>Bluish green, beneath buff colour; head blue, with transverse black
lines; back shining light blue; breast with an interrupted blue-green
collar.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>In a small collection of birds, procured on the borders of the Great
Fish River of the Cape, I met with this new and elegant Kingsfisher. I
was fortunate in detecting in the same parcel several other unknown and
interesting birds; which I hope to record and illustrate in this work,
particularly as they have since been sent to a foreign museum. This
species considerably exceeds the size of the Asiatic Kingsfisher, being
nearly eight inches and a half long: the bill is black, two inches from
the gape, and one and three quarters from the base of the nostrils: head
blue, the crown crossed by dusky black lines; hind head somewhat crested,
the sides deep and rich mazarine blue; ears and sides of the neck
greenish blue, the latter having a stripe of white; the blue on the sides
of the neck advances on the breast in the shape of a half-formed collar:
wings and scapula covers bluish green, with lighter spots on the tip of
each of the wing covers; down the back is a stripe of vivid light blue,
similar to the common Kingsfisher: tail dark-blue, edged with greenish,
the base black. The plumage beneath, from the chin to the end of the
throat, white; changing on the breast to pale fawn colour, which deepens
to ferruginous on the body, under tail covers, and thighs: legs red:
between the bill and eye a dusky white line.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate152"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
152</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl152.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl152.jpg"
alt="Plate 152." title="Plate 152." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> melastoma,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-mouthed Achatina.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ strigis longitudinalibus, nebulosis, purpureis ornatâ;
spirâ elongatâ; labio exteriore castaneo-nigro; columellâ crassâ, gibbâ;
basi integrâ.</i></p>
<p>Shell with clouded purple longitudinal stripes; spire lengthened;
inner lip chesnut-black; columella thickened, gibbous; base entire.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Helix regina.</i> <i>Ferussac Moll.</i> <i>liv.</i> 19. <i>pl.</i>
119.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="b2s">
<p><i>Var.</i> (reversed.) <i>A. perversa.</i> <i>Zool. Illust.</i>
<i>vol.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 30.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I have not the least doubt that this shell is specifically the same
with that figured at Plate 30 of this work: it has only recently come
under my inspection, and I therefore hasten to give a further
illustration of this beautiful species, and to substitute a new specific
character, which will be applicable to both varieties.</p>
<p>Although much more ventricose than the reverse variety, this has the
same unusual formation of that part of the columella seen at the base of
the mouth, where it is very thick, and appears as if swelled: the
epidermis, in this specimen, obscures the white ground colour of the
shell. I have seen also another variety, even more slender than that at
Plate 30, and with the aperture not reversed. These new facts point out
the necessity of the specific name of <i>perversa</i> being changed to
one more applicable.</p>
<p>The figure is from a specimen lent to me by Mr. Dubois, and is
probably from Brazil.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate153"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
153</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl153.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl153.jpg"
alt="Plate 153." title="Plate 153." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> lobatus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lobed, or Brindled Strombus.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 10.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. testâ nodulosâ; spirâ brevi, inermi; labio exteriore suprâ
repando, bilobo, margine crasso, reflexo; aperturâ lævi, rubescente;
canale brevi.</i></p>
<p>Shell nodulous; spire short, unarmed; outer lip above spreading,
two-lobed, margin thick, reflected; aperture smooth, reddish; channel
short.</p>
<p><i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 4. 5. (<i>optimè</i>) 9. 12.
14. 15. 27. <i>tab.</i> 63. <i>f.</i> 6. <i>Mart.</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 83.
<i>f.</i> 836, 837. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>tab.</i> 32. <i>f.</i> F.
<i>Knorr</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 11. <i>f.</i> 1-6. <i>tab.</i> 29. <i>f.</i>
8.</p>
<p>Strombus Gallus, (<span class="grk">β</span>) <i>Gmelin</i>,
3511. 11. S. Raninus, <i>Gmelin</i>, 3511. 10.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>S.
bituberculatus</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 202. 6</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>It will appear extraordinary, that this very common shell should have
been unknown to Linnæus; and still more, that no other systematic writer
should have noticed it, excepting Gmelin, by whom it is placed as a
variety of <i>S. gallus</i>, although his <i>S. raninus</i> is obviously
made from a bad figure in Knorr of this same shell. On referring to Mr.
Dillwyn's account of <i>S. gallus</i>, I find all the references of
Gmelin to this shell expunged; and a note at the head of the genus
states, that <i>S. raninus</i> is undeserving of notice; thus every trace
of the shell, in this work, is altogether lost.</p>
<p>The two lobes at the top of the outer lip form a strong and peculiar
distinction of this species: the colour of the mouth is variable; though
usually tinged with pink, it is often reddish, or red blended with
yellow, and sometimes nearly white; within the upper part of the
aperture, round the inner lip, are one or two strong plaits, with
sulcated grooves on each side; and near the lobe at the base of the outer
lip, the aperture has a few obsolete striæ: the nodules on the body whorl
are triangular, and the two nearest the lip are, in general, very large:
the channel (or base) is short, and turned up in an oblique
direction.</p>
<p>Found, in great abundance, in various parts of the West India
seas.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate154"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
154</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl154.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl154.jpg"
alt="Plate 154." title="Plate 154." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> Malaccensis,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Blue-rumped Parrot.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>P. viridis; vertice uropygioque nitidè cæruleis; tectricibus
interioribus, corporisque lateribus coccineis; caudâ flavescente; rostro
magno, dentato.</i></p>
<p>Green; crown and rump sapphire blue; inner wing covers and sides of
the body crimson; tail yellowish; bill large, toothed.</p>
<p>P. Malaccensis. <i>General Zoology</i>, <i>vol.</i> 8. 2. <i>p.</i>
554.</p>
<p>Blue-rumped Parrakeet. <i>Lath. Syn. Sup.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 66.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I think this may be the bird described (according to Latham) by
Sonnerat, under the name of <i>Petite perruche de Malacca</i>, and from
which both Latham and Shaw have framed their account of the Blue-rumped
Parrot. On comparing their descriptions with the following, some
differences and omissions will be found, but not sufficient, I think, to
justify the idea of this being a distinct species: I have, as yet, seen
only one specimen (and that not perfect) of this rare and little known
bird.</p>
<p>Total length six inches; bill unusually large and strong, being three
quarters of an inch (in a straight line) long, and nearly the same in
height at the base; upper mandible with a sharp tooth in the middle, and
reddish orange; under mandible violet grey; front and crown of the head
violet blue, changing to blackish green on the back, and greyish green on
the sides of the head, neck, and breast; body and vent green; rump and
upper tail covers vivid azure blue; spurious wings greenish blue; wing
covers dark but bright green, margined more or less with yellowish;
quills blue green, their inner webs black; under wing covers and sides of
the body crimson; tail short, even, the two middle feathers above green,
the rest yellow with green edges and black shafts; beneath, these
feathers are all yellow, the shafts white; the wings, for the size of the
bird, are very long, measuring four inches and a half.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate155"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
155</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl155.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl155.jpg"
alt="Plate 155." title="Plate 155." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> viridissimus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Green Parrot.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>P. pallidè viridis; pennis infrà nitidè thalassinis; tegminum,
remigum, scapulariumque marginibus flavescentibus; lineâ ante-oculari
flavâ; rectricium basi rubrâ.</i></p>
<p>Pale green, quills beneath changeable sea-green; wing covers, quills
and scapulars margined with yellowish; before the eye a yellow line; base
of the tail feathers red.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The uniform green which pervades the plumage of this Parrot, induces
me to think it may, possibly, be the female of some other species; a few
pale red feathers, close to the axilla, and the faint red on the tail
feathers, appear to strengthen this supposition. Among those species
which are recorded, this approaches nearest to Latham's Green Parrakeet;
but the figure this writer quotes, (<i>Pl. Enl.</i> 837.) is at variance
both with his description, and with the bird now before us; it may,
therefore, be considered as undescribed.</p>
<p>Total length nine inches; bill pale; upper mandible three-quarters of
an inch long, the margin undulated. The whole plumage is of a beautiful
and delicate green, darkest above; with a tinge of blue on the crown,
spurious wings, and greater quills; the orbits are naked, between which
and the eye is a blackish line, bordered above by another of pure yellow;
all the wing covers and quills are margined with yellowish. The colour of
the inferior side of the quills is a pale but beautiful blue green,
reflecting brighter tints of the same colour, when held in certain
lights; the under side of the tail has likewise these reflections, but
above is yellowish, with a dusky red spot at the base of each lateral
feather: under the wings there are three or four dull red feathers; feet
pale.</p>
<p>This bird is in my own collection, and is the only one I have as yet
seen; neither am I acquainted with its native country.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate156"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
156</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl156.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl156.jpg"
alt="Plate 156." title="Plate 156." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">FRINGILLA</span> oryzivora,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Paddy bird, Rice bird, or Java Sparrow.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostrum breve, validum, crassum, rectum, conicum; mandibulæ;
superioris gibbæ apice vix inflexo, integro; culminis convexi basi
angulatâ. Nares basales, rotundæ, pone culminis basin positæ, plumulis
vix obtectæ. Pedes sedentes. Alæ breves.</i></p>
<p>Bill short, strong, thick, straight, conic; upper mandible swelled,
the tip slightly inflexed, entire; culmine convex, the base angulated.
Nostrils basal, round, placed behind the base of the culmine, and
partially covered by the frontal feathers. Feet sitting. Wings short.</p>
<p>Generic Types. <i>Loxiæ Javensis, Braziliana. Emberiza principalis,
cicris. Tanagria cærulea, &c.</i> (Temminck.)</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>F. cana; capite caudâque nigris; rostro rubro; crisso
roseo-albente; auribus (in maribus) niveis.</i></p>
<p>Lead-coloured; head and tail black; bill red; belly obscure rosy; ears
(in the male) snowy.</p>
<p>Loxia oryzivora. <i>Gm.</i> I. 302. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 1. 380.
<i>Gen. Zool.</i> 9. 2. 316. <i>Brisson</i>, 1. 374. 7.</p>
<p>Java Grosbeak. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 3. 129. <i>Supp.</i> 151. <i>Gen.
Zool.</i> 9. 316. <i>pl.</i> 51.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This elegant bird has been so distorted, in the representations given
of it by the older ornithologists, that little apology is thought
necessary for introducing more accurate figures of both sexes in this
publication. It is said to inhabit the Cape and various parts of India,
causing much damage to the rice plantations, and is frequently brought to
this country alive. The figure is of the size of life, the bill bright
red, but whitish towards the tip; it is very strong, thickened round the
basal margins, and forms a sharp angle between the frontal feathers: the
nostrils are small, round, and placed <i>behind</i> the thick margin of
the bill, and not on its outer surface. Legs flesh-coloured; the orbits
are said to be red in the live bird.</p>
<p>I have followed the example of Illiger and Temminck in uniting the
greatest part of the Linnæan Loxiæ and Fringillæ under the latter genus,
retaining only the Cross-bills under the former.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate157"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
157</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl157.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl157.jpg"
alt="Plate 157." title="Plate 157." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> effusa,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Ribbon Apple Snail.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ globosâ, lævi, fasciis purpureo-fuscis cinctâ; spirâ
depressâ, apice prominente; aperturâ angustâ; umbilico magno, profundo;
columellâ obsoletâ.</i></p>
<p>Shell globose, smooth, with purple brown bands; spire depressed, the
tip prominent; aperture narrow; umbilicus large, deep; pillar
obsolete.</p>
<p>Helix glauca. <i>Linn. Dillw.</i> 918. Helix ampullucea, (<i>var.</i>
<span class="grk">γ</span>) <i>Gmelin</i>, 3626. Bulimus effusus.
<i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 296. <i>No.</i> 1.</p>
<p><i>Lister</i>, 129. 29. <i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 38. <i>f.</i> 39.
<i>tab.</i> 40. <i>f.</i> 3. 4. 5. (<i>optimè</i>.) <i>Martini</i>, 9.
<i>tab.</i> 129. <i>f.</i> 1144-5. <i>Knorr</i>, 4. <i>tab.</i> 5.
<i>f.</i> 3.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I concur with Mr. Dillwyn in believing that this shell is the <i>Helix
glauca</i> of Linnæus; but, as it is now removed to another genus, I
think no real advantage would result from continuing its original
specific name; particularly as the identity may be questioned by others,
without a chance of the question ever being settled: the adoption of the
specific names given to species slightly or incorrectly described by the
older naturalists, inevitably tends to increase the original obscurity,
in all cases where the point cannot be cleared up. <i>A. effusa</i> may
be distinguished from all others by the columella being nearly obsolete;
this part existing only in the two terminal whorls of the spire. This
species therefore forms a transition to the <i>Planorbes</i>: there is a
variety, with narrower stripes, double the size of that here figured.</p>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> luteostoma,</h5>
<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Yellow-mouthed Apple Snail.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ globosâ, striatâ, olivaceâ, lineis remotis fuscis
fasciatâ; spirâ levatâ, apice acuto; aperturâ effusâ intus marginatâ;
umbilico magno.</i></p>
<p>Shell globose, striated, olive, with remote transverse brown lines,
spire elevated, the tip acute; aperture wide, within margined; umbilicus
large.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The umbilicus of this shell is not so deep as the last, but is larger
than in any other known species; the columella is likewise perfect, and
the aperture is wider and more oblique than in <i>A. effusa</i>.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate158"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
158</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl158.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl158.jpg"
alt="Plate 158." title="Plate 158." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PINNA</span> bullata,</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Rufous Pinna.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Testa longitudinalis, cuneiformis, æquivalvis, apice hians, basi
acutâ; natibus rectis. Cardo lateralis, edentulus. Ligamentum marginale,
lineare, prælongum subinternum.</i>—Lamarck, <i>Sys.</i> vol. vi.
p. i. p. 129.</p>
<p>Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, the valves gaping; the
umbones straight, pointed. Hinge lateral, without teeth. Ligament
marginal, linear, very long, subinternal.</p>
<p>Generic Types. <i>Pinnæ rudis.</i> <i>Pectinata.</i> <i>Muricata.</i>
Linn. Pennant, &c.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>P. testâ tenui, pellucidâ, rufâ, æquilaterâ, striis remotis,
sulcatis, transversim squamiferis, subspinosis; marginibus lateralibus
rectis; margine inferiore obliquè truncato.</i></p>
<p>Shell thin, pellucid, rufous, equilateral, with remote sulcated striæ,
crossed by transverse scales and obtuse spines; lateral margins straight;
inferior margin obliquely truncate.</p>
<p>P. bullata. <i>Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 3367. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>tab.</i>
79. <i>f.</i> c. <i>Chemnitz.</i> 8. <i>tab.</i> 87. <i>f.</i> 769.
<i>Knorr</i>, 2. 23. <i>f.</i> 1.</p>
<p>P. marginata. <i>Lam. Sys.</i> 6. <i>p.</i> 132. 7.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I have little doubt that this shell is a smooth variety of the
<i>Pinna bullata</i> of Gmelin, and the <i>P. marginata</i> of Lamarck;
both these authors refer to the same figure in Gualtieri, but both also
have overlooked that of Chemnitz, above quoted, as well as Knorr's, which
latter, although it represents the shell nearly smooth (similar to that
here figured), I apprehend is only a variety. No doubt therefore having
existed as to Gmelin's <i>bullata</i>, M. Lamarck had no plea for
altering its specific name to <i>marginata</i>. I have consequently
recorded it under Gmelin's name.</p>
<p>The Pinnæ are rather numerous, although many of the species remain in
obscurity; they attach themselves to rocks, deep in the sea, by a silky
<i>byssus</i>. It has been commonly stated, that gloves and stockings are
fabricated in the Mediterranean from this byssus, as articles of
commerce; such, however, is not now the case; though articles, so
fabricated, are sometimes shown in Naples and Sicily as subjects of
curiosity.</p>
<p>Pinna bullata is, I believe, found in the West Indies. The vaulted
spires on this and other species, easily fall off; and become, therefore,
a very uncertain specific character.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate159"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
159</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl159.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl159.jpg"
alt="Plate 159." title="Plate 159." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SATYRUS</span> argenteus.</span></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Antennæ mediocres, clavo elongato, gracili. Palpi porrecti,
compressi, vix recurvi, remoti, pilis ciliatis, longis, hirsutissimi;
articulo ultimo elongato, nudo, gracili, acuto. Alæ posticæ orbiculares,
integræ, rarò dentatæ.</i></p>
<p>Antennæ moderate, the club lengthened and slender. Palpi porrected,
compressed, slightly recurved, remote, with long ciliated hairs; the last
joints long, naked, slender, acute. Posterior wings orbicular, entire,
rarely dentated.</p>
<p>Generic Types. <i>Pap. Hyperanthus</i>, <i>Galathea</i>,
<i>Semele</i>, <i>&c.</i> Lin.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. alis fuscis; posticarum disco suprà flavescente, maculis 2
fuscis fucato, infrà albente, margine postico fulvo, maculis 2 atris
guttisque 7-8 argenteis ornato.</i></p>
<p>Wings brown; posterior above with a yellowish disk and two brown
spots, beneath whitish, the hind margin fulvous, with two black spots and
7-8 silver dots.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Without being ornamented by rich or vivid colouring, this is,
nevertheless, one of the most chastely beautiful little butterflies found
in Brazil. I met with it very plentifully in a small wood not far distant
from Cashoera, on the western extremity of St. Salvador's bay: to this
particular spot it seemed confined, for I never saw a single specimen in
any other part of Brazil.</p>
<p>No colouring can imitate the richness of the silvery spots on the
under wings, which appear embossed, or as if solid drops of silver had
fallen on the insect when it first emerged into life. The two sexes are
perfectly similar.</p>
<p>The insects of this genus are usually brown, with dark or paler
shadings, and eye-like spots on their upper or under wings. They
principally inhabit the woods of tropical regions, and the hedge sides
and lanes of European countries; this circumstance probably induced
Latreille to change their name from <i>Hipparchia</i> (Fabricius) to
<i>Satyrus</i>; which, although an innovation on the rules of
nomenclature, may in this instance be allowed.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate160"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
160</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl160.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl160.jpg"
alt="Plate 160." title="Plate 160." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> purpurascens,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Purple Anodon, or Horse Mussel.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 96.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ transversim oblongâ, crassâ, depressâ, intus
purpurascente, laminâ cardinali crassâ, truncatâ, dente lamellari in
utrâque valvâ supposito; umbonibus retusis.</i></p>
<p>Shell transversely oblong, thick, depressed, within purple; hinge
plate thick, truncate, with an obsolete lamellar tooth in each valve;
umbones retuse.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This is an entirely new and very rare shell, remarkable for its shape
and internal colour; it is also highly interesting, as exhibiting the
generic characters of <i>Anodon</i>, blended (in some degree) with those
of <i>Unio</i>: according to the principles of Lamarck, it might
therefore be made into a genus; but I feel convinced too much importance
has already been attached by that naturalist and his followers to the
hinge of bivalve shells; and that the nomenclature of the science is
burthened with genera, trivial in themselves, bewildering to the
scientific, and unintelligible to the student.</p>
<p>From having paid some attention to the Fluviatile Bivalves, and
possessing a most extensive collection of specimens, I am clearly of
opinion that no permanent characters will be found sufficient to retain
either the genera <i>Dipsas</i> (Leach), <i>Hyria</i> (Lamarck), or
<i>Alasmodonta</i> of Say, much less that of <i>Damaris</i> (Leach), and
another, whose name I forget, made by Dr. Turton from the same shell as
Leach's <i>Damaris</i>, viz. Mya Margaritifera of Linnæus. In fact, the
line of demarcation between Unio and Anodon appears to rest on the first
possessing cardinal teeth, and the latter having none.</p>
<p>I have several valves (in different stages of growth), and one perfect
specimen of this shell; they were sent to me from the back settlements of
North America.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate161"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
161</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl161.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl161.jpg"
alt="Plate 161." title="Plate 161." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">VOLUTA</span> punctata,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-dotted Volute.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Testa ovata. Spira aperturâ brevior, apice papillari. Basis
truncata, emarginata. Columella plicata, plicis inferioribus
majoribus.</i></p>
<p>Shell ovate. Spire shorter than the aperture, the tip papillary. Base
truncated, emarginate. Pillar plaited, the inferior plaits generally
largest.</p>
<p>Generic Types. <i>Volutæ Olla</i>, <i>Imperialis</i>, <i>Pacifica</i>,
<i>&c.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>V. testâ ovatâ, subfusiformi, tuberculatâ, pallidè rubellâ fasciis
2 maculatis, rubris, punctis minutis interstinctis; columellâ 4
plicatâ.</i></p>
<p>Shell ovate, subfusiform, tuberculated, flesh-coloured, with two bands
of red spots interspersed with minute dots; pillar 4 plaited.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>In "Exotic Conchology," I have commenced, and intend to complete, a
copious illustration of this noble family of shells; which (if the simile
be admissible) may be termed the nobles of testaceous animals, with as
much truth as Linnæus has called Palms the princes of the vegetable
world. The Volutes, indeed, are imposing shells; both from their size,
rarity, and their rich (but not gaudy) colouring; and it is not
improbable that the value of a choice collection of the principal
species, would be equal to their own weight in solid gold.</p>
<p>The species now under consideration is only known from an injured
specimen in Mr. Dubois' cabinet; although much rubbed on one side, it
presents on the other a true pattern of its original markings; the margin
of the outer lip, and the tip of the spire, are both injured; yet,
notwithstanding these defects, there are abundant characters remaining to
evince its total dissimilarity from any other recorded species.</p>
<p>I have preferred subjoining only the essential generic characters of
this genus, as most intelligible to students; particularly as its natural
characters are fully detailed in the first part of "Exotic
Conchology."</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate162"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
162</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl162.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl162.jpg"
alt="Plate 162." title="Plate 162." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> fasciata,</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Banded Achatina,</i></span> (<i>3 varieties</i>.)</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See Pl. 74.</h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p>(Young.) <i>Aperturâ basi integrâ.</i> Base of the aperture
entire.</p>
<p>Ach. pallida. <i>Zool. Ill.</i> <i>vol.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 41.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Since the first illustration of this elegant species appeared, at
plate 74 of this work, I have had the means of ascertaining a very
extraordinary circumstance which takes place in the progressive growth of
the young shell to the adult state; and that is the change effected in
the form and termination of the pillar or columella. In the noble
collection of shells formed by the late Earl of Tankerville, there is a
numerous series of this species; from these I have ascertained, that in
the young shells the base of the columella unites with the termination of
the outer lip, making the aperture entire, similar to the lengthened
Helices; but, as the shell advances in growth, the base of the columella
becomes thick, detached, as it were, from the marginal rim, so as to
produce an intervening notch, and thus gives the old and the young shell
not only an appearance of being distinct species, but of belonging to
separate genera. From these facts, I have drawn the conclusion, that
<i>Achatina pallida</i> (pl. 41), is but the young shell (having the
margin of the aperture as yet entire) of <i>Achatina fasciata</i>; and
the three additional varieties now figured, will, I hope, prove an
interesting addition to the history of this species.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate163"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
163</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl163.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl163.jpg"
alt="Plate 163." title="Plate 163." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HEMIPODIUS</span> nivosus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-spotted Turnix.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, valdè compressum culmine levato,
ad apicem sub-incurvo. Nares laterales, lineares, sulcatæ, membranâ
convexâ corneâ vix tectæ, aperturâ fissâ, elongatâ. Pedes longi, digitis
tribus anticis divisis. Halluce caret. Cauda brevissima tectricibus
obtecta. Alæ mediocres.</i></p>
<p>Bill moderate, slender, straight, much compressed, culmen elevated,
towards the tip slightly incurved. Nostrils lateral, linear, sulcated,
partially covered by a convex horny membrane, the aperture narrow and
elongated; legs long, with three toes before, divided at their base. Hind
toe none. Tail very short, concealed by the covers. Wings moderate.</p>
<p>Generic Type. <i>Perdix nigricollis.</i> Lath.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>H. supra ferrugineo varius; mento albescente; jugulo pectoreque
pallidè ferrugineis, maculis albis, nitidis, ornatis; corpore albo;
uropygio caudæque tectricibus superioribus rufis, immaculatis.</i></p>
<p>Above varied with ferruginous; chin whitish; throat and breast pale
ferruginous, with white shining spots; body white; rump and upper
tail-covers rufous, unspotted.</p>
<p>H. nivosus. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Phil. Magazine</i>, <i>vol.</i>
60. <i>p.</i> 353.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I have represented this delicate little bird of its natural size;
which is so small, as scarcely to equal that of a Lark. The Turnix
inhabits the sandy deserts of Africa and India, and seems to form a race
of pigmy Bustards, all the species yet discovered (fourteen in number)
being very diminutive. Little is known of their habits in a state of
nature, further than that they migrate, and fly with great rapidity. The
specific character will distinguish <i>H. nivosus</i> as a species; and I
have already given a more detailed description of it in the Journal above
quoted. Mr. Leadbeater received it from Senegal.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate164"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
164</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl164.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl164.jpg"
alt="Plate 164." title="Plate 164." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> annulosa,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-eyed Warbler.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate139">Pl. 139.</a></h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. olivaceo-viridis, infrà albescens; jugulo flavescente; palpebris
plumis niveis insignibus.</i></p>
<p>Olive-green, beneath whitish; throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a
ring of snowy feathers.</p>
<p>Sylvia Madagascariensis. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. 533. <i>Gm.</i> 1.
981.</p>
<p>White-eyed Warbler. <i>Lath. Gen. Syn.</i> 4. 475. <i>Gen. Zool.</i>
10. 2. 720.</p>
<p>Ficedula Madagascariensis minor. <i>Briss. Ois.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 498.
<i>t.</i> 28. <i>f.</i> 2. (<i>male</i>.) <i>Briss. Orn.</i> 1. 446.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>Le
Figuier Tcheric</i>, <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i>
132.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>A delicate ring of snow-white feathers encircles the eyes of this
pretty bird. It is far from being peculiar to Madagascar (as Dr. Latham's
name of <i>Madagascariensis</i> would seem to imply), but is spread over
a wide extent of the eastern hemisphere; being found both in the Isle of
France, the Cape of Good Hope, and Madras. The name, therefore, is
peculiarly inapplicable; but this is not all: for we find that the same
author, a few pages after, has given this identical name to another very
different bird; the same error is transferred into Shaw's Zoology.</p>
<p>Figure, the size of life: colour above, olive green; ears and sides of
the head the same: chin, throat, and under tail covers yellow; breast
cinereous, changing to dusky brown on the flanks; the middle of the body
whitish; between the eye and bill a velvet-black line, which forms a
partial margin to the snowy feathers of the eyelids; wings and tail dusky
black, margined with olive.</p>
<p>Very indifferent figures of both sexes will be found in Vaillant's
African birds; from his description it seems to be a gregarious species.
I regret not being able, at this moment, to refer to the work.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate165"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
165</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl165.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl165.jpg"
alt="Plate 165." title="Plate 165." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> annulosa,</span> (<i>var.</i> <span class="grk">β</span>.)</h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-eyed Warbler.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate139">Pl. 139.</a></h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>S. suprà cinerea, infrà albescens, capite, alis uropygioque
olivaceo-flavis; jugulo flavescente; palpebris plumis niveis
insignibus.</i></p>
<p>Above cinereous, beneath whitish; head, wings, and rump, olive yellow;
throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>On first receiving this bird from New Holland, I was inclined to think
it a distinct species from the African White-eyed Warbler; but further
consideration has led me to adopt a different opinion: it is true that I
am unacquainted with any one land bird which is common to both countries,
and much weight should be attached to the geographic distribution both of
families and species. These two birds, however, differ in their colour,
and somewhat in their size. On the other hand, the White-eyed Warbler, as
before observed, is found both in Africa and India; and is, therefore,
probably migratory. Nature, moreover, is not bound by laws to which there
are no exceptions; and the leading points of resemblance between these
birds are very strong. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined to consider
them as varieties of one species, forming a solitary exception to the
general dissimilarity between the birds of Africa and those of New
Holland.</p>
<p>Size of the Wood Wren: the head and ears are olive yellow, changing to
brighter yellow on the chin, and part of the throat; the neck and back
cinereous, graduating to yellowish olive on the rump and upper tail
covers; wings the same, the inside of the quills blackish; sides of the
throat cinereous; body and under tail covers whitish; the sides tinged
with ferruginous; the stripe between the bill and eye is more brown than
black; and the white feathers round the eye, not so conspicuous as in the
African variety.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate166"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
166</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl166.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl166.jpg"
alt="Plate 166." title="Plate 166." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> citrinus,</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Citron Bulimus,</i></span> (<i>3 varieties</i>.)</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 4.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See Pl. 46.</h6>
<h6 class="mt1"><span class="sc">Varieties.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p>A. Yellow, with black lines. <i>Zool. Ill.</i> <i>pl.</i> 46.</p>
<p>B. Yellow, with black lines and chesnut stripes. <i>Zool. Ill.</i>
<i>p.</i> 47.</p>
<p>C. Yellow, variegated with green; inner lip obsolete. <i>Fig.</i> 1.
<i>B. virescens.</i> <i>Sw. Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 13.</p>
<p>D. Green, striped with yellow; inner lip white. <i>Fig.</i> 2. 3.</p>
<p>E. Orange, with flame-coloured waved stripes. <i>Fig.</i> 4.</p>
<p>F. Pale yellow, with brown waved stripes.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the
Citron Bulimus not only show the great variability of the species, but
clearly prove that <i>B. virescens</i> is, as I suspected, only a variety
of <i>B. citrinus</i>. In the shell at fig. 1. the upper part of the
inner lip (like that described in the Bligh Appendix), is entirely
wanting; although it bears, in every other respect, the appearance of a
full-grown shell; the umbilicus likewise is open; but in the shell at
fig. 2. and 3. the inner lip is quite perfect, and consequently folds
over the umbilicus; thus the connexion between the green and yellow
varieties is completely established.</p>
<p>I have subjoined a slight arrangement of the principal varieties; and
have only further to observe, that the specific character I first
proposed, appears to me the only one by which this species may be truly
distinguished.</p>
<p>Since the description of <i>B. aureus</i> at pl. 47 was written, I
have seen several other specimens; all of which tend to confirm my belief
that it is distinct from <i>B. citrinus</i>.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate167"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
167</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl167.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl167.jpg"
alt="Plate 167." title="Plate 167." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> crassus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Thick Anodon, or Horse Mussel.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 96.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ ovatâ, latâ, crassa; margine cardinali subarcuato,
extremitate utrâque angulatâ alatâ; umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus
retusis.</i></p>
<p>Shell oval, broad, thick; hinge margin subarcuated, the extremities
winged and angulated; umbones prominent, the tips retuse.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>It is only recently that travellers have directed their attention to
the less attractive shells of distant regions; and our cabinets now begin
to be enriched by the numerous land and fresh-water species of those
countries. Among these new acquisitions, the fresh-water bivalves appear
the most extraordinary in their formation, and the most numerous in
species. Of the Anodons, it may be doubted whether the great Linnæus was
acquainted with more than three or four species; Lamarck enumerates
fifteen, but a much greater number have passed under my own
examination.</p>
<p>The species now illustrated is very peculiar; it is a strong, thick
shell; in form resembling <i>Hyria corrugata</i>, Lamarck; having both
extremities winged and compressed; the umbonial slope<a name="NtA_6"
href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> elevated, and somewhat angulated; the
umbones thick and prominent, but obtuse, or nearly truncate, at their
apex; the outside of the shell of a dark grass-green colour, and nearly
smooth, excepting at the posterior side, which is marked by sulcated
striæ following the lines of growth; the inside is opaque and whitish,
with rich iridescent margins: the muscular impressions deep, and the
hinge margin quite smooth.</p>
<p>I know of no other specimen than one in Mr. Dubois' collection, and am
altogether unacquainted with its locality; although its <i>habit</i>
leads me to think it is from South America.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate168"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
168</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl168.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl168.jpg"
alt="Plate 168." title="Plate 168." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">RAMPHASTOS</span> ambiguus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Doubtful Toucan.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 45.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>R. niger; jugulo flavo; mandibulæ superioris parte superiore flavâ,
transversè maculatâ, strigâ viridi obliquè divisâ; mandibulâ inferiore
nigrâ.</i></p>
<p>Black; throat yellow, upper mandible black, the upper half yellow,
with an oblique green stripe and transverse spots; the under mandible
black.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The obscurity with which modern ornithologists have described these
remarkable birds, would have induced me, long ago, to have attempted a
more perfect account of all the species in this work; but as this might
have been considered, by some, an infringement on the miscellaneous plan
on which it was commenced, I feel obliged to confine myself only to their
occasional illustration.</p>
<p>The species now selected is one I have never seen; but I have no doubt
of its existence, and little of the accuracy of its delineation. I before
alluded to several drawings of Toucans which had come to my hands,
executed by an unknown artist: among them is a figure of that now
published; with a note subjoined, stating it was drawn "from the bird
just dead." The other drawings of the same artist represent several of
the common species, and their accuracy is presumptive evidence that this
also is represented correctly. The singular colouring of the bill at once
separates it from all known species; and for its further history, we must
trust to the exertions of those travellers, visiting South America, who
may feel an interest in illustrating these singular birds.</p>
<p>I more than once heard, when in Brazil, of a <i>Blue Toucan</i>; but
it was said to be very rare, and I never was fortunate enough to meet
with one.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate169"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
169</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl169.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl169.jpg"
alt="Plate 169." title="Plate 169." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PTEROGLOSSUS</span> viridis,</span></h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Green Aracari,</i></span> (<i>male</i>.)</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 44.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>P. nigro virescens; capite juguloque nigris, fœminæ
castaneis; corpore flavo; rostro serrato, tomiis albis, mandibulâ
superiore aurantiacâ, lineâ longitudinali, laterali, mediâ, nigrâ,
mandibulâ inferiore cæruleâ.</i></p>
<p>Blackish green; head and neck black (in the female chesnut), body
yellow; bill toothed, the margins white, upper mandible orange, with a
black longitudinal line; lower mandible blue.</p>
<p>Ramphastos viridis. <i>Linn. Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 353. <i>Lath.
Ind. Orn.</i> 1. 138. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8. 2. <i>p.</i> 370.</p>
<p>Green Toucan. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 1. 331.</p>
<p>Tucana Cayanensis viridis. <i>Briss. Ois.</i> 4. 423. <i>pl.</i> 33.
<i>f.</i> 1. <i>Id. Orn.</i> 2. 162. <i>Pl. Enl.</i> 727. <i>mas.</i>
728. <i>fœm.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This is a common bird, known to the older ornithologists; but here
introduced, for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which
ornament the bill of the live bird: the figures likewise above referred
to are so very loosely drawn, that a more correct representation of the
species appeared desirable. A remarkable character pervades all the
Aracaris, (with the exception of <i>P. sulcatus</i>, pl. 44,) the head
and throat being black in the male, and chesnut or grey in the female
birds; the bills also of the latter are always the smallest; that of the
Green Aracari is larger, thicker, and more curved than in any other
species; the serratures strong and unequal; the top, and upper half of
the superior mandible, pure yellow; the lower half orange; these colours
being divided by a slender isolated black line; the under mandible blue,
with the base rosy; its general plumage bears a resemblance to several
other species. Dr. Latham says the orbits are yellow; this, however, is a
mistake, for both the orbits and irides are grass-green; this writer
likewise refers to Edwards, pl. 329, for this bird; which plate, in fact,
represents a Toucan, and is that bird which I have described and figured
under the name of <i>R. carinatus</i>, pl. 45.</p>
<p>I believe this species is confined to the northern parts of South
America. Mr. Charles Edmonston brought home fine specimens from Demerara;
they were preserved with so much skill, that the colours of the bill
almost retained their primitive brightness; Le Vaillant, I believe, has
figured this bird; but I have not, at this time, access to his valuable
book.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate170"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
170</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl170.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl170.jpg"
alt="Plate 170." title="Plate 170." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MALURUS</span> Africanus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>African Soft-tail.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate170">Pl. 170.</a></h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>M. suprà rufescens, strigis nigris varius; genis mentoque
albentibus, strigâ nigrâ intermediâ; rectricibus attenuatis, nigris, rufo
marginatis.</i></p>
<p>Above rufous brown with black stripes; sides of the head and chin
whitish, divided by a black stripe; tail feathers attenuated, black, the
margins rufous.</p>
<p>Motacilla Africana. <i>Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 958.</p>
<p>Sylvia Africana. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 518. <i>Gen.
Zool.</i> 10. 2. <i>p.</i> 615.</p>
<p>African Warbler. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 436.</p>
<p>Curruca nævia. <i>C. B. Spei. Brisson. Ois.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> 390.
<i>tab.</i> 22. <i>f.</i> 2. <i>Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 419.</p>
<p>Le Fluteur. <i>Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique.</i></p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>Le
Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The characters of <i>Malurus</i>, together with a few observations on
the birds composing it, I have already given at plate 170 of this work.
Yet as the species are scattered in several distinct genera of the
Linnæan school, I have here represented that which may be termed the type
of the genus, as instituted by Professor Temminck, and as modified by
myself. On comparing the characters of <i>Timalia</i> (a new genus of Dr.
Horsfield's) with those of <i>Malurus</i>, they will be found to
designate one and the same group of birds. Indeed, the minute and
interesting details, which Dr. Horsfield has given, put the question
almost beyond doubt, and lead me to conclude, that the Doctor was not
aware, at the time, that his genus was already recorded.</p>
<p>This bird is not uncommon at the Cape of Good Hope. The notes of the
male (according to M. Le Vaillant) are soft and agreeable, much
resembling those of a flute; the shortness of the wings renders its
flight very low. The figure is of the natural size; and the bird has been
so well described by Brisson and Latham, that it is needless to repeat
what they have said; the figures both of Le Vaillant and Brisson are by
no means accurate. The tail feathers are delicate and transparent; and
those of the whole body very soft, with detached webs or <i>radii</i>,
similar to Dr. Horsfield's <i>Timalia pileata</i>, and
<i>gularis</i>.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate171"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
171</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl171.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl171.jpg"
alt="Plate 171." title="Plate 171." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">UNIO</span> fragilis.</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Fragile River Mussel.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 58.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>U. testâ transversim ovatâ, tenui, intùs purpurascente; dentibus
cardinalibus tuberculatis, sub-obsoletis.</i></p>
<p>Shell transversely oval, thin, within purple; cardinal teeth
tuberculated, nearly obsolete.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of
colouring, which diversifies the exterior of marine shells, and renders
their distinction comparatively easy. A uniform olive green, or brown
tint, pervades all the fluviatile genera; their specific distinctions
rest on characters which frequently require long and perplexing
descriptions, but which can be explained by the artist with ease and
precision. It follows, therefore, that accurate figures of these shells
are more particularly wanted; for, although Lamarck has described so
many, the short descriptions which he has given, and the want of figures
to elucidate them, render it impossible to determine accurately one half
of the species which he has enumerated.</p>
<p><i>Unio fragilis</i> is principally distinguished by the cardinal
teeth: those in the right valves are 2; short, obtuse, and nearly
obsolete, more resembling tubercles, than the crenated or striated teeth
of this genus. The left valve has one tooth rather sharper. In young
shells the ligamental margin is nearly straight, and its extremity
somewhat angulated; but old shells lose these appearances, and become
perfectly oval. In both stages of growth the shell is very thin, convex,
and the inside (near the umbones) purple. The slight development of the
cardinal teeth brings this shell nearer to the genus <i>Anodon</i>, than
any other <i>Unio</i> which I have seen.</p>
<p>It inhabits the rivers of North America, and was sent to me by
Professor Rafinesque.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate172"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
172</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl172.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl172.jpg"
alt="Plate 172." title="Plate 172." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> reflexa,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Purple Apple Snail.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ ovato-globosâ, lævi; spirâ ventricosâ, obtusâ, sub
epidermide purpureâ; aperturâ nigro-purpurascente; labio exteriore tenui,
margine reflexo.</i></p>
<p>Shell ovate-globose, smooth; spire ventricose, obtuse; beneath the
epidermis, purple; aperture blackish purple; outer lip thin, the margin
reflected.</p>
<p><i>Knorr</i>, <i>vol.</i> 5. <i>pl.</i> 5. <i>f.</i> 2.
(uncoated.)</p>
<p>Ampullaria reflexa. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> <i>vol.</i>
61. <i>p.</i> 377.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The only record that I can find (in the works of the old writers) for
this Ampullaria, is the figure by Knorr above quoted; it is obviously
drawn from an uncoated specimen, although I have seen instances, where
the blackish purple on the spire was so intense, as to obscure the thin
epidermis which covered it. The peculiar character of the species, and in
which it differs from all others, is in the outer margin of the lip;
which is thin, rather spread out, and slightly reflected; the form of the
shell resembles <i>A. fasciata</i>, but the spire, instead of being
pointed, is obtuse; the umbilicus, likewise, is smaller and more
concealed. From the absence of a groove round the aperture, I conclude
the operculum is horny.</p>
<p>The size varies; perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than
the figure, and I have seen others much larger, and with the aperture
more chesnut than purple.</p>
<p>I am not acquainted with its locality.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate173"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
173</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl173.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl173.jpg"
alt="Plate 173." title="Plate 173." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">GALLINULA</span> ruficollis,</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-bellied Gallinule</i></span> <i>var.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Gallinula.</i> Briss. Cuv. Tem. Lath. <i>Fulica</i>, <i>Rallus</i>.
Linn. <i>Crex.</i> Illiger.</p>
<p><i>Rostrum capite brevius, valdè compressum, conicum, rectum, apice
compresso, mandibulâ inferiore angulatâ. Nares sulcatæ, membranâ obtectæ;
aperturâ magnâ, oblongâ, perviâ, vix mediâ. Pedes elongati, grallarii,
genibus nudis, digitis gracilibus tribus, halluce mediocri.</i></p>
<p>Bill shorter than the head, much compressed, conic, straight, the tips
compressed, inferior mandible angulated. Nostrils sulcated, covered by a
membrane; aperture large, oblong, pervious, nearly medial. Feet long,
wading, knees naked, fore toes three, long, slender, hind toe (or thumb)
short.</p>
<p>Generic type. <i>Rallus porzana.</i> Linn.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p>Gall. ruficollis var. A? <i>Olivaceo-fusca; cervice cinereâ; pectore,
abdomine, alisque rufis; crisso, uropygio, caudâque nigris; tectricibus
interioribus rufis, nigro-fasciatis; pedibus rubris.</i></p>
<p>Olive brown; neck cinereous; breast, body, and wings rufous; belly,
rump, and tail black; interior wing covers rufous, banded with black;
legs red.</p>
<p>Fulica ruficollis. <i>Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 700. <i>Turton</i>, 1.
<i>p.</i> 423.</p>
<p>Gallinula ruficollis. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. 767.</p>
<p>Black-bellied Gallinule. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 253.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This is one of the largest water hens found in Brazil, where it is
very rare. I am indebted to Dr. Langsdorff for the only specimen which I
brought from that country. It differs considerably from the Black-bellied
Gallinule of Latham, yet, perhaps, not sufficiently to record it as a
distinct species.</p>
<p>Total length fifteen inches and a half; bill one and a half; the base
(in the dead bird) orange, the other half green; frontlet none; the crown
and nape are grey brown, the sides cinereous, and the throat whitish; the
neck both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is
lead-coloured; it then changes to rufous, which spreads over the breast,
body, wing covers, and greater quills; the lower part of the neck above,
with the back, scapulars, and lesser quills, brownish olive; the belly,
thighs, tail, and rump black; the inner wing covers are remotely barred
with black; legs (in the live bird) red.</p>
<p>Latham describes the Black-bellied G. as seventeen inches long; the
bill two inches; the quills greenish brown, with rufous margins; the fore
part of the neck and breast bright rufous; and the flanks with black
bands.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate174"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
174</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl174.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl174.jpg"
alt="Plate 174." title="Plate 174." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TANAGRA</span> canicapilla,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey-crowned Tanager.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, basi trigonâ, lateribus
compressis, culmine levato, mandibulâ superiore ad apicem deflexâ et
emarginatâ, inferioris brevioris rectæ basi crassâ, ambarum marginibus
inflexis. Nares parvæ, basi plumosâ, aperturâ rotundatâ, nudâ. Alæ
mediocres.</i></p>
<p>Bill short, strong, conic, base trigonal, sides compressed, culmin
elevated, upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched, under
mandible shorter and straight, the base thick, the margins of both
inflexed. Nostrils small, the base feathered, the aperture round, naked.
Wings moderate.</p>
<p>Generic Types. <i>Tanagra Jacapa, tricolor.</i> <i>Motacilla
velia.</i> Lin. <i>Pipra musica.</i> Lin.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>T. olivaceo-viridis, infrà flava; vertice cinereo, strigâ oculari
auribusque nigris; rostro gracili.</i></p>
<p>Olive green, beneath yellow; crown cinereous, eye stripe and ears
black; bill slender.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The Tanagers are a numerous, and, in general, a beautiful tribe,
including some of the most richly coloured birds of America; to which
continent modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively
confined.</p>
<p>M. Temminck proposes to unite with the Tanagers, several birds
scattered in the Linnæan Genera of <i>Lanius</i>, <i>Loxia</i>,
<i>Fringilla</i>, <i>Pipra</i>, and <i>Motacilla</i>. This view of the
subject, it may not be superfluous to add, is in perfect unison with my
own. In fact, I had meditated a similar arrangement; but the appearance
of M. Temminck's work rendered the publication of my own remarks no
longer necessary. The bird here figured belongs to that division which
forms a transition to the <i>Sylviæ</i>, from which they are readily
distinguished by the thickened base of the under mandible. It is not
uncommon in the West Indies; but I cannot find it described either among
the Tanagers, Finches, or Warblers of the Linnæan school: in this,
however, I may possibly be mistaken. It is represented the size of life,
and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate175"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
175</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl175.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl175.jpg"
alt="Plate 175." title="Plate 175." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> leucostoma,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-mouthed Apple Snail.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 98.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A testâ ovatâ, rugosâ, epidermide olivaceo-fuscâ; labio exteriore
tenui; aperturâ albâ; umbilico vix clauso.</i></p>
<p>Shell oval, wrinkled; epidermis olive-brown; outer lip thin; aperture
white; umbilicus nearly closed.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>In prosecuting my illustrations of this genus, I have carefully
examined all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends, and have added
many to my own. These materials have thrown some additional light on
those species which I have already described, and have enabled me to
detect several others altogether new. Among the latter is the shell here
figured, and which is so rare, that I know but one example of it in this
country. Its form is more oval than that of <i>A. rugosa</i>, from which
it is likewise distinguished by a very small umbilicus, nearly concealed
by the inner lip; the wrinkles are numerous and unequal, the spire
pointed, and the aperture milk-white.</p>
<p>Since my remarks on the <i>Planorbis cornu-arietis</i> of Lamarck were
published, it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an
operculum: one of these is in the possession of Mr. Sowerby: thus what
was a matter of doubt becomes a fact, and affords the only substantial
argument for terming it an <i>Ampullaria</i>. On the other hand, its
affinities to <i>Planorbis</i> (marked by its discoid, depressed form,
and the total absence of the pillar,) remain in no degree impaired. The
weight of argument on both sides <i>now</i> appears to be so equal, that
it is a matter of no moment whether this shell be placed in the system at
the end of the <i>Ampullariæ</i>, or at the commencement of the
<i>Planorbes</i>. To the generality of conchologists, the latter
collocation would appear the most simple; but, on the whole, I incline
more to the propriety of considering it the terminal species of the
<i>Ampullariæ</i>, or that which marks their transition (as I before
observed) to the <i>Planorbes</i>.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate176"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
176</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl176.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl176.jpg"
alt="Plate 176." title="Plate 176." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> elongatus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lengthened Anodon.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 96.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>A. testâ transversim oblongâ, crassâ, anticè compressâ, extremitate
utrâque rotundatâ; umbonibus valdè prominentibus, crassis; laminâ
cardinali convexâ.</i></p>
<p>Shell transversely oblong, thick, anteriorly compressed, both
extremities rounded; umbones very prominent, thick; hinge-plate
convex.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which
Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. It was formerly in
the late Mr. Forster's collection, and is now in the possession of Mrs.
Mawe. Its form is like that of <i>Unio ovatus</i> (<i>Mya ovata</i> of
Montague), but it is a much thicker and stronger shell; the posterior end
is greatly compressed, but round; the umbones convex, remarkably thick,
and deeply eroded; the inside pearly and iridescent, with a strong
flesh-coloured tinge; the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth,
and rather convex; the muscular impressions are deep.</p>
<p>One valve of the specimen above alluded to (the only one I have seen),
is uncoated, and beautifully iridescent. Its country is unknown—but
I think it may prove a native of the South American rivers.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate177"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
177</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl177.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl177.jpg"
alt="Plate 177." title="Plate 177." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TURBINELLUS</span> spirillus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Carinated Turnip Shell.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Testa pyriformis vel fusiformis, sub-ponderosa. Apex papillosus.
Columella plicata. Labium interius margine dilatatum. Canalis elongatus,
rectus.</i></p>
<p>Shell pear-shaped or fusiform, heavy. Apex papillary. Pillar plaited.
Interior lip with the margin dilated. Canal lengthened, straight.</p>
<p>Generic Type. <i>Voluta Pyrum.</i> Lin.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>T. pyriformi; spirâ depressâ, apice prominente; anfractu basali
carinato; labio interiore dilatato, albo; columellæ basi plicatâ.</i></p>
<p>Shell pear-shaped; spire depressed, apex prominent; basal whorl
carinated, interior lip dilated, white; base of the pillar
one-plaited.</p>
<p>Murex spirillus. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3544. <i>Dillwyn</i>, 721.</p>
<p><i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 115. <i>f.</i> 1069. <i>Knorr</i>, 6.
<i>tab.</i> 24. <i>f.</i> 3.</p>
<p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
><i>Pyrula Spirillus.</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 142.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>In assigning a situation, under the modern system, to the <i>Murex
spirillus</i> of Linnæus, no genus appears to me more adapted for its
reception than that of <i>Turbinellus</i>. These shells were formerly
blended with the Linnæan Volutes, but are now detached from them as a
distinct genus. The most striking peculiarity consists in the
prolongation of the base into a long and straight canal; they possess, in
common with the Volutes, a papillary spire, and, in general, their
surface is smooth. There are, however, other shells classed by the French
conchologists with this genus, from their having a plaited columella; in
these, the apex of the spire is acute, the base truncated, and the
outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines; characters so greatly at
variance, and so very distinct from those first mentioned, that it
becomes questionable whether these latter shells should not rather be
classed as a distinct group: in fact, they are much more nearly allied to
<i>Mitra</i> and <i>Cancellaria</i>, which have acute spires, sculptured
volutions, and truncate bases, than to the smooth <i>Turbinelli</i>,
which differ so strikingly in all these particulars.</p>
<p>This shell is common to many parts of the Indian Ocean; and, like most
of the smooth <i>Turbinelli</i>, has the inner lip dilated.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate178"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
178</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl178.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl178.jpg"
alt="Plate 178." title="Plate 178." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BUCEROS</span> coronatus,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Coronated Hornbill.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>Rostrum elongatum, crassum, inane, deflexum, marginibus obtusè
crenatis, epithemate inani, formâ vario, in mandibulam superiorem
imposito. Nares basales, ovatæ</i>, (<i>lingua brevis, angusta,
acuta</i>. Illiger.) <i>Pedes gressorii.</i></p>
<p>Bill elongated, thick, hollow, deflexed, the margins obtusely
crenated, with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper
mandible. Nostrils basal, oval. Tongue short, narrow, pointed. Feet
gressorial.</p>
<p>Generic Types. <i>B. Rhinoceros</i>, <i>bicornis</i>. Linn.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>B. niger, abdomine, striâ utrinque occipitali, apiceque rectricium
albis; rostro subcristato, (carinato,) rubro.</i> Shaw.</p>
<p>Black Hornbill, with the abdomen, stripe on each side of the nape, and
tip of the tail white. Bill slightly crested, (carinated,) and red.</p>
<p>Le Calao Couronné mâle. <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> <i>vol.</i> v.
<i>p.</i> 117. <i>pl.</i> 234.</p>
<p>Buceros coronatus, Coronated Hornbill. <i>Shaw in Gen. Zool.</i> 8.
<i>p.</i> 35.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>The bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even
those of the Toucans; many species having knobs or excrescences which
seem to grow out of the bill itself, and give a strange appearance to the
bird. The whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of Africa
and Asia; feeding on animal substances, either living or dead.</p>
<p>Le Vaillant discovered this bird in Caffraria; congregating in flocks
of near 500, along with crows and vultures, over the remains of
slaughtered elephants. It frequents forests, perching on high, and
generally withered trees; it likewise destroys insects.</p>
<p>The specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie; the white
collar only surrounds the back of the head, and is not well defined; the
carinated process on the bill ends <i>abruptly</i>, and not
<i>gradually</i>, as seen in Le Vaillant's figure; the margins are
obtusely crenated, the tail even, and the two middle feathers entirely
black.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate179"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
179</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl179.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl179.jpg"
alt="Plate 179." title="Plate 179." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MUSCIPETA</span> labrosa,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-lipped Flycatcher.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 116.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>M. nitidè nigra; rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua
plumatis.</i></p>
<p>Glossy black; gape margined by a red skin; legs feathered beyond the
knees.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>This bird, though unattractive in its colours, is nevertheless very
remarkable. It may be almost said to have <i>lips</i>; for round the
gape, at each angle of the mouth, is a narrow loose skin; perfectly
naked, and rather projecting. This singularity is increased by its colour
in the live bird; which, by a note attached to the specimen, is stated to
be of a beautiful red. It seems a species hitherto unknown, and was found
near the Great Fish River of Southern Africa.</p>
<p>The figure is rather less than the natural size; the whole plumage
deep black; glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and
tail feathers; the quills inside are grey, margined with olive; the first
of these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and
the two next are nearly of equal length. The tail has ten feathers, and
is even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter. The
bill rather thick and strong, the culmine not very apparent, the upper
mandible strongly notched, the under but slightly; the nostrils are hid
by thickset incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the
aperture, which is rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow
membrane. The legs are very short, the three fore-toes united as far as
the first joint, the hind-toe short; the claws of all are small, and the
sole of the foot perfectly flat, like the Bee-eaters. I have been minute
in noting these characters, because, although the bird will stand at
present in the great family of the Flycatchers, there is no doubt they
will hereafter be divided into distinct groups.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate180"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
180</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl180.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl180.jpg"
alt="Plate 180." title="Plate 180." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TURDUS</span> vociferans,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Calling Thrush.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>T. cinereus, infrà ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudæ
rotundatæ pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis.</i></p>
<p>Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail
rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous.</p>
<p>Le Réclammeur. <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> <i>tom.</i> 3. <i>p.</i>
33, <i>pl.</i> 104.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant,
who discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note
of the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and
evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually
seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well
illustrates the peculiar note of the male:—One of his Dutch
Hottentots, by name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly
around him, uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of
<i>Piet myn vrow</i>, (or, '<i>Peter</i>—my wife,') that the poor
lad (perfectly astonished) took to his heels, and vowed never more to
handle a gun.</p>
<p>Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous:
on each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and
forms a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear
ferruginous yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail
feathers the same, the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair
has likewise a narrow margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers
dusky brown, with pale cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides
hazel: bill rather small and black, compressed the whole length, and
having weak bristles at its base.</p>
<p>This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet
defined the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at
present from proposing its characters.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate181"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
181</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl181.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl181.jpg"
alt="Plate 181." title="Plate 181." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">VOLUTA</span> Pusio,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Dwarf Volute.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate161">Pl. 161.</a></h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>V. testâ ovato-obtusâ, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis
fulvis interstinctis cinctâ; anfractu basali obtusè nodoso; spirâ
brevissimâ, acutâ; columellâ incrassatâ, multiplicatâ.</i></p>
<p>Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body
whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute;
pillar thickened with many plaits.</p>
<p>Voluta Pusio. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal</i>, <i>vol.</i>
61. <i>p.</i> 378.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his
<i>Animaux</i>, contains but two species in addition to those long ago
described by him in the <i>Annales du Mus.</i>; thus omitting many of
those new Volutes which of late years have been discovered. On the other
hand, this naturalist has created five species from the varieties of
<i>V. musica</i> Lin. resting their characters on colour, bands, and the
number of the lesser or spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no
argument to prove that these principles of distinction are the most
uncertain he could have chosen; scarcely two specimens of <i>V.
musica</i> being found alike. These supposed species must, therefore,
again merge into one.</p>
<p>The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is
quite smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire
remarkably short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to
<i>V. virescens</i> Sol. (<i>Polyzonalis</i> Lam.) and to <i>V. fulva</i>
Lam. I have neither of these shells at present before me; but if
Lamarck's description of them, and the figures which he has cited, be
correct, I have no doubt they are but one species; <i>V. polyzonalis</i>
being the <i>smooth</i>, and <i>V. fulva</i> being the <i>nodulous</i>
variety of Solander's <i>V. virescens</i>. In fact, Lamarck says both
shells are transversely striated.</p>
<p><i>V. pusio</i> is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described
from a specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is
perfect, but its colours are somewhat faded.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p><a name="Plate182"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
182</span></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;">
<a href="images/v3_pl182.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl182.jpg"
alt="Plate 182." title="Plate 182." /></a>
</div>
<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'CYPRŒA'">CYPRÆA</span></span> spadicea,</span></h5>
<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut Cowry.</i></h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 111.</h6>
<hr class="plainsp"/>
<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>C. testâ ovatâ, oblongâ, immaculatâ; dorso rufo; ventre albo;
lateribus lividis.</i></p>
<p>Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white;
sides livid.</p>
<p>C. spadicea. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> <i>vol.</i> 61.
<i>p.</i> 376.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles <i>C.
onyx</i>; but its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for
that or any other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and
pure white; the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short,
and but faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three
specimens have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young,
showed the internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all
received by Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas.</p>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><span class="gesperrt"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'CYPRŒA'">CYPRÆA</span></span> sanguinolenta</h5>
<h5>(<i>Middle figures.</i>)</h5>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<blockquote class="b1s">
<p><i>C. testâ ovato-oblongâ, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito;
lateribus incarnato-violaceis, lividè guttatis; ventre depresso.</i></p>
<p>Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides
flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed.</p>
<p><i>C. testâ ovato-oblongâ, cinereo-cærulescente, fulvo vel fusco
fasciatâ, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis.</i> <i>Lam.
Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 396.</p>
<p>C. sanguinolenta. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3406. <i>Turton</i>, 4. <i>p.</i>
335. <i>Dill.</i> 445. <i>Martini</i>, 1. <i>t.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 265,
266. <i>Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 356. <i>f.</i> 12.</p>
<p>C. purpurascens. <i>Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> 61. <i>p.</i>
376.</p>
</blockquote>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<p>Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell
as blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the
figures by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed
my <i>purpurascens</i> as a variety of Gmelin's <i>sanguinolenta</i>. The
back of the shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or
belly) is flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the
base of the aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern
Africa.</p>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL INDEX</h5>
<h6 style="font-size:50%">OF</h6>
<h6 class="mt1">LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h6>
<h6 style="font-size:50%" class="mt1">TO</h6>
<h5>VOL. III.</h5>
<h6>IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.</h6>
<p> </p>
<table class="mc">
<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td>
<td style="width:40%"> </td>
<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Ampullaria corrugata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td>
<td> Wrinkled Apple-snail</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Cinnyris Javanica</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td>
<td> Javanese Creeper</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Achatina virginea, <i>var.</i> 1 and 2</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td>
<td> Common striped Achatina</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> 3 and 4</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> ditto</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Licinia Crisia</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td>
<td> Licinia Crisia</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Papilio Nerius</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td>
<td> Papilio Nerius</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Conus vitulinus, <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td>
<td> Orange fox Cone</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> maldivus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> Spanish-Admiral Cone</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto chesnut, <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> ditto chesnut, <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Melliphaga torquata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td>
<td> White-collared Honeysucker</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Trochilus latipennis, male</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td>
<td> Grey sickle-winged H. Bird</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Macroglossum annulosum</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td>
<td> Macroglossum annulosum</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Thecla Macaria</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td>
<td> Chesnut-spotted Hair-streak</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Strombus exustus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td>
<td> Burnt-mouthed Strombus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> lentiginosus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> Tuberculated Strombus</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> tricornis</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td>
<td> Horned Strombus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Ampullaria crassa</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
<td> Thick Apple-snail</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> Oblong ditto</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Papilio Polybius</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td>
<td> Papilio Polybius</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Malurus garrulus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td>
<td> Noisy Soft-tail Warbler</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Sylvia plumbea</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td>
<td> Grey-backed Warbler</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Troglodytes rectirostris</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td>
<td> Straight-billed Wren</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Psittacus chryseürus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td>
<td> Golden-tailed Parrot</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Nectarinia flaveola</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td>
<td> Yellow-bellied Nectarinia</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Ampullaria sordida</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
<td> Brown Apple-snail</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> Oval, punctured ditto</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Eburna Valentiana</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td>
<td> Arabian Eburna</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td>
<td> Tessellated ditto</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td>
<td> South Sea ditto</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Muscipeta carinata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td>
<td> Keel-billed Flycatcher</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Emberiza cristata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td>
<td> Crested Bunting</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Castnia Fabricii</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td>
<td> Red underwing Day-moth</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Sphinx fasciata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td>
<td> Sphinx fasciata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachii</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> Leachii</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td>
Alcedo semitorquata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td>
<td> Half-collared Kingsfisher</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Achatina melastoma</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td>
<td> Black-mouthed Achatina</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Strombus lobatus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td>
<td> Lobed or brindled Strombus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Psittacus Malaccensis</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td>
<td> Blue-rumped Parrot</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Psittacus viridissimus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td>
<td> Green Parrot</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Fringilla oryzivora</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td>
<td> Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Ampullaria effusa</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
<td> Ribbon Apple-snail</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> luteostoma</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> Yellow-mouthed ditto</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Pinna bullata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td>
<td> Rufous Pinna</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Satyrus argenteus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td>
<td> Satyrus argenteus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Anodon purpurascens</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td>
<td> Purple Anodon</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Voluta punctata</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td>
<td> Red-dotted Volute</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Achatina fasciata, <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td>
<td> Banded Achatina, 3 <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Hemipodius nivosus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td>
<td> White-spotted Turnix</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Sylvia annulosa</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td>
<td> White-eyed Warbler</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> <span class="grk">β</span></td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td>
<td> Ditto, New Holland variety</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Bulimus citrinus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td>
<td> Citron Bulimus, 3 <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Anodon crassus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td>
<td> Thick Anodon</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Ramphastos ambiguus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td>
<td> Doubtful Toucan</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Pteroglossus viridis</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td>
<td> Green Aracari (male)</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Malurus Africanus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td>
<td> African Soft-tail</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Unio fragilis</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td>
<td> Fragile River-mussel</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Ampullaria reflexa</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td>
<td> Purple Apple-snail</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Gallinula ruficollis, <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td>
<td> Black-bellied Gallinule</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Tanagra canicapilla</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td>
<td> Grey-crowned Tanager</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Ampullaria leucostoma</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
<td> White-mouthed Apple-snail</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Anodon elongatus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td>
<td> Lengthened Anodon</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Turbinellus spirillus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td>
<td> Carinated Turnip-shell</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Buceros coronatus</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td>
<td> Coronated Hornbill</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Muscipeta labrosa</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td>
<td> Red-lipped Flycatcher</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Turdus vociferans</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td>
<td> Calling Thrush</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Voluta pusio</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td>
<td> Dwarf Volute</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Cypræa spadicea</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td>
<td> Cypræa spadicea</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX</h5>
<h6>OF</h6>
<h5>LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h5>
<h6>TO</h6>
<h5>VOLUME III.</h5>
<p> </p>
<table class="mc">
<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td>
<td class="pl2" style="width:40%"> </td>
<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Achatina fasciata, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td>
<td> <i>Humming-bird, Grey sickle-wing</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> melostoma,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>female</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> virginea, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td>
<td> <i>Java Sparrow, or Paddy-bird</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, ditto,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td>
<td> <i>Kingsfisher, half-collared</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>banded</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td>
<td> Licinia Crisia,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>black-mouthed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td>
<td> Macroglossum annulosum,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>common, striped</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> fasciatum,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td>
<td> Malurus, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Alcedo semitorquata,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> Africanus,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Ampullaria corrugata,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> garrulus,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
<td> Melliphaga torquata,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> effusa,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
<td> Muscipeta carinata,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> leucostoma,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> labrosa,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> leuteostoma,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
<td> Nectarina flaveola,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>yellow-bellied</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
<td> <i>Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> reflexa,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td>
<td> Papilio Nerius,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> sordida,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> Polybius,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Anodon crassus,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td>
<td> <i>Parrot, golden-tailed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> elongatus,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>blue-rumped</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> purpurascens,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>green</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>lengthened</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td>
<td> Pinna, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>thick</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> bullata,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>purple</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td>
<td> <i>Pinna, rufous</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Apple-snail, brown</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
<td> Psittacus chryseürus,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>oblong</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> Malaccensis,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>oval, punctured</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> viridissimus,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>purple</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td>
<td> Pteroglossus viridis,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ribbon</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
<td> Ramphastos ambiguus,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>thick</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
<td> <i>River-mussel, fragile</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>white-mouthed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
<td> Satyrus, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>wrinkled</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> argenteus,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>yellow-mouthed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
<td> Strombus exustus,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Aracari, green</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> lentiginosus,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Bulimus citrinus, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> lobatus,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>citron</i>, green variety,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> tricornis,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Buceros, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>burnt-mouthed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> coronatus,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>tuberculated</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Bunting, crested</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td>
<td> <i>Strombus, horned</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Castnia, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>lobed, or brindled</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Fabricii,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> Sphinx fasciata,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Cinnyris Javanica,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> Leachii,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Conus maldivus,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td>
<td> Sylvia, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> annulosa,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> vitulinus, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Cone, Spanish-Admiral</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> plumbea,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>chesnut variety</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td>
<td> <i>Soft-tail, noisy</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>orange, fox</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>African</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Creeper, Javanese</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td>
<td> Tanagra, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Cypræa spadicea,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> canicapilla,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> Tanager, grey-crowned,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Day-moth, red underwing</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td>
<td> Thecla Macaria,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Eburna, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td>
<td> <i>Thrush, calling</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td>
<td> Trochilus latipennis, male,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> ditto, female,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Valentiana,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td>
<td> Troglodytes, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Arabian</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> rectirostris,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>South Sea</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td>
<td> Turbinellus, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>tesselated</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> spirillus,</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> Emberiza, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td>
<td> Turdus vociferans,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> cristata,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> <i>Turnip-shell, carinated</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Flycatcher, keel-billed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td>
<td> <i>Turnix, white-spotted</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>red-lipped</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td>
<td> Voluta, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Fringilla, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> pusio,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> oryzivora,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> punctata,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Gallinula, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td>
<td> <i>Volute, dwarf</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ruficollis, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>red-dotted</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Gallinule, black-bellied</i>, <i>var.</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td> Unio fragilis,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Hair-streak, chesnut-spotted</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td>
<td> <i>Warbler, olive-backed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Hemipodius, Gen. Char.,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>white-eyed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> nivosus,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
<td class="pl2"> <i>New Holland variety</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <i>Honey-sucker, while-collared</i>,</td>
<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td>
<td> <i>Wren, straight-billed</i>,</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5 class="lg125">VERTEBROSA.</h5>
<h5>PART III.</h5>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><i>ORNITHOLOGY.</i></h5>
<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
<tr><td> </td>
<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cinnyris</span> Javanica</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Melliphaga</span> torquata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Trochilus</span> latipennis, male</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Malurus</span> garrulus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Africanus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sylvia</span> plumbea</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> annulosa</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, New Holland variety</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Troglodytes</span> rectirostris</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Psittacus</span> chryseürus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Malaccensis</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> viridissimus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Nectarinia</span> flaveola</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Muscipeta</span> carinata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> labrosa</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Emberiza</span> cristata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Alcedo</span> semitorquata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Fringilla</span> oryzivora</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Hemipodius</span> nivosus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ramphastos</span> ambiguus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pteroglossus</span> viridis</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Gallinula</span> ruficollis</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Tanagra</span> canicapilla</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Buceros</span> coronatus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Turdus</span> vociferans</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5 class="lg125">ENTOMOLOGY.</h5>
<h5>PART III.</h5>
<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
<tr><td> </td>
<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Licinia</span> Crisia</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Papilio</span> Nerius</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Polybius</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Thecla</span> Macaria</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Macroglossum</span> annulosum</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sphinx</span> fasciata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachii</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Castnia</span> Fabricii</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Satyrus</span> argenteus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5 class="lg125">CONCHOLOGY.</h5>
<h5>PART III.</h5>
<hr class="plain"/>
<h5><i>Univalves.</i></h5>
<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
<tr><td> </td>
<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ampullaria</span> corrugata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> sordida</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> effusa</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> luteostoma</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> reflexa</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> leucostoma</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Achatina</span> virginea, <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> 3, 4.</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> melastoma</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciata, 3 <i>var.</i></td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Bulimus</span> citrinus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Conus</span> vitulinus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Maldivus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, variety</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Strombus</span> exustus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> lentiginosus</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> tricornis</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> lobatus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cypræa</span> spadicea</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td>
<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Eburna</span> Valentiana</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Voluta</span> punctata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> pusio</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Turbinellus</span> spirillus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
</table>
<h5><i>Bivalves.</i></h5>
<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pinna</span> bullata</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Anodon</span> purpurascens</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> crassus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="pl2"> elongatus</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td></tr>
<tr><td> <span class="sc">Unio</span> fragilis</td>
<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
<hr class="full" />
<p>ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.</p>
<table>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp" colspan="2">In the Systematic Index, Conchology, Part I. for "<i>Acephalis</i>" read "<i>Acéphales</i>."</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> Pl. 92.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">page 1. line 13, for "<i>caudi</i>," read "<i>caudis</i>."</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="hid">page 1. line</span> 23, for "<i>Dentatis</i>" read "<i>Dentati</i>."</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:1em;"></span>— 3. — 11 from the bottom, for "<i>Lepidopteræ</i>" read "<i>Lepidoptera</i>."</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 102.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Synonyms, <i>A. virginea</i>. <i>Lamarck. Syst.</i> <i>tom.</i> 6. <i>part</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 131. <i>Sowerby's Genera.</i> <i>Achatina</i>, <i>f.</i> 2.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 124.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">last line, for "female" read "male;" and in the line above, for "male" read "female."</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 125.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">for "<i>P. Nireus</i>" read "<i>P. Nerius</i>."</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 126.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 467. 55; and for <i>Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 326. <i>f.</i> 204., read <i>pl.</i> 326. <i>fig.</i> 2 and 4.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 127.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 465. 50.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 134.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Strombus exustus</i>, described by Lamarck (<i>Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 211) under the name of <i>S. Papilio</i>. The first of these names, however, has the right of priority. (See <i>Mus. Cal.</i> 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for <i>S. lentiginosus</i>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Strombus lentiginosus.</i> Add to the Synonyms, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 203. <i>Knorr</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 13, <i>f.</i> 2. Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of this and the following species.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 135.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>St. tricornis.</i> Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 201.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 139.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Sylvia plumbea.</i> This bird greatly resembles the female of <i>S. pusilla</i> of Wilson (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson and Vieillot say there are two.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 145.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Eburna tessellata. Add to the Syn. <i>E. Arcolata</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 282. 4.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 146.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Eburna Pacifica. Add to the Syn. <i>E. lutosa?</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. 282. 5.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 150.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">The upper figure is of <i>Sphinx Leachii</i>, and the under of <i>S. fasciata</i>.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 152.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Helix regina.</i> <i>Ferussac Moll.</i> <i>liv.</i> 19. <i>pl.</i> 119.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 153.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>S. bituberculatus</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 202. 6.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 157.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Amp. Effusa.<span class="gap" style="width:1em;"></span> Ditto, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 164.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Le Figuier Tcheric</i>, <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 132.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 166.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 170.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 177.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Pyrula Spirillus.</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 142.</td></tr>
</table>
<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
<h3>NOTES</h3>
<div class="note">
<p><a name="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> "Pendant que les naturalistes
font des monographies, des ouvrages généraux où la synonymie, les coupes
systématiques sont, à force de temps et de soins, établies avec rigueur,
les auteurs des miscellanées, avec quelques phrases et des noms nouveaux,
font des genres ou des espèces, et publient 50 cahiers dans lesquels les
fruits de dix ans de recherches ou de voyages sont enlevés à leurs
auteurs. (F.)"—<i>Bulletin des Annonces et des Nouvelles
Scientifiques; publié sous la direction de M. le B. de Ferussac. N.</i>
4. <i>p.</i> 53.</p>
<p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> See the Sketch Book of G. Crayon,
vol. i. p. 130.</p>
<p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> Bulletin des Annonces et des
Nouvelles Scientifiques, N. 6. p. 438.</p>
<p><a name="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> Donovan's Naturalist's
Repository.</p>
<p><a name="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> The additional list of synonyms
subjoined at the end of this volume almost entirely refer to one or two
books which have been subsequently published: the date of 1822, affixed
to the seventh volume of Lamarck's <i>H. N. des Animaux sans
Vertèbres</i>, is considerably before the time it was issued to the
public.</p>
<p><a name="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> I have applied this term to the
oblique descent made by the umbo, towards the basal extremity of the
anterior side of bivalves.</p>
</div>
<pre>
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