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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume III + or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or + Interesting Animals + +Author: William Swainson + +Release Date: April 18, 2012 [EBook #39477] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied. All corrections are highlighted +<span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +nature of the correction will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage. The captions to the last plate have been corrected from "CYPRŒA" to "CYPRÆA". +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h1>Zoological Illustrations,</h1> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">OR</h5> + +<h5>ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">OF</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING</h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 gsp">ANIMALS,</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:60%">SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF</h5> + +<h3>Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,</h3> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.</h5> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">BY</h5> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">WILLIAM SWAINSO</span>N, F.R.S., F.L.S.,</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.</h5> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h5>VOL. III.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h3>London:</h3> + +<h5 style="font-size:50%">PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET;</h5> + +<h5 style="font-size:75%">FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;<br /> +AND W. WOOD, STRAND.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5>1822-3.</h5> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg150 gsp">PREFACE.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In concluding the last volume of these Illustrations, I may be allowed + to express the satisfaction I feel, at the favourable manner in which the + work has been received, both in this country and on the continent.</p> + + <p>Several objections have been urged, even by sensible writers, against + miscellaneous works on Zoology. First, that they range over the whole + animal kingdom, without completing the history of any one tribe. + Secondly, that their authors, while professing to illustrate only what is + new or little known, intrude a large proportion of subjects to be found + in all the common natural histories. And thirdly, that this rapid mode of + publishing new discoveries, is an infringement on the right, and is + detrimental to the labours, of those naturalists who direct their + attention to one particular branch. These objections, however, are not + unanswerable; for, in the first place, these miscellanies should more + properly be considered as graphic illustrations, or collections of + figures, wherein the efforts of the artist, aided by scientific + knowledge, are called forth, to complete, by his pencil, the more minute + and detailed descriptions which should proceed from the pen of the + monographer. The most perfect works in the science are undoubtedly those + which unite the labours of both; but, in proportion as this perfection is + attained, the general utility of such works is diminished. They become so + enormously expensive, that they are only to be seen in universities and + princely libraries; for the most part inaccessible to the naturalist, and + nearly unknown to the public at large. The works of Le Vaillant, + Desmarest, Vieillot, Ferussac, and several others, published in France + and Germany, are of this description; and while in one sense they have + considerably benefitted the science, they have in another proved very + detrimental to its general diffusion. No sensible naturalist will risk + his fame, by giving his observations to the world, without knowing what + has been done by those who have preceded him;—until, in fact, he + has proper materials to work upon. He knows that these sumptuous authors + should be consulted; he has not the means of so doing; and he + relinquishes his purpose in despair. Such has been the result in two or + three instances which I could mention: and the power of materially + extending the bounds of science is thus confined to those favoured few, + who are so fortunate as to possess, or to have the power of consulting, + those splendid publications.</p> + + <p>The second objection is well grounded; but in whatever degree it may + apply elsewhere, I trust the following pages will evince my anxiety to + render the work replete with subjects hitherto unknown or unrecorded; and + my own collections, in most cases, have given me ample means for + examining and comparing both the genera and species of nearly all the + subjects I have attempted to illustrate.</p> + + <p>In several instances my opinions will be found to differ from those of + many celebrated naturalists of the day; but I have endeavoured to put the + reader in possession of the reasons which have led to the conclusions I + have adopted. This is but justice towards those who have preceded me, and + to the great body of naturalists, by whom such questions will ultimately + be decided. The age is past wherein the <i>ipse dixit</i> of a great name + was enough to check all inquiries after truth. Assertions must now be + proved before they are admitted: and those writers who lay before the + public tribunal of science their facts, their arguments, and their + deductions, can alone hope to have their opinions generally adopted.</p> + + <p>The third and last objection is as new as it is singular; and has been + urged against Miscellanies in general by an anonymous French writer.<a + name="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> However an author may feel + annoyance or disappointment, that another should be the first to publish + discoveries, which <i>he</i> fancies belong exclusively to himself, he + surely has no title to complain. The field of Nature is open to the + inquiries of all. In her domain there are not yet established any + <i>scientific preserves</i>.<a name="NtA_2" + href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> If occupation or indolence does not + permit <i>one</i> labourer to make known his discoveries, is + <i>another</i> (who perhaps unconsciously has been working on the same + ground) to hide the knowledge <i>he</i> has gained? This is surely a + principle at once illiberal and unjust. At this time, there is not + perhaps a single department of Zoology which is not employing the + attention of more than one writer. It is to the honour, and to the + lasting benefit of science, that it should be so: and although a great + part of the new objects collected during my travels in Europe and Brazil + have recently been made public by MM. Temminck and Godart, I feel + rejoiced that this has been done by such distinguished men.</p> + + <p>I have been induced to enter (perhaps too fully) into a general + defence of Zoological miscellanies, from the opinion I entertain of their + great utility. First, in diffusing a general knowledge, and exciting a + taste for such pursuits among the great mass of readers; and secondly, as + being a prompt and interesting channel of communicating new discoveries + to the scientific world. Their periodical appearances and comparative + cheapness renders them of easy access to the student; and, if well + conducted, they unite all that is essential from the pen and the + pencil.</p> + + <p>Several foreign journals have noticed the appearance of these + Illustrations, and generally in such terms as to stamp a value on their + contents. One of these, however,<a name="NtA_3" + href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> contains several misrepresentations, + which have doubtless escaped the notice of the editor; and which, + therefore, it may be as well to explain in this place. The writer in this + journal, while noticing my Illustrations, seems to have mixed up with it + criticisms intended for another periodical miscellany,<a name="NtA_4" + href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> to which this has, perhaps, given birth, + and which professes to be on a similar plan. He states that these + Illustrations are to be completed in sixty numbers, making five volumes. + No such declaration, to my knowledge, has ever been made, although such + is the averred plan of the Naturalist's Repository. The reviewer goes on + to state: "Il suit pour l'Entomologie et la Conchologie la classification + surannée de Linnæus." This is not a very respectful mode of speaking of + the labours of the greatest naturalist whom his age produced; but the + proposition is a total mistake; the charge is refuted by almost every + page of my work; and, what is rather extraordinary, by the very + quotations of the reviewer. In reply to the regret expressed, "que + l'auteur n'indique pas toujours les ouvrages les plus récens," I should + have been thankful had he subjoined what works these were; as I do not + find, in the monthly lists of the <i>Bulletin</i>, any one which I have + not consulted or referred to, if connected with the objects here + described.<a name="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> M. de + Ferussac's work has been regularly cited, but his <i>Prodromus</i> I have + never been able to procure, either in England or Paris.</p> + + <p>And here I cannot refrain from adverting to the great number of + Zoological publications which have appeared in this country during the + last three years; a number far exceeding in proportion that of any period + in the annals of the science. Dr. Horsfield has commenced a beautiful + work on the Animals of Java; and Mr. Sowerby is prosecuting his Genera of + Shells with much zeal, and with increased ability. Both these appear + periodically. They are conducted on the modern principles of science, and + do credit to their authors. The Naturalist's Repository, before alluded + to, likewise appears monthly, but is carried on according to the Linnæan + system, pure and unadulterated. All these, however, unite in showing how + rapidly the taste for such works has increased. Added to these, a new + quarterly Journal, exclusively devoted to Zoology, has been announced, + and, if conducted on liberal principles, its utility will be very + great.</p> + + <p>But nothing, perhaps, has more fully evinced the state of public + feeling on this point among men of enlightened minds, than the + discussions which have arisen on the present state of the British Museum. + It is a subject on which I might be tempted to say much, did I not feel, + that among those who do not know me, I might be suspected of interested + or unworthy motives. But from the retirement of a country life, I may now + be allowed perhaps to say a few words. It is indeed most true, that, in + the Zoological department, this institution is a full century behind the + rest of Europe; I might almost add, of America. But the fault is + deep-rooted; and does not spring from the person (whoever he may be) to + whom this overwhelming charge is given. It is ridiculous to suppose that + the exertions of any one person (however great his talents, his zeal, and + his assiduity,) are sufficient to discharge the duties of so complicated + an office. Such a supposition implies the expectation of a moral + impossibility; and so long as such a Herculean task is allotted him, so + long will the Museum continue, with little alteration, in its present + state. Where we have <i>one</i> Zoologist, the museums of Paris, Berlin, + and Vienna have many; each is charged with the care of one particular + branch; and, by their united efforts, the whole is displayed to the + examination of the scientific, and to the view of the public. Each + professor has thus leisure to prosecute the most important objects of his + duty; <i>i. e.</i> to examine, compare, and describe, to detect + analogies, to investigate affinities, and to give to the world the fruits + of his studies. To France more particularly this honour is due. And what + has been the result? Why, that Paris has become the Zoological university + of Europe; and that the principles which have emanated from it, are now + considered the only true ones by which Nature is to be studied.</p> + + <p>It is not my object to attach reproach to any body of men + collectively, or to any one individually; but truth is not to be + concealed. Every writer who has the advancement of his favourite study at + heart, is bound (however feebly) to advocate its cause. The truth of the + preceding remarks cannot be questioned; and it remains with those in + power, to consider well, whether such a state of things is consistent + with the honour and reputation of the country; with the justice due to + those great men who founded the institution; and to the expectations of + the public, by whom it is supported.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Warwick, October, 1823.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate120"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 120</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl120.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl120.jpg" + alt="Plate 120." title="Plate 120." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> corrugata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Wrinkled Apple Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ globosâ, corrugatâ, olivaceâ; spiræ prominentis, acutæ, + anfractibus ventricosis; aperturæ margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato; + umbilico parvo, juxta labii interioris mediam posito; operculo + testaceo.</i></p> + + <p>Shell globose, wrinkled, olive; spire prominent, acute, the whorls + ventricose; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus + small, linear, near the middle of the inner lip; operculum shelly.</p> + + <p>Helix Ampullacea. <i>Linn. Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 3626.</p> + + <p>Ampullaria rugosa. <i>Sowerby, Genera of Shells</i>, <i>fas.</i> 4. + <i>fig.</i> 1. 2.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The annexed figures of this hitherto undefined species will clearly + show its distinction from <i>Amp. globosa</i>, (pl. 119); and the + specific characters now framed for these two shells, will, I think, + sufficiently distinguish them from each other.</p> + + <p>In comparison with <i>A. globosa</i>, this (even in the young state) + is a wrinkled, not a smooth shell, having the umbilicus placed near the + middle, not towards the base, of the inner lip: the spiral whorls are + elevated and ventricose, not depressed, and slightly convex; and the + basal volution, instead of being very wide on the upper part, (near the + suture,) is widest only in the middle. In young shells, the wrinkles and + the marginated aperture are less defined. When divested of its epidermis, + the colour is blueish white, with a few narrow bands of obscure purple. A + specimen in my own collection has the epidermis so thin, that the colours + beneath it are very conspicuous. The mouth inside is dark chesnut, with + blackish bands; the margin being pale yellow and slightly reflected. The + umbilicus, both in this and in <i>A. globosa</i>, is small and + contracted, while in the real <i>A. rugosa Lam.</i> (<i>Helix urceus + Lin.</i>) it is very large, round, and deep. This latter shell, also, + differs from both of the former, by having a thin, and not a margined + aperture.</p> + + <p>Mr. Sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell, which + he has mistaken for the <i>A. rugosa</i> of Lamarck. I am informed by Mr. + Humphreys it is a native of India.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate121"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 121</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl121.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl121.jpg" + alt="Plate 121." title="Plate 121." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CINNYRIS</span> Javanica,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Javanese Creeper.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 95.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. supra nitidè purpureo-ærata, subtus olivaceo-crocea; scapulis, + uropygio, strigâque laterali a rostro ad pectus descendente nitidè + violaceis; jugulo castaneo; caudâ nigra.</i></p> + + <p>Above glossy metallic purple; beneath olive yellow; scapulars, rump, + and lateral stripe from the bill to the breast, shining violet; throat + chesnut; tail black.</p> + + <p>Nectarinia Javanica. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsefield', cf. Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. I)" + >Horsfield</span> in Linn. Tran.</i> <i>vol.</i> 13. i. <i>p.</i> + 167.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Under the full conviction that nature has defined, in the most + complete manner, the geographic limits of the various tribes of birds + subsisting on vegetable juices, I am particularly anxious to rectify any + mistakes that may shake this hypothesis, in which I find myself + supported, in the fullest manner, by the opinion of Professor Temminck, + in the last edition of his <i>Manuel</i>.</p> + + <p>Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsefield', cf. Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. I)" + >Horsfield</span>, in his account of the birds of Java, describes two + species under the names of <i>Nectarinia Javanica</i> and + <i>Pectoralis</i>. It happens, however, that specimens of both these + birds are in my own cabinet, and have enabled me to ascertain that they + are both decided species of <i>Cinnyris</i>, perfectly agreeing with the + characters laid down by Cuvier, Temminck, and myself, for this group. It + is difficult to say how this oversight has occurred, because Dr. H., just + before, introduces the genus <i>Cinnyris</i>, and describes under it two + new species. In short, no doubt remains in my own mind, that + <i>Cinnyris</i> is a genus as strictly confined to the tropical latitudes + of the <i>old</i>, as <i>Nectarinia</i> is to the <i>new</i> world.</p> + + <p>The figure is the size of life; the outline of the bill will + illustrate the generic characters, of which one of the most important is + the nostrils. Nothing can exceed the richness and variety of tints with + which this splendid little creature is ornamented; particularly on the + head, which is glossed alternately with lilac, sea-green, and violet, and + appears as if covered with some metallic substance; the blue on the + wings, back, and edges of the tail is very deep, shining, and glossed + with purple; all the wing-feathers are edged with olive, and some of the + lesser quills with chesnut.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate122"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 122</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl122.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl122.jpg" + alt="Plate 122." title="Plate 122." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> virginea,</span> <i>var.</i></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Common Striped Achatina,</i></span> <i>var. 2 and 3</i>.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ elongatâ, fasciis numerosis nigris, viridibus et flavis + ornatâ; anfractûs basalis latitudine altitudinem superante; aperturâ + rotundatâ; labio exteriore integro; basi profundè emarginatâ.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>Var.</i> 2. <i>testâ fasciis fuscis ornatâ; labio interiore + albo.</i></p> + + <p><i>Var.</i> 3. <i>testâ fasciis rufis ornatâ; labio interiore + roseo.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Shell elongated, with crowded bands of black, green, and yellow; basal + volution broader than high; aperture rounded; outer lip entire; base + deeply notched.</p> + + <p>Bulla virginea. <i>Gm.</i> 3429. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 9. <i>t.</i> 117. + <i>f.</i> 1000, 1. <i>Dill.</i> 491.</p> + + <p>Bulimus virgineus. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 363.—<i>Lister</i>, + 15. 10. <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 40. <i>f.</i> 38. <i>Ferrusac</i>, + <i>pl.</i> 120. <i>f.</i> 3, 4, 5.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p>Var. 2. Shell banded with brown; inner lip white. <i>Ferrusac</i>, + <i>t.</i> 120. <i>f.</i> 2.</p> + + <p>Var. 3. Shell banded with rufous; inner lip rosy. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 10. + 173. <i>f.</i> 1682, 1683, (<i>reversed</i>.)</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The shell generally known as the <i>Ach. virginea</i> (<i>Bulla + virginea Lin.</i>) is so common, that few collectors do not possess it. + The varieties, however, of this species are rare, and differ so + remarkably in their colouring, as to require illustration. Several + kindred species of this family I have already described; and on the same + principle of establishing specific distinctions from formation instead of + colour, I shall now endeavour to point out those characters which are + common, more or less, to all the varieties of this species, and which + distinguish it from its allies. <i>A. virginea</i> may be known by the + comparative shortness of the basal whorl, which in general is broader + than high; the margin of the outer lip is entire, and sloping in an + oblique direction; the aperture is wide, and nearly round; the lower part + of the columella takes a concave direction, and between its base and that + of the outer lip is a very deep notch. The basal whorl is so broad that + the shell, if placed on a table with its mouth downwards, will remain + erect.</p> + + <p>Both these and the two next varieties are in Mr. Dubois' cabinet. + Their locality is unknown; but my young friend, Mr. Frederick Parkes, has + recently sent me shells of the common variety, found by himself near + Kingston, Jamaica.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate123"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 123</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl123.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl123.jpg" + alt="Plate 123." title="Plate 123." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> virginea,</span> <i>var.</i> 3 <i>and</i> 4.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate122">Pl. 122.</a></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. virginea, var.</i> 3. <i>testâ ampliore, albescente, fasciis + rufis nigrisque ornatâ; aperturâ purpureâ; labio interiore albo.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>Var.</i> 4. <i>testâ ampliore, albâ, fasciis 3 angustis, fuscis + ornatâ; aperturâ labioque interiore albis; anfractu basali medio + subcarinato.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>A. virginea, var. 3. Shell larger, whitish, with rufous and black + bands, aperture purple; inner lip white. <i>Middle figures.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p>Var. 4. Shell larger, white, with three narrow brown bands; aperture + and inner lip white; basal whorl in the middle slightly carinated. + <i>Upper and lower figures.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The two varieties of <i>A. virginea</i> on this plate, are still more + removed from the type of the species than those last figured; they are + both much larger in size, and var. 4 presents a slight difference of + formation, in having the basal volution somewhat carinated round the + middle; but as in every other essential character it agrees with the + rest, I have refrained from separating it as a distinct species.</p> + + <p>The four varieties I have now illustrated of <i>Ach. virginea</i>, + tend to establish, in a very complete manner, the correctness of the + principles on which I have framed the specific characters of this genus; + here are four shells, with a total difference in the colouring of each, + yet all agreeing in the same formation. It should be observed likewise, + that <i>A. pallida</i>, figured at pl. 41 of this work, and <i>A. + virginea</i>, var. 4, are nearly the same in colour, while in formation + they are completely at variance. I do not think it has been hitherto + remarked, that the elegant green lines which ornament the common variety, + are only <i>external</i>; they resemble, in this respect, the epidermis + of other shells, for they may be taken off by a knife without any injury + to the enamel. M. Ferrusac has figured several other varieties in his + beautiful work on Land Shells.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate124"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 124</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl124.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl124.jpg" + alt="Plate 124." title="Plate 124." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">LICINIA</span> Crisia.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 15.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. mas. Alis anticis falcato-acuminatis, fuscis, fasciâ mediâ + margineque postico flavo; posticis infra flavescentibus colore griseo + variis, basi maculis 4 fulvis.</i></p> + + <p><i>Fem. Alis infra albentibus colore griseo variis; anticis integris, + supra fuscis, fasciâ mediâ margineque postico albentibus; posticarum basi + maculis 4 fulvis.</i></p> + + <p><i>Male.</i> Anterior wings angulated, brown, with a central band and + hind margin yellow; posterior beneath yellowish marbled with grey, base + with 4 fulvous spots.</p> + + <p><i>Female.</i> Anterior wings entire, above brown, with a central band + and hind margin whitish; all the wings beneath whitish marbled with grey; + base of the posterior with 4 fulvous spots.</p> + + <p>Pieris Crisia. <i>Godart. En. Méth.</i> <i>p.</i> 197. <i>Male.</i> + <i>Drury</i>, <i>v.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 37. <i>f.</i> 1. 2?</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The extraordinary difference existing between the sexes of exotic + Lepidoptera, and particularly among the Butterflies, (<i>Papilionidæ</i> + Lin.) is a subject which hitherto has received but little attention; nor + am I aware of any entomological writer who has described those characters + which absolutely distinguish the sexes: characters which, I am persuaded, + will hereafter be found of the first importance in a natural arrangement + of these insects. But in the prosecution of this desirable object, the + naturalist, as far as regards foreign Lepidoptera, will have to encounter + serious obstacles; many individuals must be examined of each species, and + some of these dissected. It falls to the lot of few to pursue their + inquiries in the native regions of these insects. Collections in this + country are very few, and some of these are not always open to the + scientific labourer; neither can specimens be sacrificed for dissection, + where there are not more than two or three individuals of a species.</p> + + <p>This is in general a very rare insect; observed for the first time by + Dr. Langsdorff and myself early in June (the tropical autumn), in a wood + adjoining the Organ Mountains at Rio de Janeiro. From its local + abundance, we were able to ascertain the sexes. The two upper figures are + of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'male', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >female</span>, and the lower of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'female', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >male</span> insect.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate125"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 125</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl125.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl125.jpg" + alt="Plate 125." title="Plate 125." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Nireus', see Addenda et Corrigenda">Nerius</span>.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 92.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Alis nigris, fasciâ communi maculisque viridibus; + posticis dentatis breviter caudatis; his subtùs fasciâ subargenteâ, + marginali, nervis divisâ.</i> Godart.</p> + + <p>P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Wings black, with spots and a common band of green; + posterior wings dentated, obsoletely tailed, beneath with a silvery + marginal band, divided by the nerves.</p> + + <p>P. Nireus. <i>Fab. Sys. Ent.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> 36. <i>Godart Ency. + Méth.</i> 9. 1. <i>p.</i> 48. <i>Drury</i> 2. <i>pl.</i> 4. <i>fig.</i> + 1. 2. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>p.</i> 187. A. B. (<i>mas.</i>) <i>pl.</i> 378. + F. G. (<i>fem.</i>)</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I have figured this insect, principally because it will fully + illustrate the first section (<i>a.</i>) in the arrangement of this + beautiful family proposed at plate 92. The two divisions there adopted, + after the manner of Linnæus, (<i>Græci</i> et <i>Trojani</i>) I am fully + aware, are purely artificial; but the facility this distribution will + give to the student, in searching after a particular species, is so + obvious, that it need hardly be pointed out.</p> + + <p>I have only had the opportunity of examining the individual from which + the figure was taken. It is a male, having the anal valves rather + lengthened and obtuse, with a small hook between them, which projects + from the last segment of the abdomen. This circumstance proves the error + of Cramer, in having mistaken the sexes of this species, both of which he + seems to have figured. That which I apprehend is the female (Cramer, pl. + 378, fig. F. G.) I have not myself seen. The blue-green on the upper + surface of the wings is very resplendent and changeable, and the palpi + and thorax beneath are covered with numerous whitish spots.</p> + + <p>On the under side of the inferior wings, near their base, is a paler + band, rayed with the nerves, and in some lights shining with a pale + silvery reflection.</p> + + <p>Mr. Smeathman sent this species from Sierra Leone, in Africa, to Mr. + Drury. The locality, therefore, of India, given by Linnæus and Fabricius, + must be incorrect.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate126"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 126</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl126.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl126.jpg" + alt="Plate 126." title="Plate 126." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> vitulinus,</span> <i>var.</i></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Orange Fox Cone</i>,</h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Brown-tipp'd variety.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ fulvâ seu fuscâ, fasciis 2 interruptis ornatâ; spiræ + brevis, levatæ, conicæ, maculatæ anfractibus concavis, subgranosè + striatis; basi granosâ, albâ.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>Var. testâ flavescente, fasciis obscuris, subalbidis ornatâ; basi + rufâ. (Fig. nos.)</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Shell fulvous or brown, with 2 interrupted white bands; spire short, + elevated, conic, spotted, volutions concave with subgranulated striæ; + base granulated, white.</p> + + <p>Conus vitulinus. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 648. <i>Lamarck. Ann.</i> 15. + <i>p.</i> 265. <i>Knorr.</i> <i>vol.</i> 5. <i>tab.</i> 1. <i>fig.</i> 4 + (<i>optimè</i>). <i>Dillwyn</i> 377.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 467. 55.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p>Var. Shell yellowish, with obscure whitish bands; the base rufous.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I received this very uncommon shell from the Island of Amboyna; and + although in size and colour it is widely different from the usual + appearance of <i>C. vitulinus</i>, I have no hesitation in considering it + as a remarkable variety only of that species.</p> + + <p><i>C. vitulinus</i> in general is a small shell. The best + representation of it I have seen is given by Knorr; an author not in + general very accurate in his figures. It varies considerably in colour, + and approaches very near to <i>C. vulpinus Lam.</i> from which it + principally differs in having an elevated, though short, spire, instead + of one nearly flat: the base is granulated, and generally white; <i>C. + vulpinus</i> also has the body whorl carinated and thickest round the + upper margin, whereas, in <i>Vitulinus</i>, it is gently swelled in the + middle.</p> + + <p>M. Lamarck is, I think, mistaken in the synonyms of this shell, which + is represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> plate 326, fig. <span + class="correction" title="Original reads '204', see Addenda et Corrigenda" + >2 and 4.</span>. The shell at fig. 8. appears to me as the granulated + variety of <i>C. vulpinus</i>.</p> + + <p>Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate127"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 127</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl127.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl127.jpg" + alt="Plate 127." title="Plate 127." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Maldivus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Spanish Admiral Cone.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ lævi, posticè gracili ferrugineâ, maculis albis + subtrigonis, cingulisque numerosis fuscis, albo punctatis, ornatâ; basi + nigrâ; spiræ brevis apice acuto, anfractibus lævibus, planis.</i></p> + + <p>Shell smooth, posterior end slender, ferruginous, with angular white + spots, and white bands dotted with brown; base black; spire short, tip + acute, the whorls smooth and flat.</p> + + <p>C. Maldivus. <i>Brug.</i> (1789.) <i>p.</i> 644. <i>Lam. Ann.</i> + <i>v.</i> 15. <i>p.</i> 264.</p> + + <p>C. Jaspideus. <i>Humphreys in Mus. Cal.</i> (1797) <i>p.</i> 12. + <i>No.</i> 185.</p> + + <p>Conus Generalis. <i>Var.</i> B. <i>Dillwyn.</i> 539. 11.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 465. 50.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p>Var. 1. Band in the middle narrow; <i>upper figure</i>. <i>Ency. + Méth.</i> pl. 325. fig. 6.</p> + + <p>Var. 2. Band broader; <i>lower figure</i>.</p> + + <p>Var. 3. Band very broad, with dotted transverse lines; <i>middle + figure</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Seba.</i> <i>pl.</i> 54. <i>fig.</i> 11. 12. <i>Ency. Méth.</i> + <i>pl.</i> 325. <i>fig.</i> 5. 7.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The general similarity existing between the Spanish Admiral, and two + other cones, figured in this work, I have before alluded to; it has been + placed by the Linnæan writers as a variety of <i>C. Generalis</i>, from + which, however, it invariably differs, in being a much thicker shell, + with a shorter spire, and the whorls without any concavity. The colour of + the two species varies considerably in different individuals, but <i>C. + Maldivus</i> is always destitute of the dark brown longitudinal stripes + at the top of the body whorl, peculiar to <i>C. Generalis</i>; the white + bands are either broken into somewhat triangular spots, or are banded + with minute dots; these triangular white spots are sometimes scattered in + other parts of the shell, and the white band in the middle varies much in + breadth; of all the varieties I have yet seen, the middle figure is that + which makes the nearest approach to <i>C. Generalis</i>.</p> + + <p>The very applicable name given to this shell by Mr. Humphreys, in the + <i>Museum Calonnianum</i>, I should have adopted, had not Bruguiere + previously affixed to it that of <i>Maldivus</i>, as being a native of + the Maldivian Islands.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate128"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 128</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl128.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl128.jpg" + alt="Plate 128." title="Plate 128." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Maldivus,</span> <i>var.</i></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Spanish Admiral Cone</i>,</h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Chesnut variety.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 65.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate127">Pl. 127.</a></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Conus Maldivus. Var. B. <i>testâ castaneâ, fasciâ albescente mediâ + angustâ ornatâ; anfractûs basalis basi et margine albis.</i></p> + + <p><i>Var. B.</i> Chesnut, with a narrow whitish band in the middle; base + and margin of the body whorl white.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>As a further illustration of the last plate, I have been induced to + figure this very rare variety, from a specimen I met with at Mrs. Mawe's. + In the disposition of its markings, it approaches near to the shell + represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>plate</i> 325, <i>f.</i> 6, but + the white band in the middle is narrower, and quite destitute of the + circular dotted lines there expressed.</p> + + <p>No shells require a greater accuracy of delineation than the Cones, + particularly in expressing the peculiarity in the form and sculpture of + their spires. I am well persuaded that a great number of the mistakes + committed by authors have originated in the wretched figures contained in + Favanne's work, and in the early volumes of Martini. Those of Favanne are + generally so loose and inaccurate, (although remarkably well engraved,) + that I do not wish, by quoting, to make them any authority; and most of + the Cones figured by Martini are equally bad.</p> + + <p>Bruguiere and Lamarck have both given the character of <i>spirâ + canaliculatâ</i> to this species, which is altogether a mistake. The + spiral whorls are all <i>but</i> perfectly flat, and the suture is quite + closed up, although sometimes uneven; originating, as in many other + shells, either from the inequalities of growth, or from an accidental + sea-break, which the animal may have repaired.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate129"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 129</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl129.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl129.jpg" + alt="Plate 129." title="Plate 129." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MELLIPHAGA</span> torquata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-collared Honeysucker.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 43.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. olivaceo-fulvâ, infra albâ; capite auribusque nigris; torque + nuchali lunato, albo; superciliorum cute rubrâ.</i></p> + + <p>Fulvous olive, beneath white; head and ears black; nape with a white + crescent, skin of the eyebrows red.</p> + + <p>Black-crowned Honeysucker. <i>Lewin's Birds of N. Holland</i>, + <i>pl.</i> 24.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>An elegant, though not a richly coloured bird; remarkable for the + bright red of the skin above the eyes, and the milk-white collar at the + back of the head. It is from New Holland, and, like others of its tribe, + derives its nourishment chiefly from the nectar of flowers; as more + particularly mentioned in my first observations on this genus at pl. + 43.</p> + + <p>The figure is of the natural size: excepting the crown and sides of + the head (which are deep black), the whole upper plumage is olive yellow: + the shoulders, quills, and tail brown; the two latter margined with + olive, but the exterior quills with white: the throat, breast, and collar + round the nape pure white; skin of the eyebrows red.</p> + + <p>The Lunated Creeper of Dr. Shaw (<i>Le Fuscalben of Vieillot, + Certh.</i> <i>pl.</i> 61. <i>p.</i> 122.) is, I apprehend, a distinct + species. It is described as being <i>cinnamon brown</i> above, with a + bright red spot of <i>feathers behind</i> the eye. In the temperate + climate of New Holland, that variation from the usual colouring of + particular species, so frequent in tropical birds, is seldom met with; + neither can these two birds be sexes of one species, because Lewin, who + wrote on the spot, particularly remarks that the female of this is like + the male; he further adds, it is found near Paramatta, and the Hawkesbury + river, in thick bushy woods.</p> + + <p>Lewin's figure is so excellent, that I should not again have + represented this bird, had not the plate been prepared previous to the + publication of his work. The outline figure of the bill will show more + clearly the uncommon length of the nostrils, a character which is + peculiar to this genus.</p> + + <p><a name="Plate130"></a><a name="Plate131"></a><span + class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 130, 131</span></p> + +<table class="mc" style="width:74%"><tr><td class="w50 vtp"> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl130.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl130.jpg" + alt="Plate 130." title="Plate 130." /></a> + </div> +</td><td class="w50 vtp"> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl131.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl131.jpg" + alt="Plate 131." title="Plate 131." /></a> + </div> +</td></tr></table> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROCHILUS</span> latipennis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey Sickle-winged Humming Bird</i>,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Male and Female.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 82.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. viridi-aureus, subtus canus; remigum primorum (in maribus) + scapis dilatato-incurvatis; rectricium pennis 4 mediis viridibus apice + nigro, lateralibus albis basi nigrâ; rostro vix recto.</i></p> + + <p>Golden green, beneath grey; greater quills (in the male) with the + shafts dilated and incurved. Four middle tail-feathers green tipped with + black, lateral feathers white with a black base; bill nearly + straight.</p> + + <p>T. latipennis. <i>Lath. In. Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 310. <i>Gen. + Zool.</i> 8. 1. 318.</p> + + <p>T. campylopterus. <i>Gm. Sys. Nat.</i> 499. <i>n.</i> 65.</p> + + <p>L'O. mouche à larges tuyaux. <i>Vieillot Ois. D'or.</i> <i>p.</i> 21. + <i>p.</i> 59.</p> + + <p>Broad-shafted H. Bird. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> <i>v.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 765. + <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8. 318.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The opinion I expressed on the unusual formation of the wings in two + species of Humming-birds, figured at pl. 83 and 107, appears to receive + the fullest confirmation from the birds here represented. One of these + (pl. 131) is clearly the <i>T. latipennis</i>, or Broad-shafted + Humming-bird of authors; while the other presents not the slightest + difference except in the shafts of the quills, which, instead of being + thickened and dilated, are of the ordinary size.</p> + + <p>Not having myself dissected these birds, I cannot decidedly say they + are male and female; but I think no reasonable doubt can remain that such + is the fact, and that these singular quill-feathers are characteristic + only of the male sex.</p> + + <p>Both the birds are represented the size of life, and may be included + in one description: the upper plumage obscure blueish green, glossed with + a coppery or golden tinge and shaded with brown, the plumage beneath + entirely grey; ears and sides of the neck the same, the latter with some + spots of greenish. Tail large, even, and broad; the two middle feathers + green, tipt (in the male) with blackish; the next pair black, with the + base green, and the extreme points whitish; the remainder black, with + their ends more or less white. Wings violet brown, the shafts of the + three outer quills, in the male, dilated and compressed, but simple in + the female. Said to inhabit Cayenne. Although the bill of this species is + all but straight, it belongs naturally to the curved-bill division.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate132"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 132</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl132.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl132.jpg" + alt="Plate 132." title="Plate 132." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MACROGLOSSUM</span> annulosum,</span></h5> + +<h5><i>Upper figure</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 64.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. alis nigris, anticis fasciis 2 hyalinè maculatis ornatis; + abdominis nigri, segmento tertio niveo.</i></p> + + <p>Wings black, anterior with two bands of hyaline spots; abdomen black, + the third segment snowy.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>An elegant insect; so closely allied to <i>Sphinx Tantalus, Lin.</i> + (<i>Drury</i>, <i>v.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 5.) as to excite a + doubt if it should be considered as a separate species. Drury's figure + and description, however, of that insect, induce me to think they are + most probably distinct. <i>S. Tantalus</i> is without the two bands of + hyaline spots, and is much smaller in size.</p> + + <p>In this insect are three small, white, snowy dots, on the sides of the + lower segments of the abdomen, and the same beneath: the anal segment is + grey; with the margin, and spot in the middle, black. Inhabits Brazil, + but is a rare insect.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">MACROGLOSSUM</span> fasciatum,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Lower figure.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. alis nigricantibus, anticis fusco variis, posticis strigâ + aurantiacâ centrali ornatis; thorace griseâ; corporis lateribus, maculis + aurantiacis, nigris et pallidè fulvis insignibus; antennis gracilibus; + unco producto.</i></p> + + <p>Wings blackish, anterior variegated with brown, posterior with a + central orange stripe; thorax grey, sides of the body with orange, black, + and pale yellow spots; antennæ slender, hook lengthened.</p> + + <p>Sphinx ceculus. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 146. <i>f.</i> G.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is another Brazilian species, much more frequent than the last. + In Cramer, at pl. 146, g. is figured an insect under the name of + <i>Ceculus</i>, which no author appears to have quoted; but which + (miserably inaccurate as it is), I have no doubt the artist intended as a + representation of this insect; particularly as Cramer's description, + though short, is very applicable. The colours beneath are uniform dark + brown; the thorax, legs, and base of the wings, whitish; near the + exterior margin of the superior wings is a small white dot, and two + others on each side of the middle segments of the body.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate133"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 133</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl133.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl133.jpg" + alt="Plate 133." title="Plate 133." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">THECLA</span> Macaria,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut-spotted Hair-Streak.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 69.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. alis supra fuscis; anticis ad basin cæruleis, infra ferrugineis, + punctis 2 mediis nigris ornatis; posticis infra castaneis, anticè + pallidioribus, maculo nigro ad basin ornatis.</i></p> + + <p>Wings above brown; anterior blue at the base, beneath ferruginous, + with two central black spots; posterior beneath chesnut, paler on the + fore part, with a black spot near the base.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I have selected this insect as one of the rarest among a vast number + of species of this elegant tribe, collected during my travels in Brazil. + Two specimens of the male, and one of the female insect, were captured in + the woods near Pernambuco, in lat. 8° <span class="nw">12′</span> + S.</p> + + <p>The male insects, in the majority of the <i>Hair-Streaks</i>, have + either a velvet or eye-like spot in the middle of the anterior wings, + adjoining their outer margin; these spots are without lustre, and + frequently appear as if caused by being rubbed: the colours, likewise, on + the upper surface of the wings in the males, generally differ from those + of the females.</p> + + <p>Wings brown; anterior, with the half next the base blue; central spot + blackish, enclosing an obscure eye-like spot margined with grey, the + pupil black with a white dot. Posterior wings two-tailed; exterior tail + very short, interior lengthened; anal angle two-lobed, margin whitish. + Anterior wings beneath, pale chesnut brown, tips chesnut; in the middle + are two black dots, one of which is small; above these are three others, + which form a short transverse line united to the margin. Posterior wings + beneath, dark chesnut; with two central blackish dots in the middle; + below are two undulated brown lines, parallel to the posterior margin; + the anterior margin pale, with a large black dot near the base; anal + angle, clouded with grey and tipt with a black spot: another spot is also + at the base of the exterior tail. In the female, all the wings above are + brown, with a pale blue base; but the under surface, except in being + paler, resembles that of the male.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate134"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 134</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl134.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl134.jpg" + alt="Plate 134." title="Plate 134." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> exustus,</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Burnt, or Purple-mouthed Strombus</i></span>—(<i>Upper figure</i>.)</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 10.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. testâ nodosâ; labio interiore albo, lævi; labii exterioris + inflexi, supra sinuati, intus purpureo-atri, striati; lobo basali + edentulo.</i></p> + + <p>Shell nodulous; inner lip smooth, whitish; outer lip inflected, above + sinuated, within striated, blackish purple; basal lobe not toothed.</p> + + <p><i>Young.</i> S. papilio. <i>Chem.</i> x. <i>t.</i> 158. <i>f.</i> + 1510, 11. <i>Dillw.</i> 661. 120. 11.</p> + + <p><i>Adult.</i> Strombus exustus. <i>Humphreys in Mus. Cal.</i> + <i>p.</i> 38. <i>n.</i> 714.</p> + + <p>S. lentiginosus. <i>Martini</i>, iii. <i>t.</i> 80. <i>f.</i> 825, + 826. <i>Gmelin.</i> 3510. (<i>var.</i> <span class="grk">β</span>.) + <i>Dillwyn.</i> 660.</p> + + <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 52. <i>f.</i> 17. 18. <i>Knorr.</i> 3. + <i>t.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 2. 3?</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Specimens now before me prove that the <i>S. papilio</i> of Chemnitz + is a young shell of <i>S. exustus</i>, a species named by Mr. Humphreys + in the Calonne Catalogue, and described in his own manuscripts. In a + young state, the aperture is smooth and nearly white, but when full + grown, the outer lip is strongly striated, and the aperture reddish + purple, dark red, or reddish chesnut: the outer lip is but slightly + sinuated above, and the basal lobe never toothed, as in the next species. + Inhabits the island of Haynam, in the East Indies, and is very rare.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + >Described by Lamarck (<i>Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 211) under the name of + <i>S. Papilio</i>. The first of these names, however, has the right of + priority. (See <i>Mus. Cal.</i> 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3. + tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly represent this species; although Lamarck has + quoted them for <i>S. lentiginosus</i>.</span></p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> lentiginosus,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Tuberculated Strombus</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. testâ nodosâ; labii exterioris supra rotundati ad spiram annexi, + profundè bilobati, margine crasso inflexo, sub-nodoso; lobo basali + dentato; aperturâ lævi.</i></p> + + <p>Shell nodulous, outer lip above rounded, attached to the spire, deeply + bilobated, margin thick, inflexed, slightly nodulous; basal lobe toothed; + aperture smooth.</p> + + <p><i>Young.</i> <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 37. 40. + <i>optimè</i>. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>t.</i> 89. <i>f.</i> 871. <i>t.</i> + 91. <i>f.</i> 891. 892? <i>Lister</i>, 893. 12?</p> + + <p><i>Adult.</i> S. lentiginosus. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3510. <i>Dillwyn.</i> + 660. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>t.</i> 81. <i>f.</i> 827, 828.</p> + + <p><i>Seba</i>, 62. <i>f.</i> 11. 30. (<i>optimè</i>.) <i>Lister</i>, + 861. 18. <i>Gualt.</i> 32. <i>f.</i> A.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 203. <i>Knorr</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 13, + <i>f.</i> 2. Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing + the young shells of this and the following species.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This common shell requires little description, and is only introduced + to contrast more fully the difference between these two species: the + upper part of the lip has two deep notches, which form three prominent + lobes; the basal lobe is toothed, similar to the <i>Pteroceræ</i>: the + aperture (in those shells from the East Indies) is light pink inside. A + large and fine variety comes from the Mauritia islands, having the mouth + within pale golden yellow.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate135"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 135</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl135.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl135.jpg" + alt="Plate 135." title="Plate 135." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> tricornis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Horned Strombus.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 10.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. testâ ponderosâ, nodis longitudinaliter compressis armatâ; labio + exteriore inflexo, margine crasso, suprà attenuato et ultra spiram + producto; canali truncato.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ponderous, with longitudinally compressed nodules; outer lip + inflexed, the margin thick, above attenuated and produced beyond the + spire; channel truncated.</p> + + <p><i>In young stages of growth.</i></p> + + <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>pl.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 36, 10. <i>Martini</i> 3. + <i>tab.</i> 91. <i>f.</i> 890. <i>tab.</i> 85. <i>f.</i> 847.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 201.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p>Var. A. Shell whitish, outer lip much produced. <i>Upper figure.</i> + <i>Martini</i>, <i>vol.</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 84. <i>f.</i> 844, 845. <i>Sw. + Ex. Conch.</i> <i>part</i> 4.</p> + + <p>Var. B. Shell varied with chesnut, outer lip shorter. <i>Lower + figure.</i> <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>t.</i> 408. <i>f.</i> 1. <i>t.</i> 409. + <i>f.</i> 2. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 84. <i>f.</i> 843. + <i>Lister</i>, 871. <i>f.</i> 25. 873. <i>f.</i> 29.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Martini was the first conchological writer who separated this species + from the <i>Strombus Gallus</i> of Linnæus; under which name are included + three shells, so remarkably different from each other, that they hardly + possess a single character in common.</p> + + <p>The original name of Linnæus I have retained to that species figured + by <i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 62. <i>fig.</i> 1 and 2, and by myself in + <i>Exotic Conchology</i>, <i>Part</i> 4.</p> + + <p><i>Strombus tricornis</i>, although figured, has never yet, I believe, + been defined.</p> + + <p>Two varieties of this shell are met with; one having the attenuated + process of the lip much produced, the margins folded inward, and the tip + somewhat spatulate, or spoon-shaped: the colour of this variety is + generally white, slightly varigated with brown stripes or irregular + spots. A very fine specimen of this variety, having these characters + remarkably developed, is in my own cabinet, and is figured in <i>Exotic + Conchology</i>, part 4. The second variety has the process of the lip + shorter, and the margins not folded; the colour usually brownish, richly + clouded and variegated with chesnut; the aperture within is tinged with + pale red or rosy; but that of the other variety is pure white. I believe + this species inhabits the coasts of America; it is a heavy shell, and + sometimes measures seven inches in extreme length.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate136"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 136</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl136.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl136.jpg" + alt="Plate 136." title="Plate 136." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> crassa,</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i><i>Thick Apple Snail</i>,</i></span></h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Upper and lower figures</i>.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ globosâ, lævi, (sub epidermide) albâ, fasciis fuscis + ornatâ; spiræ levatæ apice obtuso; aperturæ margine albo, crasso; + umbilico caret.</i></p> + + <p>Shell globose, smooth, beneath the epidermis white with brown bands; + spire elevated, tip obtuse; margin of the aperture thick, white; + umbilicus none.</p> + + <p><i>Martini</i> 9. <i>t.</i> 128. <i>f.</i> 1135.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A distinct species, well characterised by the absence of the + umbilicus, the situation of which is indicated only by a slight + depression: the margin of the aperture all round is thickened, and white; + but, from no groove being discernible, I suspect the operculum may be + horny. The only specimen I have, is divested of the epidermis; it is + obviously an old shell; and appears to agree with the figure of Martini, + also taken from an uncoated specimen.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> oblonga,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Oblong Apple Snail</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ oblonga, lævi, tenui, fuscâ; spirâ levatâ, crassâ, obtusâ; + aperturæ elongatæ basi contractâ; umbilico vix obsoleto.</i></p> + + <p>Shell oblong, smooth, thin, brown; spire elevated, thick, obtuse; + aperture lengthened, base contracted; umbilicus nearly obsolete.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A rare, and undescribed shell, presenting a singular deviation from + the general globose form of the <i>Ampullariæ</i>. The inner lip is + wanting on the upper part of the aperture, and on the lower is thin, + white, and reflected over the umbilicus, which is nearly obsolete.</p> + + <p>Both these shells were in the late Mrs. Bligh's collection, without + any <i>habitat</i> being affixed to them.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate137"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 137</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl137.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl137.jpg" + alt="Plate 137." title="Plate 137." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Polybius.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 92.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. alis nigris; anticis maculo albo centrali; posticis + dentato-caudatis maculo rubro centrali nervis diviso; abdomine strigâ + laterali; thorace punctis flavis subtùs, ornatis.</i></p> + + <p>P. (<i>Tr. caud.</i>) wings black; anterior with a central spot of + white; posterior dentated and tailed, with a central red spot, divided by + the nerves; stripe on each side the abdomen and spots on the thorax + beneath, yellow.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>An insect neither described nor figured by any author. To my liberal + friend, Dr. Langsdorff, I am indebted for the two specimens in my own + cabinet, collected by himself in the interior of Minas Geraes, or the + Diamond district of Brazil. I am not aware of the insect having been + found in any other part of that vast country.</p> + + <p>An unusual character is presented in this species, alone sufficient to + distinguish it from any other contained in the division to which it + belongs. This consists in the thorax beneath being spotted with yellow, + and the body, on each side of the under surface, having a narrow yellow + stripe; the basal margin of the inferior wings is also yellow. Strictly + speaking, these yellow spots would remove it from the section + <i>Trojani</i>, but it would then be improperly separated from <i>P. + Lysithoüs</i>, <i>Agavus</i>, and others to which it is, in every + respect, closely allied.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate138"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 138</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl138.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl138.jpg" + alt="Plate 138." title="Plate 138." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MALURUS</span> garrulus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Noisy Soft-tail Warbler.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum validius, breve, totum valdè compressum, altius quam + latius, culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem + aliquandò emarginatum, vix incurvo. Nares basales membranâ tectæ, + aperturâ laterali. Alæ brevissimæ, rotundatæ, remigum 3 primorum + longitudine proximorum 4 longitudinem superante. Cauda plerumque longa, + cuneata, radiis mollibus, decompositis. Pedes validi, digito exteriore ad + digiti medii basin annexo. Hallux validus.</i></p> + + <p><i>Ob. Rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructâ.</i> Tem.</p> + + <p>Bill rather strong, short, much compressed its whole length, higher + than broad, the ridge prominent, dividing the frontal feathers, and bent + at the tip, which is sometimes notched. Nostrils basal, covered by a + membrane, the aperture lateral. Wings very short, rounded, the three + first quills shorter than the four next. Tail generally long, cuneated, + the radii soft and decomposed. Legs strong; the outer toe connected to + the base of the middle toe. Hind claw strong.</p> + + <p>Ob. Base of the bill with setaceous hairs. <i>Temminck.</i></p> + + <p>Generic Types—Turdus brachypterus. <i>Lath.</i> Le Flûteur. + <i>Vail. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2. Le Capolier. + <i>Do.</i> <i>pl.</i> 129. <i>pl.</i> 130. <i>f.</i> 1.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. fuscus, infrà albescentibus; plumis frontalibus rigidis, + acuminatis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus; caudâ + mediocri, rotundatâ.</i></p> + + <p>M. brown, beneath whitish, feathers on the front of the head rigid, + pointed, and rufous; lines before and behind the eye whitish: tail + moderate, rounded.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The colours of this bird are altogether plain; but it is remarkable + for its very singular nest, which is so large, as to form a feature in + the woodland scenery of Bahia, the only part of Brazil where I observed + it: the nest is built in low trees, formed externally of dried sticks, + without any neatness, and is usually three or four feet long, resembling + at a distance a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by + accident: sometimes two of these nests appear as if joined together, and + there is an opening on the side, besides one at the top. The sexes are + generally seen near the nest, uttering a shrill, incessant, monotonous + chirp, particularly in the morning and evening. I never could bring + myself to tear one of their nests to pieces, merely to see its + construction.</p> + + <p>All the birds of this genus are stated by Professor Temminck to be + natives either of the old world, or of the southern hemisphere; but the + observations I have made, lead me to think otherwise. Two of the generic + types M. Temminck has given, are the same as those I have selected; these + birds are now before me; the other (<i>Le Capolier</i>,) is so like the + species here figured, that (judging from Le Vaillant's plate) they might + easily pass for the same bird. Two other species, with characters + perfectly resembling <i>M. garrulus</i>, are likewise found in + Brazil.</p> + + <p>From a consideration, therefore, of the affinities and habits of these + birds, I conceive they may constitute a very natural genus, closely + allied to <i>Sylvia</i>, having very compressed bills, short wings, + russet coloured plumage, with soft and generally long tails, and building + rather large and cylindrical nests. On the other hand, if the whole of + the birds mentioned by P. Temminck are retained in the genus, I apprehend + it will become entirely artificial; inasmuch as it will include not only + the birds above mentioned, but the <i>Motacilla superba</i>, and a large + non-descript bird from New Holland, the size of a thrush, which in habit, + though not in characters, resembles a shrike.</p> + + <p>M. Vieillot first proposed this genus, but his definition is so short + and obscure, that little can be gained from it.</p> + + <p>The slight sketch in the distance, introduced in the plate, will give + some idea of the singular nest of this bird.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate139"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 139</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl139.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl139.jpg" + alt="Plate 139." title="Plate 139." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> plumbea,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey-backed Warbler.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostri recti, tenuis, basi altiore quam latiore, mandibulâ + superiori aliquando emarginatâ, inferiori rectâ. Nares basales, + laterales, membranâ partim tectæ. Crura longiora digito medio, qui digito + exteriori ad basin annectitur. Ungue posteriore mediocri, digito + posteriore breviore et arcuato. Remigum pinnâ primâ brevissimâ aliquando + caret. Tectrices remigibus multo breviores.</i> Temm.</p> + + <p>Bill straight, slender, base higher than broad; superior mandible + sometimes notched, the inferior straight. Nostrils basal, lateral, partly + covered by a membrane. Legs longer than the middle toe, which is united + to the exterior toe at the base; hinder claw moderate, shorter than the + toe, and curved. Wings; the first quill very short, or wanting, greater + covers much shorter than the quills. <i>Temminck.</i></p> + + <p>Generic Types—<i>Turdus arundinaceus.</i> Lath. <i>Sylvia + locustella.</i> <i>Luscinia.</i> <i>Trochilus.</i> <i>Regulus.</i> + (Temminck.)</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. cæruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo; tectricium apicibus + albis.</i></p> + + <p>Blue grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-covers tipt with + white.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>There is an elegance of shape, and a harmony of colouring, in the + Warblers, that render these delicate little birds very interesting. The + species are exceedingly numerous, and are spread over most parts of the + world; several abound in our own woods and hedges, and the "sacred bird" + of our childhood, the Robin Redbreast, is among the number. That now + before us is a native of Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr. + Leadbeater; I never met with it myself. The first quill feather is hardly + shorter than the three next, which are all of equal length; the + tail-feathers are even, and rather pointed; their colour black, margined + with grey; the two outer with a white spot on the inner web; the under + wing and tail-covers white.</p> + + <p>I have made no material alteration in Prof. Temminck's definition of + this overgrown genus, being convinced it might lead to confusion, while + the generality of the birds composing it remain so little known.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">This + bird greatly resembles the female of <i>S. pusilla</i> of Wilson + (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden + yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: + the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description + of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as + he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson + and Vieillot say there are two.</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate140"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 140</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl140.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl140.jpg" + alt="Plate 140." title="Plate 140." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROGLODYTES</span> rectirostris,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Straight-billed Wren.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6>Troglodytes. <i>Ray.</i> <i>Cuvier.</i> <i>Vieillot.</i> Sylvia. <i>Latham.</i> <i>Temminck.</i></h6> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum curvatum, rarò rectum, lateribus compressis; apice vix + emarginato. Nares basales. Alæ brevissimæ, rotundatæ, remigum majorum 3 + exteriorum longitudine quartæ longitudinem superante, cæteris paribus et + vix remigibus minoribus longioribus. Rectrices breves, fasciculatæ, + erectæ. Hallux digito medio brevior. Plumæ fuscæ.</i></p> + + <p>Bill curved; rarely straight, the sides compressed, the tip slightly + notched. Nostrils basal. Wings remarkably short, rounded, the three + exterior greater quills shorter than the fourth; the remainder of equal + length, and hardly longer than the lesser quills. Tail-feathers weak, + short, fasciculated, and generally carried erect. Hind toe shorter than + the middle toe. Plumage brown.</p> + + <p>Generic Types <i>Motacillæ troglodytes et furva.</i> Gm. <i>Certhiæ + familiaris, palustris, et Caroliniana.</i> Wilson, <i>Am. Orn.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. fuscus, jugulo pectoreque pallidioribus; mento nigricante; + corpore medio niveo; rectricibus angustis, nigris; mandibulæ superiore + apice adunco.</i></p> + + <p>Brown; throat and breast paler; chin blackish, middle of the body + snowy, feathers of the tail black and narrow; tip of the upper mandible + hooked.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This singular little bird agrees more in its general character with + <i>Troglodytes</i>, than with any other established genus; yet with this + its similitude is but slight. Anxious, nevertheless, to avoid what might + hereafter prove an unnecessary innovation, I have placed it with the + Wrens, under the distinguishing name of <i>rectirostris</i>; although I + am more inclined to think it constitutes a distinct genus.</p> + + <p><i>Troglodytis</i>, originally instituted as a genus by our + illustrious countryman Ray, has been adopted both by M.M. Cuvier and + Vieillot. Professor Temminck, on the contrary, has included it with + <i>Sylvia</i>; an immense genus, already burthened with more species than + are rightly understood, or that really belong to it.</p> + + <p>Figure the natural size. Bill straight, triangular at the base, the + sides compressed, tip of the upper mandible bent down and notched; + nostrils large, lengthened, covered by a membrane, which (except at the + base,) is naked; the aperture terminal, near the edge of the bill, + narrow, and oblong: the feathers on the rump and flanks remarkably long; + the three fore toes slender, and all connected at their base as far as + the first joint: tail even, and longer than the generality of Wrens, the + feathers very narrow, weak, and deep black. Plumage above light or + reddish brown; sides of the head, neck, breast, and body, the same, but + tinged with fulvous; the chin and upper part of the throat blackish, but + the margin of the feathers partly white: lower part of the throat and + breast dusky: middle of the body pure white; under wing covers, inside + margin of the quills, and edge of the shoulders, white.</p> + + <p>Mr. Leadbeater favoured me with this bird, which he received from + Brazil.</p> + + <p>The comparative length of the bill in this genus, (leaving the present + bird out of consideration,) offers no generic distinction, because it + varies greatly in different species. Some of those found in Brazil have + the bill nearly double the length of the common European Wren.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate141"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 141</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl141.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl141.jpg" + alt="Plate 141." title="Plate 141." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> chryseürus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Golden-tailed Parrot.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. nitidè viridis; fronte genisque fulvo colore tinctis; rectricium + brevium, parium, pennis mediis viridibus, cæteris aureis, omnium apicibus + nigris.</i></p> + + <p>Shining green; front and sides of the head tinged with fulvous; tail + short, even, tipt with black, the two middle feathers green, the rest + golden.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I was fortunate in procuring both sexes of this very rare bird in the + vicinity of Pernambuco, being the only individuals I ever met with in + Brazil: they appeared as if tired from a long flight, which led me to + suppose they had migrated from the interior towards the coast. I do not + find the species noticed by any writer, nor have I seen it in any + collection.</p> + + <p>The total length is six inches and a half; the plumage generally of a + rich emerald green, rather obscure on the top and sides of the head, but + very bright on the back and rump, where it is tinged with blue; the + feathers round the base of the bill, front, and sides of the head, are + tinged with buff colour; the scapulary feathers (protecting the base of + the wings and lesser quills) are chocolate brown, the quills themselves + black, margined externally with green and internally with olive. The most + beautiful part of the bird is the tail, which is short and even, each + feather having the tips margined by a narrow line of black, the middle + pair being green, and all the rest of a rich golden yellow colour; the + under plumage and wing covers are nearly of as deep a green as the wings, + but on the flanks there is a tinge of olive.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate142"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 142</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl142.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl142.jpg" + alt="Plate 142." title="Plate 142." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">NECTARINIA</span> flaveola,</span> <i>var.</i></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Yellow-bellied Nectarinia.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 117.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>N. nigricans, infrà flava; mento, superciliis rectriciumque trium + exteriarum apicibus, albis; fasciâ uropygiali olivaceâ.</i></p> + + <p>Blackish brown; beneath yellow; chin, eyebrows, and tips of the three + outer tail-feathers white; band on the rump olive.</p> + + <p>Certhia flaveola. <i>Gmelin</i>, 479. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> <i>v.</i> + 1. <i>p.</i> 297. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> <i>v.</i> 8. <i>p.</i> 248. + <i>Turton</i>, <i>p.</i> 297.</p> + + <p>Certhia, <i>No.</i> 33. <i>Brisson. Orn.</i> <i>v.</i> 6. <i>App.</i> + <i>p.</i> 117. <i>Syn.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 19.</p> + + <p>Black and yellow Creeper. <i>Edwards</i>, <i>pl.</i> 122. <i>pl.</i> + 362. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> <i>v.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 737. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> + <i>v.</i> 8. <i>p.</i> 248. <i>Turton.</i> <i>p.</i> 297.</p> + + <p>Le Guit-Guit Sucrier. <i>Vieill. Ois. Dor. Certh.</i> <i>pl.</i> 51. + <i>p.</i> 102.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This pretty little bird, under different varieties of plumage, appears + to be scattered over the greatest part of tropical America, and is one of + the most common of its tribe. The best, and indeed the only detailed + account of its economy, is given by M. Vieillot; who remarks, that its + nest is suspended on the tops of those tall climbing plants, which, in + those countries, form a matting over the most lofty trees: the entrance + to the nest is at the bottom; the interior is divided into two + compartments, in one of which only the young are contained. It feeds both + on small insects, and the nectar of flowers. All the above synonyms refer + to the different varieties authors have enumerated of this species. Most + of these have a white spot at the base of the exterior quills; others + vary in having the throat entirely black; and some again have a yellow + rump; but none of these agree with the variety here figured, which I + believe came from Trinidad. Probably a more perfect knowledge of these + supposed varieties will show they contain two or three distinct + species.</p> + + <p>Notwithstanding the shortness of the bill, this is a decided + <i>Nectarinia</i>, according to a natural, but not an artificial + arrangement. It forms, in some degree, a passage from the shining + coloured <i>Nectariniæ</i> of America, to the short-billed + <i>Melliphagæ</i> of the southern hemisphere. On a future occasion I + shall offer more detailed observations on the genus <i>Dicæum</i> of + Cuvier.</p> + + <p>The figure is the size of life; and, with the specific character, + renders a further description unnecessary.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate143"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 143</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl143.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl143.jpg" + alt="Plate 143." title="Plate 143." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> sordida,</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Brown Apple Snail</i></span> <i>f. 1. 2.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ globosâ, ferrugineâ, lineis transversis subcarinatis + instructâ aperturæ margine tenui; umbilico magno; operculo + corneo?</i></p> + + <p>Shell globose, ferruginous, with obsolete transverse subcarinated + lines; margin of the aperture thin; umbilicus large; operculum horny?</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The only species of <i>Ampullaria</i> with which this may be + confounded is <i>A. fasciata</i>, p. 103, in comparison with which it is + a more globose shell, the aperture narrower, and the spire more obtuse; + the umbilicus is larger, round, and not contracted; the suture is not + sunk, the shell is not banded with coloured lines, nor is the surface + smooth; on the contrary, it is marked with transverse, obscurely + carinated lines; while the shell is uniform brown, the aperture within is + white, margined with brown.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> puncticulata</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Oval, punctured Apple Snail</i></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ ovatâ, subtilissimè punctatâ; spirâ obtusâ; labii + exterioris margine, interiorisque basi rufis, incrassatis; operculo + corneo?</i></p> + + <p>Shell oval, minutely punctured, spire obtuse; margin of the exterior + lip within, and base of the inner lip thick and rufous; operculum + horny?</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This and <i>A. oblonga</i> are the only species I am yet acquainted + with, whose form is not globose. It never grows to a size much larger + than the figure; the whole shell is marked by fine longitudinal striæ, + and transverse lines of minute dots, discernible only by the aid of a + common magnifier; the aperture within is brownish flesh-colour; the + margin is strong and reddish, and, within that of the outer lip, is a + thickened rim; which, should the operculum be testaceous, may supply the + place of the groove for its reception observable in <i>A. globosa</i> and + <i>corrugata</i>. The localities of both these species are unknown to + me.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate144"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 144</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl144.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl144.jpg" + alt="Plate 144." title="Plate 144." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> Valentiana,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Arabian Eburna.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa turrita, lævis, nitida, umbilicata, basi truncatâ, + emarginatâ. Aperturæ angulus superior internè canaliculatus. Animal + marinum.</i></p> + + <p>Shell turrited, smooth, polished, umbilicated, base truncated, + emarginate. Upper angle of the aperture with an internal channel. Animal + marine.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h6>Generic Type <i>Buccinum Spiratum</i> Lin.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>E. testâ ventricosâ, maculatâ; aperturæ longitudine spiræ + longitudinem superante; spirâ anfractibus 5 convexis, suturis alveatis; + basi balteo concavo cinctâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ventricose, spotted; spire shorter than the aperture, of five + convex volutions; suture channelled; base with a concave belt.</p> + + <p>Eburna Valentiana. <i>Sw. Appendix to Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 6. + <i>lot</i> 904.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Few species are known of <i>Eburnæ</i>, and these are neither well + defined, nor correctly figured.</p> + + <p>The species selected by most authors as the type of this genus is + <i>Buccinum glabratum</i> of Linnæus, a shell which, as it unites the + characters of <i>Eburna</i> and <i>Ancilia</i>, should not have been + chosen for this purpose. Types of genera are alone intended to represent + the usual appearance of those characters on which the genus has been + founded; they should therefore be selected from such species only, as + represent these characters in their perfect development.</p> + + <p><i>E. Valentiana</i> was first characterized by myself, in the + Appendix to the Bligh Collection. It was brought from the Red Sea by Lord + Valentia, in honour of whom it is named. The very short spire and concave + belt at the base, easily distinguish this shell from <i>E. + spirata</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate145"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 145</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:26%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl145.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl145.jpg" + alt="Plate 145." title="Plate 145." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> tessellata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Tessellated Eburna.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate144">Pl. 144.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>E. testâ maculis fuscis seu purpureis tessellatis fasciatâ; suturâ + vix canaliculatâ; anfractuum marginibus convexis.</i></p> + + <p>Shell with bands of tessellated brown or purple spots; suture slightly + channelled; margin of the volutions convex.</p> + + <p>Buccinum Spiratum. <i>var. Linn.</i> <i>Gmelin</i>, 3487. <i>Dill.</i> + 620. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 262. 26. <i>Turton</i>, 4. <i>p.</i> 400. + <i>var.</i> 2.</p> + + <p>Lister, 981. 41. (<i>bad.</i>) <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 73. <i>f.</i> + 25. 26. <i>Martini</i>, 4. <i>pl.</i> 122. 1120. 1121.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>E. + Arcolata</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 282. 4.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A shell hitherto placed as a variety of <i>E. spirata</i>, + (<i>Buccinum spiratum</i>, Lin.) but from which I am disposed to consider + it as specifically distinct. The channel or sulcation round the suture of + each whorl is very slight, and the adjoining margin obtuse and convex; + whereas in <i>E. spirata</i> the channel is broad and deep, having the + margin sharply carinated: so far the essential characters of the two + shells are at variance; but their difference in colour is so obvious that + no one can mistake them.</p> + + <p>The form of the umbilicus in this species appears to be constant: it + is wide, deep, placed near to the upper angle of the aperture, and + margined externally by a convex belt. With the exception of Seba's + figures, (which, through the carelessness of the engraver, are reversed,) + not a tolerable representation of this shell can be found; for those + given by the authors above named, are almost too inaccurate for citation. + It inhabits the Indian Ocean.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate146"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 146</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl146.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl146.jpg" + alt="Plate 146." title="Plate 146." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> Pacifica,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>South Sea Eburna.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate144">Pl. 144.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>E. testâ ventricosâ, maculis fulvis fasciisque albis ornatâ; spiræ + angustæ, acutæ, suturis integris.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ventricose, with fulvous spots and white bands; spire slender, + acute; suture entire.</p> + + <p>Eburna Pacifica. <i>Swainson, Appendix to Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 6. + <i>lot</i> 904.</p> + + <p>Eburna lutosa? <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 401. <i>f.</i> 4.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>E. + lutosa?</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. 282. 5.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A delicate and rather uncommon shell: first defined in the Appendix I + subjoined to the Catalogue of the Bligh collection, dispersed by auction + last spring. Mrs. Mawe informs me she has received this, along with other + shells, from the Pacific Ocean.</p> + + <p>A species at once distinguished by the entire suture and + narrow-pointed spire; the inner lip is very thick, with a longitudinal + sulcation near the umbilicus.</p> + + <p>Whether this is the shell represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> at + <i>pl.</i> 401, <i>f.</i> 4, admits of doubt: a short description would + have explained the characters, but not one word is said about it. I have + already adverted to this novel mode of creating species at pl. 31. If + authors will not be at the trouble of defining new species, they have no + right to expect their names should be adopted by subsequent and more + laborious writers, to whom they leave the more scientific task, of + defining characters and collating synonyms.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate147"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 147</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl147.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl147.jpg" + alt="Plate 147." title="Plate 147." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MUSCIPETA</span> carinata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Keel-billed Flycatcher.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 116.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. plumbea, infrà ferruginea; fronte juguloque nigris; temporibus + albentibus; rostri culmine carinato.</i></p> + + <p>Plumbeous; body beneath ferruginous; front and throat black; sides of + the head whitish; top of the bill carinated.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Mr. Brookes, the celebrated anatomist, first drew my attention to this + singular bird; the peculiarity of the bill suggested to us the idea of + creating a genus for its reception; but a closer comparison of its other + characters with several of the exotic <i>Muscipetæ</i> induces me, at + least for the present, to associate it with those birds. The Flycatchers, + as they now stand in the works of Latham, Shaw, and other Linnæan + writers, undistinguished even by sections or subdivisions, present a mass + of confusion, which renders the search after an individual, in this + immense genus, almost hopeless.</p> + + <p>Total length, six inches and a half; front, throat, and margin of the + shoulders, deep black; the whole upper plumage is of a delicate lead + colour, which is paler on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of + the head and neck; body and inner wing covers rufous; the first quill is + half the length of the second, which is rather shorter than the three + next; feet slender, weak, and short; the outer toe united, the inner + cleft. The bill at the base is triangular, but not elevated; the sides + compressed; the culmin, or top, is sharp, elevated, and curved; the tip + of both mandibles notched: nostrils simple, small, round, without a + membrane, and partly hid by the thick-set frontal feathers, and + lengthened setaceous bristles round the bill. These parts are delineated + on the plate of their natural size; and must form the basis of any future + generic alteration in the arrangement of this bird. The figure was from a + specimen belonging to Mr. Brookes; since which, I have received two + others from New Holland.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate148"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 148</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl148.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl148.jpg" + alt="Plate 148." title="Plate 148." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EMBERIZA</span> cristata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Crested Bunting.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum breve, conicum, compressum, basi aliquatenus hians, + mandibulâ superiore inflexâ, inferiore superiorem magnitudine superantem. + Nares basales, rotundi, basi plumulis obtectâ. Pedes sedentes, digitis + tribus anticis basi divisis, halluce plerumque brevi, curvo, aliquando + recto.</i></p> + + <p>Ob. <i>Remigum pennâ primâ brevi, secundâ tertiâque + longissimis.</i></p> + + <p>Bill short, strong, conic, compressed; the base slightly gaping; upper + mandible inflexed; under mandible largest. Nostrils basal, round, covered + at the base by small feathers. Feet sitting, the three anterior toes + divided at the base; the hind claw in general short and curved, in some + species straight.</p> + + <p><i>Ob.</i> The first quill of the wings shorter than the second and + third, which are the longest.</p> + + <p>Generic Types (Temminck) i. <i>Emb. citrinella. miliaria</i> Lin. ii. + <i>Em. nivalis. Fring. Lapponica.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>E. olivacea, infrà flavescens; capite cristato; jugulo nigro; + strigâ oculari, scapulis rectricibusque lateralibus flavis.</i></p> + + <p>Olive, beneath yellowish, head crested; throat black; eye stripe, + shoulders, and lateral tail feathers, yellow.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The elegant crest of narrow-pointed feathers on the head of this new + bird, at once distinguishes it from all others of the same family. Mr. + Brookes favoured me with the individual here described; it was purchased + alive at one of the Brazilian ports; but I strongly suspect it had been + first brought from Africa, by some one of the slave ships. The figure is + of the natural size; down the shaft of each feather on the back is a + black line; the tail is rather long, and even; the two middle feathers + black; the rest pure yellow, with black shafts, and brown exterior + terminal margins; the upper mandible of the bill is sinuated; the base + not gaping, but with a few incumbent bristles.</p> + + <p>I have taken the authority of Professor Temminck for the accuracy of + the generic types of this genus under its present modification.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate149"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 149</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl149.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl149.jpg" + alt="Plate 149." title="Plate 149." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CASTNIA</span> Fabricii,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red underwing Day-moth.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Antennæ clavatæ, clavo elongato, cylindraceo, fusiformi, ad apicem + unco brevi, acuto armato. Palpi breves, graciles, haud prominentes, + articulo ultimo nudo, obliquè verticales. Vertex ocellatus? ocello oculum + juxta utrumque posito.</i></p> + + <p>Obs. <i>Caput parvum; alarum basis squamis conspicuis, elongatis + imbricata.</i></p> + + <p>Antennæ clubbed; club elongated, rounded, fusiform, ending in a short + acute hook. Palpi short, slender, not projecting beyond the front, the + last joint naked, obliquely vertical. Crown with a small ocellus? + adjoining each eye.</p> + + <p><i>Ob.</i> Head small: base of the wings covered with conspicuous, + lengthened, imbricate scales.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. alis anticis, suprà ferrugineis; posticis rufis, fasciis 3 + undatis, nigris, masculis ovatis interstinctis, ornatis.</i></p> + + <p>Anterior wings above ferruginous; posterior rufous, with three waved + bands of black, between which are imperfect oval spots.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The insects of this genus form one of the most singular groups among + the Lepidoptera; they are few in number, and confined to the tropical + regions of America; flying only during the meridian heat, and then with + incredible rapidity: they frequent the narrow inlets of thick forests, + occasionally resting, far above the ground, on the trunks of trees. The + species here figured is very rare, and came from the Diamond district of + Brazil: it is named after the illustrious entomologist who first founded + the genus. The bases of the wings beneath are furnished, in the male, + with a spiral socket and horny spring, similar to those of the + Phalænidæ.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate150"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 150</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl150.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl150.jpg" + alt="Plate 150." title="Plate 150." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> fasciata.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 81.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. alis anticis subdentatis, suprà fuscis, margine postico strigâ + pallidâ ornato; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine annuloso, + annulis nigris, interruptis, interstitiis albis.</i></p> + + <p>Anterior wings subdentated, above brown, posterior margin with a pale + stripe; posterior wings fulvous, margin black; body with black + interrupted rings, the interstices white.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This approaches so near to the Sphinx Alope of Drury, that it is not + without hesitation I have ventured to separate them; it will, however, be + seen, that neither in his figure or description is any notice taken of + the pale testaceous band on the superior wings; the body likewise is + described as "encircled with rings of brown and <i>dark ash</i> colour;" + in this, the rings are black, on nearly a white ground: the under sides + of the superior wings, in Drury's insect, "are spotted along their + external edges with long yellowish spots;" in this, they are uniform pale + brown. These differences (greatly strengthened by his figure) induce me + to consider them as distinct; particularly as both insects appear to have + come from Jamaica: the upper side of the antennæ are white, the lower + brown. Cramer's figure of S. Alope affords little or no clue to + illustrate the question.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> Leachii.</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. alis anticis subdentatis, griseo-fuscis, maculis mediis 3 + nigris; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine griseo, annulis nigris, + interruptis.</i></p> + + <p>Anterior wings subdentated, greyish brown, with three medial black + spots; posterior fulvous, margin black; abdomen grey, with interrupted + black rings.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I cannot reconcile this with any one species described by Fabricius; + at the anal angle of the lower wings, is a pale greyish spot, with two + short blackish lines: I have named it in honour of that laborious and + eminent zoologist, Dr. Leach; who presented me with the specimen here + figured.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">The + upper figure is of <i>Sphinx Leachii</i>, and the under of <i>S. + fasciata</i>.</span></p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate151"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 151</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl151.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl151.jpg" + alt="Plate 151." title="Plate 151." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ALCEDO</span> semitorquata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Half-collared Kingsfisher.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 26.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. cæruleo-viridis, infrà ochracea; capite cyaneo, lineis nigris + transversis ornato; dorso nitidè cæruleo; pectore torque cæruleo-viridi + interrupto insigni.</i></p> + + <p>Bluish green, beneath buff colour; head blue, with transverse black + lines; back shining light blue; breast with an interrupted blue-green + collar.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In a small collection of birds, procured on the borders of the Great + Fish River of the Cape, I met with this new and elegant Kingsfisher. I + was fortunate in detecting in the same parcel several other unknown and + interesting birds; which I hope to record and illustrate in this work, + particularly as they have since been sent to a foreign museum. This + species considerably exceeds the size of the Asiatic Kingsfisher, being + nearly eight inches and a half long: the bill is black, two inches from + the gape, and one and three quarters from the base of the nostrils: head + blue, the crown crossed by dusky black lines; hind head somewhat crested, + the sides deep and rich mazarine blue; ears and sides of the neck + greenish blue, the latter having a stripe of white; the blue on the sides + of the neck advances on the breast in the shape of a half-formed collar: + wings and scapula covers bluish green, with lighter spots on the tip of + each of the wing covers; down the back is a stripe of vivid light blue, + similar to the common Kingsfisher: tail dark-blue, edged with greenish, + the base black. The plumage beneath, from the chin to the end of the + throat, white; changing on the breast to pale fawn colour, which deepens + to ferruginous on the body, under tail covers, and thighs: legs red: + between the bill and eye a dusky white line.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate152"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 152</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl152.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl152.jpg" + alt="Plate 152." title="Plate 152." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> melastoma,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-mouthed Achatina.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ strigis longitudinalibus, nebulosis, purpureis ornatâ; + spirâ elongatâ; labio exteriore castaneo-nigro; columellâ crassâ, gibbâ; + basi integrâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell with clouded purple longitudinal stripes; spire lengthened; + inner lip chesnut-black; columella thickened, gibbous; base entire.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Helix regina.</i> <i>Ferussac Moll.</i> <i>liv.</i> 19. <i>pl.</i> + 119.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<blockquote class="b2s"> + + <p><i>Var.</i> (reversed.) <i>A. perversa.</i> <i>Zool. Illust.</i> + <i>vol.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 30.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I have not the least doubt that this shell is specifically the same + with that figured at Plate 30 of this work: it has only recently come + under my inspection, and I therefore hasten to give a further + illustration of this beautiful species, and to substitute a new specific + character, which will be applicable to both varieties.</p> + + <p>Although much more ventricose than the reverse variety, this has the + same unusual formation of that part of the columella seen at the base of + the mouth, where it is very thick, and appears as if swelled: the + epidermis, in this specimen, obscures the white ground colour of the + shell. I have seen also another variety, even more slender than that at + Plate 30, and with the aperture not reversed. These new facts point out + the necessity of the specific name of <i>perversa</i> being changed to + one more applicable.</p> + + <p>The figure is from a specimen lent to me by Mr. Dubois, and is + probably from Brazil.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate153"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 153</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl153.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl153.jpg" + alt="Plate 153." title="Plate 153." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> lobatus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lobed, or Brindled Strombus.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 10.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. testâ nodulosâ; spirâ brevi, inermi; labio exteriore suprâ + repando, bilobo, margine crasso, reflexo; aperturâ lævi, rubescente; + canale brevi.</i></p> + + <p>Shell nodulous; spire short, unarmed; outer lip above spreading, + two-lobed, margin thick, reflected; aperture smooth, reddish; channel + short.</p> + + <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 4. 5. (<i>optimè</i>) 9. 12. + 14. 15. 27. <i>tab.</i> 63. <i>f.</i> 6. <i>Mart.</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 83. + <i>f.</i> 836, 837. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>tab.</i> 32. <i>f.</i> F. + <i>Knorr</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 11. <i>f.</i> 1-6. <i>tab.</i> 29. <i>f.</i> + 8.</p> + + <p>Strombus Gallus, (<span class="grk">β</span>) <i>Gmelin</i>, + 3511. 11. S. Raninus, <i>Gmelin</i>, 3511. 10.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>S. + bituberculatus</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 202. 6</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>It will appear extraordinary, that this very common shell should have + been unknown to Linnæus; and still more, that no other systematic writer + should have noticed it, excepting Gmelin, by whom it is placed as a + variety of <i>S. gallus</i>, although his <i>S. raninus</i> is obviously + made from a bad figure in Knorr of this same shell. On referring to Mr. + Dillwyn's account of <i>S. gallus</i>, I find all the references of + Gmelin to this shell expunged; and a note at the head of the genus + states, that <i>S. raninus</i> is undeserving of notice; thus every trace + of the shell, in this work, is altogether lost.</p> + + <p>The two lobes at the top of the outer lip form a strong and peculiar + distinction of this species: the colour of the mouth is variable; though + usually tinged with pink, it is often reddish, or red blended with + yellow, and sometimes nearly white; within the upper part of the + aperture, round the inner lip, are one or two strong plaits, with + sulcated grooves on each side; and near the lobe at the base of the outer + lip, the aperture has a few obsolete striæ: the nodules on the body whorl + are triangular, and the two nearest the lip are, in general, very large: + the channel (or base) is short, and turned up in an oblique + direction.</p> + + <p>Found, in great abundance, in various parts of the West India + seas.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate154"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 154</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl154.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl154.jpg" + alt="Plate 154." title="Plate 154." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> Malaccensis,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Blue-rumped Parrot.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. viridis; vertice uropygioque nitidè cæruleis; tectricibus + interioribus, corporisque lateribus coccineis; caudâ flavescente; rostro + magno, dentato.</i></p> + + <p>Green; crown and rump sapphire blue; inner wing covers and sides of + the body crimson; tail yellowish; bill large, toothed.</p> + + <p>P. Malaccensis. <i>General Zoology</i>, <i>vol.</i> 8. 2. <i>p.</i> + 554.</p> + + <p>Blue-rumped Parrakeet. <i>Lath. Syn. Sup.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 66.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I think this may be the bird described (according to Latham) by + Sonnerat, under the name of <i>Petite perruche de Malacca</i>, and from + which both Latham and Shaw have framed their account of the Blue-rumped + Parrot. On comparing their descriptions with the following, some + differences and omissions will be found, but not sufficient, I think, to + justify the idea of this being a distinct species: I have, as yet, seen + only one specimen (and that not perfect) of this rare and little known + bird.</p> + + <p>Total length six inches; bill unusually large and strong, being three + quarters of an inch (in a straight line) long, and nearly the same in + height at the base; upper mandible with a sharp tooth in the middle, and + reddish orange; under mandible violet grey; front and crown of the head + violet blue, changing to blackish green on the back, and greyish green on + the sides of the head, neck, and breast; body and vent green; rump and + upper tail covers vivid azure blue; spurious wings greenish blue; wing + covers dark but bright green, margined more or less with yellowish; + quills blue green, their inner webs black; under wing covers and sides of + the body crimson; tail short, even, the two middle feathers above green, + the rest yellow with green edges and black shafts; beneath, these + feathers are all yellow, the shafts white; the wings, for the size of the + bird, are very long, measuring four inches and a half.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate155"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 155</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl155.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl155.jpg" + alt="Plate 155." title="Plate 155." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> viridissimus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Green Parrot.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 1.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. pallidè viridis; pennis infrà nitidè thalassinis; tegminum, + remigum, scapulariumque marginibus flavescentibus; lineâ ante-oculari + flavâ; rectricium basi rubrâ.</i></p> + + <p>Pale green, quills beneath changeable sea-green; wing covers, quills + and scapulars margined with yellowish; before the eye a yellow line; base + of the tail feathers red.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The uniform green which pervades the plumage of this Parrot, induces + me to think it may, possibly, be the female of some other species; a few + pale red feathers, close to the axilla, and the faint red on the tail + feathers, appear to strengthen this supposition. Among those species + which are recorded, this approaches nearest to Latham's Green Parrakeet; + but the figure this writer quotes, (<i>Pl. Enl.</i> 837.) is at variance + both with his description, and with the bird now before us; it may, + therefore, be considered as undescribed.</p> + + <p>Total length nine inches; bill pale; upper mandible three-quarters of + an inch long, the margin undulated. The whole plumage is of a beautiful + and delicate green, darkest above; with a tinge of blue on the crown, + spurious wings, and greater quills; the orbits are naked, between which + and the eye is a blackish line, bordered above by another of pure yellow; + all the wing covers and quills are margined with yellowish. The colour of + the inferior side of the quills is a pale but beautiful blue green, + reflecting brighter tints of the same colour, when held in certain + lights; the under side of the tail has likewise these reflections, but + above is yellowish, with a dusky red spot at the base of each lateral + feather: under the wings there are three or four dull red feathers; feet + pale.</p> + + <p>This bird is in my own collection, and is the only one I have as yet + seen; neither am I acquainted with its native country.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate156"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 156</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl156.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl156.jpg" + alt="Plate 156." title="Plate 156." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">FRINGILLA</span> oryzivora,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Paddy bird, Rice bird, or Java Sparrow.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum breve, validum, crassum, rectum, conicum; mandibulæ; + superioris gibbæ apice vix inflexo, integro; culminis convexi basi + angulatâ. Nares basales, rotundæ, pone culminis basin positæ, plumulis + vix obtectæ. Pedes sedentes. Alæ breves.</i></p> + + <p>Bill short, strong, thick, straight, conic; upper mandible swelled, + the tip slightly inflexed, entire; culmine convex, the base angulated. + Nostrils basal, round, placed behind the base of the culmine, and + partially covered by the frontal feathers. Feet sitting. Wings short.</p> + + <p>Generic Types. <i>Loxiæ Javensis, Braziliana. Emberiza principalis, + cicris. Tanagria cærulea, &c.</i> (Temminck.)</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>F. cana; capite caudâque nigris; rostro rubro; crisso + roseo-albente; auribus (in maribus) niveis.</i></p> + + <p>Lead-coloured; head and tail black; bill red; belly obscure rosy; ears + (in the male) snowy.</p> + + <p>Loxia oryzivora. <i>Gm.</i> I. 302. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 1. 380. + <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 9. 2. 316. <i>Brisson</i>, 1. 374. 7.</p> + + <p>Java Grosbeak. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 3. 129. <i>Supp.</i> 151. <i>Gen. + Zool.</i> 9. 316. <i>pl.</i> 51.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This elegant bird has been so distorted, in the representations given + of it by the older ornithologists, that little apology is thought + necessary for introducing more accurate figures of both sexes in this + publication. It is said to inhabit the Cape and various parts of India, + causing much damage to the rice plantations, and is frequently brought to + this country alive. The figure is of the size of life, the bill bright + red, but whitish towards the tip; it is very strong, thickened round the + basal margins, and forms a sharp angle between the frontal feathers: the + nostrils are small, round, and placed <i>behind</i> the thick margin of + the bill, and not on its outer surface. Legs flesh-coloured; the orbits + are said to be red in the live bird.</p> + + <p>I have followed the example of Illiger and Temminck in uniting the + greatest part of the Linnæan Loxiæ and Fringillæ under the latter genus, + retaining only the Cross-bills under the former.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate157"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 157</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl157.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl157.jpg" + alt="Plate 157." title="Plate 157." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> effusa,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Ribbon Apple Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ globosâ, lævi, fasciis purpureo-fuscis cinctâ; spirâ + depressâ, apice prominente; aperturâ angustâ; umbilico magno, profundo; + columellâ obsoletâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell globose, smooth, with purple brown bands; spire depressed, the + tip prominent; aperture narrow; umbilicus large, deep; pillar + obsolete.</p> + + <p>Helix glauca. <i>Linn. Dillw.</i> 918. Helix ampullucea, (<i>var.</i> + <span class="grk">γ</span>) <i>Gmelin</i>, 3626. Bulimus effusus. + <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 296. <i>No.</i> 1.</p> + + <p><i>Lister</i>, 129. 29. <i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 38. <i>f.</i> 39. + <i>tab.</i> 40. <i>f.</i> 3. 4. 5. (<i>optimè</i>.) <i>Martini</i>, 9. + <i>tab.</i> 129. <i>f.</i> 1144-5. <i>Knorr</i>, 4. <i>tab.</i> 5. + <i>f.</i> 3.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I concur with Mr. Dillwyn in believing that this shell is the <i>Helix + glauca</i> of Linnæus; but, as it is now removed to another genus, I + think no real advantage would result from continuing its original + specific name; particularly as the identity may be questioned by others, + without a chance of the question ever being settled: the adoption of the + specific names given to species slightly or incorrectly described by the + older naturalists, inevitably tends to increase the original obscurity, + in all cases where the point cannot be cleared up. <i>A. effusa</i> may + be distinguished from all others by the columella being nearly obsolete; + this part existing only in the two terminal whorls of the spire. This + species therefore forms a transition to the <i>Planorbes</i>: there is a + variety, with narrower stripes, double the size of that here figured.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> luteostoma,</h5> + +<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Yellow-mouthed Apple Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ globosâ, striatâ, olivaceâ, lineis remotis fuscis + fasciatâ; spirâ levatâ, apice acuto; aperturâ effusâ intus marginatâ; + umbilico magno.</i></p> + + <p>Shell globose, striated, olive, with remote transverse brown lines, + spire elevated, the tip acute; aperture wide, within margined; umbilicus + large.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The umbilicus of this shell is not so deep as the last, but is larger + than in any other known species; the columella is likewise perfect, and + the aperture is wider and more oblique than in <i>A. effusa</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate158"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 158</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl158.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl158.jpg" + alt="Plate 158." title="Plate 158." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PINNA</span> bullata,</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Rufous Pinna.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa longitudinalis, cuneiformis, æquivalvis, apice hians, basi + acutâ; natibus rectis. Cardo lateralis, edentulus. Ligamentum marginale, + lineare, prælongum subinternum.</i>—Lamarck, <i>Sys.</i> vol. vi. + p. i. p. 129.</p> + + <p>Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, the valves gaping; the + umbones straight, pointed. Hinge lateral, without teeth. Ligament + marginal, linear, very long, subinternal.</p> + + <p>Generic Types. <i>Pinnæ rudis.</i> <i>Pectinata.</i> <i>Muricata.</i> + Linn. Pennant, &c.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. testâ tenui, pellucidâ, rufâ, æquilaterâ, striis remotis, + sulcatis, transversim squamiferis, subspinosis; marginibus lateralibus + rectis; margine inferiore obliquè truncato.</i></p> + + <p>Shell thin, pellucid, rufous, equilateral, with remote sulcated striæ, + crossed by transverse scales and obtuse spines; lateral margins straight; + inferior margin obliquely truncate.</p> + + <p>P. bullata. <i>Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 3367. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>tab.</i> + 79. <i>f.</i> c. <i>Chemnitz.</i> 8. <i>tab.</i> 87. <i>f.</i> 769. + <i>Knorr</i>, 2. 23. <i>f.</i> 1.</p> + + <p>P. marginata. <i>Lam. Sys.</i> 6. <i>p.</i> 132. 7.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I have little doubt that this shell is a smooth variety of the + <i>Pinna bullata</i> of Gmelin, and the <i>P. marginata</i> of Lamarck; + both these authors refer to the same figure in Gualtieri, but both also + have overlooked that of Chemnitz, above quoted, as well as Knorr's, which + latter, although it represents the shell nearly smooth (similar to that + here figured), I apprehend is only a variety. No doubt therefore having + existed as to Gmelin's <i>bullata</i>, M. Lamarck had no plea for + altering its specific name to <i>marginata</i>. I have consequently + recorded it under Gmelin's name.</p> + + <p>The Pinnæ are rather numerous, although many of the species remain in + obscurity; they attach themselves to rocks, deep in the sea, by a silky + <i>byssus</i>. It has been commonly stated, that gloves and stockings are + fabricated in the Mediterranean from this byssus, as articles of + commerce; such, however, is not now the case; though articles, so + fabricated, are sometimes shown in Naples and Sicily as subjects of + curiosity.</p> + + <p>Pinna bullata is, I believe, found in the West Indies. The vaulted + spires on this and other species, easily fall off; and become, therefore, + a very uncertain specific character.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate159"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 159</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl159.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl159.jpg" + alt="Plate 159." title="Plate 159." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SATYRUS</span> argenteus.</span></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Antennæ mediocres, clavo elongato, gracili. Palpi porrecti, + compressi, vix recurvi, remoti, pilis ciliatis, longis, hirsutissimi; + articulo ultimo elongato, nudo, gracili, acuto. Alæ posticæ orbiculares, + integræ, rarò dentatæ.</i></p> + + <p>Antennæ moderate, the club lengthened and slender. Palpi porrected, + compressed, slightly recurved, remote, with long ciliated hairs; the last + joints long, naked, slender, acute. Posterior wings orbicular, entire, + rarely dentated.</p> + + <p>Generic Types. <i>Pap. Hyperanthus</i>, <i>Galathea</i>, + <i>Semele</i>, <i>&c.</i> Lin.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. alis fuscis; posticarum disco suprà flavescente, maculis 2 + fuscis fucato, infrà albente, margine postico fulvo, maculis 2 atris + guttisque 7-8 argenteis ornato.</i></p> + + <p>Wings brown; posterior above with a yellowish disk and two brown + spots, beneath whitish, the hind margin fulvous, with two black spots and + 7-8 silver dots.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Without being ornamented by rich or vivid colouring, this is, + nevertheless, one of the most chastely beautiful little butterflies found + in Brazil. I met with it very plentifully in a small wood not far distant + from Cashoera, on the western extremity of St. Salvador's bay: to this + particular spot it seemed confined, for I never saw a single specimen in + any other part of Brazil.</p> + + <p>No colouring can imitate the richness of the silvery spots on the + under wings, which appear embossed, or as if solid drops of silver had + fallen on the insect when it first emerged into life. The two sexes are + perfectly similar.</p> + + <p>The insects of this genus are usually brown, with dark or paler + shadings, and eye-like spots on their upper or under wings. They + principally inhabit the woods of tropical regions, and the hedge sides + and lanes of European countries; this circumstance probably induced + Latreille to change their name from <i>Hipparchia</i> (Fabricius) to + <i>Satyrus</i>; which, although an innovation on the rules of + nomenclature, may in this instance be allowed.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate160"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 160</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl160.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl160.jpg" + alt="Plate 160." title="Plate 160." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> purpurascens,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Purple Anodon, or Horse Mussel.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 96.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ transversim oblongâ, crassâ, depressâ, intus + purpurascente, laminâ cardinali crassâ, truncatâ, dente lamellari in + utrâque valvâ supposito; umbonibus retusis.</i></p> + + <p>Shell transversely oblong, thick, depressed, within purple; hinge + plate thick, truncate, with an obsolete lamellar tooth in each valve; + umbones retuse.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is an entirely new and very rare shell, remarkable for its shape + and internal colour; it is also highly interesting, as exhibiting the + generic characters of <i>Anodon</i>, blended (in some degree) with those + of <i>Unio</i>: according to the principles of Lamarck, it might + therefore be made into a genus; but I feel convinced too much importance + has already been attached by that naturalist and his followers to the + hinge of bivalve shells; and that the nomenclature of the science is + burthened with genera, trivial in themselves, bewildering to the + scientific, and unintelligible to the student.</p> + + <p>From having paid some attention to the Fluviatile Bivalves, and + possessing a most extensive collection of specimens, I am clearly of + opinion that no permanent characters will be found sufficient to retain + either the genera <i>Dipsas</i> (Leach), <i>Hyria</i> (Lamarck), or + <i>Alasmodonta</i> of Say, much less that of <i>Damaris</i> (Leach), and + another, whose name I forget, made by Dr. Turton from the same shell as + Leach's <i>Damaris</i>, viz. Mya Margaritifera of Linnæus. In fact, the + line of demarcation between Unio and Anodon appears to rest on the first + possessing cardinal teeth, and the latter having none.</p> + + <p>I have several valves (in different stages of growth), and one perfect + specimen of this shell; they were sent to me from the back settlements of + North America.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate161"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 161</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl161.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl161.jpg" + alt="Plate 161." title="Plate 161." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">VOLUTA</span> punctata,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-dotted Volute.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa ovata. Spira aperturâ brevior, apice papillari. Basis + truncata, emarginata. Columella plicata, plicis inferioribus + majoribus.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate. Spire shorter than the aperture, the tip papillary. Base + truncated, emarginate. Pillar plaited, the inferior plaits generally + largest.</p> + + <p>Generic Types. <i>Volutæ Olla</i>, <i>Imperialis</i>, <i>Pacifica</i>, + <i>&c.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>V. testâ ovatâ, subfusiformi, tuberculatâ, pallidè rubellâ fasciis + 2 maculatis, rubris, punctis minutis interstinctis; columellâ 4 + plicatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate, subfusiform, tuberculated, flesh-coloured, with two bands + of red spots interspersed with minute dots; pillar 4 plaited.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In "Exotic Conchology," I have commenced, and intend to complete, a + copious illustration of this noble family of shells; which (if the simile + be admissible) may be termed the nobles of testaceous animals, with as + much truth as Linnæus has called Palms the princes of the vegetable + world. The Volutes, indeed, are imposing shells; both from their size, + rarity, and their rich (but not gaudy) colouring; and it is not + improbable that the value of a choice collection of the principal + species, would be equal to their own weight in solid gold.</p> + + <p>The species now under consideration is only known from an injured + specimen in Mr. Dubois' cabinet; although much rubbed on one side, it + presents on the other a true pattern of its original markings; the margin + of the outer lip, and the tip of the spire, are both injured; yet, + notwithstanding these defects, there are abundant characters remaining to + evince its total dissimilarity from any other recorded species.</p> + + <p>I have preferred subjoining only the essential generic characters of + this genus, as most intelligible to students; particularly as its natural + characters are fully detailed in the first part of "Exotic + Conchology."</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate162"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 162</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl162.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl162.jpg" + alt="Plate 162." title="Plate 162." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> fasciata,</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Banded Achatina,</i></span> (<i>3 varieties</i>.)</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 30.</h6> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See Pl. 74.</h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>(Young.) <i>Aperturâ basi integrâ.</i> Base of the aperture + entire.</p> + + <p>Ach. pallida. <i>Zool. Ill.</i> <i>vol.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 41.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Since the first illustration of this elegant species appeared, at + plate 74 of this work, I have had the means of ascertaining a very + extraordinary circumstance which takes place in the progressive growth of + the young shell to the adult state; and that is the change effected in + the form and termination of the pillar or columella. In the noble + collection of shells formed by the late Earl of Tankerville, there is a + numerous series of this species; from these I have ascertained, that in + the young shells the base of the columella unites with the termination of + the outer lip, making the aperture entire, similar to the lengthened + Helices; but, as the shell advances in growth, the base of the columella + becomes thick, detached, as it were, from the marginal rim, so as to + produce an intervening notch, and thus gives the old and the young shell + not only an appearance of being distinct species, but of belonging to + separate genera. From these facts, I have drawn the conclusion, that + <i>Achatina pallida</i> (pl. 41), is but the young shell (having the + margin of the aperture as yet entire) of <i>Achatina fasciata</i>; and + the three additional varieties now figured, will, I hope, prove an + interesting addition to the history of this species.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate163"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 163</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl163.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl163.jpg" + alt="Plate 163." title="Plate 163." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HEMIPODIUS</span> nivosus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-spotted Turnix.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, valdè compressum culmine levato, + ad apicem sub-incurvo. Nares laterales, lineares, sulcatæ, membranâ + convexâ corneâ vix tectæ, aperturâ fissâ, elongatâ. Pedes longi, digitis + tribus anticis divisis. Halluce caret. Cauda brevissima tectricibus + obtecta. Alæ mediocres.</i></p> + + <p>Bill moderate, slender, straight, much compressed, culmen elevated, + towards the tip slightly incurved. Nostrils lateral, linear, sulcated, + partially covered by a convex horny membrane, the aperture narrow and + elongated; legs long, with three toes before, divided at their base. Hind + toe none. Tail very short, concealed by the covers. Wings moderate.</p> + + <p>Generic Type. <i>Perdix nigricollis.</i> Lath.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>H. supra ferrugineo varius; mento albescente; jugulo pectoreque + pallidè ferrugineis, maculis albis, nitidis, ornatis; corpore albo; + uropygio caudæque tectricibus superioribus rufis, immaculatis.</i></p> + + <p>Above varied with ferruginous; chin whitish; throat and breast pale + ferruginous, with white shining spots; body white; rump and upper + tail-covers rufous, unspotted.</p> + + <p>H. nivosus. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Phil. Magazine</i>, <i>vol.</i> + 60. <i>p.</i> 353.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I have represented this delicate little bird of its natural size; + which is so small, as scarcely to equal that of a Lark. The Turnix + inhabits the sandy deserts of Africa and India, and seems to form a race + of pigmy Bustards, all the species yet discovered (fourteen in number) + being very diminutive. Little is known of their habits in a state of + nature, further than that they migrate, and fly with great rapidity. The + specific character will distinguish <i>H. nivosus</i> as a species; and I + have already given a more detailed description of it in the Journal above + quoted. Mr. Leadbeater received it from Senegal.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate164"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 164</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl164.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl164.jpg" + alt="Plate 164." title="Plate 164." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> annulosa,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-eyed Warbler.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate139">Pl. 139.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. olivaceo-viridis, infrà albescens; jugulo flavescente; palpebris + plumis niveis insignibus.</i></p> + + <p>Olive-green, beneath whitish; throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a + ring of snowy feathers.</p> + + <p>Sylvia Madagascariensis. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. 533. <i>Gm.</i> 1. + 981.</p> + + <p>White-eyed Warbler. <i>Lath. Gen. Syn.</i> 4. 475. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> + 10. 2. 720.</p> + + <p>Ficedula Madagascariensis minor. <i>Briss. Ois.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 498. + <i>t.</i> 28. <i>f.</i> 2. (<i>male</i>.) <i>Briss. Orn.</i> 1. 446.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>Le + Figuier Tcheric</i>, <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> + 132.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>A delicate ring of snow-white feathers encircles the eyes of this + pretty bird. It is far from being peculiar to Madagascar (as Dr. Latham's + name of <i>Madagascariensis</i> would seem to imply), but is spread over + a wide extent of the eastern hemisphere; being found both in the Isle of + France, the Cape of Good Hope, and Madras. The name, therefore, is + peculiarly inapplicable; but this is not all: for we find that the same + author, a few pages after, has given this identical name to another very + different bird; the same error is transferred into Shaw's Zoology.</p> + + <p>Figure, the size of life: colour above, olive green; ears and sides of + the head the same: chin, throat, and under tail covers yellow; breast + cinereous, changing to dusky brown on the flanks; the middle of the body + whitish; between the eye and bill a velvet-black line, which forms a + partial margin to the snowy feathers of the eyelids; wings and tail dusky + black, margined with olive.</p> + + <p>Very indifferent figures of both sexes will be found in Vaillant's + African birds; from his description it seems to be a gregarious species. + I regret not being able, at this moment, to refer to the work.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate165"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 165</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl165.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl165.jpg" + alt="Plate 165." title="Plate 165." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> annulosa,</span> (<i>var.</i> <span class="grk">β</span>.)</h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-eyed Warbler.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate139">Pl. 139.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>S. suprà cinerea, infrà albescens, capite, alis uropygioque + olivaceo-flavis; jugulo flavescente; palpebris plumis niveis + insignibus.</i></p> + + <p>Above cinereous, beneath whitish; head, wings, and rump, olive yellow; + throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>On first receiving this bird from New Holland, I was inclined to think + it a distinct species from the African White-eyed Warbler; but further + consideration has led me to adopt a different opinion: it is true that I + am unacquainted with any one land bird which is common to both countries, + and much weight should be attached to the geographic distribution both of + families and species. These two birds, however, differ in their colour, + and somewhat in their size. On the other hand, the White-eyed Warbler, as + before observed, is found both in Africa and India; and is, therefore, + probably migratory. Nature, moreover, is not bound by laws to which there + are no exceptions; and the leading points of resemblance between these + birds are very strong. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined to consider + them as varieties of one species, forming a solitary exception to the + general dissimilarity between the birds of Africa and those of New + Holland.</p> + + <p>Size of the Wood Wren: the head and ears are olive yellow, changing to + brighter yellow on the chin, and part of the throat; the neck and back + cinereous, graduating to yellowish olive on the rump and upper tail + covers; wings the same, the inside of the quills blackish; sides of the + throat cinereous; body and under tail covers whitish; the sides tinged + with ferruginous; the stripe between the bill and eye is more brown than + black; and the white feathers round the eye, not so conspicuous as in the + African variety.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate166"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 166</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl166.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl166.jpg" + alt="Plate 166." title="Plate 166." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> citrinus,</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Citron Bulimus,</i></span> (<i>3 varieties</i>.)</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 4.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>—See Pl. 46.</h6> + +<h6 class="mt1"><span class="sc">Varieties.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>A. Yellow, with black lines. <i>Zool. Ill.</i> <i>pl.</i> 46.</p> + + <p>B. Yellow, with black lines and chesnut stripes. <i>Zool. Ill.</i> + <i>p.</i> 47.</p> + + <p>C. Yellow, variegated with green; inner lip obsolete. <i>Fig.</i> 1. + <i>B. virescens.</i> <i>Sw. Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 13.</p> + + <p>D. Green, striped with yellow; inner lip white. <i>Fig.</i> 2. 3.</p> + + <p>E. Orange, with flame-coloured waved stripes. <i>Fig.</i> 4.</p> + + <p>F. Pale yellow, with brown waved stripes.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the + Citron Bulimus not only show the great variability of the species, but + clearly prove that <i>B. virescens</i> is, as I suspected, only a variety + of <i>B. citrinus</i>. In the shell at fig. 1. the upper part of the + inner lip (like that described in the Bligh Appendix), is entirely + wanting; although it bears, in every other respect, the appearance of a + full-grown shell; the umbilicus likewise is open; but in the shell at + fig. 2. and 3. the inner lip is quite perfect, and consequently folds + over the umbilicus; thus the connexion between the green and yellow + varieties is completely established.</p> + + <p>I have subjoined a slight arrangement of the principal varieties; and + have only further to observe, that the specific character I first + proposed, appears to me the only one by which this species may be truly + distinguished.</p> + + <p>Since the description of <i>B. aureus</i> at pl. 47 was written, I + have seen several other specimens; all of which tend to confirm my belief + that it is distinct from <i>B. citrinus</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate167"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 167</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl167.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl167.jpg" + alt="Plate 167." title="Plate 167." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> crassus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Thick Anodon, or Horse Mussel.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 96.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ ovatâ, latâ, crassa; margine cardinali subarcuato, + extremitate utrâque angulatâ alatâ; umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus + retusis.</i></p> + + <p>Shell oval, broad, thick; hinge margin subarcuated, the extremities + winged and angulated; umbones prominent, the tips retuse.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>It is only recently that travellers have directed their attention to + the less attractive shells of distant regions; and our cabinets now begin + to be enriched by the numerous land and fresh-water species of those + countries. Among these new acquisitions, the fresh-water bivalves appear + the most extraordinary in their formation, and the most numerous in + species. Of the Anodons, it may be doubted whether the great Linnæus was + acquainted with more than three or four species; Lamarck enumerates + fifteen, but a much greater number have passed under my own + examination.</p> + + <p>The species now illustrated is very peculiar; it is a strong, thick + shell; in form resembling <i>Hyria corrugata</i>, Lamarck; having both + extremities winged and compressed; the umbonial slope<a name="NtA_6" + href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> elevated, and somewhat angulated; the + umbones thick and prominent, but obtuse, or nearly truncate, at their + apex; the outside of the shell of a dark grass-green colour, and nearly + smooth, excepting at the posterior side, which is marked by sulcated + striæ following the lines of growth; the inside is opaque and whitish, + with rich iridescent margins: the muscular impressions deep, and the + hinge margin quite smooth.</p> + + <p>I know of no other specimen than one in Mr. Dubois' collection, and am + altogether unacquainted with its locality; although its <i>habit</i> + leads me to think it is from South America.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate168"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 168</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl168.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl168.jpg" + alt="Plate 168." title="Plate 168." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">RAMPHASTOS</span> ambiguus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Doubtful Toucan.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 45.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>R. niger; jugulo flavo; mandibulæ superioris parte superiore flavâ, + transversè maculatâ, strigâ viridi obliquè divisâ; mandibulâ inferiore + nigrâ.</i></p> + + <p>Black; throat yellow, upper mandible black, the upper half yellow, + with an oblique green stripe and transverse spots; the under mandible + black.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The obscurity with which modern ornithologists have described these + remarkable birds, would have induced me, long ago, to have attempted a + more perfect account of all the species in this work; but as this might + have been considered, by some, an infringement on the miscellaneous plan + on which it was commenced, I feel obliged to confine myself only to their + occasional illustration.</p> + + <p>The species now selected is one I have never seen; but I have no doubt + of its existence, and little of the accuracy of its delineation. I before + alluded to several drawings of Toucans which had come to my hands, + executed by an unknown artist: among them is a figure of that now + published; with a note subjoined, stating it was drawn "from the bird + just dead." The other drawings of the same artist represent several of + the common species, and their accuracy is presumptive evidence that this + also is represented correctly. The singular colouring of the bill at once + separates it from all known species; and for its further history, we must + trust to the exertions of those travellers, visiting South America, who + may feel an interest in illustrating these singular birds.</p> + + <p>I more than once heard, when in Brazil, of a <i>Blue Toucan</i>; but + it was said to be very rare, and I never was fortunate enough to meet + with one.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate169"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 169</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl169.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl169.jpg" + alt="Plate 169." title="Plate 169." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PTEROGLOSSUS</span> viridis,</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Green Aracari,</i></span> (<i>male</i>.)</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 44.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>P. nigro virescens; capite juguloque nigris, fœminæ + castaneis; corpore flavo; rostro serrato, tomiis albis, mandibulâ + superiore aurantiacâ, lineâ longitudinali, laterali, mediâ, nigrâ, + mandibulâ inferiore cæruleâ.</i></p> + + <p>Blackish green; head and neck black (in the female chesnut), body + yellow; bill toothed, the margins white, upper mandible orange, with a + black longitudinal line; lower mandible blue.</p> + + <p>Ramphastos viridis. <i>Linn. Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 353. <i>Lath. + Ind. Orn.</i> 1. 138. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8. 2. <i>p.</i> 370.</p> + + <p>Green Toucan. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 1. 331.</p> + + <p>Tucana Cayanensis viridis. <i>Briss. Ois.</i> 4. 423. <i>pl.</i> 33. + <i>f.</i> 1. <i>Id. Orn.</i> 2. 162. <i>Pl. Enl.</i> 727. <i>mas.</i> + 728. <i>fœm.</i></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is a common bird, known to the older ornithologists; but here + introduced, for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which + ornament the bill of the live bird: the figures likewise above referred + to are so very loosely drawn, that a more correct representation of the + species appeared desirable. A remarkable character pervades all the + Aracaris, (with the exception of <i>P. sulcatus</i>, pl. 44,) the head + and throat being black in the male, and chesnut or grey in the female + birds; the bills also of the latter are always the smallest; that of the + Green Aracari is larger, thicker, and more curved than in any other + species; the serratures strong and unequal; the top, and upper half of + the superior mandible, pure yellow; the lower half orange; these colours + being divided by a slender isolated black line; the under mandible blue, + with the base rosy; its general plumage bears a resemblance to several + other species. Dr. Latham says the orbits are yellow; this, however, is a + mistake, for both the orbits and irides are grass-green; this writer + likewise refers to Edwards, pl. 329, for this bird; which plate, in fact, + represents a Toucan, and is that bird which I have described and figured + under the name of <i>R. carinatus</i>, pl. 45.</p> + + <p>I believe this species is confined to the northern parts of South + America. Mr. Charles Edmonston brought home fine specimens from Demerara; + they were preserved with so much skill, that the colours of the bill + almost retained their primitive brightness; Le Vaillant, I believe, has + figured this bird; but I have not, at this time, access to his valuable + book.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate170"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 170</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl170.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl170.jpg" + alt="Plate 170." title="Plate 170." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MALURUS</span> Africanus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>African Soft-tail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate170">Pl. 170.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. suprà rufescens, strigis nigris varius; genis mentoque + albentibus, strigâ nigrâ intermediâ; rectricibus attenuatis, nigris, rufo + marginatis.</i></p> + + <p>Above rufous brown with black stripes; sides of the head and chin + whitish, divided by a black stripe; tail feathers attenuated, black, the + margins rufous.</p> + + <p>Motacilla Africana. <i>Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 958.</p> + + <p>Sylvia Africana. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 518. <i>Gen. + Zool.</i> 10. 2. <i>p.</i> 615.</p> + + <p>African Warbler. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 436.</p> + + <p>Curruca nævia. <i>C. B. Spei. Brisson. Ois.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> 390. + <i>tab.</i> 22. <i>f.</i> 2. <i>Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 419.</p> + + <p>Le Fluteur. <i>Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique.</i></p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>Le + Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The characters of <i>Malurus</i>, together with a few observations on + the birds composing it, I have already given at plate 170 of this work. + Yet as the species are scattered in several distinct genera of the + Linnæan school, I have here represented that which may be termed the type + of the genus, as instituted by Professor Temminck, and as modified by + myself. On comparing the characters of <i>Timalia</i> (a new genus of Dr. + Horsfield's) with those of <i>Malurus</i>, they will be found to + designate one and the same group of birds. Indeed, the minute and + interesting details, which Dr. Horsfield has given, put the question + almost beyond doubt, and lead me to conclude, that the Doctor was not + aware, at the time, that his genus was already recorded.</p> + + <p>This bird is not uncommon at the Cape of Good Hope. The notes of the + male (according to M. Le Vaillant) are soft and agreeable, much + resembling those of a flute; the shortness of the wings renders its + flight very low. The figure is of the natural size; and the bird has been + so well described by Brisson and Latham, that it is needless to repeat + what they have said; the figures both of Le Vaillant and Brisson are by + no means accurate. The tail feathers are delicate and transparent; and + those of the whole body very soft, with detached webs or <i>radii</i>, + similar to Dr. Horsfield's <i>Timalia pileata</i>, and + <i>gularis</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate171"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 171</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl171.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl171.jpg" + alt="Plate 171." title="Plate 171." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">UNIO</span> fragilis.</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Fragile River Mussel.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 58.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>U. testâ transversim ovatâ, tenui, intùs purpurascente; dentibus + cardinalibus tuberculatis, sub-obsoletis.</i></p> + + <p>Shell transversely oval, thin, within purple; cardinal teeth + tuberculated, nearly obsolete.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of + colouring, which diversifies the exterior of marine shells, and renders + their distinction comparatively easy. A uniform olive green, or brown + tint, pervades all the fluviatile genera; their specific distinctions + rest on characters which frequently require long and perplexing + descriptions, but which can be explained by the artist with ease and + precision. It follows, therefore, that accurate figures of these shells + are more particularly wanted; for, although Lamarck has described so + many, the short descriptions which he has given, and the want of figures + to elucidate them, render it impossible to determine accurately one half + of the species which he has enumerated.</p> + + <p><i>Unio fragilis</i> is principally distinguished by the cardinal + teeth: those in the right valves are 2; short, obtuse, and nearly + obsolete, more resembling tubercles, than the crenated or striated teeth + of this genus. The left valve has one tooth rather sharper. In young + shells the ligamental margin is nearly straight, and its extremity + somewhat angulated; but old shells lose these appearances, and become + perfectly oval. In both stages of growth the shell is very thin, convex, + and the inside (near the umbones) purple. The slight development of the + cardinal teeth brings this shell nearer to the genus <i>Anodon</i>, than + any other <i>Unio</i> which I have seen.</p> + + <p>It inhabits the rivers of North America, and was sent to me by + Professor Rafinesque.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate172"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 172</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl172.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl172.jpg" + alt="Plate 172." title="Plate 172." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> reflexa,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Purple Apple Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 103.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ ovato-globosâ, lævi; spirâ ventricosâ, obtusâ, sub + epidermide purpureâ; aperturâ nigro-purpurascente; labio exteriore tenui, + margine reflexo.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate-globose, smooth; spire ventricose, obtuse; beneath the + epidermis, purple; aperture blackish purple; outer lip thin, the margin + reflected.</p> + + <p><i>Knorr</i>, <i>vol.</i> 5. <i>pl.</i> 5. <i>f.</i> 2. + (uncoated.)</p> + + <p>Ampullaria reflexa. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> <i>vol.</i> + 61. <i>p.</i> 377.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The only record that I can find (in the works of the old writers) for + this Ampullaria, is the figure by Knorr above quoted; it is obviously + drawn from an uncoated specimen, although I have seen instances, where + the blackish purple on the spire was so intense, as to obscure the thin + epidermis which covered it. The peculiar character of the species, and in + which it differs from all others, is in the outer margin of the lip; + which is thin, rather spread out, and slightly reflected; the form of the + shell resembles <i>A. fasciata</i>, but the spire, instead of being + pointed, is obtuse; the umbilicus, likewise, is smaller and more + concealed. From the absence of a groove round the aperture, I conclude + the operculum is horny.</p> + + <p>The size varies; perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than + the figure, and I have seen others much larger, and with the aperture + more chesnut than purple.</p> + + <p>I am not acquainted with its locality.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate173"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 173</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl173.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl173.jpg" + alt="Plate 173." title="Plate 173." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">GALLINULA</span> ruficollis,</span> <i>var.</i></h5> + +<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-bellied Gallinule</i></span> <i>var.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Gallinula.</i> Briss. Cuv. Tem. Lath. <i>Fulica</i>, <i>Rallus</i>. + Linn. <i>Crex.</i> Illiger.</p> + + <p><i>Rostrum capite brevius, valdè compressum, conicum, rectum, apice + compresso, mandibulâ inferiore angulatâ. Nares sulcatæ, membranâ obtectæ; + aperturâ magnâ, oblongâ, perviâ, vix mediâ. Pedes elongati, grallarii, + genibus nudis, digitis gracilibus tribus, halluce mediocri.</i></p> + + <p>Bill shorter than the head, much compressed, conic, straight, the tips + compressed, inferior mandible angulated. Nostrils sulcated, covered by a + membrane; aperture large, oblong, pervious, nearly medial. Feet long, + wading, knees naked, fore toes three, long, slender, hind toe (or thumb) + short.</p> + + <p>Generic type. <i>Rallus porzana.</i> Linn.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p>Gall. ruficollis var. A? <i>Olivaceo-fusca; cervice cinereâ; pectore, + abdomine, alisque rufis; crisso, uropygio, caudâque nigris; tectricibus + interioribus rufis, nigro-fasciatis; pedibus rubris.</i></p> + + <p>Olive brown; neck cinereous; breast, body, and wings rufous; belly, + rump, and tail black; interior wing covers rufous, banded with black; + legs red.</p> + + <p>Fulica ruficollis. <i>Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 700. <i>Turton</i>, 1. + <i>p.</i> 423.</p> + + <p>Gallinula ruficollis. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. 767.</p> + + <p>Black-bellied Gallinule. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 253.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This is one of the largest water hens found in Brazil, where it is + very rare. I am indebted to Dr. Langsdorff for the only specimen which I + brought from that country. It differs considerably from the Black-bellied + Gallinule of Latham, yet, perhaps, not sufficiently to record it as a + distinct species.</p> + + <p>Total length fifteen inches and a half; bill one and a half; the base + (in the dead bird) orange, the other half green; frontlet none; the crown + and nape are grey brown, the sides cinereous, and the throat whitish; the + neck both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is + lead-coloured; it then changes to rufous, which spreads over the breast, + body, wing covers, and greater quills; the lower part of the neck above, + with the back, scapulars, and lesser quills, brownish olive; the belly, + thighs, tail, and rump black; the inner wing covers are remotely barred + with black; legs (in the live bird) red.</p> + + <p>Latham describes the Black-bellied G. as seventeen inches long; the + bill two inches; the quills greenish brown, with rufous margins; the fore + part of the neck and breast bright rufous; and the flanks with black + bands.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate174"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 174</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl174.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl174.jpg" + alt="Plate 174." title="Plate 174." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TANAGRA</span> canicapilla,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey-crowned Tanager.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, basi trigonâ, lateribus + compressis, culmine levato, mandibulâ superiore ad apicem deflexâ et + emarginatâ, inferioris brevioris rectæ basi crassâ, ambarum marginibus + inflexis. Nares parvæ, basi plumosâ, aperturâ rotundatâ, nudâ. Alæ + mediocres.</i></p> + + <p>Bill short, strong, conic, base trigonal, sides compressed, culmin + elevated, upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched, under + mandible shorter and straight, the base thick, the margins of both + inflexed. Nostrils small, the base feathered, the aperture round, naked. + Wings moderate.</p> + + <p>Generic Types. <i>Tanagra Jacapa, tricolor.</i> <i>Motacilla + velia.</i> Lin. <i>Pipra musica.</i> Lin.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. olivaceo-viridis, infrà flava; vertice cinereo, strigâ oculari + auribusque nigris; rostro gracili.</i></p> + + <p>Olive green, beneath yellow; crown cinereous, eye stripe and ears + black; bill slender.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The Tanagers are a numerous, and, in general, a beautiful tribe, + including some of the most richly coloured birds of America; to which + continent modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively + confined.</p> + + <p>M. Temminck proposes to unite with the Tanagers, several birds + scattered in the Linnæan Genera of <i>Lanius</i>, <i>Loxia</i>, + <i>Fringilla</i>, <i>Pipra</i>, and <i>Motacilla</i>. This view of the + subject, it may not be superfluous to add, is in perfect unison with my + own. In fact, I had meditated a similar arrangement; but the appearance + of M. Temminck's work rendered the publication of my own remarks no + longer necessary. The bird here figured belongs to that division which + forms a transition to the <i>Sylviæ</i>, from which they are readily + distinguished by the thickened base of the under mandible. It is not + uncommon in the West Indies; but I cannot find it described either among + the Tanagers, Finches, or Warblers of the Linnæan school: in this, + however, I may possibly be mistaken. It is represented the size of life, + and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate175"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 175</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl175.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl175.jpg" + alt="Plate 175." title="Plate 175." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> leucostoma,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-mouthed Apple Snail.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 98.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A testâ ovatâ, rugosâ, epidermide olivaceo-fuscâ; labio exteriore + tenui; aperturâ albâ; umbilico vix clauso.</i></p> + + <p>Shell oval, wrinkled; epidermis olive-brown; outer lip thin; aperture + white; umbilicus nearly closed.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In prosecuting my illustrations of this genus, I have carefully + examined all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends, and have added + many to my own. These materials have thrown some additional light on + those species which I have already described, and have enabled me to + detect several others altogether new. Among the latter is the shell here + figured, and which is so rare, that I know but one example of it in this + country. Its form is more oval than that of <i>A. rugosa</i>, from which + it is likewise distinguished by a very small umbilicus, nearly concealed + by the inner lip; the wrinkles are numerous and unequal, the spire + pointed, and the aperture milk-white.</p> + + <p>Since my remarks on the <i>Planorbis cornu-arietis</i> of Lamarck were + published, it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an + operculum: one of these is in the possession of Mr. Sowerby: thus what + was a matter of doubt becomes a fact, and affords the only substantial + argument for terming it an <i>Ampullaria</i>. On the other hand, its + affinities to <i>Planorbis</i> (marked by its discoid, depressed form, + and the total absence of the pillar,) remain in no degree impaired. The + weight of argument on both sides <i>now</i> appears to be so equal, that + it is a matter of no moment whether this shell be placed in the system at + the end of the <i>Ampullariæ</i>, or at the commencement of the + <i>Planorbes</i>. To the generality of conchologists, the latter + collocation would appear the most simple; but, on the whole, I incline + more to the propriety of considering it the terminal species of the + <i>Ampullariæ</i>, or that which marks their transition (as I before + observed) to the <i>Planorbes</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate176"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 176</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl176.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl176.jpg" + alt="Plate 176." title="Plate 176." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> elongatus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lengthened Anodon.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 96.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>A. testâ transversim oblongâ, crassâ, anticè compressâ, extremitate + utrâque rotundatâ; umbonibus valdè prominentibus, crassis; laminâ + cardinali convexâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell transversely oblong, thick, anteriorly compressed, both + extremities rounded; umbones very prominent, thick; hinge-plate + convex.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which + Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. It was formerly in + the late Mr. Forster's collection, and is now in the possession of Mrs. + Mawe. Its form is like that of <i>Unio ovatus</i> (<i>Mya ovata</i> of + Montague), but it is a much thicker and stronger shell; the posterior end + is greatly compressed, but round; the umbones convex, remarkably thick, + and deeply eroded; the inside pearly and iridescent, with a strong + flesh-coloured tinge; the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth, + and rather convex; the muscular impressions are deep.</p> + + <p>One valve of the specimen above alluded to (the only one I have seen), + is uncoated, and beautifully iridescent. Its country is unknown—but + I think it may prove a native of the South American rivers.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate177"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 177</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl177.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl177.jpg" + alt="Plate 177." title="Plate 177." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TURBINELLUS</span> spirillus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Carinated Turnip Shell.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Testa pyriformis vel fusiformis, sub-ponderosa. Apex papillosus. + Columella plicata. Labium interius margine dilatatum. Canalis elongatus, + rectus.</i></p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped or fusiform, heavy. Apex papillary. Pillar plaited. + Interior lip with the margin dilated. Canal lengthened, straight.</p> + + <p>Generic Type. <i>Voluta Pyrum.</i> Lin.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. pyriformi; spirâ depressâ, apice prominente; anfractu basali + carinato; labio interiore dilatato, albo; columellæ basi plicatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell pear-shaped; spire depressed, apex prominent; basal whorl + carinated, interior lip dilated, white; base of the pillar + one-plaited.</p> + + <p>Murex spirillus. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3544. <i>Dillwyn</i>, 721.</p> + + <p><i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 115. <i>f.</i> 1069. <i>Knorr</i>, 6. + <i>tab.</i> 24. <i>f.</i> 3.</p> + + <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda" + ><i>Pyrula Spirillus.</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 142.</span></p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In assigning a situation, under the modern system, to the <i>Murex + spirillus</i> of Linnæus, no genus appears to me more adapted for its + reception than that of <i>Turbinellus</i>. These shells were formerly + blended with the Linnæan Volutes, but are now detached from them as a + distinct genus. The most striking peculiarity consists in the + prolongation of the base into a long and straight canal; they possess, in + common with the Volutes, a papillary spire, and, in general, their + surface is smooth. There are, however, other shells classed by the French + conchologists with this genus, from their having a plaited columella; in + these, the apex of the spire is acute, the base truncated, and the + outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines; characters so greatly at + variance, and so very distinct from those first mentioned, that it + becomes questionable whether these latter shells should not rather be + classed as a distinct group: in fact, they are much more nearly allied to + <i>Mitra</i> and <i>Cancellaria</i>, which have acute spires, sculptured + volutions, and truncate bases, than to the smooth <i>Turbinelli</i>, + which differ so strikingly in all these particulars.</p> + + <p>This shell is common to many parts of the Indian Ocean; and, like most + of the smooth <i>Turbinelli</i>, has the inner lip dilated.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate178"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 178</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl178.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl178.jpg" + alt="Plate 178." title="Plate 178." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BUCEROS</span> coronatus,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Coronated Hornbill.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>Rostrum elongatum, crassum, inane, deflexum, marginibus obtusè + crenatis, epithemate inani, formâ vario, in mandibulam superiorem + imposito. Nares basales, ovatæ</i>, (<i>lingua brevis, angusta, + acuta</i>. Illiger.) <i>Pedes gressorii.</i></p> + + <p>Bill elongated, thick, hollow, deflexed, the margins obtusely + crenated, with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper + mandible. Nostrils basal, oval. Tongue short, narrow, pointed. Feet + gressorial.</p> + + <p>Generic Types. <i>B. Rhinoceros</i>, <i>bicornis</i>. Linn.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>B. niger, abdomine, striâ utrinque occipitali, apiceque rectricium + albis; rostro subcristato, (carinato,) rubro.</i> Shaw.</p> + + <p>Black Hornbill, with the abdomen, stripe on each side of the nape, and + tip of the tail white. Bill slightly crested, (carinated,) and red.</p> + + <p>Le Calao Couronné mâle. <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> <i>vol.</i> v. + <i>p.</i> 117. <i>pl.</i> 234.</p> + + <p>Buceros coronatus, Coronated Hornbill. <i>Shaw in Gen. Zool.</i> 8. + <i>p.</i> 35.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>The bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even + those of the Toucans; many species having knobs or excrescences which + seem to grow out of the bill itself, and give a strange appearance to the + bird. The whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of Africa + and Asia; feeding on animal substances, either living or dead.</p> + + <p>Le Vaillant discovered this bird in Caffraria; congregating in flocks + of near 500, along with crows and vultures, over the remains of + slaughtered elephants. It frequents forests, perching on high, and + generally withered trees; it likewise destroys insects.</p> + + <p>The specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie; the white + collar only surrounds the back of the head, and is not well defined; the + carinated process on the bill ends <i>abruptly</i>, and not + <i>gradually</i>, as seen in Le Vaillant's figure; the margins are + obtusely crenated, the tail even, and the two middle feathers entirely + black.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate179"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 179</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl179.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl179.jpg" + alt="Plate 179." title="Plate 179." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MUSCIPETA</span> labrosa,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-lipped Flycatcher.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 116.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>M. nitidè nigra; rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua + plumatis.</i></p> + + <p>Glossy black; gape margined by a red skin; legs feathered beyond the + knees.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>This bird, though unattractive in its colours, is nevertheless very + remarkable. It may be almost said to have <i>lips</i>; for round the + gape, at each angle of the mouth, is a narrow loose skin; perfectly + naked, and rather projecting. This singularity is increased by its colour + in the live bird; which, by a note attached to the specimen, is stated to + be of a beautiful red. It seems a species hitherto unknown, and was found + near the Great Fish River of Southern Africa.</p> + + <p>The figure is rather less than the natural size; the whole plumage + deep black; glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and + tail feathers; the quills inside are grey, margined with olive; the first + of these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and + the two next are nearly of equal length. The tail has ten feathers, and + is even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter. The + bill rather thick and strong, the culmine not very apparent, the upper + mandible strongly notched, the under but slightly; the nostrils are hid + by thickset incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the + aperture, which is rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow + membrane. The legs are very short, the three fore-toes united as far as + the first joint, the hind-toe short; the claws of all are small, and the + sole of the foot perfectly flat, like the Bee-eaters. I have been minute + in noting these characters, because, although the bird will stand at + present in the great family of the Flycatchers, there is no doubt they + will hereafter be divided into distinct groups.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate180"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 180</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl180.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl180.jpg" + alt="Plate 180." title="Plate 180." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TURDUS</span> vociferans,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Calling Thrush.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>T. cinereus, infrà ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudæ + rotundatæ pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis.</i></p> + + <p>Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail + rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous.</p> + + <p>Le Réclammeur. <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> <i>tom.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> + 33, <i>pl.</i> 104.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant, + who discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note + of the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and + evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually + seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well + illustrates the peculiar note of the male:—One of his Dutch + Hottentots, by name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly + around him, uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of + <i>Piet myn vrow</i>, (or, '<i>Peter</i>—my wife,') that the poor + lad (perfectly astonished) took to his heels, and vowed never more to + handle a gun.</p> + + <p>Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous: + on each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and + forms a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear + ferruginous yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail + feathers the same, the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair + has likewise a narrow margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers + dusky brown, with pale cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides + hazel: bill rather small and black, compressed the whole length, and + having weak bristles at its base.</p> + + <p>This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet + defined the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at + present from proposing its characters.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate181"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 181</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl181.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl181.jpg" + alt="Plate 181." title="Plate 181." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">VOLUTA</span> Pusio,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Dwarf Volute.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See <a href="#Plate161">Pl. 161.</a></h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>V. testâ ovato-obtusâ, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis + fulvis interstinctis cinctâ; anfractu basali obtusè nodoso; spirâ + brevissimâ, acutâ; columellâ incrassatâ, multiplicatâ.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body + whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute; + pillar thickened with many plaits.</p> + + <p>Voluta Pusio. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal</i>, <i>vol.</i> + 61. <i>p.</i> 378.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his + <i>Animaux</i>, contains but two species in addition to those long ago + described by him in the <i>Annales du Mus.</i>; thus omitting many of + those new Volutes which of late years have been discovered. On the other + hand, this naturalist has created five species from the varieties of + <i>V. musica</i> Lin. resting their characters on colour, bands, and the + number of the lesser or spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no + argument to prove that these principles of distinction are the most + uncertain he could have chosen; scarcely two specimens of <i>V. + musica</i> being found alike. These supposed species must, therefore, + again merge into one.</p> + + <p>The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is + quite smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire + remarkably short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to + <i>V. virescens</i> Sol. (<i>Polyzonalis</i> Lam.) and to <i>V. fulva</i> + Lam. I have neither of these shells at present before me; but if + Lamarck's description of them, and the figures which he has cited, be + correct, I have no doubt they are but one species; <i>V. polyzonalis</i> + being the <i>smooth</i>, and <i>V. fulva</i> being the <i>nodulous</i> + variety of Solander's <i>V. virescens</i>. In fact, Lamarck says both + shells are transversely striated.</p> + + <p><i>V. pusio</i> is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described + from a specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is + perfect, but its colours are somewhat faded.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p><a name="Plate182"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> + 182</span></p> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;"> + <a href="images/v3_pl182.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl182.jpg" + alt="Plate 182." title="Plate 182." /></a> + </div> +<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'CYPRŒA'">CYPRÆA</span></span> spadicea,</span></h5> + +<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut Cowry.</i></h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>—See Pl. 111.</h6> + +<hr class="plainsp"/> + +<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ ovatâ, oblongâ, immaculatâ; dorso rufo; ventre albo; + lateribus lividis.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white; + sides livid.</p> + + <p>C. spadicea. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> <i>vol.</i> 61. + <i>p.</i> 376.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles <i>C. + onyx</i>; but its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for + that or any other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and + pure white; the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short, + and but faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three + specimens have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young, + showed the internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all + received by Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas.</p> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><span class="gesperrt"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'CYPRŒA'">CYPRÆA</span></span> sanguinolenta</h5> + +<h5>(<i>Middle figures.</i>)</h5> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<blockquote class="b1s"> + + <p><i>C. testâ ovato-oblongâ, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito; + lateribus incarnato-violaceis, lividè guttatis; ventre depresso.</i></p> + + <p>Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides + flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed.</p> + + <p><i>C. testâ ovato-oblongâ, cinereo-cærulescente, fulvo vel fusco + fasciatâ, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis.</i> <i>Lam. + Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 396.</p> + + <p>C. sanguinolenta. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3406. <i>Turton</i>, 4. <i>p.</i> + 335. <i>Dill.</i> 445. <i>Martini</i>, 1. <i>t.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 265, + 266. <i>Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 356. <i>f.</i> 12.</p> + + <p>C. purpurascens. <i>Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> 61. <i>p.</i> + 376.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + + <p>Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell + as blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the + figures by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed + my <i>purpurascens</i> as a variety of Gmelin's <i>sanguinolenta</i>. The + back of the shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or + belly) is flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the + base of the aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern + Africa.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL INDEX</h5> + +<h6 style="font-size:50%">OF</h6> + +<h6 class="mt1">LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h6> + +<h6 style="font-size:50%" class="mt1">TO</h6> + +<h5>VOL. III.</h5> + +<h6>IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.</h6> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="mc"> +<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td> +<td style="width:40%"> </td> +<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria corrugata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td> +<td> Wrinkled Apple-snail</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Cinnyris Javanica</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td> +<td> Javanese Creeper</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Achatina virginea, <i>var.</i> 1 and 2</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td> +<td> Common striped Achatina</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> 3 and 4</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> ditto</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Licinia Crisia</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td> +<td> Licinia Crisia</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Papilio Nerius</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td> +<td> Papilio Nerius</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Conus vitulinus, <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td> +<td> Orange fox Cone</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> maldivus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Spanish-Admiral Cone</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto chesnut, <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> ditto chesnut, <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Melliphaga torquata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td> +<td> White-collared Honeysucker</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Trochilus latipennis, male</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td> +<td> Grey sickle-winged H. Bird</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Macroglossum annulosum</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td> +<td> Macroglossum annulosum</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Thecla Macaria</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td> +<td> Chesnut-spotted Hair-streak</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Strombus exustus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td> +<td> Burnt-mouthed Strombus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> lentiginosus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Tuberculated Strombus</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> tricornis</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td> +<td> Horned Strombus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria crassa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td> +<td> Thick Apple-snail</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Oblong ditto</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Papilio Polybius</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td> +<td> Papilio Polybius</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Malurus garrulus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td> +<td> Noisy Soft-tail Warbler</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Sylvia plumbea</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td> +<td> Grey-backed Warbler</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Troglodytes rectirostris</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td> +<td> Straight-billed Wren</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Psittacus chryseürus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td> +<td> Golden-tailed Parrot</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Nectarinia flaveola</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td> +<td> Yellow-bellied Nectarinia</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria sordida</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td> +<td> Brown Apple-snail</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Oval, punctured ditto</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Eburna Valentiana</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td> +<td> Arabian Eburna</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td> +<td> Tessellated ditto</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td> +<td> South Sea ditto</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Muscipeta carinata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td> +<td> Keel-billed Flycatcher</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Emberiza cristata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td> +<td> Crested Bunting</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Castnia Fabricii</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td> +<td> Red underwing Day-moth</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Sphinx fasciata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td> +<td> Sphinx fasciata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachii</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> Leachii</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> +Alcedo semitorquata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td> +<td> Half-collared Kingsfisher</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Achatina melastoma</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td> +<td> Black-mouthed Achatina</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Strombus lobatus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td> +<td> Lobed or brindled Strombus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Psittacus Malaccensis</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td> +<td> Blue-rumped Parrot</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Psittacus viridissimus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td> +<td> Green Parrot</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Fringilla oryzivora</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td> +<td> Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria effusa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td> +<td> Ribbon Apple-snail</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> luteostoma</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Yellow-mouthed ditto</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Pinna bullata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td> +<td> Rufous Pinna</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Satyrus argenteus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td> +<td> Satyrus argenteus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Anodon purpurascens</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td> +<td> Purple Anodon</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Voluta punctata</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td> +<td> Red-dotted Volute</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Achatina fasciata, <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td> +<td> Banded Achatina, 3 <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Hemipodius nivosus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td> +<td> White-spotted Turnix</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Sylvia annulosa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td> +<td> White-eyed Warbler</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> <span class="grk">β</span></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td> +<td> Ditto, New Holland variety</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Bulimus citrinus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td> +<td> Citron Bulimus, 3 <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Anodon crassus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td> +<td> Thick Anodon</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ramphastos ambiguus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td> +<td> Doubtful Toucan</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Pteroglossus viridis</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td> +<td> Green Aracari (male)</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Malurus Africanus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td> +<td> African Soft-tail</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Unio fragilis</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td> +<td> Fragile River-mussel</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria reflexa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td> +<td> Purple Apple-snail</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Gallinula ruficollis, <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td> +<td> Black-bellied Gallinule</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Tanagra canicapilla</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td> +<td> Grey-crowned Tanager</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria leucostoma</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td> +<td> White-mouthed Apple-snail</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Anodon elongatus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td> +<td> Lengthened Anodon</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Turbinellus spirillus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td> +<td> Carinated Turnip-shell</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Buceros coronatus</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td> +<td> Coronated Hornbill</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Muscipeta labrosa</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td> +<td> Red-lipped Flycatcher</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Turdus vociferans</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td> +<td> Calling Thrush</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Voluta pusio</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td> +<td> Dwarf Volute</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Cypræa spadicea</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td> +<td> Cypræa spadicea</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX</h5> + +<h6>OF</h6> + +<h5>LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h5> + +<h6>TO</h6> + +<h5>VOLUME III.</h5> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="mc"> +<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td> +<td class="pl2" style="width:40%"> </td> +<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Achatina fasciata, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td> +<td> <i>Humming-bird, Grey sickle-wing</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> melostoma,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>female</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> virginea, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td> +<td> <i>Java Sparrow, or Paddy-bird</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, ditto,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td> +<td> <i>Kingsfisher, half-collared</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>banded</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td> +<td> Licinia Crisia,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>black-mouthed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td> +<td> Macroglossum annulosum,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>common, striped</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> fasciatum,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td> +<td> Malurus, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Alcedo semitorquata,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Africanus,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Ampullaria corrugata,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> garrulus,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td> +<td> Melliphaga torquata,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> effusa,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td> +<td> Muscipeta carinata,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> leucostoma,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> labrosa,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> leuteostoma,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td> +<td> Nectarina flaveola,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>yellow-bellied</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td> +<td> <i>Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> reflexa,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td> +<td> Papilio Nerius,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> sordida,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Polybius,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Anodon crassus,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td> +<td> <i>Parrot, golden-tailed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> elongatus,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>blue-rumped</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> purpurascens,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>green</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>lengthened</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td> +<td> Pinna, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>thick</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> bullata,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>purple</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td> +<td> <i>Pinna, rufous</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Apple-snail, brown</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td> +<td> Psittacus chryseürus,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>oblong</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Malaccensis,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>oval, punctured</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> viridissimus,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>purple</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td> +<td> Pteroglossus viridis,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ribbon</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td> +<td> Ramphastos ambiguus,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>thick</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td> +<td> <i>River-mussel, fragile</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>white-mouthed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td> +<td> Satyrus, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>wrinkled</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> argenteus,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>yellow-mouthed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td> +<td> Strombus exustus,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Aracari, green</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> lentiginosus,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Bulimus citrinus, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> lobatus,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>citron</i>, green variety,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> tricornis,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Buceros, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>burnt-mouthed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> coronatus,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>tuberculated</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Bunting, crested</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td> +<td> <i>Strombus, horned</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Castnia, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>lobed, or brindled</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Fabricii,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Sphinx fasciata,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Cinnyris Javanica,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> Leachii,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Conus maldivus,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td> +<td> Sylvia, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> annulosa,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> vitulinus, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Cone, Spanish-Admiral</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> plumbea,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>chesnut variety</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td> +<td> <i>Soft-tail, noisy</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>orange, fox</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>African</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Creeper, Javanese</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td> +<td> Tanagra, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Cypræa spadicea,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> canicapilla,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Tanager, grey-crowned,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Day-moth, red underwing</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td> +<td> Thecla Macaria,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Eburna, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td> +<td> <i>Thrush, calling</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td> +<td> Trochilus latipennis, male,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> ditto, female,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Valentiana,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td> +<td> Troglodytes, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Arabian</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> rectirostris,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>South Sea</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td> +<td> Turbinellus, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>tesselated</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> spirillus,</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Emberiza, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td> +<td> Turdus vociferans,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> cristata,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> <i>Turnip-shell, carinated</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Flycatcher, keel-billed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td> +<td> <i>Turnix, white-spotted</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>red-lipped</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td> +<td> Voluta, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Fringilla, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> pusio,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> oryzivora,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> punctata,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Gallinula, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td> +<td> <i>Volute, dwarf</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ruficollis, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>red-dotted</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Gallinule, black-bellied</i>, <i>var.</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td> Unio fragilis,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Hair-streak, chesnut-spotted</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td> +<td> <i>Warbler, olive-backed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> Hemipodius, Gen. Char.,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>white-eyed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> nivosus,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td> +<td class="pl2"> <i>New Holland variety</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <i>Honey-sucker, while-collared</i>,</td> +<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td> +<td> <i>Wren, straight-billed</i>,</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5 class="lg125">VERTEBROSA.</h5> + +<h5>PART III.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><i>ORNITHOLOGY.</i></h5> + +<table class="mc" style="width:16em"> +<tr><td> </td> +<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cinnyris</span> Javanica</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Melliphaga</span> torquata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Trochilus</span> latipennis, male</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Malurus</span> garrulus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Africanus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sylvia</span> plumbea</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> annulosa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, New Holland variety</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Troglodytes</span> rectirostris</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Psittacus</span> chryseürus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Malaccensis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> viridissimus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Nectarinia</span> flaveola</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Muscipeta</span> carinata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> labrosa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Emberiza</span> cristata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Alcedo</span> semitorquata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Fringilla</span> oryzivora</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Hemipodius</span> nivosus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ramphastos</span> ambiguus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pteroglossus</span> viridis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Gallinula</span> ruficollis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Tanagra</span> canicapilla</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Buceros</span> coronatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Turdus</span> vociferans</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5 class="lg125">ENTOMOLOGY.</h5> + +<h5>PART III.</h5> + +<table class="mc" style="width:16em"> +<tr><td> </td> +<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Licinia</span> Crisia</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Papilio</span> Nerius</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Polybius</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Thecla</span> Macaria</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Macroglossum</span> annulosum</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sphinx</span> fasciata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachii</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Castnia</span> Fabricii</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Satyrus</span> argenteus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5 class="lg125">CONCHOLOGY.</h5> + +<h5>PART III.</h5> + +<hr class="plain"/> + +<h5><i>Univalves.</i></h5> + +<table class="mc" style="width:16em"> +<tr><td> </td> +<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ampullaria</span> corrugata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> sordida</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> effusa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> luteostoma</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> reflexa</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> leucostoma</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Achatina</span> virginea, <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> 3, 4.</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> melastoma</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciata, 3 <i>var.</i></td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Bulimus</span> citrinus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Conus</span> vitulinus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Maldivus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, variety</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Strombus</span> exustus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> lentiginosus</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> tricornis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> lobatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cypræa</span> spadicea</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td> +<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Eburna</span> Valentiana</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Voluta</span> punctata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> pusio</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Turbinellus</span> spirillus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<h5><i>Bivalves.</i></h5> + +<table class="mc" style="width:16em"> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pinna</span> bullata</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Anodon</span> purpurascens</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> crassus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="pl2"> elongatus</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> <span class="sc">Unio</span> fragilis</td> +<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <p>ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.</p> + +<table> +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp" colspan="2">In the Systematic Index, Conchology, Part I. for "<i>Acephalis</i>" read "<i>Acéphales</i>."</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> Pl. 92.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">page 1. line 13, for "<i>caudi</i>," read "<i>caudis</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="hid">page 1. line</span> 23, for "<i>Dentatis</i>" read "<i>Dentati</i>."</td></tr> +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:1em;"></span>— 3. — 11 from the bottom, for "<i>Lepidopteræ</i>" read "<i>Lepidoptera</i>."</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 102.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Synonyms, <i>A. virginea</i>. <i>Lamarck. Syst.</i> <i>tom.</i> 6. <i>part</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 131. <i>Sowerby's Genera.</i> <i>Achatina</i>, <i>f.</i> 2.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 124.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">last line, for "female" read "male;" and in the line above, for "male" read "female."</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 125.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">for "<i>P. Nireus</i>" read "<i>P. Nerius</i>."</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 126.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 467. 55; and for <i>Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 326. <i>f.</i> 204., read <i>pl.</i> 326. <i>fig.</i> 2 and 4.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 127.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 465. 50.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 134.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Strombus exustus</i>, described by Lamarck (<i>Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 211) under the name of <i>S. Papilio</i>. The first of these names, however, has the right of priority. (See <i>Mus. Cal.</i> 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for <i>S. lentiginosus</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Strombus lentiginosus.</i> Add to the Synonyms, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 203. <i>Knorr</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 13, <i>f.</i> 2. Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of this and the following species.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 135.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>St. tricornis.</i> Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 201.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 139.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Sylvia plumbea.</i> This bird greatly resembles the female of <i>S. pusilla</i> of Wilson (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson and Vieillot say there are two.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 145.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Eburna tessellata. Add to the Syn. <i>E. Arcolata</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 282. 4.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 146.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Eburna Pacifica. Add to the Syn. <i>E. lutosa?</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. 282. 5.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 150.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">The upper figure is of <i>Sphinx Leachii</i>, and the under of <i>S. fasciata</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 152.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Helix regina.</i> <i>Ferussac Moll.</i> <i>liv.</i> 19. <i>pl.</i> 119.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 153.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>S. bituberculatus</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 202. 6.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 157.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Amp. Effusa.<span class="gap" style="width:1em;"></span> Ditto, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 164.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Le Figuier Tcheric</i>, <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 132.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 166.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 170.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> — 177.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Pyrula Spirillus.</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 142.</td></tr> +</table> + +<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5> + +<h3>NOTES</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> "Pendant que les naturalistes + font des monographies, des ouvrages généraux où la synonymie, les coupes + systématiques sont, à force de temps et de soins, établies avec rigueur, + les auteurs des miscellanées, avec quelques phrases et des noms nouveaux, + font des genres ou des espèces, et publient 50 cahiers dans lesquels les + fruits de dix ans de recherches ou de voyages sont enlevés à leurs + auteurs. (F.)"—<i>Bulletin des Annonces et des Nouvelles + Scientifiques; publié sous la direction de M. le B. de Ferussac. N.</i> + 4. <i>p.</i> 53.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> See the Sketch Book of G. Crayon, + vol. i. p. 130.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> Bulletin des Annonces et des + Nouvelles Scientifiques, N. 6. p. 438.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> Donovan's Naturalist's + Repository.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> The additional list of synonyms + subjoined at the end of this volume almost entirely refer to one or two + books which have been subsequently published: the date of 1822, affixed + to the seventh volume of Lamarck's <i>H. N. des Animaux sans + Vertèbres</i>, is considerably before the time it was issued to the + public.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> I have applied this term to the + oblique descent made by the umbo, towards the basal extremity of the + anterior side of bivalves.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by +William Swainson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** + +***** This file should be named 39477-h.htm or 39477-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/4/7/39477/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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