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+Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by William Swainson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume III
+       or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
+       Interesting Animals
+
+Author: William Swainson
+
+Release Date: April 18, 2012 [EBook #39477]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied, and
+the captions to the last plate corrected from "CYPROEA" to CYPRĘA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Zoological Illustrations,
+
+OR
+
+ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
+
+OF
+
+NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING
+
+ANIMALS,
+
+SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF
+
+Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,
+
+AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF
+
+CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
+
+MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOL. III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+London:
+
+PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET;
+
+FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;
+AND W. WOOD, STRAND.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1822-3.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In concluding the last volume of these Illustrations, I may be allowed to
+express the satisfaction I feel, at the favourable manner in which the work
+has been received, both in this country and on the continent.
+
+Several objections have been urged, even by sensible writers, against
+miscellaneous works on Zoology. First, that they range over the whole
+animal kingdom, without completing the history of any one tribe. Secondly,
+that their authors, while professing to illustrate only what is new or
+little known, intrude a large proportion of subjects to be found in all the
+common natural histories. And thirdly, that this rapid mode of publishing
+new discoveries, is an infringement on the right, and is detrimental to the
+labours, of those naturalists who direct their attention to one particular
+branch. These objections, however, are not unanswerable; for, in the first
+place, these miscellanies should more properly be considered as graphic
+illustrations, or collections of figures, wherein the efforts of the
+artist, aided by scientific knowledge, are called forth, to complete, by
+his pencil, the more minute and detailed descriptions which should proceed
+from the pen of the monographer. The most perfect works in the science are
+undoubtedly those which unite the labours of both; but, in proportion as
+this perfection is attained, the general utility of such works is
+diminished. They become so enormously expensive, that they are only to be
+seen in universities and princely libraries; for the most part inaccessible
+to the naturalist, and nearly unknown to the public at large. The works of
+Le Vaillant, Desmarest, Vieillot, Ferussac, and several others, published
+in France and Germany, are of this description; and while in one sense they
+have considerably benefitted the science, they have in another proved very
+detrimental to its general diffusion. No sensible naturalist will risk his
+fame, by giving his observations to the world, without knowing what has
+been done by those who have preceded him;--until, in fact, he has proper
+materials to work upon. He knows that these sumptuous authors should be
+consulted; he has not the means of so doing; and he relinquishes his
+purpose in despair. Such has been the result in two or three instances
+which I could mention: and the power of materially extending the bounds of
+science is thus confined to those favoured few, who are so fortunate as to
+possess, or to have the power of consulting, those splendid publications.
+
+The second objection is well grounded; but in whatever degree it may apply
+elsewhere, I trust the following pages will evince my anxiety to render the
+work replete with subjects hitherto unknown or unrecorded; and my own
+collections, in most cases, have given me ample means for examining and
+comparing both the genera and species of nearly all the subjects I have
+attempted to illustrate.
+
+In several instances my opinions will be found to differ from those of many
+celebrated naturalists of the day; but I have endeavoured to put the reader
+in possession of the reasons which have led to the conclusions I have
+adopted. This is but justice towards those who have preceded me, and to the
+great body of naturalists, by whom such questions will ultimately be
+decided. The age is past wherein the _ipse dixit_ of a great name was
+enough to check all inquiries after truth. Assertions must now be proved
+before they are admitted: and those writers who lay before the public
+tribunal of science their facts, their arguments, and their deductions, can
+alone hope to have their opinions generally adopted.
+
+The third and last objection is as new as it is singular; and has been
+urged against Miscellanies in general by an anonymous French writer.[1]
+However an author may feel annoyance or disappointment, that another should
+be the first to publish discoveries, which _he_ fancies belong exclusively
+to himself, he surely has no title to complain. The field of Nature is open
+to the inquiries of all. In her domain there are not yet established any
+_scientific preserves_.[2] If occupation or indolence does not permit _one_
+labourer to make known his discoveries, is _another_ (who perhaps
+unconsciously has been working on the same ground) to hide the knowledge
+_he_ has gained? This is surely a principle at once illiberal and unjust.
+At this time, there is not perhaps a single department of Zoology which is
+not employing the attention of more than one writer. It is to the honour,
+and to the lasting benefit of science, that it should be so: and although a
+great part of the new objects collected during my travels in Europe and
+Brazil have recently been made public by MM. Temminck and Godart, I feel
+rejoiced that this has been done by such distinguished men.
+
+I have been induced to enter (perhaps too fully) into a general defence of
+Zoological miscellanies, from the opinion I entertain of their great
+utility. First, in diffusing a general knowledge, and exciting a taste for
+such pursuits among the great mass of readers; and secondly, as being a
+prompt and interesting channel of communicating new discoveries to the
+scientific world. Their periodical appearances and comparative cheapness
+renders them of easy access to the student; and, if well conducted, they
+unite all that is essential from the pen and the pencil.
+
+Several foreign journals have noticed the appearance of these
+Illustrations, and generally in such terms as to stamp a value on their
+contents. One of these, however,[3] contains several misrepresentations,
+which have doubtless escaped the notice of the editor; and which,
+therefore, it may be as well to explain in this place. The writer in this
+journal, while noticing my Illustrations, seems to have mixed up with it
+criticisms intended for another periodical miscellany,[4] to which this
+has, perhaps, given birth, and which professes to be on a similar plan. He
+states that these Illustrations are to be completed in sixty numbers,
+making five volumes. No such declaration, to my knowledge, has ever been
+made, although such is the averred plan of the Naturalist's Repository. The
+reviewer goes on to state: "Il suit pour l'Entomologie et la Conchologie la
+classification surannée de Linnęus." This is not a very respectful mode of
+speaking of the labours of the greatest naturalist whom his age produced;
+but the proposition is a total mistake; the charge is refuted by almost
+every page of my work; and, what is rather extraordinary, by the very
+quotations of the reviewer. In reply to the regret expressed, "que l'auteur
+n'indique pas toujours les ouvrages les plus récens," I should have been
+thankful had he subjoined what works these were; as I do not find, in the
+monthly lists of the _Bulletin_, any one which I have not consulted or
+referred to, if connected with the objects here described.[5] M. de
+Ferussac's work has been regularly cited, but his _Prodromus_ I have never
+been able to procure, either in England or Paris.
+
+And here I cannot refrain from adverting to the great number of Zoological
+publications which have appeared in this country during the last three
+years; a number far exceeding in proportion that of any period in the
+annals of the science. Dr. Horsfield has commenced a beautiful work on the
+Animals of Java; and Mr. Sowerby is prosecuting his Genera of Shells with
+much zeal, and with increased ability. Both these appear periodically. They
+are conducted on the modern principles of science, and do credit to their
+authors. The Naturalist's Repository, before alluded to, likewise appears
+monthly, but is carried on according to the Linnęan system, pure and
+unadulterated. All these, however, unite in showing how rapidly the taste
+for such works has increased. Added to these, a new quarterly Journal,
+exclusively devoted to Zoology, has been announced, and, if conducted on
+liberal principles, its utility will be very great.
+
+But nothing, perhaps, has more fully evinced the state of public feeling on
+this point among men of enlightened minds, than the discussions which have
+arisen on the present state of the British Museum. It is a subject on which
+I might be tempted to say much, did I not feel, that among those who do not
+know me, I might be suspected of interested or unworthy motives. But from
+the retirement of a country life, I may now be allowed perhaps to say a few
+words. It is indeed most true, that, in the Zoological department, this
+institution is a full century behind the rest of Europe; I might almost
+add, of America. But the fault is deep-rooted; and does not spring from the
+person (whoever he may be) to whom this overwhelming charge is given. It is
+ridiculous to suppose that the exertions of any one person (however great
+his talents, his zeal, and his assiduity,) are sufficient to discharge the
+duties of so complicated an office. Such a supposition implies the
+expectation of a moral impossibility; and so long as such a Herculean task
+is allotted him, so long will the Museum continue, with little alteration,
+in its present state. Where we have _one_ Zoologist, the museums of Paris,
+Berlin, and Vienna have many; each is charged with the care of one
+particular branch; and, by their united efforts, the whole is displayed to
+the examination of the scientific, and to the view of the public. Each
+professor has thus leisure to prosecute the most important objects of his
+duty; _i. e._ to examine, compare, and describe, to detect analogies, to
+investigate affinities, and to give to the world the fruits of his studies.
+To France more particularly this honour is due. And what has been the
+result? Why, that Paris has become the Zoological university of Europe; and
+that the principles which have emanated from it, are now considered the
+only true ones by which Nature is to be studied.
+
+It is not my object to attach reproach to any body of men collectively, or
+to any one individually; but truth is not to be concealed. Every writer who
+has the advancement of his favourite study at heart, is bound (however
+feebly) to advocate its cause. The truth of the preceding remarks cannot be
+questioned; and it remains with those in power, to consider well, whether
+such a state of things is consistent with the honour and reputation of the
+country; with the justice due to those great men who founded the
+institution; and to the expectations of the public, by whom it is
+supported.
+
+  Warwick, October, 1823.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 120
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA corrugata,
+
+_Wrinkled Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā globosā, corrugatā, olivaceā; spirę prominentis, acutę,
+    anfractibus ventricosis; aperturę margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato;
+    umbilico parvo, juxta labii interioris mediam posito; operculo
+    testaceo._
+
+    Shell globose, wrinkled, olive; spire prominent, acute, the whorls
+    ventricose; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus
+    small, linear, near the middle of the inner lip; operculum shelly.
+
+    Helix Ampullacea. _Linn. Gmelin_, _p._ 3626.
+
+    Ampullaria rugosa. _Sowerby, Genera of Shells_, _fas._ 4. _fig._ 1. 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The annexed figures of this hitherto undefined species will clearly show
+its distinction from _Amp. globosa_, (pl. 119); and the specific characters
+now framed for these two shells, will, I think, sufficiently distinguish
+them from each other.
+
+In comparison with _A. globosa_, this (even in the young state) is a
+wrinkled, not a smooth shell, having the umbilicus placed near the middle,
+not towards the base, of the inner lip: the spiral whorls are elevated and
+ventricose, not depressed, and slightly convex; and the basal volution,
+instead of being very wide on the upper part, (near the suture,) is widest
+only in the middle. In young shells, the wrinkles and the marginated
+aperture are less defined. When divested of its epidermis, the colour is
+blueish white, with a few narrow bands of obscure purple. A specimen in my
+own collection has the epidermis so thin, that the colours beneath it are
+very conspicuous. The mouth inside is dark chesnut, with blackish bands;
+the margin being pale yellow and slightly reflected. The umbilicus, both in
+this and in _A. globosa_, is small and contracted, while in the real _A.
+rugosa Lam._ (_Helix urceus Lin._) it is very large, round, and deep. This
+latter shell, also, differs from both of the former, by having a thin, and
+not a margined aperture.
+
+Mr. Sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell, which he
+has mistaken for the _A. rugosa_ of Lamarck. I am informed by Mr. Humphreys
+it is a native of India.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 121
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CINNYRIS Javanica,
+
+_Javanese Creeper._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 95.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. supra nitidč purpureo-ęrata, subtus olivaceo-crocea; scapulis,
+    uropygio, strigāque laterali a rostro ad pectus descendente nitidč
+    violaceis; jugulo castaneo; caudā nigra._
+
+    Above glossy metallic purple; beneath olive yellow; scapulars, rump,
+    and lateral stripe from the bill to the breast, shining violet; throat
+    chesnut; tail black.
+
+    Nectarinia Javanica. _Horsfield in Linn. Tran._ _vol._ 13. i. _p._ 167.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the full conviction that nature has defined, in the most complete
+manner, the geographic limits of the various tribes of birds subsisting on
+vegetable juices, I am particularly anxious to rectify any mistakes that
+may shake this hypothesis, in which I find myself supported, in the fullest
+manner, by the opinion of Professor Temminck, in the last edition of his
+_Manuel_.
+
+Dr. Horsfield, in his account of the birds of Java, describes two species
+under the names of _Nectarinia Javanica_ and _Pectoralis_. It happens,
+however, that specimens of both these birds are in my own cabinet, and have
+enabled me to ascertain that they are both decided species of _Cinnyris_,
+perfectly agreeing with the characters laid down by Cuvier, Temminck, and
+myself, for this group. It is difficult to say how this oversight has
+occurred, because Dr. H., just before, introduces the genus _Cinnyris_, and
+describes under it two new species. In short, no doubt remains in my own
+mind, that _Cinnyris_ is a genus as strictly confined to the tropical
+latitudes of the _old_, as _Nectarinia_ is to the _new_ world.
+
+The figure is the size of life; the outline of the bill will illustrate the
+generic characters, of which one of the most important is the nostrils.
+Nothing can exceed the richness and variety of tints with which this
+splendid little creature is ornamented; particularly on the head, which is
+glossed alternately with lilac, sea-green, and violet, and appears as if
+covered with some metallic substance; the blue on the wings, back, and
+edges of the tail is very deep, shining, and glossed with purple; all the
+wing-feathers are edged with olive, and some of the lesser quills with
+chesnut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 122
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA virginea, _var._
+
+_Common Striped Achatina,_ _var. 2 and 3_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā elongatā, fasciis numerosis nigris, viridibus et flavis
+    ornatā; anfractūs basalis latitudine altitudinem superante; aperturā
+    rotundatā; labio exteriore integro; basi profundč emarginatā._
+
+        _Var._ 2. _testā fasciis fuscis ornatā; labio interiore albo._
+
+        _Var._ 3. _testā fasciis rufis ornatā; labio interiore roseo._
+
+    Shell elongated, with crowded bands of black, green, and yellow; basal
+    volution broader than high; aperture rounded; outer lip entire; base
+    deeply notched.
+
+    Bulla virginea. _Gm._ 3429. _Chemnitz_, 9. _t._ 117. _f._ 1000, 1.
+    _Dill._ 491.
+
+    Bulimus virgineus. _Brug._ _p._ 363.--_Lister_, 15. 10. _Seba_, _t._
+    40. _f._ 38. _Ferrusac_, _pl._ 120. _f._ 3, 4, 5.
+
+        Var. 2. Shell banded with brown; inner lip white. _Ferrusac_, _t._
+        120. _f._ 2.
+
+        Var. 3. Shell banded with rufous; inner lip rosy. _Chemnitz_, 10.
+        173. _f._ 1682, 1683, (_reversed_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The shell generally known as the _Ach. virginea_ (_Bulla virginea Lin._) is
+so common, that few collectors do not possess it. The varieties, however,
+of this species are rare, and differ so remarkably in their colouring, as
+to require illustration. Several kindred species of this family I have
+already described; and on the same principle of establishing specific
+distinctions from formation instead of colour, I shall now endeavour to
+point out those characters which are common, more or less, to all the
+varieties of this species, and which distinguish it from its allies. _A.
+virginea_ may be known by the comparative shortness of the basal whorl,
+which in general is broader than high; the margin of the outer lip is
+entire, and sloping in an oblique direction; the aperture is wide, and
+nearly round; the lower part of the columella takes a concave direction,
+and between its base and that of the outer lip is a very deep notch. The
+basal whorl is so broad that the shell, if placed on a table with its mouth
+downwards, will remain erect.
+
+Both these and the two next varieties are in Mr. Dubois' cabinet. Their
+locality is unknown; but my young friend, Mr. Frederick Parkes, has
+recently sent me shells of the common variety, found by himself near
+Kingston, Jamaica.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 123
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA virginea, _var._ 3 _and_ 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 122.
+
+    _A. virginea, var._ 3. _testā ampliore, albescente, fasciis rufis
+    nigrisque ornatā; aperturā purpureā; labio interiore albo._
+
+        _Var._ 4. _testā ampliore, albā, fasciis 3 angustis, fuscis ornatā;
+        aperturā labioque interiore albis; anfractu basali medio
+        subcarinato._
+
+    A. virginea, var. 3. Shell larger, whitish, with rufous and black
+    bands, aperture purple; inner lip white. _Middle figures._
+
+        Var. 4. Shell larger, white, with three narrow brown bands;
+        aperture and inner lip white; basal whorl in the middle slightly
+        carinated. _Upper and lower figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The two varieties of _A. virginea_ on this plate, are still more removed
+from the type of the species than those last figured; they are both much
+larger in size, and var. 4 presents a slight difference of formation, in
+having the basal volution somewhat carinated round the middle; but as in
+every other essential character it agrees with the rest, I have refrained
+from separating it as a distinct species.
+
+The four varieties I have now illustrated of _Ach. virginea_, tend to
+establish, in a very complete manner, the correctness of the principles on
+which I have framed the specific characters of this genus; here are four
+shells, with a total difference in the colouring of each, yet all agreeing
+in the same formation. It should be observed likewise, that _A. pallida_,
+figured at pl. 41 of this work, and _A. virginea_, var. 4, are nearly the
+same in colour, while in formation they are completely at variance. I do
+not think it has been hitherto remarked, that the elegant green lines which
+ornament the common variety, are only _external_; they resemble, in this
+respect, the epidermis of other shells, for they may be taken off by a
+knife without any injury to the enamel. M. Ferrusac has figured several
+other varieties in his beautiful work on Land Shells.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 124
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LICINIA Crisia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 15.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. mas. Alis anticis falcato-acuminatis, fuscis, fasciā mediā
+    margineque postico flavo; posticis infra flavescentibus colore griseo
+    variis, basi maculis 4 fulvis._
+
+    _Fem. Alis infra albentibus colore griseo variis; anticis integris,
+    supra fuscis, fasciā mediā margineque postico albentibus; posticarum
+    basi maculis 4 fulvis._
+
+    _Male._ Anterior wings angulated, brown, with a central band and hind
+    margin yellow; posterior beneath yellowish marbled with grey, base with
+    4 fulvous spots.
+
+    _Female._ Anterior wings entire, above brown, with a central band and
+    hind margin whitish; all the wings beneath whitish marbled with grey;
+    base of the posterior with 4 fulvous spots.
+
+    Pieris Crisia. _Godart. En. Méth._ _p._ 197. _Male._ _Drury_, _v._ 3.
+    _pl._ 37. _f._ 1. 2?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The extraordinary difference existing between the sexes of exotic
+Lepidoptera, and particularly among the Butterflies, (_Papilionidę_ Lin.)
+is a subject which hitherto has received but little attention; nor am I
+aware of any entomological writer who has described those characters which
+absolutely distinguish the sexes: characters which, I am persuaded, will
+hereafter be found of the first importance in a natural arrangement of
+these insects. But in the prosecution of this desirable object, the
+naturalist, as far as regards foreign Lepidoptera, will have to encounter
+serious obstacles; many individuals must be examined of each species, and
+some of these dissected. It falls to the lot of few to pursue their
+inquiries in the native regions of these insects. Collections in this
+country are very few, and some of these are not always open to the
+scientific labourer; neither can specimens be sacrificed for dissection,
+where there are not more than two or three individuals of a species.
+
+This is in general a very rare insect; observed for the first time by Dr.
+Langsdorff and myself early in June (the tropical autumn), in a wood
+adjoining the Organ Mountains at Rio de Janeiro. From its local abundance,
+we were able to ascertain the sexes. The two upper figures are of the
+female, and the lower of the male insect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 125
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Nerius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Alis nigris, fasciā communi maculisque viridibus;
+    posticis dentatis breviter caudatis; his subtłs fasciā subargenteā,
+    marginali, nervis divisā._ Godart.
+
+    P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Wings black, with spots and a common band of green;
+    posterior wings dentated, obsoletely tailed, beneath with a silvery
+    marginal band, divided by the nerves.
+
+    P. Nireus. _Fab. Sys. Ent._ 3. _p._ 36. _Godart Ency. Méth._ 9. 1. _p._
+    48. _Drury_ 2. _pl._ 4. _fig._ 1. 2. _Cramer_, _p._ 187. A. B. (_mas._)
+    _pl._ 378. F. G. (_fem._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have figured this insect, principally because it will fully illustrate
+the first section (_a._) in the arrangement of this beautiful family
+proposed at plate 92. The two divisions there adopted, after the manner of
+Linnęus, (_Gręci_ et _Trojani_) I am fully aware, are purely artificial;
+but the facility this distribution will give to the student, in searching
+after a particular species, is so obvious, that it need hardly be pointed
+out.
+
+I have only had the opportunity of examining the individual from which the
+figure was taken. It is a male, having the anal valves rather lengthened
+and obtuse, with a small hook between them, which projects from the last
+segment of the abdomen. This circumstance proves the error of Cramer, in
+having mistaken the sexes of this species, both of which he seems to have
+figured. That which I apprehend is the female (Cramer, pl. 378, fig. F. G.)
+I have not myself seen. The blue-green on the upper surface of the wings is
+very resplendent and changeable, and the palpi and thorax beneath are
+covered with numerous whitish spots.
+
+On the under side of the inferior wings, near their base, is a paler band,
+rayed with the nerves, and in some lights shining with a pale silvery
+reflection.
+
+Mr. Smeathman sent this species from Sierra Leone, in Africa, to Mr. Drury.
+The locality, therefore, of India, given by Linnęus and Fabricius, must be
+incorrect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 126
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS vitulinus, _var._
+
+_Orange Fox Cone_,_Brown-tipp'd variety._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testā fulvā seu fuscā, fasciis 2 interruptis ornatā; spirę brevis,
+    levatę, conicę, maculatę anfractibus concavis, subgranosč striatis;
+    basi granosā, albā._
+
+        _Var. testā flavescente, fasciis obscuris, subalbidis ornatā; basi
+        rufā. (Fig. nos.)_
+
+    Shell fulvous or brown, with 2 interrupted white bands; spire short,
+    elevated, conic, spotted, volutions concave with subgranulated strię;
+    base granulated, white.
+
+    Conus vitulinus. _Brug._ _p._ 648. _Lamarck. Ann._ 15. _p._ 265.
+    _Knorr._ _vol._ 5. _tab._ 1. _fig._ 4 (_optimč_). _Dillwyn_ 377.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 467. 55.
+
+        Var. Shell yellowish, with obscure whitish bands; the base rufous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I received this very uncommon shell from the Island of Amboyna; and
+although in size and colour it is widely different from the usual
+appearance of _C. vitulinus_, I have no hesitation in considering it as a
+remarkable variety only of that species.
+
+_C. vitulinus_ in general is a small shell. The best representation of it I
+have seen is given by Knorr; an author not in general very accurate in his
+figures. It varies considerably in colour, and approaches very near to _C.
+vulpinus Lam._ from which it principally differs in having an elevated,
+though short, spire, instead of one nearly flat: the base is granulated,
+and generally white; _C. vulpinus_ also has the body whorl carinated and
+thickest round the upper margin, whereas, in _Vitulinus_, it is gently
+swelled in the middle.
+
+M. Lamarck is, I think, mistaken in the synonyms of this shell, which is
+represented in the _Ency. Méth._ plate 326, fig. 2 and 4.. The shell at
+fig. 8. appears to me as the granulated variety of _C. vulpinus_.
+
+Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 127
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Maldivus,
+
+_Spanish Admiral Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testā lęvi, posticč gracili ferrugineā, maculis albis subtrigonis,
+    cingulisque numerosis fuscis, albo punctatis, ornatā; basi nigrā; spirę
+    brevis apice acuto, anfractibus lęvibus, planis._
+
+    Shell smooth, posterior end slender, ferruginous, with angular white
+    spots, and white bands dotted with brown; base black; spire short, tip
+    acute, the whorls smooth and flat.
+
+    C. Maldivus. _Brug._ (1789.) _p._ 644. _Lam. Ann._ _v._ 15. _p._ 264.
+
+    C. Jaspideus. _Humphreys in Mus. Cal._ (1797) _p._ 12. _No._ 185.
+
+    Conus Generalis. _Var._ B. _Dillwyn._ 539. 11.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 465. 50.
+
+        Var. 1. Band in the middle narrow; _upper figure_. _Ency. Méth._
+        pl. 325. fig. 6.
+
+        Var. 2. Band broader; _lower figure_.
+
+        Var. 3. Band very broad, with dotted transverse lines; _middle
+        figure_.
+
+    _Seba._ _pl._ 54. _fig._ 11. 12. _Ency. Méth._ _pl._ 325. _fig._ 5. 7.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The general similarity existing between the Spanish Admiral, and two other
+cones, figured in this work, I have before alluded to; it has been placed
+by the Linnęan writers as a variety of _C. Generalis_, from which, however,
+it invariably differs, in being a much thicker shell, with a shorter spire,
+and the whorls without any concavity. The colour of the two species varies
+considerably in different individuals, but _C. Maldivus_ is always
+destitute of the dark brown longitudinal stripes at the top of the body
+whorl, peculiar to _C. Generalis_; the white bands are either broken into
+somewhat triangular spots, or are banded with minute dots; these triangular
+white spots are sometimes scattered in other parts of the shell, and the
+white band in the middle varies much in breadth; of all the varieties I
+have yet seen, the middle figure is that which makes the nearest approach
+to _C. Generalis_.
+
+The very applicable name given to this shell by Mr. Humphreys, in the
+_Museum Calonnianum_, I should have adopted, had not Bruguiere previously
+affixed to it that of _Maldivus_, as being a native of the Maldivian
+Islands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 128
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Maldivus, _var._
+
+_Spanish Admiral Cone_,_Chesnut variety._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 127.
+
+    Conus Maldivus. Var. B. _testā castaneā, fasciā albescente mediā
+    angustā ornatā; anfractūs basalis basi et margine albis._
+
+    _Var. B._ Chesnut, with a narrow whitish band in the middle; base and
+    margin of the body whorl white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As a further illustration of the last plate, I have been induced to figure
+this very rare variety, from a specimen I met with at Mrs. Mawe's. In the
+disposition of its markings, it approaches near to the shell represented in
+the _Ency. Méth._ _plate_ 325, _f._ 6, but the white band in the middle is
+narrower, and quite destitute of the circular dotted lines there expressed.
+
+No shells require a greater accuracy of delineation than the Cones,
+particularly in expressing the peculiarity in the form and sculpture of
+their spires. I am well persuaded that a great number of the mistakes
+committed by authors have originated in the wretched figures contained in
+Favanne's work, and in the early volumes of Martini. Those of Favanne are
+generally so loose and inaccurate, (although remarkably well engraved,)
+that I do not wish, by quoting, to make them any authority; and most of the
+Cones figured by Martini are equally bad.
+
+Bruguiere and Lamarck have both given the character of _spirā canaliculatā_
+to this species, which is altogether a mistake. The spiral whorls are all
+_but_ perfectly flat, and the suture is quite closed up, although sometimes
+uneven; originating, as in many other shells, either from the inequalities
+of growth, or from an accidental sea-break, which the animal may have
+repaired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 129
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MELLIPHAGA torquata,
+
+_White-collared Honeysucker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 43.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. olivaceo-fulvā, infra albā; capite auribusque nigris; torque
+    nuchali lunato, albo; superciliorum cute rubrā._
+
+    Fulvous olive, beneath white; head and ears black; nape with a white
+    crescent, skin of the eyebrows red.
+
+    Black-crowned Honeysucker. _Lewin's Birds of N. Holland_, _pl._ 24.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An elegant, though not a richly coloured bird; remarkable for the bright
+red of the skin above the eyes, and the milk-white collar at the back of
+the head. It is from New Holland, and, like others of its tribe, derives
+its nourishment chiefly from the nectar of flowers; as more particularly
+mentioned in my first observations on this genus at pl. 43.
+
+The figure is of the natural size: excepting the crown and sides of the
+head (which are deep black), the whole upper plumage is olive yellow: the
+shoulders, quills, and tail brown; the two latter margined with olive, but
+the exterior quills with white: the throat, breast, and collar round the
+nape pure white; skin of the eyebrows red.
+
+The Lunated Creeper of Dr. Shaw (_Le Fuscalben of Vieillot, Certh._ _pl._
+61. _p._ 122.) is, I apprehend, a distinct species. It is described as
+being _cinnamon brown_ above, with a bright red spot of _feathers behind_
+the eye. In the temperate climate of New Holland, that variation from the
+usual colouring of particular species, so frequent in tropical birds, is
+seldom met with; neither can these two birds be sexes of one species,
+because Lewin, who wrote on the spot, particularly remarks that the female
+of this is like the male; he further adds, it is found near Paramatta, and
+the Hawkesbury river, in thick bushy woods.
+
+Lewin's figure is so excellent, that I should not again have represented
+this bird, had not the plate been prepared previous to the publication of
+his work. The outline figure of the bill will show more clearly the
+uncommon length of the nostrils, a character which is peculiar to this
+genus.
+
+Pl. 130
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pl. 131
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. viridi-aureus, subtus canus; remigum primorum (in maribus) scapis
+    dilatato-incurvatis; rectricium pennis 4 mediis viridibus apice nigro,
+    lateralibus albis basi nigrā; rostro vix recto._
+
+    Golden green, beneath grey; greater quills (in the male) with the
+    shafts dilated and incurved. Four middle tail-feathers green tipped
+    with black, lateral feathers white with a black base; bill nearly
+    straight.
+
+    T. latipennis. _Lath. In. Orn._ 1. _p._ 310. _Gen. Zool._ 8. 1. 318.
+
+    T. campylopterus. _Gm. Sys. Nat._ 499. _n._ 65.
+
+    L'O. mouche ą larges tuyaux. _Vieillot Ois. D'or._ _p._ 21. _p._ 59.
+
+    Broad-shafted H. Bird. _Lath. Syn._ _v._ 2. _p._ 765. _Gen. Zool._ 8.
+    318.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The opinion I expressed on the unusual formation of the wings in two
+species of Humming-birds, figured at pl. 83 and 107, appears to receive the
+fullest confirmation from the birds here represented. One of these (pl.
+131) is clearly the _T. latipennis_, or Broad-shafted Humming-bird of
+authors; while the other presents not the slightest difference except in
+the shafts of the quills, which, instead of being thickened and dilated,
+are of the ordinary size.
+
+Not having myself dissected these birds, I cannot decidedly say they are
+male and female; but I think no reasonable doubt can remain that such is
+the fact, and that these singular quill-feathers are characteristic only of
+the male sex.
+
+Both the birds are represented the size of life, and may be included in one
+description: the upper plumage obscure blueish green, glossed with a
+coppery or golden tinge and shaded with brown, the plumage beneath entirely
+grey; ears and sides of the neck the same, the latter with some spots of
+greenish. Tail large, even, and broad; the two middle feathers green, tipt
+(in the male) with blackish; the next pair black, with the base green, and
+the extreme points whitish; the remainder black, with their ends more or
+less white. Wings violet brown, the shafts of the three outer quills, in
+the male, dilated and compressed, but simple in the female. Said to inhabit
+Cayenne. Although the bill of this species is all but straight, it belongs
+naturally to the curved-bill division.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 132
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MACROGLOSSUM annulosum,
+
+_Upper figure_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 64.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. alis nigris, anticis fasciis 2 hyalinč maculatis ornatis; abdominis
+    nigri, segmento tertio niveo._
+
+    Wings black, anterior with two bands of hyaline spots; abdomen black,
+    the third segment snowy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An elegant insect; so closely allied to _Sphinx Tantalus, Lin._ (_Drury_,
+_v._ 1. _pl._ 26. _f._ 5.) as to excite a doubt if it should be considered
+as a separate species. Drury's figure and description, however, of that
+insect, induce me to think they are most probably distinct. _S. Tantalus_
+is without the two bands of hyaline spots, and is much smaller in size.
+
+In this insect are three small, white, snowy dots, on the sides of the
+lower segments of the abdomen, and the same beneath: the anal segment is
+grey; with the margin, and spot in the middle, black. Inhabits Brazil, but
+is a rare insect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MACROGLOSSUM fasciatum,
+
+_Lower figure._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _M. alis nigricantibus, anticis fusco variis, posticis strigā
+    aurantiacā centrali ornatis; thorace griseā; corporis lateribus,
+    maculis aurantiacis, nigris et pallidč fulvis insignibus; antennis
+    gracilibus; unco producto._
+
+    Wings blackish, anterior variegated with brown, posterior with a
+    central orange stripe; thorax grey, sides of the body with orange,
+    black, and pale yellow spots; antennę slender, hook lengthened.
+
+    Sphinx ceculus. _Cramer_, _pl._ 146. _f._ G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is another Brazilian species, much more frequent than the last. In
+Cramer, at pl. 146, g. is figured an insect under the name of _Ceculus_,
+which no author appears to have quoted; but which (miserably inaccurate as
+it is), I have no doubt the artist intended as a representation of this
+insect; particularly as Cramer's description, though short, is very
+applicable. The colours beneath are uniform dark brown; the thorax, legs,
+and base of the wings, whitish; near the exterior margin of the superior
+wings is a small white dot, and two others on each side of the middle
+segments of the body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 133
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THECLA Macaria,
+
+_Chesnut-spotted Hair-Streak._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 69.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis supra fuscis; anticis ad basin cęruleis, infra ferrugineis,
+    punctis 2 mediis nigris ornatis; posticis infra castaneis, anticč
+    pallidioribus, maculo nigro ad basin ornatis._
+
+    Wings above brown; anterior blue at the base, beneath ferruginous, with
+    two central black spots; posterior beneath chesnut, paler on the fore
+    part, with a black spot near the base.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have selected this insect as one of the rarest among a vast number of
+species of this elegant tribe, collected during my travels in Brazil. Two
+specimens of the male, and one of the female insect, were captured in the
+woods near Pernambuco, in lat. 8° 12' S.
+
+The male insects, in the majority of the _Hair-Streaks_, have either a
+velvet or eye-like spot in the middle of the anterior wings, adjoining
+their outer margin; these spots are without lustre, and frequently appear
+as if caused by being rubbed: the colours, likewise, on the upper surface
+of the wings in the males, generally differ from those of the females.
+
+Wings brown; anterior, with the half next the base blue; central spot
+blackish, enclosing an obscure eye-like spot margined with grey, the pupil
+black with a white dot. Posterior wings two-tailed; exterior tail very
+short, interior lengthened; anal angle two-lobed, margin whitish. Anterior
+wings beneath, pale chesnut brown, tips chesnut; in the middle are two
+black dots, one of which is small; above these are three others, which form
+a short transverse line united to the margin. Posterior wings beneath, dark
+chesnut; with two central blackish dots in the middle; below are two
+undulated brown lines, parallel to the posterior margin; the anterior
+margin pale, with a large black dot near the base; anal angle, clouded with
+grey and tipt with a black spot: another spot is also at the base of the
+exterior tail. In the female, all the wings above are brown, with a pale
+blue base; but the under surface, except in being paler, resembles that of
+the male.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 134
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS exustus,
+
+_Burnt, or Purple-mouthed Strombus_--(_Upper figure_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testā nodosā; labio interiore albo, lęvi; labii exterioris inflexi,
+    supra sinuati, intus purpureo-atri, striati; lobo basali edentulo._
+
+    Shell nodulous; inner lip smooth, whitish; outer lip inflected, above
+    sinuated, within striated, blackish purple; basal lobe not toothed.
+
+    _Young._ S. papilio. _Chem._ x. _t._ 158. _f._ 1510, 11. _Dillw._ 661.
+    120. 11.
+
+    _Adult._ Strombus exustus. _Humphreys in Mus. Cal._ _p._ 38. _n._ 714.
+
+    S. lentiginosus. _Martini_, iii. _t._ 80. _f._ 825, 826. _Gmelin._
+    3510. (_var._ [beta].) _Dillwyn._ 660.
+
+    _Seba_, _t._ 52. _f._ 17. 18. _Knorr._ 3. _t._ 26. _f._ 2. 3?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Specimens now before me prove that the _S. papilio_ of Chemnitz is a young
+shell of _S. exustus_, a species named by Mr. Humphreys in the Calonne
+Catalogue, and described in his own manuscripts. In a young state, the
+aperture is smooth and nearly white, but when full grown, the outer lip is
+strongly striated, and the aperture reddish purple, dark red, or reddish
+chesnut: the outer lip is but slightly sinuated above, and the basal lobe
+never toothed, as in the next species. Inhabits the island of Haynam, in
+the East Indies, and is very rare.
+
+Described by Lamarck (_Syst._ 7. _p._ 211) under the name of _S. Papilio_.
+The first of these names, however, has the right of priority. (See _Mus.
+Cal._ 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly
+represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for _S.
+lentiginosus_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS lentiginosus,
+
+_Tuberculated Strombus_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _S. testā nodosā; labii exterioris supra rotundati ad spiram annexi,
+    profundč bilobati, margine crasso inflexo, sub-nodoso; lobo basali
+    dentato; aperturā lęvi._
+
+    Shell nodulous, outer lip above rounded, attached to the spire, deeply
+    bilobated, margin thick, inflexed, slightly nodulous; basal lobe
+    toothed; aperture smooth.
+
+    _Young._ _Seba_, _t._ 62. _f._ 37. 40. _optimč_. _Martini_, 3. _t._ 89.
+    _f._ 871. _t._ 91. _f._ 891. 892? _Lister_, 893. 12?
+
+    _Adult._ S. lentiginosus. _Gmelin_, 3510. _Dillwyn._ 660. _Martini_, 3.
+    _t._ 81. _f._ 827, 828.
+
+    _Seba_, 62. _f._ 11. 30. (_optimč_.) _Lister_, 861. 18. _Gualt._ 32.
+    _f._ A.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 203. _Knorr_, 3. _tab._ 13, _f._ 2. Lamarck has
+    omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of
+    this and the following species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This common shell requires little description, and is only introduced to
+contrast more fully the difference between these two species: the upper
+part of the lip has two deep notches, which form three prominent lobes; the
+basal lobe is toothed, similar to the _Pterocerę_: the aperture (in those
+shells from the East Indies) is light pink inside. A large and fine variety
+comes from the Mauritia islands, having the mouth within pale golden
+yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 135
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS tricornis,
+
+_Horned Strombus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testā ponderosā, nodis longitudinaliter compressis armatā; labio
+    exteriore inflexo, margine crasso, suprą attenuato et ultra spiram
+    producto; canali truncato._
+
+    Shell ponderous, with longitudinally compressed nodules; outer lip
+    inflexed, the margin thick, above attenuated and produced beyond the
+    spire; channel truncated.
+
+    _In young stages of growth._
+
+    _Seba_, _pl._ 62. _f._ 36, 10. _Martini_ 3. _tab._ 91. _f._ 890. _tab._
+    85. _f._ 847.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 201.
+
+        Var. A. Shell whitish, outer lip much produced. _Upper figure._
+        _Martini_, _vol._ 3. _tab._ 84. _f._ 844, 845. _Sw. Ex. Conch._
+        _part_ 4.
+
+        Var. B. Shell varied with chesnut, outer lip shorter. _Lower
+        figure._ _Ency. Méth._ _t._ 408. _f._ 1. _t._ 409. _f._ 2.
+        _Martini_, 3. _tab._ 84. _f._ 843. _Lister_, 871. _f._ 25. 873.
+        _f._ 29.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Martini was the first conchological writer who separated this species from
+the _Strombus Gallus_ of Linnęus; under which name are included three
+shells, so remarkably different from each other, that they hardly possess a
+single character in common.
+
+The original name of Linnęus I have retained to that species figured by
+_Seba_, _tab._ 62. _fig._ 1 and 2, and by myself in _Exotic Conchology_,
+_Part_ 4.
+
+_Strombus tricornis_, although figured, has never yet, I believe, been
+defined.
+
+Two varieties of this shell are met with; one having the attenuated process
+of the lip much produced, the margins folded inward, and the tip somewhat
+spatulate, or spoon-shaped: the colour of this variety is generally white,
+slightly varigated with brown stripes or irregular spots. A very fine
+specimen of this variety, having these characters remarkably developed, is
+in my own cabinet, and is figured in _Exotic Conchology_, part 4. The
+second variety has the process of the lip shorter, and the margins not
+folded; the colour usually brownish, richly clouded and variegated with
+chesnut; the aperture within is tinged with pale red or rosy; but that of
+the other variety is pure white. I believe this species inhabits the coasts
+of America; it is a heavy shell, and sometimes measures seven inches in
+extreme length.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 136
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA crassa,
+
+__Thick Apple Snail_,__Upper and lower figures_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā globosā, lęvi, (sub epidermide) albā, fasciis fuscis ornatā;
+    spirę levatę apice obtuso; aperturę margine albo, crasso; umbilico
+    caret._
+
+    Shell globose, smooth, beneath the epidermis white with brown bands;
+    spire elevated, tip obtuse; margin of the aperture thick, white;
+    umbilicus none.
+
+    _Martini_ 9. _t._ 128. _f._ 1135.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A distinct species, well characterised by the absence of the umbilicus, the
+situation of which is indicated only by a slight depression: the margin of
+the aperture all round is thickened, and white; but, from no groove being
+discernible, I suspect the operculum may be horny. The only specimen I
+have, is divested of the epidermis; it is obviously an old shell; and
+appears to agree with the figure of Martini, also taken from an uncoated
+specimen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMPULLARIA oblonga,
+
+_Oblong Apple Snail_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _A. testā oblonga, lęvi, tenui, fuscā; spirā levatā, crassā, obtusā;
+    aperturę elongatę basi contractā; umbilico vix obsoleto._
+
+    Shell oblong, smooth, thin, brown; spire elevated, thick, obtuse;
+    aperture lengthened, base contracted; umbilicus nearly obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A rare, and undescribed shell, presenting a singular deviation from the
+general globose form of the _Ampullarię_. The inner lip is wanting on the
+upper part of the aperture, and on the lower is thin, white, and reflected
+over the umbilicus, which is nearly obsolete.
+
+Both these shells were in the late Mrs. Bligh's collection, without any
+_habitat_ being affixed to them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 137
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Polybius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. alis nigris; anticis maculo albo centrali; posticis
+    dentato-caudatis maculo rubro centrali nervis diviso; abdomine strigā
+    laterali; thorace punctis flavis subtłs, ornatis._
+
+    P. (_Tr. caud._) wings black; anterior with a central spot of white;
+    posterior dentated and tailed, with a central red spot, divided by the
+    nerves; stripe on each side the abdomen and spots on the thorax
+    beneath, yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An insect neither described nor figured by any author. To my liberal
+friend, Dr. Langsdorff, I am indebted for the two specimens in my own
+cabinet, collected by himself in the interior of Minas Geraes, or the
+Diamond district of Brazil. I am not aware of the insect having been found
+in any other part of that vast country.
+
+An unusual character is presented in this species, alone sufficient to
+distinguish it from any other contained in the division to which it
+belongs. This consists in the thorax beneath being spotted with yellow, and
+the body, on each side of the under surface, having a narrow yellow stripe;
+the basal margin of the inferior wings is also yellow. Strictly speaking,
+these yellow spots would remove it from the section _Trojani_, but it would
+then be improperly separated from _P. Lysithoüs_, _Agavus_, and others to
+which it is, in every respect, closely allied.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 138
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MALURUS garrulus,
+
+_Noisy Soft-tail Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum validius, breve, totum valdč compressum, altius quam latius,
+    culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem aliquandņ
+    emarginatum, vix incurvo. Nares basales membranā tectę, aperturā
+    laterali. Alę brevissimę, rotundatę, remigum 3 primorum longitudine
+    proximorum 4 longitudinem superante. Cauda plerumque longa, cuneata,
+    radiis mollibus, decompositis. Pedes validi, digito exteriore ad digiti
+    medii basin annexo. Hallux validus._
+
+    _Ob. Rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructā._ Tem.
+
+    Bill rather strong, short, much compressed its whole length, higher
+    than broad, the ridge prominent, dividing the frontal feathers, and
+    bent at the tip, which is sometimes notched. Nostrils basal, covered by
+    a membrane, the aperture lateral. Wings very short, rounded, the three
+    first quills shorter than the four next. Tail generally long, cuneated,
+    the radii soft and decomposed. Legs strong; the outer toe connected to
+    the base of the middle toe. Hind claw strong.
+
+    Ob. Base of the bill with setaceous hairs. _Temminck._
+
+    Generic Types--Turdus brachypterus. _Lath._ Le Flūteur. _Vail. Ois.
+    d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2. Le Capolier. _Do._ _pl._ 129. _pl._ 130.
+    _f._ 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. fuscus, infrą albescentibus; plumis frontalibus rigidis,
+    acuminatis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus; caudā
+    mediocri, rotundatā._
+
+    M. brown, beneath whitish, feathers on the front of the head rigid,
+    pointed, and rufous; lines before and behind the eye whitish: tail
+    moderate, rounded.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The colours of this bird are altogether plain; but it is remarkable for its
+very singular nest, which is so large, as to form a feature in the woodland
+scenery of Bahia, the only part of Brazil where I observed it: the nest is
+built in low trees, formed externally of dried sticks, without any
+neatness, and is usually three or four feet long, resembling at a distance
+a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by accident: sometimes
+two of these nests appear as if joined together, and there is an opening on
+the side, besides one at the top. The sexes are generally seen near the
+nest, uttering a shrill, incessant, monotonous chirp, particularly in the
+morning and evening. I never could bring myself to tear one of their nests
+to pieces, merely to see its construction.
+
+All the birds of this genus are stated by Professor Temminck to be natives
+either of the old world, or of the southern hemisphere; but the
+observations I have made, lead me to think otherwise. Two of the generic
+types M. Temminck has given, are the same as those I have selected; these
+birds are now before me; the other (_Le Capolier_,) is so like the species
+here figured, that (judging from Le Vaillant's plate) they might easily
+pass for the same bird. Two other species, with characters perfectly
+resembling _M. garrulus_, are likewise found in Brazil.
+
+From a consideration, therefore, of the affinities and habits of these
+birds, I conceive they may constitute a very natural genus, closely allied
+to _Sylvia_, having very compressed bills, short wings, russet coloured
+plumage, with soft and generally long tails, and building rather large and
+cylindrical nests. On the other hand, if the whole of the birds mentioned
+by P. Temminck are retained in the genus, I apprehend it will become
+entirely artificial; inasmuch as it will include not only the birds above
+mentioned, but the _Motacilla superba_, and a large non-descript bird from
+New Holland, the size of a thrush, which in habit, though not in
+characters, resembles a shrike.
+
+M. Vieillot first proposed this genus, but his definition is so short and
+obscure, that little can be gained from it.
+
+The slight sketch in the distance, introduced in the plate, will give some
+idea of the singular nest of this bird.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 139
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SYLVIA plumbea,
+
+_Grey-backed Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostri recti, tenuis, basi altiore quam latiore, mandibulā superiori
+    aliquando emarginatā, inferiori rectā. Nares basales, laterales,
+    membranā partim tectę. Crura longiora digito medio, qui digito
+    exteriori ad basin annectitur. Ungue posteriore mediocri, digito
+    posteriore breviore et arcuato. Remigum pinnā primā brevissimā
+    aliquando caret. Tectrices remigibus multo breviores._ Temm.
+
+    Bill straight, slender, base higher than broad; superior mandible
+    sometimes notched, the inferior straight. Nostrils basal, lateral,
+    partly covered by a membrane. Legs longer than the middle toe, which is
+    united to the exterior toe at the base; hinder claw moderate, shorter
+    than the toe, and curved. Wings; the first quill very short, or
+    wanting, greater covers much shorter than the quills. _Temminck._
+
+    Generic Types--_Turdus arundinaceus._ Lath. _Sylvia locustella._
+    _Luscinia._ _Trochilus._ _Regulus._ (Temminck.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. cęruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo; tectricium apicibus
+    albis._
+
+    Blue grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-covers tipt with
+    white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is an elegance of shape, and a harmony of colouring, in the Warblers,
+that render these delicate little birds very interesting. The species are
+exceedingly numerous, and are spread over most parts of the world; several
+abound in our own woods and hedges, and the "sacred bird" of our childhood,
+the Robin Redbreast, is among the number. That now before us is a native of
+Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr. Leadbeater; I never met with it
+myself. The first quill feather is hardly shorter than the three next,
+which are all of equal length; the tail-feathers are even, and rather
+pointed; their colour black, margined with grey; the two outer with a white
+spot on the inner web; the under wing and tail-covers white.
+
+I have made no material alteration in Prof. Temminck's definition of this
+overgrown genus, being convinced it might lead to confusion, while the
+generality of the birds composing it remain so little known.
+
+This bird greatly resembles the female of _S. pusilla_ of Wilson
+(yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden
+yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird:
+the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description
+of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as he
+only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson and
+Vieillot say there are two.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 140
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TROGLODYTES rectirostris,
+
+_Straight-billed Wren._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Troglodytes. _Ray._ _Cuvier._ _Vieillot._ Sylvia. _Latham._ _Temminck._
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _Rostrum curvatum, rarņ rectum, lateribus compressis; apice vix
+    emarginato. Nares basales. Alę brevissimę, rotundatę, remigum majorum 3
+    exteriorum longitudine quartę longitudinem superante, cęteris paribus
+    et vix remigibus minoribus longioribus. Rectrices breves, fasciculatę,
+    erectę. Hallux digito medio brevior. Plumę fuscę._
+
+    Bill curved; rarely straight, the sides compressed, the tip slightly
+    notched. Nostrils basal. Wings remarkably short, rounded, the three
+    exterior greater quills shorter than the fourth; the remainder of equal
+    length, and hardly longer than the lesser quills. Tail-feathers weak,
+    short, fasciculated, and generally carried erect. Hind toe shorter than
+    the middle toe. Plumage brown.
+
+    Generic Types _Motacillę troglodytes et furva._ Gm. _Certhię
+    familiaris, palustris, et Caroliniana._ Wilson, _Am. Orn._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. fuscus, jugulo pectoreque pallidioribus; mento nigricante; corpore
+    medio niveo; rectricibus angustis, nigris; mandibulę superiore apice
+    adunco._
+
+    Brown; throat and breast paler; chin blackish, middle of the body
+    snowy, feathers of the tail black and narrow; tip of the upper mandible
+    hooked.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This singular little bird agrees more in its general character with
+_Troglodytes_, than with any other established genus; yet with this its
+similitude is but slight. Anxious, nevertheless, to avoid what might
+hereafter prove an unnecessary innovation, I have placed it with the Wrens,
+under the distinguishing name of _rectirostris_; although I am more
+inclined to think it constitutes a distinct genus.
+
+_Troglodytis_, originally instituted as a genus by our illustrious
+countryman Ray, has been adopted both by M.M. Cuvier and Vieillot.
+Professor Temminck, on the contrary, has included it with _Sylvia_; an
+immense genus, already burthened with more species than are rightly
+understood, or that really belong to it.
+
+Figure the natural size. Bill straight, triangular at the base, the sides
+compressed, tip of the upper mandible bent down and notched; nostrils
+large, lengthened, covered by a membrane, which (except at the base,) is
+naked; the aperture terminal, near the edge of the bill, narrow, and
+oblong: the feathers on the rump and flanks remarkably long; the three fore
+toes slender, and all connected at their base as far as the first joint:
+tail even, and longer than the generality of Wrens, the feathers very
+narrow, weak, and deep black. Plumage above light or reddish brown; sides
+of the head, neck, breast, and body, the same, but tinged with fulvous; the
+chin and upper part of the throat blackish, but the margin of the feathers
+partly white: lower part of the throat and breast dusky: middle of the body
+pure white; under wing covers, inside margin of the quills, and edge of the
+shoulders, white.
+
+Mr. Leadbeater favoured me with this bird, which he received from Brazil.
+
+The comparative length of the bill in this genus, (leaving the present bird
+out of consideration,) offers no generic distinction, because it varies
+greatly in different species. Some of those found in Brazil have the bill
+nearly double the length of the common European Wren.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 141
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS chryseürus,
+
+_Golden-tailed Parrot._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. nitidč viridis; fronte genisque fulvo colore tinctis; rectricium
+    brevium, parium, pennis mediis viridibus, cęteris aureis, omnium
+    apicibus nigris._
+
+    Shining green; front and sides of the head tinged with fulvous; tail
+    short, even, tipt with black, the two middle feathers green, the rest
+    golden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I was fortunate in procuring both sexes of this very rare bird in the
+vicinity of Pernambuco, being the only individuals I ever met with in
+Brazil: they appeared as if tired from a long flight, which led me to
+suppose they had migrated from the interior towards the coast. I do not
+find the species noticed by any writer, nor have I seen it in any
+collection.
+
+The total length is six inches and a half; the plumage generally of a rich
+emerald green, rather obscure on the top and sides of the head, but very
+bright on the back and rump, where it is tinged with blue; the feathers
+round the base of the bill, front, and sides of the head, are tinged with
+buff colour; the scapulary feathers (protecting the base of the wings and
+lesser quills) are chocolate brown, the quills themselves black, margined
+externally with green and internally with olive. The most beautiful part of
+the bird is the tail, which is short and even, each feather having the tips
+margined by a narrow line of black, the middle pair being green, and all
+the rest of a rich golden yellow colour; the under plumage and wing covers
+are nearly of as deep a green as the wings, but on the flanks there is a
+tinge of olive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 142
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NECTARINIA flaveola, _var._
+
+_Yellow-bellied Nectarinia._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 117.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _N. nigricans, infrą flava; mento, superciliis rectriciumque trium
+    exteriarum apicibus, albis; fasciā uropygiali olivaceā._
+
+    Blackish brown; beneath yellow; chin, eyebrows, and tips of the three
+    outer tail-feathers white; band on the rump olive.
+
+    Certhia flaveola. _Gmelin_, 479. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ _v._ 1. _p._ 297.
+    _Gen. Zool._ _v._ 8. _p._ 248. _Turton_, _p._ 297.
+
+    Certhia, _No._ 33. _Brisson. Orn._ _v._ 6. _App._ _p._ 117. _Syn._ 2.
+    _p._ 19.
+
+    Black and yellow Creeper. _Edwards_, _pl._ 122. _pl._ 362. _Lath. Syn._
+    _v._ 2. _p._ 737. _Gen. Zool._ _v._ 8. _p._ 248. _Turton._ _p._ 297.
+
+    Le Guit-Guit Sucrier. _Vieill. Ois. Dor. Certh._ _pl._ 51. _p._ 102.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This pretty little bird, under different varieties of plumage, appears to
+be scattered over the greatest part of tropical America, and is one of the
+most common of its tribe. The best, and indeed the only detailed account of
+its economy, is given by M. Vieillot; who remarks, that its nest is
+suspended on the tops of those tall climbing plants, which, in those
+countries, form a matting over the most lofty trees: the entrance to the
+nest is at the bottom; the interior is divided into two compartments, in
+one of which only the young are contained. It feeds both on small insects,
+and the nectar of flowers. All the above synonyms refer to the different
+varieties authors have enumerated of this species. Most of these have a
+white spot at the base of the exterior quills; others vary in having the
+throat entirely black; and some again have a yellow rump; but none of these
+agree with the variety here figured, which I believe came from Trinidad.
+Probably a more perfect knowledge of these supposed varieties will show
+they contain two or three distinct species.
+
+Notwithstanding the shortness of the bill, this is a decided _Nectarinia_,
+according to a natural, but not an artificial arrangement. It forms, in
+some degree, a passage from the shining coloured _Nectarinię_ of America,
+to the short-billed _Melliphagę_ of the southern hemisphere. On a future
+occasion I shall offer more detailed observations on the genus _Dicęum_ of
+Cuvier.
+
+The figure is the size of life; and, with the specific character, renders a
+further description unnecessary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 143
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA sordida,
+
+_Brown Apple Snail_ _f. 1. 2._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā globosā, ferrugineā, lineis transversis subcarinatis
+    instructā aperturę margine tenui; umbilico magno; operculo corneo?_
+
+    Shell globose, ferruginous, with obsolete transverse subcarinated
+    lines; margin of the aperture thin; umbilicus large; operculum horny?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The only species of _Ampullaria_ with which this may be confounded is _A.
+fasciata_, p. 103, in comparison with which it is a more globose shell, the
+aperture narrower, and the spire more obtuse; the umbilicus is larger,
+round, and not contracted; the suture is not sunk, the shell is not banded
+with coloured lines, nor is the surface smooth; on the contrary, it is
+marked with transverse, obscurely carinated lines; while the shell is
+uniform brown, the aperture within is white, margined with brown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMPULLARIA puncticulata
+
+_Oval, punctured Apple Snail_
+
+    _A. testā ovatā, subtilissimč punctatā; spirā obtusā; labii exterioris
+    margine, interiorisque basi rufis, incrassatis; operculo corneo?_
+
+    Shell oval, minutely punctured, spire obtuse; margin of the exterior
+    lip within, and base of the inner lip thick and rufous; operculum
+    horny?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This and _A. oblonga_ are the only species I am yet acquainted with, whose
+form is not globose. It never grows to a size much larger than the figure;
+the whole shell is marked by fine longitudinal strię, and transverse lines
+of minute dots, discernible only by the aid of a common magnifier; the
+aperture within is brownish flesh-colour; the margin is strong and reddish,
+and, within that of the outer lip, is a thickened rim; which, should the
+operculum be testaceous, may supply the place of the groove for its
+reception observable in _A. globosa_ and _corrugata_. The localities of
+both these species are unknown to me.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 144
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EBURNA Valentiana,
+
+_Arabian Eburna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa turrita, lęvis, nitida, umbilicata, basi truncatā, emarginatā.
+    Aperturę angulus superior internč canaliculatus. Animal marinum._
+
+    Shell turrited, smooth, polished, umbilicated, base truncated,
+    emarginate. Upper angle of the aperture with an internal channel.
+    Animal marine.
+
+Generic Type _Buccinum Spiratum_ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. testā ventricosā, maculatā; aperturę longitudine spirę longitudinem
+    superante; spirā anfractibus 5 convexis, suturis alveatis; basi balteo
+    concavo cinctā._
+
+    Shell ventricose, spotted; spire shorter than the aperture, of five
+    convex volutions; suture channelled; base with a concave belt.
+
+    Eburna Valentiana. _Sw. Appendix to Bligh Cat._ _p._ 6. _lot_ 904.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Few species are known of _Eburnę_, and these are neither well defined, nor
+correctly figured.
+
+The species selected by most authors as the type of this genus is _Buccinum
+glabratum_ of Linnęus, a shell which, as it unites the characters of
+_Eburna_ and _Ancilia_, should not have been chosen for this purpose. Types
+of genera are alone intended to represent the usual appearance of those
+characters on which the genus has been founded; they should therefore be
+selected from such species only, as represent these characters in their
+perfect development.
+
+_E. Valentiana_ was first characterized by myself, in the Appendix to the
+Bligh Collection. It was brought from the Red Sea by Lord Valentia, in
+honour of whom it is named. The very short spire and concave belt at the
+base, easily distinguish this shell from _E. spirata_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 145
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EBURNA tessellata,
+
+_Tessellated Eburna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 144.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. testā maculis fuscis seu purpureis tessellatis fasciatā; suturā vix
+    canaliculatā; anfractuum marginibus convexis._
+
+    Shell with bands of tessellated brown or purple spots; suture slightly
+    channelled; margin of the volutions convex.
+
+    Buccinum Spiratum. _var. Linn._ _Gmelin_, 3487. _Dill._ 620. _Brug._
+    _p._ 262. 26. _Turton_, 4. _p._ 400. _var._ 2.
+
+    Lister, 981. 41. (_bad._) _Seba_, _t._ 73. _f._ 25. 26. _Martini_, 4.
+    _pl._ 122. 1120. 1121.
+
+    _E. Arcolata_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 282. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A shell hitherto placed as a variety of _E. spirata_, (_Buccinum spiratum_,
+Lin.) but from which I am disposed to consider it as specifically distinct.
+The channel or sulcation round the suture of each whorl is very slight, and
+the adjoining margin obtuse and convex; whereas in _E. spirata_ the channel
+is broad and deep, having the margin sharply carinated: so far the
+essential characters of the two shells are at variance; but their
+difference in colour is so obvious that no one can mistake them.
+
+The form of the umbilicus in this species appears to be constant: it is
+wide, deep, placed near to the upper angle of the aperture, and margined
+externally by a convex belt. With the exception of Seba's figures, (which,
+through the carelessness of the engraver, are reversed,) not a tolerable
+representation of this shell can be found; for those given by the authors
+above named, are almost too inaccurate for citation. It inhabits the Indian
+Ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 146
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EBURNA Pacifica,
+
+_South Sea Eburna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 144.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. testā ventricosā, maculis fulvis fasciisque albis ornatā; spirę
+    angustę, acutę, suturis integris._
+
+    Shell ventricose, with fulvous spots and white bands; spire slender,
+    acute; suture entire.
+
+    Eburna Pacifica. _Swainson, Appendix to Bligh Cat._ _p._ 6. _lot_ 904.
+
+    Eburna lutosa? _Ency. Méth._ _pl._ 401. _f._ 4.
+
+    _E. lutosa?_ _Lam. Syst._ 7. 282. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A delicate and rather uncommon shell: first defined in the Appendix I
+subjoined to the Catalogue of the Bligh collection, dispersed by auction
+last spring. Mrs. Mawe informs me she has received this, along with other
+shells, from the Pacific Ocean.
+
+A species at once distinguished by the entire suture and narrow-pointed
+spire; the inner lip is very thick, with a longitudinal sulcation near the
+umbilicus.
+
+Whether this is the shell represented in the _Ency. Méth._ at _pl._ 401,
+_f._ 4, admits of doubt: a short description would have explained the
+characters, but not one word is said about it. I have already adverted to
+this novel mode of creating species at pl. 31. If authors will not be at
+the trouble of defining new species, they have no right to expect their
+names should be adopted by subsequent and more laborious writers, to whom
+they leave the more scientific task, of defining characters and collating
+synonyms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 147
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MUSCIPETA carinata,
+
+_Keel-billed Flycatcher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 116.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. plumbea, infrą ferruginea; fronte juguloque nigris; temporibus
+    albentibus; rostri culmine carinato._
+
+    Plumbeous; body beneath ferruginous; front and throat black; sides of
+    the head whitish; top of the bill carinated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Brookes, the celebrated anatomist, first drew my attention to this
+singular bird; the peculiarity of the bill suggested to us the idea of
+creating a genus for its reception; but a closer comparison of its other
+characters with several of the exotic _Muscipetę_ induces me, at least for
+the present, to associate it with those birds. The Flycatchers, as they now
+stand in the works of Latham, Shaw, and other Linnęan writers,
+undistinguished even by sections or subdivisions, present a mass of
+confusion, which renders the search after an individual, in this immense
+genus, almost hopeless.
+
+Total length, six inches and a half; front, throat, and margin of the
+shoulders, deep black; the whole upper plumage is of a delicate lead
+colour, which is paler on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of the
+head and neck; body and inner wing covers rufous; the first quill is half
+the length of the second, which is rather shorter than the three next; feet
+slender, weak, and short; the outer toe united, the inner cleft. The bill
+at the base is triangular, but not elevated; the sides compressed; the
+culmin, or top, is sharp, elevated, and curved; the tip of both mandibles
+notched: nostrils simple, small, round, without a membrane, and partly hid
+by the thick-set frontal feathers, and lengthened setaceous bristles round
+the bill. These parts are delineated on the plate of their natural size;
+and must form the basis of any future generic alteration in the arrangement
+of this bird. The figure was from a specimen belonging to Mr. Brookes;
+since which, I have received two others from New Holland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 148
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EMBERIZA cristata,
+
+_Crested Bunting._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, conicum, compressum, basi aliquatenus hians, mandibulā
+    superiore inflexā, inferiore superiorem magnitudine superantem. Nares
+    basales, rotundi, basi plumulis obtectā. Pedes sedentes, digitis tribus
+    anticis basi divisis, halluce plerumque brevi, curvo, aliquando recto._
+
+    Ob. _Remigum pennā primā brevi, secundā tertiāque longissimis._
+
+    Bill short, strong, conic, compressed; the base slightly gaping; upper
+    mandible inflexed; under mandible largest. Nostrils basal, round,
+    covered at the base by small feathers. Feet sitting, the three anterior
+    toes divided at the base; the hind claw in general short and curved, in
+    some species straight.
+
+    _Ob._ The first quill of the wings shorter than the second and third,
+    which are the longest.
+
+    Generic Types (Temminck) i. _Emb. citrinella. miliaria_ Lin. ii. _Em.
+    nivalis. Fring. Lapponica._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. olivacea, infrą flavescens; capite cristato; jugulo nigro; strigā
+    oculari, scapulis rectricibusque lateralibus flavis._
+
+    Olive, beneath yellowish, head crested; throat black; eye stripe,
+    shoulders, and lateral tail feathers, yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The elegant crest of narrow-pointed feathers on the head of this new bird,
+at once distinguishes it from all others of the same family. Mr. Brookes
+favoured me with the individual here described; it was purchased alive at
+one of the Brazilian ports; but I strongly suspect it had been first
+brought from Africa, by some one of the slave ships. The figure is of the
+natural size; down the shaft of each feather on the back is a black line;
+the tail is rather long, and even; the two middle feathers black; the rest
+pure yellow, with black shafts, and brown exterior terminal margins; the
+upper mandible of the bill is sinuated; the base not gaping, but with a few
+incumbent bristles.
+
+I have taken the authority of Professor Temminck for the accuracy of the
+generic types of this genus under its present modification.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 149
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CASTNIA Fabricii,
+
+_Red underwing Day-moth._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennę clavatę, clavo elongato, cylindraceo, fusiformi, ad apicem
+    unco brevi, acuto armato. Palpi breves, graciles, haud prominentes,
+    articulo ultimo nudo, obliquč verticales. Vertex ocellatus? ocello
+    oculum juxta utrumque posito._
+
+    Obs. _Caput parvum; alarum basis squamis conspicuis, elongatis
+    imbricata._
+
+    Antennę clubbed; club elongated, rounded, fusiform, ending in a short
+    acute hook. Palpi short, slender, not projecting beyond the front, the
+    last joint naked, obliquely vertical. Crown with a small ocellus?
+    adjoining each eye.
+
+    _Ob._ Head small: base of the wings covered with conspicuous,
+    lengthened, imbricate scales.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis anticis, suprą ferrugineis; posticis rufis, fasciis 3 undatis,
+    nigris, masculis ovatis interstinctis, ornatis._
+
+    Anterior wings above ferruginous; posterior rufous, with three waved
+    bands of black, between which are imperfect oval spots.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The insects of this genus form one of the most singular groups among the
+Lepidoptera; they are few in number, and confined to the tropical regions
+of America; flying only during the meridian heat, and then with incredible
+rapidity: they frequent the narrow inlets of thick forests, occasionally
+resting, far above the ground, on the trunks of trees. The species here
+figured is very rare, and came from the Diamond district of Brazil: it is
+named after the illustrious entomologist who first founded the genus. The
+bases of the wings beneath are furnished, in the male, with a spiral socket
+and horny spring, similar to those of the Phalęnidę.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 150
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SPHINX fasciata.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 81.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. alis anticis subdentatis, suprą fuscis, margine postico strigā
+    pallidā ornato; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine annuloso,
+    annulis nigris, interruptis, interstitiis albis._
+
+    Anterior wings subdentated, above brown, posterior margin with a pale
+    stripe; posterior wings fulvous, margin black; body with black
+    interrupted rings, the interstices white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This approaches so near to the Sphinx Alope of Drury, that it is not
+without hesitation I have ventured to separate them; it will, however, be
+seen, that neither in his figure or description is any notice taken of the
+pale testaceous band on the superior wings; the body likewise is described
+as "encircled with rings of brown and _dark ash_ colour;" in this, the
+rings are black, on nearly a white ground: the under sides of the superior
+wings, in Drury's insect, "are spotted along their external edges with long
+yellowish spots;" in this, they are uniform pale brown. These differences
+(greatly strengthened by his figure) induce me to consider them as
+distinct; particularly as both insects appear to have come from Jamaica:
+the upper side of the antennę are white, the lower brown. Cramer's figure
+of S. Alope affords little or no clue to illustrate the question.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPHINX Leachii.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _S. alis anticis subdentatis, griseo-fuscis, maculis mediis 3 nigris;
+    posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine griseo, annulis nigris,
+    interruptis._
+
+    Anterior wings subdentated, greyish brown, with three medial black
+    spots; posterior fulvous, margin black; abdomen grey, with interrupted
+    black rings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I cannot reconcile this with any one species described by Fabricius; at the
+anal angle of the lower wings, is a pale greyish spot, with two short
+blackish lines: I have named it in honour of that laborious and eminent
+zoologist, Dr. Leach; who presented me with the specimen here figured.
+
+The upper figure is of _Sphinx Leachii_, and the under of _S. fasciata_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 151
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ALCEDO semitorquata,
+
+_Half-collared Kingsfisher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. cęruleo-viridis, infrą ochracea; capite cyaneo, lineis nigris
+    transversis ornato; dorso nitidč cęruleo; pectore torque cęruleo-viridi
+    interrupto insigni._
+
+    Bluish green, beneath buff colour; head blue, with transverse black
+    lines; back shining light blue; breast with an interrupted blue-green
+    collar.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a small collection of birds, procured on the borders of the Great Fish
+River of the Cape, I met with this new and elegant Kingsfisher. I was
+fortunate in detecting in the same parcel several other unknown and
+interesting birds; which I hope to record and illustrate in this work,
+particularly as they have since been sent to a foreign museum. This species
+considerably exceeds the size of the Asiatic Kingsfisher, being nearly
+eight inches and a half long: the bill is black, two inches from the gape,
+and one and three quarters from the base of the nostrils: head blue, the
+crown crossed by dusky black lines; hind head somewhat crested, the sides
+deep and rich mazarine blue; ears and sides of the neck greenish blue, the
+latter having a stripe of white; the blue on the sides of the neck advances
+on the breast in the shape of a half-formed collar: wings and scapula
+covers bluish green, with lighter spots on the tip of each of the wing
+covers; down the back is a stripe of vivid light blue, similar to the
+common Kingsfisher: tail dark-blue, edged with greenish, the base black.
+The plumage beneath, from the chin to the end of the throat, white;
+changing on the breast to pale fawn colour, which deepens to ferruginous on
+the body, under tail covers, and thighs: legs red: between the bill and eye
+a dusky white line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 152
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA melastoma,
+
+_Black-mouthed Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā strigis longitudinalibus, nebulosis, purpureis ornatā; spirā
+    elongatā; labio exteriore castaneo-nigro; columellā crassā, gibbā; basi
+    integrā._
+
+    Shell with clouded purple longitudinal stripes; spire lengthened; inner
+    lip chesnut-black; columella thickened, gibbous; base entire.
+
+    _Helix regina._ _Ferussac Moll._ _liv._ 19. _pl._ 119.
+
+        _Var._ (reversed.) _A. perversa._ _Zool. Illust._ _vol._ 1. _pl._
+        30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have not the least doubt that this shell is specifically the same with
+that figured at Plate 30 of this work: it has only recently come under my
+inspection, and I therefore hasten to give a further illustration of this
+beautiful species, and to substitute a new specific character, which will
+be applicable to both varieties.
+
+Although much more ventricose than the reverse variety, this has the same
+unusual formation of that part of the columella seen at the base of the
+mouth, where it is very thick, and appears as if swelled: the epidermis, in
+this specimen, obscures the white ground colour of the shell. I have seen
+also another variety, even more slender than that at Plate 30, and with the
+aperture not reversed. These new facts point out the necessity of the
+specific name of _perversa_ being changed to one more applicable.
+
+The figure is from a specimen lent to me by Mr. Dubois, and is probably
+from Brazil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 153
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS lobatus,
+
+_Lobed, or Brindled Strombus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testā nodulosā; spirā brevi, inermi; labio exteriore suprā repando,
+    bilobo, margine crasso, reflexo; aperturā lęvi, rubescente; canale
+    brevi._
+
+    Shell nodulous; spire short, unarmed; outer lip above spreading,
+    two-lobed, margin thick, reflected; aperture smooth, reddish; channel
+    short.
+
+    _Seba_, _tab._ 62. _f._ 4. 5. (_optimč_) 9. 12. 14. 15. 27. _tab._ 63.
+    _f._ 6. _Mart._ 3. _tab._ 83. _f._ 836, 837. _Gualt._ _tab._ 32. _f._
+    F. _Knorr_ 3. _tab._ 11. _f._ 1-6. _tab._ 29. _f._ 8.
+
+    Strombus Gallus, ([beta]) _Gmelin_, 3511. 11. S. Raninus, _Gmelin_,
+    3511. 10.
+
+    _S. bituberculatus_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 202. 6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It will appear extraordinary, that this very common shell should have been
+unknown to Linnęus; and still more, that no other systematic writer should
+have noticed it, excepting Gmelin, by whom it is placed as a variety of _S.
+gallus_, although his _S. raninus_ is obviously made from a bad figure in
+Knorr of this same shell. On referring to Mr. Dillwyn's account of _S.
+gallus_, I find all the references of Gmelin to this shell expunged; and a
+note at the head of the genus states, that _S. raninus_ is undeserving of
+notice; thus every trace of the shell, in this work, is altogether lost.
+
+The two lobes at the top of the outer lip form a strong and peculiar
+distinction of this species: the colour of the mouth is variable; though
+usually tinged with pink, it is often reddish, or red blended with yellow,
+and sometimes nearly white; within the upper part of the aperture, round
+the inner lip, are one or two strong plaits, with sulcated grooves on each
+side; and near the lobe at the base of the outer lip, the aperture has a
+few obsolete strię: the nodules on the body whorl are triangular, and the
+two nearest the lip are, in general, very large: the channel (or base) is
+short, and turned up in an oblique direction.
+
+Found, in great abundance, in various parts of the West India seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 154
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS Malaccensis,
+
+_Blue-rumped Parrot._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis; vertice uropygioque nitidč cęruleis; tectricibus
+    interioribus, corporisque lateribus coccineis; caudā flavescente;
+    rostro magno, dentato._
+
+    Green; crown and rump sapphire blue; inner wing covers and sides of the
+    body crimson; tail yellowish; bill large, toothed.
+
+    P. Malaccensis. _General Zoology_, _vol._ 8. 2. _p._ 554.
+
+    Blue-rumped Parrakeet. _Lath. Syn. Sup._ 1. _p._ 66.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I think this may be the bird described (according to Latham) by Sonnerat,
+under the name of _Petite perruche de Malacca_, and from which both Latham
+and Shaw have framed their account of the Blue-rumped Parrot. On comparing
+their descriptions with the following, some differences and omissions will
+be found, but not sufficient, I think, to justify the idea of this being a
+distinct species: I have, as yet, seen only one specimen (and that not
+perfect) of this rare and little known bird.
+
+Total length six inches; bill unusually large and strong, being three
+quarters of an inch (in a straight line) long, and nearly the same in
+height at the base; upper mandible with a sharp tooth in the middle, and
+reddish orange; under mandible violet grey; front and crown of the head
+violet blue, changing to blackish green on the back, and greyish green on
+the sides of the head, neck, and breast; body and vent green; rump and
+upper tail covers vivid azure blue; spurious wings greenish blue; wing
+covers dark but bright green, margined more or less with yellowish; quills
+blue green, their inner webs black; under wing covers and sides of the body
+crimson; tail short, even, the two middle feathers above green, the rest
+yellow with green edges and black shafts; beneath, these feathers are all
+yellow, the shafts white; the wings, for the size of the bird, are very
+long, measuring four inches and a half.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 155
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS viridissimus,
+
+_Green Parrot._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. pallidč viridis; pennis infrą nitidč thalassinis; tegminum,
+    remigum, scapulariumque marginibus flavescentibus; lineā ante-oculari
+    flavā; rectricium basi rubrā._
+
+    Pale green, quills beneath changeable sea-green; wing covers, quills
+    and scapulars margined with yellowish; before the eye a yellow line;
+    base of the tail feathers red.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The uniform green which pervades the plumage of this Parrot, induces me to
+think it may, possibly, be the female of some other species; a few pale red
+feathers, close to the axilla, and the faint red on the tail feathers,
+appear to strengthen this supposition. Among those species which are
+recorded, this approaches nearest to Latham's Green Parrakeet; but the
+figure this writer quotes, (_Pl. Enl._ 837.) is at variance both with his
+description, and with the bird now before us; it may, therefore, be
+considered as undescribed.
+
+Total length nine inches; bill pale; upper mandible three-quarters of an
+inch long, the margin undulated. The whole plumage is of a beautiful and
+delicate green, darkest above; with a tinge of blue on the crown, spurious
+wings, and greater quills; the orbits are naked, between which and the eye
+is a blackish line, bordered above by another of pure yellow; all the wing
+covers and quills are margined with yellowish. The colour of the inferior
+side of the quills is a pale but beautiful blue green, reflecting brighter
+tints of the same colour, when held in certain lights; the under side of
+the tail has likewise these reflections, but above is yellowish, with a
+dusky red spot at the base of each lateral feather: under the wings there
+are three or four dull red feathers; feet pale.
+
+This bird is in my own collection, and is the only one I have as yet seen;
+neither am I acquainted with its native country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 156
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FRINGILLA oryzivora,
+
+_Paddy bird, Rice bird, or Java Sparrow._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, validum, crassum, rectum, conicum; mandibulę;
+    superioris gibbę apice vix inflexo, integro; culminis convexi basi
+    angulatā. Nares basales, rotundę, pone culminis basin positę, plumulis
+    vix obtectę. Pedes sedentes. Alę breves._
+
+    Bill short, strong, thick, straight, conic; upper mandible swelled, the
+    tip slightly inflexed, entire; culmine convex, the base angulated.
+    Nostrils basal, round, placed behind the base of the culmine, and
+    partially covered by the frontal feathers. Feet sitting. Wings short.
+
+    Generic Types. _Loxię Javensis, Braziliana. Emberiza principalis,
+    cicris. Tanagria cęrulea, &c._ (Temminck.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _F. cana; capite caudāque nigris; rostro rubro; crisso roseo-albente;
+    auribus (in maribus) niveis._
+
+    Lead-coloured; head and tail black; bill red; belly obscure rosy; ears
+    (in the male) snowy.
+
+    Loxia oryzivora. _Gm._ I. 302. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1. 380. _Gen. Zool._
+    9. 2. 316. _Brisson_, 1. 374. 7.
+
+    Java Grosbeak. _Lath. Syn._ 3. 129. _Supp._ 151. _Gen. Zool._ 9. 316.
+    _pl._ 51.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This elegant bird has been so distorted, in the representations given of it
+by the older ornithologists, that little apology is thought necessary for
+introducing more accurate figures of both sexes in this publication. It is
+said to inhabit the Cape and various parts of India, causing much damage to
+the rice plantations, and is frequently brought to this country alive. The
+figure is of the size of life, the bill bright red, but whitish towards the
+tip; it is very strong, thickened round the basal margins, and forms a
+sharp angle between the frontal feathers: the nostrils are small, round,
+and placed _behind_ the thick margin of the bill, and not on its outer
+surface. Legs flesh-coloured; the orbits are said to be red in the live
+bird.
+
+I have followed the example of Illiger and Temminck in uniting the greatest
+part of the Linnęan Loxię and Fringillę under the latter genus, retaining
+only the Cross-bills under the former.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 157
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA effusa,
+
+_Ribbon Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā globosā, lęvi, fasciis purpureo-fuscis cinctā; spirā
+    depressā, apice prominente; aperturā angustā; umbilico magno, profundo;
+    columellā obsoletā._
+
+    Shell globose, smooth, with purple brown bands; spire depressed, the
+    tip prominent; aperture narrow; umbilicus large, deep; pillar obsolete.
+
+    Helix glauca. _Linn. Dillw._ 918. Helix ampullucea, (_var._ [gamma])
+    _Gmelin_, 3626. Bulimus effusus. _Brug._ _p._ 296. _No._ 1.
+
+    _Lister_, 129. 29. _Seba_, _tab._ 38. _f._ 39. _tab._ 40. _f._ 3. 4. 5.
+    (_optimč_.) _Martini_, 9. _tab._ 129. _f._ 1144-5. _Knorr_, 4. _tab._
+    5. _f._ 3.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I concur with Mr. Dillwyn in believing that this shell is the _Helix
+glauca_ of Linnęus; but, as it is now removed to another genus, I think no
+real advantage would result from continuing its original specific name;
+particularly as the identity may be questioned by others, without a chance
+of the question ever being settled: the adoption of the specific names
+given to species slightly or incorrectly described by the older
+naturalists, inevitably tends to increase the original obscurity, in all
+cases where the point cannot be cleared up. _A. effusa_ may be
+distinguished from all others by the columella being nearly obsolete; this
+part existing only in the two terminal whorls of the spire. This species
+therefore forms a transition to the _Planorbes_: there is a variety, with
+narrower stripes, double the size of that here figured.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMPULLARIA luteostoma,
+
+_Yellow-mouthed Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _A. testā globosā, striatā, olivaceā, lineis remotis fuscis fasciatā;
+    spirā levatā, apice acuto; aperturā effusā intus marginatā; umbilico
+    magno._
+
+    Shell globose, striated, olive, with remote transverse brown lines,
+    spire elevated, the tip acute; aperture wide, within margined;
+    umbilicus large.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The umbilicus of this shell is not so deep as the last, but is larger than
+in any other known species; the columella is likewise perfect, and the
+aperture is wider and more oblique than in _A. effusa_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 158
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PINNA bullata, (_var._)
+
+_Rufous Pinna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa longitudinalis, cuneiformis, ęquivalvis, apice hians, basi
+    acutā; natibus rectis. Cardo lateralis, edentulus. Ligamentum
+    marginale, lineare, pręlongum subinternum._--Lamarck, _Sys._ vol. vi.
+    p. i. p. 129.
+
+    Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, the valves gaping; the
+    umbones straight, pointed. Hinge lateral, without teeth. Ligament
+    marginal, linear, very long, subinternal.
+
+    Generic Types. _Pinnę rudis._ _Pectinata._ _Muricata._ Linn. Pennant,
+    &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. testā tenui, pellucidā, rufā, ęquilaterā, striis remotis, sulcatis,
+    transversim squamiferis, subspinosis; marginibus lateralibus rectis;
+    margine inferiore obliquč truncato._
+
+    Shell thin, pellucid, rufous, equilateral, with remote sulcated strię,
+    crossed by transverse scales and obtuse spines; lateral margins
+    straight; inferior margin obliquely truncate.
+
+    P. bullata. _Gmelin_, _p._ 3367. _Gualt._ _tab._ 79. _f._ c.
+    _Chemnitz._ 8. _tab._ 87. _f._ 769. _Knorr_, 2. 23. _f._ 1.
+
+    P. marginata. _Lam. Sys._ 6. _p._ 132. 7.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have little doubt that this shell is a smooth variety of the _Pinna
+bullata_ of Gmelin, and the _P. marginata_ of Lamarck; both these authors
+refer to the same figure in Gualtieri, but both also have overlooked that
+of Chemnitz, above quoted, as well as Knorr's, which latter, although it
+represents the shell nearly smooth (similar to that here figured), I
+apprehend is only a variety. No doubt therefore having existed as to
+Gmelin's _bullata_, M. Lamarck had no plea for altering its specific name
+to _marginata_. I have consequently recorded it under Gmelin's name.
+
+The Pinnę are rather numerous, although many of the species remain in
+obscurity; they attach themselves to rocks, deep in the sea, by a silky
+_byssus_. It has been commonly stated, that gloves and stockings are
+fabricated in the Mediterranean from this byssus, as articles of commerce;
+such, however, is not now the case; though articles, so fabricated, are
+sometimes shown in Naples and Sicily as subjects of curiosity.
+
+Pinna bullata is, I believe, found in the West Indies. The vaulted spires
+on this and other species, easily fall off; and become, therefore, a very
+uncertain specific character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 159
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SATYRUS argenteus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennę mediocres, clavo elongato, gracili. Palpi porrecti, compressi,
+    vix recurvi, remoti, pilis ciliatis, longis, hirsutissimi; articulo
+    ultimo elongato, nudo, gracili, acuto. Alę posticę orbiculares,
+    integrę, rarņ dentatę._
+
+    Antennę moderate, the club lengthened and slender. Palpi porrected,
+    compressed, slightly recurved, remote, with long ciliated hairs; the
+    last joints long, naked, slender, acute. Posterior wings orbicular,
+    entire, rarely dentated.
+
+    Generic Types. _Pap. Hyperanthus_, _Galathea_, _Semele_, _&c._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. alis fuscis; posticarum disco suprą flavescente, maculis 2 fuscis
+    fucato, infrą albente, margine postico fulvo, maculis 2 atris guttisque
+    7-8 argenteis ornato._
+
+    Wings brown; posterior above with a yellowish disk and two brown spots,
+    beneath whitish, the hind margin fulvous, with two black spots and 7-8
+    silver dots.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Without being ornamented by rich or vivid colouring, this is, nevertheless,
+one of the most chastely beautiful little butterflies found in Brazil. I
+met with it very plentifully in a small wood not far distant from Cashoera,
+on the western extremity of St. Salvador's bay: to this particular spot it
+seemed confined, for I never saw a single specimen in any other part of
+Brazil.
+
+No colouring can imitate the richness of the silvery spots on the under
+wings, which appear embossed, or as if solid drops of silver had fallen on
+the insect when it first emerged into life. The two sexes are perfectly
+similar.
+
+The insects of this genus are usually brown, with dark or paler shadings,
+and eye-like spots on their upper or under wings. They principally inhabit
+the woods of tropical regions, and the hedge sides and lanes of European
+countries; this circumstance probably induced Latreille to change their
+name from _Hipparchia_ (Fabricius) to _Satyrus_; which, although an
+innovation on the rules of nomenclature, may in this instance be allowed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 160
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ANODON purpurascens,
+
+_Purple Anodon, or Horse Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā transversim oblongā, crassā, depressā, intus purpurascente,
+    laminā cardinali crassā, truncatā, dente lamellari in utrāque valvā
+    supposito; umbonibus retusis._
+
+    Shell transversely oblong, thick, depressed, within purple; hinge plate
+    thick, truncate, with an obsolete lamellar tooth in each valve; umbones
+    retuse.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is an entirely new and very rare shell, remarkable for its shape and
+internal colour; it is also highly interesting, as exhibiting the generic
+characters of _Anodon_, blended (in some degree) with those of _Unio_:
+according to the principles of Lamarck, it might therefore be made into a
+genus; but I feel convinced too much importance has already been attached
+by that naturalist and his followers to the hinge of bivalve shells; and
+that the nomenclature of the science is burthened with genera, trivial in
+themselves, bewildering to the scientific, and unintelligible to the
+student.
+
+From having paid some attention to the Fluviatile Bivalves, and possessing
+a most extensive collection of specimens, I am clearly of opinion that no
+permanent characters will be found sufficient to retain either the genera
+_Dipsas_ (Leach), _Hyria_ (Lamarck), or _Alasmodonta_ of Say, much less
+that of _Damaris_ (Leach), and another, whose name I forget, made by Dr.
+Turton from the same shell as Leach's _Damaris_, viz. Mya Margaritifera of
+Linnęus. In fact, the line of demarcation between Unio and Anodon appears
+to rest on the first possessing cardinal teeth, and the latter having none.
+
+I have several valves (in different stages of growth), and one perfect
+specimen of this shell; they were sent to me from the back settlements of
+North America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 161
+
+[Illustration]
+
+VOLUTA punctata,
+
+_Red-dotted Volute._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovata. Spira aperturā brevior, apice papillari. Basis truncata,
+    emarginata. Columella plicata, plicis inferioribus majoribus._
+
+    Shell ovate. Spire shorter than the aperture, the tip papillary. Base
+    truncated, emarginate. Pillar plaited, the inferior plaits generally
+    largest.
+
+    Generic Types. _Volutę Olla_, _Imperialis_, _Pacifica_, _&c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _V. testā ovatā, subfusiformi, tuberculatā, pallidč rubellā fasciis 2
+    maculatis, rubris, punctis minutis interstinctis; columellā 4 plicatā._
+
+    Shell ovate, subfusiform, tuberculated, flesh-coloured, with two bands
+    of red spots interspersed with minute dots; pillar 4 plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In "Exotic Conchology," I have commenced, and intend to complete, a copious
+illustration of this noble family of shells; which (if the simile be
+admissible) may be termed the nobles of testaceous animals, with as much
+truth as Linnęus has called Palms the princes of the vegetable world. The
+Volutes, indeed, are imposing shells; both from their size, rarity, and
+their rich (but not gaudy) colouring; and it is not improbable that the
+value of a choice collection of the principal species, would be equal to
+their own weight in solid gold.
+
+The species now under consideration is only known from an injured specimen
+in Mr. Dubois' cabinet; although much rubbed on one side, it presents on
+the other a true pattern of its original markings; the margin of the outer
+lip, and the tip of the spire, are both injured; yet, notwithstanding these
+defects, there are abundant characters remaining to evince its total
+dissimilarity from any other recorded species.
+
+I have preferred subjoining only the essential generic characters of this
+genus, as most intelligible to students; particularly as its natural
+characters are fully detailed in the first part of "Exotic Conchology."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 162
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA fasciata, (_var._)
+
+_Banded Achatina,_ (_3 varieties_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 74.
+
+    (Young.) _Aperturā basi integrā._ Base of the aperture entire.
+
+    Ach. pallida. _Zool. Ill._ _vol._ 1. _pl._ 41.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since the first illustration of this elegant species appeared, at plate 74
+of this work, I have had the means of ascertaining a very extraordinary
+circumstance which takes place in the progressive growth of the young shell
+to the adult state; and that is the change effected in the form and
+termination of the pillar or columella. In the noble collection of shells
+formed by the late Earl of Tankerville, there is a numerous series of this
+species; from these I have ascertained, that in the young shells the base
+of the columella unites with the termination of the outer lip, making the
+aperture entire, similar to the lengthened Helices; but, as the shell
+advances in growth, the base of the columella becomes thick, detached, as
+it were, from the marginal rim, so as to produce an intervening notch, and
+thus gives the old and the young shell not only an appearance of being
+distinct species, but of belonging to separate genera. From these facts, I
+have drawn the conclusion, that _Achatina pallida_ (pl. 41), is but the
+young shell (having the margin of the aperture as yet entire) of _Achatina
+fasciata_; and the three additional varieties now figured, will, I hope,
+prove an interesting addition to the history of this species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 163
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HEMIPODIUS nivosus,
+
+_White-spotted Turnix._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, valdč compressum culmine levato, ad
+    apicem sub-incurvo. Nares laterales, lineares, sulcatę, membranā
+    convexā corneā vix tectę, aperturā fissā, elongatā. Pedes longi,
+    digitis tribus anticis divisis. Halluce caret. Cauda brevissima
+    tectricibus obtecta. Alę mediocres._
+
+    Bill moderate, slender, straight, much compressed, culmen elevated,
+    towards the tip slightly incurved. Nostrils lateral, linear, sulcated,
+    partially covered by a convex horny membrane, the aperture narrow and
+    elongated; legs long, with three toes before, divided at their base.
+    Hind toe none. Tail very short, concealed by the covers. Wings
+    moderate.
+
+    Generic Type. _Perdix nigricollis._ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. supra ferrugineo varius; mento albescente; jugulo pectoreque
+    pallidč ferrugineis, maculis albis, nitidis, ornatis; corpore albo;
+    uropygio caudęque tectricibus superioribus rufis, immaculatis._
+
+    Above varied with ferruginous; chin whitish; throat and breast pale
+    ferruginous, with white shining spots; body white; rump and upper
+    tail-covers rufous, unspotted.
+
+    H. nivosus. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Phil. Magazine_, _vol._ 60. _p._
+    353.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have represented this delicate little bird of its natural size; which is
+so small, as scarcely to equal that of a Lark. The Turnix inhabits the
+sandy deserts of Africa and India, and seems to form a race of pigmy
+Bustards, all the species yet discovered (fourteen in number) being very
+diminutive. Little is known of their habits in a state of nature, further
+than that they migrate, and fly with great rapidity. The specific character
+will distinguish _H. nivosus_ as a species; and I have already given a more
+detailed description of it in the Journal above quoted. Mr. Leadbeater
+received it from Senegal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 164
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SYLVIA annulosa,
+
+_White-eyed Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 139.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. olivaceo-viridis, infrą albescens; jugulo flavescente; palpebris
+    plumis niveis insignibus._
+
+    Olive-green, beneath whitish; throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a
+    ring of snowy feathers.
+
+    Sylvia Madagascariensis. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. 533. _Gm._ 1. 981.
+
+    White-eyed Warbler. _Lath. Gen. Syn._ 4. 475. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2. 720.
+
+    Ficedula Madagascariensis minor. _Briss. Ois._ 4. _p._ 498. _t._ 28.
+    _f._ 2. (_male_.) _Briss. Orn._ 1. 446.
+
+    _Le Figuier Tcheric_, _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 132.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A delicate ring of snow-white feathers encircles the eyes of this pretty
+bird. It is far from being peculiar to Madagascar (as Dr. Latham's name of
+_Madagascariensis_ would seem to imply), but is spread over a wide extent
+of the eastern hemisphere; being found both in the Isle of France, the Cape
+of Good Hope, and Madras. The name, therefore, is peculiarly inapplicable;
+but this is not all: for we find that the same author, a few pages after,
+has given this identical name to another very different bird; the same
+error is transferred into Shaw's Zoology.
+
+Figure, the size of life: colour above, olive green; ears and sides of the
+head the same: chin, throat, and under tail covers yellow; breast
+cinereous, changing to dusky brown on the flanks; the middle of the body
+whitish; between the eye and bill a velvet-black line, which forms a
+partial margin to the snowy feathers of the eyelids; wings and tail dusky
+black, margined with olive.
+
+Very indifferent figures of both sexes will be found in Vaillant's African
+birds; from his description it seems to be a gregarious species. I regret
+not being able, at this moment, to refer to the work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 165
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SYLVIA annulosa, (_var._ [beta].)
+
+_White-eyed Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 139.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. suprą cinerea, infrą albescens, capite, alis uropygioque
+    olivaceo-flavis; jugulo flavescente; palpebris plumis niveis
+    insignibus._
+
+    Above cinereous, beneath whitish; head, wings, and rump, olive yellow;
+    throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On first receiving this bird from New Holland, I was inclined to think it a
+distinct species from the African White-eyed Warbler; but further
+consideration has led me to adopt a different opinion: it is true that I am
+unacquainted with any one land bird which is common to both countries, and
+much weight should be attached to the geographic distribution both of
+families and species. These two birds, however, differ in their colour, and
+somewhat in their size. On the other hand, the White-eyed Warbler, as
+before observed, is found both in Africa and India; and is, therefore,
+probably migratory. Nature, moreover, is not bound by laws to which there
+are no exceptions; and the leading points of resemblance between these
+birds are very strong. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined to consider
+them as varieties of one species, forming a solitary exception to the
+general dissimilarity between the birds of Africa and those of New Holland.
+
+Size of the Wood Wren: the head and ears are olive yellow, changing to
+brighter yellow on the chin, and part of the throat; the neck and back
+cinereous, graduating to yellowish olive on the rump and upper tail covers;
+wings the same, the inside of the quills blackish; sides of the throat
+cinereous; body and under tail covers whitish; the sides tinged with
+ferruginous; the stripe between the bill and eye is more brown than black;
+and the white feathers round the eye, not so conspicuous as in the African
+variety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 166
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS citrinus, (_var._)
+
+_Citron Bulimus,_ (_3 varieties_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 46.
+
+VARIETIES.
+
+    A. Yellow, with black lines. _Zool. Ill._ _pl._ 46.
+
+    B. Yellow, with black lines and chesnut stripes. _Zool. Ill._ _p._ 47.
+
+    C. Yellow, variegated with green; inner lip obsolete. _Fig._ 1. _B.
+    virescens._ _Sw. Bligh Cat._ _p._ 13.
+
+    D. Green, striped with yellow; inner lip white. _Fig._ 2. 3.
+
+    E. Orange, with flame-coloured waved stripes. _Fig._ 4.
+
+    F. Pale yellow, with brown waved stripes.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the Citron
+Bulimus not only show the great variability of the species, but clearly
+prove that _B. virescens_ is, as I suspected, only a variety of _B.
+citrinus_. In the shell at fig. 1. the upper part of the inner lip (like
+that described in the Bligh Appendix), is entirely wanting; although it
+bears, in every other respect, the appearance of a full-grown shell; the
+umbilicus likewise is open; but in the shell at fig. 2. and 3. the inner
+lip is quite perfect, and consequently folds over the umbilicus; thus the
+connexion between the green and yellow varieties is completely established.
+
+I have subjoined a slight arrangement of the principal varieties; and have
+only further to observe, that the specific character I first proposed,
+appears to me the only one by which this species may be truly
+distinguished.
+
+Since the description of _B. aureus_ at pl. 47 was written, I have seen
+several other specimens; all of which tend to confirm my belief that it is
+distinct from _B. citrinus_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 167
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ANODON crassus,
+
+_Thick Anodon, or Horse Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā ovatā, latā, crassa; margine cardinali subarcuato,
+    extremitate utrāque angulatā alatā; umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus
+    retusis._
+
+    Shell oval, broad, thick; hinge margin subarcuated, the extremities
+    winged and angulated; umbones prominent, the tips retuse.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is only recently that travellers have directed their attention to the
+less attractive shells of distant regions; and our cabinets now begin to be
+enriched by the numerous land and fresh-water species of those countries.
+Among these new acquisitions, the fresh-water bivalves appear the most
+extraordinary in their formation, and the most numerous in species. Of the
+Anodons, it may be doubted whether the great Linnęus was acquainted with
+more than three or four species; Lamarck enumerates fifteen, but a much
+greater number have passed under my own examination.
+
+The species now illustrated is very peculiar; it is a strong, thick shell;
+in form resembling _Hyria corrugata_, Lamarck; having both extremities
+winged and compressed; the umbonial slope[6] elevated, and somewhat
+angulated; the umbones thick and prominent, but obtuse, or nearly truncate,
+at their apex; the outside of the shell of a dark grass-green colour, and
+nearly smooth, excepting at the posterior side, which is marked by sulcated
+strię following the lines of growth; the inside is opaque and whitish, with
+rich iridescent margins: the muscular impressions deep, and the hinge
+margin quite smooth.
+
+I know of no other specimen than one in Mr. Dubois' collection, and am
+altogether unacquainted with its locality; although its _habit_ leads me to
+think it is from South America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 168
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RAMPHASTOS ambiguus,
+
+_Doubtful Toucan._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _R. niger; jugulo flavo; mandibulę superioris parte superiore flavā,
+    transversč maculatā, strigā viridi obliquč divisā; mandibulā inferiore
+    nigrā._
+
+    Black; throat yellow, upper mandible black, the upper half yellow, with
+    an oblique green stripe and transverse spots; the under mandible black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The obscurity with which modern ornithologists have described these
+remarkable birds, would have induced me, long ago, to have attempted a more
+perfect account of all the species in this work; but as this might have
+been considered, by some, an infringement on the miscellaneous plan on
+which it was commenced, I feel obliged to confine myself only to their
+occasional illustration.
+
+The species now selected is one I have never seen; but I have no doubt of
+its existence, and little of the accuracy of its delineation. I before
+alluded to several drawings of Toucans which had come to my hands, executed
+by an unknown artist: among them is a figure of that now published; with a
+note subjoined, stating it was drawn "from the bird just dead." The other
+drawings of the same artist represent several of the common species, and
+their accuracy is presumptive evidence that this also is represented
+correctly. The singular colouring of the bill at once separates it from all
+known species; and for its further history, we must trust to the exertions
+of those travellers, visiting South America, who may feel an interest in
+illustrating these singular birds.
+
+I more than once heard, when in Brazil, of a _Blue Toucan_; but it was said
+to be very rare, and I never was fortunate enough to meet with one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 169
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PTEROGLOSSUS viridis,
+
+_Green Aracari,_ (_male_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 44.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. nigro virescens; capite juguloque nigris, foeminę castaneis;
+    corpore flavo; rostro serrato, tomiis albis, mandibulā superiore
+    aurantiacā, lineā longitudinali, laterali, mediā, nigrā, mandibulā
+    inferiore cęruleā._
+
+    Blackish green; head and neck black (in the female chesnut), body
+    yellow; bill toothed, the margins white, upper mandible orange, with a
+    black longitudinal line; lower mandible blue.
+
+    Ramphastos viridis. _Linn. Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 353. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1.
+    138. _Gen. Zool._ 8. 2. _p._ 370.
+
+    Green Toucan. _Lath. Syn._ 1. 331.
+
+    Tucana Cayanensis viridis. _Briss. Ois._ 4. 423. _pl._ 33. _f._ 1. _Id.
+    Orn._ 2. 162. _Pl. Enl._ 727. _mas._ 728. _foem._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is a common bird, known to the older ornithologists; but here
+introduced, for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which
+ornament the bill of the live bird: the figures likewise above referred to
+are so very loosely drawn, that a more correct representation of the
+species appeared desirable. A remarkable character pervades all the
+Aracaris, (with the exception of _P. sulcatus_, pl. 44,) the head and
+throat being black in the male, and chesnut or grey in the female birds;
+the bills also of the latter are always the smallest; that of the Green
+Aracari is larger, thicker, and more curved than in any other species; the
+serratures strong and unequal; the top, and upper half of the superior
+mandible, pure yellow; the lower half orange; these colours being divided
+by a slender isolated black line; the under mandible blue, with the base
+rosy; its general plumage bears a resemblance to several other species. Dr.
+Latham says the orbits are yellow; this, however, is a mistake, for both
+the orbits and irides are grass-green; this writer likewise refers to
+Edwards, pl. 329, for this bird; which plate, in fact, represents a Toucan,
+and is that bird which I have described and figured under the name of _R.
+carinatus_, pl. 45.
+
+I believe this species is confined to the northern parts of South America.
+Mr. Charles Edmonston brought home fine specimens from Demerara; they were
+preserved with so much skill, that the colours of the bill almost retained
+their primitive brightness; Le Vaillant, I believe, has figured this bird;
+but I have not, at this time, access to his valuable book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 170
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MALURUS Africanus,
+
+_African Soft-tail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 170.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. suprą rufescens, strigis nigris varius; genis mentoque albentibus,
+    strigā nigrā intermediā; rectricibus attenuatis, nigris, rufo
+    marginatis._
+
+    Above rufous brown with black stripes; sides of the head and chin
+    whitish, divided by a black stripe; tail feathers attenuated, black,
+    the margins rufous.
+
+    Motacilla Africana. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 958.
+
+    Sylvia Africana. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. _p._ 518. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2.
+    _p._ 615.
+
+    African Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. _p._ 436.
+
+    Curruca nęvia. _C. B. Spei. Brisson. Ois._ 3. _p._ 390. _tab._ 22. _f._
+    2. _Orn._ 1. _p._ 419.
+
+    Le Fluteur. _Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique._
+
+    _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The characters of _Malurus_, together with a few observations on the birds
+composing it, I have already given at plate 170 of this work. Yet as the
+species are scattered in several distinct genera of the Linnęan school, I
+have here represented that which may be termed the type of the genus, as
+instituted by Professor Temminck, and as modified by myself. On comparing
+the characters of _Timalia_ (a new genus of Dr. Horsfield's) with those of
+_Malurus_, they will be found to designate one and the same group of birds.
+Indeed, the minute and interesting details, which Dr. Horsfield has given,
+put the question almost beyond doubt, and lead me to conclude, that the
+Doctor was not aware, at the time, that his genus was already recorded.
+
+This bird is not uncommon at the Cape of Good Hope. The notes of the male
+(according to M. Le Vaillant) are soft and agreeable, much resembling those
+of a flute; the shortness of the wings renders its flight very low. The
+figure is of the natural size; and the bird has been so well described by
+Brisson and Latham, that it is needless to repeat what they have said; the
+figures both of Le Vaillant and Brisson are by no means accurate. The tail
+feathers are delicate and transparent; and those of the whole body very
+soft, with detached webs or _radii_, similar to Dr. Horsfield's _Timalia
+pileata_, and _gularis_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 171
+
+[Illustration]
+
+UNIO fragilis.
+
+_Fragile River Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 58.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _U. testā transversim ovatā, tenui, intłs purpurascente; dentibus
+    cardinalibus tuberculatis, sub-obsoletis._
+
+    Shell transversely oval, thin, within purple; cardinal teeth
+    tuberculated, nearly obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of
+colouring, which diversifies the exterior of marine shells, and renders
+their distinction comparatively easy. A uniform olive green, or brown tint,
+pervades all the fluviatile genera; their specific distinctions rest on
+characters which frequently require long and perplexing descriptions, but
+which can be explained by the artist with ease and precision. It follows,
+therefore, that accurate figures of these shells are more particularly
+wanted; for, although Lamarck has described so many, the short descriptions
+which he has given, and the want of figures to elucidate them, render it
+impossible to determine accurately one half of the species which he has
+enumerated.
+
+_Unio fragilis_ is principally distinguished by the cardinal teeth: those
+in the right valves are 2; short, obtuse, and nearly obsolete, more
+resembling tubercles, than the crenated or striated teeth of this genus.
+The left valve has one tooth rather sharper. In young shells the ligamental
+margin is nearly straight, and its extremity somewhat angulated; but old
+shells lose these appearances, and become perfectly oval. In both stages of
+growth the shell is very thin, convex, and the inside (near the umbones)
+purple. The slight development of the cardinal teeth brings this shell
+nearer to the genus _Anodon_, than any other _Unio_ which I have seen.
+
+It inhabits the rivers of North America, and was sent to me by Professor
+Rafinesque.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 172
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA reflexa,
+
+_Purple Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā ovato-globosā, lęvi; spirā ventricosā, obtusā, sub epidermide
+    purpureā; aperturā nigro-purpurascente; labio exteriore tenui, margine
+    reflexo._
+
+    Shell ovate-globose, smooth; spire ventricose, obtuse; beneath the
+    epidermis, purple; aperture blackish purple; outer lip thin, the margin
+    reflected.
+
+    _Knorr_, _vol._ 5. _pl._ 5. _f._ 2. (uncoated.)
+
+    Ampullaria reflexa. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._
+    377.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The only record that I can find (in the works of the old writers) for this
+Ampullaria, is the figure by Knorr above quoted; it is obviously drawn from
+an uncoated specimen, although I have seen instances, where the blackish
+purple on the spire was so intense, as to obscure the thin epidermis which
+covered it. The peculiar character of the species, and in which it differs
+from all others, is in the outer margin of the lip; which is thin, rather
+spread out, and slightly reflected; the form of the shell resembles _A.
+fasciata_, but the spire, instead of being pointed, is obtuse; the
+umbilicus, likewise, is smaller and more concealed. From the absence of a
+groove round the aperture, I conclude the operculum is horny.
+
+The size varies; perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than the
+figure, and I have seen others much larger, and with the aperture more
+chesnut than purple.
+
+I am not acquainted with its locality.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 173
+
+[Illustration]
+
+GALLINULA ruficollis, _var._
+
+_Black-bellied Gallinule_ _var._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Gallinula._ Briss. Cuv. Tem. Lath. _Fulica_, _Rallus_. Linn. _Crex._
+    Illiger.
+
+    _Rostrum capite brevius, valdč compressum, conicum, rectum, apice
+    compresso, mandibulā inferiore angulatā. Nares sulcatę, membranā
+    obtectę; aperturā magnā, oblongā, perviā, vix mediā. Pedes elongati,
+    grallarii, genibus nudis, digitis gracilibus tribus, halluce mediocri._
+
+    Bill shorter than the head, much compressed, conic, straight, the tips
+    compressed, inferior mandible angulated. Nostrils sulcated, covered by
+    a membrane; aperture large, oblong, pervious, nearly medial. Feet long,
+    wading, knees naked, fore toes three, long, slender, hind toe (or
+    thumb) short.
+
+    Generic type. _Rallus porzana._ Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Gall. ruficollis var. A? _Olivaceo-fusca; cervice cinereā; pectore,
+    abdomine, alisque rufis; crisso, uropygio, caudāque nigris; tectricibus
+    interioribus rufis, nigro-fasciatis; pedibus rubris._
+
+    Olive brown; neck cinereous; breast, body, and wings rufous; belly,
+    rump, and tail black; interior wing covers rufous, banded with black;
+    legs red.
+
+    Fulica ruficollis. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 700. _Turton_, 1. _p._ 423.
+
+    Gallinula ruficollis. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. 767.
+
+    Black-bellied Gallinule. _Lath. Syn._ 1. _p._ 253.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is one of the largest water hens found in Brazil, where it is very
+rare. I am indebted to Dr. Langsdorff for the only specimen which I brought
+from that country. It differs considerably from the Black-bellied Gallinule
+of Latham, yet, perhaps, not sufficiently to record it as a distinct
+species.
+
+Total length fifteen inches and a half; bill one and a half; the base (in
+the dead bird) orange, the other half green; frontlet none; the crown and
+nape are grey brown, the sides cinereous, and the throat whitish; the neck
+both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is lead-coloured; it
+then changes to rufous, which spreads over the breast, body, wing covers,
+and greater quills; the lower part of the neck above, with the back,
+scapulars, and lesser quills, brownish olive; the belly, thighs, tail, and
+rump black; the inner wing covers are remotely barred with black; legs (in
+the live bird) red.
+
+Latham describes the Black-bellied G. as seventeen inches long; the bill
+two inches; the quills greenish brown, with rufous margins; the fore part
+of the neck and breast bright rufous; and the flanks with black bands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 174
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TANAGRA canicapilla,
+
+_Grey-crowned Tanager._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, basi trigonā, lateribus compressis,
+    culmine levato, mandibulā superiore ad apicem deflexā et emarginatā,
+    inferioris brevioris rectę basi crassā, ambarum marginibus inflexis.
+    Nares parvę, basi plumosā, aperturā rotundatā, nudā. Alę mediocres._
+
+    Bill short, strong, conic, base trigonal, sides compressed, culmin
+    elevated, upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched, under
+    mandible shorter and straight, the base thick, the margins of both
+    inflexed. Nostrils small, the base feathered, the aperture round,
+    naked. Wings moderate.
+
+    Generic Types. _Tanagra Jacapa, tricolor._ _Motacilla velia._ Lin.
+    _Pipra musica._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. olivaceo-viridis, infrą flava; vertice cinereo, strigā oculari
+    auribusque nigris; rostro gracili._
+
+    Olive green, beneath yellow; crown cinereous, eye stripe and ears
+    black; bill slender.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Tanagers are a numerous, and, in general, a beautiful tribe, including
+some of the most richly coloured birds of America; to which continent
+modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively confined.
+
+M. Temminck proposes to unite with the Tanagers, several birds scattered in
+the Linnęan Genera of _Lanius_, _Loxia_, _Fringilla_, _Pipra_, and
+_Motacilla_. This view of the subject, it may not be superfluous to add, is
+in perfect unison with my own. In fact, I had meditated a similar
+arrangement; but the appearance of M. Temminck's work rendered the
+publication of my own remarks no longer necessary. The bird here figured
+belongs to that division which forms a transition to the _Sylvię_, from
+which they are readily distinguished by the thickened base of the under
+mandible. It is not uncommon in the West Indies; but I cannot find it
+described either among the Tanagers, Finches, or Warblers of the Linnęan
+school: in this, however, I may possibly be mistaken. It is represented the
+size of life, and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 175
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA leucostoma,
+
+_White-mouthed Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 98.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A testā ovatā, rugosā, epidermide olivaceo-fuscā; labio exteriore
+    tenui; aperturā albā; umbilico vix clauso._
+
+    Shell oval, wrinkled; epidermis olive-brown; outer lip thin; aperture
+    white; umbilicus nearly closed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In prosecuting my illustrations of this genus, I have carefully examined
+all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends, and have added many to my
+own. These materials have thrown some additional light on those species
+which I have already described, and have enabled me to detect several
+others altogether new. Among the latter is the shell here figured, and
+which is so rare, that I know but one example of it in this country. Its
+form is more oval than that of _A. rugosa_, from which it is likewise
+distinguished by a very small umbilicus, nearly concealed by the inner lip;
+the wrinkles are numerous and unequal, the spire pointed, and the aperture
+milk-white.
+
+Since my remarks on the _Planorbis cornu-arietis_ of Lamarck were
+published, it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an
+operculum: one of these is in the possession of Mr. Sowerby: thus what was
+a matter of doubt becomes a fact, and affords the only substantial argument
+for terming it an _Ampullaria_. On the other hand, its affinities to
+_Planorbis_ (marked by its discoid, depressed form, and the total absence
+of the pillar,) remain in no degree impaired. The weight of argument on
+both sides _now_ appears to be so equal, that it is a matter of no moment
+whether this shell be placed in the system at the end of the _Ampullarię_,
+or at the commencement of the _Planorbes_. To the generality of
+conchologists, the latter collocation would appear the most simple; but, on
+the whole, I incline more to the propriety of considering it the terminal
+species of the _Ampullarię_, or that which marks their transition (as I
+before observed) to the _Planorbes_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 176
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ANODON elongatus,
+
+_Lengthened Anodon._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testā transversim oblongā, crassā, anticč compressā, extremitate
+    utrāque rotundatā; umbonibus valdč prominentibus, crassis; laminā
+    cardinali convexā._
+
+    Shell transversely oblong, thick, anteriorly compressed, both
+    extremities rounded; umbones very prominent, thick; hinge-plate convex.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which
+Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. It was formerly in
+the late Mr. Forster's collection, and is now in the possession of Mrs.
+Mawe. Its form is like that of _Unio ovatus_ (_Mya ovata_ of Montague), but
+it is a much thicker and stronger shell; the posterior end is greatly
+compressed, but round; the umbones convex, remarkably thick, and deeply
+eroded; the inside pearly and iridescent, with a strong flesh-coloured
+tinge; the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth, and rather
+convex; the muscular impressions are deep.
+
+One valve of the specimen above alluded to (the only one I have seen), is
+uncoated, and beautifully iridescent. Its country is unknown--but I think
+it may prove a native of the South American rivers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 177
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TURBINELLUS spirillus,
+
+_Carinated Turnip Shell._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa pyriformis vel fusiformis, sub-ponderosa. Apex papillosus.
+    Columella plicata. Labium interius margine dilatatum. Canalis
+    elongatus, rectus._
+
+    Shell pear-shaped or fusiform, heavy. Apex papillary. Pillar plaited.
+    Interior lip with the margin dilated. Canal lengthened, straight.
+
+    Generic Type. _Voluta Pyrum._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. pyriformi; spirā depressā, apice prominente; anfractu basali
+    carinato; labio interiore dilatato, albo; columellę basi plicatā._
+
+    Shell pear-shaped; spire depressed, apex prominent; basal whorl
+    carinated, interior lip dilated, white; base of the pillar one-plaited.
+
+    Murex spirillus. _Gmelin_, 3544. _Dillwyn_, 721.
+
+    _Martini_, 3. _tab._ 115. _f._ 1069. _Knorr_, 6. _tab._ 24. _f._ 3.
+
+    _Pyrula Spirillus._ _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 142.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In assigning a situation, under the modern system, to the _Murex spirillus_
+of Linnęus, no genus appears to me more adapted for its reception than that
+of _Turbinellus_. These shells were formerly blended with the Linnęan
+Volutes, but are now detached from them as a distinct genus. The most
+striking peculiarity consists in the prolongation of the base into a long
+and straight canal; they possess, in common with the Volutes, a papillary
+spire, and, in general, their surface is smooth. There are, however, other
+shells classed by the French conchologists with this genus, from their
+having a plaited columella; in these, the apex of the spire is acute, the
+base truncated, and the outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines;
+characters so greatly at variance, and so very distinct from those first
+mentioned, that it becomes questionable whether these latter shells should
+not rather be classed as a distinct group: in fact, they are much more
+nearly allied to _Mitra_ and _Cancellaria_, which have acute spires,
+sculptured volutions, and truncate bases, than to the smooth _Turbinelli_,
+which differ so strikingly in all these particulars.
+
+This shell is common to many parts of the Indian Ocean; and, like most of
+the smooth _Turbinelli_, has the inner lip dilated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 178
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BUCEROS coronatus,
+
+_Coronated Hornbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum elongatum, crassum, inane, deflexum, marginibus obtusč
+    crenatis, epithemate inani, formā vario, in mandibulam superiorem
+    imposito. Nares basales, ovatę_, (_lingua brevis, angusta, acuta_.
+    Illiger.) _Pedes gressorii._
+
+    Bill elongated, thick, hollow, deflexed, the margins obtusely crenated,
+    with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper mandible.
+    Nostrils basal, oval. Tongue short, narrow, pointed. Feet gressorial.
+
+    Generic Types. _B. Rhinoceros_, _bicornis_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. niger, abdomine, striā utrinque occipitali, apiceque rectricium
+    albis; rostro subcristato, (carinato,) rubro._ Shaw.
+
+    Black Hornbill, with the abdomen, stripe on each side of the nape, and
+    tip of the tail white. Bill slightly crested, (carinated,) and red.
+
+    Le Calao Couronné māle. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _vol._ v. _p._ 117.
+    _pl._ 234.
+
+    Buceros coronatus, Coronated Hornbill. _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ 8. _p._ 35.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even those
+of the Toucans; many species having knobs or excrescences which seem to
+grow out of the bill itself, and give a strange appearance to the bird. The
+whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of Africa and Asia;
+feeding on animal substances, either living or dead.
+
+Le Vaillant discovered this bird in Caffraria; congregating in flocks of
+near 500, along with crows and vultures, over the remains of slaughtered
+elephants. It frequents forests, perching on high, and generally withered
+trees; it likewise destroys insects.
+
+The specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie; the white collar
+only surrounds the back of the head, and is not well defined; the carinated
+process on the bill ends _abruptly_, and not _gradually_, as seen in Le
+Vaillant's figure; the margins are obtusely crenated, the tail even, and
+the two middle feathers entirely black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 179
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MUSCIPETA labrosa,
+
+_Red-lipped Flycatcher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 116.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. nitidč nigra; rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua plumatis._
+
+    Glossy black; gape margined by a red skin; legs feathered beyond the
+    knees.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This bird, though unattractive in its colours, is nevertheless very
+remarkable. It may be almost said to have _lips_; for round the gape, at
+each angle of the mouth, is a narrow loose skin; perfectly naked, and
+rather projecting. This singularity is increased by its colour in the live
+bird; which, by a note attached to the specimen, is stated to be of a
+beautiful red. It seems a species hitherto unknown, and was found near the
+Great Fish River of Southern Africa.
+
+The figure is rather less than the natural size; the whole plumage deep
+black; glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and tail
+feathers; the quills inside are grey, margined with olive; the first of
+these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and the
+two next are nearly of equal length. The tail has ten feathers, and is
+even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter. The bill
+rather thick and strong, the culmine not very apparent, the upper mandible
+strongly notched, the under but slightly; the nostrils are hid by thickset
+incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the aperture, which is
+rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow membrane. The legs are very
+short, the three fore-toes united as far as the first joint, the hind-toe
+short; the claws of all are small, and the sole of the foot perfectly flat,
+like the Bee-eaters. I have been minute in noting these characters,
+because, although the bird will stand at present in the great family of the
+Flycatchers, there is no doubt they will hereafter be divided into distinct
+groups.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 180
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TURDUS vociferans,
+
+_Calling Thrush._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. cinereus, infrą ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudę
+    rotundatę pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis._
+
+    Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail
+    rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous.
+
+    Le Réclammeur. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _tom._ 3. _p._ 33, _pl._ 104.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant, who
+discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note of
+the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and
+evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually
+seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well
+illustrates the peculiar note of the male:--One of his Dutch Hottentots, by
+name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly around him,
+uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of _Piet myn
+vrow_, (or, '_Peter_--my wife,') that the poor lad (perfectly astonished)
+took to his heels, and vowed never more to handle a gun.
+
+Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous: on
+each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and forms
+a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous
+yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail feathers the same,
+the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair has likewise a narrow
+margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers dusky brown, with pale
+cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides hazel: bill rather small
+and black, compressed the whole length, and having weak bristles at its
+base.
+
+This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet defined
+the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at present from
+proposing its characters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 181
+
+[Illustration]
+
+VOLUTA Pusio,
+
+_Dwarf Volute._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 161.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _V. testā ovato-obtusā, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis fulvis
+    interstinctis cinctā; anfractu basali obtusč nodoso; spirā brevissimā,
+    acutā; columellā incrassatā, multiplicatā._
+
+    Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body
+    whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute;
+    pillar thickened with many plaits.
+
+    Voluta Pusio. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal_, _vol._ 61. _p._
+    378.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his
+_Animaux_, contains but two species in addition to those long ago described
+by him in the _Annales du Mus._; thus omitting many of those new Volutes
+which of late years have been discovered. On the other hand, this
+naturalist has created five species from the varieties of _V. musica_ Lin.
+resting their characters on colour, bands, and the number of the lesser or
+spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no argument to prove that these
+principles of distinction are the most uncertain he could have chosen;
+scarcely two specimens of _V. musica_ being found alike. These supposed
+species must, therefore, again merge into one.
+
+The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is quite
+smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire remarkably
+short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to _V. virescens_
+Sol. (_Polyzonalis_ Lam.) and to _V. fulva_ Lam. I have neither of these
+shells at present before me; but if Lamarck's description of them, and the
+figures which he has cited, be correct, I have no doubt they are but one
+species; _V. polyzonalis_ being the _smooth_, and _V. fulva_ being the
+_nodulous_ variety of Solander's _V. virescens_. In fact, Lamarck says both
+shells are transversely striated.
+
+_V. pusio_ is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described from a
+specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is perfect,
+but its colours are somewhat faded.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 182
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CYPRĘA spadicea,
+
+_Chesnut Cowry._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 111.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testā ovatā, oblongā, immaculatā; dorso rufo; ventre albo;
+    lateribus lividis._
+
+    Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white;
+    sides livid.
+
+    C. spadicea. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._ 376.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles _C. onyx_; but
+its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for that or any
+other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and pure white;
+the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short, and but
+faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three specimens
+have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young, showed the
+internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all received by
+Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CYPRĘA sanguinolenta
+
+(_Middle figures._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _C. testā ovato-oblongā, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito;
+    lateribus incarnato-violaceis, lividč guttatis; ventre depresso._
+
+    Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides
+    flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed.
+
+    _C. testā ovato-oblongā, cinereo-cęrulescente, fulvo vel fusco
+    fasciatā, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis._ _Lam.
+    Syst._ 7. _p._ 396.
+
+    C. sanguinolenta. _Gmelin_, 3406. _Turton_, 4. _p._ 335. _Dill._ 445.
+    _Martini_, 1. _t._ 26. _f._ 265, 266. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 356. _f._ 12.
+
+    C. purpurascens. _Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ 61. _p._ 376.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell as
+blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the figures
+by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed my
+_purpurascens_ as a variety of Gmelin's _sanguinolenta_. The back of the
+shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or belly) is
+flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the base of the
+aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern Africa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX
+
+OF
+
+LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
+
+TO
+
+VOL. III.
+
+IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.
+
+
+
+                               Pl.                                   Pl.
+  Ampullaria corrugata         120 || Wrinkled Apple-snail           120
+                                   ||
+  Cinnyris Javanica            121 || Javanese Creeper               121
+                                   ||
+  Achatina virginea, _var._ 1  122 || Common striped Achatina        122
+      and 2                        ||
+    ditto, _var._ 3 and 4      123 ||   ditto                        123
+                                   ||
+  Licinia Crisia               124 || Licinia Crisia                 124
+                                   ||
+  Papilio Nerius               125 || Papilio Nerius                 125
+                                   ||
+  Conus vitulinus, _var._      126 || Orange fox Cone                126
+    maldivus                   127 ||   Spanish-Admiral Cone         127
+    ditto chesnut, _var._      128 ||   ditto chesnut, _var._        128
+                                   ||
+  Melliphaga torquata          129 || White-collared Honeysucker     129
+                                   ||
+  Trochilus latipennis, male   130 || Grey sickle-winged H. Bird     130
+    ditto, female              131 ||   ditto, female                131
+                                   ||
+  Macroglossum annulosum       132 || Macroglossum annulosum         132
+    fasciatum                  ib. ||   fasciatum                    ib.
+                                   ||
+  Thecla Macaria               133 || Chesnut-spotted Hair-streak    133
+                                   ||
+  Strombus exustus             134 || Burnt-mouthed Strombus         134
+    lentiginosus               ib. || Tuberculated Strombus          ib.
+    tricornis                  135 || Horned Strombus                135
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria crassa            136 || Thick Apple-snail              136
+    oblonga                    ib. || Oblong ditto                   ib.
+                                   ||
+  Papilio Polybius             137 || Papilio Polybius               137
+                                   ||
+  Malurus garrulus             138 || Noisy Soft-tail Warbler        138
+                                   ||
+  Sylvia plumbea               139 || Grey-backed Warbler            139
+                                   ||
+  Troglodytes rectirostris     140 || Straight-billed Wren           140
+                                   ||
+  Psittacus chryseürus         141 || Golden-tailed Parrot           141
+                                   ||
+  Nectarinia flaveola          142 || Yellow-bellied Nectarinia      142
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria sordida           143 || Brown Apple-snail              143
+    puncticulata               ib. || Oval, punctured ditto          ib.
+                                   ||
+  Eburna Valentiana            144 || Arabian Eburna                 144
+    tessellata                 145 || Tessellated ditto              145
+    Pacifica                   146 || South Sea ditto                146
+                                   ||
+  Muscipeta carinata           147 || Keel-billed Flycatcher         147
+                                   ||
+  Emberiza cristata            148 || Crested Bunting                148
+                                   ||
+  Castnia Fabricii             149 || Red underwing Day-moth         149
+                                   ||
+  Sphinx fasciata              150 || Sphinx fasciata                150
+    Leachii                    ib. ||   Leachii                      ib.
+                                   ||
+  Alcedo semitorquata          151 || Half-collared Kingsfisher      151
+                                   ||
+  Achatina melastoma           152 || Black-mouthed Achatina         152
+                                   ||
+  Strombus lobatus             153 || Lobed or brindled Strombus     153
+                                   ||
+  Psittacus Malaccensis        154 || Blue-rumped Parrot             154
+                                   ||
+  Psittacus viridissimus       155 || Green Parrot                   155
+                                   ||
+  Fringilla oryzivora          156 || Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow    156
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria effusa            157 || Ribbon Apple-snail             157
+    luteostoma                 ib. || Yellow-mouthed ditto           ib.
+                                   ||
+  Pinna bullata                158 || Rufous Pinna                   158
+                                   ||
+  Satyrus argenteus            159 || Satyrus argenteus              159
+                                   ||
+  Anodon purpurascens          160 || Purple Anodon                  160
+                                   ||
+  Voluta punctata              161 || Red-dotted Volute              161
+                                   ||
+  Achatina fasciata, _var._    162 || Banded Achatina, 3 _var._      162
+                                   ||
+  Hemipodius nivosus           163 || White-spotted Turnix           163
+                                   ||
+  Sylvia annulosa              164 || White-eyed Warbler             164
+    ditto, _var._ [beta]       165 || Ditto, New Holland variety     165
+                                   ||
+  Bulimus citrinus             166 || Citron Bulimus, 3 _var._       166
+                                   ||
+  Anodon crassus               167 || Thick Anodon                   167
+                                   ||
+  Ramphastos ambiguus          168 || Doubtful Toucan                168
+                                   ||
+  Pteroglossus viridis         169 || Green Aracari (male)           169
+                                   ||
+  Malurus Africanus            170 || African Soft-tail              170
+                                   ||
+  Unio fragilis                171 || Fragile River-mussel           171
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria reflexa           172 || Purple Apple-snail             172
+                                   ||
+  Gallinula ruficollis, _var._ 173 || Black-bellied Gallinule        173
+                                   ||
+  Tanagra canicapilla          174 || Grey-crowned Tanager           174
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria leucostoma        175 || White-mouthed Apple-snail      175
+                                   ||
+  Anodon elongatus             176 || Lengthened Anodon              176
+                                   ||
+  Turbinellus spirillus        177 || Carinated Turnip-shell         177
+                                   ||
+  Buceros coronatus            178 || Coronated Hornbill             178
+                                   ||
+  Muscipeta labrosa            179 || Red-lipped Flycatcher          179
+                                   ||
+  Turdus vociferans            180 || Calling Thrush                 180
+                                   ||
+  Voluta pusio                 181 || Dwarf Volute                   181
+                                   ||
+  Cypręa spadicea              182 || Cypręa spadicea                182
+    sanguinolenta              ib. ||   sanguinolenta                ib.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX
+
+OF
+
+LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
+
+TO
+
+VOLUME III.
+
+
+
+                                           Pl.
+  Achatina fasciata, _var._,               162
+    melostoma,                             152
+    virginea, _var._,                      122
+    ditto, ditto,                          123
+    _banded_,                              162
+    _black-mouthed_,                       152
+    _common, striped_,                     122
+    _ditto_, _var._,                       123
+
+  Alcedo semitorquata,                     151
+
+  Ampullaria corrugata,                    120
+    crassa,                                136
+    effusa,                                157
+    leucostoma,                            175
+    leuteostoma,                           157
+    oblonga,                               136
+    puncticulata,                          143
+    reflexa,                               172
+    sordida,                               143
+
+  Anodon crassus,                          167
+    elongatus,                             176
+    purpurascens,                          160
+    _lengthened_,                          176
+    _thick_,                               167
+    _purple_,                              160
+
+  _Apple-snail, brown_,                    143
+    _oblong_,                              136
+    _oval, punctured_,                     143
+    _purple_,                              172
+    _ribbon_,                              157
+    _thick_,                               136
+    _white-mouthed_,                       175
+    _wrinkled_,                            120
+    _yellow-mouthed_,                      175
+
+  _Aracari, green_,                        169
+
+  Bulimus citrinus, _var._,                166
+    _citron_, green variety,               ib.
+
+  Buceros, Gen. Char.,                     178
+    coronatus,                             ib.
+
+  _Bunting, crested_,                      148
+
+  Castnia, Gen. Char.,                     149
+    Fabricii,                              ib.
+
+  Cinnyris Javanica,                       121
+
+  Conus maldivus,                          127
+    ditto, _var._,                         128
+    vitulinus, _var._,                     126
+
+  _Cone, Spanish-Admiral_,                 127
+    _ditto_, _chesnut variety_,            128
+    _orange, fox_,                         126
+
+  _Creeper, Javanese_,                     121
+
+  Cypręa spadicea,                         182
+    sanguinolenta,                         ib.
+
+  _Day-moth, red underwing_,               149
+
+  Eburna, Gen. Char.,                      144
+    Pacifica,                              146
+    tessellata,                            145
+    Valentiana,                            144
+    _Arabian_,                             ib.
+    _South Sea_,                           146
+    _tesselated_,                          145
+
+  Emberiza, Gen. Char.,                    148
+    cristata,                              ib.
+
+  _Flycatcher, keel-billed_,               147
+    _red-lipped_,                          179
+
+  Fringilla, Gen. Char.,                   156
+    oryzivora,                             ib.
+
+  Gallinula, Gen. Char.,                   173
+    ruficollis, _var._,                    ib.
+
+  _Gallinule, black-bellied_, _var._,      ib.
+
+  _Hair-streak, chesnut-spotted_,          133
+
+  Hemipodius, Gen. Char.,                  163
+    nivosus,                               ib.
+
+  _Honey-sucker, while-collared_,          129
+
+  _Humming-bird, Grey sickle-wing_,        130
+    _ditto_, _female_,                     131
+
+  _Java Sparrow, or Paddy-bird_,           156
+
+  _Kingsfisher, half-collared_,            151
+
+  Licinia Crisia,                          124
+
+  Macroglossum annulosum,                  132
+    fasciatum,                             ib.
+
+  Malurus, Gen. Char.,                     138
+    Africanus,                             170
+    garrulus,                              138
+
+  Melliphaga torquata,                     129
+
+  Muscipeta carinata,                      147
+    labrosa,                               179
+
+  Nectarina flaveola,                      142
+    _yellow-bellied_,                      ib.
+
+  _Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow_,           156
+
+  Papilio Nerius,                          125
+    Polybius,                              137
+
+  _Parrot, golden-tailed_,                 141
+    _blue-rumped_,                         154
+    _green_,                               155
+
+  Pinna, Gen. Char.,                       158
+    bullata,                               ib.
+
+  _Pinna, rufous_,                         ib.
+
+  Psittacus chryseürus,                    141
+    Malaccensis,                           154
+    viridissimus,                          155
+
+  Pteroglossus viridis,                    169
+
+  Ramphastos ambiguus,                     168
+
+  _River-mussel, fragile_,                 171
+
+  Satyrus, Gen. Char.,                     159
+    argenteus,                             ib.
+
+  Strombus exustus,                        134
+    lentiginosus,                          ib.
+    lobatus,                               153
+    tricornis,                             135
+    _burnt-mouthed_,                       134
+    _tuberculated_,                        ib.
+
+  _Strombus, horned_,                      135
+    _lobed, or brindled_,                  153
+
+  Sphinx fasciata,                         150
+    Leachii,                               ib.
+
+  Sylvia, Gen. Char.,                      139
+    annulosa,                              164
+    ditto, _var._,                         165
+    plumbea,                               139
+
+  _Soft-tail, noisy_,                      138
+    _African_,                             170
+
+  Tanagra, Gen. Char.,                     174
+    canicapilla,                           ib.
+
+  Tanager, grey-crowned,                   ib.
+
+  Thecla Macaria,                          133
+
+  _Thrush, calling_,                       180
+
+  Trochilus latipennis, male,              130
+    ditto, female,                         131
+
+  Troglodytes, Gen. Char.,                 140
+    rectirostris,                          ib.
+
+  Turbinellus, Gen. Char.,                 177
+    spirillus,                             ib.
+
+  Turdus vociferans,                       180
+
+  _Turnip-shell, carinated_,               177
+
+  _Turnix, white-spotted_,                 163
+
+  Voluta, Gen. Char.,                      161
+    pusio,                                 181
+    punctata,                              161
+
+  _Volute, dwarf_,                         181
+    _red-dotted_,                          161
+
+  Unio fragilis,                           171
+
+  _Warbler, olive-backed_,                 139
+    _white-eyed_,                          164
+    _New Holland variety_,                 165
+
+  _Wren, straight-billed_,                 140
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VERTEBROSA.
+
+PART III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_ORNITHOLOGY._
+
+                                          Pl.
+  CINNYRIS Javanica                       121
+
+  MELLIPHAGA torquata                     129
+
+  TROCHILUS latipennis, male              130
+    ditto, female                         131
+
+  MALURUS garrulus                        138
+    Africanus                             170
+
+  SYLVIA plumbea                          139
+    annulosa                              164
+    ditto, New Holland variety            165
+
+  TROGLODYTES rectirostris                140
+
+  PSITTACUS chryseürus                    141
+    Malaccensis                           154
+    viridissimus                          155
+
+  NECTARINIA flaveola                     142
+
+  MUSCIPETA carinata                      147
+    labrosa                               179
+
+  EMBERIZA cristata                       148
+
+  ALCEDO semitorquata                     151
+
+  FRINGILLA oryzivora                     156
+
+  HEMIPODIUS nivosus                      163
+
+  RAMPHASTOS ambiguus                     168
+
+  PTEROGLOSSUS viridis                    169
+
+  GALLINULA ruficollis                    173
+
+  TANAGRA canicapilla                     174
+
+  BUCEROS coronatus                       178
+
+  TURDUS vociferans                       180
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+PART III.
+
+                                          Pl.
+  LICINIA Crisia                          124
+
+  PAPILIO Nerius                          125
+    Polybius                              137
+
+  THECLA Macaria                          133
+
+  MACROGLOSSUM annulosum                  132
+    fasciatum                             ib.
+
+  SPHINX fasciata                         150
+    Leachii                               ib.
+
+  CASTNIA Fabricii                        149
+
+  SATYRUS argenteus                       159
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCHOLOGY.
+
+PART III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Univalves._
+
+                                          Pl.
+  AMPULLARIA corrugata                    120
+    crassa                                136
+    oblonga                               ib.
+    sordida                               143
+    puncticulata                          ib.
+    effusa                                157
+    luteostoma                            ib.
+    reflexa                               172
+    leucostoma                            175
+
+  ACHATINA virginea, _var._ 1, 2.         122
+    ditto, _var._ 3, 4.                   123
+    melastoma                             152
+    fasciata, 3 _var._                    162
+
+  BULIMUS citrinus                        166
+
+  CONUS vitulinus                         126
+    Maldivus                              127
+    ditto, variety                        128
+
+  STROMBUS exustus                        134
+    lentiginosus                          ib.
+    tricornis                             135
+    lobatus                               153
+
+  CYPRĘA spadicea                         182
+    sanguinolenta                         ib.
+
+  EBURNA Valentiana                       144
+    tessellata                            145
+    Pacifica                              146
+
+  VOLUTA punctata                         161
+    pusio                                 181
+
+  TURBINELLUS spirillus                   177
+
+_Bivalves._
+
+  PINNA bullata                           158
+
+  ANODON purpurascens                     160
+    crassus                               167
+    elongatus                             176
+
+  UNIO fragilis                           171
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
+
+  In the Systematic Index, Conchology, Part I. for "_Acephalis_" read
+    "_Acéphales_."
+
+  Pl. 92. page 1. line 13, for "_caudi_," read "_caudis_."
+                       23, for "_Dentatis_" read "_Dentati_."
+            -- 3.   -- 11 from the bottom, for "_Lepidopterę_" read
+                            "_Lepidoptera_."
+
+  -- 102. Add to the Synonyms, _A. virginea_. _Lamarck. Syst._ _tom._ 6.
+            _part_ 2. _p._ 131. _Sowerby's Genera._ _Achatina_, _f._ 2.
+
+  -- 124. last line, for "female" read "male;" and in the line above, for
+            "male" read "female."
+
+  -- 125. for "_P. Nireus_" read "_P. Nerius_."
+
+  -- 126. Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 467. 55; and for _Ency.
+            Meth._ _pl._ 326. _f._ 204., read _pl._ 326. _fig._ 2 and 4.
+
+  -- 127. Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 465. 50.
+
+  -- 134. _Strombus exustus_, described by Lamarck (_Syst._ 7. _p._ 211)
+            under the name of _S. Papilio_. The first of these names,
+            however, has the right of priority. (See _Mus. Cal._ 1797.)
+            The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly
+            represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for
+            _S. lentiginosus_.
+
+          _Strombus lentiginosus._ Add to the Synonyms, _Lam. Syst._ 7.
+            _p._ 203. _Knorr_, 3. _tab._ 13, _f._ 2. Lamarck has omitted
+            to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of
+            this and the following species.
+
+  -- 135. _St. tricornis._ Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 201.
+
+  -- 139. _Sylvia plumbea._ This bird greatly resembles the female of
+            _S. pusilla_ of Wilson (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet
+            differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white: I
+            was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: the one inhabits
+            North, and the other South America. Latham's description of his
+            yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate;
+            as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas
+            both Wilson and Vieillot say there are two.
+
+  -- 145. Eburna tessellata. Add to the Syn. _E. Arcolata_, _Lam. Syst._
+            7. _p._ 282. 4.
+
+  -- 146. Eburna Pacifica. Add to the Syn. _E. lutosa?_ _Lam. Syst._
+            7. 282. 5.
+
+  -- 150. The upper figure is of _Sphinx Leachii_, and the under of
+            _S. fasciata_.
+
+  -- 152. Add to the Syn. _Helix regina._ _Ferussac Moll._ _liv._ 19.
+            _pl._ 119.
+
+  -- 153.      Ditto      _S. bituberculatus_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 202. 6.
+
+  -- 157. Amp. Effusa. Ditto, _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+  -- 164. Add to the Syn. _Le Figuier Tcheric_, _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3.
+            _pl._ 132.
+
+  -- 166.      Ditto      _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+  -- 170.      Ditto      _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2.
+
+  -- 177.      Ditto      _Pyrula Spirillus._ _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 142.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] "Pendant que les naturalistes font des monographies, des ouvrages
+généraux oł la synonymie, les coupes systématiques sont, ą force de temps
+et de soins, établies avec rigueur, les auteurs des miscellanées, avec
+quelques phrases et des noms nouveaux, font des genres ou des espčces, et
+publient 50 cahiers dans lesquels les fruits de dix ans de recherches ou de
+voyages sont enlevés ą leurs auteurs. (F.)"--_Bulletin des Annonces et des
+Nouvelles Scientifiques; publié sous la direction de M. le B. de Ferussac.
+N._ 4. _p._ 53.
+
+[2] See the Sketch Book of G. Crayon, vol. i. p. 130.
+
+[3] Bulletin des Annonces et des Nouvelles Scientifiques, N. 6. p. 438.
+
+[4] Donovan's Naturalist's Repository.
+
+[5] The additional list of synonyms subjoined at the end of this volume
+almost entirely refer to one or two books which have been subsequently
+published: the date of 1822, affixed to the seventh volume of Lamarck's _H.
+N. des Animaux sans Vertčbres_, is considerably before the time it was
+issued to the public.
+
+[6] I have applied this term to the oblique descent made by the umbo,
+towards the basal extremity of the anterior side of bivalves.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by 
+William Swainson
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+
+Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by William Swainson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume III
+       or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
+              Interesting Animals
+
+Author: William Swainson
+
+Release Date: April 18, 2012 [EBook #39477]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;">
+<tr>
+<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top">
+Transcriber's note:
+</td>
+<td>
+The listed Addenda &amp; Corrigenda have been applied. All corrections are highlighted
+<span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the
+nature of the correction will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked
+passage. The captions to the last plate have been corrected from "CYPR&OElig;A" to "CYPRĘA".
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<h1>Zoological Illustrations,</h1>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">OR</h5>
+
+<h5>ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">OF</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING</h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 gsp">ANIMALS,</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:60%">SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF</h5>
+
+<h3>Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,</h3>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:50%">AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">BY</h5>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">WILLIAM SWAINSO</span>N, F.R.S., F.L.S.,</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:50%">MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h5>VOL. III.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h3>London:</h3>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:50%">PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET;</h5>
+
+<h5 style="font-size:75%">FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;<br />
+AND W. WOOD, STRAND.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5>1822-3.</h5>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150 gsp">PREFACE.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>In concluding the last volume of these Illustrations, I may be allowed
+  to express the satisfaction I feel, at the favourable manner in which the
+  work has been received, both in this country and on the continent.</p>
+
+  <p>Several objections have been urged, even by sensible writers, against
+  miscellaneous works on Zoology. First, that they range over the whole
+  animal kingdom, without completing the history of any one tribe.
+  Secondly, that their authors, while professing to illustrate only what is
+  new or little known, intrude a large proportion of subjects to be found
+  in all the common natural histories. And thirdly, that this rapid mode of
+  publishing new discoveries, is an infringement on the right, and is
+  detrimental to the labours, of those naturalists who direct their
+  attention to one particular branch. These objections, however, are not
+  unanswerable; for, in the first place, these miscellanies should more
+  properly be considered as graphic illustrations, or collections of
+  figures, wherein the efforts of the artist, aided by scientific
+  knowledge, are called forth, to complete, by his pencil, the more minute
+  and detailed descriptions which should proceed from the pen of the
+  monographer. The most perfect works in the science are undoubtedly those
+  which unite the labours of both; but, in proportion as this perfection is
+  attained, the general utility of such works is diminished. They become so
+  enormously expensive, that they are only to be seen in universities and
+  princely libraries; for the most part inaccessible to the naturalist, and
+  nearly unknown to the public at large. The works of Le Vaillant,
+  Desmarest, Vieillot, Ferussac, and several others, published in France
+  and Germany, are of this description; and while in one sense they have
+  considerably benefitted the science, they have in another proved very
+  detrimental to its general diffusion. No sensible naturalist will risk
+  his fame, by giving his observations to the world, without knowing what
+  has been done by those who have preceded him;&mdash;until, in fact, he
+  has proper materials to work upon. He knows that these sumptuous authors
+  should be consulted; he has not the means of so doing; and he
+  relinquishes his purpose in despair. Such has been the result in two or
+  three instances which I could mention: and the power of materially
+  extending the bounds of science is thus confined to those favoured few,
+  who are so fortunate as to possess, or to have the power of consulting,
+  those splendid publications.</p>
+
+  <p>The second objection is well grounded; but in whatever degree it may
+  apply elsewhere, I trust the following pages will evince my anxiety to
+  render the work replete with subjects hitherto unknown or unrecorded; and
+  my own collections, in most cases, have given me ample means for
+  examining and comparing both the genera and species of nearly all the
+  subjects I have attempted to illustrate.</p>
+
+  <p>In several instances my opinions will be found to differ from those of
+  many celebrated naturalists of the day; but I have endeavoured to put the
+  reader in possession of the reasons which have led to the conclusions I
+  have adopted. This is but justice towards those who have preceded me, and
+  to the great body of naturalists, by whom such questions will ultimately
+  be decided. The age is past wherein the <i>ipse dixit</i> of a great name
+  was enough to check all inquiries after truth. Assertions must now be
+  proved before they are admitted: and those writers who lay before the
+  public tribunal of science their facts, their arguments, and their
+  deductions, can alone hope to have their opinions generally adopted.</p>
+
+  <p>The third and last objection is as new as it is singular; and has been
+  urged against Miscellanies in general by an anonymous French writer.<a
+  name="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> However an author may feel
+  annoyance or disappointment, that another should be the first to publish
+  discoveries, which <i>he</i> fancies belong exclusively to himself, he
+  surely has no title to complain. The field of Nature is open to the
+  inquiries of all. In her domain there are not yet established any
+  <i>scientific preserves</i>.<a name="NtA_2"
+  href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> If occupation or indolence does not
+  permit <i>one</i> labourer to make known his discoveries, is
+  <i>another</i> (who perhaps unconsciously has been working on the same
+  ground) to hide the knowledge <i>he</i> has gained? This is surely a
+  principle at once illiberal and unjust. At this time, there is not
+  perhaps a single department of Zoology which is not employing the
+  attention of more than one writer. It is to the honour, and to the
+  lasting benefit of science, that it should be so: and although a great
+  part of the new objects collected during my travels in Europe and Brazil
+  have recently been made public by MM. Temminck and Godart, I feel
+  rejoiced that this has been done by such distinguished men.</p>
+
+  <p>I have been induced to enter (perhaps too fully) into a general
+  defence of Zoological miscellanies, from the opinion I entertain of their
+  great utility. First, in diffusing a general knowledge, and exciting a
+  taste for such pursuits among the great mass of readers; and secondly, as
+  being a prompt and interesting channel of communicating new discoveries
+  to the scientific world. Their periodical appearances and comparative
+  cheapness renders them of easy access to the student; and, if well
+  conducted, they unite all that is essential from the pen and the
+  pencil.</p>
+
+  <p>Several foreign journals have noticed the appearance of these
+  Illustrations, and generally in such terms as to stamp a value on their
+  contents. One of these, however,<a name="NtA_3"
+  href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> contains several misrepresentations,
+  which have doubtless escaped the notice of the editor; and which,
+  therefore, it may be as well to explain in this place. The writer in this
+  journal, while noticing my Illustrations, seems to have mixed up with it
+  criticisms intended for another periodical miscellany,<a name="NtA_4"
+  href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> to which this has, perhaps, given birth,
+  and which professes to be on a similar plan. He states that these
+  Illustrations are to be completed in sixty numbers, making five volumes.
+  No such declaration, to my knowledge, has ever been made, although such
+  is the averred plan of the Naturalist's Repository. The reviewer goes on
+  to state: "Il suit pour l'Entomologie et la Conchologie la classification
+  surannée de Linnęus." This is not a very respectful mode of speaking of
+  the labours of the greatest naturalist whom his age produced; but the
+  proposition is a total mistake; the charge is refuted by almost every
+  page of my work; and, what is rather extraordinary, by the very
+  quotations of the reviewer. In reply to the regret expressed, "que
+  l'auteur n'indique pas toujours les ouvrages les plus récens," I should
+  have been thankful had he subjoined what works these were; as I do not
+  find, in the monthly lists of the <i>Bulletin</i>, any one which I have
+  not consulted or referred to, if connected with the objects here
+  described.<a name="NtA_5" href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> M. de
+  Ferussac's work has been regularly cited, but his <i>Prodromus</i> I have
+  never been able to procure, either in England or Paris.</p>
+
+  <p>And here I cannot refrain from adverting to the great number of
+  Zoological publications which have appeared in this country during the
+  last three years; a number far exceeding in proportion that of any period
+  in the annals of the science. Dr. Horsfield has commenced a beautiful
+  work on the Animals of Java; and Mr. Sowerby is prosecuting his Genera of
+  Shells with much zeal, and with increased ability. Both these appear
+  periodically. They are conducted on the modern principles of science, and
+  do credit to their authors. The Naturalist's Repository, before alluded
+  to, likewise appears monthly, but is carried on according to the Linnęan
+  system, pure and unadulterated. All these, however, unite in showing how
+  rapidly the taste for such works has increased. Added to these, a new
+  quarterly Journal, exclusively devoted to Zoology, has been announced,
+  and, if conducted on liberal principles, its utility will be very
+  great.</p>
+
+  <p>But nothing, perhaps, has more fully evinced the state of public
+  feeling on this point among men of enlightened minds, than the
+  discussions which have arisen on the present state of the British Museum.
+  It is a subject on which I might be tempted to say much, did I not feel,
+  that among those who do not know me, I might be suspected of interested
+  or unworthy motives. But from the retirement of a country life, I may now
+  be allowed perhaps to say a few words. It is indeed most true, that, in
+  the Zoological department, this institution is a full century behind the
+  rest of Europe; I might almost add, of America. But the fault is
+  deep-rooted; and does not spring from the person (whoever he may be) to
+  whom this overwhelming charge is given. It is ridiculous to suppose that
+  the exertions of any one person (however great his talents, his zeal, and
+  his assiduity,) are sufficient to discharge the duties of so complicated
+  an office. Such a supposition implies the expectation of a moral
+  impossibility; and so long as such a Herculean task is allotted him, so
+  long will the Museum continue, with little alteration, in its present
+  state. Where we have <i>one</i> Zoologist, the museums of Paris, Berlin,
+  and Vienna have many; each is charged with the care of one particular
+  branch; and, by their united efforts, the whole is displayed to the
+  examination of the scientific, and to the view of the public. Each
+  professor has thus leisure to prosecute the most important objects of his
+  duty; <i>i. e.</i> to examine, compare, and describe, to detect
+  analogies, to investigate affinities, and to give to the world the fruits
+  of his studies. To France more particularly this honour is due. And what
+  has been the result? Why, that Paris has become the Zoological university
+  of Europe; and that the principles which have emanated from it, are now
+  considered the only true ones by which Nature is to be studied.</p>
+
+  <p>It is not my object to attach reproach to any body of men
+  collectively, or to any one individually; but truth is not to be
+  concealed. Every writer who has the advancement of his favourite study at
+  heart, is bound (however feebly) to advocate its cause. The truth of the
+  preceding remarks cannot be questioned; and it remains with those in
+  power, to consider well, whether such a state of things is consistent
+  with the honour and reputation of the country; with the justice due to
+  those great men who founded the institution; and to the expectations of
+  the public, by whom it is supported.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Warwick, October, 1823.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate120"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  120</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl120.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl120.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 120." title="Plate 120." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> corrugata&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Wrinkled Apple Snail.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 103.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā globosā, corrugatā, olivaceā; spirę prominentis, acutę,
+  anfractibus ventricosis; aperturę margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato;
+  umbilico parvo, juxta labii interioris mediam posito; operculo
+  testaceo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell globose, wrinkled, olive; spire prominent, acute, the whorls
+  ventricose; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus
+  small, linear, near the middle of the inner lip; operculum shelly.</p>
+
+  <p>Helix Ampullacea. <i>Linn. Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 3626.</p>
+
+  <p>Ampullaria rugosa. <i>Sowerby, Genera of Shells</i>, <i>fas.</i> 4.
+  <i>fig.</i> 1. 2.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The annexed figures of this hitherto undefined species will clearly
+  show its distinction from <i>Amp. globosa</i>, (pl. 119); and the
+  specific characters now framed for these two shells, will, I think,
+  sufficiently distinguish them from each other.</p>
+
+  <p>In comparison with <i>A. globosa</i>, this (even in the young state)
+  is a wrinkled, not a smooth shell, having the umbilicus placed near the
+  middle, not towards the base, of the inner lip: the spiral whorls are
+  elevated and ventricose, not depressed, and slightly convex; and the
+  basal volution, instead of being very wide on the upper part, (near the
+  suture,) is widest only in the middle. In young shells, the wrinkles and
+  the marginated aperture are less defined. When divested of its epidermis,
+  the colour is blueish white, with a few narrow bands of obscure purple. A
+  specimen in my own collection has the epidermis so thin, that the colours
+  beneath it are very conspicuous. The mouth inside is dark chesnut, with
+  blackish bands; the margin being pale yellow and slightly reflected. The
+  umbilicus, both in this and in <i>A. globosa</i>, is small and
+  contracted, while in the real <i>A. rugosa Lam.</i> (<i>Helix urceus
+  Lin.</i>) it is very large, round, and deep. This latter shell, also,
+  differs from both of the former, by having a thin, and not a margined
+  aperture.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell, which
+  he has mistaken for the <i>A. rugosa</i> of Lamarck. I am informed by Mr.
+  Humphreys it is a native of India.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate121"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  121</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl121.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl121.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 121." title="Plate 121." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CINNYRIS</span> Javanica&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Javanese Creeper.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 95.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. supra nitidč purpureo-ęrata, subtus olivaceo-crocea; scapulis,
+  uropygio, strigāque laterali a rostro ad pectus descendente nitidč
+  violaceis; jugulo castaneo; caudā nigra.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Above glossy metallic purple; beneath olive yellow; scapulars, rump,
+  and lateral stripe from the bill to the breast, shining violet; throat
+  chesnut; tail black.</p>
+
+  <p>Nectarinia Javanica. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsefield', cf. Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. I)"
+  >Horsfield</span> in Linn. Tran.</i> <i>vol.</i> 13. i. <i>p.</i>
+  167.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Under the full conviction that nature has defined, in the most
+  complete manner, the geographic limits of the various tribes of birds
+  subsisting on vegetable juices, I am particularly anxious to rectify any
+  mistakes that may shake this hypothesis, in which I find myself
+  supported, in the fullest manner, by the opinion of Professor Temminck,
+  in the last edition of his <i>Manuel</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Dr. <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Horsefield', cf. Addenda et Corrigenda (Vol. I)"
+  >Horsfield</span>, in his account of the birds of Java, describes two
+  species under the names of <i>Nectarinia Javanica</i> and
+  <i>Pectoralis</i>. It happens, however, that specimens of both these
+  birds are in my own cabinet, and have enabled me to ascertain that they
+  are both decided species of <i>Cinnyris</i>, perfectly agreeing with the
+  characters laid down by Cuvier, Temminck, and myself, for this group. It
+  is difficult to say how this oversight has occurred, because Dr. H., just
+  before, introduces the genus <i>Cinnyris</i>, and describes under it two
+  new species. In short, no doubt remains in my own mind, that
+  <i>Cinnyris</i> is a genus as strictly confined to the tropical latitudes
+  of the <i>old</i>, as <i>Nectarinia</i> is to the <i>new</i> world.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure is the size of life; the outline of the bill will
+  illustrate the generic characters, of which one of the most important is
+  the nostrils. Nothing can exceed the richness and variety of tints with
+  which this splendid little creature is ornamented; particularly on the
+  head, which is glossed alternately with lilac, sea-green, and violet, and
+  appears as if covered with some metallic substance; the blue on the
+  wings, back, and edges of the tail is very deep, shining, and glossed
+  with purple; all the wing-feathers are edged with olive, and some of the
+  lesser quills with chesnut.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate122"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  122</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl122.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl122.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 122." title="Plate 122." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> virginea&#x2c;</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Common Striped Achatina&#x2c;</i></span> <i>var. 2 and 3</i>.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 30.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā elongatā, fasciis numerosis nigris, viridibus et flavis
+  ornatā; anfractūs basalis latitudine altitudinem superante; aperturā
+  rotundatā; labio exteriore integro; basi profundč emarginatā.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><i>Var.</i> 2. <i>testā fasciis fuscis ornatā; labio interiore
+  albo.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Var.</i> 3. <i>testā fasciis rufis ornatā; labio interiore
+  roseo.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell elongated, with crowded bands of black, green, and yellow; basal
+  volution broader than high; aperture rounded; outer lip entire; base
+  deeply notched.</p>
+
+  <p>Bulla virginea. <i>Gm.</i> 3429. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 9. <i>t.</i> 117.
+  <i>f.</i> 1000, 1. <i>Dill.</i> 491.</p>
+
+  <p>Bulimus virgineus. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 363.&mdash;<i>Lister</i>,
+  15. 10. <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 40. <i>f.</i> 38. <i>Ferrusac</i>,
+  <i>pl.</i> 120. <i>f.</i> 3, 4, 5.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p>Var. 2. Shell banded with brown; inner lip white. <i>Ferrusac</i>,
+  <i>t.</i> 120. <i>f.</i> 2.</p>
+
+  <p>Var. 3. Shell banded with rufous; inner lip rosy. <i>Chemnitz</i>, 10.
+  173. <i>f.</i> 1682, 1683, (<i>reversed</i>.)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The shell generally known as the <i>Ach. virginea</i> (<i>Bulla
+  virginea Lin.</i>) is so common, that few collectors do not possess it.
+  The varieties, however, of this species are rare, and differ so
+  remarkably in their colouring, as to require illustration. Several
+  kindred species of this family I have already described; and on the same
+  principle of establishing specific distinctions from formation instead of
+  colour, I shall now endeavour to point out those characters which are
+  common, more or less, to all the varieties of this species, and which
+  distinguish it from its allies. <i>A. virginea</i> may be known by the
+  comparative shortness of the basal whorl, which in general is broader
+  than high; the margin of the outer lip is entire, and sloping in an
+  oblique direction; the aperture is wide, and nearly round; the lower part
+  of the columella takes a concave direction, and between its base and that
+  of the outer lip is a very deep notch. The basal whorl is so broad that
+  the shell, if placed on a table with its mouth downwards, will remain
+  erect.</p>
+
+  <p>Both these and the two next varieties are in Mr. Dubois' cabinet.
+  Their locality is unknown; but my young friend, Mr. Frederick Parkes, has
+  recently sent me shells of the common variety, found by himself near
+  Kingston, Jamaica.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate123"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  123</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl123.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl123.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 123." title="Plate 123." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> virginea&#x2c;</span> <i>var.</i> 3 <i>and</i> 4.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 30.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate122">Pl. 122.</a></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. virginea, var.</i> 3. <i>testā ampliore, albescente, fasciis
+  rufis nigrisque ornatā; aperturā purpureā; labio interiore albo.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><i>Var.</i> 4. <i>testā ampliore, albā, fasciis 3 angustis, fuscis
+  ornatā; aperturā labioque interiore albis; anfractu basali medio
+  subcarinato.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>A. virginea, var. 3. Shell larger, whitish, with rufous and black
+  bands, aperture purple; inner lip white. <i>Middle figures.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p>Var. 4. Shell larger, white, with three narrow brown bands; aperture
+  and inner lip white; basal whorl in the middle slightly carinated.
+  <i>Upper and lower figures.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The two varieties of <i>A. virginea</i> on this plate, are still more
+  removed from the type of the species than those last figured; they are
+  both much larger in size, and var. 4 presents a slight difference of
+  formation, in having the basal volution somewhat carinated round the
+  middle; but as in every other essential character it agrees with the
+  rest, I have refrained from separating it as a distinct species.</p>
+
+  <p>The four varieties I have now illustrated of <i>Ach. virginea</i>,
+  tend to establish, in a very complete manner, the correctness of the
+  principles on which I have framed the specific characters of this genus;
+  here are four shells, with a total difference in the colouring of each,
+  yet all agreeing in the same formation. It should be observed likewise,
+  that <i>A. pallida</i>, figured at pl. 41 of this work, and <i>A.
+  virginea</i>, var. 4, are nearly the same in colour, while in formation
+  they are completely at variance. I do not think it has been hitherto
+  remarked, that the elegant green lines which ornament the common variety,
+  are only <i>external</i>; they resemble, in this respect, the epidermis
+  of other shells, for they may be taken off by a knife without any injury
+  to the enamel. M. Ferrusac has figured several other varieties in his
+  beautiful work on Land Shells.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate124"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  124</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl124.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl124.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 124." title="Plate 124." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">LICINIA</span> Crisia.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 15.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. mas. Alis anticis falcato-acuminatis, fuscis, fasciā mediā
+  margineque postico flavo; posticis infra flavescentibus colore griseo
+  variis, basi maculis 4 fulvis.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Fem. Alis infra albentibus colore griseo variis; anticis integris,
+  supra fuscis, fasciā mediā margineque postico albentibus; posticarum basi
+  maculis 4 fulvis.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Male.</i> Anterior wings angulated, brown, with a central band and
+  hind margin yellow; posterior beneath yellowish marbled with grey, base
+  with 4 fulvous spots.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Female.</i> Anterior wings entire, above brown, with a central band
+  and hind margin whitish; all the wings beneath whitish marbled with grey;
+  base of the posterior with 4 fulvous spots.</p>
+
+  <p>Pieris Crisia. <i>Godart. En. Méth.</i> <i>p.</i> 197. <i>Male.</i>
+  <i>Drury</i>, <i>v.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 37. <i>f.</i> 1. 2?</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The extraordinary difference existing between the sexes of exotic
+  Lepidoptera, and particularly among the Butterflies, (<i>Papilionidę</i>
+  Lin.) is a subject which hitherto has received but little attention; nor
+  am I aware of any entomological writer who has described those characters
+  which absolutely distinguish the sexes: characters which, I am persuaded,
+  will hereafter be found of the first importance in a natural arrangement
+  of these insects. But in the prosecution of this desirable object, the
+  naturalist, as far as regards foreign Lepidoptera, will have to encounter
+  serious obstacles; many individuals must be examined of each species, and
+  some of these dissected. It falls to the lot of few to pursue their
+  inquiries in the native regions of these insects. Collections in this
+  country are very few, and some of these are not always open to the
+  scientific labourer; neither can specimens be sacrificed for dissection,
+  where there are not more than two or three individuals of a species.</p>
+
+  <p>This is in general a very rare insect; observed for the first time by
+  Dr. Langsdorff and myself early in June (the tropical autumn), in a wood
+  adjoining the Organ Mountains at Rio de Janeiro. From its local
+  abundance, we were able to ascertain the sexes. The two upper figures are
+  of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'male', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >female</span>, and the lower of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'female', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >male</span> insect.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate125"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  125</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl125.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl125.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 125." title="Plate 125." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Nireus'&#x2c; see Addenda et Corrigenda">Nerius</span>.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 92.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Alis nigris, fasciā communi maculisque viridibus;
+  posticis dentatis breviter caudatis; his subtłs fasciā subargenteā,
+  marginali, nervis divisā.</i> Godart.</p>
+
+  <p>P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Wings black, with spots and a common band of green;
+  posterior wings dentated, obsoletely tailed, beneath with a silvery
+  marginal band, divided by the nerves.</p>
+
+  <p>P. Nireus. <i>Fab. Sys. Ent.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> 36. <i>Godart Ency.
+  Méth.</i> 9. 1. <i>p.</i> 48. <i>Drury</i> 2. <i>pl.</i> 4. <i>fig.</i>
+  1. 2. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>p.</i> 187. A. B. (<i>mas.</i>) <i>pl.</i> 378.
+  F. G. (<i>fem.</i>)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I have figured this insect, principally because it will fully
+  illustrate the first section (<i>a.</i>) in the arrangement of this
+  beautiful family proposed at plate 92. The two divisions there adopted,
+  after the manner of Linnęus, (<i>Gręci</i> et <i>Trojani</i>) I am fully
+  aware, are purely artificial; but the facility this distribution will
+  give to the student, in searching after a particular species, is so
+  obvious, that it need hardly be pointed out.</p>
+
+  <p>I have only had the opportunity of examining the individual from which
+  the figure was taken. It is a male, having the anal valves rather
+  lengthened and obtuse, with a small hook between them, which projects
+  from the last segment of the abdomen. This circumstance proves the error
+  of Cramer, in having mistaken the sexes of this species, both of which he
+  seems to have figured. That which I apprehend is the female (Cramer, pl.
+  378, fig. F. G.) I have not myself seen. The blue-green on the upper
+  surface of the wings is very resplendent and changeable, and the palpi
+  and thorax beneath are covered with numerous whitish spots.</p>
+
+  <p>On the under side of the inferior wings, near their base, is a paler
+  band, rayed with the nerves, and in some lights shining with a pale
+  silvery reflection.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Smeathman sent this species from Sierra Leone, in Africa, to Mr.
+  Drury. The locality, therefore, of India, given by Linnęus and Fabricius,
+  must be incorrect.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate126"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  126</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl126.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl126.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 126." title="Plate 126." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> vitulinus&#x2c;</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Orange Fox Cone</i>&#x2c;</h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Brown-tipp'd variety.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 65.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testā fulvā seu fuscā, fasciis 2 interruptis ornatā; spirę
+  brevis, levatę, conicę, maculatę anfractibus concavis, subgranosč
+  striatis; basi granosā, albā.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><i>Var. testā flavescente, fasciis obscuris, subalbidis ornatā; basi
+  rufā. (Fig. nos.)</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Shell fulvous or brown, with 2 interrupted white bands; spire short,
+  elevated, conic, spotted, volutions concave with subgranulated strię;
+  base granulated, white.</p>
+
+  <p>Conus vitulinus. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 648. <i>Lamarck. Ann.</i> 15.
+  <i>p.</i> 265. <i>Knorr.</i> <i>vol.</i> 5. <i>tab.</i> 1. <i>fig.</i> 4
+  (<i>optimč</i>). <i>Dillwyn</i> 377.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 467. 55.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p>Var. Shell yellowish, with obscure whitish bands; the base rufous.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I received this very uncommon shell from the Island of Amboyna; and
+  although in size and colour it is widely different from the usual
+  appearance of <i>C. vitulinus</i>, I have no hesitation in considering it
+  as a remarkable variety only of that species.</p>
+
+  <p><i>C. vitulinus</i> in general is a small shell. The best
+  representation of it I have seen is given by Knorr; an author not in
+  general very accurate in his figures. It varies considerably in colour,
+  and approaches very near to <i>C. vulpinus Lam.</i> from which it
+  principally differs in having an elevated, though short, spire, instead
+  of one nearly flat: the base is granulated, and generally white; <i>C.
+  vulpinus</i> also has the body whorl carinated and thickest round the
+  upper margin, whereas, in <i>Vitulinus</i>, it is gently swelled in the
+  middle.</p>
+
+  <p>M. Lamarck is, I think, mistaken in the synonyms of this shell, which
+  is represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> plate 326, fig. <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '204', see Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >2 and 4.</span>. The shell at fig. 8. appears to me as the granulated
+  variety of <i>C. vulpinus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate127"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  127</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl127.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl127.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 127." title="Plate 127." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Maldivus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Spanish Admiral Cone.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 65.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testā lęvi, posticč gracili ferrugineā, maculis albis
+  subtrigonis, cingulisque numerosis fuscis, albo punctatis, ornatā; basi
+  nigrā; spirę brevis apice acuto, anfractibus lęvibus, planis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell smooth, posterior end slender, ferruginous, with angular white
+  spots, and white bands dotted with brown; base black; spire short, tip
+  acute, the whorls smooth and flat.</p>
+
+  <p>C. Maldivus. <i>Brug.</i> (1789.) <i>p.</i> 644. <i>Lam. Ann.</i>
+  <i>v.</i> 15. <i>p.</i> 264.</p>
+
+  <p>C. Jaspideus. <i>Humphreys in Mus. Cal.</i> (1797) <i>p.</i> 12.
+  <i>No.</i> 185.</p>
+
+  <p>Conus Generalis. <i>Var.</i> B. <i>Dillwyn.</i> 539. 11.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 465. 50.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p>Var. 1. Band in the middle narrow; <i>upper figure</i>. <i>Ency.
+  Méth.</i> pl. 325. fig. 6.</p>
+
+  <p>Var. 2. Band broader; <i>lower figure</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Var. 3. Band very broad, with dotted transverse lines; <i>middle
+  figure</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Seba.</i> <i>pl.</i> 54. <i>fig.</i> 11. 12. <i>Ency. Méth.</i>
+  <i>pl.</i> 325. <i>fig.</i> 5. 7.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The general similarity existing between the Spanish Admiral, and two
+  other cones, figured in this work, I have before alluded to; it has been
+  placed by the Linnęan writers as a variety of <i>C. Generalis</i>, from
+  which, however, it invariably differs, in being a much thicker shell,
+  with a shorter spire, and the whorls without any concavity. The colour of
+  the two species varies considerably in different individuals, but <i>C.
+  Maldivus</i> is always destitute of the dark brown longitudinal stripes
+  at the top of the body whorl, peculiar to <i>C. Generalis</i>; the white
+  bands are either broken into somewhat triangular spots, or are banded
+  with minute dots; these triangular white spots are sometimes scattered in
+  other parts of the shell, and the white band in the middle varies much in
+  breadth; of all the varieties I have yet seen, the middle figure is that
+  which makes the nearest approach to <i>C. Generalis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The very applicable name given to this shell by Mr. Humphreys, in the
+  <i>Museum Calonnianum</i>, I should have adopted, had not Bruguiere
+  previously affixed to it that of <i>Maldivus</i>, as being a native of
+  the Maldivian Islands.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate128"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  128</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl128.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl128.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 128." title="Plate 128." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CONUS</span> Maldivus&#x2c;</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Spanish Admiral Cone</i>&#x2c;</h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Chesnut variety.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 65.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate127">Pl. 127.</a></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Conus Maldivus. Var. B. <i>testā castaneā, fasciā albescente mediā
+  angustā ornatā; anfractūs basalis basi et margine albis.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Var. B.</i> Chesnut, with a narrow whitish band in the middle; base
+  and margin of the body whorl white.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>As a further illustration of the last plate, I have been induced to
+  figure this very rare variety, from a specimen I met with at Mrs. Mawe's.
+  In the disposition of its markings, it approaches near to the shell
+  represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>plate</i> 325, <i>f.</i> 6, but
+  the white band in the middle is narrower, and quite destitute of the
+  circular dotted lines there expressed.</p>
+
+  <p>No shells require a greater accuracy of delineation than the Cones,
+  particularly in expressing the peculiarity in the form and sculpture of
+  their spires. I am well persuaded that a great number of the mistakes
+  committed by authors have originated in the wretched figures contained in
+  Favanne's work, and in the early volumes of Martini. Those of Favanne are
+  generally so loose and inaccurate, (although remarkably well engraved,)
+  that I do not wish, by quoting, to make them any authority; and most of
+  the Cones figured by Martini are equally bad.</p>
+
+  <p>Bruguiere and Lamarck have both given the character of <i>spirā
+  canaliculatā</i> to this species, which is altogether a mistake. The
+  spiral whorls are all <i>but</i> perfectly flat, and the suture is quite
+  closed up, although sometimes uneven; originating, as in many other
+  shells, either from the inequalities of growth, or from an accidental
+  sea-break, which the animal may have repaired.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate129"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  129</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl129.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl129.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 129." title="Plate 129." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MELLIPHAGA</span> torquata&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-collared Honeysucker.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 43.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. olivaceo-fulvā, infra albā; capite auribusque nigris; torque
+  nuchali lunato, albo; superciliorum cute rubrā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Fulvous olive, beneath white; head and ears black; nape with a white
+  crescent, skin of the eyebrows red.</p>
+
+  <p>Black-crowned Honeysucker. <i>Lewin's Birds of N. Holland</i>,
+  <i>pl.</i> 24.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>An elegant, though not a richly coloured bird; remarkable for the
+  bright red of the skin above the eyes, and the milk-white collar at the
+  back of the head. It is from New Holland, and, like others of its tribe,
+  derives its nourishment chiefly from the nectar of flowers; as more
+  particularly mentioned in my first observations on this genus at pl.
+  43.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure is of the natural size: excepting the crown and sides of
+  the head (which are deep black), the whole upper plumage is olive yellow:
+  the shoulders, quills, and tail brown; the two latter margined with
+  olive, but the exterior quills with white: the throat, breast, and collar
+  round the nape pure white; skin of the eyebrows red.</p>
+
+  <p>The Lunated Creeper of Dr. Shaw (<i>Le Fuscalben of Vieillot,
+  Certh.</i> <i>pl.</i> 61. <i>p.</i> 122.) is, I apprehend, a distinct
+  species. It is described as being <i>cinnamon brown</i> above, with a
+  bright red spot of <i>feathers behind</i> the eye. In the temperate
+  climate of New Holland, that variation from the usual colouring of
+  particular species, so frequent in tropical birds, is seldom met with;
+  neither can these two birds be sexes of one species, because Lewin, who
+  wrote on the spot, particularly remarks that the female of this is like
+  the male; he further adds, it is found near Paramatta, and the Hawkesbury
+  river, in thick bushy woods.</p>
+
+  <p>Lewin's figure is so excellent, that I should not again have
+  represented this bird, had not the plate been prepared previous to the
+  publication of his work. The outline figure of the bill will show more
+  clearly the uncommon length of the nostrils, a character which is
+  peculiar to this genus.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Plate130"></a><a name="Plate131"></a><span
+  class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i> 130, 131</span></p>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:74%"><tr><td class="w50 vtp">
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl130.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl130.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 130." title="Plate 130." /></a>
+  </div>
+</td><td class="w50 vtp">
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl131.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl131.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 131." title="Plate 131." /></a>
+  </div>
+</td></tr></table>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROCHILUS</span> latipennis,</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey Sickle-winged Humming Bird</i>,</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Male and Female.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 82.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. viridi-aureus, subtus canus; remigum primorum (in maribus)
+  scapis dilatato-incurvatis; rectricium pennis 4 mediis viridibus apice
+  nigro, lateralibus albis basi nigrā; rostro vix recto.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Golden green, beneath grey; greater quills (in the male) with the
+  shafts dilated and incurved. Four middle tail-feathers green tipped with
+  black, lateral feathers white with a black base; bill nearly
+  straight.</p>
+
+  <p>T. latipennis. <i>Lath. In. Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 310. <i>Gen.
+  Zool.</i> 8. 1. 318.</p>
+
+  <p>T. campylopterus. <i>Gm. Sys. Nat.</i> 499. <i>n.</i> 65.</p>
+
+  <p>L'O. mouche ą larges tuyaux. <i>Vieillot Ois. D'or.</i> <i>p.</i> 21.
+  <i>p.</i> 59.</p>
+
+  <p>Broad-shafted H. Bird. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> <i>v.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 765.
+  <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8. 318.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The opinion I expressed on the unusual formation of the wings in two
+  species of Humming-birds, figured at pl. 83 and 107, appears to receive
+  the fullest confirmation from the birds here represented. One of these
+  (pl. 131) is clearly the <i>T. latipennis</i>, or Broad-shafted
+  Humming-bird of authors; while the other presents not the slightest
+  difference except in the shafts of the quills, which, instead of being
+  thickened and dilated, are of the ordinary size.</p>
+
+  <p>Not having myself dissected these birds, I cannot decidedly say they
+  are male and female; but I think no reasonable doubt can remain that such
+  is the fact, and that these singular quill-feathers are characteristic
+  only of the male sex.</p>
+
+  <p>Both the birds are represented the size of life, and may be included
+  in one description: the upper plumage obscure blueish green, glossed with
+  a coppery or golden tinge and shaded with brown, the plumage beneath
+  entirely grey; ears and sides of the neck the same, the latter with some
+  spots of greenish. Tail large, even, and broad; the two middle feathers
+  green, tipt (in the male) with blackish; the next pair black, with the
+  base green, and the extreme points whitish; the remainder black, with
+  their ends more or less white. Wings violet brown, the shafts of the
+  three outer quills, in the male, dilated and compressed, but simple in
+  the female. Said to inhabit Cayenne. Although the bill of this species is
+  all but straight, it belongs naturally to the curved-bill division.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate132"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  132</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl132.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl132.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 132." title="Plate 132." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MACROGLOSSUM</span> annulosum&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5><i>Upper figure</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 64.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. alis nigris, anticis fasciis 2 hyalinč maculatis ornatis;
+  abdominis nigri, segmento tertio niveo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings black, anterior with two bands of hyaline spots; abdomen black,
+  the third segment snowy.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>An elegant insect; so closely allied to <i>Sphinx Tantalus, Lin.</i>
+  (<i>Drury</i>, <i>v.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 5.) as to excite a
+  doubt if it should be considered as a separate species. Drury's figure
+  and description, however, of that insect, induce me to think they are
+  most probably distinct. <i>S. Tantalus</i> is without the two bands of
+  hyaline spots, and is much smaller in size.</p>
+
+  <p>In this insect are three small, white, snowy dots, on the sides of the
+  lower segments of the abdomen, and the same beneath: the anal segment is
+  grey; with the margin, and spot in the middle, black. Inhabits Brazil,
+  but is a rare insect.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">MACROGLOSSUM</span> fasciatum&#x2c;</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Lower figure.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. alis nigricantibus, anticis fusco variis, posticis strigā
+  aurantiacā centrali ornatis; thorace griseā; corporis lateribus, maculis
+  aurantiacis, nigris et pallidč fulvis insignibus; antennis gracilibus;
+  unco producto.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings blackish, anterior variegated with brown, posterior with a
+  central orange stripe; thorax grey, sides of the body with orange, black,
+  and pale yellow spots; antennę slender, hook lengthened.</p>
+
+  <p>Sphinx ceculus. <i>Cramer</i>, <i>pl.</i> 146. <i>f.</i> G.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This is another Brazilian species, much more frequent than the last.
+  In Cramer, at pl. 146, g. is figured an insect under the name of
+  <i>Ceculus</i>, which no author appears to have quoted; but which
+  (miserably inaccurate as it is), I have no doubt the artist intended as a
+  representation of this insect; particularly as Cramer's description,
+  though short, is very applicable. The colours beneath are uniform dark
+  brown; the thorax, legs, and base of the wings, whitish; near the
+  exterior margin of the superior wings is a small white dot, and two
+  others on each side of the middle segments of the body.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate133"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  133</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl133.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl133.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 133." title="Plate 133." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">THECLA</span> Macaria&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut-spotted Hair-Streak.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 69.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. alis supra fuscis; anticis ad basin cęruleis, infra ferrugineis,
+  punctis 2 mediis nigris ornatis; posticis infra castaneis, anticč
+  pallidioribus, maculo nigro ad basin ornatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings above brown; anterior blue at the base, beneath ferruginous,
+  with two central black spots; posterior beneath chesnut, paler on the
+  fore part, with a black spot near the base.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I have selected this insect as one of the rarest among a vast number
+  of species of this elegant tribe, collected during my travels in Brazil.
+  Two specimens of the male, and one of the female insect, were captured in
+  the woods near Pernambuco, in lat. 8° <span class="nw">12&prime;</span>
+  S.</p>
+
+  <p>The male insects, in the majority of the <i>Hair-Streaks</i>, have
+  either a velvet or eye-like spot in the middle of the anterior wings,
+  adjoining their outer margin; these spots are without lustre, and
+  frequently appear as if caused by being rubbed: the colours, likewise, on
+  the upper surface of the wings in the males, generally differ from those
+  of the females.</p>
+
+  <p>Wings brown; anterior, with the half next the base blue; central spot
+  blackish, enclosing an obscure eye-like spot margined with grey, the
+  pupil black with a white dot. Posterior wings two-tailed; exterior tail
+  very short, interior lengthened; anal angle two-lobed, margin whitish.
+  Anterior wings beneath, pale chesnut brown, tips chesnut; in the middle
+  are two black dots, one of which is small; above these are three others,
+  which form a short transverse line united to the margin. Posterior wings
+  beneath, dark chesnut; with two central blackish dots in the middle;
+  below are two undulated brown lines, parallel to the posterior margin;
+  the anterior margin pale, with a large black dot near the base; anal
+  angle, clouded with grey and tipt with a black spot: another spot is also
+  at the base of the exterior tail. In the female, all the wings above are
+  brown, with a pale blue base; but the under surface, except in being
+  paler, resembles that of the male.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate134"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  134</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl134.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl134.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 134." title="Plate 134." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> exustus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Burnt&#x2c; or Purple-mouthed Strombus</i></span>&mdash;(<i>Upper figure</i>.)</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 10.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testā nodosā; labio interiore albo, lęvi; labii exterioris
+  inflexi, supra sinuati, intus purpureo-atri, striati; lobo basali
+  edentulo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell nodulous; inner lip smooth, whitish; outer lip inflected, above
+  sinuated, within striated, blackish purple; basal lobe not toothed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Young.</i> S. papilio. <i>Chem.</i> x. <i>t.</i> 158. <i>f.</i>
+  1510, 11. <i>Dillw.</i> 661. 120. 11.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Adult.</i> Strombus exustus. <i>Humphreys in Mus. Cal.</i>
+  <i>p.</i> 38. <i>n.</i> 714.</p>
+
+  <p>S. lentiginosus. <i>Martini</i>, iii. <i>t.</i> 80. <i>f.</i> 825,
+  826. <i>Gmelin.</i> 3510. (<i>var.</i> <span class="grk">&beta;</span>.)
+  <i>Dillwyn.</i> 660.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 52. <i>f.</i> 17. 18. <i>Knorr.</i> 3.
+  <i>t.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 2. 3?</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Specimens now before me prove that the <i>S. papilio</i> of Chemnitz
+  is a young shell of <i>S. exustus</i>, a species named by Mr. Humphreys
+  in the Calonne Catalogue, and described in his own manuscripts. In a
+  young state, the aperture is smooth and nearly white, but when full
+  grown, the outer lip is strongly striated, and the aperture reddish
+  purple, dark red, or reddish chesnut: the outer lip is but slightly
+  sinuated above, and the basal lobe never toothed, as in the next species.
+  Inhabits the island of Haynam, in the East Indies, and is very rare.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  >Described by Lamarck (<i>Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 211) under the name of
+  <i>S. Papilio</i>. The first of these names, however, has the right of
+  priority. (See <i>Mus. Cal.</i> 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3.
+  tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly represent this species; although Lamarck has
+  quoted them for <i>S. lentiginosus</i>.</span></p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> lentiginosus&#x2c;</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Tuberculated Strombus</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testā nodosā; labii exterioris supra rotundati ad spiram annexi,
+  profundč bilobati, margine crasso inflexo, sub-nodoso; lobo basali
+  dentato; aperturā lęvi.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell nodulous, outer lip above rounded, attached to the spire, deeply
+  bilobated, margin thick, inflexed, slightly nodulous; basal lobe toothed;
+  aperture smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Young.</i> <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 37. 40.
+  <i>optimč</i>. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>t.</i> 89. <i>f.</i> 871. <i>t.</i>
+  91. <i>f.</i> 891. 892? <i>Lister</i>, 893. 12?</p>
+
+  <p><i>Adult.</i> S. lentiginosus. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3510. <i>Dillwyn.</i>
+  660. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>t.</i> 81. <i>f.</i> 827, 828.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Seba</i>, 62. <i>f.</i> 11. 30. (<i>optimč</i>.) <i>Lister</i>,
+  861. 18. <i>Gualt.</i> 32. <i>f.</i> A.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 203. <i>Knorr</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 13,
+  <i>f.</i> 2. Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing
+  the young shells of this and the following species.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This common shell requires little description, and is only introduced
+  to contrast more fully the difference between these two species: the
+  upper part of the lip has two deep notches, which form three prominent
+  lobes; the basal lobe is toothed, similar to the <i>Pterocerę</i>: the
+  aperture (in those shells from the East Indies) is light pink inside. A
+  large and fine variety comes from the Mauritia islands, having the mouth
+  within pale golden yellow.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate135"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  135</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl135.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl135.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 135." title="Plate 135." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> tricornis&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Horned Strombus.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 10.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testā ponderosā, nodis longitudinaliter compressis armatā; labio
+  exteriore inflexo, margine crasso, suprą attenuato et ultra spiram
+  producto; canali truncato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ponderous, with longitudinally compressed nodules; outer lip
+  inflexed, the margin thick, above attenuated and produced beyond the
+  spire; channel truncated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>In young stages of growth.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>pl.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 36, 10. <i>Martini</i> 3.
+  <i>tab.</i> 91. <i>f.</i> 890. <i>tab.</i> 85. <i>f.</i> 847.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 201.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p>Var. A. Shell whitish, outer lip much produced. <i>Upper figure.</i>
+  <i>Martini</i>, <i>vol.</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 84. <i>f.</i> 844, 845. <i>Sw.
+  Ex. Conch.</i> <i>part</i> 4.</p>
+
+  <p>Var. B. Shell varied with chesnut, outer lip shorter. <i>Lower
+  figure.</i> <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>t.</i> 408. <i>f.</i> 1. <i>t.</i> 409.
+  <i>f.</i> 2. <i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 84. <i>f.</i> 843.
+  <i>Lister</i>, 871. <i>f.</i> 25. 873. <i>f.</i> 29.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Martini was the first conchological writer who separated this species
+  from the <i>Strombus Gallus</i> of Linnęus; under which name are included
+  three shells, so remarkably different from each other, that they hardly
+  possess a single character in common.</p>
+
+  <p>The original name of Linnęus I have retained to that species figured
+  by <i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 62. <i>fig.</i> 1 and 2, and by myself in
+  <i>Exotic Conchology</i>, <i>Part</i> 4.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Strombus tricornis</i>, although figured, has never yet, I believe,
+  been defined.</p>
+
+  <p>Two varieties of this shell are met with; one having the attenuated
+  process of the lip much produced, the margins folded inward, and the tip
+  somewhat spatulate, or spoon-shaped: the colour of this variety is
+  generally white, slightly varigated with brown stripes or irregular
+  spots. A very fine specimen of this variety, having these characters
+  remarkably developed, is in my own cabinet, and is figured in <i>Exotic
+  Conchology</i>, part 4. The second variety has the process of the lip
+  shorter, and the margins not folded; the colour usually brownish, richly
+  clouded and variegated with chesnut; the aperture within is tinged with
+  pale red or rosy; but that of the other variety is pure white. I believe
+  this species inhabits the coasts of America; it is a heavy shell, and
+  sometimes measures seven inches in extreme length.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate136"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  136</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl136.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl136.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 136." title="Plate 136." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> crassa&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i><i>Thick Apple Snail</i>&#x2c;</i></span></h5><h5 class="mtm1"><i>Upper and lower figures</i>.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 103.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā globosā, lęvi, (sub epidermide) albā, fasciis fuscis
+  ornatā; spirę levatę apice obtuso; aperturę margine albo, crasso;
+  umbilico caret.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell globose, smooth, beneath the epidermis white with brown bands;
+  spire elevated, tip obtuse; margin of the aperture thick, white;
+  umbilicus none.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Martini</i> 9. <i>t.</i> 128. <i>f.</i> 1135.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A distinct species, well characterised by the absence of the
+  umbilicus, the situation of which is indicated only by a slight
+  depression: the margin of the aperture all round is thickened, and white;
+  but, from no groove being discernible, I suspect the operculum may be
+  horny. The only specimen I have, is divested of the epidermis; it is
+  obviously an old shell; and appears to agree with the figure of Martini,
+  also taken from an uncoated specimen.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> oblonga&#x2c;</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Oblong Apple Snail</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā oblonga, lęvi, tenui, fuscā; spirā levatā, crassā, obtusā;
+  aperturę elongatę basi contractā; umbilico vix obsoleto.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell oblong, smooth, thin, brown; spire elevated, thick, obtuse;
+  aperture lengthened, base contracted; umbilicus nearly obsolete.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A rare, and undescribed shell, presenting a singular deviation from
+  the general globose form of the <i>Ampullarię</i>. The inner lip is
+  wanting on the upper part of the aperture, and on the lower is thin,
+  white, and reflected over the umbilicus, which is nearly obsolete.</p>
+
+  <p>Both these shells were in the late Mrs. Bligh's collection, without
+  any <i>habitat</i> being affixed to them.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate137"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  137</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl137.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl137.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 137." title="Plate 137." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PAPILIO</span> Polybius.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 92.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. alis nigris; anticis maculo albo centrali; posticis
+  dentato-caudatis maculo rubro centrali nervis diviso; abdomine strigā
+  laterali; thorace punctis flavis subtłs, ornatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>P. (<i>Tr. caud.</i>) wings black; anterior with a central spot of
+  white; posterior dentated and tailed, with a central red spot, divided by
+  the nerves; stripe on each side the abdomen and spots on the thorax
+  beneath, yellow.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>An insect neither described nor figured by any author. To my liberal
+  friend, Dr. Langsdorff, I am indebted for the two specimens in my own
+  cabinet, collected by himself in the interior of Minas Geraes, or the
+  Diamond district of Brazil. I am not aware of the insect having been
+  found in any other part of that vast country.</p>
+
+  <p>An unusual character is presented in this species, alone sufficient to
+  distinguish it from any other contained in the division to which it
+  belongs. This consists in the thorax beneath being spotted with yellow,
+  and the body, on each side of the under surface, having a narrow yellow
+  stripe; the basal margin of the inferior wings is also yellow. Strictly
+  speaking, these yellow spots would remove it from the section
+  <i>Trojani</i>, but it would then be improperly separated from <i>P.
+  Lysithoüs</i>, <i>Agavus</i>, and others to which it is, in every
+  respect, closely allied.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate138"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  138</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl138.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl138.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 138." title="Plate 138." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MALURUS</span> garrulus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Noisy Soft-tail Warbler.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum validius, breve, totum valdč compressum, altius quam
+  latius, culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem
+  aliquandņ emarginatum, vix incurvo. Nares basales membranā tectę,
+  aperturā laterali. Alę brevissimę, rotundatę, remigum 3 primorum
+  longitudine proximorum 4 longitudinem superante. Cauda plerumque longa,
+  cuneata, radiis mollibus, decompositis. Pedes validi, digito exteriore ad
+  digiti medii basin annexo. Hallux validus.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Ob. Rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructā.</i> Tem.</p>
+
+  <p>Bill rather strong, short, much compressed its whole length, higher
+  than broad, the ridge prominent, dividing the frontal feathers, and bent
+  at the tip, which is sometimes notched. Nostrils basal, covered by a
+  membrane, the aperture lateral. Wings very short, rounded, the three
+  first quills shorter than the four next. Tail generally long, cuneated,
+  the radii soft and decomposed. Legs strong; the outer toe connected to
+  the base of the middle toe. Hind claw strong.</p>
+
+  <p>Ob. Base of the bill with setaceous hairs. <i>Temminck.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types&mdash;Turdus brachypterus. <i>Lath.</i> Le Flūteur.
+  <i>Vail. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2. Le Capolier.
+  <i>Do.</i> <i>pl.</i> 129. <i>pl.</i> 130. <i>f.</i> 1.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. fuscus, infrą albescentibus; plumis frontalibus rigidis,
+  acuminatis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus; caudā
+  mediocri, rotundatā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>M. brown, beneath whitish, feathers on the front of the head rigid,
+  pointed, and rufous; lines before and behind the eye whitish: tail
+  moderate, rounded.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The colours of this bird are altogether plain; but it is remarkable
+  for its very singular nest, which is so large, as to form a feature in
+  the woodland scenery of Bahia, the only part of Brazil where I observed
+  it: the nest is built in low trees, formed externally of dried sticks,
+  without any neatness, and is usually three or four feet long, resembling
+  at a distance a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by
+  accident: sometimes two of these nests appear as if joined together, and
+  there is an opening on the side, besides one at the top. The sexes are
+  generally seen near the nest, uttering a shrill, incessant, monotonous
+  chirp, particularly in the morning and evening. I never could bring
+  myself to tear one of their nests to pieces, merely to see its
+  construction.</p>
+
+  <p>All the birds of this genus are stated by Professor Temminck to be
+  natives either of the old world, or of the southern hemisphere; but the
+  observations I have made, lead me to think otherwise. Two of the generic
+  types M. Temminck has given, are the same as those I have selected; these
+  birds are now before me; the other (<i>Le Capolier</i>,) is so like the
+  species here figured, that (judging from Le Vaillant's plate) they might
+  easily pass for the same bird. Two other species, with characters
+  perfectly resembling <i>M. garrulus</i>, are likewise found in
+  Brazil.</p>
+
+  <p>From a consideration, therefore, of the affinities and habits of these
+  birds, I conceive they may constitute a very natural genus, closely
+  allied to <i>Sylvia</i>, having very compressed bills, short wings,
+  russet coloured plumage, with soft and generally long tails, and building
+  rather large and cylindrical nests. On the other hand, if the whole of
+  the birds mentioned by P. Temminck are retained in the genus, I apprehend
+  it will become entirely artificial; inasmuch as it will include not only
+  the birds above mentioned, but the <i>Motacilla superba</i>, and a large
+  non-descript bird from New Holland, the size of a thrush, which in habit,
+  though not in characters, resembles a shrike.</p>
+
+  <p>M. Vieillot first proposed this genus, but his definition is so short
+  and obscure, that little can be gained from it.</p>
+
+  <p>The slight sketch in the distance, introduced in the plate, will give
+  some idea of the singular nest of this bird.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate139"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  139</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl139.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl139.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 139." title="Plate 139." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> plumbea&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey-backed Warbler.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostri recti, tenuis, basi altiore quam latiore, mandibulā
+  superiori aliquando emarginatā, inferiori rectā. Nares basales,
+  laterales, membranā partim tectę. Crura longiora digito medio, qui digito
+  exteriori ad basin annectitur. Ungue posteriore mediocri, digito
+  posteriore breviore et arcuato. Remigum pinnā primā brevissimā aliquando
+  caret. Tectrices remigibus multo breviores.</i> Temm.</p>
+
+  <p>Bill straight, slender, base higher than broad; superior mandible
+  sometimes notched, the inferior straight. Nostrils basal, lateral, partly
+  covered by a membrane. Legs longer than the middle toe, which is united
+  to the exterior toe at the base; hinder claw moderate, shorter than the
+  toe, and curved. Wings; the first quill very short, or wanting, greater
+  covers much shorter than the quills. <i>Temminck.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types&mdash;<i>Turdus arundinaceus.</i> Lath. <i>Sylvia
+  locustella.</i> <i>Luscinia.</i> <i>Trochilus.</i> <i>Regulus.</i>
+  (Temminck.)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. cęruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo; tectricium apicibus
+  albis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Blue grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-covers tipt with
+  white.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>There is an elegance of shape, and a harmony of colouring, in the
+  Warblers, that render these delicate little birds very interesting. The
+  species are exceedingly numerous, and are spread over most parts of the
+  world; several abound in our own woods and hedges, and the "sacred bird"
+  of our childhood, the Robin Redbreast, is among the number. That now
+  before us is a native of Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr.
+  Leadbeater; I never met with it myself. The first quill feather is hardly
+  shorter than the three next, which are all of equal length; the
+  tail-feathers are even, and rather pointed; their colour black, margined
+  with grey; the two outer with a white spot on the inner web; the under
+  wing and tail-covers white.</p>
+
+  <p>I have made no material alteration in Prof. Temminck's definition of
+  this overgrown genus, being convinced it might lead to confusion, while
+  the generality of the birds composing it remain so little known.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">This
+  bird greatly resembles the female of <i>S. pusilla</i> of Wilson
+  (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden
+  yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird:
+  the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description
+  of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as
+  he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson
+  and Vieillot say there are two.</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate140"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  140</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl140.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl140.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 140." title="Plate 140." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TROGLODYTES</span> rectirostris&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Straight-billed Wren.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6>Troglodytes. <i>Ray.</i> <i>Cuvier.</i> <i>Vieillot.</i> Sylvia. <i>Latham.</i> <i>Temminck.</i></h6>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum curvatum, rarņ rectum, lateribus compressis; apice vix
+  emarginato. Nares basales. Alę brevissimę, rotundatę, remigum majorum 3
+  exteriorum longitudine quartę longitudinem superante, cęteris paribus et
+  vix remigibus minoribus longioribus. Rectrices breves, fasciculatę,
+  erectę. Hallux digito medio brevior. Plumę fuscę.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill curved; rarely straight, the sides compressed, the tip slightly
+  notched. Nostrils basal. Wings remarkably short, rounded, the three
+  exterior greater quills shorter than the fourth; the remainder of equal
+  length, and hardly longer than the lesser quills. Tail-feathers weak,
+  short, fasciculated, and generally carried erect. Hind toe shorter than
+  the middle toe. Plumage brown.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types <i>Motacillę troglodytes et furva.</i> Gm. <i>Certhię
+  familiaris, palustris, et Caroliniana.</i> Wilson, <i>Am. Orn.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. fuscus, jugulo pectoreque pallidioribus; mento nigricante;
+  corpore medio niveo; rectricibus angustis, nigris; mandibulę superiore
+  apice adunco.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Brown; throat and breast paler; chin blackish, middle of the body
+  snowy, feathers of the tail black and narrow; tip of the upper mandible
+  hooked.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This singular little bird agrees more in its general character with
+  <i>Troglodytes</i>, than with any other established genus; yet with this
+  its similitude is but slight. Anxious, nevertheless, to avoid what might
+  hereafter prove an unnecessary innovation, I have placed it with the
+  Wrens, under the distinguishing name of <i>rectirostris</i>; although I
+  am more inclined to think it constitutes a distinct genus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Troglodytis</i>, originally instituted as a genus by our
+  illustrious countryman Ray, has been adopted both by M.M. Cuvier and
+  Vieillot. Professor Temminck, on the contrary, has included it with
+  <i>Sylvia</i>; an immense genus, already burthened with more species than
+  are rightly understood, or that really belong to it.</p>
+
+  <p>Figure the natural size. Bill straight, triangular at the base, the
+  sides compressed, tip of the upper mandible bent down and notched;
+  nostrils large, lengthened, covered by a membrane, which (except at the
+  base,) is naked; the aperture terminal, near the edge of the bill,
+  narrow, and oblong: the feathers on the rump and flanks remarkably long;
+  the three fore toes slender, and all connected at their base as far as
+  the first joint: tail even, and longer than the generality of Wrens, the
+  feathers very narrow, weak, and deep black. Plumage above light or
+  reddish brown; sides of the head, neck, breast, and body, the same, but
+  tinged with fulvous; the chin and upper part of the throat blackish, but
+  the margin of the feathers partly white: lower part of the throat and
+  breast dusky: middle of the body pure white; under wing covers, inside
+  margin of the quills, and edge of the shoulders, white.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Leadbeater favoured me with this bird, which he received from
+  Brazil.</p>
+
+  <p>The comparative length of the bill in this genus, (leaving the present
+  bird out of consideration,) offers no generic distinction, because it
+  varies greatly in different species. Some of those found in Brazil have
+  the bill nearly double the length of the common European Wren.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate141"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  141</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl141.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl141.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 141." title="Plate 141." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> chryseürus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Golden-tailed Parrot.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 1.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. nitidč viridis; fronte genisque fulvo colore tinctis; rectricium
+  brevium, parium, pennis mediis viridibus, cęteris aureis, omnium apicibus
+  nigris.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shining green; front and sides of the head tinged with fulvous; tail
+  short, even, tipt with black, the two middle feathers green, the rest
+  golden.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I was fortunate in procuring both sexes of this very rare bird in the
+  vicinity of Pernambuco, being the only individuals I ever met with in
+  Brazil: they appeared as if tired from a long flight, which led me to
+  suppose they had migrated from the interior towards the coast. I do not
+  find the species noticed by any writer, nor have I seen it in any
+  collection.</p>
+
+  <p>The total length is six inches and a half; the plumage generally of a
+  rich emerald green, rather obscure on the top and sides of the head, but
+  very bright on the back and rump, where it is tinged with blue; the
+  feathers round the base of the bill, front, and sides of the head, are
+  tinged with buff colour; the scapulary feathers (protecting the base of
+  the wings and lesser quills) are chocolate brown, the quills themselves
+  black, margined externally with green and internally with olive. The most
+  beautiful part of the bird is the tail, which is short and even, each
+  feather having the tips margined by a narrow line of black, the middle
+  pair being green, and all the rest of a rich golden yellow colour; the
+  under plumage and wing covers are nearly of as deep a green as the wings,
+  but on the flanks there is a tinge of olive.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate142"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  142</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl142.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl142.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 142." title="Plate 142." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">NECTARINIA</span> flaveola&#x2c;</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Yellow-bellied Nectarinia.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 117.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>N. nigricans, infrą flava; mento, superciliis rectriciumque trium
+  exteriarum apicibus, albis; fasciā uropygiali olivaceā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Blackish brown; beneath yellow; chin, eyebrows, and tips of the three
+  outer tail-feathers white; band on the rump olive.</p>
+
+  <p>Certhia flaveola. <i>Gmelin</i>, 479. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> <i>v.</i>
+  1. <i>p.</i> 297. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> <i>v.</i> 8. <i>p.</i> 248.
+  <i>Turton</i>, <i>p.</i> 297.</p>
+
+  <p>Certhia, <i>No.</i> 33. <i>Brisson. Orn.</i> <i>v.</i> 6. <i>App.</i>
+  <i>p.</i> 117. <i>Syn.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 19.</p>
+
+  <p>Black and yellow Creeper. <i>Edwards</i>, <i>pl.</i> 122. <i>pl.</i>
+  362. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> <i>v.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 737. <i>Gen. Zool.</i>
+  <i>v.</i> 8. <i>p.</i> 248. <i>Turton.</i> <i>p.</i> 297.</p>
+
+  <p>Le Guit-Guit Sucrier. <i>Vieill. Ois. Dor. Certh.</i> <i>pl.</i> 51.
+  <i>p.</i> 102.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This pretty little bird, under different varieties of plumage, appears
+  to be scattered over the greatest part of tropical America, and is one of
+  the most common of its tribe. The best, and indeed the only detailed
+  account of its economy, is given by M. Vieillot; who remarks, that its
+  nest is suspended on the tops of those tall climbing plants, which, in
+  those countries, form a matting over the most lofty trees: the entrance
+  to the nest is at the bottom; the interior is divided into two
+  compartments, in one of which only the young are contained. It feeds both
+  on small insects, and the nectar of flowers. All the above synonyms refer
+  to the different varieties authors have enumerated of this species. Most
+  of these have a white spot at the base of the exterior quills; others
+  vary in having the throat entirely black; and some again have a yellow
+  rump; but none of these agree with the variety here figured, which I
+  believe came from Trinidad. Probably a more perfect knowledge of these
+  supposed varieties will show they contain two or three distinct
+  species.</p>
+
+  <p>Notwithstanding the shortness of the bill, this is a decided
+  <i>Nectarinia</i>, according to a natural, but not an artificial
+  arrangement. It forms, in some degree, a passage from the shining
+  coloured <i>Nectarinię</i> of America, to the short-billed
+  <i>Melliphagę</i> of the southern hemisphere. On a future occasion I
+  shall offer more detailed observations on the genus <i>Dicęum</i> of
+  Cuvier.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure is the size of life; and, with the specific character,
+  renders a further description unnecessary.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate143"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  143</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl143.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl143.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 143." title="Plate 143." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> sordida&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Brown Apple Snail</i></span> <i>f. 1. 2.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 103.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā globosā, ferrugineā, lineis transversis subcarinatis
+  instructā aperturę margine tenui; umbilico magno; operculo
+  corneo?</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell globose, ferruginous, with obsolete transverse subcarinated
+  lines; margin of the aperture thin; umbilicus large; operculum horny?</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The only species of <i>Ampullaria</i> with which this may be
+  confounded is <i>A. fasciata</i>, p. 103, in comparison with which it is
+  a more globose shell, the aperture narrower, and the spire more obtuse;
+  the umbilicus is larger, round, and not contracted; the suture is not
+  sunk, the shell is not banded with coloured lines, nor is the surface
+  smooth; on the contrary, it is marked with transverse, obscurely
+  carinated lines; while the shell is uniform brown, the aperture within is
+  white, margined with brown.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> puncticulata</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Oval&#x2c; punctured Apple Snail</i></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā ovatā, subtilissimč punctatā; spirā obtusā; labii
+  exterioris margine, interiorisque basi rufis, incrassatis; operculo
+  corneo?</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell oval, minutely punctured, spire obtuse; margin of the exterior
+  lip within, and base of the inner lip thick and rufous; operculum
+  horny?</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This and <i>A. oblonga</i> are the only species I am yet acquainted
+  with, whose form is not globose. It never grows to a size much larger
+  than the figure; the whole shell is marked by fine longitudinal strię,
+  and transverse lines of minute dots, discernible only by the aid of a
+  common magnifier; the aperture within is brownish flesh-colour; the
+  margin is strong and reddish, and, within that of the outer lip, is a
+  thickened rim; which, should the operculum be testaceous, may supply the
+  place of the groove for its reception observable in <i>A. globosa</i> and
+  <i>corrugata</i>. The localities of both these species are unknown to
+  me.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate144"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  144</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl144.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl144.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 144." title="Plate 144." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> Valentiana&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Arabian Eburna.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa turrita, lęvis, nitida, umbilicata, basi truncatā,
+  emarginatā. Aperturę angulus superior internč canaliculatus. Animal
+  marinum.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell turrited, smooth, polished, umbilicated, base truncated,
+  emarginate. Upper angle of the aperture with an internal channel. Animal
+  marine.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h6>Generic Type <i>Buccinum Spiratum</i> Lin.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>E. testā ventricosā, maculatā; aperturę longitudine spirę
+  longitudinem superante; spirā anfractibus 5 convexis, suturis alveatis;
+  basi balteo concavo cinctā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ventricose, spotted; spire shorter than the aperture, of five
+  convex volutions; suture channelled; base with a concave belt.</p>
+
+  <p>Eburna Valentiana. <i>Sw. Appendix to Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 6.
+  <i>lot</i> 904.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Few species are known of <i>Eburnę</i>, and these are neither well
+  defined, nor correctly figured.</p>
+
+  <p>The species selected by most authors as the type of this genus is
+  <i>Buccinum glabratum</i> of Linnęus, a shell which, as it unites the
+  characters of <i>Eburna</i> and <i>Ancilia</i>, should not have been
+  chosen for this purpose. Types of genera are alone intended to represent
+  the usual appearance of those characters on which the genus has been
+  founded; they should therefore be selected from such species only, as
+  represent these characters in their perfect development.</p>
+
+  <p><i>E. Valentiana</i> was first characterized by myself, in the
+  Appendix to the Bligh Collection. It was brought from the Red Sea by Lord
+  Valentia, in honour of whom it is named. The very short spire and concave
+  belt at the base, easily distinguish this shell from <i>E.
+  spirata</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate145"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  145</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:26%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl145.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl145.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 145." title="Plate 145." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> tessellata&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Tessellated Eburna.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate144">Pl. 144.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>E. testā maculis fuscis seu purpureis tessellatis fasciatā; suturā
+  vix canaliculatā; anfractuum marginibus convexis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell with bands of tessellated brown or purple spots; suture slightly
+  channelled; margin of the volutions convex.</p>
+
+  <p>Buccinum Spiratum. <i>var. Linn.</i> <i>Gmelin</i>, 3487. <i>Dill.</i>
+  620. <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 262. 26. <i>Turton</i>, 4. <i>p.</i> 400.
+  <i>var.</i> 2.</p>
+
+  <p>Lister, 981. 41. (<i>bad.</i>) <i>Seba</i>, <i>t.</i> 73. <i>f.</i>
+  25. 26. <i>Martini</i>, 4. <i>pl.</i> 122. 1120. 1121.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>E.
+  Arcolata</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 282. 4.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A shell hitherto placed as a variety of <i>E. spirata</i>,
+  (<i>Buccinum spiratum</i>, Lin.) but from which I am disposed to consider
+  it as specifically distinct. The channel or sulcation round the suture of
+  each whorl is very slight, and the adjoining margin obtuse and convex;
+  whereas in <i>E. spirata</i> the channel is broad and deep, having the
+  margin sharply carinated: so far the essential characters of the two
+  shells are at variance; but their difference in colour is so obvious that
+  no one can mistake them.</p>
+
+  <p>The form of the umbilicus in this species appears to be constant: it
+  is wide, deep, placed near to the upper angle of the aperture, and
+  margined externally by a convex belt. With the exception of Seba's
+  figures, (which, through the carelessness of the engraver, are reversed,)
+  not a tolerable representation of this shell can be found; for those
+  given by the authors above named, are almost too inaccurate for citation.
+  It inhabits the Indian Ocean.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate146"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  146</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl146.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl146.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 146." title="Plate 146." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EBURNA</span> Pacifica&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>South Sea Eburna.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate144">Pl. 144.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>E. testā ventricosā, maculis fulvis fasciisque albis ornatā; spirę
+  angustę, acutę, suturis integris.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ventricose, with fulvous spots and white bands; spire slender,
+  acute; suture entire.</p>
+
+  <p>Eburna Pacifica. <i>Swainson, Appendix to Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 6.
+  <i>lot</i> 904.</p>
+
+  <p>Eburna lutosa? <i>Ency. Méth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 401. <i>f.</i> 4.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>E.
+  lutosa?</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. 282. 5.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A delicate and rather uncommon shell: first defined in the Appendix I
+  subjoined to the Catalogue of the Bligh collection, dispersed by auction
+  last spring. Mrs. Mawe informs me she has received this, along with other
+  shells, from the Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+  <p>A species at once distinguished by the entire suture and
+  narrow-pointed spire; the inner lip is very thick, with a longitudinal
+  sulcation near the umbilicus.</p>
+
+  <p>Whether this is the shell represented in the <i>Ency. Méth.</i> at
+  <i>pl.</i> 401, <i>f.</i> 4, admits of doubt: a short description would
+  have explained the characters, but not one word is said about it. I have
+  already adverted to this novel mode of creating species at pl. 31. If
+  authors will not be at the trouble of defining new species, they have no
+  right to expect their names should be adopted by subsequent and more
+  laborious writers, to whom they leave the more scientific task, of
+  defining characters and collating synonyms.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate147"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  147</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl147.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl147.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 147." title="Plate 147." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MUSCIPETA</span> carinata&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Keel-billed Flycatcher.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 116.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. plumbea, infrą ferruginea; fronte juguloque nigris; temporibus
+  albentibus; rostri culmine carinato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Plumbeous; body beneath ferruginous; front and throat black; sides of
+  the head whitish; top of the bill carinated.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Mr. Brookes, the celebrated anatomist, first drew my attention to this
+  singular bird; the peculiarity of the bill suggested to us the idea of
+  creating a genus for its reception; but a closer comparison of its other
+  characters with several of the exotic <i>Muscipetę</i> induces me, at
+  least for the present, to associate it with those birds. The Flycatchers,
+  as they now stand in the works of Latham, Shaw, and other Linnęan
+  writers, undistinguished even by sections or subdivisions, present a mass
+  of confusion, which renders the search after an individual, in this
+  immense genus, almost hopeless.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length, six inches and a half; front, throat, and margin of the
+  shoulders, deep black; the whole upper plumage is of a delicate lead
+  colour, which is paler on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of
+  the head and neck; body and inner wing covers rufous; the first quill is
+  half the length of the second, which is rather shorter than the three
+  next; feet slender, weak, and short; the outer toe united, the inner
+  cleft. The bill at the base is triangular, but not elevated; the sides
+  compressed; the culmin, or top, is sharp, elevated, and curved; the tip
+  of both mandibles notched: nostrils simple, small, round, without a
+  membrane, and partly hid by the thick-set frontal feathers, and
+  lengthened setaceous bristles round the bill. These parts are delineated
+  on the plate of their natural size; and must form the basis of any future
+  generic alteration in the arrangement of this bird. The figure was from a
+  specimen belonging to Mr. Brookes; since which, I have received two
+  others from New Holland.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate148"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  148</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl148.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl148.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 148." title="Plate 148." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">EMBERIZA</span> cristata&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Crested Bunting.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, conicum, compressum, basi aliquatenus hians,
+  mandibulā superiore inflexā, inferiore superiorem magnitudine superantem.
+  Nares basales, rotundi, basi plumulis obtectā. Pedes sedentes, digitis
+  tribus anticis basi divisis, halluce plerumque brevi, curvo, aliquando
+  recto.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Ob. <i>Remigum pennā primā brevi, secundā tertiāque
+  longissimis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill short, strong, conic, compressed; the base slightly gaping; upper
+  mandible inflexed; under mandible largest. Nostrils basal, round, covered
+  at the base by small feathers. Feet sitting, the three anterior toes
+  divided at the base; the hind claw in general short and curved, in some
+  species straight.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Ob.</i> The first quill of the wings shorter than the second and
+  third, which are the longest.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types (Temminck) i. <i>Emb. citrinella. miliaria</i> Lin. ii.
+  <i>Em. nivalis. Fring. Lapponica.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>E. olivacea, infrą flavescens; capite cristato; jugulo nigro;
+  strigā oculari, scapulis rectricibusque lateralibus flavis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive, beneath yellowish, head crested; throat black; eye stripe,
+  shoulders, and lateral tail feathers, yellow.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The elegant crest of narrow-pointed feathers on the head of this new
+  bird, at once distinguishes it from all others of the same family. Mr.
+  Brookes favoured me with the individual here described; it was purchased
+  alive at one of the Brazilian ports; but I strongly suspect it had been
+  first brought from Africa, by some one of the slave ships. The figure is
+  of the natural size; down the shaft of each feather on the back is a
+  black line; the tail is rather long, and even; the two middle feathers
+  black; the rest pure yellow, with black shafts, and brown exterior
+  terminal margins; the upper mandible of the bill is sinuated; the base
+  not gaping, but with a few incumbent bristles.</p>
+
+  <p>I have taken the authority of Professor Temminck for the accuracy of
+  the generic types of this genus under its present modification.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate149"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  149</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl149.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl149.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 149." title="Plate 149." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">CASTNIA</span> Fabricii&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red underwing Day-moth.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennę clavatę, clavo elongato, cylindraceo, fusiformi, ad apicem
+  unco brevi, acuto armato. Palpi breves, graciles, haud prominentes,
+  articulo ultimo nudo, obliquč verticales. Vertex ocellatus? ocello oculum
+  juxta utrumque posito.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Obs. <i>Caput parvum; alarum basis squamis conspicuis, elongatis
+  imbricata.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Antennę clubbed; club elongated, rounded, fusiform, ending in a short
+  acute hook. Palpi short, slender, not projecting beyond the front, the
+  last joint naked, obliquely vertical. Crown with a small ocellus?
+  adjoining each eye.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Ob.</i> Head small: base of the wings covered with conspicuous,
+  lengthened, imbricate scales.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. alis anticis, suprą ferrugineis; posticis rufis, fasciis 3
+  undatis, nigris, masculis ovatis interstinctis, ornatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Anterior wings above ferruginous; posterior rufous, with three waved
+  bands of black, between which are imperfect oval spots.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The insects of this genus form one of the most singular groups among
+  the Lepidoptera; they are few in number, and confined to the tropical
+  regions of America; flying only during the meridian heat, and then with
+  incredible rapidity: they frequent the narrow inlets of thick forests,
+  occasionally resting, far above the ground, on the trunks of trees. The
+  species here figured is very rare, and came from the Diamond district of
+  Brazil: it is named after the illustrious entomologist who first founded
+  the genus. The bases of the wings beneath are furnished, in the male,
+  with a spiral socket and horny spring, similar to those of the
+  Phalęnidę.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate150"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  150</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl150.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl150.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 150." title="Plate 150." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> fasciata.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 81.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. alis anticis subdentatis, suprą fuscis, margine postico strigā
+  pallidā ornato; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine annuloso,
+  annulis nigris, interruptis, interstitiis albis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Anterior wings subdentated, above brown, posterior margin with a pale
+  stripe; posterior wings fulvous, margin black; body with black
+  interrupted rings, the interstices white.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This approaches so near to the Sphinx Alope of Drury, that it is not
+  without hesitation I have ventured to separate them; it will, however, be
+  seen, that neither in his figure or description is any notice taken of
+  the pale testaceous band on the superior wings; the body likewise is
+  described as "encircled with rings of brown and <i>dark ash</i> colour;"
+  in this, the rings are black, on nearly a white ground: the under sides
+  of the superior wings, in Drury's insect, "are spotted along their
+  external edges with long yellowish spots;" in this, they are uniform pale
+  brown. These differences (greatly strengthened by his figure) induce me
+  to consider them as distinct; particularly as both insects appear to have
+  come from Jamaica: the upper side of the antennę are white, the lower
+  brown. Cramer's figure of S. Alope affords little or no clue to
+  illustrate the question.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">SPHINX</span> Leachii.</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. alis anticis subdentatis, griseo-fuscis, maculis mediis 3
+  nigris; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine griseo, annulis nigris,
+  interruptis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Anterior wings subdentated, greyish brown, with three medial black
+  spots; posterior fulvous, margin black; abdomen grey, with interrupted
+  black rings.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I cannot reconcile this with any one species described by Fabricius;
+  at the anal angle of the lower wings, is a pale greyish spot, with two
+  short blackish lines: I have named it in honour of that laborious and
+  eminent zoologist, Dr. Leach; who presented me with the specimen here
+  figured.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda">The
+  upper figure is of <i>Sphinx Leachii</i>, and the under of <i>S.
+  fasciata</i>.</span></p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate151"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  151</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl151.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl151.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 151." title="Plate 151." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ALCEDO</span> semitorquata&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Half-collared Kingsfisher.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 26.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. cęruleo-viridis, infrą ochracea; capite cyaneo, lineis nigris
+  transversis ornato; dorso nitidč cęruleo; pectore torque cęruleo-viridi
+  interrupto insigni.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bluish green, beneath buff colour; head blue, with transverse black
+  lines; back shining light blue; breast with an interrupted blue-green
+  collar.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>In a small collection of birds, procured on the borders of the Great
+  Fish River of the Cape, I met with this new and elegant Kingsfisher. I
+  was fortunate in detecting in the same parcel several other unknown and
+  interesting birds; which I hope to record and illustrate in this work,
+  particularly as they have since been sent to a foreign museum. This
+  species considerably exceeds the size of the Asiatic Kingsfisher, being
+  nearly eight inches and a half long: the bill is black, two inches from
+  the gape, and one and three quarters from the base of the nostrils: head
+  blue, the crown crossed by dusky black lines; hind head somewhat crested,
+  the sides deep and rich mazarine blue; ears and sides of the neck
+  greenish blue, the latter having a stripe of white; the blue on the sides
+  of the neck advances on the breast in the shape of a half-formed collar:
+  wings and scapula covers bluish green, with lighter spots on the tip of
+  each of the wing covers; down the back is a stripe of vivid light blue,
+  similar to the common Kingsfisher: tail dark-blue, edged with greenish,
+  the base black. The plumage beneath, from the chin to the end of the
+  throat, white; changing on the breast to pale fawn colour, which deepens
+  to ferruginous on the body, under tail covers, and thighs: legs red:
+  between the bill and eye a dusky white line.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate152"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  152</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl152.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl152.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 152." title="Plate 152." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> melastoma&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-mouthed Achatina.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 30.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā strigis longitudinalibus, nebulosis, purpureis ornatā;
+  spirā elongatā; labio exteriore castaneo-nigro; columellā crassā, gibbā;
+  basi integrā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell with clouded purple longitudinal stripes; spire lengthened;
+  inner lip chesnut-black; columella thickened, gibbous; base entire.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Helix regina.</i> <i>Ferussac Moll.</i> <i>liv.</i> 19. <i>pl.</i>
+  119.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="b2s">
+
+  <p><i>Var.</i> (reversed.) <i>A. perversa.</i> <i>Zool. Illust.</i>
+  <i>vol.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 30.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I have not the least doubt that this shell is specifically the same
+  with that figured at Plate 30 of this work: it has only recently come
+  under my inspection, and I therefore hasten to give a further
+  illustration of this beautiful species, and to substitute a new specific
+  character, which will be applicable to both varieties.</p>
+
+  <p>Although much more ventricose than the reverse variety, this has the
+  same unusual formation of that part of the columella seen at the base of
+  the mouth, where it is very thick, and appears as if swelled: the
+  epidermis, in this specimen, obscures the white ground colour of the
+  shell. I have seen also another variety, even more slender than that at
+  Plate 30, and with the aperture not reversed. These new facts point out
+  the necessity of the specific name of <i>perversa</i> being changed to
+  one more applicable.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure is from a specimen lent to me by Mr. Dubois, and is
+  probably from Brazil.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate153"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  153</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl153.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl153.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 153." title="Plate 153." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">STROMBUS</span> lobatus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lobed&#x2c; or Brindled Strombus.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 10.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. testā nodulosā; spirā brevi, inermi; labio exteriore suprā
+  repando, bilobo, margine crasso, reflexo; aperturā lęvi, rubescente;
+  canale brevi.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell nodulous; spire short, unarmed; outer lip above spreading,
+  two-lobed, margin thick, reflected; aperture smooth, reddish; channel
+  short.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 62. <i>f.</i> 4. 5. (<i>optimč</i>) 9. 12.
+  14. 15. 27. <i>tab.</i> 63. <i>f.</i> 6. <i>Mart.</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 83.
+  <i>f.</i> 836, 837. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>tab.</i> 32. <i>f.</i> F.
+  <i>Knorr</i> 3. <i>tab.</i> 11. <i>f.</i> 1-6. <i>tab.</i> 29. <i>f.</i>
+  8.</p>
+
+  <p>Strombus Gallus, (<span class="grk">&beta;</span>) <i>Gmelin</i>,
+  3511. 11. S. Raninus, <i>Gmelin</i>, 3511. 10.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>S.
+  bituberculatus</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 202. 6</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>It will appear extraordinary, that this very common shell should have
+  been unknown to Linnęus; and still more, that no other systematic writer
+  should have noticed it, excepting Gmelin, by whom it is placed as a
+  variety of <i>S. gallus</i>, although his <i>S. raninus</i> is obviously
+  made from a bad figure in Knorr of this same shell. On referring to Mr.
+  Dillwyn's account of <i>S. gallus</i>, I find all the references of
+  Gmelin to this shell expunged; and a note at the head of the genus
+  states, that <i>S. raninus</i> is undeserving of notice; thus every trace
+  of the shell, in this work, is altogether lost.</p>
+
+  <p>The two lobes at the top of the outer lip form a strong and peculiar
+  distinction of this species: the colour of the mouth is variable; though
+  usually tinged with pink, it is often reddish, or red blended with
+  yellow, and sometimes nearly white; within the upper part of the
+  aperture, round the inner lip, are one or two strong plaits, with
+  sulcated grooves on each side; and near the lobe at the base of the outer
+  lip, the aperture has a few obsolete strię: the nodules on the body whorl
+  are triangular, and the two nearest the lip are, in general, very large:
+  the channel (or base) is short, and turned up in an oblique
+  direction.</p>
+
+  <p>Found, in great abundance, in various parts of the West India
+  seas.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate154"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  154</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl154.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl154.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 154." title="Plate 154." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> Malaccensis&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Blue-rumped Parrot.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 1.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. viridis; vertice uropygioque nitidč cęruleis; tectricibus
+  interioribus, corporisque lateribus coccineis; caudā flavescente; rostro
+  magno, dentato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Green; crown and rump sapphire blue; inner wing covers and sides of
+  the body crimson; tail yellowish; bill large, toothed.</p>
+
+  <p>P. Malaccensis. <i>General Zoology</i>, <i>vol.</i> 8. 2. <i>p.</i>
+  554.</p>
+
+  <p>Blue-rumped Parrakeet. <i>Lath. Syn. Sup.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 66.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I think this may be the bird described (according to Latham) by
+  Sonnerat, under the name of <i>Petite perruche de Malacca</i>, and from
+  which both Latham and Shaw have framed their account of the Blue-rumped
+  Parrot. On comparing their descriptions with the following, some
+  differences and omissions will be found, but not sufficient, I think, to
+  justify the idea of this being a distinct species: I have, as yet, seen
+  only one specimen (and that not perfect) of this rare and little known
+  bird.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length six inches; bill unusually large and strong, being three
+  quarters of an inch (in a straight line) long, and nearly the same in
+  height at the base; upper mandible with a sharp tooth in the middle, and
+  reddish orange; under mandible violet grey; front and crown of the head
+  violet blue, changing to blackish green on the back, and greyish green on
+  the sides of the head, neck, and breast; body and vent green; rump and
+  upper tail covers vivid azure blue; spurious wings greenish blue; wing
+  covers dark but bright green, margined more or less with yellowish;
+  quills blue green, their inner webs black; under wing covers and sides of
+  the body crimson; tail short, even, the two middle feathers above green,
+  the rest yellow with green edges and black shafts; beneath, these
+  feathers are all yellow, the shafts white; the wings, for the size of the
+  bird, are very long, measuring four inches and a half.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate155"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  155</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl155.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl155.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 155." title="Plate 155." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PSITTACUS</span> viridissimus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Green Parrot.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 1.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. pallidč viridis; pennis infrą nitidč thalassinis; tegminum,
+  remigum, scapulariumque marginibus flavescentibus; lineā ante-oculari
+  flavā; rectricium basi rubrā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Pale green, quills beneath changeable sea-green; wing covers, quills
+  and scapulars margined with yellowish; before the eye a yellow line; base
+  of the tail feathers red.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The uniform green which pervades the plumage of this Parrot, induces
+  me to think it may, possibly, be the female of some other species; a few
+  pale red feathers, close to the axilla, and the faint red on the tail
+  feathers, appear to strengthen this supposition. Among those species
+  which are recorded, this approaches nearest to Latham's Green Parrakeet;
+  but the figure this writer quotes, (<i>Pl. Enl.</i> 837.) is at variance
+  both with his description, and with the bird now before us; it may,
+  therefore, be considered as undescribed.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length nine inches; bill pale; upper mandible three-quarters of
+  an inch long, the margin undulated. The whole plumage is of a beautiful
+  and delicate green, darkest above; with a tinge of blue on the crown,
+  spurious wings, and greater quills; the orbits are naked, between which
+  and the eye is a blackish line, bordered above by another of pure yellow;
+  all the wing covers and quills are margined with yellowish. The colour of
+  the inferior side of the quills is a pale but beautiful blue green,
+  reflecting brighter tints of the same colour, when held in certain
+  lights; the under side of the tail has likewise these reflections, but
+  above is yellowish, with a dusky red spot at the base of each lateral
+  feather: under the wings there are three or four dull red feathers; feet
+  pale.</p>
+
+  <p>This bird is in my own collection, and is the only one I have as yet
+  seen; neither am I acquainted with its native country.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate156"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  156</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl156.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl156.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 156." title="Plate 156." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">FRINGILLA</span> oryzivora&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Paddy bird&#x2c; Rice bird&#x2c; or Java Sparrow.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, validum, crassum, rectum, conicum; mandibulę;
+  superioris gibbę apice vix inflexo, integro; culminis convexi basi
+  angulatā. Nares basales, rotundę, pone culminis basin positę, plumulis
+  vix obtectę. Pedes sedentes. Alę breves.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill short, strong, thick, straight, conic; upper mandible swelled,
+  the tip slightly inflexed, entire; culmine convex, the base angulated.
+  Nostrils basal, round, placed behind the base of the culmine, and
+  partially covered by the frontal feathers. Feet sitting. Wings short.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types. <i>Loxię Javensis, Braziliana. Emberiza principalis,
+  cicris. Tanagria cęrulea, &amp;c.</i> (Temminck.)</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>F. cana; capite caudāque nigris; rostro rubro; crisso
+  roseo-albente; auribus (in maribus) niveis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Lead-coloured; head and tail black; bill red; belly obscure rosy; ears
+  (in the male) snowy.</p>
+
+  <p>Loxia oryzivora. <i>Gm.</i> I. 302. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 1. 380.
+  <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 9. 2. 316. <i>Brisson</i>, 1. 374. 7.</p>
+
+  <p>Java Grosbeak. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 3. 129. <i>Supp.</i> 151. <i>Gen.
+  Zool.</i> 9. 316. <i>pl.</i> 51.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This elegant bird has been so distorted, in the representations given
+  of it by the older ornithologists, that little apology is thought
+  necessary for introducing more accurate figures of both sexes in this
+  publication. It is said to inhabit the Cape and various parts of India,
+  causing much damage to the rice plantations, and is frequently brought to
+  this country alive. The figure is of the size of life, the bill bright
+  red, but whitish towards the tip; it is very strong, thickened round the
+  basal margins, and forms a sharp angle between the frontal feathers: the
+  nostrils are small, round, and placed <i>behind</i> the thick margin of
+  the bill, and not on its outer surface. Legs flesh-coloured; the orbits
+  are said to be red in the live bird.</p>
+
+  <p>I have followed the example of Illiger and Temminck in uniting the
+  greatest part of the Linnęan Loxię and Fringillę under the latter genus,
+  retaining only the Cross-bills under the former.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate157"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  157</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl157.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl157.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 157." title="Plate 157." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> effusa&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Ribbon Apple Snail.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 103.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā globosā, lęvi, fasciis purpureo-fuscis cinctā; spirā
+  depressā, apice prominente; aperturā angustā; umbilico magno, profundo;
+  columellā obsoletā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell globose, smooth, with purple brown bands; spire depressed, the
+  tip prominent; aperture narrow; umbilicus large, deep; pillar
+  obsolete.</p>
+
+  <p>Helix glauca. <i>Linn. Dillw.</i> 918. Helix ampullucea, (<i>var.</i>
+  <span class="grk">&gamma;</span>) <i>Gmelin</i>, 3626. Bulimus effusus.
+  <i>Brug.</i> <i>p.</i> 296. <i>No.</i> 1.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Lister</i>, 129. 29. <i>Seba</i>, <i>tab.</i> 38. <i>f.</i> 39.
+  <i>tab.</i> 40. <i>f.</i> 3. 4. 5. (<i>optimč</i>.) <i>Martini</i>, 9.
+  <i>tab.</i> 129. <i>f.</i> 1144-5. <i>Knorr</i>, 4. <i>tab.</i> 5.
+  <i>f.</i> 3.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I concur with Mr. Dillwyn in believing that this shell is the <i>Helix
+  glauca</i> of Linnęus; but, as it is now removed to another genus, I
+  think no real advantage would result from continuing its original
+  specific name; particularly as the identity may be questioned by others,
+  without a chance of the question ever being settled: the adoption of the
+  specific names given to species slightly or incorrectly described by the
+  older naturalists, inevitably tends to increase the original obscurity,
+  in all cases where the point cannot be cleared up. <i>A. effusa</i> may
+  be distinguished from all others by the columella being nearly obsolete;
+  this part existing only in the two terminal whorls of the spire. This
+  species therefore forms a transition to the <i>Planorbes</i>: there is a
+  variety, with narrower stripes, double the size of that here figured.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> luteostoma&#x2c;</h5>
+
+<h5 class="mtm1"><i>Yellow-mouthed Apple Snail.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā globosā, striatā, olivaceā, lineis remotis fuscis
+  fasciatā; spirā levatā, apice acuto; aperturā effusā intus marginatā;
+  umbilico magno.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell globose, striated, olive, with remote transverse brown lines,
+  spire elevated, the tip acute; aperture wide, within margined; umbilicus
+  large.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The umbilicus of this shell is not so deep as the last, but is larger
+  than in any other known species; the columella is likewise perfect, and
+  the aperture is wider and more oblique than in <i>A. effusa</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate158"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  158</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl158.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl158.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 158." title="Plate 158." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PINNA</span> bullata&#x2c;</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Rufous Pinna.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa longitudinalis, cuneiformis, ęquivalvis, apice hians, basi
+  acutā; natibus rectis. Cardo lateralis, edentulus. Ligamentum marginale,
+  lineare, pręlongum subinternum.</i>&mdash;Lamarck, <i>Sys.</i> vol. vi.
+  p. i. p. 129.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, the valves gaping; the
+  umbones straight, pointed. Hinge lateral, without teeth. Ligament
+  marginal, linear, very long, subinternal.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types. <i>Pinnę rudis.</i> <i>Pectinata.</i> <i>Muricata.</i>
+  Linn. Pennant, &amp;c.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. testā tenui, pellucidā, rufā, ęquilaterā, striis remotis,
+  sulcatis, transversim squamiferis, subspinosis; marginibus lateralibus
+  rectis; margine inferiore obliquč truncato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin, pellucid, rufous, equilateral, with remote sulcated strię,
+  crossed by transverse scales and obtuse spines; lateral margins straight;
+  inferior margin obliquely truncate.</p>
+
+  <p>P. bullata. <i>Gmelin</i>, <i>p.</i> 3367. <i>Gualt.</i> <i>tab.</i>
+  79. <i>f.</i> c. <i>Chemnitz.</i> 8. <i>tab.</i> 87. <i>f.</i> 769.
+  <i>Knorr</i>, 2. 23. <i>f.</i> 1.</p>
+
+  <p>P. marginata. <i>Lam. Sys.</i> 6. <i>p.</i> 132. 7.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I have little doubt that this shell is a smooth variety of the
+  <i>Pinna bullata</i> of Gmelin, and the <i>P. marginata</i> of Lamarck;
+  both these authors refer to the same figure in Gualtieri, but both also
+  have overlooked that of Chemnitz, above quoted, as well as Knorr's, which
+  latter, although it represents the shell nearly smooth (similar to that
+  here figured), I apprehend is only a variety. No doubt therefore having
+  existed as to Gmelin's <i>bullata</i>, M. Lamarck had no plea for
+  altering its specific name to <i>marginata</i>. I have consequently
+  recorded it under Gmelin's name.</p>
+
+  <p>The Pinnę are rather numerous, although many of the species remain in
+  obscurity; they attach themselves to rocks, deep in the sea, by a silky
+  <i>byssus</i>. It has been commonly stated, that gloves and stockings are
+  fabricated in the Mediterranean from this byssus, as articles of
+  commerce; such, however, is not now the case; though articles, so
+  fabricated, are sometimes shown in Naples and Sicily as subjects of
+  curiosity.</p>
+
+  <p>Pinna bullata is, I believe, found in the West Indies. The vaulted
+  spires on this and other species, easily fall off; and become, therefore,
+  a very uncertain specific character.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate159"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  159</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl159.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl159.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 159." title="Plate 159." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SATYRUS</span> argenteus.</span></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Antennę mediocres, clavo elongato, gracili. Palpi porrecti,
+  compressi, vix recurvi, remoti, pilis ciliatis, longis, hirsutissimi;
+  articulo ultimo elongato, nudo, gracili, acuto. Alę posticę orbiculares,
+  integrę, rarņ dentatę.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Antennę moderate, the club lengthened and slender. Palpi porrected,
+  compressed, slightly recurved, remote, with long ciliated hairs; the last
+  joints long, naked, slender, acute. Posterior wings orbicular, entire,
+  rarely dentated.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types. <i>Pap. Hyperanthus</i>, <i>Galathea</i>,
+  <i>Semele</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i> Lin.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. alis fuscis; posticarum disco suprą flavescente, maculis 2
+  fuscis fucato, infrą albente, margine postico fulvo, maculis 2 atris
+  guttisque 7-8 argenteis ornato.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Wings brown; posterior above with a yellowish disk and two brown
+  spots, beneath whitish, the hind margin fulvous, with two black spots and
+  7-8 silver dots.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Without being ornamented by rich or vivid colouring, this is,
+  nevertheless, one of the most chastely beautiful little butterflies found
+  in Brazil. I met with it very plentifully in a small wood not far distant
+  from Cashoera, on the western extremity of St. Salvador's bay: to this
+  particular spot it seemed confined, for I never saw a single specimen in
+  any other part of Brazil.</p>
+
+  <p>No colouring can imitate the richness of the silvery spots on the
+  under wings, which appear embossed, or as if solid drops of silver had
+  fallen on the insect when it first emerged into life. The two sexes are
+  perfectly similar.</p>
+
+  <p>The insects of this genus are usually brown, with dark or paler
+  shadings, and eye-like spots on their upper or under wings. They
+  principally inhabit the woods of tropical regions, and the hedge sides
+  and lanes of European countries; this circumstance probably induced
+  Latreille to change their name from <i>Hipparchia</i> (Fabricius) to
+  <i>Satyrus</i>; which, although an innovation on the rules of
+  nomenclature, may in this instance be allowed.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate160"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  160</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl160.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl160.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 160." title="Plate 160." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> purpurascens&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Purple Anodon&#x2c; or Horse Mussel.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 96.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā transversim oblongā, crassā, depressā, intus
+  purpurascente, laminā cardinali crassā, truncatā, dente lamellari in
+  utrāque valvā supposito; umbonibus retusis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell transversely oblong, thick, depressed, within purple; hinge
+  plate thick, truncate, with an obsolete lamellar tooth in each valve;
+  umbones retuse.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This is an entirely new and very rare shell, remarkable for its shape
+  and internal colour; it is also highly interesting, as exhibiting the
+  generic characters of <i>Anodon</i>, blended (in some degree) with those
+  of <i>Unio</i>: according to the principles of Lamarck, it might
+  therefore be made into a genus; but I feel convinced too much importance
+  has already been attached by that naturalist and his followers to the
+  hinge of bivalve shells; and that the nomenclature of the science is
+  burthened with genera, trivial in themselves, bewildering to the
+  scientific, and unintelligible to the student.</p>
+
+  <p>From having paid some attention to the Fluviatile Bivalves, and
+  possessing a most extensive collection of specimens, I am clearly of
+  opinion that no permanent characters will be found sufficient to retain
+  either the genera <i>Dipsas</i> (Leach), <i>Hyria</i> (Lamarck), or
+  <i>Alasmodonta</i> of Say, much less that of <i>Damaris</i> (Leach), and
+  another, whose name I forget, made by Dr. Turton from the same shell as
+  Leach's <i>Damaris</i>, viz. Mya Margaritifera of Linnęus. In fact, the
+  line of demarcation between Unio and Anodon appears to rest on the first
+  possessing cardinal teeth, and the latter having none.</p>
+
+  <p>I have several valves (in different stages of growth), and one perfect
+  specimen of this shell; they were sent to me from the back settlements of
+  North America.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate161"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  161</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:30%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl161.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl161.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 161." title="Plate 161." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">VOLUTA</span> punctata&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-dotted Volute.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa ovata. Spira aperturā brevior, apice papillari. Basis
+  truncata, emarginata. Columella plicata, plicis inferioribus
+  majoribus.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ovate. Spire shorter than the aperture, the tip papillary. Base
+  truncated, emarginate. Pillar plaited, the inferior plaits generally
+  largest.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types. <i>Volutę Olla</i>, <i>Imperialis</i>, <i>Pacifica</i>,
+  <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>V. testā ovatā, subfusiformi, tuberculatā, pallidč rubellā fasciis
+  2 maculatis, rubris, punctis minutis interstinctis; columellā 4
+  plicatā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ovate, subfusiform, tuberculated, flesh-coloured, with two bands
+  of red spots interspersed with minute dots; pillar 4 plaited.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>In "Exotic Conchology," I have commenced, and intend to complete, a
+  copious illustration of this noble family of shells; which (if the simile
+  be admissible) may be termed the nobles of testaceous animals, with as
+  much truth as Linnęus has called Palms the princes of the vegetable
+  world. The Volutes, indeed, are imposing shells; both from their size,
+  rarity, and their rich (but not gaudy) colouring; and it is not
+  improbable that the value of a choice collection of the principal
+  species, would be equal to their own weight in solid gold.</p>
+
+  <p>The species now under consideration is only known from an injured
+  specimen in Mr. Dubois' cabinet; although much rubbed on one side, it
+  presents on the other a true pattern of its original markings; the margin
+  of the outer lip, and the tip of the spire, are both injured; yet,
+  notwithstanding these defects, there are abundant characters remaining to
+  evince its total dissimilarity from any other recorded species.</p>
+
+  <p>I have preferred subjoining only the essential generic characters of
+  this genus, as most intelligible to students; particularly as its natural
+  characters are fully detailed in the first part of "Exotic
+  Conchology."</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate162"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  162</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl162.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl162.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 162." title="Plate 162." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ACHATINA</span> fasciata&#x2c;</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Banded Achatina&#x2c;</i></span> (<i>3 varieties</i>.)</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 30.</h6>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 74.</h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>(Young.) <i>Aperturā basi integrā.</i> Base of the aperture
+  entire.</p>
+
+  <p>Ach. pallida. <i>Zool. Ill.</i> <i>vol.</i> 1. <i>pl.</i> 41.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Since the first illustration of this elegant species appeared, at
+  plate 74 of this work, I have had the means of ascertaining a very
+  extraordinary circumstance which takes place in the progressive growth of
+  the young shell to the adult state; and that is the change effected in
+  the form and termination of the pillar or columella. In the noble
+  collection of shells formed by the late Earl of Tankerville, there is a
+  numerous series of this species; from these I have ascertained, that in
+  the young shells the base of the columella unites with the termination of
+  the outer lip, making the aperture entire, similar to the lengthened
+  Helices; but, as the shell advances in growth, the base of the columella
+  becomes thick, detached, as it were, from the marginal rim, so as to
+  produce an intervening notch, and thus gives the old and the young shell
+  not only an appearance of being distinct species, but of belonging to
+  separate genera. From these facts, I have drawn the conclusion, that
+  <i>Achatina pallida</i> (pl. 41), is but the young shell (having the
+  margin of the aperture as yet entire) of <i>Achatina fasciata</i>; and
+  the three additional varieties now figured, will, I hope, prove an
+  interesting addition to the history of this species.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate163"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  163</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl163.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl163.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 163." title="Plate 163." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">HEMIPODIUS</span> nivosus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-spotted Turnix.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, valdč compressum culmine levato,
+  ad apicem sub-incurvo. Nares laterales, lineares, sulcatę, membranā
+  convexā corneā vix tectę, aperturā fissā, elongatā. Pedes longi, digitis
+  tribus anticis divisis. Halluce caret. Cauda brevissima tectricibus
+  obtecta. Alę mediocres.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill moderate, slender, straight, much compressed, culmen elevated,
+  towards the tip slightly incurved. Nostrils lateral, linear, sulcated,
+  partially covered by a convex horny membrane, the aperture narrow and
+  elongated; legs long, with three toes before, divided at their base. Hind
+  toe none. Tail very short, concealed by the covers. Wings moderate.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Type. <i>Perdix nigricollis.</i> Lath.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>H. supra ferrugineo varius; mento albescente; jugulo pectoreque
+  pallidč ferrugineis, maculis albis, nitidis, ornatis; corpore albo;
+  uropygio caudęque tectricibus superioribus rufis, immaculatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Above varied with ferruginous; chin whitish; throat and breast pale
+  ferruginous, with white shining spots; body white; rump and upper
+  tail-covers rufous, unspotted.</p>
+
+  <p>H. nivosus. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Phil. Magazine</i>, <i>vol.</i>
+  60. <i>p.</i> 353.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I have represented this delicate little bird of its natural size;
+  which is so small, as scarcely to equal that of a Lark. The Turnix
+  inhabits the sandy deserts of Africa and India, and seems to form a race
+  of pigmy Bustards, all the species yet discovered (fourteen in number)
+  being very diminutive. Little is known of their habits in a state of
+  nature, further than that they migrate, and fly with great rapidity. The
+  specific character will distinguish <i>H. nivosus</i> as a species; and I
+  have already given a more detailed description of it in the Journal above
+  quoted. Mr. Leadbeater received it from Senegal.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate164"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  164</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:37%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl164.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl164.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 164." title="Plate 164." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> annulosa&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-eyed Warbler.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate139">Pl. 139.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. olivaceo-viridis, infrą albescens; jugulo flavescente; palpebris
+  plumis niveis insignibus.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive-green, beneath whitish; throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a
+  ring of snowy feathers.</p>
+
+  <p>Sylvia Madagascariensis. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. 533. <i>Gm.</i> 1.
+  981.</p>
+
+  <p>White-eyed Warbler. <i>Lath. Gen. Syn.</i> 4. 475. <i>Gen. Zool.</i>
+  10. 2. 720.</p>
+
+  <p>Ficedula Madagascariensis minor. <i>Briss. Ois.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 498.
+  <i>t.</i> 28. <i>f.</i> 2. (<i>male</i>.) <i>Briss. Orn.</i> 1. 446.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>Le
+  Figuier Tcheric</i>, <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i>
+  132.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>A delicate ring of snow-white feathers encircles the eyes of this
+  pretty bird. It is far from being peculiar to Madagascar (as Dr. Latham's
+  name of <i>Madagascariensis</i> would seem to imply), but is spread over
+  a wide extent of the eastern hemisphere; being found both in the Isle of
+  France, the Cape of Good Hope, and Madras. The name, therefore, is
+  peculiarly inapplicable; but this is not all: for we find that the same
+  author, a few pages after, has given this identical name to another very
+  different bird; the same error is transferred into Shaw's Zoology.</p>
+
+  <p>Figure, the size of life: colour above, olive green; ears and sides of
+  the head the same: chin, throat, and under tail covers yellow; breast
+  cinereous, changing to dusky brown on the flanks; the middle of the body
+  whitish; between the eye and bill a velvet-black line, which forms a
+  partial margin to the snowy feathers of the eyelids; wings and tail dusky
+  black, margined with olive.</p>
+
+  <p>Very indifferent figures of both sexes will be found in Vaillant's
+  African birds; from his description it seems to be a gregarious species.
+  I regret not being able, at this moment, to refer to the work.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate165"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  165</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl165.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl165.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 165." title="Plate 165." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">SYLVIA</span> annulosa&#x2c;</span> (<i>var.</i> <span class="grk">&beta;</span>.)</h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-eyed Warbler.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate139">Pl. 139.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>S. suprą cinerea, infrą albescens, capite, alis uropygioque
+  olivaceo-flavis; jugulo flavescente; palpebris plumis niveis
+  insignibus.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Above cinereous, beneath whitish; head, wings, and rump, olive yellow;
+  throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>On first receiving this bird from New Holland, I was inclined to think
+  it a distinct species from the African White-eyed Warbler; but further
+  consideration has led me to adopt a different opinion: it is true that I
+  am unacquainted with any one land bird which is common to both countries,
+  and much weight should be attached to the geographic distribution both of
+  families and species. These two birds, however, differ in their colour,
+  and somewhat in their size. On the other hand, the White-eyed Warbler, as
+  before observed, is found both in Africa and India; and is, therefore,
+  probably migratory. Nature, moreover, is not bound by laws to which there
+  are no exceptions; and the leading points of resemblance between these
+  birds are very strong. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined to consider
+  them as varieties of one species, forming a solitary exception to the
+  general dissimilarity between the birds of Africa and those of New
+  Holland.</p>
+
+  <p>Size of the Wood Wren: the head and ears are olive yellow, changing to
+  brighter yellow on the chin, and part of the throat; the neck and back
+  cinereous, graduating to yellowish olive on the rump and upper tail
+  covers; wings the same, the inside of the quills blackish; sides of the
+  throat cinereous; body and under tail covers whitish; the sides tinged
+  with ferruginous; the stripe between the bill and eye is more brown than
+  black; and the white feathers round the eye, not so conspicuous as in the
+  African variety.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate166"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  166</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:34%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl166.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl166.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 166." title="Plate 166." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BULIMUS</span> citrinus&#x2c;</span> (<i>var.</i>)</h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Citron Bulimus&#x2c;</i></span> (<i>3 varieties</i>.)</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 4.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 46.</h6>
+
+<h6 class="mt1"><span class="sc">Varieties.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>A. Yellow, with black lines. <i>Zool. Ill.</i> <i>pl.</i> 46.</p>
+
+  <p>B. Yellow, with black lines and chesnut stripes. <i>Zool. Ill.</i>
+  <i>p.</i> 47.</p>
+
+  <p>C. Yellow, variegated with green; inner lip obsolete. <i>Fig.</i> 1.
+  <i>B. virescens.</i> <i>Sw. Bligh Cat.</i> <i>p.</i> 13.</p>
+
+  <p>D. Green, striped with yellow; inner lip white. <i>Fig.</i> 2. 3.</p>
+
+  <p>E. Orange, with flame-coloured waved stripes. <i>Fig.</i> 4.</p>
+
+  <p>F. Pale yellow, with brown waved stripes.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the
+  Citron Bulimus not only show the great variability of the species, but
+  clearly prove that <i>B. virescens</i> is, as I suspected, only a variety
+  of <i>B. citrinus</i>. In the shell at fig. 1. the upper part of the
+  inner lip (like that described in the Bligh Appendix), is entirely
+  wanting; although it bears, in every other respect, the appearance of a
+  full-grown shell; the umbilicus likewise is open; but in the shell at
+  fig. 2. and 3. the inner lip is quite perfect, and consequently folds
+  over the umbilicus; thus the connexion between the green and yellow
+  varieties is completely established.</p>
+
+  <p>I have subjoined a slight arrangement of the principal varieties; and
+  have only further to observe, that the specific character I first
+  proposed, appears to me the only one by which this species may be truly
+  distinguished.</p>
+
+  <p>Since the description of <i>B. aureus</i> at pl. 47 was written, I
+  have seen several other specimens; all of which tend to confirm my belief
+  that it is distinct from <i>B. citrinus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate167"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  167</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl167.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl167.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 167." title="Plate 167." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> crassus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Thick Anodon&#x2c; or Horse Mussel.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 96.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā ovatā, latā, crassa; margine cardinali subarcuato,
+  extremitate utrāque angulatā alatā; umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus
+  retusis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell oval, broad, thick; hinge margin subarcuated, the extremities
+  winged and angulated; umbones prominent, the tips retuse.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>It is only recently that travellers have directed their attention to
+  the less attractive shells of distant regions; and our cabinets now begin
+  to be enriched by the numerous land and fresh-water species of those
+  countries. Among these new acquisitions, the fresh-water bivalves appear
+  the most extraordinary in their formation, and the most numerous in
+  species. Of the Anodons, it may be doubted whether the great Linnęus was
+  acquainted with more than three or four species; Lamarck enumerates
+  fifteen, but a much greater number have passed under my own
+  examination.</p>
+
+  <p>The species now illustrated is very peculiar; it is a strong, thick
+  shell; in form resembling <i>Hyria corrugata</i>, Lamarck; having both
+  extremities winged and compressed; the umbonial slope<a name="NtA_6"
+  href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> elevated, and somewhat angulated; the
+  umbones thick and prominent, but obtuse, or nearly truncate, at their
+  apex; the outside of the shell of a dark grass-green colour, and nearly
+  smooth, excepting at the posterior side, which is marked by sulcated
+  strię following the lines of growth; the inside is opaque and whitish,
+  with rich iridescent margins: the muscular impressions deep, and the
+  hinge margin quite smooth.</p>
+
+  <p>I know of no other specimen than one in Mr. Dubois' collection, and am
+  altogether unacquainted with its locality; although its <i>habit</i>
+  leads me to think it is from South America.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate168"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  168</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl168.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl168.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 168." title="Plate 168." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">RAMPHASTOS</span> ambiguus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Doubtful Toucan.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 45.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>R. niger; jugulo flavo; mandibulę superioris parte superiore flavā,
+  transversč maculatā, strigā viridi obliquč divisā; mandibulā inferiore
+  nigrā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Black; throat yellow, upper mandible black, the upper half yellow,
+  with an oblique green stripe and transverse spots; the under mandible
+  black.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The obscurity with which modern ornithologists have described these
+  remarkable birds, would have induced me, long ago, to have attempted a
+  more perfect account of all the species in this work; but as this might
+  have been considered, by some, an infringement on the miscellaneous plan
+  on which it was commenced, I feel obliged to confine myself only to their
+  occasional illustration.</p>
+
+  <p>The species now selected is one I have never seen; but I have no doubt
+  of its existence, and little of the accuracy of its delineation. I before
+  alluded to several drawings of Toucans which had come to my hands,
+  executed by an unknown artist: among them is a figure of that now
+  published; with a note subjoined, stating it was drawn "from the bird
+  just dead." The other drawings of the same artist represent several of
+  the common species, and their accuracy is presumptive evidence that this
+  also is represented correctly. The singular colouring of the bill at once
+  separates it from all known species; and for its further history, we must
+  trust to the exertions of those travellers, visiting South America, who
+  may feel an interest in illustrating these singular birds.</p>
+
+  <p>I more than once heard, when in Brazil, of a <i>Blue Toucan</i>; but
+  it was said to be very rare, and I never was fortunate enough to meet
+  with one.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate169"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  169</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl169.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl169.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 169." title="Plate 169." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">PTEROGLOSSUS</span> viridis&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Green Aracari&#x2c;</i></span> (<i>male</i>.)</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 44.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>P. nigro virescens; capite juguloque nigris, f&oelig;minę
+  castaneis; corpore flavo; rostro serrato, tomiis albis, mandibulā
+  superiore aurantiacā, lineā longitudinali, laterali, mediā, nigrā,
+  mandibulā inferiore cęruleā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Blackish green; head and neck black (in the female chesnut), body
+  yellow; bill toothed, the margins white, upper mandible orange, with a
+  black longitudinal line; lower mandible blue.</p>
+
+  <p>Ramphastos viridis. <i>Linn. Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 353. <i>Lath.
+  Ind. Orn.</i> 1. 138. <i>Gen. Zool.</i> 8. 2. <i>p.</i> 370.</p>
+
+  <p>Green Toucan. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 1. 331.</p>
+
+  <p>Tucana Cayanensis viridis. <i>Briss. Ois.</i> 4. 423. <i>pl.</i> 33.
+  <i>f.</i> 1. <i>Id. Orn.</i> 2. 162. <i>Pl. Enl.</i> 727. <i>mas.</i>
+  728. <i>f&oelig;m.</i></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This is a common bird, known to the older ornithologists; but here
+  introduced, for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which
+  ornament the bill of the live bird: the figures likewise above referred
+  to are so very loosely drawn, that a more correct representation of the
+  species appeared desirable. A remarkable character pervades all the
+  Aracaris, (with the exception of <i>P. sulcatus</i>, pl. 44,) the head
+  and throat being black in the male, and chesnut or grey in the female
+  birds; the bills also of the latter are always the smallest; that of the
+  Green Aracari is larger, thicker, and more curved than in any other
+  species; the serratures strong and unequal; the top, and upper half of
+  the superior mandible, pure yellow; the lower half orange; these colours
+  being divided by a slender isolated black line; the under mandible blue,
+  with the base rosy; its general plumage bears a resemblance to several
+  other species. Dr. Latham says the orbits are yellow; this, however, is a
+  mistake, for both the orbits and irides are grass-green; this writer
+  likewise refers to Edwards, pl. 329, for this bird; which plate, in fact,
+  represents a Toucan, and is that bird which I have described and figured
+  under the name of <i>R. carinatus</i>, pl. 45.</p>
+
+  <p>I believe this species is confined to the northern parts of South
+  America. Mr. Charles Edmonston brought home fine specimens from Demerara;
+  they were preserved with so much skill, that the colours of the bill
+  almost retained their primitive brightness; Le Vaillant, I believe, has
+  figured this bird; but I have not, at this time, access to his valuable
+  book.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate170"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  170</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl170.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl170.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 170." title="Plate 170." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MALURUS</span> Africanus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>African Soft-tail.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate170">Pl. 170.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. suprą rufescens, strigis nigris varius; genis mentoque
+  albentibus, strigā nigrā intermediā; rectricibus attenuatis, nigris, rufo
+  marginatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Above rufous brown with black stripes; sides of the head and chin
+  whitish, divided by a black stripe; tail feathers attenuated, black, the
+  margins rufous.</p>
+
+  <p>Motacilla Africana. <i>Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 958.</p>
+
+  <p>Sylvia Africana. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 518. <i>Gen.
+  Zool.</i> 10. 2. <i>p.</i> 615.</p>
+
+  <p>African Warbler. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 4. <i>p.</i> 436.</p>
+
+  <p>Curruca nęvia. <i>C. B. Spei. Brisson. Ois.</i> 3. <i>p.</i> 390.
+  <i>tab.</i> 22. <i>f.</i> 2. <i>Orn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 419.</p>
+
+  <p>Le Fluteur. <i>Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique.</i></p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"><i>Le
+  Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The characters of <i>Malurus</i>, together with a few observations on
+  the birds composing it, I have already given at plate 170 of this work.
+  Yet as the species are scattered in several distinct genera of the
+  Linnęan school, I have here represented that which may be termed the type
+  of the genus, as instituted by Professor Temminck, and as modified by
+  myself. On comparing the characters of <i>Timalia</i> (a new genus of Dr.
+  Horsfield's) with those of <i>Malurus</i>, they will be found to
+  designate one and the same group of birds. Indeed, the minute and
+  interesting details, which Dr. Horsfield has given, put the question
+  almost beyond doubt, and lead me to conclude, that the Doctor was not
+  aware, at the time, that his genus was already recorded.</p>
+
+  <p>This bird is not uncommon at the Cape of Good Hope. The notes of the
+  male (according to M. Le Vaillant) are soft and agreeable, much
+  resembling those of a flute; the shortness of the wings renders its
+  flight very low. The figure is of the natural size; and the bird has been
+  so well described by Brisson and Latham, that it is needless to repeat
+  what they have said; the figures both of Le Vaillant and Brisson are by
+  no means accurate. The tail feathers are delicate and transparent; and
+  those of the whole body very soft, with detached webs or <i>radii</i>,
+  similar to Dr. Horsfield's <i>Timalia pileata</i>, and
+  <i>gularis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate171"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  171</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl171.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl171.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 171." title="Plate 171." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">UNIO</span> fragilis.</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Fragile River Mussel.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 58.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>U. testā transversim ovatā, tenui, intłs purpurascente; dentibus
+  cardinalibus tuberculatis, sub-obsoletis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell transversely oval, thin, within purple; cardinal teeth
+  tuberculated, nearly obsolete.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of
+  colouring, which diversifies the exterior of marine shells, and renders
+  their distinction comparatively easy. A uniform olive green, or brown
+  tint, pervades all the fluviatile genera; their specific distinctions
+  rest on characters which frequently require long and perplexing
+  descriptions, but which can be explained by the artist with ease and
+  precision. It follows, therefore, that accurate figures of these shells
+  are more particularly wanted; for, although Lamarck has described so
+  many, the short descriptions which he has given, and the want of figures
+  to elucidate them, render it impossible to determine accurately one half
+  of the species which he has enumerated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Unio fragilis</i> is principally distinguished by the cardinal
+  teeth: those in the right valves are 2; short, obtuse, and nearly
+  obsolete, more resembling tubercles, than the crenated or striated teeth
+  of this genus. The left valve has one tooth rather sharper. In young
+  shells the ligamental margin is nearly straight, and its extremity
+  somewhat angulated; but old shells lose these appearances, and become
+  perfectly oval. In both stages of growth the shell is very thin, convex,
+  and the inside (near the umbones) purple. The slight development of the
+  cardinal teeth brings this shell nearer to the genus <i>Anodon</i>, than
+  any other <i>Unio</i> which I have seen.</p>
+
+  <p>It inhabits the rivers of North America, and was sent to me by
+  Professor Rafinesque.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate172"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  172</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:31%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl172.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl172.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 172." title="Plate 172." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> reflexa&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Purple Apple Snail.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 103.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā ovato-globosā, lęvi; spirā ventricosā, obtusā, sub
+  epidermide purpureā; aperturā nigro-purpurascente; labio exteriore tenui,
+  margine reflexo.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ovate-globose, smooth; spire ventricose, obtuse; beneath the
+  epidermis, purple; aperture blackish purple; outer lip thin, the margin
+  reflected.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Knorr</i>, <i>vol.</i> 5. <i>pl.</i> 5. <i>f.</i> 2.
+  (uncoated.)</p>
+
+  <p>Ampullaria reflexa. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> <i>vol.</i>
+  61. <i>p.</i> 377.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The only record that I can find (in the works of the old writers) for
+  this Ampullaria, is the figure by Knorr above quoted; it is obviously
+  drawn from an uncoated specimen, although I have seen instances, where
+  the blackish purple on the spire was so intense, as to obscure the thin
+  epidermis which covered it. The peculiar character of the species, and in
+  which it differs from all others, is in the outer margin of the lip;
+  which is thin, rather spread out, and slightly reflected; the form of the
+  shell resembles <i>A. fasciata</i>, but the spire, instead of being
+  pointed, is obtuse; the umbilicus, likewise, is smaller and more
+  concealed. From the absence of a groove round the aperture, I conclude
+  the operculum is horny.</p>
+
+  <p>The size varies; perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than
+  the figure, and I have seen others much larger, and with the aperture
+  more chesnut than purple.</p>
+
+  <p>I am not acquainted with its locality.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate173"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  173</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:35%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl173.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl173.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 173." title="Plate 173." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">GALLINULA</span> ruficollis&#x2c;</span> <i>var.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><span class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Black-bellied Gallinule</i></span> <i>var.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Gallinula.</i> Briss. Cuv. Tem. Lath. <i>Fulica</i>, <i>Rallus</i>.
+  Linn. <i>Crex.</i> Illiger.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum capite brevius, valdč compressum, conicum, rectum, apice
+  compresso, mandibulā inferiore angulatā. Nares sulcatę, membranā obtectę;
+  aperturā magnā, oblongā, perviā, vix mediā. Pedes elongati, grallarii,
+  genibus nudis, digitis gracilibus tribus, halluce mediocri.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill shorter than the head, much compressed, conic, straight, the tips
+  compressed, inferior mandible angulated. Nostrils sulcated, covered by a
+  membrane; aperture large, oblong, pervious, nearly medial. Feet long,
+  wading, knees naked, fore toes three, long, slender, hind toe (or thumb)
+  short.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic type. <i>Rallus porzana.</i> Linn.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p>Gall. ruficollis var. A? <i>Olivaceo-fusca; cervice cinereā; pectore,
+  abdomine, alisque rufis; crisso, uropygio, caudāque nigris; tectricibus
+  interioribus rufis, nigro-fasciatis; pedibus rubris.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive brown; neck cinereous; breast, body, and wings rufous; belly,
+  rump, and tail black; interior wing covers rufous, banded with black;
+  legs red.</p>
+
+  <p>Fulica ruficollis. <i>Gmelin</i>, 1. <i>p.</i> 700. <i>Turton</i>, 1.
+  <i>p.</i> 423.</p>
+
+  <p>Gallinula ruficollis. <i>Lath. Ind. Orn.</i> 2. 767.</p>
+
+  <p>Black-bellied Gallinule. <i>Lath. Syn.</i> 1. <i>p.</i> 253.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This is one of the largest water hens found in Brazil, where it is
+  very rare. I am indebted to Dr. Langsdorff for the only specimen which I
+  brought from that country. It differs considerably from the Black-bellied
+  Gallinule of Latham, yet, perhaps, not sufficiently to record it as a
+  distinct species.</p>
+
+  <p>Total length fifteen inches and a half; bill one and a half; the base
+  (in the dead bird) orange, the other half green; frontlet none; the crown
+  and nape are grey brown, the sides cinereous, and the throat whitish; the
+  neck both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is
+  lead-coloured; it then changes to rufous, which spreads over the breast,
+  body, wing covers, and greater quills; the lower part of the neck above,
+  with the back, scapulars, and lesser quills, brownish olive; the belly,
+  thighs, tail, and rump black; the inner wing covers are remotely barred
+  with black; legs (in the live bird) red.</p>
+
+  <p>Latham describes the Black-bellied G. as seventeen inches long; the
+  bill two inches; the quills greenish brown, with rufous margins; the fore
+  part of the neck and breast bright rufous; and the flanks with black
+  bands.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate174"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  174</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:36%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl174.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl174.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 174." title="Plate 174." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TANAGRA</span> canicapilla&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Grey-crowned Tanager.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, basi trigonā, lateribus
+  compressis, culmine levato, mandibulā superiore ad apicem deflexā et
+  emarginatā, inferioris brevioris rectę basi crassā, ambarum marginibus
+  inflexis. Nares parvę, basi plumosā, aperturā rotundatā, nudā. Alę
+  mediocres.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill short, strong, conic, base trigonal, sides compressed, culmin
+  elevated, upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched, under
+  mandible shorter and straight, the base thick, the margins of both
+  inflexed. Nostrils small, the base feathered, the aperture round, naked.
+  Wings moderate.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types. <i>Tanagra Jacapa, tricolor.</i> <i>Motacilla
+  velia.</i> Lin. <i>Pipra musica.</i> Lin.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. olivaceo-viridis, infrą flava; vertice cinereo, strigā oculari
+  auribusque nigris; rostro gracili.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Olive green, beneath yellow; crown cinereous, eye stripe and ears
+  black; bill slender.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The Tanagers are a numerous, and, in general, a beautiful tribe,
+  including some of the most richly coloured birds of America; to which
+  continent modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively
+  confined.</p>
+
+  <p>M. Temminck proposes to unite with the Tanagers, several birds
+  scattered in the Linnęan Genera of <i>Lanius</i>, <i>Loxia</i>,
+  <i>Fringilla</i>, <i>Pipra</i>, and <i>Motacilla</i>. This view of the
+  subject, it may not be superfluous to add, is in perfect unison with my
+  own. In fact, I had meditated a similar arrangement; but the appearance
+  of M. Temminck's work rendered the publication of my own remarks no
+  longer necessary. The bird here figured belongs to that division which
+  forms a transition to the <i>Sylvię</i>, from which they are readily
+  distinguished by the thickened base of the under mandible. It is not
+  uncommon in the West Indies; but I cannot find it described either among
+  the Tanagers, Finches, or Warblers of the Linnęan school: in this,
+  however, I may possibly be mistaken. It is represented the size of life,
+  and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate175"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  175</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:33%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl175.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl175.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 175." title="Plate 175." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">AMPULLARIA</span> leucostoma&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>White-mouthed Apple Snail.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 98.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A testā ovatā, rugosā, epidermide olivaceo-fuscā; labio exteriore
+  tenui; aperturā albā; umbilico vix clauso.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell oval, wrinkled; epidermis olive-brown; outer lip thin; aperture
+  white; umbilicus nearly closed.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>In prosecuting my illustrations of this genus, I have carefully
+  examined all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends, and have added
+  many to my own. These materials have thrown some additional light on
+  those species which I have already described, and have enabled me to
+  detect several others altogether new. Among the latter is the shell here
+  figured, and which is so rare, that I know but one example of it in this
+  country. Its form is more oval than that of <i>A. rugosa</i>, from which
+  it is likewise distinguished by a very small umbilicus, nearly concealed
+  by the inner lip; the wrinkles are numerous and unequal, the spire
+  pointed, and the aperture milk-white.</p>
+
+  <p>Since my remarks on the <i>Planorbis cornu-arietis</i> of Lamarck were
+  published, it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an
+  operculum: one of these is in the possession of Mr. Sowerby: thus what
+  was a matter of doubt becomes a fact, and affords the only substantial
+  argument for terming it an <i>Ampullaria</i>. On the other hand, its
+  affinities to <i>Planorbis</i> (marked by its discoid, depressed form,
+  and the total absence of the pillar,) remain in no degree impaired. The
+  weight of argument on both sides <i>now</i> appears to be so equal, that
+  it is a matter of no moment whether this shell be placed in the system at
+  the end of the <i>Ampullarię</i>, or at the commencement of the
+  <i>Planorbes</i>. To the generality of conchologists, the latter
+  collocation would appear the most simple; but, on the whole, I incline
+  more to the propriety of considering it the terminal species of the
+  <i>Ampullarię</i>, or that which marks their transition (as I before
+  observed) to the <i>Planorbes</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate176"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  176</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:32%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl176.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl176.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 176." title="Plate 176." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">ANODON</span> elongatus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Lengthened Anodon.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 96.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>A. testā transversim oblongā, crassā, anticč compressā, extremitate
+  utrāque rotundatā; umbonibus valdč prominentibus, crassis; laminā
+  cardinali convexā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell transversely oblong, thick, anteriorly compressed, both
+  extremities rounded; umbones very prominent, thick; hinge-plate
+  convex.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which
+  Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. It was formerly in
+  the late Mr. Forster's collection, and is now in the possession of Mrs.
+  Mawe. Its form is like that of <i>Unio ovatus</i> (<i>Mya ovata</i> of
+  Montague), but it is a much thicker and stronger shell; the posterior end
+  is greatly compressed, but round; the umbones convex, remarkably thick,
+  and deeply eroded; the inside pearly and iridescent, with a strong
+  flesh-coloured tinge; the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth,
+  and rather convex; the muscular impressions are deep.</p>
+
+  <p>One valve of the specimen above alluded to (the only one I have seen),
+  is uncoated, and beautifully iridescent. Its country is unknown&mdash;but
+  I think it may prove a native of the South American rivers.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate177"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  177</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:29%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl177.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl177.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 177." title="Plate 177." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TURBINELLUS</span> spirillus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Carinated Turnip Shell.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Testa pyriformis vel fusiformis, sub-ponderosa. Apex papillosus.
+  Columella plicata. Labium interius margine dilatatum. Canalis elongatus,
+  rectus.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell pear-shaped or fusiform, heavy. Apex papillary. Pillar plaited.
+  Interior lip with the margin dilated. Canal lengthened, straight.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Type. <i>Voluta Pyrum.</i> Lin.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. pyriformi; spirā depressā, apice prominente; anfractu basali
+  carinato; labio interiore dilatato, albo; columellę basi plicatā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell pear-shaped; spire depressed, apex prominent; basal whorl
+  carinated, interior lip dilated, white; base of the pillar
+  one-plaited.</p>
+
+  <p>Murex spirillus. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3544. <i>Dillwyn</i>, 721.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Martini</i>, 3. <i>tab.</i> 115. <i>f.</i> 1069. <i>Knorr</i>, 6.
+  <i>tab.</i> 24. <i>f.</i> 3.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda et Corrigenda"
+  ><i>Pyrula Spirillus.</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 142.</span></p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>In assigning a situation, under the modern system, to the <i>Murex
+  spirillus</i> of Linnęus, no genus appears to me more adapted for its
+  reception than that of <i>Turbinellus</i>. These shells were formerly
+  blended with the Linnęan Volutes, but are now detached from them as a
+  distinct genus. The most striking peculiarity consists in the
+  prolongation of the base into a long and straight canal; they possess, in
+  common with the Volutes, a papillary spire, and, in general, their
+  surface is smooth. There are, however, other shells classed by the French
+  conchologists with this genus, from their having a plaited columella; in
+  these, the apex of the spire is acute, the base truncated, and the
+  outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines; characters so greatly at
+  variance, and so very distinct from those first mentioned, that it
+  becomes questionable whether these latter shells should not rather be
+  classed as a distinct group: in fact, they are much more nearly allied to
+  <i>Mitra</i> and <i>Cancellaria</i>, which have acute spires, sculptured
+  volutions, and truncate bases, than to the smooth <i>Turbinelli</i>,
+  which differ so strikingly in all these particulars.</p>
+
+  <p>This shell is common to many parts of the Indian Ocean; and, like most
+  of the smooth <i>Turbinelli</i>, has the inner lip dilated.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate178"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  178</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl178.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl178.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 178." title="Plate 178." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">BUCEROS</span> coronatus&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Coronated Hornbill.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>Rostrum elongatum, crassum, inane, deflexum, marginibus obtusč
+  crenatis, epithemate inani, formā vario, in mandibulam superiorem
+  imposito. Nares basales, ovatę</i>, (<i>lingua brevis, angusta,
+  acuta</i>. Illiger.) <i>Pedes gressorii.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Bill elongated, thick, hollow, deflexed, the margins obtusely
+  crenated, with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper
+  mandible. Nostrils basal, oval. Tongue short, narrow, pointed. Feet
+  gressorial.</p>
+
+  <p>Generic Types. <i>B. Rhinoceros</i>, <i>bicornis</i>. Linn.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>B. niger, abdomine, striā utrinque occipitali, apiceque rectricium
+  albis; rostro subcristato, (carinato,) rubro.</i> Shaw.</p>
+
+  <p>Black Hornbill, with the abdomen, stripe on each side of the nape, and
+  tip of the tail white. Bill slightly crested, (carinated,) and red.</p>
+
+  <p>Le Calao Couronné māle. <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> <i>vol.</i> v.
+  <i>p.</i> 117. <i>pl.</i> 234.</p>
+
+  <p>Buceros coronatus, Coronated Hornbill. <i>Shaw in Gen. Zool.</i> 8.
+  <i>p.</i> 35.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>The bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even
+  those of the Toucans; many species having knobs or excrescences which
+  seem to grow out of the bill itself, and give a strange appearance to the
+  bird. The whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of Africa
+  and Asia; feeding on animal substances, either living or dead.</p>
+
+  <p>Le Vaillant discovered this bird in Caffraria; congregating in flocks
+  of near 500, along with crows and vultures, over the remains of
+  slaughtered elephants. It frequents forests, perching on high, and
+  generally withered trees; it likewise destroys insects.</p>
+
+  <p>The specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie; the white
+  collar only surrounds the back of the head, and is not well defined; the
+  carinated process on the bill ends <i>abruptly</i>, and not
+  <i>gradually</i>, as seen in Le Vaillant's figure; the margins are
+  obtusely crenated, the tail even, and the two middle feathers entirely
+  black.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate179"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  179</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:39%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl179.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl179.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 179." title="Plate 179." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">MUSCIPETA</span> labrosa&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Red-lipped Flycatcher.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 116.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>M. nitidč nigra; rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua
+  plumatis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Glossy black; gape margined by a red skin; legs feathered beyond the
+  knees.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>This bird, though unattractive in its colours, is nevertheless very
+  remarkable. It may be almost said to have <i>lips</i>; for round the
+  gape, at each angle of the mouth, is a narrow loose skin; perfectly
+  naked, and rather projecting. This singularity is increased by its colour
+  in the live bird; which, by a note attached to the specimen, is stated to
+  be of a beautiful red. It seems a species hitherto unknown, and was found
+  near the Great Fish River of Southern Africa.</p>
+
+  <p>The figure is rather less than the natural size; the whole plumage
+  deep black; glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and
+  tail feathers; the quills inside are grey, margined with olive; the first
+  of these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and
+  the two next are nearly of equal length. The tail has ten feathers, and
+  is even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter. The
+  bill rather thick and strong, the culmine not very apparent, the upper
+  mandible strongly notched, the under but slightly; the nostrils are hid
+  by thickset incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the
+  aperture, which is rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow
+  membrane. The legs are very short, the three fore-toes united as far as
+  the first joint, the hind-toe short; the claws of all are small, and the
+  sole of the foot perfectly flat, like the Bee-eaters. I have been minute
+  in noting these characters, because, although the bird will stand at
+  present in the great family of the Flycatchers, there is no doubt they
+  will hereafter be divided into distinct groups.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate180"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  180</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:38%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl180.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl180.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 180." title="Plate 180." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">TURDUS</span> vociferans&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Calling Thrush.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>T. cinereus, infrą ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudę
+  rotundatę pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail
+  rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous.</p>
+
+  <p>Le Réclammeur. <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> <i>tom.</i> 3. <i>p.</i>
+  33, <i>pl.</i> 104.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant,
+  who discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note
+  of the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and
+  evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually
+  seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well
+  illustrates the peculiar note of the male:&mdash;One of his Dutch
+  Hottentots, by name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly
+  around him, uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of
+  <i>Piet myn vrow</i>, (or, '<i>Peter</i>&mdash;my wife,') that the poor
+  lad (perfectly astonished) took to his heels, and vowed never more to
+  handle a gun.</p>
+
+  <p>Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous:
+  on each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and
+  forms a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear
+  ferruginous yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail
+  feathers the same, the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair
+  has likewise a narrow margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers
+  dusky brown, with pale cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides
+  hazel: bill rather small and black, compressed the whole length, and
+  having weak bristles at its base.</p>
+
+  <p>This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet
+  defined the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at
+  present from proposing its characters.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate181"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  181</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:25%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl181.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl181.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 181." title="Plate 181." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt">VOLUTA</span> Pusio&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Dwarf Volute.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See <a href="#Plate161">Pl. 161.</a></h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>V. testā ovato-obtusā, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis
+  fulvis interstinctis cinctā; anfractu basali obtusč nodoso; spirā
+  brevissimā, acutā; columellā incrassatā, multiplicatā.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body
+  whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute;
+  pillar thickened with many plaits.</p>
+
+  <p>Voluta Pusio. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal</i>, <i>vol.</i>
+  61. <i>p.</i> 378.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his
+  <i>Animaux</i>, contains but two species in addition to those long ago
+  described by him in the <i>Annales du Mus.</i>; thus omitting many of
+  those new Volutes which of late years have been discovered. On the other
+  hand, this naturalist has created five species from the varieties of
+  <i>V. musica</i> Lin. resting their characters on colour, bands, and the
+  number of the lesser or spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no
+  argument to prove that these principles of distinction are the most
+  uncertain he could have chosen; scarcely two specimens of <i>V.
+  musica</i> being found alike. These supposed species must, therefore,
+  again merge into one.</p>
+
+  <p>The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is
+  quite smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire
+  remarkably short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to
+  <i>V. virescens</i> Sol. (<i>Polyzonalis</i> Lam.) and to <i>V. fulva</i>
+  Lam. I have neither of these shells at present before me; but if
+  Lamarck's description of them, and the figures which he has cited, be
+  correct, I have no doubt they are but one species; <i>V. polyzonalis</i>
+  being the <i>smooth</i>, and <i>V. fulva</i> being the <i>nodulous</i>
+  variety of Solander's <i>V. virescens</i>. In fact, Lamarck says both
+  shells are transversely striated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>V. pusio</i> is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described
+  from a specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is
+  perfect, but its colours are somewhat faded.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><a name="Plate182"></a><span class="platenum"><i>Pl.</i>
+  182</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" style="width:28%;">
+      <a href="images/v3_pl182.jpg"><img style="width:100%" src="images/v3_pl182.jpg"
+      alt="Plate 182." title="Plate 182." /></a>
+  </div>
+<h5><span class="lg125"><span class="gesperrt"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'CYPR&OElig;A'">CYPRĘA</span></span> spadicea&#x2c;</span></h5>
+
+<h5 class="lg125 mtm1"><i>Chesnut Cowry.</i></h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Generic Character.</span>&mdash;See Pl. 111.</h6>
+
+<hr class="plainsp"/>
+
+<h6><span class="sc">Specific Character.</span></h6>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testā ovatā, oblongā, immaculatā; dorso rufo; ventre albo;
+  lateribus lividis.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white;
+  sides livid.</p>
+
+  <p>C. spadicea. <i>Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> <i>vol.</i> 61.
+  <i>p.</i> 376.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles <i>C.
+  onyx</i>; but its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for
+  that or any other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and
+  pure white; the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short,
+  and but faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three
+  specimens have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young,
+  showed the internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all
+  received by Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas.</p>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><span class="gesperrt"><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'CYPR&OElig;A'">CYPRĘA</span></span> sanguinolenta</h5>
+
+<h5>(<i>Middle figures.</i>)</h5>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<blockquote class="b1s">
+
+  <p><i>C. testā ovato-oblongā, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito;
+  lateribus incarnato-violaceis, lividč guttatis; ventre depresso.</i></p>
+
+  <p>Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides
+  flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>C. testā ovato-oblongā, cinereo-cęrulescente, fulvo vel fusco
+  fasciatā, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis.</i> <i>Lam.
+  Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 396.</p>
+
+  <p>C. sanguinolenta. <i>Gmelin</i>, 3406. <i>Turton</i>, 4. <i>p.</i>
+  335. <i>Dill.</i> 445. <i>Martini</i>, 1. <i>t.</i> 26. <i>f.</i> 265,
+  266. <i>Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 356. <i>f.</i> 12.</p>
+
+  <p>C. purpurascens. <i>Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag.</i> 61. <i>p.</i>
+  376.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+  <p>Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell
+  as blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the
+  figures by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed
+  my <i>purpurascens</i> as a variety of Gmelin's <i>sanguinolenta</i>. The
+  back of the shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or
+  belly) is flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the
+  base of the aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern
+  Africa.</p>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL INDEX</h5>
+
+<h6 style="font-size:50%">OF</h6>
+
+<h6 class="mt1">LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h6>
+
+<h6 style="font-size:50%" class="mt1">TO</h6>
+
+<h5>VOL. III.</h5>
+
+<h6>IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.</h6>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<table class="mc">
+<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td>
+<td style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ampullaria corrugata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td>
+<td> Wrinkled Apple-snail</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cinnyris Javanica</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td>
+<td> Javanese Creeper</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina virginea, <i>var.</i> 1 and 2</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td>
+<td> Common striped Achatina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> 3 and 4</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> ditto</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Licinia Crisia</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td>
+<td> Licinia Crisia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Papilio Nerius</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td>
+<td> Papilio Nerius</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Conus vitulinus, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td>
+<td> Orange fox Cone</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> maldivus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Spanish-Admiral Cone</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto chesnut, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> ditto chesnut, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Melliphaga torquata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td>
+<td> White-collared Honeysucker</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Trochilus latipennis, male</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td>
+<td> Grey sickle-winged H. Bird</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Macroglossum annulosum</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td>
+<td> Macroglossum annulosum</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Thecla Macaria</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td>
+<td> Chesnut-spotted Hair-streak</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Strombus exustus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td>
+<td> Burnt-mouthed Strombus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lentiginosus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Tuberculated Strombus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> tricornis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td>
+<td> Horned Strombus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ampullaria crassa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
+<td> Thick Apple-snail</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Oblong ditto</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Papilio Polybius</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td>
+<td> Papilio Polybius</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Malurus garrulus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td>
+<td> Noisy Soft-tail Warbler</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Sylvia plumbea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td>
+<td> Grey-backed Warbler</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Troglodytes rectirostris</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td>
+<td> Straight-billed Wren</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Psittacus chryseürus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td>
+<td> Golden-tailed Parrot</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Nectarinia flaveola</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td>
+<td> Yellow-bellied Nectarinia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ampullaria sordida</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
+<td> Brown Apple-snail</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Oval, punctured ditto</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Eburna Valentiana</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td>
+<td> Arabian Eburna</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td>
+<td> Tessellated ditto</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td>
+<td> South Sea ditto</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Muscipeta carinata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td>
+<td> Keel-billed Flycatcher</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Emberiza cristata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td>
+<td> Crested Bunting</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Castnia Fabricii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td>
+<td> Red underwing Day-moth</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Sphinx fasciata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td>
+<td> Sphinx fasciata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachii</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> Leachii</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+Alcedo semitorquata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td>
+<td> Half-collared Kingsfisher</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina melastoma</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td>
+<td> Black-mouthed Achatina</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Strombus lobatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td>
+<td> Lobed or brindled Strombus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Psittacus Malaccensis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td>
+<td> Blue-rumped Parrot</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Psittacus viridissimus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td>
+<td> Green Parrot</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Fringilla oryzivora</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td>
+<td> Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ampullaria effusa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
+<td> Ribbon Apple-snail</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> luteostoma</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Yellow-mouthed ditto</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Pinna bullata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td>
+<td> Rufous Pinna</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Satyrus argenteus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td>
+<td> Satyrus argenteus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Anodon purpurascens</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td>
+<td> Purple Anodon</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Voluta punctata</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td>
+<td> Red-dotted Volute</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina fasciata, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td>
+<td> Banded Achatina, 3 <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Hemipodius nivosus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td>
+<td> White-spotted Turnix</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Sylvia annulosa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td>
+<td> White-eyed Warbler</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> <span class="grk">&beta;</span></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td>
+<td> Ditto, New Holland variety</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bulimus citrinus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td>
+<td> Citron Bulimus, 3 <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Anodon crassus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td>
+<td> Thick Anodon</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ramphastos ambiguus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td>
+<td> Doubtful Toucan</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Pteroglossus viridis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td>
+<td> Green Aracari (male)</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Malurus Africanus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td>
+<td> African Soft-tail</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Unio fragilis</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td>
+<td> Fragile River-mussel</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ampullaria reflexa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td>
+<td> Purple Apple-snail</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Gallinula ruficollis, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td>
+<td> Black-bellied Gallinule</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Tanagra canicapilla</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td>
+<td> Grey-crowned Tanager</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ampullaria leucostoma</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
+<td> White-mouthed Apple-snail</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Anodon elongatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td>
+<td> Lengthened Anodon</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Turbinellus spirillus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td>
+<td> Carinated Turnip-shell</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Buceros coronatus</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td>
+<td> Coronated Hornbill</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Muscipeta labrosa</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td>
+<td> Red-lipped Flycatcher</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Turdus vociferans</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td>
+<td> Calling Thrush</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Voluta pusio</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td>
+<td> Dwarf Volute</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cypręa spadicea</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td>
+<td> Cypręa spadicea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg125">GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX</h5>
+
+<h6>OF</h6>
+
+<h5>LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES</h5>
+
+<h6>TO</h6>
+
+<h5>VOLUME III.</h5>
+
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<table class="mc">
+<tr><td style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td>
+<td class="pl2" style="width:40%"> </td>
+<td class="ar" style="width:10%"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Achatina fasciata, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td>
+<td> <i>Humming-bird, Grey sickle-wing</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> melostoma,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>female</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> virginea, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td>
+<td> <i>Java Sparrow, or Paddy-bird</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, ditto,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td>
+<td> <i>Kingsfisher, half-collared</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>banded</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td>
+<td> Licinia Crisia,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>black-mouthed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td>
+<td> Macroglossum annulosum,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>common, striped</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> fasciatum,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td>
+<td> Malurus, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Alcedo semitorquata,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Africanus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Ampullaria corrugata,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> garrulus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
+<td> Melliphaga torquata,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> effusa,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
+<td> Muscipeta carinata,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> leucostoma,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> labrosa,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> leuteostoma,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
+<td> Nectarina flaveola,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>yellow-bellied</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
+<td> <i>Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> reflexa,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td>
+<td> Papilio Nerius,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> sordida,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Polybius,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Anodon crassus,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td>
+<td> <i>Parrot, golden-tailed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> elongatus,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>blue-rumped</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> purpurascens,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>green</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>lengthened</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td>
+<td> Pinna, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>thick</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> bullata,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>purple</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td>
+<td> <i>Pinna, rufous</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Apple-snail, brown</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
+<td> Psittacus chryseürus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>oblong</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Malaccensis,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>oval, punctured</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> viridissimus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>purple</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td>
+<td> Pteroglossus viridis,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ribbon</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td>
+<td> Ramphastos ambiguus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>thick</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td>
+<td> <i>River-mussel, fragile</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>white-mouthed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
+<td> Satyrus, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>wrinkled</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> argenteus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>yellow-mouthed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td>
+<td> Strombus exustus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Aracari, green</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> lentiginosus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Bulimus citrinus, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> lobatus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>citron</i>, green variety,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> tricornis,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Buceros, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>burnt-mouthed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> coronatus,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>tuberculated</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Bunting, crested</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td>
+<td> <i>Strombus, horned</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Castnia, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>lobed, or brindled</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Fabricii,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Sphinx fasciata,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cinnyris Javanica,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> Leachii,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Conus maldivus,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td>
+<td> Sylvia, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> annulosa,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> vitulinus, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Cone, Spanish-Admiral</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> plumbea,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>ditto</i>, <i>chesnut variety</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td>
+<td> <i>Soft-tail, noisy</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>orange, fox</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>African</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Creeper, Javanese</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td>
+<td> Tanagra, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Cypręa spadicea,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> canicapilla,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Tanager, grey-crowned,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Day-moth, red underwing</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td>
+<td> Thecla Macaria,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Eburna, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td>
+<td> <i>Thrush, calling</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td>
+<td> Trochilus latipennis, male,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> ditto, female,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Valentiana,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td>
+<td> Troglodytes, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>Arabian</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> rectirostris,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>South Sea</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td>
+<td> Turbinellus, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>tesselated</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> spirillus,</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> Emberiza, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td>
+<td> Turdus vociferans,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> cristata,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> <i>Turnip-shell, carinated</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Flycatcher, keel-billed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td>
+<td> <i>Turnix, white-spotted</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> <i>red-lipped</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td>
+<td> Voluta, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Fringilla, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> pusio,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> oryzivora,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> punctata,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Gallinula, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td>
+<td> <i>Volute, dwarf</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ruficollis, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>red-dotted</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Gallinule, black-bellied</i>, <i>var.</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td> Unio fragilis,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Hair-streak, chesnut-spotted</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td>
+<td> <i>Warbler, olive-backed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> Hemipodius, Gen. Char.,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>white-eyed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> nivosus,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> ib.</td>
+<td class="pl2"> <i>New Holland variety</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <i>Honey-sucker, while-collared</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar brdbl pr1"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td>
+<td> <i>Wren, straight-billed</i>,</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5 class="lg125">VERTEBROSA.</h5>
+
+<h5>PART III.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><i>ORNITHOLOGY.</i></h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cinnyris</span> Javanica</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate121">121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Melliphaga</span> torquata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate129">129</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Trochilus</span> latipennis, male</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, female</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Malurus</span> garrulus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate138">138</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Africanus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate170">170</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sylvia</span> plumbea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> annulosa</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate164">164</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, New Holland variety</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate165">165</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Troglodytes</span> rectirostris</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate140">140</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Psittacus</span> chryseürus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Malaccensis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate154">154</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> viridissimus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Nectarinia</span> flaveola</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Muscipeta</span> carinata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> labrosa</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Emberiza</span> cristata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate148">148</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Alcedo</span> semitorquata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate151">151</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Fringilla</span> oryzivora</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate156">156</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Hemipodius</span> nivosus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ramphastos</span> ambiguus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate168">168</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pteroglossus</span> viridis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Gallinula</span> ruficollis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Tanagra</span> canicapilla</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Buceros</span> coronatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate178">178</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Turdus</span> vociferans</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate180">180</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5 class="lg125">ENTOMOLOGY.</h5>
+
+<h5>PART III.</h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Licinia</span> Crisia</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Papilio</span> Nerius</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate125">125</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Polybius</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Thecla</span> Macaria</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Macroglossum</span> annulosum</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate132">132</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciatum</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Sphinx</span> fasciata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Leachii</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Castnia</span> Fabricii</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Satyrus</span> argenteus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate159">159</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h5 class="lg150">SYSTEMATIC INDEX.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5 class="lg125">CONCHOLOGY.</h5>
+
+<h5>PART III.</h5>
+
+<hr class="plain"/>
+
+<h5><i>Univalves.</i></h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> </td>
+<td class="ar"> Pl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Ampullaria</span> corrugata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate120">120</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> crassa</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> oblonga</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> sordida</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate143">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> puncticulata</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> effusa</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate157">157</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> luteostoma</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> reflexa</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate172">172</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> leucostoma</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate175">175</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Achatina</span> virginea, <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, <i>var.</i> 3, 4.</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate123">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> melastoma</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate152">152</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> fasciata, 3 <i>var.</i></td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate162">162</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Bulimus</span> citrinus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate166">166</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Conus</span> vitulinus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Maldivus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> ditto, variety</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate128">128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Strombus</span> exustus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lentiginosus</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> tricornis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> lobatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Cypręa</span> spadicea</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate182">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> sanguinolenta</td>
+<td class="ar"> ib.</td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Eburna</span> Valentiana</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> tessellata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> Pacifica</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate146">146</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Voluta</span> punctata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate161">161</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> pusio</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Turbinellus</span> spirillus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate177">177</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5><i>Bivalves.</i></h5>
+
+<table class="mc" style="width:16em">
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Pinna</span> bullata</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate158">158</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Anodon</span> purpurascens</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> crassus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate167">167</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pl2"> elongatus</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate176">176</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td> <span class="sc">Unio</span> fragilis</td>
+<td class="ar"> <a href="#Plate171">171</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+  <p><br style="clear:both" /></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+  <p>ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp" colspan="2">In the Systematic Index, Conchology, Part I. for "<i>Acephalis</i>" read "<i>Acéphales</i>."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> Pl.&nbsp; &nbsp;92.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">page 1. line 13, for "<i>caudi</i>," read "<i>caudis</i>."</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="hid">page 1. line</span> 23, for "<i>Dentatis</i>" read "<i>Dentati</i>."</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:1em;"></span>&mdash; 3. &mdash; 11 from the bottom, for "<i>Lepidopterę</i>" read "<i>Lepidoptera</i>."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash;&nbsp;102.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Synonyms, <i>A. virginea</i>. <i>Lamarck. Syst.</i> <i>tom.</i> 6. <i>part</i> 2. <i>p.</i> 131. <i>Sowerby's Genera.</i> <i>Achatina</i>, <i>f.</i> 2.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 124.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">last line, for "female" read "male;" and in the line above, for "male" read "female."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 125.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">for "<i>P. Nireus</i>" read "<i>P. Nerius</i>."</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 126.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 467. 55; and for <i>Ency. Meth.</i> <i>pl.</i> 326. <i>f.</i> 204., read <i>pl.</i> 326. <i>fig.</i> 2 and 4.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 127.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 465. 50.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 134.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Strombus exustus</i>, described by Lamarck (<i>Syst.</i>&nbsp;7. <i>p.</i>&nbsp;211) under the name of <i>S.&nbsp;Papilio</i>. The first of these names, however, has the right of priority. (See <i>Mus. Cal.</i> 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom.&nbsp;3. tab.&nbsp;8. f.&nbsp;825, 826, clearly represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for <i>S.&nbsp;lentiginosus</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> </td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Strombus lentiginosus.</i> Add to the Synonyms, <i>Lam. Syst.</i>&nbsp;7. <i>p.</i>&nbsp;203. <i>Knorr</i>,&nbsp;3. <i>tab.</i>&nbsp;13, <i>f.</i> 2. Lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of this and the following species.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 135.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>St. tricornis.</i> Add to the Syn. <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 201.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 139.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><i>Sylvia plumbea.</i> This bird greatly resembles the female of <i>S.&nbsp;pusilla</i> of Wilson (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson and Vieillot say there are two.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 145.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Eburna tessellata. Add to the Syn. <i>E. Arcolata</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 282. 4.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 146.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Eburna Pacifica. Add to the Syn. <i>E. lutosa?</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. 282. 5.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 150.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">The upper figure is of <i>Sphinx Leachii</i>, and the under of <i>S. fasciata</i>.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 152.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Helix regina.</i> <i>Ferussac Moll.</i> <i>liv.</i> 19. <i>pl.</i> 119.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 153.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>S. bituberculatus</i>, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 202. 6.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 157.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Amp. Effusa.<span class="gap" style="width:1em;"></span> Ditto, <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 164.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1">Add to the Syn. <i>Le Figuier Tcheric</i>, <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 132.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 166.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 6. 2. <i>p.</i> 178. 5.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 170.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af.</i> 3. <i>pl.</i> 112. <i>f.</i> 2.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="pr025 vtp"> &mdash; 177.</td><td class="pl125 vtp hang1"><span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span>Ditto<span class="gap" style="width:2.06em;"></span> <i>Pyrula Spirillus.</i> <i>Lam. Syst.</i> 7. <i>p.</i> 142.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h5><img src="images/separator.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex;" alt="" /></h5>
+
+<h3>NOTES</h3>
+
+<div class="note">
+  <p><a name="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> "Pendant que les naturalistes
+  font des monographies, des ouvrages généraux oł la synonymie, les coupes
+  systématiques sont, ą force de temps et de soins, établies avec rigueur,
+  les auteurs des miscellanées, avec quelques phrases et des noms nouveaux,
+  font des genres ou des espčces, et publient 50 cahiers dans lesquels les
+  fruits de dix ans de recherches ou de voyages sont enlevés ą leurs
+  auteurs. (F.)"&mdash;<i>Bulletin des Annonces et des Nouvelles
+  Scientifiques; publié sous la direction de M. le B. de Ferussac. N.</i>
+  4. <i>p.</i> 53.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> See the Sketch Book of G. Crayon,
+  vol. i. p. 130.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> Bulletin des Annonces et des
+  Nouvelles Scientifiques, N. 6. p. 438.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> Donovan's Naturalist's
+  Repository.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> The additional list of synonyms
+  subjoined at the end of this volume almost entirely refer to one or two
+  books which have been subsequently published: the date of 1822, affixed
+  to the seventh volume of Lamarck's <i>H. N. des Animaux sans
+  Vertčbres</i>, is considerably before the time it was issued to the
+  public.</p>
+
+  <p><a name="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> I have applied this term to the
+  oblique descent made by the umbo, towards the basal extremity of the
+  anterior side of bivalves.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by 
+William Swainson
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+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by William Swainson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume III
+       or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
+       Interesting Animals
+
+Author: William Swainson
+
+Release Date: April 18, 2012 [EBook #39477]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied, and
+the captions to the last plate corrected from "CYPROEA" to CYPRAEA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Zoological Illustrations,
+
+OR
+
+ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
+
+OF
+
+NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING
+
+ANIMALS,
+
+SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF
+
+Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,
+
+AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF
+
+CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
+
+MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOL. III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+London:
+
+PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET;
+
+FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;
+AND W. WOOD, STRAND.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1822-3.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In concluding the last volume of these Illustrations, I may be allowed to
+express the satisfaction I feel, at the favourable manner in which the work
+has been received, both in this country and on the continent.
+
+Several objections have been urged, even by sensible writers, against
+miscellaneous works on Zoology. First, that they range over the whole
+animal kingdom, without completing the history of any one tribe. Secondly,
+that their authors, while professing to illustrate only what is new or
+little known, intrude a large proportion of subjects to be found in all the
+common natural histories. And thirdly, that this rapid mode of publishing
+new discoveries, is an infringement on the right, and is detrimental to the
+labours, of those naturalists who direct their attention to one particular
+branch. These objections, however, are not unanswerable; for, in the first
+place, these miscellanies should more properly be considered as graphic
+illustrations, or collections of figures, wherein the efforts of the
+artist, aided by scientific knowledge, are called forth, to complete, by
+his pencil, the more minute and detailed descriptions which should proceed
+from the pen of the monographer. The most perfect works in the science are
+undoubtedly those which unite the labours of both; but, in proportion as
+this perfection is attained, the general utility of such works is
+diminished. They become so enormously expensive, that they are only to be
+seen in universities and princely libraries; for the most part inaccessible
+to the naturalist, and nearly unknown to the public at large. The works of
+Le Vaillant, Desmarest, Vieillot, Ferussac, and several others, published
+in France and Germany, are of this description; and while in one sense they
+have considerably benefitted the science, they have in another proved very
+detrimental to its general diffusion. No sensible naturalist will risk his
+fame, by giving his observations to the world, without knowing what has
+been done by those who have preceded him;--until, in fact, he has proper
+materials to work upon. He knows that these sumptuous authors should be
+consulted; he has not the means of so doing; and he relinquishes his
+purpose in despair. Such has been the result in two or three instances
+which I could mention: and the power of materially extending the bounds of
+science is thus confined to those favoured few, who are so fortunate as to
+possess, or to have the power of consulting, those splendid publications.
+
+The second objection is well grounded; but in whatever degree it may apply
+elsewhere, I trust the following pages will evince my anxiety to render the
+work replete with subjects hitherto unknown or unrecorded; and my own
+collections, in most cases, have given me ample means for examining and
+comparing both the genera and species of nearly all the subjects I have
+attempted to illustrate.
+
+In several instances my opinions will be found to differ from those of many
+celebrated naturalists of the day; but I have endeavoured to put the reader
+in possession of the reasons which have led to the conclusions I have
+adopted. This is but justice towards those who have preceded me, and to the
+great body of naturalists, by whom such questions will ultimately be
+decided. The age is past wherein the _ipse dixit_ of a great name was
+enough to check all inquiries after truth. Assertions must now be proved
+before they are admitted: and those writers who lay before the public
+tribunal of science their facts, their arguments, and their deductions, can
+alone hope to have their opinions generally adopted.
+
+The third and last objection is as new as it is singular; and has been
+urged against Miscellanies in general by an anonymous French writer.[1]
+However an author may feel annoyance or disappointment, that another should
+be the first to publish discoveries, which _he_ fancies belong exclusively
+to himself, he surely has no title to complain. The field of Nature is open
+to the inquiries of all. In her domain there are not yet established any
+_scientific preserves_.[2] If occupation or indolence does not permit _one_
+labourer to make known his discoveries, is _another_ (who perhaps
+unconsciously has been working on the same ground) to hide the knowledge
+_he_ has gained? This is surely a principle at once illiberal and unjust.
+At this time, there is not perhaps a single department of Zoology which is
+not employing the attention of more than one writer. It is to the honour,
+and to the lasting benefit of science, that it should be so: and although a
+great part of the new objects collected during my travels in Europe and
+Brazil have recently been made public by MM. Temminck and Godart, I feel
+rejoiced that this has been done by such distinguished men.
+
+I have been induced to enter (perhaps too fully) into a general defence of
+Zoological miscellanies, from the opinion I entertain of their great
+utility. First, in diffusing a general knowledge, and exciting a taste for
+such pursuits among the great mass of readers; and secondly, as being a
+prompt and interesting channel of communicating new discoveries to the
+scientific world. Their periodical appearances and comparative cheapness
+renders them of easy access to the student; and, if well conducted, they
+unite all that is essential from the pen and the pencil.
+
+Several foreign journals have noticed the appearance of these
+Illustrations, and generally in such terms as to stamp a value on their
+contents. One of these, however,[3] contains several misrepresentations,
+which have doubtless escaped the notice of the editor; and which,
+therefore, it may be as well to explain in this place. The writer in this
+journal, while noticing my Illustrations, seems to have mixed up with it
+criticisms intended for another periodical miscellany,[4] to which this
+has, perhaps, given birth, and which professes to be on a similar plan. He
+states that these Illustrations are to be completed in sixty numbers,
+making five volumes. No such declaration, to my knowledge, has ever been
+made, although such is the averred plan of the Naturalist's Repository. The
+reviewer goes on to state: "Il suit pour l'Entomologie et la Conchologie la
+classification surannee de Linnaeus." This is not a very respectful mode of
+speaking of the labours of the greatest naturalist whom his age produced;
+but the proposition is a total mistake; the charge is refuted by almost
+every page of my work; and, what is rather extraordinary, by the very
+quotations of the reviewer. In reply to the regret expressed, "que l'auteur
+n'indique pas toujours les ouvrages les plus recens," I should have been
+thankful had he subjoined what works these were; as I do not find, in the
+monthly lists of the _Bulletin_, any one which I have not consulted or
+referred to, if connected with the objects here described.[5] M. de
+Ferussac's work has been regularly cited, but his _Prodromus_ I have never
+been able to procure, either in England or Paris.
+
+And here I cannot refrain from adverting to the great number of Zoological
+publications which have appeared in this country during the last three
+years; a number far exceeding in proportion that of any period in the
+annals of the science. Dr. Horsfield has commenced a beautiful work on the
+Animals of Java; and Mr. Sowerby is prosecuting his Genera of Shells with
+much zeal, and with increased ability. Both these appear periodically. They
+are conducted on the modern principles of science, and do credit to their
+authors. The Naturalist's Repository, before alluded to, likewise appears
+monthly, but is carried on according to the Linnaean system, pure and
+unadulterated. All these, however, unite in showing how rapidly the taste
+for such works has increased. Added to these, a new quarterly Journal,
+exclusively devoted to Zoology, has been announced, and, if conducted on
+liberal principles, its utility will be very great.
+
+But nothing, perhaps, has more fully evinced the state of public feeling on
+this point among men of enlightened minds, than the discussions which have
+arisen on the present state of the British Museum. It is a subject on which
+I might be tempted to say much, did I not feel, that among those who do not
+know me, I might be suspected of interested or unworthy motives. But from
+the retirement of a country life, I may now be allowed perhaps to say a few
+words. It is indeed most true, that, in the Zoological department, this
+institution is a full century behind the rest of Europe; I might almost
+add, of America. But the fault is deep-rooted; and does not spring from the
+person (whoever he may be) to whom this overwhelming charge is given. It is
+ridiculous to suppose that the exertions of any one person (however great
+his talents, his zeal, and his assiduity,) are sufficient to discharge the
+duties of so complicated an office. Such a supposition implies the
+expectation of a moral impossibility; and so long as such a Herculean task
+is allotted him, so long will the Museum continue, with little alteration,
+in its present state. Where we have _one_ Zoologist, the museums of Paris,
+Berlin, and Vienna have many; each is charged with the care of one
+particular branch; and, by their united efforts, the whole is displayed to
+the examination of the scientific, and to the view of the public. Each
+professor has thus leisure to prosecute the most important objects of his
+duty; _i. e._ to examine, compare, and describe, to detect analogies, to
+investigate affinities, and to give to the world the fruits of his studies.
+To France more particularly this honour is due. And what has been the
+result? Why, that Paris has become the Zoological university of Europe; and
+that the principles which have emanated from it, are now considered the
+only true ones by which Nature is to be studied.
+
+It is not my object to attach reproach to any body of men collectively, or
+to any one individually; but truth is not to be concealed. Every writer who
+has the advancement of his favourite study at heart, is bound (however
+feebly) to advocate its cause. The truth of the preceding remarks cannot be
+questioned; and it remains with those in power, to consider well, whether
+such a state of things is consistent with the honour and reputation of the
+country; with the justice due to those great men who founded the
+institution; and to the expectations of the public, by whom it is
+supported.
+
+  Warwick, October, 1823.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 120
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA corrugata,
+
+_Wrinkled Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa globosa, corrugata, olivacea; spirae prominentis, acutae,
+    anfractibus ventricosis; aperturae margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato;
+    umbilico parvo, juxta labii interioris mediam posito; operculo
+    testaceo._
+
+    Shell globose, wrinkled, olive; spire prominent, acute, the whorls
+    ventricose; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus
+    small, linear, near the middle of the inner lip; operculum shelly.
+
+    Helix Ampullacea. _Linn. Gmelin_, _p._ 3626.
+
+    Ampullaria rugosa. _Sowerby, Genera of Shells_, _fas._ 4. _fig._ 1. 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The annexed figures of this hitherto undefined species will clearly show
+its distinction from _Amp. globosa_, (pl. 119); and the specific characters
+now framed for these two shells, will, I think, sufficiently distinguish
+them from each other.
+
+In comparison with _A. globosa_, this (even in the young state) is a
+wrinkled, not a smooth shell, having the umbilicus placed near the middle,
+not towards the base, of the inner lip: the spiral whorls are elevated and
+ventricose, not depressed, and slightly convex; and the basal volution,
+instead of being very wide on the upper part, (near the suture,) is widest
+only in the middle. In young shells, the wrinkles and the marginated
+aperture are less defined. When divested of its epidermis, the colour is
+blueish white, with a few narrow bands of obscure purple. A specimen in my
+own collection has the epidermis so thin, that the colours beneath it are
+very conspicuous. The mouth inside is dark chesnut, with blackish bands;
+the margin being pale yellow and slightly reflected. The umbilicus, both in
+this and in _A. globosa_, is small and contracted, while in the real _A.
+rugosa Lam._ (_Helix urceus Lin._) it is very large, round, and deep. This
+latter shell, also, differs from both of the former, by having a thin, and
+not a margined aperture.
+
+Mr. Sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell, which he
+has mistaken for the _A. rugosa_ of Lamarck. I am informed by Mr. Humphreys
+it is a native of India.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 121
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CINNYRIS Javanica,
+
+_Javanese Creeper._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 95.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. supra nitide purpureo-aerata, subtus olivaceo-crocea; scapulis,
+    uropygio, strigaque laterali a rostro ad pectus descendente nitide
+    violaceis; jugulo castaneo; cauda nigra._
+
+    Above glossy metallic purple; beneath olive yellow; scapulars, rump,
+    and lateral stripe from the bill to the breast, shining violet; throat
+    chesnut; tail black.
+
+    Nectarinia Javanica. _Horsfield in Linn. Tran._ _vol._ 13. i. _p._ 167.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the full conviction that nature has defined, in the most complete
+manner, the geographic limits of the various tribes of birds subsisting on
+vegetable juices, I am particularly anxious to rectify any mistakes that
+may shake this hypothesis, in which I find myself supported, in the fullest
+manner, by the opinion of Professor Temminck, in the last edition of his
+_Manuel_.
+
+Dr. Horsfield, in his account of the birds of Java, describes two species
+under the names of _Nectarinia Javanica_ and _Pectoralis_. It happens,
+however, that specimens of both these birds are in my own cabinet, and have
+enabled me to ascertain that they are both decided species of _Cinnyris_,
+perfectly agreeing with the characters laid down by Cuvier, Temminck, and
+myself, for this group. It is difficult to say how this oversight has
+occurred, because Dr. H., just before, introduces the genus _Cinnyris_, and
+describes under it two new species. In short, no doubt remains in my own
+mind, that _Cinnyris_ is a genus as strictly confined to the tropical
+latitudes of the _old_, as _Nectarinia_ is to the _new_ world.
+
+The figure is the size of life; the outline of the bill will illustrate the
+generic characters, of which one of the most important is the nostrils.
+Nothing can exceed the richness and variety of tints with which this
+splendid little creature is ornamented; particularly on the head, which is
+glossed alternately with lilac, sea-green, and violet, and appears as if
+covered with some metallic substance; the blue on the wings, back, and
+edges of the tail is very deep, shining, and glossed with purple; all the
+wing-feathers are edged with olive, and some of the lesser quills with
+chesnut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 122
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA virginea, _var._
+
+_Common Striped Achatina,_ _var. 2 and 3_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa elongata, fasciis numerosis nigris, viridibus et flavis
+    ornata; anfractus basalis latitudine altitudinem superante; apertura
+    rotundata; labio exteriore integro; basi profunde emarginata._
+
+        _Var._ 2. _testa fasciis fuscis ornata; labio interiore albo._
+
+        _Var._ 3. _testa fasciis rufis ornata; labio interiore roseo._
+
+    Shell elongated, with crowded bands of black, green, and yellow; basal
+    volution broader than high; aperture rounded; outer lip entire; base
+    deeply notched.
+
+    Bulla virginea. _Gm._ 3429. _Chemnitz_, 9. _t._ 117. _f._ 1000, 1.
+    _Dill._ 491.
+
+    Bulimus virgineus. _Brug._ _p._ 363.--_Lister_, 15. 10. _Seba_, _t._
+    40. _f._ 38. _Ferrusac_, _pl._ 120. _f._ 3, 4, 5.
+
+        Var. 2. Shell banded with brown; inner lip white. _Ferrusac_, _t._
+        120. _f._ 2.
+
+        Var. 3. Shell banded with rufous; inner lip rosy. _Chemnitz_, 10.
+        173. _f._ 1682, 1683, (_reversed_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The shell generally known as the _Ach. virginea_ (_Bulla virginea Lin._) is
+so common, that few collectors do not possess it. The varieties, however,
+of this species are rare, and differ so remarkably in their colouring, as
+to require illustration. Several kindred species of this family I have
+already described; and on the same principle of establishing specific
+distinctions from formation instead of colour, I shall now endeavour to
+point out those characters which are common, more or less, to all the
+varieties of this species, and which distinguish it from its allies. _A.
+virginea_ may be known by the comparative shortness of the basal whorl,
+which in general is broader than high; the margin of the outer lip is
+entire, and sloping in an oblique direction; the aperture is wide, and
+nearly round; the lower part of the columella takes a concave direction,
+and between its base and that of the outer lip is a very deep notch. The
+basal whorl is so broad that the shell, if placed on a table with its mouth
+downwards, will remain erect.
+
+Both these and the two next varieties are in Mr. Dubois' cabinet. Their
+locality is unknown; but my young friend, Mr. Frederick Parkes, has
+recently sent me shells of the common variety, found by himself near
+Kingston, Jamaica.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 123
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA virginea, _var._ 3 _and_ 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 122.
+
+    _A. virginea, var._ 3. _testa ampliore, albescente, fasciis rufis
+    nigrisque ornata; apertura purpurea; labio interiore albo._
+
+        _Var._ 4. _testa ampliore, alba, fasciis 3 angustis, fuscis ornata;
+        apertura labioque interiore albis; anfractu basali medio
+        subcarinato._
+
+    A. virginea, var. 3. Shell larger, whitish, with rufous and black
+    bands, aperture purple; inner lip white. _Middle figures._
+
+        Var. 4. Shell larger, white, with three narrow brown bands;
+        aperture and inner lip white; basal whorl in the middle slightly
+        carinated. _Upper and lower figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The two varieties of _A. virginea_ on this plate, are still more removed
+from the type of the species than those last figured; they are both much
+larger in size, and var. 4 presents a slight difference of formation, in
+having the basal volution somewhat carinated round the middle; but as in
+every other essential character it agrees with the rest, I have refrained
+from separating it as a distinct species.
+
+The four varieties I have now illustrated of _Ach. virginea_, tend to
+establish, in a very complete manner, the correctness of the principles on
+which I have framed the specific characters of this genus; here are four
+shells, with a total difference in the colouring of each, yet all agreeing
+in the same formation. It should be observed likewise, that _A. pallida_,
+figured at pl. 41 of this work, and _A. virginea_, var. 4, are nearly the
+same in colour, while in formation they are completely at variance. I do
+not think it has been hitherto remarked, that the elegant green lines which
+ornament the common variety, are only _external_; they resemble, in this
+respect, the epidermis of other shells, for they may be taken off by a
+knife without any injury to the enamel. M. Ferrusac has figured several
+other varieties in his beautiful work on Land Shells.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 124
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LICINIA Crisia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 15.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. mas. Alis anticis falcato-acuminatis, fuscis, fascia media
+    margineque postico flavo; posticis infra flavescentibus colore griseo
+    variis, basi maculis 4 fulvis._
+
+    _Fem. Alis infra albentibus colore griseo variis; anticis integris,
+    supra fuscis, fascia media margineque postico albentibus; posticarum
+    basi maculis 4 fulvis._
+
+    _Male._ Anterior wings angulated, brown, with a central band and hind
+    margin yellow; posterior beneath yellowish marbled with grey, base with
+    4 fulvous spots.
+
+    _Female._ Anterior wings entire, above brown, with a central band and
+    hind margin whitish; all the wings beneath whitish marbled with grey;
+    base of the posterior with 4 fulvous spots.
+
+    Pieris Crisia. _Godart. En. Meth._ _p._ 197. _Male._ _Drury_, _v._ 3.
+    _pl._ 37. _f._ 1. 2?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The extraordinary difference existing between the sexes of exotic
+Lepidoptera, and particularly among the Butterflies, (_Papilionidae_ Lin.)
+is a subject which hitherto has received but little attention; nor am I
+aware of any entomological writer who has described those characters which
+absolutely distinguish the sexes: characters which, I am persuaded, will
+hereafter be found of the first importance in a natural arrangement of
+these insects. But in the prosecution of this desirable object, the
+naturalist, as far as regards foreign Lepidoptera, will have to encounter
+serious obstacles; many individuals must be examined of each species, and
+some of these dissected. It falls to the lot of few to pursue their
+inquiries in the native regions of these insects. Collections in this
+country are very few, and some of these are not always open to the
+scientific labourer; neither can specimens be sacrificed for dissection,
+where there are not more than two or three individuals of a species.
+
+This is in general a very rare insect; observed for the first time by Dr.
+Langsdorff and myself early in June (the tropical autumn), in a wood
+adjoining the Organ Mountains at Rio de Janeiro. From its local abundance,
+we were able to ascertain the sexes. The two upper figures are of the
+female, and the lower of the male insect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 125
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Nerius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Alis nigris, fascia communi maculisque viridibus;
+    posticis dentatis breviter caudatis; his subtus fascia subargentea,
+    marginali, nervis divisa._ Godart.
+
+    P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Wings black, with spots and a common band of green;
+    posterior wings dentated, obsoletely tailed, beneath with a silvery
+    marginal band, divided by the nerves.
+
+    P. Nireus. _Fab. Sys. Ent._ 3. _p._ 36. _Godart Ency. Meth._ 9. 1. _p._
+    48. _Drury_ 2. _pl._ 4. _fig._ 1. 2. _Cramer_, _p._ 187. A. B. (_mas._)
+    _pl._ 378. F. G. (_fem._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have figured this insect, principally because it will fully illustrate
+the first section (_a._) in the arrangement of this beautiful family
+proposed at plate 92. The two divisions there adopted, after the manner of
+Linnaeus, (_Graeci_ et _Trojani_) I am fully aware, are purely artificial;
+but the facility this distribution will give to the student, in searching
+after a particular species, is so obvious, that it need hardly be pointed
+out.
+
+I have only had the opportunity of examining the individual from which the
+figure was taken. It is a male, having the anal valves rather lengthened
+and obtuse, with a small hook between them, which projects from the last
+segment of the abdomen. This circumstance proves the error of Cramer, in
+having mistaken the sexes of this species, both of which he seems to have
+figured. That which I apprehend is the female (Cramer, pl. 378, fig. F. G.)
+I have not myself seen. The blue-green on the upper surface of the wings is
+very resplendent and changeable, and the palpi and thorax beneath are
+covered with numerous whitish spots.
+
+On the under side of the inferior wings, near their base, is a paler band,
+rayed with the nerves, and in some lights shining with a pale silvery
+reflection.
+
+Mr. Smeathman sent this species from Sierra Leone, in Africa, to Mr. Drury.
+The locality, therefore, of India, given by Linnaeus and Fabricius, must be
+incorrect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 126
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS vitulinus, _var._
+
+_Orange Fox Cone_,_Brown-tipp'd variety._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa fulva seu fusca, fasciis 2 interruptis ornata; spirae brevis,
+    levatae, conicae, maculatae anfractibus concavis, subgranose striatis;
+    basi granosa, alba._
+
+        _Var. testa flavescente, fasciis obscuris, subalbidis ornata; basi
+        rufa. (Fig. nos.)_
+
+    Shell fulvous or brown, with 2 interrupted white bands; spire short,
+    elevated, conic, spotted, volutions concave with subgranulated striae;
+    base granulated, white.
+
+    Conus vitulinus. _Brug._ _p._ 648. _Lamarck. Ann._ 15. _p._ 265.
+    _Knorr._ _vol._ 5. _tab._ 1. _fig._ 4 (_optime_). _Dillwyn_ 377.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 467. 55.
+
+        Var. Shell yellowish, with obscure whitish bands; the base rufous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I received this very uncommon shell from the Island of Amboyna; and
+although in size and colour it is widely different from the usual
+appearance of _C. vitulinus_, I have no hesitation in considering it as a
+remarkable variety only of that species.
+
+_C. vitulinus_ in general is a small shell. The best representation of it I
+have seen is given by Knorr; an author not in general very accurate in his
+figures. It varies considerably in colour, and approaches very near to _C.
+vulpinus Lam._ from which it principally differs in having an elevated,
+though short, spire, instead of one nearly flat: the base is granulated,
+and generally white; _C. vulpinus_ also has the body whorl carinated and
+thickest round the upper margin, whereas, in _Vitulinus_, it is gently
+swelled in the middle.
+
+M. Lamarck is, I think, mistaken in the synonyms of this shell, which is
+represented in the _Ency. Meth._ plate 326, fig. 2 and 4.. The shell at
+fig. 8. appears to me as the granulated variety of _C. vulpinus_.
+
+Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 127
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Maldivus,
+
+_Spanish Admiral Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa laevi, postice gracili ferruginea, maculis albis subtrigonis,
+    cingulisque numerosis fuscis, albo punctatis, ornata; basi nigra;
+    spirae brevis apice acuto, anfractibus laevibus, planis._
+
+    Shell smooth, posterior end slender, ferruginous, with angular white
+    spots, and white bands dotted with brown; base black; spire short, tip
+    acute, the whorls smooth and flat.
+
+    C. Maldivus. _Brug._ (1789.) _p._ 644. _Lam. Ann._ _v._ 15. _p._ 264.
+
+    C. Jaspideus. _Humphreys in Mus. Cal._ (1797) _p._ 12. _No._ 185.
+
+    Conus Generalis. _Var._ B. _Dillwyn._ 539. 11.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 465. 50.
+
+        Var. 1. Band in the middle narrow; _upper figure_. _Ency. Meth._
+        pl. 325. fig. 6.
+
+        Var. 2. Band broader; _lower figure_.
+
+        Var. 3. Band very broad, with dotted transverse lines; _middle
+        figure_.
+
+    _Seba._ _pl._ 54. _fig._ 11. 12. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 325. _fig._ 5. 7.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The general similarity existing between the Spanish Admiral, and two other
+cones, figured in this work, I have before alluded to; it has been placed
+by the Linnaean writers as a variety of _C. Generalis_, from which,
+however, it invariably differs, in being a much thicker shell, with a
+shorter spire, and the whorls without any concavity. The colour of the two
+species varies considerably in different individuals, but _C. Maldivus_ is
+always destitute of the dark brown longitudinal stripes at the top of the
+body whorl, peculiar to _C. Generalis_; the white bands are either broken
+into somewhat triangular spots, or are banded with minute dots; these
+triangular white spots are sometimes scattered in other parts of the shell,
+and the white band in the middle varies much in breadth; of all the
+varieties I have yet seen, the middle figure is that which makes the
+nearest approach to _C. Generalis_.
+
+The very applicable name given to this shell by Mr. Humphreys, in the
+_Museum Calonnianum_, I should have adopted, had not Bruguiere previously
+affixed to it that of _Maldivus_, as being a native of the Maldivian
+Islands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 128
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Maldivus, _var._
+
+_Spanish Admiral Cone_,_Chesnut variety._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 127.
+
+    Conus Maldivus. Var. B. _testa castanea, fascia albescente media
+    angusta ornata; anfractus basalis basi et margine albis._
+
+    _Var. B._ Chesnut, with a narrow whitish band in the middle; base and
+    margin of the body whorl white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As a further illustration of the last plate, I have been induced to figure
+this very rare variety, from a specimen I met with at Mrs. Mawe's. In the
+disposition of its markings, it approaches near to the shell represented in
+the _Ency. Meth._ _plate_ 325, _f._ 6, but the white band in the middle is
+narrower, and quite destitute of the circular dotted lines there expressed.
+
+No shells require a greater accuracy of delineation than the Cones,
+particularly in expressing the peculiarity in the form and sculpture of
+their spires. I am well persuaded that a great number of the mistakes
+committed by authors have originated in the wretched figures contained in
+Favanne's work, and in the early volumes of Martini. Those of Favanne are
+generally so loose and inaccurate, (although remarkably well engraved,)
+that I do not wish, by quoting, to make them any authority; and most of the
+Cones figured by Martini are equally bad.
+
+Bruguiere and Lamarck have both given the character of _spira canaliculata_
+to this species, which is altogether a mistake. The spiral whorls are all
+_but_ perfectly flat, and the suture is quite closed up, although sometimes
+uneven; originating, as in many other shells, either from the inequalities
+of growth, or from an accidental sea-break, which the animal may have
+repaired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 129
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MELLIPHAGA torquata,
+
+_White-collared Honeysucker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 43.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. olivaceo-fulva, infra alba; capite auribusque nigris; torque
+    nuchali lunato, albo; superciliorum cute rubra._
+
+    Fulvous olive, beneath white; head and ears black; nape with a white
+    crescent, skin of the eyebrows red.
+
+    Black-crowned Honeysucker. _Lewin's Birds of N. Holland_, _pl._ 24.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An elegant, though not a richly coloured bird; remarkable for the bright
+red of the skin above the eyes, and the milk-white collar at the back of
+the head. It is from New Holland, and, like others of its tribe, derives
+its nourishment chiefly from the nectar of flowers; as more particularly
+mentioned in my first observations on this genus at pl. 43.
+
+The figure is of the natural size: excepting the crown and sides of the
+head (which are deep black), the whole upper plumage is olive yellow: the
+shoulders, quills, and tail brown; the two latter margined with olive, but
+the exterior quills with white: the throat, breast, and collar round the
+nape pure white; skin of the eyebrows red.
+
+The Lunated Creeper of Dr. Shaw (_Le Fuscalben of Vieillot, Certh._ _pl._
+61. _p._ 122.) is, I apprehend, a distinct species. It is described as
+being _cinnamon brown_ above, with a bright red spot of _feathers behind_
+the eye. In the temperate climate of New Holland, that variation from the
+usual colouring of particular species, so frequent in tropical birds, is
+seldom met with; neither can these two birds be sexes of one species,
+because Lewin, who wrote on the spot, particularly remarks that the female
+of this is like the male; he further adds, it is found near Paramatta, and
+the Hawkesbury river, in thick bushy woods.
+
+Lewin's figure is so excellent, that I should not again have represented
+this bird, had not the plate been prepared previous to the publication of
+his work. The outline figure of the bill will show more clearly the
+uncommon length of the nostrils, a character which is peculiar to this
+genus.
+
+Pl. 130
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Pl. 131
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. viridi-aureus, subtus canus; remigum primorum (in maribus) scapis
+    dilatato-incurvatis; rectricium pennis 4 mediis viridibus apice nigro,
+    lateralibus albis basi nigra; rostro vix recto._
+
+    Golden green, beneath grey; greater quills (in the male) with the
+    shafts dilated and incurved. Four middle tail-feathers green tipped
+    with black, lateral feathers white with a black base; bill nearly
+    straight.
+
+    T. latipennis. _Lath. In. Orn._ 1. _p._ 310. _Gen. Zool._ 8. 1. 318.
+
+    T. campylopterus. _Gm. Sys. Nat._ 499. _n._ 65.
+
+    L'O. mouche a larges tuyaux. _Vieillot Ois. D'or._ _p._ 21. _p._ 59.
+
+    Broad-shafted H. Bird. _Lath. Syn._ _v._ 2. _p._ 765. _Gen. Zool._ 8.
+    318.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The opinion I expressed on the unusual formation of the wings in two
+species of Humming-birds, figured at pl. 83 and 107, appears to receive the
+fullest confirmation from the birds here represented. One of these (pl.
+131) is clearly the _T. latipennis_, or Broad-shafted Humming-bird of
+authors; while the other presents not the slightest difference except in
+the shafts of the quills, which, instead of being thickened and dilated,
+are of the ordinary size.
+
+Not having myself dissected these birds, I cannot decidedly say they are
+male and female; but I think no reasonable doubt can remain that such is
+the fact, and that these singular quill-feathers are characteristic only of
+the male sex.
+
+Both the birds are represented the size of life, and may be included in one
+description: the upper plumage obscure blueish green, glossed with a
+coppery or golden tinge and shaded with brown, the plumage beneath entirely
+grey; ears and sides of the neck the same, the latter with some spots of
+greenish. Tail large, even, and broad; the two middle feathers green, tipt
+(in the male) with blackish; the next pair black, with the base green, and
+the extreme points whitish; the remainder black, with their ends more or
+less white. Wings violet brown, the shafts of the three outer quills, in
+the male, dilated and compressed, but simple in the female. Said to inhabit
+Cayenne. Although the bill of this species is all but straight, it belongs
+naturally to the curved-bill division.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 132
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MACROGLOSSUM annulosum,
+
+_Upper figure_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 64.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. alis nigris, anticis fasciis 2 hyaline maculatis ornatis; abdominis
+    nigri, segmento tertio niveo._
+
+    Wings black, anterior with two bands of hyaline spots; abdomen black,
+    the third segment snowy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An elegant insect; so closely allied to _Sphinx Tantalus, Lin._ (_Drury_,
+_v._ 1. _pl._ 26. _f._ 5.) as to excite a doubt if it should be considered
+as a separate species. Drury's figure and description, however, of that
+insect, induce me to think they are most probably distinct. _S. Tantalus_
+is without the two bands of hyaline spots, and is much smaller in size.
+
+In this insect are three small, white, snowy dots, on the sides of the
+lower segments of the abdomen, and the same beneath: the anal segment is
+grey; with the margin, and spot in the middle, black. Inhabits Brazil, but
+is a rare insect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MACROGLOSSUM fasciatum,
+
+_Lower figure._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _M. alis nigricantibus, anticis fusco variis, posticis striga
+    aurantiaca centrali ornatis; thorace grisea; corporis lateribus,
+    maculis aurantiacis, nigris et pallide fulvis insignibus; antennis
+    gracilibus; unco producto._
+
+    Wings blackish, anterior variegated with brown, posterior with a
+    central orange stripe; thorax grey, sides of the body with orange,
+    black, and pale yellow spots; antennae slender, hook lengthened.
+
+    Sphinx ceculus. _Cramer_, _pl._ 146. _f._ G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is another Brazilian species, much more frequent than the last. In
+Cramer, at pl. 146, g. is figured an insect under the name of _Ceculus_,
+which no author appears to have quoted; but which (miserably inaccurate as
+it is), I have no doubt the artist intended as a representation of this
+insect; particularly as Cramer's description, though short, is very
+applicable. The colours beneath are uniform dark brown; the thorax, legs,
+and base of the wings, whitish; near the exterior margin of the superior
+wings is a small white dot, and two others on each side of the middle
+segments of the body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 133
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THECLA Macaria,
+
+_Chesnut-spotted Hair-Streak._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 69.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis supra fuscis; anticis ad basin caeruleis, infra ferrugineis,
+    punctis 2 mediis nigris ornatis; posticis infra castaneis, antice
+    pallidioribus, maculo nigro ad basin ornatis._
+
+    Wings above brown; anterior blue at the base, beneath ferruginous, with
+    two central black spots; posterior beneath chesnut, paler on the fore
+    part, with a black spot near the base.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have selected this insect as one of the rarest among a vast number of
+species of this elegant tribe, collected during my travels in Brazil. Two
+specimens of the male, and one of the female insect, were captured in the
+woods near Pernambuco, in lat. 8deg 12' S.
+
+The male insects, in the majority of the _Hair-Streaks_, have either a
+velvet or eye-like spot in the middle of the anterior wings, adjoining
+their outer margin; these spots are without lustre, and frequently appear
+as if caused by being rubbed: the colours, likewise, on the upper surface
+of the wings in the males, generally differ from those of the females.
+
+Wings brown; anterior, with the half next the base blue; central spot
+blackish, enclosing an obscure eye-like spot margined with grey, the pupil
+black with a white dot. Posterior wings two-tailed; exterior tail very
+short, interior lengthened; anal angle two-lobed, margin whitish. Anterior
+wings beneath, pale chesnut brown, tips chesnut; in the middle are two
+black dots, one of which is small; above these are three others, which form
+a short transverse line united to the margin. Posterior wings beneath, dark
+chesnut; with two central blackish dots in the middle; below are two
+undulated brown lines, parallel to the posterior margin; the anterior
+margin pale, with a large black dot near the base; anal angle, clouded with
+grey and tipt with a black spot: another spot is also at the base of the
+exterior tail. In the female, all the wings above are brown, with a pale
+blue base; but the under surface, except in being paler, resembles that of
+the male.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 134
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS exustus,
+
+_Burnt, or Purple-mouthed Strombus_--(_Upper figure_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testa nodosa; labio interiore albo, laevi; labii exterioris
+    inflexi, supra sinuati, intus purpureo-atri, striati; lobo basali
+    edentulo._
+
+    Shell nodulous; inner lip smooth, whitish; outer lip inflected, above
+    sinuated, within striated, blackish purple; basal lobe not toothed.
+
+    _Young._ S. papilio. _Chem._ x. _t._ 158. _f._ 1510, 11. _Dillw._ 661.
+    120. 11.
+
+    _Adult._ Strombus exustus. _Humphreys in Mus. Cal._ _p._ 38. _n._ 714.
+
+    S. lentiginosus. _Martini_, iii. _t._ 80. _f._ 825, 826. _Gmelin._
+    3510. (_var._ [beta].) _Dillwyn._ 660.
+
+    _Seba_, _t._ 52. _f._ 17. 18. _Knorr._ 3. _t._ 26. _f._ 2. 3?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Specimens now before me prove that the _S. papilio_ of Chemnitz is a young
+shell of _S. exustus_, a species named by Mr. Humphreys in the Calonne
+Catalogue, and described in his own manuscripts. In a young state, the
+aperture is smooth and nearly white, but when full grown, the outer lip is
+strongly striated, and the aperture reddish purple, dark red, or reddish
+chesnut: the outer lip is but slightly sinuated above, and the basal lobe
+never toothed, as in the next species. Inhabits the island of Haynam, in
+the East Indies, and is very rare.
+
+Described by Lamarck (_Syst._ 7. _p._ 211) under the name of _S. Papilio_.
+The first of these names, however, has the right of priority. (See _Mus.
+Cal._ 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly
+represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for _S.
+lentiginosus_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS lentiginosus,
+
+_Tuberculated Strombus_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _S. testa nodosa; labii exterioris supra rotundati ad spiram annexi,
+    profunde bilobati, margine crasso inflexo, sub-nodoso; lobo basali
+    dentato; apertura laevi._
+
+    Shell nodulous, outer lip above rounded, attached to the spire, deeply
+    bilobated, margin thick, inflexed, slightly nodulous; basal lobe
+    toothed; aperture smooth.
+
+    _Young._ _Seba_, _t._ 62. _f._ 37. 40. _optime_. _Martini_, 3. _t._ 89.
+    _f._ 871. _t._ 91. _f._ 891. 892? _Lister_, 893. 12?
+
+    _Adult._ S. lentiginosus. _Gmelin_, 3510. _Dillwyn._ 660. _Martini_, 3.
+    _t._ 81. _f._ 827, 828.
+
+    _Seba_, 62. _f._ 11. 30. (_optime_.) _Lister_, 861. 18. _Gualt._ 32.
+    _f._ A.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 203. _Knorr_, 3. _tab._ 13, _f._ 2. Lamarck has
+    omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of
+    this and the following species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This common shell requires little description, and is only introduced to
+contrast more fully the difference between these two species: the upper
+part of the lip has two deep notches, which form three prominent lobes; the
+basal lobe is toothed, similar to the _Pterocerae_: the aperture (in those
+shells from the East Indies) is light pink inside. A large and fine variety
+comes from the Mauritia islands, having the mouth within pale golden
+yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 135
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS tricornis,
+
+_Horned Strombus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testa ponderosa, nodis longitudinaliter compressis armata; labio
+    exteriore inflexo, margine crasso, supra attenuato et ultra spiram
+    producto; canali truncato._
+
+    Shell ponderous, with longitudinally compressed nodules; outer lip
+    inflexed, the margin thick, above attenuated and produced beyond the
+    spire; channel truncated.
+
+    _In young stages of growth._
+
+    _Seba_, _pl._ 62. _f._ 36, 10. _Martini_ 3. _tab._ 91. _f._ 890. _tab._
+    85. _f._ 847.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 201.
+
+        Var. A. Shell whitish, outer lip much produced. _Upper figure._
+        _Martini_, _vol._ 3. _tab._ 84. _f._ 844, 845. _Sw. Ex. Conch._
+        _part_ 4.
+
+        Var. B. Shell varied with chesnut, outer lip shorter. _Lower
+        figure._ _Ency. Meth._ _t._ 408. _f._ 1. _t._ 409. _f._ 2.
+        _Martini_, 3. _tab._ 84. _f._ 843. _Lister_, 871. _f._ 25. 873.
+        _f._ 29.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Martini was the first conchological writer who separated this species from
+the _Strombus Gallus_ of Linnaeus; under which name are included three
+shells, so remarkably different from each other, that they hardly possess a
+single character in common.
+
+The original name of Linnaeus I have retained to that species figured by
+_Seba_, _tab._ 62. _fig._ 1 and 2, and by myself in _Exotic Conchology_,
+_Part_ 4.
+
+_Strombus tricornis_, although figured, has never yet, I believe, been
+defined.
+
+Two varieties of this shell are met with; one having the attenuated process
+of the lip much produced, the margins folded inward, and the tip somewhat
+spatulate, or spoon-shaped: the colour of this variety is generally white,
+slightly varigated with brown stripes or irregular spots. A very fine
+specimen of this variety, having these characters remarkably developed, is
+in my own cabinet, and is figured in _Exotic Conchology_, part 4. The
+second variety has the process of the lip shorter, and the margins not
+folded; the colour usually brownish, richly clouded and variegated with
+chesnut; the aperture within is tinged with pale red or rosy; but that of
+the other variety is pure white. I believe this species inhabits the coasts
+of America; it is a heavy shell, and sometimes measures seven inches in
+extreme length.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 136
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA crassa,
+
+__Thick Apple Snail_,__Upper and lower figures_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa globosa, laevi, (sub epidermide) alba, fasciis fuscis ornata;
+    spirae levatae apice obtuso; aperturae margine albo, crasso; umbilico
+    caret._
+
+    Shell globose, smooth, beneath the epidermis white with brown bands;
+    spire elevated, tip obtuse; margin of the aperture thick, white;
+    umbilicus none.
+
+    _Martini_ 9. _t._ 128. _f._ 1135.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A distinct species, well characterised by the absence of the umbilicus, the
+situation of which is indicated only by a slight depression: the margin of
+the aperture all round is thickened, and white; but, from no groove being
+discernible, I suspect the operculum may be horny. The only specimen I
+have, is divested of the epidermis; it is obviously an old shell; and
+appears to agree with the figure of Martini, also taken from an uncoated
+specimen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMPULLARIA oblonga,
+
+_Oblong Apple Snail_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _A. testa oblonga, laevi, tenui, fusca; spira levata, crassa, obtusa;
+    aperturae elongatae basi contracta; umbilico vix obsoleto._
+
+    Shell oblong, smooth, thin, brown; spire elevated, thick, obtuse;
+    aperture lengthened, base contracted; umbilicus nearly obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A rare, and undescribed shell, presenting a singular deviation from the
+general globose form of the _Ampullariae_. The inner lip is wanting on the
+upper part of the aperture, and on the lower is thin, white, and reflected
+over the umbilicus, which is nearly obsolete.
+
+Both these shells were in the late Mrs. Bligh's collection, without any
+_habitat_ being affixed to them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 137
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Polybius.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. alis nigris; anticis maculo albo centrali; posticis
+    dentato-caudatis maculo rubro centrali nervis diviso; abdomine striga
+    laterali; thorace punctis flavis subtus, ornatis._
+
+    P. (_Tr. caud._) wings black; anterior with a central spot of white;
+    posterior dentated and tailed, with a central red spot, divided by the
+    nerves; stripe on each side the abdomen and spots on the thorax
+    beneath, yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An insect neither described nor figured by any author. To my liberal
+friend, Dr. Langsdorff, I am indebted for the two specimens in my own
+cabinet, collected by himself in the interior of Minas Geraes, or the
+Diamond district of Brazil. I am not aware of the insect having been found
+in any other part of that vast country.
+
+An unusual character is presented in this species, alone sufficient to
+distinguish it from any other contained in the division to which it
+belongs. This consists in the thorax beneath being spotted with yellow, and
+the body, on each side of the under surface, having a narrow yellow stripe;
+the basal margin of the inferior wings is also yellow. Strictly speaking,
+these yellow spots would remove it from the section _Trojani_, but it would
+then be improperly separated from _P. Lysithous_, _Agavus_, and others to
+which it is, in every respect, closely allied.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 138
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MALURUS garrulus,
+
+_Noisy Soft-tail Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum validius, breve, totum valde compressum, altius quam latius,
+    culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem aliquando
+    emarginatum, vix incurvo. Nares basales membrana tectae, apertura
+    laterali. Alae brevissimae, rotundatae, remigum 3 primorum longitudine
+    proximorum 4 longitudinem superante. Cauda plerumque longa, cuneata,
+    radiis mollibus, decompositis. Pedes validi, digito exteriore ad digiti
+    medii basin annexo. Hallux validus._
+
+    _Ob. Rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructa._ Tem.
+
+    Bill rather strong, short, much compressed its whole length, higher
+    than broad, the ridge prominent, dividing the frontal feathers, and
+    bent at the tip, which is sometimes notched. Nostrils basal, covered by
+    a membrane, the aperture lateral. Wings very short, rounded, the three
+    first quills shorter than the four next. Tail generally long, cuneated,
+    the radii soft and decomposed. Legs strong; the outer toe connected to
+    the base of the middle toe. Hind claw strong.
+
+    Ob. Base of the bill with setaceous hairs. _Temminck._
+
+    Generic Types--Turdus brachypterus. _Lath._ Le Fluteur. _Vail. Ois.
+    d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2. Le Capolier. _Do._ _pl._ 129. _pl._ 130.
+    _f._ 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. fuscus, infra albescentibus; plumis frontalibus rigidis,
+    acuminatis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus; cauda
+    mediocri, rotundata._
+
+    M. brown, beneath whitish, feathers on the front of the head rigid,
+    pointed, and rufous; lines before and behind the eye whitish: tail
+    moderate, rounded.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The colours of this bird are altogether plain; but it is remarkable for its
+very singular nest, which is so large, as to form a feature in the woodland
+scenery of Bahia, the only part of Brazil where I observed it: the nest is
+built in low trees, formed externally of dried sticks, without any
+neatness, and is usually three or four feet long, resembling at a distance
+a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by accident: sometimes
+two of these nests appear as if joined together, and there is an opening on
+the side, besides one at the top. The sexes are generally seen near the
+nest, uttering a shrill, incessant, monotonous chirp, particularly in the
+morning and evening. I never could bring myself to tear one of their nests
+to pieces, merely to see its construction.
+
+All the birds of this genus are stated by Professor Temminck to be natives
+either of the old world, or of the southern hemisphere; but the
+observations I have made, lead me to think otherwise. Two of the generic
+types M. Temminck has given, are the same as those I have selected; these
+birds are now before me; the other (_Le Capolier_,) is so like the species
+here figured, that (judging from Le Vaillant's plate) they might easily
+pass for the same bird. Two other species, with characters perfectly
+resembling _M. garrulus_, are likewise found in Brazil.
+
+From a consideration, therefore, of the affinities and habits of these
+birds, I conceive they may constitute a very natural genus, closely allied
+to _Sylvia_, having very compressed bills, short wings, russet coloured
+plumage, with soft and generally long tails, and building rather large and
+cylindrical nests. On the other hand, if the whole of the birds mentioned
+by P. Temminck are retained in the genus, I apprehend it will become
+entirely artificial; inasmuch as it will include not only the birds above
+mentioned, but the _Motacilla superba_, and a large non-descript bird from
+New Holland, the size of a thrush, which in habit, though not in
+characters, resembles a shrike.
+
+M. Vieillot first proposed this genus, but his definition is so short and
+obscure, that little can be gained from it.
+
+The slight sketch in the distance, introduced in the plate, will give some
+idea of the singular nest of this bird.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 139
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SYLVIA plumbea,
+
+_Grey-backed Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostri recti, tenuis, basi altiore quam latiore, mandibula superiori
+    aliquando emarginata, inferiori recta. Nares basales, laterales,
+    membrana partim tectae. Crura longiora digito medio, qui digito
+    exteriori ad basin annectitur. Ungue posteriore mediocri, digito
+    posteriore breviore et arcuato. Remigum pinna prima brevissima
+    aliquando caret. Tectrices remigibus multo breviores._ Temm.
+
+    Bill straight, slender, base higher than broad; superior mandible
+    sometimes notched, the inferior straight. Nostrils basal, lateral,
+    partly covered by a membrane. Legs longer than the middle toe, which is
+    united to the exterior toe at the base; hinder claw moderate, shorter
+    than the toe, and curved. Wings; the first quill very short, or
+    wanting, greater covers much shorter than the quills. _Temminck._
+
+    Generic Types--_Turdus arundinaceus._ Lath. _Sylvia locustella._
+    _Luscinia._ _Trochilus._ _Regulus._ (Temminck.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. caeruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo; tectricium apicibus
+    albis._
+
+    Blue grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-covers tipt with
+    white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is an elegance of shape, and a harmony of colouring, in the Warblers,
+that render these delicate little birds very interesting. The species are
+exceedingly numerous, and are spread over most parts of the world; several
+abound in our own woods and hedges, and the "sacred bird" of our childhood,
+the Robin Redbreast, is among the number. That now before us is a native of
+Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr. Leadbeater; I never met with it
+myself. The first quill feather is hardly shorter than the three next,
+which are all of equal length; the tail-feathers are even, and rather
+pointed; their colour black, margined with grey; the two outer with a white
+spot on the inner web; the under wing and tail-covers white.
+
+I have made no material alteration in Prof. Temminck's definition of this
+overgrown genus, being convinced it might lead to confusion, while the
+generality of the birds composing it remain so little known.
+
+This bird greatly resembles the female of _S. pusilla_ of Wilson
+(yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden
+yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird:
+the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description
+of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as he
+only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson and
+Vieillot say there are two.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 140
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TROGLODYTES rectirostris,
+
+_Straight-billed Wren._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Troglodytes. _Ray._ _Cuvier._ _Vieillot._ Sylvia. _Latham._ _Temminck._
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _Rostrum curvatum, raro rectum, lateribus compressis; apice vix
+    emarginato. Nares basales. Alae brevissimae, rotundatae, remigum
+    majorum 3 exteriorum longitudine quartae longitudinem superante,
+    caeteris paribus et vix remigibus minoribus longioribus. Rectrices
+    breves, fasciculatae, erectae. Hallux digito medio brevior. Plumae
+    fuscae._
+
+    Bill curved; rarely straight, the sides compressed, the tip slightly
+    notched. Nostrils basal. Wings remarkably short, rounded, the three
+    exterior greater quills shorter than the fourth; the remainder of equal
+    length, and hardly longer than the lesser quills. Tail-feathers weak,
+    short, fasciculated, and generally carried erect. Hind toe shorter than
+    the middle toe. Plumage brown.
+
+    Generic Types _Motacillae troglodytes et furva._ Gm. _Certhiae
+    familiaris, palustris, et Caroliniana._ Wilson, _Am. Orn._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. fuscus, jugulo pectoreque pallidioribus; mento nigricante; corpore
+    medio niveo; rectricibus angustis, nigris; mandibulae superiore apice
+    adunco._
+
+    Brown; throat and breast paler; chin blackish, middle of the body
+    snowy, feathers of the tail black and narrow; tip of the upper mandible
+    hooked.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This singular little bird agrees more in its general character with
+_Troglodytes_, than with any other established genus; yet with this its
+similitude is but slight. Anxious, nevertheless, to avoid what might
+hereafter prove an unnecessary innovation, I have placed it with the Wrens,
+under the distinguishing name of _rectirostris_; although I am more
+inclined to think it constitutes a distinct genus.
+
+_Troglodytis_, originally instituted as a genus by our illustrious
+countryman Ray, has been adopted both by M.M. Cuvier and Vieillot.
+Professor Temminck, on the contrary, has included it with _Sylvia_; an
+immense genus, already burthened with more species than are rightly
+understood, or that really belong to it.
+
+Figure the natural size. Bill straight, triangular at the base, the sides
+compressed, tip of the upper mandible bent down and notched; nostrils
+large, lengthened, covered by a membrane, which (except at the base,) is
+naked; the aperture terminal, near the edge of the bill, narrow, and
+oblong: the feathers on the rump and flanks remarkably long; the three fore
+toes slender, and all connected at their base as far as the first joint:
+tail even, and longer than the generality of Wrens, the feathers very
+narrow, weak, and deep black. Plumage above light or reddish brown; sides
+of the head, neck, breast, and body, the same, but tinged with fulvous; the
+chin and upper part of the throat blackish, but the margin of the feathers
+partly white: lower part of the throat and breast dusky: middle of the body
+pure white; under wing covers, inside margin of the quills, and edge of the
+shoulders, white.
+
+Mr. Leadbeater favoured me with this bird, which he received from Brazil.
+
+The comparative length of the bill in this genus, (leaving the present bird
+out of consideration,) offers no generic distinction, because it varies
+greatly in different species. Some of those found in Brazil have the bill
+nearly double the length of the common European Wren.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 141
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS chryseurus,
+
+_Golden-tailed Parrot._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. nitide viridis; fronte genisque fulvo colore tinctis; rectricium
+    brevium, parium, pennis mediis viridibus, caeteris aureis, omnium
+    apicibus nigris._
+
+    Shining green; front and sides of the head tinged with fulvous; tail
+    short, even, tipt with black, the two middle feathers green, the rest
+    golden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I was fortunate in procuring both sexes of this very rare bird in the
+vicinity of Pernambuco, being the only individuals I ever met with in
+Brazil: they appeared as if tired from a long flight, which led me to
+suppose they had migrated from the interior towards the coast. I do not
+find the species noticed by any writer, nor have I seen it in any
+collection.
+
+The total length is six inches and a half; the plumage generally of a rich
+emerald green, rather obscure on the top and sides of the head, but very
+bright on the back and rump, where it is tinged with blue; the feathers
+round the base of the bill, front, and sides of the head, are tinged with
+buff colour; the scapulary feathers (protecting the base of the wings and
+lesser quills) are chocolate brown, the quills themselves black, margined
+externally with green and internally with olive. The most beautiful part of
+the bird is the tail, which is short and even, each feather having the tips
+margined by a narrow line of black, the middle pair being green, and all
+the rest of a rich golden yellow colour; the under plumage and wing covers
+are nearly of as deep a green as the wings, but on the flanks there is a
+tinge of olive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 142
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NECTARINIA flaveola, _var._
+
+_Yellow-bellied Nectarinia._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 117.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _N. nigricans, infra flava; mento, superciliis rectriciumque trium
+    exteriarum apicibus, albis; fascia uropygiali olivacea._
+
+    Blackish brown; beneath yellow; chin, eyebrows, and tips of the three
+    outer tail-feathers white; band on the rump olive.
+
+    Certhia flaveola. _Gmelin_, 479. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ _v._ 1. _p._ 297.
+    _Gen. Zool._ _v._ 8. _p._ 248. _Turton_, _p._ 297.
+
+    Certhia, _No._ 33. _Brisson. Orn._ _v._ 6. _App._ _p._ 117. _Syn._ 2.
+    _p._ 19.
+
+    Black and yellow Creeper. _Edwards_, _pl._ 122. _pl._ 362. _Lath. Syn._
+    _v._ 2. _p._ 737. _Gen. Zool._ _v._ 8. _p._ 248. _Turton._ _p._ 297.
+
+    Le Guit-Guit Sucrier. _Vieill. Ois. Dor. Certh._ _pl._ 51. _p._ 102.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This pretty little bird, under different varieties of plumage, appears to
+be scattered over the greatest part of tropical America, and is one of the
+most common of its tribe. The best, and indeed the only detailed account of
+its economy, is given by M. Vieillot; who remarks, that its nest is
+suspended on the tops of those tall climbing plants, which, in those
+countries, form a matting over the most lofty trees: the entrance to the
+nest is at the bottom; the interior is divided into two compartments, in
+one of which only the young are contained. It feeds both on small insects,
+and the nectar of flowers. All the above synonyms refer to the different
+varieties authors have enumerated of this species. Most of these have a
+white spot at the base of the exterior quills; others vary in having the
+throat entirely black; and some again have a yellow rump; but none of these
+agree with the variety here figured, which I believe came from Trinidad.
+Probably a more perfect knowledge of these supposed varieties will show
+they contain two or three distinct species.
+
+Notwithstanding the shortness of the bill, this is a decided _Nectarinia_,
+according to a natural, but not an artificial arrangement. It forms, in
+some degree, a passage from the shining coloured _Nectariniae_ of America,
+to the short-billed _Melliphagae_ of the southern hemisphere. On a future
+occasion I shall offer more detailed observations on the genus _Dicaeum_ of
+Cuvier.
+
+The figure is the size of life; and, with the specific character, renders a
+further description unnecessary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 143
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA sordida,
+
+_Brown Apple Snail_ _f. 1. 2._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa globosa, ferruginea, lineis transversis subcarinatis
+    instructa aperturae margine tenui; umbilico magno; operculo corneo?_
+
+    Shell globose, ferruginous, with obsolete transverse subcarinated
+    lines; margin of the aperture thin; umbilicus large; operculum horny?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The only species of _Ampullaria_ with which this may be confounded is _A.
+fasciata_, p. 103, in comparison with which it is a more globose shell, the
+aperture narrower, and the spire more obtuse; the umbilicus is larger,
+round, and not contracted; the suture is not sunk, the shell is not banded
+with coloured lines, nor is the surface smooth; on the contrary, it is
+marked with transverse, obscurely carinated lines; while the shell is
+uniform brown, the aperture within is white, margined with brown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMPULLARIA puncticulata
+
+_Oval, punctured Apple Snail_
+
+    _A. testa ovata, subtilissime punctata; spira obtusa; labii exterioris
+    margine, interiorisque basi rufis, incrassatis; operculo corneo?_
+
+    Shell oval, minutely punctured, spire obtuse; margin of the exterior
+    lip within, and base of the inner lip thick and rufous; operculum
+    horny?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This and _A. oblonga_ are the only species I am yet acquainted with, whose
+form is not globose. It never grows to a size much larger than the figure;
+the whole shell is marked by fine longitudinal striae, and transverse lines
+of minute dots, discernible only by the aid of a common magnifier; the
+aperture within is brownish flesh-colour; the margin is strong and reddish,
+and, within that of the outer lip, is a thickened rim; which, should the
+operculum be testaceous, may supply the place of the groove for its
+reception observable in _A. globosa_ and _corrugata_. The localities of
+both these species are unknown to me.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 144
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EBURNA Valentiana,
+
+_Arabian Eburna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa turrita, laevis, nitida, umbilicata, basi truncata, emarginata.
+    Aperturae angulus superior interne canaliculatus. Animal marinum._
+
+    Shell turrited, smooth, polished, umbilicated, base truncated,
+    emarginate. Upper angle of the aperture with an internal channel.
+    Animal marine.
+
+Generic Type _Buccinum Spiratum_ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. testa ventricosa, maculata; aperturae longitudine spirae
+    longitudinem superante; spira anfractibus 5 convexis, suturis alveatis;
+    basi balteo concavo cincta._
+
+    Shell ventricose, spotted; spire shorter than the aperture, of five
+    convex volutions; suture channelled; base with a concave belt.
+
+    Eburna Valentiana. _Sw. Appendix to Bligh Cat._ _p._ 6. _lot_ 904.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Few species are known of _Eburnae_, and these are neither well defined, nor
+correctly figured.
+
+The species selected by most authors as the type of this genus is _Buccinum
+glabratum_ of Linnaeus, a shell which, as it unites the characters of
+_Eburna_ and _Ancilia_, should not have been chosen for this purpose. Types
+of genera are alone intended to represent the usual appearance of those
+characters on which the genus has been founded; they should therefore be
+selected from such species only, as represent these characters in their
+perfect development.
+
+_E. Valentiana_ was first characterized by myself, in the Appendix to the
+Bligh Collection. It was brought from the Red Sea by Lord Valentia, in
+honour of whom it is named. The very short spire and concave belt at the
+base, easily distinguish this shell from _E. spirata_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 145
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EBURNA tessellata,
+
+_Tessellated Eburna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 144.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. testa maculis fuscis seu purpureis tessellatis fasciata; sutura vix
+    canaliculata; anfractuum marginibus convexis._
+
+    Shell with bands of tessellated brown or purple spots; suture slightly
+    channelled; margin of the volutions convex.
+
+    Buccinum Spiratum. _var. Linn._ _Gmelin_, 3487. _Dill._ 620. _Brug._
+    _p._ 262. 26. _Turton_, 4. _p._ 400. _var._ 2.
+
+    Lister, 981. 41. (_bad._) _Seba_, _t._ 73. _f._ 25. 26. _Martini_, 4.
+    _pl._ 122. 1120. 1121.
+
+    _E. Arcolata_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 282. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A shell hitherto placed as a variety of _E. spirata_, (_Buccinum spiratum_,
+Lin.) but from which I am disposed to consider it as specifically distinct.
+The channel or sulcation round the suture of each whorl is very slight, and
+the adjoining margin obtuse and convex; whereas in _E. spirata_ the channel
+is broad and deep, having the margin sharply carinated: so far the
+essential characters of the two shells are at variance; but their
+difference in colour is so obvious that no one can mistake them.
+
+The form of the umbilicus in this species appears to be constant: it is
+wide, deep, placed near to the upper angle of the aperture, and margined
+externally by a convex belt. With the exception of Seba's figures, (which,
+through the carelessness of the engraver, are reversed,) not a tolerable
+representation of this shell can be found; for those given by the authors
+above named, are almost too inaccurate for citation. It inhabits the Indian
+Ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 146
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EBURNA Pacifica,
+
+_South Sea Eburna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 144.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. testa ventricosa, maculis fulvis fasciisque albis ornata; spirae
+    angustae, acutae, suturis integris._
+
+    Shell ventricose, with fulvous spots and white bands; spire slender,
+    acute; suture entire.
+
+    Eburna Pacifica. _Swainson, Appendix to Bligh Cat._ _p._ 6. _lot_ 904.
+
+    Eburna lutosa? _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 401. _f._ 4.
+
+    _E. lutosa?_ _Lam. Syst._ 7. 282. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A delicate and rather uncommon shell: first defined in the Appendix I
+subjoined to the Catalogue of the Bligh collection, dispersed by auction
+last spring. Mrs. Mawe informs me she has received this, along with other
+shells, from the Pacific Ocean.
+
+A species at once distinguished by the entire suture and narrow-pointed
+spire; the inner lip is very thick, with a longitudinal sulcation near the
+umbilicus.
+
+Whether this is the shell represented in the _Ency. Meth._ at _pl._ 401,
+_f._ 4, admits of doubt: a short description would have explained the
+characters, but not one word is said about it. I have already adverted to
+this novel mode of creating species at pl. 31. If authors will not be at
+the trouble of defining new species, they have no right to expect their
+names should be adopted by subsequent and more laborious writers, to whom
+they leave the more scientific task, of defining characters and collating
+synonyms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 147
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MUSCIPETA carinata,
+
+_Keel-billed Flycatcher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 116.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. plumbea, infra ferruginea; fronte juguloque nigris; temporibus
+    albentibus; rostri culmine carinato._
+
+    Plumbeous; body beneath ferruginous; front and throat black; sides of
+    the head whitish; top of the bill carinated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Brookes, the celebrated anatomist, first drew my attention to this
+singular bird; the peculiarity of the bill suggested to us the idea of
+creating a genus for its reception; but a closer comparison of its other
+characters with several of the exotic _Muscipetae_ induces me, at least for
+the present, to associate it with those birds. The Flycatchers, as they now
+stand in the works of Latham, Shaw, and other Linnaean writers,
+undistinguished even by sections or subdivisions, present a mass of
+confusion, which renders the search after an individual, in this immense
+genus, almost hopeless.
+
+Total length, six inches and a half; front, throat, and margin of the
+shoulders, deep black; the whole upper plumage is of a delicate lead
+colour, which is paler on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of the
+head and neck; body and inner wing covers rufous; the first quill is half
+the length of the second, which is rather shorter than the three next; feet
+slender, weak, and short; the outer toe united, the inner cleft. The bill
+at the base is triangular, but not elevated; the sides compressed; the
+culmin, or top, is sharp, elevated, and curved; the tip of both mandibles
+notched: nostrils simple, small, round, without a membrane, and partly hid
+by the thick-set frontal feathers, and lengthened setaceous bristles round
+the bill. These parts are delineated on the plate of their natural size;
+and must form the basis of any future generic alteration in the arrangement
+of this bird. The figure was from a specimen belonging to Mr. Brookes;
+since which, I have received two others from New Holland.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 148
+
+[Illustration]
+
+EMBERIZA cristata,
+
+_Crested Bunting._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, conicum, compressum, basi aliquatenus hians, mandibula
+    superiore inflexa, inferiore superiorem magnitudine superantem. Nares
+    basales, rotundi, basi plumulis obtecta. Pedes sedentes, digitis tribus
+    anticis basi divisis, halluce plerumque brevi, curvo, aliquando recto._
+
+    Ob. _Remigum penna prima brevi, secunda tertiaque longissimis._
+
+    Bill short, strong, conic, compressed; the base slightly gaping; upper
+    mandible inflexed; under mandible largest. Nostrils basal, round,
+    covered at the base by small feathers. Feet sitting, the three anterior
+    toes divided at the base; the hind claw in general short and curved, in
+    some species straight.
+
+    _Ob._ The first quill of the wings shorter than the second and third,
+    which are the longest.
+
+    Generic Types (Temminck) i. _Emb. citrinella. miliaria_ Lin. ii. _Em.
+    nivalis. Fring. Lapponica._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _E. olivacea, infra flavescens; capite cristato; jugulo nigro; striga
+    oculari, scapulis rectricibusque lateralibus flavis._
+
+    Olive, beneath yellowish, head crested; throat black; eye stripe,
+    shoulders, and lateral tail feathers, yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The elegant crest of narrow-pointed feathers on the head of this new bird,
+at once distinguishes it from all others of the same family. Mr. Brookes
+favoured me with the individual here described; it was purchased alive at
+one of the Brazilian ports; but I strongly suspect it had been first
+brought from Africa, by some one of the slave ships. The figure is of the
+natural size; down the shaft of each feather on the back is a black line;
+the tail is rather long, and even; the two middle feathers black; the rest
+pure yellow, with black shafts, and brown exterior terminal margins; the
+upper mandible of the bill is sinuated; the base not gaping, but with a few
+incumbent bristles.
+
+I have taken the authority of Professor Temminck for the accuracy of the
+generic types of this genus under its present modification.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 149
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CASTNIA Fabricii,
+
+_Red underwing Day-moth._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae clavatae, clavo elongato, cylindraceo, fusiformi, ad apicem
+    unco brevi, acuto armato. Palpi breves, graciles, haud prominentes,
+    articulo ultimo nudo, oblique verticales. Vertex ocellatus? ocello
+    oculum juxta utrumque posito._
+
+    Obs. _Caput parvum; alarum basis squamis conspicuis, elongatis
+    imbricata._
+
+    Antennae clubbed; club elongated, rounded, fusiform, ending in a short
+    acute hook. Palpi short, slender, not projecting beyond the front, the
+    last joint naked, obliquely vertical. Crown with a small ocellus?
+    adjoining each eye.
+
+    _Ob._ Head small: base of the wings covered with conspicuous,
+    lengthened, imbricate scales.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. alis anticis, supra ferrugineis; posticis rufis, fasciis 3 undatis,
+    nigris, masculis ovatis interstinctis, ornatis._
+
+    Anterior wings above ferruginous; posterior rufous, with three waved
+    bands of black, between which are imperfect oval spots.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The insects of this genus form one of the most singular groups among the
+Lepidoptera; they are few in number, and confined to the tropical regions
+of America; flying only during the meridian heat, and then with incredible
+rapidity: they frequent the narrow inlets of thick forests, occasionally
+resting, far above the ground, on the trunks of trees. The species here
+figured is very rare, and came from the Diamond district of Brazil: it is
+named after the illustrious entomologist who first founded the genus. The
+bases of the wings beneath are furnished, in the male, with a spiral socket
+and horny spring, similar to those of the Phalaenidae.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 150
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SPHINX fasciata.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 81.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. alis anticis subdentatis, supra fuscis, margine postico striga
+    pallida ornato; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine annuloso,
+    annulis nigris, interruptis, interstitiis albis._
+
+    Anterior wings subdentated, above brown, posterior margin with a pale
+    stripe; posterior wings fulvous, margin black; body with black
+    interrupted rings, the interstices white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This approaches so near to the Sphinx Alope of Drury, that it is not
+without hesitation I have ventured to separate them; it will, however, be
+seen, that neither in his figure or description is any notice taken of the
+pale testaceous band on the superior wings; the body likewise is described
+as "encircled with rings of brown and _dark ash_ colour;" in this, the
+rings are black, on nearly a white ground: the under sides of the superior
+wings, in Drury's insect, "are spotted along their external edges with long
+yellowish spots;" in this, they are uniform pale brown. These differences
+(greatly strengthened by his figure) induce me to consider them as
+distinct; particularly as both insects appear to have come from Jamaica:
+the upper side of the antennae are white, the lower brown. Cramer's figure
+of S. Alope affords little or no clue to illustrate the question.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPHINX Leachii.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _S. alis anticis subdentatis, griseo-fuscis, maculis mediis 3 nigris;
+    posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine griseo, annulis nigris,
+    interruptis._
+
+    Anterior wings subdentated, greyish brown, with three medial black
+    spots; posterior fulvous, margin black; abdomen grey, with interrupted
+    black rings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I cannot reconcile this with any one species described by Fabricius; at the
+anal angle of the lower wings, is a pale greyish spot, with two short
+blackish lines: I have named it in honour of that laborious and eminent
+zoologist, Dr. Leach; who presented me with the specimen here figured.
+
+The upper figure is of _Sphinx Leachii_, and the under of _S. fasciata_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 151
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ALCEDO semitorquata,
+
+_Half-collared Kingsfisher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. caeruleo-viridis, infra ochracea; capite cyaneo, lineis nigris
+    transversis ornato; dorso nitide caeruleo; pectore torque
+    caeruleo-viridi interrupto insigni._
+
+    Bluish green, beneath buff colour; head blue, with transverse black
+    lines; back shining light blue; breast with an interrupted blue-green
+    collar.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In a small collection of birds, procured on the borders of the Great Fish
+River of the Cape, I met with this new and elegant Kingsfisher. I was
+fortunate in detecting in the same parcel several other unknown and
+interesting birds; which I hope to record and illustrate in this work,
+particularly as they have since been sent to a foreign museum. This species
+considerably exceeds the size of the Asiatic Kingsfisher, being nearly
+eight inches and a half long: the bill is black, two inches from the gape,
+and one and three quarters from the base of the nostrils: head blue, the
+crown crossed by dusky black lines; hind head somewhat crested, the sides
+deep and rich mazarine blue; ears and sides of the neck greenish blue, the
+latter having a stripe of white; the blue on the sides of the neck advances
+on the breast in the shape of a half-formed collar: wings and scapula
+covers bluish green, with lighter spots on the tip of each of the wing
+covers; down the back is a stripe of vivid light blue, similar to the
+common Kingsfisher: tail dark-blue, edged with greenish, the base black.
+The plumage beneath, from the chin to the end of the throat, white;
+changing on the breast to pale fawn colour, which deepens to ferruginous on
+the body, under tail covers, and thighs: legs red: between the bill and eye
+a dusky white line.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 152
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA melastoma,
+
+_Black-mouthed Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa strigis longitudinalibus, nebulosis, purpureis ornata; spira
+    elongata; labio exteriore castaneo-nigro; columella crassa, gibba; basi
+    integra._
+
+    Shell with clouded purple longitudinal stripes; spire lengthened; inner
+    lip chesnut-black; columella thickened, gibbous; base entire.
+
+    _Helix regina._ _Ferussac Moll._ _liv._ 19. _pl._ 119.
+
+        _Var._ (reversed.) _A. perversa._ _Zool. Illust._ _vol._ 1. _pl._
+        30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have not the least doubt that this shell is specifically the same with
+that figured at Plate 30 of this work: it has only recently come under my
+inspection, and I therefore hasten to give a further illustration of this
+beautiful species, and to substitute a new specific character, which will
+be applicable to both varieties.
+
+Although much more ventricose than the reverse variety, this has the same
+unusual formation of that part of the columella seen at the base of the
+mouth, where it is very thick, and appears as if swelled: the epidermis, in
+this specimen, obscures the white ground colour of the shell. I have seen
+also another variety, even more slender than that at Plate 30, and with the
+aperture not reversed. These new facts point out the necessity of the
+specific name of _perversa_ being changed to one more applicable.
+
+The figure is from a specimen lent to me by Mr. Dubois, and is probably
+from Brazil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 153
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS lobatus,
+
+_Lobed, or Brindled Strombus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. testa nodulosa; spira brevi, inermi; labio exteriore supra repando,
+    bilobo, margine crasso, reflexo; apertura laevi, rubescente; canale
+    brevi._
+
+    Shell nodulous; spire short, unarmed; outer lip above spreading,
+    two-lobed, margin thick, reflected; aperture smooth, reddish; channel
+    short.
+
+    _Seba_, _tab._ 62. _f._ 4. 5. (_optime_) 9. 12. 14. 15. 27. _tab._ 63.
+    _f._ 6. _Mart._ 3. _tab._ 83. _f._ 836, 837. _Gualt._ _tab._ 32. _f._
+    F. _Knorr_ 3. _tab._ 11. _f._ 1-6. _tab._ 29. _f._ 8.
+
+    Strombus Gallus, ([beta]) _Gmelin_, 3511. 11. S. Raninus, _Gmelin_,
+    3511. 10.
+
+    _S. bituberculatus_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 202. 6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It will appear extraordinary, that this very common shell should have been
+unknown to Linnaeus; and still more, that no other systematic writer should
+have noticed it, excepting Gmelin, by whom it is placed as a variety of _S.
+gallus_, although his _S. raninus_ is obviously made from a bad figure in
+Knorr of this same shell. On referring to Mr. Dillwyn's account of _S.
+gallus_, I find all the references of Gmelin to this shell expunged; and a
+note at the head of the genus states, that _S. raninus_ is undeserving of
+notice; thus every trace of the shell, in this work, is altogether lost.
+
+The two lobes at the top of the outer lip form a strong and peculiar
+distinction of this species: the colour of the mouth is variable; though
+usually tinged with pink, it is often reddish, or red blended with yellow,
+and sometimes nearly white; within the upper part of the aperture, round
+the inner lip, are one or two strong plaits, with sulcated grooves on each
+side; and near the lobe at the base of the outer lip, the aperture has a
+few obsolete striae: the nodules on the body whorl are triangular, and the
+two nearest the lip are, in general, very large: the channel (or base) is
+short, and turned up in an oblique direction.
+
+Found, in great abundance, in various parts of the West India seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 154
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS Malaccensis,
+
+_Blue-rumped Parrot._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis; vertice uropygioque nitide caeruleis; tectricibus
+    interioribus, corporisque lateribus coccineis; cauda flavescente;
+    rostro magno, dentato._
+
+    Green; crown and rump sapphire blue; inner wing covers and sides of the
+    body crimson; tail yellowish; bill large, toothed.
+
+    P. Malaccensis. _General Zoology_, _vol._ 8. 2. _p._ 554.
+
+    Blue-rumped Parrakeet. _Lath. Syn. Sup._ 1. _p._ 66.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I think this may be the bird described (according to Latham) by Sonnerat,
+under the name of _Petite perruche de Malacca_, and from which both Latham
+and Shaw have framed their account of the Blue-rumped Parrot. On comparing
+their descriptions with the following, some differences and omissions will
+be found, but not sufficient, I think, to justify the idea of this being a
+distinct species: I have, as yet, seen only one specimen (and that not
+perfect) of this rare and little known bird.
+
+Total length six inches; bill unusually large and strong, being three
+quarters of an inch (in a straight line) long, and nearly the same in
+height at the base; upper mandible with a sharp tooth in the middle, and
+reddish orange; under mandible violet grey; front and crown of the head
+violet blue, changing to blackish green on the back, and greyish green on
+the sides of the head, neck, and breast; body and vent green; rump and
+upper tail covers vivid azure blue; spurious wings greenish blue; wing
+covers dark but bright green, margined more or less with yellowish; quills
+blue green, their inner webs black; under wing covers and sides of the body
+crimson; tail short, even, the two middle feathers above green, the rest
+yellow with green edges and black shafts; beneath, these feathers are all
+yellow, the shafts white; the wings, for the size of the bird, are very
+long, measuring four inches and a half.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 155
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS viridissimus,
+
+_Green Parrot._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. pallide viridis; pennis infra nitide thalassinis; tegminum,
+    remigum, scapulariumque marginibus flavescentibus; linea ante-oculari
+    flava; rectricium basi rubra._
+
+    Pale green, quills beneath changeable sea-green; wing covers, quills
+    and scapulars margined with yellowish; before the eye a yellow line;
+    base of the tail feathers red.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The uniform green which pervades the plumage of this Parrot, induces me to
+think it may, possibly, be the female of some other species; a few pale red
+feathers, close to the axilla, and the faint red on the tail feathers,
+appear to strengthen this supposition. Among those species which are
+recorded, this approaches nearest to Latham's Green Parrakeet; but the
+figure this writer quotes, (_Pl. Enl._ 837.) is at variance both with his
+description, and with the bird now before us; it may, therefore, be
+considered as undescribed.
+
+Total length nine inches; bill pale; upper mandible three-quarters of an
+inch long, the margin undulated. The whole plumage is of a beautiful and
+delicate green, darkest above; with a tinge of blue on the crown, spurious
+wings, and greater quills; the orbits are naked, between which and the eye
+is a blackish line, bordered above by another of pure yellow; all the wing
+covers and quills are margined with yellowish. The colour of the inferior
+side of the quills is a pale but beautiful blue green, reflecting brighter
+tints of the same colour, when held in certain lights; the under side of
+the tail has likewise these reflections, but above is yellowish, with a
+dusky red spot at the base of each lateral feather: under the wings there
+are three or four dull red feathers; feet pale.
+
+This bird is in my own collection, and is the only one I have as yet seen;
+neither am I acquainted with its native country.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 156
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FRINGILLA oryzivora,
+
+_Paddy bird, Rice bird, or Java Sparrow._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, validum, crassum, rectum, conicum; mandibulae;
+    superioris gibbae apice vix inflexo, integro; culminis convexi basi
+    angulata. Nares basales, rotundae, pone culminis basin positae,
+    plumulis vix obtectae. Pedes sedentes. Alae breves._
+
+    Bill short, strong, thick, straight, conic; upper mandible swelled, the
+    tip slightly inflexed, entire; culmine convex, the base angulated.
+    Nostrils basal, round, placed behind the base of the culmine, and
+    partially covered by the frontal feathers. Feet sitting. Wings short.
+
+    Generic Types. _Loxiae Javensis, Braziliana. Emberiza principalis,
+    cicris. Tanagria caerulea, &c._ (Temminck.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _F. cana; capite caudaque nigris; rostro rubro; crisso roseo-albente;
+    auribus (in maribus) niveis._
+
+    Lead-coloured; head and tail black; bill red; belly obscure rosy; ears
+    (in the male) snowy.
+
+    Loxia oryzivora. _Gm._ I. 302. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1. 380. _Gen. Zool._
+    9. 2. 316. _Brisson_, 1. 374. 7.
+
+    Java Grosbeak. _Lath. Syn._ 3. 129. _Supp._ 151. _Gen. Zool._ 9. 316.
+    _pl._ 51.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This elegant bird has been so distorted, in the representations given of it
+by the older ornithologists, that little apology is thought necessary for
+introducing more accurate figures of both sexes in this publication. It is
+said to inhabit the Cape and various parts of India, causing much damage to
+the rice plantations, and is frequently brought to this country alive. The
+figure is of the size of life, the bill bright red, but whitish towards the
+tip; it is very strong, thickened round the basal margins, and forms a
+sharp angle between the frontal feathers: the nostrils are small, round,
+and placed _behind_ the thick margin of the bill, and not on its outer
+surface. Legs flesh-coloured; the orbits are said to be red in the live
+bird.
+
+I have followed the example of Illiger and Temminck in uniting the greatest
+part of the Linnaean Loxiae and Fringillae under the latter genus,
+retaining only the Cross-bills under the former.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 157
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA effusa,
+
+_Ribbon Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa globosa, laevi, fasciis purpureo-fuscis cincta; spira
+    depressa, apice prominente; apertura angusta; umbilico magno, profundo;
+    columella obsoleta._
+
+    Shell globose, smooth, with purple brown bands; spire depressed, the
+    tip prominent; aperture narrow; umbilicus large, deep; pillar obsolete.
+
+    Helix glauca. _Linn. Dillw._ 918. Helix ampullucea, (_var._ [gamma])
+    _Gmelin_, 3626. Bulimus effusus. _Brug._ _p._ 296. _No._ 1.
+
+    _Lister_, 129. 29. _Seba_, _tab._ 38. _f._ 39. _tab._ 40. _f._ 3. 4. 5.
+    (_optime_.) _Martini_, 9. _tab._ 129. _f._ 1144-5. _Knorr_, 4. _tab._
+    5. _f._ 3.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I concur with Mr. Dillwyn in believing that this shell is the _Helix
+glauca_ of Linnaeus; but, as it is now removed to another genus, I think no
+real advantage would result from continuing its original specific name;
+particularly as the identity may be questioned by others, without a chance
+of the question ever being settled: the adoption of the specific names
+given to species slightly or incorrectly described by the older
+naturalists, inevitably tends to increase the original obscurity, in all
+cases where the point cannot be cleared up. _A. effusa_ may be
+distinguished from all others by the columella being nearly obsolete; this
+part existing only in the two terminal whorls of the spire. This species
+therefore forms a transition to the _Planorbes_: there is a variety, with
+narrower stripes, double the size of that here figured.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+AMPULLARIA luteostoma,
+
+_Yellow-mouthed Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _A. testa globosa, striata, olivacea, lineis remotis fuscis fasciata;
+    spira levata, apice acuto; apertura effusa intus marginata; umbilico
+    magno._
+
+    Shell globose, striated, olive, with remote transverse brown lines,
+    spire elevated, the tip acute; aperture wide, within margined;
+    umbilicus large.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The umbilicus of this shell is not so deep as the last, but is larger than
+in any other known species; the columella is likewise perfect, and the
+aperture is wider and more oblique than in _A. effusa_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 158
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PINNA bullata, (_var._)
+
+_Rufous Pinna._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa longitudinalis, cuneiformis, aequivalvis, apice hians, basi
+    acuta; natibus rectis. Cardo lateralis, edentulus. Ligamentum
+    marginale, lineare, praelongum subinternum._--Lamarck, _Sys._ vol. vi.
+    p. i. p. 129.
+
+    Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, the valves gaping; the
+    umbones straight, pointed. Hinge lateral, without teeth. Ligament
+    marginal, linear, very long, subinternal.
+
+    Generic Types. _Pinnae rudis._ _Pectinata._ _Muricata._ Linn. Pennant,
+    &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. testa tenui, pellucida, rufa, aequilatera, striis remotis,
+    sulcatis, transversim squamiferis, subspinosis; marginibus lateralibus
+    rectis; margine inferiore oblique truncato._
+
+    Shell thin, pellucid, rufous, equilateral, with remote sulcated striae,
+    crossed by transverse scales and obtuse spines; lateral margins
+    straight; inferior margin obliquely truncate.
+
+    P. bullata. _Gmelin_, _p._ 3367. _Gualt._ _tab._ 79. _f._ c.
+    _Chemnitz._ 8. _tab._ 87. _f._ 769. _Knorr_, 2. 23. _f._ 1.
+
+    P. marginata. _Lam. Sys._ 6. _p._ 132. 7.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have little doubt that this shell is a smooth variety of the _Pinna
+bullata_ of Gmelin, and the _P. marginata_ of Lamarck; both these authors
+refer to the same figure in Gualtieri, but both also have overlooked that
+of Chemnitz, above quoted, as well as Knorr's, which latter, although it
+represents the shell nearly smooth (similar to that here figured), I
+apprehend is only a variety. No doubt therefore having existed as to
+Gmelin's _bullata_, M. Lamarck had no plea for altering its specific name
+to _marginata_. I have consequently recorded it under Gmelin's name.
+
+The Pinnae are rather numerous, although many of the species remain in
+obscurity; they attach themselves to rocks, deep in the sea, by a silky
+_byssus_. It has been commonly stated, that gloves and stockings are
+fabricated in the Mediterranean from this byssus, as articles of commerce;
+such, however, is not now the case; though articles, so fabricated, are
+sometimes shown in Naples and Sicily as subjects of curiosity.
+
+Pinna bullata is, I believe, found in the West Indies. The vaulted spires
+on this and other species, easily fall off; and become, therefore, a very
+uncertain specific character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 159
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SATYRUS argenteus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae mediocres, clavo elongato, gracili. Palpi porrecti,
+    compressi, vix recurvi, remoti, pilis ciliatis, longis, hirsutissimi;
+    articulo ultimo elongato, nudo, gracili, acuto. Alae posticae
+    orbiculares, integrae, raro dentatae._
+
+    Antennae moderate, the club lengthened and slender. Palpi porrected,
+    compressed, slightly recurved, remote, with long ciliated hairs; the
+    last joints long, naked, slender, acute. Posterior wings orbicular,
+    entire, rarely dentated.
+
+    Generic Types. _Pap. Hyperanthus_, _Galathea_, _Semele_, _&c._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. alis fuscis; posticarum disco supra flavescente, maculis 2 fuscis
+    fucato, infra albente, margine postico fulvo, maculis 2 atris guttisque
+    7-8 argenteis ornato._
+
+    Wings brown; posterior above with a yellowish disk and two brown spots,
+    beneath whitish, the hind margin fulvous, with two black spots and 7-8
+    silver dots.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Without being ornamented by rich or vivid colouring, this is, nevertheless,
+one of the most chastely beautiful little butterflies found in Brazil. I
+met with it very plentifully in a small wood not far distant from Cashoera,
+on the western extremity of St. Salvador's bay: to this particular spot it
+seemed confined, for I never saw a single specimen in any other part of
+Brazil.
+
+No colouring can imitate the richness of the silvery spots on the under
+wings, which appear embossed, or as if solid drops of silver had fallen on
+the insect when it first emerged into life. The two sexes are perfectly
+similar.
+
+The insects of this genus are usually brown, with dark or paler shadings,
+and eye-like spots on their upper or under wings. They principally inhabit
+the woods of tropical regions, and the hedge sides and lanes of European
+countries; this circumstance probably induced Latreille to change their
+name from _Hipparchia_ (Fabricius) to _Satyrus_; which, although an
+innovation on the rules of nomenclature, may in this instance be allowed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 160
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ANODON purpurascens,
+
+_Purple Anodon, or Horse Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa transversim oblonga, crassa, depressa, intus purpurascente,
+    lamina cardinali crassa, truncata, dente lamellari in utraque valva
+    supposito; umbonibus retusis._
+
+    Shell transversely oblong, thick, depressed, within purple; hinge plate
+    thick, truncate, with an obsolete lamellar tooth in each valve; umbones
+    retuse.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is an entirely new and very rare shell, remarkable for its shape and
+internal colour; it is also highly interesting, as exhibiting the generic
+characters of _Anodon_, blended (in some degree) with those of _Unio_:
+according to the principles of Lamarck, it might therefore be made into a
+genus; but I feel convinced too much importance has already been attached
+by that naturalist and his followers to the hinge of bivalve shells; and
+that the nomenclature of the science is burthened with genera, trivial in
+themselves, bewildering to the scientific, and unintelligible to the
+student.
+
+From having paid some attention to the Fluviatile Bivalves, and possessing
+a most extensive collection of specimens, I am clearly of opinion that no
+permanent characters will be found sufficient to retain either the genera
+_Dipsas_ (Leach), _Hyria_ (Lamarck), or _Alasmodonta_ of Say, much less
+that of _Damaris_ (Leach), and another, whose name I forget, made by Dr.
+Turton from the same shell as Leach's _Damaris_, viz. Mya Margaritifera of
+Linnaeus. In fact, the line of demarcation between Unio and Anodon appears
+to rest on the first possessing cardinal teeth, and the latter having none.
+
+I have several valves (in different stages of growth), and one perfect
+specimen of this shell; they were sent to me from the back settlements of
+North America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 161
+
+[Illustration]
+
+VOLUTA punctata,
+
+_Red-dotted Volute._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovata. Spira apertura brevior, apice papillari. Basis truncata,
+    emarginata. Columella plicata, plicis inferioribus majoribus._
+
+    Shell ovate. Spire shorter than the aperture, the tip papillary. Base
+    truncated, emarginate. Pillar plaited, the inferior plaits generally
+    largest.
+
+    Generic Types. _Volutae Olla_, _Imperialis_, _Pacifica_, _&c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _V. testa ovata, subfusiformi, tuberculata, pallide rubella fasciis 2
+    maculatis, rubris, punctis minutis interstinctis; columella 4 plicata._
+
+    Shell ovate, subfusiform, tuberculated, flesh-coloured, with two bands
+    of red spots interspersed with minute dots; pillar 4 plaited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In "Exotic Conchology," I have commenced, and intend to complete, a copious
+illustration of this noble family of shells; which (if the simile be
+admissible) may be termed the nobles of testaceous animals, with as much
+truth as Linnaeus has called Palms the princes of the vegetable world. The
+Volutes, indeed, are imposing shells; both from their size, rarity, and
+their rich (but not gaudy) colouring; and it is not improbable that the
+value of a choice collection of the principal species, would be equal to
+their own weight in solid gold.
+
+The species now under consideration is only known from an injured specimen
+in Mr. Dubois' cabinet; although much rubbed on one side, it presents on
+the other a true pattern of its original markings; the margin of the outer
+lip, and the tip of the spire, are both injured; yet, notwithstanding these
+defects, there are abundant characters remaining to evince its total
+dissimilarity from any other recorded species.
+
+I have preferred subjoining only the essential generic characters of this
+genus, as most intelligible to students; particularly as its natural
+characters are fully detailed in the first part of "Exotic Conchology."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 162
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA fasciata, (_var._)
+
+_Banded Achatina,_ (_3 varieties_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 74.
+
+    (Young.) _Apertura basi integra._ Base of the aperture entire.
+
+    Ach. pallida. _Zool. Ill._ _vol._ 1. _pl._ 41.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since the first illustration of this elegant species appeared, at plate 74
+of this work, I have had the means of ascertaining a very extraordinary
+circumstance which takes place in the progressive growth of the young shell
+to the adult state; and that is the change effected in the form and
+termination of the pillar or columella. In the noble collection of shells
+formed by the late Earl of Tankerville, there is a numerous series of this
+species; from these I have ascertained, that in the young shells the base
+of the columella unites with the termination of the outer lip, making the
+aperture entire, similar to the lengthened Helices; but, as the shell
+advances in growth, the base of the columella becomes thick, detached, as
+it were, from the marginal rim, so as to produce an intervening notch, and
+thus gives the old and the young shell not only an appearance of being
+distinct species, but of belonging to separate genera. From these facts, I
+have drawn the conclusion, that _Achatina pallida_ (pl. 41), is but the
+young shell (having the margin of the aperture as yet entire) of _Achatina
+fasciata_; and the three additional varieties now figured, will, I hope,
+prove an interesting addition to the history of this species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 163
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HEMIPODIUS nivosus,
+
+_White-spotted Turnix._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, valde compressum culmine levato, ad
+    apicem sub-incurvo. Nares laterales, lineares, sulcatae, membrana
+    convexa cornea vix tectae, apertura fissa, elongata. Pedes longi,
+    digitis tribus anticis divisis. Halluce caret. Cauda brevissima
+    tectricibus obtecta. Alae mediocres._
+
+    Bill moderate, slender, straight, much compressed, culmen elevated,
+    towards the tip slightly incurved. Nostrils lateral, linear, sulcated,
+    partially covered by a convex horny membrane, the aperture narrow and
+    elongated; legs long, with three toes before, divided at their base.
+    Hind toe none. Tail very short, concealed by the covers. Wings
+    moderate.
+
+    Generic Type. _Perdix nigricollis._ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. supra ferrugineo varius; mento albescente; jugulo pectoreque
+    pallide ferrugineis, maculis albis, nitidis, ornatis; corpore albo;
+    uropygio caudaeque tectricibus superioribus rufis, immaculatis._
+
+    Above varied with ferruginous; chin whitish; throat and breast pale
+    ferruginous, with white shining spots; body white; rump and upper
+    tail-covers rufous, unspotted.
+
+    H. nivosus. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Phil. Magazine_, _vol._ 60. _p._
+    353.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have represented this delicate little bird of its natural size; which is
+so small, as scarcely to equal that of a Lark. The Turnix inhabits the
+sandy deserts of Africa and India, and seems to form a race of pigmy
+Bustards, all the species yet discovered (fourteen in number) being very
+diminutive. Little is known of their habits in a state of nature, further
+than that they migrate, and fly with great rapidity. The specific character
+will distinguish _H. nivosus_ as a species; and I have already given a more
+detailed description of it in the Journal above quoted. Mr. Leadbeater
+received it from Senegal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 164
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SYLVIA annulosa,
+
+_White-eyed Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 139.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. olivaceo-viridis, infra albescens; jugulo flavescente; palpebris
+    plumis niveis insignibus._
+
+    Olive-green, beneath whitish; throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a
+    ring of snowy feathers.
+
+    Sylvia Madagascariensis. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. 533. _Gm._ 1. 981.
+
+    White-eyed Warbler. _Lath. Gen. Syn._ 4. 475. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2. 720.
+
+    Ficedula Madagascariensis minor. _Briss. Ois._ 4. _p._ 498. _t._ 28.
+    _f._ 2. (_male_.) _Briss. Orn._ 1. 446.
+
+    _Le Figuier Tcheric_, _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 132.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A delicate ring of snow-white feathers encircles the eyes of this pretty
+bird. It is far from being peculiar to Madagascar (as Dr. Latham's name of
+_Madagascariensis_ would seem to imply), but is spread over a wide extent
+of the eastern hemisphere; being found both in the Isle of France, the Cape
+of Good Hope, and Madras. The name, therefore, is peculiarly inapplicable;
+but this is not all: for we find that the same author, a few pages after,
+has given this identical name to another very different bird; the same
+error is transferred into Shaw's Zoology.
+
+Figure, the size of life: colour above, olive green; ears and sides of the
+head the same: chin, throat, and under tail covers yellow; breast
+cinereous, changing to dusky brown on the flanks; the middle of the body
+whitish; between the eye and bill a velvet-black line, which forms a
+partial margin to the snowy feathers of the eyelids; wings and tail dusky
+black, margined with olive.
+
+Very indifferent figures of both sexes will be found in Vaillant's African
+birds; from his description it seems to be a gregarious species. I regret
+not being able, at this moment, to refer to the work.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 165
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SYLVIA annulosa, (_var._ [beta].)
+
+_White-eyed Warbler._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 139.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. supra cinerea, infra albescens, capite, alis uropygioque
+    olivaceo-flavis; jugulo flavescente; palpebris plumis niveis
+    insignibus._
+
+    Above cinereous, beneath whitish; head, wings, and rump, olive yellow;
+    throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On first receiving this bird from New Holland, I was inclined to think it a
+distinct species from the African White-eyed Warbler; but further
+consideration has led me to adopt a different opinion: it is true that I am
+unacquainted with any one land bird which is common to both countries, and
+much weight should be attached to the geographic distribution both of
+families and species. These two birds, however, differ in their colour, and
+somewhat in their size. On the other hand, the White-eyed Warbler, as
+before observed, is found both in Africa and India; and is, therefore,
+probably migratory. Nature, moreover, is not bound by laws to which there
+are no exceptions; and the leading points of resemblance between these
+birds are very strong. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined to consider
+them as varieties of one species, forming a solitary exception to the
+general dissimilarity between the birds of Africa and those of New Holland.
+
+Size of the Wood Wren: the head and ears are olive yellow, changing to
+brighter yellow on the chin, and part of the throat; the neck and back
+cinereous, graduating to yellowish olive on the rump and upper tail covers;
+wings the same, the inside of the quills blackish; sides of the throat
+cinereous; body and under tail covers whitish; the sides tinged with
+ferruginous; the stripe between the bill and eye is more brown than black;
+and the white feathers round the eye, not so conspicuous as in the African
+variety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 166
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BULIMUS citrinus, (_var._)
+
+_Citron Bulimus,_ (_3 varieties_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 46.
+
+VARIETIES.
+
+    A. Yellow, with black lines. _Zool. Ill._ _pl._ 46.
+
+    B. Yellow, with black lines and chesnut stripes. _Zool. Ill._ _p._ 47.
+
+    C. Yellow, variegated with green; inner lip obsolete. _Fig._ 1. _B.
+    virescens._ _Sw. Bligh Cat._ _p._ 13.
+
+    D. Green, striped with yellow; inner lip white. _Fig._ 2. 3.
+
+    E. Orange, with flame-coloured waved stripes. _Fig._ 4.
+
+    F. Pale yellow, with brown waved stripes.
+
+    _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the Citron
+Bulimus not only show the great variability of the species, but clearly
+prove that _B. virescens_ is, as I suspected, only a variety of _B.
+citrinus_. In the shell at fig. 1. the upper part of the inner lip (like
+that described in the Bligh Appendix), is entirely wanting; although it
+bears, in every other respect, the appearance of a full-grown shell; the
+umbilicus likewise is open; but in the shell at fig. 2. and 3. the inner
+lip is quite perfect, and consequently folds over the umbilicus; thus the
+connexion between the green and yellow varieties is completely established.
+
+I have subjoined a slight arrangement of the principal varieties; and have
+only further to observe, that the specific character I first proposed,
+appears to me the only one by which this species may be truly
+distinguished.
+
+Since the description of _B. aureus_ at pl. 47 was written, I have seen
+several other specimens; all of which tend to confirm my belief that it is
+distinct from _B. citrinus_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 167
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ANODON crassus,
+
+_Thick Anodon, or Horse Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa ovata, lata, crassa; margine cardinali subarcuato,
+    extremitate utraque angulata alata; umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus
+    retusis._
+
+    Shell oval, broad, thick; hinge margin subarcuated, the extremities
+    winged and angulated; umbones prominent, the tips retuse.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is only recently that travellers have directed their attention to the
+less attractive shells of distant regions; and our cabinets now begin to be
+enriched by the numerous land and fresh-water species of those countries.
+Among these new acquisitions, the fresh-water bivalves appear the most
+extraordinary in their formation, and the most numerous in species. Of the
+Anodons, it may be doubted whether the great Linnaeus was acquainted with
+more than three or four species; Lamarck enumerates fifteen, but a much
+greater number have passed under my own examination.
+
+The species now illustrated is very peculiar; it is a strong, thick shell;
+in form resembling _Hyria corrugata_, Lamarck; having both extremities
+winged and compressed; the umbonial slope[6] elevated, and somewhat
+angulated; the umbones thick and prominent, but obtuse, or nearly truncate,
+at their apex; the outside of the shell of a dark grass-green colour, and
+nearly smooth, excepting at the posterior side, which is marked by sulcated
+striae following the lines of growth; the inside is opaque and whitish,
+with rich iridescent margins: the muscular impressions deep, and the hinge
+margin quite smooth.
+
+I know of no other specimen than one in Mr. Dubois' collection, and am
+altogether unacquainted with its locality; although its _habit_ leads me to
+think it is from South America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 168
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RAMPHASTOS ambiguus,
+
+_Doubtful Toucan._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _R. niger; jugulo flavo; mandibulae superioris parte superiore flava,
+    transverse maculata, striga viridi oblique divisa; mandibula inferiore
+    nigra._
+
+    Black; throat yellow, upper mandible black, the upper half yellow, with
+    an oblique green stripe and transverse spots; the under mandible black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The obscurity with which modern ornithologists have described these
+remarkable birds, would have induced me, long ago, to have attempted a more
+perfect account of all the species in this work; but as this might have
+been considered, by some, an infringement on the miscellaneous plan on
+which it was commenced, I feel obliged to confine myself only to their
+occasional illustration.
+
+The species now selected is one I have never seen; but I have no doubt of
+its existence, and little of the accuracy of its delineation. I before
+alluded to several drawings of Toucans which had come to my hands, executed
+by an unknown artist: among them is a figure of that now published; with a
+note subjoined, stating it was drawn "from the bird just dead." The other
+drawings of the same artist represent several of the common species, and
+their accuracy is presumptive evidence that this also is represented
+correctly. The singular colouring of the bill at once separates it from all
+known species; and for its further history, we must trust to the exertions
+of those travellers, visiting South America, who may feel an interest in
+illustrating these singular birds.
+
+I more than once heard, when in Brazil, of a _Blue Toucan_; but it was said
+to be very rare, and I never was fortunate enough to meet with one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 169
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PTEROGLOSSUS viridis,
+
+_Green Aracari,_ (_male_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 44.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. nigro virescens; capite juguloque nigris, foeminae castaneis;
+    corpore flavo; rostro serrato, tomiis albis, mandibula superiore
+    aurantiaca, linea longitudinali, laterali, media, nigra, mandibula
+    inferiore caerulea._
+
+    Blackish green; head and neck black (in the female chesnut), body
+    yellow; bill toothed, the margins white, upper mandible orange, with a
+    black longitudinal line; lower mandible blue.
+
+    Ramphastos viridis. _Linn. Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 353. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1.
+    138. _Gen. Zool._ 8. 2. _p._ 370.
+
+    Green Toucan. _Lath. Syn._ 1. 331.
+
+    Tucana Cayanensis viridis. _Briss. Ois._ 4. 423. _pl._ 33. _f._ 1. _Id.
+    Orn._ 2. 162. _Pl. Enl._ 727. _mas._ 728. _foem._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is a common bird, known to the older ornithologists; but here
+introduced, for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which
+ornament the bill of the live bird: the figures likewise above referred to
+are so very loosely drawn, that a more correct representation of the
+species appeared desirable. A remarkable character pervades all the
+Aracaris, (with the exception of _P. sulcatus_, pl. 44,) the head and
+throat being black in the male, and chesnut or grey in the female birds;
+the bills also of the latter are always the smallest; that of the Green
+Aracari is larger, thicker, and more curved than in any other species; the
+serratures strong and unequal; the top, and upper half of the superior
+mandible, pure yellow; the lower half orange; these colours being divided
+by a slender isolated black line; the under mandible blue, with the base
+rosy; its general plumage bears a resemblance to several other species. Dr.
+Latham says the orbits are yellow; this, however, is a mistake, for both
+the orbits and irides are grass-green; this writer likewise refers to
+Edwards, pl. 329, for this bird; which plate, in fact, represents a Toucan,
+and is that bird which I have described and figured under the name of _R.
+carinatus_, pl. 45.
+
+I believe this species is confined to the northern parts of South America.
+Mr. Charles Edmonston brought home fine specimens from Demerara; they were
+preserved with so much skill, that the colours of the bill almost retained
+their primitive brightness; Le Vaillant, I believe, has figured this bird;
+but I have not, at this time, access to his valuable book.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 170
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MALURUS Africanus,
+
+_African Soft-tail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 170.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. supra rufescens, strigis nigris varius; genis mentoque albentibus,
+    striga nigra intermedia; rectricibus attenuatis, nigris, rufo
+    marginatis._
+
+    Above rufous brown with black stripes; sides of the head and chin
+    whitish, divided by a black stripe; tail feathers attenuated, black,
+    the margins rufous.
+
+    Motacilla Africana. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 958.
+
+    Sylvia Africana. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. _p._ 518. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2.
+    _p._ 615.
+
+    African Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. _p._ 436.
+
+    Curruca naevia. _C. B. Spei. Brisson. Ois._ 3. _p._ 390. _tab._ 22.
+    _f._ 2. _Orn._ 1. _p._ 419.
+
+    Le Fluteur. _Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique._
+
+    _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The characters of _Malurus_, together with a few observations on the birds
+composing it, I have already given at plate 170 of this work. Yet as the
+species are scattered in several distinct genera of the Linnaean school, I
+have here represented that which may be termed the type of the genus, as
+instituted by Professor Temminck, and as modified by myself. On comparing
+the characters of _Timalia_ (a new genus of Dr. Horsfield's) with those of
+_Malurus_, they will be found to designate one and the same group of birds.
+Indeed, the minute and interesting details, which Dr. Horsfield has given,
+put the question almost beyond doubt, and lead me to conclude, that the
+Doctor was not aware, at the time, that his genus was already recorded.
+
+This bird is not uncommon at the Cape of Good Hope. The notes of the male
+(according to M. Le Vaillant) are soft and agreeable, much resembling those
+of a flute; the shortness of the wings renders its flight very low. The
+figure is of the natural size; and the bird has been so well described by
+Brisson and Latham, that it is needless to repeat what they have said; the
+figures both of Le Vaillant and Brisson are by no means accurate. The tail
+feathers are delicate and transparent; and those of the whole body very
+soft, with detached webs or _radii_, similar to Dr. Horsfield's _Timalia
+pileata_, and _gularis_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 171
+
+[Illustration]
+
+UNIO fragilis.
+
+_Fragile River Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 58.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _U. testa transversim ovata, tenui, intus purpurascente; dentibus
+    cardinalibus tuberculatis, sub-obsoletis._
+
+    Shell transversely oval, thin, within purple; cardinal teeth
+    tuberculated, nearly obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of
+colouring, which diversifies the exterior of marine shells, and renders
+their distinction comparatively easy. A uniform olive green, or brown tint,
+pervades all the fluviatile genera; their specific distinctions rest on
+characters which frequently require long and perplexing descriptions, but
+which can be explained by the artist with ease and precision. It follows,
+therefore, that accurate figures of these shells are more particularly
+wanted; for, although Lamarck has described so many, the short descriptions
+which he has given, and the want of figures to elucidate them, render it
+impossible to determine accurately one half of the species which he has
+enumerated.
+
+_Unio fragilis_ is principally distinguished by the cardinal teeth: those
+in the right valves are 2; short, obtuse, and nearly obsolete, more
+resembling tubercles, than the crenated or striated teeth of this genus.
+The left valve has one tooth rather sharper. In young shells the ligamental
+margin is nearly straight, and its extremity somewhat angulated; but old
+shells lose these appearances, and become perfectly oval. In both stages of
+growth the shell is very thin, convex, and the inside (near the umbones)
+purple. The slight development of the cardinal teeth brings this shell
+nearer to the genus _Anodon_, than any other _Unio_ which I have seen.
+
+It inhabits the rivers of North America, and was sent to me by Professor
+Rafinesque.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 172
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA reflexa,
+
+_Purple Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa ovato-globosa, laevi; spira ventricosa, obtusa, sub
+    epidermide purpurea; apertura nigro-purpurascente; labio exteriore
+    tenui, margine reflexo._
+
+    Shell ovate-globose, smooth; spire ventricose, obtuse; beneath the
+    epidermis, purple; aperture blackish purple; outer lip thin, the margin
+    reflected.
+
+    _Knorr_, _vol._ 5. _pl._ 5. _f._ 2. (uncoated.)
+
+    Ampullaria reflexa. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._
+    377.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The only record that I can find (in the works of the old writers) for this
+Ampullaria, is the figure by Knorr above quoted; it is obviously drawn from
+an uncoated specimen, although I have seen instances, where the blackish
+purple on the spire was so intense, as to obscure the thin epidermis which
+covered it. The peculiar character of the species, and in which it differs
+from all others, is in the outer margin of the lip; which is thin, rather
+spread out, and slightly reflected; the form of the shell resembles _A.
+fasciata_, but the spire, instead of being pointed, is obtuse; the
+umbilicus, likewise, is smaller and more concealed. From the absence of a
+groove round the aperture, I conclude the operculum is horny.
+
+The size varies; perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than the
+figure, and I have seen others much larger, and with the aperture more
+chesnut than purple.
+
+I am not acquainted with its locality.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 173
+
+[Illustration]
+
+GALLINULA ruficollis, _var._
+
+_Black-bellied Gallinule_ _var._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Gallinula._ Briss. Cuv. Tem. Lath. _Fulica_, _Rallus_. Linn. _Crex._
+    Illiger.
+
+    _Rostrum capite brevius, valde compressum, conicum, rectum, apice
+    compresso, mandibula inferiore angulata. Nares sulcatae, membrana
+    obtectae; apertura magna, oblonga, pervia, vix media. Pedes elongati,
+    grallarii, genibus nudis, digitis gracilibus tribus, halluce mediocri._
+
+    Bill shorter than the head, much compressed, conic, straight, the tips
+    compressed, inferior mandible angulated. Nostrils sulcated, covered by
+    a membrane; aperture large, oblong, pervious, nearly medial. Feet long,
+    wading, knees naked, fore toes three, long, slender, hind toe (or
+    thumb) short.
+
+    Generic type. _Rallus porzana._ Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Gall. ruficollis var. A? _Olivaceo-fusca; cervice cinerea; pectore,
+    abdomine, alisque rufis; crisso, uropygio, caudaque nigris; tectricibus
+    interioribus rufis, nigro-fasciatis; pedibus rubris._
+
+    Olive brown; neck cinereous; breast, body, and wings rufous; belly,
+    rump, and tail black; interior wing covers rufous, banded with black;
+    legs red.
+
+    Fulica ruficollis. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 700. _Turton_, 1. _p._ 423.
+
+    Gallinula ruficollis. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. 767.
+
+    Black-bellied Gallinule. _Lath. Syn._ 1. _p._ 253.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is one of the largest water hens found in Brazil, where it is very
+rare. I am indebted to Dr. Langsdorff for the only specimen which I brought
+from that country. It differs considerably from the Black-bellied Gallinule
+of Latham, yet, perhaps, not sufficiently to record it as a distinct
+species.
+
+Total length fifteen inches and a half; bill one and a half; the base (in
+the dead bird) orange, the other half green; frontlet none; the crown and
+nape are grey brown, the sides cinereous, and the throat whitish; the neck
+both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is lead-coloured; it
+then changes to rufous, which spreads over the breast, body, wing covers,
+and greater quills; the lower part of the neck above, with the back,
+scapulars, and lesser quills, brownish olive; the belly, thighs, tail, and
+rump black; the inner wing covers are remotely barred with black; legs (in
+the live bird) red.
+
+Latham describes the Black-bellied G. as seventeen inches long; the bill
+two inches; the quills greenish brown, with rufous margins; the fore part
+of the neck and breast bright rufous; and the flanks with black bands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 174
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TANAGRA canicapilla,
+
+_Grey-crowned Tanager._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, basi trigona, lateribus compressis,
+    culmine levato, mandibula superiore ad apicem deflexa et emarginata,
+    inferioris brevioris rectae basi crassa, ambarum marginibus inflexis.
+    Nares parvae, basi plumosa, apertura rotundata, nuda. Alae mediocres._
+
+    Bill short, strong, conic, base trigonal, sides compressed, culmin
+    elevated, upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched, under
+    mandible shorter and straight, the base thick, the margins of both
+    inflexed. Nostrils small, the base feathered, the aperture round,
+    naked. Wings moderate.
+
+    Generic Types. _Tanagra Jacapa, tricolor._ _Motacilla velia._ Lin.
+    _Pipra musica._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. olivaceo-viridis, infra flava; vertice cinereo, striga oculari
+    auribusque nigris; rostro gracili._
+
+    Olive green, beneath yellow; crown cinereous, eye stripe and ears
+    black; bill slender.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Tanagers are a numerous, and, in general, a beautiful tribe, including
+some of the most richly coloured birds of America; to which continent
+modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively confined.
+
+M. Temminck proposes to unite with the Tanagers, several birds scattered in
+the Linnaean Genera of _Lanius_, _Loxia_, _Fringilla_, _Pipra_, and
+_Motacilla_. This view of the subject, it may not be superfluous to add, is
+in perfect unison with my own. In fact, I had meditated a similar
+arrangement; but the appearance of M. Temminck's work rendered the
+publication of my own remarks no longer necessary. The bird here figured
+belongs to that division which forms a transition to the _Sylviae_, from
+which they are readily distinguished by the thickened base of the under
+mandible. It is not uncommon in the West Indies; but I cannot find it
+described either among the Tanagers, Finches, or Warblers of the Linnaean
+school: in this, however, I may possibly be mistaken. It is represented the
+size of life, and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 175
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA leucostoma,
+
+_White-mouthed Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 98.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A testa ovata, rugosa, epidermide olivaceo-fusca; labio exteriore
+    tenui; apertura alba; umbilico vix clauso._
+
+    Shell oval, wrinkled; epidermis olive-brown; outer lip thin; aperture
+    white; umbilicus nearly closed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In prosecuting my illustrations of this genus, I have carefully examined
+all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends, and have added many to my
+own. These materials have thrown some additional light on those species
+which I have already described, and have enabled me to detect several
+others altogether new. Among the latter is the shell here figured, and
+which is so rare, that I know but one example of it in this country. Its
+form is more oval than that of _A. rugosa_, from which it is likewise
+distinguished by a very small umbilicus, nearly concealed by the inner lip;
+the wrinkles are numerous and unequal, the spire pointed, and the aperture
+milk-white.
+
+Since my remarks on the _Planorbis cornu-arietis_ of Lamarck were
+published, it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an
+operculum: one of these is in the possession of Mr. Sowerby: thus what was
+a matter of doubt becomes a fact, and affords the only substantial argument
+for terming it an _Ampullaria_. On the other hand, its affinities to
+_Planorbis_ (marked by its discoid, depressed form, and the total absence
+of the pillar,) remain in no degree impaired. The weight of argument on
+both sides _now_ appears to be so equal, that it is a matter of no moment
+whether this shell be placed in the system at the end of the _Ampullariae_,
+or at the commencement of the _Planorbes_. To the generality of
+conchologists, the latter collocation would appear the most simple; but, on
+the whole, I incline more to the propriety of considering it the terminal
+species of the _Ampullariae_, or that which marks their transition (as I
+before observed) to the _Planorbes_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 176
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ANODON elongatus,
+
+_Lengthened Anodon._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa transversim oblonga, crassa, antice compressa, extremitate
+    utraque rotundata; umbonibus valde prominentibus, crassis; lamina
+    cardinali convexa._
+
+    Shell transversely oblong, thick, anteriorly compressed, both
+    extremities rounded; umbones very prominent, thick; hinge-plate convex.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which
+Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. It was formerly in
+the late Mr. Forster's collection, and is now in the possession of Mrs.
+Mawe. Its form is like that of _Unio ovatus_ (_Mya ovata_ of Montague), but
+it is a much thicker and stronger shell; the posterior end is greatly
+compressed, but round; the umbones convex, remarkably thick, and deeply
+eroded; the inside pearly and iridescent, with a strong flesh-coloured
+tinge; the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth, and rather
+convex; the muscular impressions are deep.
+
+One valve of the specimen above alluded to (the only one I have seen), is
+uncoated, and beautifully iridescent. Its country is unknown--but I think
+it may prove a native of the South American rivers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 177
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TURBINELLUS spirillus,
+
+_Carinated Turnip Shell._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa pyriformis vel fusiformis, sub-ponderosa. Apex papillosus.
+    Columella plicata. Labium interius margine dilatatum. Canalis
+    elongatus, rectus._
+
+    Shell pear-shaped or fusiform, heavy. Apex papillary. Pillar plaited.
+    Interior lip with the margin dilated. Canal lengthened, straight.
+
+    Generic Type. _Voluta Pyrum._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. pyriformi; spira depressa, apice prominente; anfractu basali
+    carinato; labio interiore dilatato, albo; columellae basi plicata._
+
+    Shell pear-shaped; spire depressed, apex prominent; basal whorl
+    carinated, interior lip dilated, white; base of the pillar one-plaited.
+
+    Murex spirillus. _Gmelin_, 3544. _Dillwyn_, 721.
+
+    _Martini_, 3. _tab._ 115. _f._ 1069. _Knorr_, 6. _tab._ 24. _f._ 3.
+
+    _Pyrula Spirillus._ _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 142.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In assigning a situation, under the modern system, to the _Murex spirillus_
+of Linnaeus, no genus appears to me more adapted for its reception than
+that of _Turbinellus_. These shells were formerly blended with the Linnaean
+Volutes, but are now detached from them as a distinct genus. The most
+striking peculiarity consists in the prolongation of the base into a long
+and straight canal; they possess, in common with the Volutes, a papillary
+spire, and, in general, their surface is smooth. There are, however, other
+shells classed by the French conchologists with this genus, from their
+having a plaited columella; in these, the apex of the spire is acute, the
+base truncated, and the outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines;
+characters so greatly at variance, and so very distinct from those first
+mentioned, that it becomes questionable whether these latter shells should
+not rather be classed as a distinct group: in fact, they are much more
+nearly allied to _Mitra_ and _Cancellaria_, which have acute spires,
+sculptured volutions, and truncate bases, than to the smooth _Turbinelli_,
+which differ so strikingly in all these particulars.
+
+This shell is common to many parts of the Indian Ocean; and, like most of
+the smooth _Turbinelli_, has the inner lip dilated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 178
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BUCEROS coronatus,
+
+_Coronated Hornbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum elongatum, crassum, inane, deflexum, marginibus obtuse
+    crenatis, epithemate inani, forma vario, in mandibulam superiorem
+    imposito. Nares basales, ovatae_, (_lingua brevis, angusta, acuta_.
+    Illiger.) _Pedes gressorii._
+
+    Bill elongated, thick, hollow, deflexed, the margins obtusely crenated,
+    with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper mandible.
+    Nostrils basal, oval. Tongue short, narrow, pointed. Feet gressorial.
+
+    Generic Types. _B. Rhinoceros_, _bicornis_. Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _B. niger, abdomine, stria utrinque occipitali, apiceque rectricium
+    albis; rostro subcristato, (carinato,) rubro._ Shaw.
+
+    Black Hornbill, with the abdomen, stripe on each side of the nape, and
+    tip of the tail white. Bill slightly crested, (carinated,) and red.
+
+    Le Calao Couronne male. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _vol._ v. _p._ 117.
+    _pl._ 234.
+
+    Buceros coronatus, Coronated Hornbill. _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ 8. _p._ 35.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even those
+of the Toucans; many species having knobs or excrescences which seem to
+grow out of the bill itself, and give a strange appearance to the bird. The
+whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of Africa and Asia;
+feeding on animal substances, either living or dead.
+
+Le Vaillant discovered this bird in Caffraria; congregating in flocks of
+near 500, along with crows and vultures, over the remains of slaughtered
+elephants. It frequents forests, perching on high, and generally withered
+trees; it likewise destroys insects.
+
+The specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie; the white collar
+only surrounds the back of the head, and is not well defined; the carinated
+process on the bill ends _abruptly_, and not _gradually_, as seen in Le
+Vaillant's figure; the margins are obtusely crenated, the tail even, and
+the two middle feathers entirely black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 179
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MUSCIPETA labrosa,
+
+_Red-lipped Flycatcher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 116.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. nitide nigra; rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua plumatis._
+
+    Glossy black; gape margined by a red skin; legs feathered beyond the
+    knees.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This bird, though unattractive in its colours, is nevertheless very
+remarkable. It may be almost said to have _lips_; for round the gape, at
+each angle of the mouth, is a narrow loose skin; perfectly naked, and
+rather projecting. This singularity is increased by its colour in the live
+bird; which, by a note attached to the specimen, is stated to be of a
+beautiful red. It seems a species hitherto unknown, and was found near the
+Great Fish River of Southern Africa.
+
+The figure is rather less than the natural size; the whole plumage deep
+black; glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and tail
+feathers; the quills inside are grey, margined with olive; the first of
+these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and the
+two next are nearly of equal length. The tail has ten feathers, and is
+even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter. The bill
+rather thick and strong, the culmine not very apparent, the upper mandible
+strongly notched, the under but slightly; the nostrils are hid by thickset
+incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the aperture, which is
+rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow membrane. The legs are very
+short, the three fore-toes united as far as the first joint, the hind-toe
+short; the claws of all are small, and the sole of the foot perfectly flat,
+like the Bee-eaters. I have been minute in noting these characters,
+because, although the bird will stand at present in the great family of the
+Flycatchers, there is no doubt they will hereafter be divided into distinct
+groups.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 180
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TURDUS vociferans,
+
+_Calling Thrush._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. cinereus, infra ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudae
+    rotundatae pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis._
+
+    Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail
+    rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous.
+
+    Le Reclammeur. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _tom._ 3. _p._ 33, _pl._ 104.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant, who
+discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note of
+the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and
+evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually
+seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well
+illustrates the peculiar note of the male:--One of his Dutch Hottentots, by
+name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly around him,
+uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of _Piet myn
+vrow_, (or, '_Peter_--my wife,') that the poor lad (perfectly astonished)
+took to his heels, and vowed never more to handle a gun.
+
+Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous: on
+each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and forms
+a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous
+yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail feathers the same,
+the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair has likewise a narrow
+margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers dusky brown, with pale
+cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides hazel: bill rather small
+and black, compressed the whole length, and having weak bristles at its
+base.
+
+This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet defined
+the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at present from
+proposing its characters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 181
+
+[Illustration]
+
+VOLUTA Pusio,
+
+_Dwarf Volute._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 161.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _V. testa ovato-obtusa, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis fulvis
+    interstinctis cincta; anfractu basali obtuse nodoso; spira brevissima,
+    acuta; columella incrassata, multiplicata._
+
+    Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body
+    whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute;
+    pillar thickened with many plaits.
+
+    Voluta Pusio. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal_, _vol._ 61. _p._
+    378.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his
+_Animaux_, contains but two species in addition to those long ago described
+by him in the _Annales du Mus._; thus omitting many of those new Volutes
+which of late years have been discovered. On the other hand, this
+naturalist has created five species from the varieties of _V. musica_ Lin.
+resting their characters on colour, bands, and the number of the lesser or
+spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no argument to prove that these
+principles of distinction are the most uncertain he could have chosen;
+scarcely two specimens of _V. musica_ being found alike. These supposed
+species must, therefore, again merge into one.
+
+The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is quite
+smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire remarkably
+short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to _V. virescens_
+Sol. (_Polyzonalis_ Lam.) and to _V. fulva_ Lam. I have neither of these
+shells at present before me; but if Lamarck's description of them, and the
+figures which he has cited, be correct, I have no doubt they are but one
+species; _V. polyzonalis_ being the _smooth_, and _V. fulva_ being the
+_nodulous_ variety of Solander's _V. virescens_. In fact, Lamarck says both
+shells are transversely striated.
+
+_V. pusio_ is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described from a
+specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is perfect,
+but its colours are somewhat faded.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 182
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CYPRAEA spadicea,
+
+_Chesnut Cowry._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 111.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa ovata, oblonga, immaculata; dorso rufo; ventre albo;
+    lateribus lividis._
+
+    Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white;
+    sides livid.
+
+    C. spadicea. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._ 376.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles _C. onyx_; but
+its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for that or any
+other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and pure white;
+the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short, and but
+faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three specimens
+have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young, showed the
+internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all received by
+Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CYPRAEA sanguinolenta
+
+(_Middle figures._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _C. testa ovato-oblonga, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito;
+    lateribus incarnato-violaceis, livide guttatis; ventre depresso._
+
+    Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides
+    flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed.
+
+    _C. testa ovato-oblonga, cinereo-caerulescente, fulvo vel fusco
+    fasciata, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis._ _Lam.
+    Syst._ 7. _p._ 396.
+
+    C. sanguinolenta. _Gmelin_, 3406. _Turton_, 4. _p._ 335. _Dill._ 445.
+    _Martini_, 1. _t._ 26. _f._ 265, 266. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 356. _f._ 12.
+
+    C. purpurascens. _Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ 61. _p._ 376.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell as
+blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the figures
+by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed my
+_purpurascens_ as a variety of Gmelin's _sanguinolenta_. The back of the
+shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or belly) is
+flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the base of the
+aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern Africa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL INDEX
+
+OF
+
+LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
+
+TO
+
+VOL. III.
+
+IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.
+
+
+
+                               Pl.                                   Pl.
+  Ampullaria corrugata         120 || Wrinkled Apple-snail           120
+                                   ||
+  Cinnyris Javanica            121 || Javanese Creeper               121
+                                   ||
+  Achatina virginea, _var._ 1  122 || Common striped Achatina        122
+      and 2                        ||
+    ditto, _var._ 3 and 4      123 ||   ditto                        123
+                                   ||
+  Licinia Crisia               124 || Licinia Crisia                 124
+                                   ||
+  Papilio Nerius               125 || Papilio Nerius                 125
+                                   ||
+  Conus vitulinus, _var._      126 || Orange fox Cone                126
+    maldivus                   127 ||   Spanish-Admiral Cone         127
+    ditto chesnut, _var._      128 ||   ditto chesnut, _var._        128
+                                   ||
+  Melliphaga torquata          129 || White-collared Honeysucker     129
+                                   ||
+  Trochilus latipennis, male   130 || Grey sickle-winged H. Bird     130
+    ditto, female              131 ||   ditto, female                131
+                                   ||
+  Macroglossum annulosum       132 || Macroglossum annulosum         132
+    fasciatum                  ib. ||   fasciatum                    ib.
+                                   ||
+  Thecla Macaria               133 || Chesnut-spotted Hair-streak    133
+                                   ||
+  Strombus exustus             134 || Burnt-mouthed Strombus         134
+    lentiginosus               ib. || Tuberculated Strombus          ib.
+    tricornis                  135 || Horned Strombus                135
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria crassa            136 || Thick Apple-snail              136
+    oblonga                    ib. || Oblong ditto                   ib.
+                                   ||
+  Papilio Polybius             137 || Papilio Polybius               137
+                                   ||
+  Malurus garrulus             138 || Noisy Soft-tail Warbler        138
+                                   ||
+  Sylvia plumbea               139 || Grey-backed Warbler            139
+                                   ||
+  Troglodytes rectirostris     140 || Straight-billed Wren           140
+                                   ||
+  Psittacus chryseurus         141 || Golden-tailed Parrot           141
+                                   ||
+  Nectarinia flaveola          142 || Yellow-bellied Nectarinia      142
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria sordida           143 || Brown Apple-snail              143
+    puncticulata               ib. || Oval, punctured ditto          ib.
+                                   ||
+  Eburna Valentiana            144 || Arabian Eburna                 144
+    tessellata                 145 || Tessellated ditto              145
+    Pacifica                   146 || South Sea ditto                146
+                                   ||
+  Muscipeta carinata           147 || Keel-billed Flycatcher         147
+                                   ||
+  Emberiza cristata            148 || Crested Bunting                148
+                                   ||
+  Castnia Fabricii             149 || Red underwing Day-moth         149
+                                   ||
+  Sphinx fasciata              150 || Sphinx fasciata                150
+    Leachii                    ib. ||   Leachii                      ib.
+                                   ||
+  Alcedo semitorquata          151 || Half-collared Kingsfisher      151
+                                   ||
+  Achatina melastoma           152 || Black-mouthed Achatina         152
+                                   ||
+  Strombus lobatus             153 || Lobed or brindled Strombus     153
+                                   ||
+  Psittacus Malaccensis        154 || Blue-rumped Parrot             154
+                                   ||
+  Psittacus viridissimus       155 || Green Parrot                   155
+                                   ||
+  Fringilla oryzivora          156 || Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow    156
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria effusa            157 || Ribbon Apple-snail             157
+    luteostoma                 ib. || Yellow-mouthed ditto           ib.
+                                   ||
+  Pinna bullata                158 || Rufous Pinna                   158
+                                   ||
+  Satyrus argenteus            159 || Satyrus argenteus              159
+                                   ||
+  Anodon purpurascens          160 || Purple Anodon                  160
+                                   ||
+  Voluta punctata              161 || Red-dotted Volute              161
+                                   ||
+  Achatina fasciata, _var._    162 || Banded Achatina, 3 _var._      162
+                                   ||
+  Hemipodius nivosus           163 || White-spotted Turnix           163
+                                   ||
+  Sylvia annulosa              164 || White-eyed Warbler             164
+    ditto, _var._ [beta]       165 || Ditto, New Holland variety     165
+                                   ||
+  Bulimus citrinus             166 || Citron Bulimus, 3 _var._       166
+                                   ||
+  Anodon crassus               167 || Thick Anodon                   167
+                                   ||
+  Ramphastos ambiguus          168 || Doubtful Toucan                168
+                                   ||
+  Pteroglossus viridis         169 || Green Aracari (male)           169
+                                   ||
+  Malurus Africanus            170 || African Soft-tail              170
+                                   ||
+  Unio fragilis                171 || Fragile River-mussel           171
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria reflexa           172 || Purple Apple-snail             172
+                                   ||
+  Gallinula ruficollis, _var._ 173 || Black-bellied Gallinule        173
+                                   ||
+  Tanagra canicapilla          174 || Grey-crowned Tanager           174
+                                   ||
+  Ampullaria leucostoma        175 || White-mouthed Apple-snail      175
+                                   ||
+  Anodon elongatus             176 || Lengthened Anodon              176
+                                   ||
+  Turbinellus spirillus        177 || Carinated Turnip-shell         177
+                                   ||
+  Buceros coronatus            178 || Coronated Hornbill             178
+                                   ||
+  Muscipeta labrosa            179 || Red-lipped Flycatcher          179
+                                   ||
+  Turdus vociferans            180 || Calling Thrush                 180
+                                   ||
+  Voluta pusio                 181 || Dwarf Volute                   181
+                                   ||
+  Cypraea spadicea             182 || Cypraea spadicea               182
+    sanguinolenta              ib. ||   sanguinolenta                ib.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX
+
+OF
+
+LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
+
+TO
+
+VOLUME III.
+
+
+
+                                           Pl.
+  Achatina fasciata, _var._,               162
+    melostoma,                             152
+    virginea, _var._,                      122
+    ditto, ditto,                          123
+    _banded_,                              162
+    _black-mouthed_,                       152
+    _common, striped_,                     122
+    _ditto_, _var._,                       123
+
+  Alcedo semitorquata,                     151
+
+  Ampullaria corrugata,                    120
+    crassa,                                136
+    effusa,                                157
+    leucostoma,                            175
+    leuteostoma,                           157
+    oblonga,                               136
+    puncticulata,                          143
+    reflexa,                               172
+    sordida,                               143
+
+  Anodon crassus,                          167
+    elongatus,                             176
+    purpurascens,                          160
+    _lengthened_,                          176
+    _thick_,                               167
+    _purple_,                              160
+
+  _Apple-snail, brown_,                    143
+    _oblong_,                              136
+    _oval, punctured_,                     143
+    _purple_,                              172
+    _ribbon_,                              157
+    _thick_,                               136
+    _white-mouthed_,                       175
+    _wrinkled_,                            120
+    _yellow-mouthed_,                      175
+
+  _Aracari, green_,                        169
+
+  Bulimus citrinus, _var._,                166
+    _citron_, green variety,               ib.
+
+  Buceros, Gen. Char.,                     178
+    coronatus,                             ib.
+
+  _Bunting, crested_,                      148
+
+  Castnia, Gen. Char.,                     149
+    Fabricii,                              ib.
+
+  Cinnyris Javanica,                       121
+
+  Conus maldivus,                          127
+    ditto, _var._,                         128
+    vitulinus, _var._,                     126
+
+  _Cone, Spanish-Admiral_,                 127
+    _ditto_, _chesnut variety_,            128
+    _orange, fox_,                         126
+
+  _Creeper, Javanese_,                     121
+
+  Cypraea spadicea,                        182
+    sanguinolenta,                         ib.
+
+  _Day-moth, red underwing_,               149
+
+  Eburna, Gen. Char.,                      144
+    Pacifica,                              146
+    tessellata,                            145
+    Valentiana,                            144
+    _Arabian_,                             ib.
+    _South Sea_,                           146
+    _tesselated_,                          145
+
+  Emberiza, Gen. Char.,                    148
+    cristata,                              ib.
+
+  _Flycatcher, keel-billed_,               147
+    _red-lipped_,                          179
+
+  Fringilla, Gen. Char.,                   156
+    oryzivora,                             ib.
+
+  Gallinula, Gen. Char.,                   173
+    ruficollis, _var._,                    ib.
+
+  _Gallinule, black-bellied_, _var._,      ib.
+
+  _Hair-streak, chesnut-spotted_,          133
+
+  Hemipodius, Gen. Char.,                  163
+    nivosus,                               ib.
+
+  _Honey-sucker, while-collared_,          129
+
+  _Humming-bird, Grey sickle-wing_,        130
+    _ditto_, _female_,                     131
+
+  _Java Sparrow, or Paddy-bird_,           156
+
+  _Kingsfisher, half-collared_,            151
+
+  Licinia Crisia,                          124
+
+  Macroglossum annulosum,                  132
+    fasciatum,                             ib.
+
+  Malurus, Gen. Char.,                     138
+    Africanus,                             170
+    garrulus,                              138
+
+  Melliphaga torquata,                     129
+
+  Muscipeta carinata,                      147
+    labrosa,                               179
+
+  Nectarina flaveola,                      142
+    _yellow-bellied_,                      ib.
+
+  _Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow_,           156
+
+  Papilio Nerius,                          125
+    Polybius,                              137
+
+  _Parrot, golden-tailed_,                 141
+    _blue-rumped_,                         154
+    _green_,                               155
+
+  Pinna, Gen. Char.,                       158
+    bullata,                               ib.
+
+  _Pinna, rufous_,                         ib.
+
+  Psittacus chryseurus,                    141
+    Malaccensis,                           154
+    viridissimus,                          155
+
+  Pteroglossus viridis,                    169
+
+  Ramphastos ambiguus,                     168
+
+  _River-mussel, fragile_,                 171
+
+  Satyrus, Gen. Char.,                     159
+    argenteus,                             ib.
+
+  Strombus exustus,                        134
+    lentiginosus,                          ib.
+    lobatus,                               153
+    tricornis,                             135
+    _burnt-mouthed_,                       134
+    _tuberculated_,                        ib.
+
+  _Strombus, horned_,                      135
+    _lobed, or brindled_,                  153
+
+  Sphinx fasciata,                         150
+    Leachii,                               ib.
+
+  Sylvia, Gen. Char.,                      139
+    annulosa,                              164
+    ditto, _var._,                         165
+    plumbea,                               139
+
+  _Soft-tail, noisy_,                      138
+    _African_,                             170
+
+  Tanagra, Gen. Char.,                     174
+    canicapilla,                           ib.
+
+  Tanager, grey-crowned,                   ib.
+
+  Thecla Macaria,                          133
+
+  _Thrush, calling_,                       180
+
+  Trochilus latipennis, male,              130
+    ditto, female,                         131
+
+  Troglodytes, Gen. Char.,                 140
+    rectirostris,                          ib.
+
+  Turbinellus, Gen. Char.,                 177
+    spirillus,                             ib.
+
+  Turdus vociferans,                       180
+
+  _Turnip-shell, carinated_,               177
+
+  _Turnix, white-spotted_,                 163
+
+  Voluta, Gen. Char.,                      161
+    pusio,                                 181
+    punctata,                              161
+
+  _Volute, dwarf_,                         181
+    _red-dotted_,                          161
+
+  Unio fragilis,                           171
+
+  _Warbler, olive-backed_,                 139
+    _white-eyed_,                          164
+    _New Holland variety_,                 165
+
+  _Wren, straight-billed_,                 140
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VERTEBROSA.
+
+PART III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_ORNITHOLOGY._
+
+                                          Pl.
+  CINNYRIS Javanica                       121
+
+  MELLIPHAGA torquata                     129
+
+  TROCHILUS latipennis, male              130
+    ditto, female                         131
+
+  MALURUS garrulus                        138
+    Africanus                             170
+
+  SYLVIA plumbea                          139
+    annulosa                              164
+    ditto, New Holland variety            165
+
+  TROGLODYTES rectirostris                140
+
+  PSITTACUS chryseurus                    141
+    Malaccensis                           154
+    viridissimus                          155
+
+  NECTARINIA flaveola                     142
+
+  MUSCIPETA carinata                      147
+    labrosa                               179
+
+  EMBERIZA cristata                       148
+
+  ALCEDO semitorquata                     151
+
+  FRINGILLA oryzivora                     156
+
+  HEMIPODIUS nivosus                      163
+
+  RAMPHASTOS ambiguus                     168
+
+  PTEROGLOSSUS viridis                    169
+
+  GALLINULA ruficollis                    173
+
+  TANAGRA canicapilla                     174
+
+  BUCEROS coronatus                       178
+
+  TURDUS vociferans                       180
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+PART III.
+
+                                          Pl.
+  LICINIA Crisia                          124
+
+  PAPILIO Nerius                          125
+    Polybius                              137
+
+  THECLA Macaria                          133
+
+  MACROGLOSSUM annulosum                  132
+    fasciatum                             ib.
+
+  SPHINX fasciata                         150
+    Leachii                               ib.
+
+  CASTNIA Fabricii                        149
+
+  SATYRUS argenteus                       159
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCHOLOGY.
+
+PART III.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Univalves._
+
+                                          Pl.
+  AMPULLARIA corrugata                    120
+    crassa                                136
+    oblonga                               ib.
+    sordida                               143
+    puncticulata                          ib.
+    effusa                                157
+    luteostoma                            ib.
+    reflexa                               172
+    leucostoma                            175
+
+  ACHATINA virginea, _var._ 1, 2.         122
+    ditto, _var._ 3, 4.                   123
+    melastoma                             152
+    fasciata, 3 _var._                    162
+
+  BULIMUS citrinus                        166
+
+  CONUS vitulinus                         126
+    Maldivus                              127
+    ditto, variety                        128
+
+  STROMBUS exustus                        134
+    lentiginosus                          ib.
+    tricornis                             135
+    lobatus                               153
+
+  CYPRAEA spadicea                        182
+    sanguinolenta                         ib.
+
+  EBURNA Valentiana                       144
+    tessellata                            145
+    Pacifica                              146
+
+  VOLUTA punctata                         161
+    pusio                                 181
+
+  TURBINELLUS spirillus                   177
+
+_Bivalves._
+
+  PINNA bullata                           158
+
+  ANODON purpurascens                     160
+    crassus                               167
+    elongatus                             176
+
+  UNIO fragilis                           171
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
+
+  In the Systematic Index, Conchology, Part I. for "_Acephalis_" read
+    "_Acephales_."
+
+  Pl. 92. page 1. line 13, for "_caudi_," read "_caudis_."
+                       23, for "_Dentatis_" read "_Dentati_."
+            -- 3.   -- 11 from the bottom, for "_Lepidopterae_" read
+                            "_Lepidoptera_."
+
+  -- 102. Add to the Synonyms, _A. virginea_. _Lamarck. Syst._ _tom._ 6.
+            _part_ 2. _p._ 131. _Sowerby's Genera._ _Achatina_, _f._ 2.
+
+  -- 124. last line, for "female" read "male;" and in the line above, for
+            "male" read "female."
+
+  -- 125. for "_P. Nireus_" read "_P. Nerius_."
+
+  -- 126. Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 467. 55; and for _Ency.
+            Meth._ _pl._ 326. _f._ 204., read _pl._ 326. _fig._ 2 and 4.
+
+  -- 127. Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 465. 50.
+
+  -- 134. _Strombus exustus_, described by Lamarck (_Syst._ 7. _p._ 211)
+            under the name of _S. Papilio_. The first of these names,
+            however, has the right of priority. (See _Mus. Cal._ 1797.)
+            The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly
+            represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for
+            _S. lentiginosus_.
+
+          _Strombus lentiginosus._ Add to the Synonyms, _Lam. Syst._ 7.
+            _p._ 203. _Knorr_, 3. _tab._ 13, _f._ 2. Lamarck has omitted
+            to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of
+            this and the following species.
+
+  -- 135. _St. tricornis._ Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 201.
+
+  -- 139. _Sylvia plumbea._ This bird greatly resembles the female of
+            _S. pusilla_ of Wilson (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet
+            differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white: I
+            was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: the one inhabits
+            North, and the other South America. Latham's description of his
+            yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate;
+            as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas
+            both Wilson and Vieillot say there are two.
+
+  -- 145. Eburna tessellata. Add to the Syn. _E. Arcolata_, _Lam. Syst._
+            7. _p._ 282. 4.
+
+  -- 146. Eburna Pacifica. Add to the Syn. _E. lutosa?_ _Lam. Syst._
+            7. 282. 5.
+
+  -- 150. The upper figure is of _Sphinx Leachii_, and the under of
+            _S. fasciata_.
+
+  -- 152. Add to the Syn. _Helix regina._ _Ferussac Moll._ _liv._ 19.
+            _pl._ 119.
+
+  -- 153.      Ditto      _S. bituberculatus_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 202. 6.
+
+  -- 157. Amp. Effusa. Ditto, _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+  -- 164. Add to the Syn. _Le Figuier Tcheric_, _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3.
+            _pl._ 132.
+
+  -- 166.      Ditto      _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5.
+
+  -- 170.      Ditto      _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2.
+
+  -- 177.      Ditto      _Pyrula Spirillus._ _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 142.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] "Pendant que les naturalistes font des monographies, des ouvrages
+generaux ou la synonymie, les coupes systematiques sont, a force de temps
+et de soins, etablies avec rigueur, les auteurs des miscellanees, avec
+quelques phrases et des noms nouveaux, font des genres ou des especes, et
+publient 50 cahiers dans lesquels les fruits de dix ans de recherches ou de
+voyages sont enleves a leurs auteurs. (F.)"--_Bulletin des Annonces et des
+Nouvelles Scientifiques; publie sous la direction de M. le B. de Ferussac.
+N._ 4. _p._ 53.
+
+[2] See the Sketch Book of G. Crayon, vol. i. p. 130.
+
+[3] Bulletin des Annonces et des Nouvelles Scientifiques, N. 6. p. 438.
+
+[4] Donovan's Naturalist's Repository.
+
+[5] The additional list of synonyms subjoined at the end of this volume
+almost entirely refer to one or two books which have been subsequently
+published: the date of 1822, affixed to the seventh volume of Lamarck's _H.
+N. des Animaux sans Vertebres_, is considerably before the time it was
+issued to the public.
+
+[6] I have applied this term to the oblique descent made by the umbo,
+towards the basal extremity of the anterior side of bivalves.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by 
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