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diff --git a/39477.txt b/39477.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..710c76f --- /dev/null +++ b/39477.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4873 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by William Swainson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume III + or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or + Interesting Animals + +Author: William Swainson + +Release Date: April 18, 2012 [EBook #39477] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied, and +the captions to the last plate corrected from "CYPROEA" to CYPRAEA. + + * * * * * + + +Zoological Illustrations, + +OR + +ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS + +OF + +NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING + +ANIMALS, + +SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF + +Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, + +AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF + +CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS. + + * * * * * + +BY + +WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S., + +MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC. + + * * * * * + +VOL. III. + + * * * * * + +London: + +PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET; + +FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW; +AND W. WOOD, STRAND. + + * * * * * + +1822-3. + + * * * * * + + +PREFACE. + + * * * * * + +In concluding the last volume of these Illustrations, I may be allowed to +express the satisfaction I feel, at the favourable manner in which the work +has been received, both in this country and on the continent. + +Several objections have been urged, even by sensible writers, against +miscellaneous works on Zoology. First, that they range over the whole +animal kingdom, without completing the history of any one tribe. Secondly, +that their authors, while professing to illustrate only what is new or +little known, intrude a large proportion of subjects to be found in all the +common natural histories. And thirdly, that this rapid mode of publishing +new discoveries, is an infringement on the right, and is detrimental to the +labours, of those naturalists who direct their attention to one particular +branch. These objections, however, are not unanswerable; for, in the first +place, these miscellanies should more properly be considered as graphic +illustrations, or collections of figures, wherein the efforts of the +artist, aided by scientific knowledge, are called forth, to complete, by +his pencil, the more minute and detailed descriptions which should proceed +from the pen of the monographer. The most perfect works in the science are +undoubtedly those which unite the labours of both; but, in proportion as +this perfection is attained, the general utility of such works is +diminished. They become so enormously expensive, that they are only to be +seen in universities and princely libraries; for the most part inaccessible +to the naturalist, and nearly unknown to the public at large. The works of +Le Vaillant, Desmarest, Vieillot, Ferussac, and several others, published +in France and Germany, are of this description; and while in one sense they +have considerably benefitted the science, they have in another proved very +detrimental to its general diffusion. No sensible naturalist will risk his +fame, by giving his observations to the world, without knowing what has +been done by those who have preceded him;--until, in fact, he has proper +materials to work upon. He knows that these sumptuous authors should be +consulted; he has not the means of so doing; and he relinquishes his +purpose in despair. Such has been the result in two or three instances +which I could mention: and the power of materially extending the bounds of +science is thus confined to those favoured few, who are so fortunate as to +possess, or to have the power of consulting, those splendid publications. + +The second objection is well grounded; but in whatever degree it may apply +elsewhere, I trust the following pages will evince my anxiety to render the +work replete with subjects hitherto unknown or unrecorded; and my own +collections, in most cases, have given me ample means for examining and +comparing both the genera and species of nearly all the subjects I have +attempted to illustrate. + +In several instances my opinions will be found to differ from those of many +celebrated naturalists of the day; but I have endeavoured to put the reader +in possession of the reasons which have led to the conclusions I have +adopted. This is but justice towards those who have preceded me, and to the +great body of naturalists, by whom such questions will ultimately be +decided. The age is past wherein the _ipse dixit_ of a great name was +enough to check all inquiries after truth. Assertions must now be proved +before they are admitted: and those writers who lay before the public +tribunal of science their facts, their arguments, and their deductions, can +alone hope to have their opinions generally adopted. + +The third and last objection is as new as it is singular; and has been +urged against Miscellanies in general by an anonymous French writer.[1] +However an author may feel annoyance or disappointment, that another should +be the first to publish discoveries, which _he_ fancies belong exclusively +to himself, he surely has no title to complain. The field of Nature is open +to the inquiries of all. In her domain there are not yet established any +_scientific preserves_.[2] If occupation or indolence does not permit _one_ +labourer to make known his discoveries, is _another_ (who perhaps +unconsciously has been working on the same ground) to hide the knowledge +_he_ has gained? This is surely a principle at once illiberal and unjust. +At this time, there is not perhaps a single department of Zoology which is +not employing the attention of more than one writer. It is to the honour, +and to the lasting benefit of science, that it should be so: and although a +great part of the new objects collected during my travels in Europe and +Brazil have recently been made public by MM. Temminck and Godart, I feel +rejoiced that this has been done by such distinguished men. + +I have been induced to enter (perhaps too fully) into a general defence of +Zoological miscellanies, from the opinion I entertain of their great +utility. First, in diffusing a general knowledge, and exciting a taste for +such pursuits among the great mass of readers; and secondly, as being a +prompt and interesting channel of communicating new discoveries to the +scientific world. Their periodical appearances and comparative cheapness +renders them of easy access to the student; and, if well conducted, they +unite all that is essential from the pen and the pencil. + +Several foreign journals have noticed the appearance of these +Illustrations, and generally in such terms as to stamp a value on their +contents. One of these, however,[3] contains several misrepresentations, +which have doubtless escaped the notice of the editor; and which, +therefore, it may be as well to explain in this place. The writer in this +journal, while noticing my Illustrations, seems to have mixed up with it +criticisms intended for another periodical miscellany,[4] to which this +has, perhaps, given birth, and which professes to be on a similar plan. He +states that these Illustrations are to be completed in sixty numbers, +making five volumes. No such declaration, to my knowledge, has ever been +made, although such is the averred plan of the Naturalist's Repository. The +reviewer goes on to state: "Il suit pour l'Entomologie et la Conchologie la +classification surannee de Linnaeus." This is not a very respectful mode of +speaking of the labours of the greatest naturalist whom his age produced; +but the proposition is a total mistake; the charge is refuted by almost +every page of my work; and, what is rather extraordinary, by the very +quotations of the reviewer. In reply to the regret expressed, "que l'auteur +n'indique pas toujours les ouvrages les plus recens," I should have been +thankful had he subjoined what works these were; as I do not find, in the +monthly lists of the _Bulletin_, any one which I have not consulted or +referred to, if connected with the objects here described.[5] M. de +Ferussac's work has been regularly cited, but his _Prodromus_ I have never +been able to procure, either in England or Paris. + +And here I cannot refrain from adverting to the great number of Zoological +publications which have appeared in this country during the last three +years; a number far exceeding in proportion that of any period in the +annals of the science. Dr. Horsfield has commenced a beautiful work on the +Animals of Java; and Mr. Sowerby is prosecuting his Genera of Shells with +much zeal, and with increased ability. Both these appear periodically. They +are conducted on the modern principles of science, and do credit to their +authors. The Naturalist's Repository, before alluded to, likewise appears +monthly, but is carried on according to the Linnaean system, pure and +unadulterated. All these, however, unite in showing how rapidly the taste +for such works has increased. Added to these, a new quarterly Journal, +exclusively devoted to Zoology, has been announced, and, if conducted on +liberal principles, its utility will be very great. + +But nothing, perhaps, has more fully evinced the state of public feeling on +this point among men of enlightened minds, than the discussions which have +arisen on the present state of the British Museum. It is a subject on which +I might be tempted to say much, did I not feel, that among those who do not +know me, I might be suspected of interested or unworthy motives. But from +the retirement of a country life, I may now be allowed perhaps to say a few +words. It is indeed most true, that, in the Zoological department, this +institution is a full century behind the rest of Europe; I might almost +add, of America. But the fault is deep-rooted; and does not spring from the +person (whoever he may be) to whom this overwhelming charge is given. It is +ridiculous to suppose that the exertions of any one person (however great +his talents, his zeal, and his assiduity,) are sufficient to discharge the +duties of so complicated an office. Such a supposition implies the +expectation of a moral impossibility; and so long as such a Herculean task +is allotted him, so long will the Museum continue, with little alteration, +in its present state. Where we have _one_ Zoologist, the museums of Paris, +Berlin, and Vienna have many; each is charged with the care of one +particular branch; and, by their united efforts, the whole is displayed to +the examination of the scientific, and to the view of the public. Each +professor has thus leisure to prosecute the most important objects of his +duty; _i. e._ to examine, compare, and describe, to detect analogies, to +investigate affinities, and to give to the world the fruits of his studies. +To France more particularly this honour is due. And what has been the +result? Why, that Paris has become the Zoological university of Europe; and +that the principles which have emanated from it, are now considered the +only true ones by which Nature is to be studied. + +It is not my object to attach reproach to any body of men collectively, or +to any one individually; but truth is not to be concealed. Every writer who +has the advancement of his favourite study at heart, is bound (however +feebly) to advocate its cause. The truth of the preceding remarks cannot be +questioned; and it remains with those in power, to consider well, whether +such a state of things is consistent with the honour and reputation of the +country; with the justice due to those great men who founded the +institution; and to the expectations of the public, by whom it is +supported. + + Warwick, October, 1823. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 120 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA corrugata, + +_Wrinkled Apple Snail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa globosa, corrugata, olivacea; spirae prominentis, acutae, + anfractibus ventricosis; aperturae margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato; + umbilico parvo, juxta labii interioris mediam posito; operculo + testaceo._ + + Shell globose, wrinkled, olive; spire prominent, acute, the whorls + ventricose; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus + small, linear, near the middle of the inner lip; operculum shelly. + + Helix Ampullacea. _Linn. Gmelin_, _p._ 3626. + + Ampullaria rugosa. _Sowerby, Genera of Shells_, _fas._ 4. _fig._ 1. 2. + + * * * * * + +The annexed figures of this hitherto undefined species will clearly show +its distinction from _Amp. globosa_, (pl. 119); and the specific characters +now framed for these two shells, will, I think, sufficiently distinguish +them from each other. + +In comparison with _A. globosa_, this (even in the young state) is a +wrinkled, not a smooth shell, having the umbilicus placed near the middle, +not towards the base, of the inner lip: the spiral whorls are elevated and +ventricose, not depressed, and slightly convex; and the basal volution, +instead of being very wide on the upper part, (near the suture,) is widest +only in the middle. In young shells, the wrinkles and the marginated +aperture are less defined. When divested of its epidermis, the colour is +blueish white, with a few narrow bands of obscure purple. A specimen in my +own collection has the epidermis so thin, that the colours beneath it are +very conspicuous. The mouth inside is dark chesnut, with blackish bands; +the margin being pale yellow and slightly reflected. The umbilicus, both in +this and in _A. globosa_, is small and contracted, while in the real _A. +rugosa Lam._ (_Helix urceus Lin._) it is very large, round, and deep. This +latter shell, also, differs from both of the former, by having a thin, and +not a margined aperture. + +Mr. Sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell, which he +has mistaken for the _A. rugosa_ of Lamarck. I am informed by Mr. Humphreys +it is a native of India. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 121 + +[Illustration] + +CINNYRIS Javanica, + +_Javanese Creeper._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 95. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. supra nitide purpureo-aerata, subtus olivaceo-crocea; scapulis, + uropygio, strigaque laterali a rostro ad pectus descendente nitide + violaceis; jugulo castaneo; cauda nigra._ + + Above glossy metallic purple; beneath olive yellow; scapulars, rump, + and lateral stripe from the bill to the breast, shining violet; throat + chesnut; tail black. + + Nectarinia Javanica. _Horsfield in Linn. Tran._ _vol._ 13. i. _p._ 167. + + * * * * * + +Under the full conviction that nature has defined, in the most complete +manner, the geographic limits of the various tribes of birds subsisting on +vegetable juices, I am particularly anxious to rectify any mistakes that +may shake this hypothesis, in which I find myself supported, in the fullest +manner, by the opinion of Professor Temminck, in the last edition of his +_Manuel_. + +Dr. Horsfield, in his account of the birds of Java, describes two species +under the names of _Nectarinia Javanica_ and _Pectoralis_. It happens, +however, that specimens of both these birds are in my own cabinet, and have +enabled me to ascertain that they are both decided species of _Cinnyris_, +perfectly agreeing with the characters laid down by Cuvier, Temminck, and +myself, for this group. It is difficult to say how this oversight has +occurred, because Dr. H., just before, introduces the genus _Cinnyris_, and +describes under it two new species. In short, no doubt remains in my own +mind, that _Cinnyris_ is a genus as strictly confined to the tropical +latitudes of the _old_, as _Nectarinia_ is to the _new_ world. + +The figure is the size of life; the outline of the bill will illustrate the +generic characters, of which one of the most important is the nostrils. +Nothing can exceed the richness and variety of tints with which this +splendid little creature is ornamented; particularly on the head, which is +glossed alternately with lilac, sea-green, and violet, and appears as if +covered with some metallic substance; the blue on the wings, back, and +edges of the tail is very deep, shining, and glossed with purple; all the +wing-feathers are edged with olive, and some of the lesser quills with +chesnut. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 122 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA virginea, _var._ + +_Common Striped Achatina,_ _var. 2 and 3_. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa elongata, fasciis numerosis nigris, viridibus et flavis + ornata; anfractus basalis latitudine altitudinem superante; apertura + rotundata; labio exteriore integro; basi profunde emarginata._ + + _Var._ 2. _testa fasciis fuscis ornata; labio interiore albo._ + + _Var._ 3. _testa fasciis rufis ornata; labio interiore roseo._ + + Shell elongated, with crowded bands of black, green, and yellow; basal + volution broader than high; aperture rounded; outer lip entire; base + deeply notched. + + Bulla virginea. _Gm._ 3429. _Chemnitz_, 9. _t._ 117. _f._ 1000, 1. + _Dill._ 491. + + Bulimus virgineus. _Brug._ _p._ 363.--_Lister_, 15. 10. _Seba_, _t._ + 40. _f._ 38. _Ferrusac_, _pl._ 120. _f._ 3, 4, 5. + + Var. 2. Shell banded with brown; inner lip white. _Ferrusac_, _t._ + 120. _f._ 2. + + Var. 3. Shell banded with rufous; inner lip rosy. _Chemnitz_, 10. + 173. _f._ 1682, 1683, (_reversed_.) + + * * * * * + +The shell generally known as the _Ach. virginea_ (_Bulla virginea Lin._) is +so common, that few collectors do not possess it. The varieties, however, +of this species are rare, and differ so remarkably in their colouring, as +to require illustration. Several kindred species of this family I have +already described; and on the same principle of establishing specific +distinctions from formation instead of colour, I shall now endeavour to +point out those characters which are common, more or less, to all the +varieties of this species, and which distinguish it from its allies. _A. +virginea_ may be known by the comparative shortness of the basal whorl, +which in general is broader than high; the margin of the outer lip is +entire, and sloping in an oblique direction; the aperture is wide, and +nearly round; the lower part of the columella takes a concave direction, +and between its base and that of the outer lip is a very deep notch. The +basal whorl is so broad that the shell, if placed on a table with its mouth +downwards, will remain erect. + +Both these and the two next varieties are in Mr. Dubois' cabinet. Their +locality is unknown; but my young friend, Mr. Frederick Parkes, has +recently sent me shells of the common variety, found by himself near +Kingston, Jamaica. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 123 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA virginea, _var._ 3 _and_ 4. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 122. + + _A. virginea, var._ 3. _testa ampliore, albescente, fasciis rufis + nigrisque ornata; apertura purpurea; labio interiore albo._ + + _Var._ 4. _testa ampliore, alba, fasciis 3 angustis, fuscis ornata; + apertura labioque interiore albis; anfractu basali medio + subcarinato._ + + A. virginea, var. 3. Shell larger, whitish, with rufous and black + bands, aperture purple; inner lip white. _Middle figures._ + + Var. 4. Shell larger, white, with three narrow brown bands; + aperture and inner lip white; basal whorl in the middle slightly + carinated. _Upper and lower figures._ + + * * * * * + +The two varieties of _A. virginea_ on this plate, are still more removed +from the type of the species than those last figured; they are both much +larger in size, and var. 4 presents a slight difference of formation, in +having the basal volution somewhat carinated round the middle; but as in +every other essential character it agrees with the rest, I have refrained +from separating it as a distinct species. + +The four varieties I have now illustrated of _Ach. virginea_, tend to +establish, in a very complete manner, the correctness of the principles on +which I have framed the specific characters of this genus; here are four +shells, with a total difference in the colouring of each, yet all agreeing +in the same formation. It should be observed likewise, that _A. pallida_, +figured at pl. 41 of this work, and _A. virginea_, var. 4, are nearly the +same in colour, while in formation they are completely at variance. I do +not think it has been hitherto remarked, that the elegant green lines which +ornament the common variety, are only _external_; they resemble, in this +respect, the epidermis of other shells, for they may be taken off by a +knife without any injury to the enamel. M. Ferrusac has figured several +other varieties in his beautiful work on Land Shells. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 124 + +[Illustration] + +LICINIA Crisia. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 15. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. mas. Alis anticis falcato-acuminatis, fuscis, fascia media + margineque postico flavo; posticis infra flavescentibus colore griseo + variis, basi maculis 4 fulvis._ + + _Fem. Alis infra albentibus colore griseo variis; anticis integris, + supra fuscis, fascia media margineque postico albentibus; posticarum + basi maculis 4 fulvis._ + + _Male._ Anterior wings angulated, brown, with a central band and hind + margin yellow; posterior beneath yellowish marbled with grey, base with + 4 fulvous spots. + + _Female._ Anterior wings entire, above brown, with a central band and + hind margin whitish; all the wings beneath whitish marbled with grey; + base of the posterior with 4 fulvous spots. + + Pieris Crisia. _Godart. En. Meth._ _p._ 197. _Male._ _Drury_, _v._ 3. + _pl._ 37. _f._ 1. 2? + + * * * * * + +The extraordinary difference existing between the sexes of exotic +Lepidoptera, and particularly among the Butterflies, (_Papilionidae_ Lin.) +is a subject which hitherto has received but little attention; nor am I +aware of any entomological writer who has described those characters which +absolutely distinguish the sexes: characters which, I am persuaded, will +hereafter be found of the first importance in a natural arrangement of +these insects. But in the prosecution of this desirable object, the +naturalist, as far as regards foreign Lepidoptera, will have to encounter +serious obstacles; many individuals must be examined of each species, and +some of these dissected. It falls to the lot of few to pursue their +inquiries in the native regions of these insects. Collections in this +country are very few, and some of these are not always open to the +scientific labourer; neither can specimens be sacrificed for dissection, +where there are not more than two or three individuals of a species. + +This is in general a very rare insect; observed for the first time by Dr. +Langsdorff and myself early in June (the tropical autumn), in a wood +adjoining the Organ Mountains at Rio de Janeiro. From its local abundance, +we were able to ascertain the sexes. The two upper figures are of the +female, and the lower of the male insect. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 125 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO Nerius. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Alis nigris, fascia communi maculisque viridibus; + posticis dentatis breviter caudatis; his subtus fascia subargentea, + marginali, nervis divisa._ Godart. + + P. (Gr. Ecaud.) Wings black, with spots and a common band of green; + posterior wings dentated, obsoletely tailed, beneath with a silvery + marginal band, divided by the nerves. + + P. Nireus. _Fab. Sys. Ent._ 3. _p._ 36. _Godart Ency. Meth._ 9. 1. _p._ + 48. _Drury_ 2. _pl._ 4. _fig._ 1. 2. _Cramer_, _p._ 187. A. B. (_mas._) + _pl._ 378. F. G. (_fem._) + + * * * * * + +I have figured this insect, principally because it will fully illustrate +the first section (_a._) in the arrangement of this beautiful family +proposed at plate 92. The two divisions there adopted, after the manner of +Linnaeus, (_Graeci_ et _Trojani_) I am fully aware, are purely artificial; +but the facility this distribution will give to the student, in searching +after a particular species, is so obvious, that it need hardly be pointed +out. + +I have only had the opportunity of examining the individual from which the +figure was taken. It is a male, having the anal valves rather lengthened +and obtuse, with a small hook between them, which projects from the last +segment of the abdomen. This circumstance proves the error of Cramer, in +having mistaken the sexes of this species, both of which he seems to have +figured. That which I apprehend is the female (Cramer, pl. 378, fig. F. G.) +I have not myself seen. The blue-green on the upper surface of the wings is +very resplendent and changeable, and the palpi and thorax beneath are +covered with numerous whitish spots. + +On the under side of the inferior wings, near their base, is a paler band, +rayed with the nerves, and in some lights shining with a pale silvery +reflection. + +Mr. Smeathman sent this species from Sierra Leone, in Africa, to Mr. Drury. +The locality, therefore, of India, given by Linnaeus and Fabricius, must be +incorrect. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 126 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS vitulinus, _var._ + +_Orange Fox Cone_,_Brown-tipp'd variety._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa fulva seu fusca, fasciis 2 interruptis ornata; spirae brevis, + levatae, conicae, maculatae anfractibus concavis, subgranose striatis; + basi granosa, alba._ + + _Var. testa flavescente, fasciis obscuris, subalbidis ornata; basi + rufa. (Fig. nos.)_ + + Shell fulvous or brown, with 2 interrupted white bands; spire short, + elevated, conic, spotted, volutions concave with subgranulated striae; + base granulated, white. + + Conus vitulinus. _Brug._ _p._ 648. _Lamarck. Ann._ 15. _p._ 265. + _Knorr._ _vol._ 5. _tab._ 1. _fig._ 4 (_optime_). _Dillwyn_ 377. + + _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 467. 55. + + Var. Shell yellowish, with obscure whitish bands; the base rufous. + + * * * * * + +I received this very uncommon shell from the Island of Amboyna; and +although in size and colour it is widely different from the usual +appearance of _C. vitulinus_, I have no hesitation in considering it as a +remarkable variety only of that species. + +_C. vitulinus_ in general is a small shell. The best representation of it I +have seen is given by Knorr; an author not in general very accurate in his +figures. It varies considerably in colour, and approaches very near to _C. +vulpinus Lam._ from which it principally differs in having an elevated, +though short, spire, instead of one nearly flat: the base is granulated, +and generally white; _C. vulpinus_ also has the body whorl carinated and +thickest round the upper margin, whereas, in _Vitulinus_, it is gently +swelled in the middle. + +M. Lamarck is, I think, mistaken in the synonyms of this shell, which is +represented in the _Ency. Meth._ plate 326, fig. 2 and 4.. The shell at +fig. 8. appears to me as the granulated variety of _C. vulpinus_. + +Inhabits the Asiatic Ocean. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 127 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS Maldivus, + +_Spanish Admiral Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa laevi, postice gracili ferruginea, maculis albis subtrigonis, + cingulisque numerosis fuscis, albo punctatis, ornata; basi nigra; + spirae brevis apice acuto, anfractibus laevibus, planis._ + + Shell smooth, posterior end slender, ferruginous, with angular white + spots, and white bands dotted with brown; base black; spire short, tip + acute, the whorls smooth and flat. + + C. Maldivus. _Brug._ (1789.) _p._ 644. _Lam. Ann._ _v._ 15. _p._ 264. + + C. Jaspideus. _Humphreys in Mus. Cal._ (1797) _p._ 12. _No._ 185. + + Conus Generalis. _Var._ B. _Dillwyn._ 539. 11. + + _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 465. 50. + + Var. 1. Band in the middle narrow; _upper figure_. _Ency. Meth._ + pl. 325. fig. 6. + + Var. 2. Band broader; _lower figure_. + + Var. 3. Band very broad, with dotted transverse lines; _middle + figure_. + + _Seba._ _pl._ 54. _fig._ 11. 12. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 325. _fig._ 5. 7. + + * * * * * + +The general similarity existing between the Spanish Admiral, and two other +cones, figured in this work, I have before alluded to; it has been placed +by the Linnaean writers as a variety of _C. Generalis_, from which, +however, it invariably differs, in being a much thicker shell, with a +shorter spire, and the whorls without any concavity. The colour of the two +species varies considerably in different individuals, but _C. Maldivus_ is +always destitute of the dark brown longitudinal stripes at the top of the +body whorl, peculiar to _C. Generalis_; the white bands are either broken +into somewhat triangular spots, or are banded with minute dots; these +triangular white spots are sometimes scattered in other parts of the shell, +and the white band in the middle varies much in breadth; of all the +varieties I have yet seen, the middle figure is that which makes the +nearest approach to _C. Generalis_. + +The very applicable name given to this shell by Mr. Humphreys, in the +_Museum Calonnianum_, I should have adopted, had not Bruguiere previously +affixed to it that of _Maldivus_, as being a native of the Maldivian +Islands. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 128 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS Maldivus, _var._ + +_Spanish Admiral Cone_,_Chesnut variety._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 127. + + Conus Maldivus. Var. B. _testa castanea, fascia albescente media + angusta ornata; anfractus basalis basi et margine albis._ + + _Var. B._ Chesnut, with a narrow whitish band in the middle; base and + margin of the body whorl white. + + * * * * * + +As a further illustration of the last plate, I have been induced to figure +this very rare variety, from a specimen I met with at Mrs. Mawe's. In the +disposition of its markings, it approaches near to the shell represented in +the _Ency. Meth._ _plate_ 325, _f._ 6, but the white band in the middle is +narrower, and quite destitute of the circular dotted lines there expressed. + +No shells require a greater accuracy of delineation than the Cones, +particularly in expressing the peculiarity in the form and sculpture of +their spires. I am well persuaded that a great number of the mistakes +committed by authors have originated in the wretched figures contained in +Favanne's work, and in the early volumes of Martini. Those of Favanne are +generally so loose and inaccurate, (although remarkably well engraved,) +that I do not wish, by quoting, to make them any authority; and most of the +Cones figured by Martini are equally bad. + +Bruguiere and Lamarck have both given the character of _spira canaliculata_ +to this species, which is altogether a mistake. The spiral whorls are all +_but_ perfectly flat, and the suture is quite closed up, although sometimes +uneven; originating, as in many other shells, either from the inequalities +of growth, or from an accidental sea-break, which the animal may have +repaired. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 129 + +[Illustration] + +MELLIPHAGA torquata, + +_White-collared Honeysucker._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 43. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. olivaceo-fulva, infra alba; capite auribusque nigris; torque + nuchali lunato, albo; superciliorum cute rubra._ + + Fulvous olive, beneath white; head and ears black; nape with a white + crescent, skin of the eyebrows red. + + Black-crowned Honeysucker. _Lewin's Birds of N. Holland_, _pl._ 24. + + * * * * * + +An elegant, though not a richly coloured bird; remarkable for the bright +red of the skin above the eyes, and the milk-white collar at the back of +the head. It is from New Holland, and, like others of its tribe, derives +its nourishment chiefly from the nectar of flowers; as more particularly +mentioned in my first observations on this genus at pl. 43. + +The figure is of the natural size: excepting the crown and sides of the +head (which are deep black), the whole upper plumage is olive yellow: the +shoulders, quills, and tail brown; the two latter margined with olive, but +the exterior quills with white: the throat, breast, and collar round the +nape pure white; skin of the eyebrows red. + +The Lunated Creeper of Dr. Shaw (_Le Fuscalben of Vieillot, Certh._ _pl._ +61. _p._ 122.) is, I apprehend, a distinct species. It is described as +being _cinnamon brown_ above, with a bright red spot of _feathers behind_ +the eye. In the temperate climate of New Holland, that variation from the +usual colouring of particular species, so frequent in tropical birds, is +seldom met with; neither can these two birds be sexes of one species, +because Lewin, who wrote on the spot, particularly remarks that the female +of this is like the male; he further adds, it is found near Paramatta, and +the Hawkesbury river, in thick bushy woods. + +Lewin's figure is so excellent, that I should not again have represented +this bird, had not the plate been prepared previous to the publication of +his work. The outline figure of the bill will show more clearly the +uncommon length of the nostrils, a character which is peculiar to this +genus. + +Pl. 130 + +[Illustration] + +Pl. 131 + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. viridi-aureus, subtus canus; remigum primorum (in maribus) scapis + dilatato-incurvatis; rectricium pennis 4 mediis viridibus apice nigro, + lateralibus albis basi nigra; rostro vix recto._ + + Golden green, beneath grey; greater quills (in the male) with the + shafts dilated and incurved. Four middle tail-feathers green tipped + with black, lateral feathers white with a black base; bill nearly + straight. + + T. latipennis. _Lath. In. Orn._ 1. _p._ 310. _Gen. Zool._ 8. 1. 318. + + T. campylopterus. _Gm. Sys. Nat._ 499. _n._ 65. + + L'O. mouche a larges tuyaux. _Vieillot Ois. D'or._ _p._ 21. _p._ 59. + + Broad-shafted H. Bird. _Lath. Syn._ _v._ 2. _p._ 765. _Gen. Zool._ 8. + 318. + + * * * * * + +The opinion I expressed on the unusual formation of the wings in two +species of Humming-birds, figured at pl. 83 and 107, appears to receive the +fullest confirmation from the birds here represented. One of these (pl. +131) is clearly the _T. latipennis_, or Broad-shafted Humming-bird of +authors; while the other presents not the slightest difference except in +the shafts of the quills, which, instead of being thickened and dilated, +are of the ordinary size. + +Not having myself dissected these birds, I cannot decidedly say they are +male and female; but I think no reasonable doubt can remain that such is +the fact, and that these singular quill-feathers are characteristic only of +the male sex. + +Both the birds are represented the size of life, and may be included in one +description: the upper plumage obscure blueish green, glossed with a +coppery or golden tinge and shaded with brown, the plumage beneath entirely +grey; ears and sides of the neck the same, the latter with some spots of +greenish. Tail large, even, and broad; the two middle feathers green, tipt +(in the male) with blackish; the next pair black, with the base green, and +the extreme points whitish; the remainder black, with their ends more or +less white. Wings violet brown, the shafts of the three outer quills, in +the male, dilated and compressed, but simple in the female. Said to inhabit +Cayenne. Although the bill of this species is all but straight, it belongs +naturally to the curved-bill division. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 132 + +[Illustration] + +MACROGLOSSUM annulosum, + +_Upper figure_ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 64. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. alis nigris, anticis fasciis 2 hyaline maculatis ornatis; abdominis + nigri, segmento tertio niveo._ + + Wings black, anterior with two bands of hyaline spots; abdomen black, + the third segment snowy. + + * * * * * + +An elegant insect; so closely allied to _Sphinx Tantalus, Lin._ (_Drury_, +_v._ 1. _pl._ 26. _f._ 5.) as to excite a doubt if it should be considered +as a separate species. Drury's figure and description, however, of that +insect, induce me to think they are most probably distinct. _S. Tantalus_ +is without the two bands of hyaline spots, and is much smaller in size. + +In this insect are three small, white, snowy dots, on the sides of the +lower segments of the abdomen, and the same beneath: the anal segment is +grey; with the margin, and spot in the middle, black. Inhabits Brazil, but +is a rare insect. + + * * * * * + +MACROGLOSSUM fasciatum, + +_Lower figure._ + + * * * * * + + _M. alis nigricantibus, anticis fusco variis, posticis striga + aurantiaca centrali ornatis; thorace grisea; corporis lateribus, + maculis aurantiacis, nigris et pallide fulvis insignibus; antennis + gracilibus; unco producto._ + + Wings blackish, anterior variegated with brown, posterior with a + central orange stripe; thorax grey, sides of the body with orange, + black, and pale yellow spots; antennae slender, hook lengthened. + + Sphinx ceculus. _Cramer_, _pl._ 146. _f._ G. + + * * * * * + +This is another Brazilian species, much more frequent than the last. In +Cramer, at pl. 146, g. is figured an insect under the name of _Ceculus_, +which no author appears to have quoted; but which (miserably inaccurate as +it is), I have no doubt the artist intended as a representation of this +insect; particularly as Cramer's description, though short, is very +applicable. The colours beneath are uniform dark brown; the thorax, legs, +and base of the wings, whitish; near the exterior margin of the superior +wings is a small white dot, and two others on each side of the middle +segments of the body. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 133 + +[Illustration] + +THECLA Macaria, + +_Chesnut-spotted Hair-Streak._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 69. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. alis supra fuscis; anticis ad basin caeruleis, infra ferrugineis, + punctis 2 mediis nigris ornatis; posticis infra castaneis, antice + pallidioribus, maculo nigro ad basin ornatis._ + + Wings above brown; anterior blue at the base, beneath ferruginous, with + two central black spots; posterior beneath chesnut, paler on the fore + part, with a black spot near the base. + + * * * * * + +I have selected this insect as one of the rarest among a vast number of +species of this elegant tribe, collected during my travels in Brazil. Two +specimens of the male, and one of the female insect, were captured in the +woods near Pernambuco, in lat. 8deg 12' S. + +The male insects, in the majority of the _Hair-Streaks_, have either a +velvet or eye-like spot in the middle of the anterior wings, adjoining +their outer margin; these spots are without lustre, and frequently appear +as if caused by being rubbed: the colours, likewise, on the upper surface +of the wings in the males, generally differ from those of the females. + +Wings brown; anterior, with the half next the base blue; central spot +blackish, enclosing an obscure eye-like spot margined with grey, the pupil +black with a white dot. Posterior wings two-tailed; exterior tail very +short, interior lengthened; anal angle two-lobed, margin whitish. Anterior +wings beneath, pale chesnut brown, tips chesnut; in the middle are two +black dots, one of which is small; above these are three others, which form +a short transverse line united to the margin. Posterior wings beneath, dark +chesnut; with two central blackish dots in the middle; below are two +undulated brown lines, parallel to the posterior margin; the anterior +margin pale, with a large black dot near the base; anal angle, clouded with +grey and tipt with a black spot: another spot is also at the base of the +exterior tail. In the female, all the wings above are brown, with a pale +blue base; but the under surface, except in being paler, resembles that of +the male. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 134 + +[Illustration] + +STROMBUS exustus, + +_Burnt, or Purple-mouthed Strombus_--(_Upper figure_.) + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. testa nodosa; labio interiore albo, laevi; labii exterioris + inflexi, supra sinuati, intus purpureo-atri, striati; lobo basali + edentulo._ + + Shell nodulous; inner lip smooth, whitish; outer lip inflected, above + sinuated, within striated, blackish purple; basal lobe not toothed. + + _Young._ S. papilio. _Chem._ x. _t._ 158. _f._ 1510, 11. _Dillw._ 661. + 120. 11. + + _Adult._ Strombus exustus. _Humphreys in Mus. Cal._ _p._ 38. _n._ 714. + + S. lentiginosus. _Martini_, iii. _t._ 80. _f._ 825, 826. _Gmelin._ + 3510. (_var._ [beta].) _Dillwyn._ 660. + + _Seba_, _t._ 52. _f._ 17. 18. _Knorr._ 3. _t._ 26. _f._ 2. 3? + + * * * * * + +Specimens now before me prove that the _S. papilio_ of Chemnitz is a young +shell of _S. exustus_, a species named by Mr. Humphreys in the Calonne +Catalogue, and described in his own manuscripts. In a young state, the +aperture is smooth and nearly white, but when full grown, the outer lip is +strongly striated, and the aperture reddish purple, dark red, or reddish +chesnut: the outer lip is but slightly sinuated above, and the basal lobe +never toothed, as in the next species. Inhabits the island of Haynam, in +the East Indies, and is very rare. + +Described by Lamarck (_Syst._ 7. _p._ 211) under the name of _S. Papilio_. +The first of these names, however, has the right of priority. (See _Mus. +Cal._ 1797.) The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly +represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for _S. +lentiginosus_. + + * * * * * + +STROMBUS lentiginosus, + +_Tuberculated Strombus_ + + * * * * * + + _S. testa nodosa; labii exterioris supra rotundati ad spiram annexi, + profunde bilobati, margine crasso inflexo, sub-nodoso; lobo basali + dentato; apertura laevi._ + + Shell nodulous, outer lip above rounded, attached to the spire, deeply + bilobated, margin thick, inflexed, slightly nodulous; basal lobe + toothed; aperture smooth. + + _Young._ _Seba_, _t._ 62. _f._ 37. 40. _optime_. _Martini_, 3. _t._ 89. + _f._ 871. _t._ 91. _f._ 891. 892? _Lister_, 893. 12? + + _Adult._ S. lentiginosus. _Gmelin_, 3510. _Dillwyn._ 660. _Martini_, 3. + _t._ 81. _f._ 827, 828. + + _Seba_, 62. _f._ 11. 30. (_optime_.) _Lister_, 861. 18. _Gualt._ 32. + _f._ A. + + _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 203. _Knorr_, 3. _tab._ 13, _f._ 2. Lamarck has + omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of + this and the following species. + + * * * * * + +This common shell requires little description, and is only introduced to +contrast more fully the difference between these two species: the upper +part of the lip has two deep notches, which form three prominent lobes; the +basal lobe is toothed, similar to the _Pterocerae_: the aperture (in those +shells from the East Indies) is light pink inside. A large and fine variety +comes from the Mauritia islands, having the mouth within pale golden +yellow. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 135 + +[Illustration] + +STROMBUS tricornis, + +_Horned Strombus._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. testa ponderosa, nodis longitudinaliter compressis armata; labio + exteriore inflexo, margine crasso, supra attenuato et ultra spiram + producto; canali truncato._ + + Shell ponderous, with longitudinally compressed nodules; outer lip + inflexed, the margin thick, above attenuated and produced beyond the + spire; channel truncated. + + _In young stages of growth._ + + _Seba_, _pl._ 62. _f._ 36, 10. _Martini_ 3. _tab._ 91. _f._ 890. _tab._ + 85. _f._ 847. + + _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 201. + + Var. A. Shell whitish, outer lip much produced. _Upper figure._ + _Martini_, _vol._ 3. _tab._ 84. _f._ 844, 845. _Sw. Ex. Conch._ + _part_ 4. + + Var. B. Shell varied with chesnut, outer lip shorter. _Lower + figure._ _Ency. Meth._ _t._ 408. _f._ 1. _t._ 409. _f._ 2. + _Martini_, 3. _tab._ 84. _f._ 843. _Lister_, 871. _f._ 25. 873. + _f._ 29. + + * * * * * + +Martini was the first conchological writer who separated this species from +the _Strombus Gallus_ of Linnaeus; under which name are included three +shells, so remarkably different from each other, that they hardly possess a +single character in common. + +The original name of Linnaeus I have retained to that species figured by +_Seba_, _tab._ 62. _fig._ 1 and 2, and by myself in _Exotic Conchology_, +_Part_ 4. + +_Strombus tricornis_, although figured, has never yet, I believe, been +defined. + +Two varieties of this shell are met with; one having the attenuated process +of the lip much produced, the margins folded inward, and the tip somewhat +spatulate, or spoon-shaped: the colour of this variety is generally white, +slightly varigated with brown stripes or irregular spots. A very fine +specimen of this variety, having these characters remarkably developed, is +in my own cabinet, and is figured in _Exotic Conchology_, part 4. The +second variety has the process of the lip shorter, and the margins not +folded; the colour usually brownish, richly clouded and variegated with +chesnut; the aperture within is tinged with pale red or rosy; but that of +the other variety is pure white. I believe this species inhabits the coasts +of America; it is a heavy shell, and sometimes measures seven inches in +extreme length. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 136 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA crassa, + +__Thick Apple Snail_,__Upper and lower figures_. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa globosa, laevi, (sub epidermide) alba, fasciis fuscis ornata; + spirae levatae apice obtuso; aperturae margine albo, crasso; umbilico + caret._ + + Shell globose, smooth, beneath the epidermis white with brown bands; + spire elevated, tip obtuse; margin of the aperture thick, white; + umbilicus none. + + _Martini_ 9. _t._ 128. _f._ 1135. + + * * * * * + +A distinct species, well characterised by the absence of the umbilicus, the +situation of which is indicated only by a slight depression: the margin of +the aperture all round is thickened, and white; but, from no groove being +discernible, I suspect the operculum may be horny. The only specimen I +have, is divested of the epidermis; it is obviously an old shell; and +appears to agree with the figure of Martini, also taken from an uncoated +specimen. + + * * * * * + +AMPULLARIA oblonga, + +_Oblong Apple Snail_ + + * * * * * + + _A. testa oblonga, laevi, tenui, fusca; spira levata, crassa, obtusa; + aperturae elongatae basi contracta; umbilico vix obsoleto._ + + Shell oblong, smooth, thin, brown; spire elevated, thick, obtuse; + aperture lengthened, base contracted; umbilicus nearly obsolete. + + * * * * * + +A rare, and undescribed shell, presenting a singular deviation from the +general globose form of the _Ampullariae_. The inner lip is wanting on the +upper part of the aperture, and on the lower is thin, white, and reflected +over the umbilicus, which is nearly obsolete. + +Both these shells were in the late Mrs. Bligh's collection, without any +_habitat_ being affixed to them. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 137 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO Polybius. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. alis nigris; anticis maculo albo centrali; posticis + dentato-caudatis maculo rubro centrali nervis diviso; abdomine striga + laterali; thorace punctis flavis subtus, ornatis._ + + P. (_Tr. caud._) wings black; anterior with a central spot of white; + posterior dentated and tailed, with a central red spot, divided by the + nerves; stripe on each side the abdomen and spots on the thorax + beneath, yellow. + + * * * * * + +An insect neither described nor figured by any author. To my liberal +friend, Dr. Langsdorff, I am indebted for the two specimens in my own +cabinet, collected by himself in the interior of Minas Geraes, or the +Diamond district of Brazil. I am not aware of the insect having been found +in any other part of that vast country. + +An unusual character is presented in this species, alone sufficient to +distinguish it from any other contained in the division to which it +belongs. This consists in the thorax beneath being spotted with yellow, and +the body, on each side of the under surface, having a narrow yellow stripe; +the basal margin of the inferior wings is also yellow. Strictly speaking, +these yellow spots would remove it from the section _Trojani_, but it would +then be improperly separated from _P. Lysithous_, _Agavus_, and others to +which it is, in every respect, closely allied. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 138 + +[Illustration] + +MALURUS garrulus, + +_Noisy Soft-tail Warbler._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum validius, breve, totum valde compressum, altius quam latius, + culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem aliquando + emarginatum, vix incurvo. Nares basales membrana tectae, apertura + laterali. Alae brevissimae, rotundatae, remigum 3 primorum longitudine + proximorum 4 longitudinem superante. Cauda plerumque longa, cuneata, + radiis mollibus, decompositis. Pedes validi, digito exteriore ad digiti + medii basin annexo. Hallux validus._ + + _Ob. Rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructa._ Tem. + + Bill rather strong, short, much compressed its whole length, higher + than broad, the ridge prominent, dividing the frontal feathers, and + bent at the tip, which is sometimes notched. Nostrils basal, covered by + a membrane, the aperture lateral. Wings very short, rounded, the three + first quills shorter than the four next. Tail generally long, cuneated, + the radii soft and decomposed. Legs strong; the outer toe connected to + the base of the middle toe. Hind claw strong. + + Ob. Base of the bill with setaceous hairs. _Temminck._ + + Generic Types--Turdus brachypterus. _Lath._ Le Fluteur. _Vail. Ois. + d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2. Le Capolier. _Do._ _pl._ 129. _pl._ 130. + _f._ 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. fuscus, infra albescentibus; plumis frontalibus rigidis, + acuminatis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus; cauda + mediocri, rotundata._ + + M. brown, beneath whitish, feathers on the front of the head rigid, + pointed, and rufous; lines before and behind the eye whitish: tail + moderate, rounded. + + * * * * * + +The colours of this bird are altogether plain; but it is remarkable for its +very singular nest, which is so large, as to form a feature in the woodland +scenery of Bahia, the only part of Brazil where I observed it: the nest is +built in low trees, formed externally of dried sticks, without any +neatness, and is usually three or four feet long, resembling at a distance +a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by accident: sometimes +two of these nests appear as if joined together, and there is an opening on +the side, besides one at the top. The sexes are generally seen near the +nest, uttering a shrill, incessant, monotonous chirp, particularly in the +morning and evening. I never could bring myself to tear one of their nests +to pieces, merely to see its construction. + +All the birds of this genus are stated by Professor Temminck to be natives +either of the old world, or of the southern hemisphere; but the +observations I have made, lead me to think otherwise. Two of the generic +types M. Temminck has given, are the same as those I have selected; these +birds are now before me; the other (_Le Capolier_,) is so like the species +here figured, that (judging from Le Vaillant's plate) they might easily +pass for the same bird. Two other species, with characters perfectly +resembling _M. garrulus_, are likewise found in Brazil. + +From a consideration, therefore, of the affinities and habits of these +birds, I conceive they may constitute a very natural genus, closely allied +to _Sylvia_, having very compressed bills, short wings, russet coloured +plumage, with soft and generally long tails, and building rather large and +cylindrical nests. On the other hand, if the whole of the birds mentioned +by P. Temminck are retained in the genus, I apprehend it will become +entirely artificial; inasmuch as it will include not only the birds above +mentioned, but the _Motacilla superba_, and a large non-descript bird from +New Holland, the size of a thrush, which in habit, though not in +characters, resembles a shrike. + +M. Vieillot first proposed this genus, but his definition is so short and +obscure, that little can be gained from it. + +The slight sketch in the distance, introduced in the plate, will give some +idea of the singular nest of this bird. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 139 + +[Illustration] + +SYLVIA plumbea, + +_Grey-backed Warbler._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostri recti, tenuis, basi altiore quam latiore, mandibula superiori + aliquando emarginata, inferiori recta. Nares basales, laterales, + membrana partim tectae. Crura longiora digito medio, qui digito + exteriori ad basin annectitur. Ungue posteriore mediocri, digito + posteriore breviore et arcuato. Remigum pinna prima brevissima + aliquando caret. Tectrices remigibus multo breviores._ Temm. + + Bill straight, slender, base higher than broad; superior mandible + sometimes notched, the inferior straight. Nostrils basal, lateral, + partly covered by a membrane. Legs longer than the middle toe, which is + united to the exterior toe at the base; hinder claw moderate, shorter + than the toe, and curved. Wings; the first quill very short, or + wanting, greater covers much shorter than the quills. _Temminck._ + + Generic Types--_Turdus arundinaceus._ Lath. _Sylvia locustella._ + _Luscinia._ _Trochilus._ _Regulus._ (Temminck.) + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. caeruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo; tectricium apicibus + albis._ + + Blue grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-covers tipt with + white. + + * * * * * + +There is an elegance of shape, and a harmony of colouring, in the Warblers, +that render these delicate little birds very interesting. The species are +exceedingly numerous, and are spread over most parts of the world; several +abound in our own woods and hedges, and the "sacred bird" of our childhood, +the Robin Redbreast, is among the number. That now before us is a native of +Brazil, from whence it was received by Mr. Leadbeater; I never met with it +myself. The first quill feather is hardly shorter than the three next, +which are all of equal length; the tail-feathers are even, and rather +pointed; their colour black, margined with grey; the two outer with a white +spot on the inner web; the under wing and tail-covers white. + +I have made no material alteration in Prof. Temminck's definition of this +overgrown genus, being convinced it might lead to confusion, while the +generality of the birds composing it remain so little known. + +This bird greatly resembles the female of _S. pusilla_ of Wilson +(yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet differs in having the belly golden +yellow instead of white: I was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: +the one inhabits North, and the other South America. Latham's description +of his yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; as he +only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas both Wilson and +Vieillot say there are two. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 140 + +[Illustration] + +TROGLODYTES rectirostris, + +_Straight-billed Wren._ + + * * * * * + +Troglodytes. _Ray._ _Cuvier._ _Vieillot._ Sylvia. _Latham._ _Temminck._ + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + * * * * * + + _Rostrum curvatum, raro rectum, lateribus compressis; apice vix + emarginato. Nares basales. Alae brevissimae, rotundatae, remigum + majorum 3 exteriorum longitudine quartae longitudinem superante, + caeteris paribus et vix remigibus minoribus longioribus. Rectrices + breves, fasciculatae, erectae. Hallux digito medio brevior. Plumae + fuscae._ + + Bill curved; rarely straight, the sides compressed, the tip slightly + notched. Nostrils basal. Wings remarkably short, rounded, the three + exterior greater quills shorter than the fourth; the remainder of equal + length, and hardly longer than the lesser quills. Tail-feathers weak, + short, fasciculated, and generally carried erect. Hind toe shorter than + the middle toe. Plumage brown. + + Generic Types _Motacillae troglodytes et furva._ Gm. _Certhiae + familiaris, palustris, et Caroliniana._ Wilson, _Am. Orn._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. fuscus, jugulo pectoreque pallidioribus; mento nigricante; corpore + medio niveo; rectricibus angustis, nigris; mandibulae superiore apice + adunco._ + + Brown; throat and breast paler; chin blackish, middle of the body + snowy, feathers of the tail black and narrow; tip of the upper mandible + hooked. + + * * * * * + +This singular little bird agrees more in its general character with +_Troglodytes_, than with any other established genus; yet with this its +similitude is but slight. Anxious, nevertheless, to avoid what might +hereafter prove an unnecessary innovation, I have placed it with the Wrens, +under the distinguishing name of _rectirostris_; although I am more +inclined to think it constitutes a distinct genus. + +_Troglodytis_, originally instituted as a genus by our illustrious +countryman Ray, has been adopted both by M.M. Cuvier and Vieillot. +Professor Temminck, on the contrary, has included it with _Sylvia_; an +immense genus, already burthened with more species than are rightly +understood, or that really belong to it. + +Figure the natural size. Bill straight, triangular at the base, the sides +compressed, tip of the upper mandible bent down and notched; nostrils +large, lengthened, covered by a membrane, which (except at the base,) is +naked; the aperture terminal, near the edge of the bill, narrow, and +oblong: the feathers on the rump and flanks remarkably long; the three fore +toes slender, and all connected at their base as far as the first joint: +tail even, and longer than the generality of Wrens, the feathers very +narrow, weak, and deep black. Plumage above light or reddish brown; sides +of the head, neck, breast, and body, the same, but tinged with fulvous; the +chin and upper part of the throat blackish, but the margin of the feathers +partly white: lower part of the throat and breast dusky: middle of the body +pure white; under wing covers, inside margin of the quills, and edge of the +shoulders, white. + +Mr. Leadbeater favoured me with this bird, which he received from Brazil. + +The comparative length of the bill in this genus, (leaving the present bird +out of consideration,) offers no generic distinction, because it varies +greatly in different species. Some of those found in Brazil have the bill +nearly double the length of the common European Wren. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 141 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS chryseurus, + +_Golden-tailed Parrot._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. nitide viridis; fronte genisque fulvo colore tinctis; rectricium + brevium, parium, pennis mediis viridibus, caeteris aureis, omnium + apicibus nigris._ + + Shining green; front and sides of the head tinged with fulvous; tail + short, even, tipt with black, the two middle feathers green, the rest + golden. + + * * * * * + +I was fortunate in procuring both sexes of this very rare bird in the +vicinity of Pernambuco, being the only individuals I ever met with in +Brazil: they appeared as if tired from a long flight, which led me to +suppose they had migrated from the interior towards the coast. I do not +find the species noticed by any writer, nor have I seen it in any +collection. + +The total length is six inches and a half; the plumage generally of a rich +emerald green, rather obscure on the top and sides of the head, but very +bright on the back and rump, where it is tinged with blue; the feathers +round the base of the bill, front, and sides of the head, are tinged with +buff colour; the scapulary feathers (protecting the base of the wings and +lesser quills) are chocolate brown, the quills themselves black, margined +externally with green and internally with olive. The most beautiful part of +the bird is the tail, which is short and even, each feather having the tips +margined by a narrow line of black, the middle pair being green, and all +the rest of a rich golden yellow colour; the under plumage and wing covers +are nearly of as deep a green as the wings, but on the flanks there is a +tinge of olive. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 142 + +[Illustration] + +NECTARINIA flaveola, _var._ + +_Yellow-bellied Nectarinia._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 117. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _N. nigricans, infra flava; mento, superciliis rectriciumque trium + exteriarum apicibus, albis; fascia uropygiali olivacea._ + + Blackish brown; beneath yellow; chin, eyebrows, and tips of the three + outer tail-feathers white; band on the rump olive. + + Certhia flaveola. _Gmelin_, 479. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ _v._ 1. _p._ 297. + _Gen. Zool._ _v._ 8. _p._ 248. _Turton_, _p._ 297. + + Certhia, _No._ 33. _Brisson. Orn._ _v._ 6. _App._ _p._ 117. _Syn._ 2. + _p._ 19. + + Black and yellow Creeper. _Edwards_, _pl._ 122. _pl._ 362. _Lath. Syn._ + _v._ 2. _p._ 737. _Gen. Zool._ _v._ 8. _p._ 248. _Turton._ _p._ 297. + + Le Guit-Guit Sucrier. _Vieill. Ois. Dor. Certh._ _pl._ 51. _p._ 102. + + * * * * * + +This pretty little bird, under different varieties of plumage, appears to +be scattered over the greatest part of tropical America, and is one of the +most common of its tribe. The best, and indeed the only detailed account of +its economy, is given by M. Vieillot; who remarks, that its nest is +suspended on the tops of those tall climbing plants, which, in those +countries, form a matting over the most lofty trees: the entrance to the +nest is at the bottom; the interior is divided into two compartments, in +one of which only the young are contained. It feeds both on small insects, +and the nectar of flowers. All the above synonyms refer to the different +varieties authors have enumerated of this species. Most of these have a +white spot at the base of the exterior quills; others vary in having the +throat entirely black; and some again have a yellow rump; but none of these +agree with the variety here figured, which I believe came from Trinidad. +Probably a more perfect knowledge of these supposed varieties will show +they contain two or three distinct species. + +Notwithstanding the shortness of the bill, this is a decided _Nectarinia_, +according to a natural, but not an artificial arrangement. It forms, in +some degree, a passage from the shining coloured _Nectariniae_ of America, +to the short-billed _Melliphagae_ of the southern hemisphere. On a future +occasion I shall offer more detailed observations on the genus _Dicaeum_ of +Cuvier. + +The figure is the size of life; and, with the specific character, renders a +further description unnecessary. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 143 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA sordida, + +_Brown Apple Snail_ _f. 1. 2._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa globosa, ferruginea, lineis transversis subcarinatis + instructa aperturae margine tenui; umbilico magno; operculo corneo?_ + + Shell globose, ferruginous, with obsolete transverse subcarinated + lines; margin of the aperture thin; umbilicus large; operculum horny? + + * * * * * + +The only species of _Ampullaria_ with which this may be confounded is _A. +fasciata_, p. 103, in comparison with which it is a more globose shell, the +aperture narrower, and the spire more obtuse; the umbilicus is larger, +round, and not contracted; the suture is not sunk, the shell is not banded +with coloured lines, nor is the surface smooth; on the contrary, it is +marked with transverse, obscurely carinated lines; while the shell is +uniform brown, the aperture within is white, margined with brown. + + * * * * * + +AMPULLARIA puncticulata + +_Oval, punctured Apple Snail_ + + _A. testa ovata, subtilissime punctata; spira obtusa; labii exterioris + margine, interiorisque basi rufis, incrassatis; operculo corneo?_ + + Shell oval, minutely punctured, spire obtuse; margin of the exterior + lip within, and base of the inner lip thick and rufous; operculum + horny? + + * * * * * + +This and _A. oblonga_ are the only species I am yet acquainted with, whose +form is not globose. It never grows to a size much larger than the figure; +the whole shell is marked by fine longitudinal striae, and transverse lines +of minute dots, discernible only by the aid of a common magnifier; the +aperture within is brownish flesh-colour; the margin is strong and reddish, +and, within that of the outer lip, is a thickened rim; which, should the +operculum be testaceous, may supply the place of the groove for its +reception observable in _A. globosa_ and _corrugata_. The localities of +both these species are unknown to me. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 144 + +[Illustration] + +EBURNA Valentiana, + +_Arabian Eburna._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa turrita, laevis, nitida, umbilicata, basi truncata, emarginata. + Aperturae angulus superior interne canaliculatus. Animal marinum._ + + Shell turrited, smooth, polished, umbilicated, base truncated, + emarginate. Upper angle of the aperture with an internal channel. + Animal marine. + +Generic Type _Buccinum Spiratum_ Lin. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _E. testa ventricosa, maculata; aperturae longitudine spirae + longitudinem superante; spira anfractibus 5 convexis, suturis alveatis; + basi balteo concavo cincta._ + + Shell ventricose, spotted; spire shorter than the aperture, of five + convex volutions; suture channelled; base with a concave belt. + + Eburna Valentiana. _Sw. Appendix to Bligh Cat._ _p._ 6. _lot_ 904. + + * * * * * + +Few species are known of _Eburnae_, and these are neither well defined, nor +correctly figured. + +The species selected by most authors as the type of this genus is _Buccinum +glabratum_ of Linnaeus, a shell which, as it unites the characters of +_Eburna_ and _Ancilia_, should not have been chosen for this purpose. Types +of genera are alone intended to represent the usual appearance of those +characters on which the genus has been founded; they should therefore be +selected from such species only, as represent these characters in their +perfect development. + +_E. Valentiana_ was first characterized by myself, in the Appendix to the +Bligh Collection. It was brought from the Red Sea by Lord Valentia, in +honour of whom it is named. The very short spire and concave belt at the +base, easily distinguish this shell from _E. spirata_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 145 + +[Illustration] + +EBURNA tessellata, + +_Tessellated Eburna._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 144. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _E. testa maculis fuscis seu purpureis tessellatis fasciata; sutura vix + canaliculata; anfractuum marginibus convexis._ + + Shell with bands of tessellated brown or purple spots; suture slightly + channelled; margin of the volutions convex. + + Buccinum Spiratum. _var. Linn._ _Gmelin_, 3487. _Dill._ 620. _Brug._ + _p._ 262. 26. _Turton_, 4. _p._ 400. _var._ 2. + + Lister, 981. 41. (_bad._) _Seba_, _t._ 73. _f._ 25. 26. _Martini_, 4. + _pl._ 122. 1120. 1121. + + _E. Arcolata_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 282. 4. + + * * * * * + +A shell hitherto placed as a variety of _E. spirata_, (_Buccinum spiratum_, +Lin.) but from which I am disposed to consider it as specifically distinct. +The channel or sulcation round the suture of each whorl is very slight, and +the adjoining margin obtuse and convex; whereas in _E. spirata_ the channel +is broad and deep, having the margin sharply carinated: so far the +essential characters of the two shells are at variance; but their +difference in colour is so obvious that no one can mistake them. + +The form of the umbilicus in this species appears to be constant: it is +wide, deep, placed near to the upper angle of the aperture, and margined +externally by a convex belt. With the exception of Seba's figures, (which, +through the carelessness of the engraver, are reversed,) not a tolerable +representation of this shell can be found; for those given by the authors +above named, are almost too inaccurate for citation. It inhabits the Indian +Ocean. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 146 + +[Illustration] + +EBURNA Pacifica, + +_South Sea Eburna._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 144. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _E. testa ventricosa, maculis fulvis fasciisque albis ornata; spirae + angustae, acutae, suturis integris._ + + Shell ventricose, with fulvous spots and white bands; spire slender, + acute; suture entire. + + Eburna Pacifica. _Swainson, Appendix to Bligh Cat._ _p._ 6. _lot_ 904. + + Eburna lutosa? _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 401. _f._ 4. + + _E. lutosa?_ _Lam. Syst._ 7. 282. 5. + + * * * * * + +A delicate and rather uncommon shell: first defined in the Appendix I +subjoined to the Catalogue of the Bligh collection, dispersed by auction +last spring. Mrs. Mawe informs me she has received this, along with other +shells, from the Pacific Ocean. + +A species at once distinguished by the entire suture and narrow-pointed +spire; the inner lip is very thick, with a longitudinal sulcation near the +umbilicus. + +Whether this is the shell represented in the _Ency. Meth._ at _pl._ 401, +_f._ 4, admits of doubt: a short description would have explained the +characters, but not one word is said about it. I have already adverted to +this novel mode of creating species at pl. 31. If authors will not be at +the trouble of defining new species, they have no right to expect their +names should be adopted by subsequent and more laborious writers, to whom +they leave the more scientific task, of defining characters and collating +synonyms. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 147 + +[Illustration] + +MUSCIPETA carinata, + +_Keel-billed Flycatcher._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 116. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. plumbea, infra ferruginea; fronte juguloque nigris; temporibus + albentibus; rostri culmine carinato._ + + Plumbeous; body beneath ferruginous; front and throat black; sides of + the head whitish; top of the bill carinated. + + * * * * * + +Mr. Brookes, the celebrated anatomist, first drew my attention to this +singular bird; the peculiarity of the bill suggested to us the idea of +creating a genus for its reception; but a closer comparison of its other +characters with several of the exotic _Muscipetae_ induces me, at least for +the present, to associate it with those birds. The Flycatchers, as they now +stand in the works of Latham, Shaw, and other Linnaean writers, +undistinguished even by sections or subdivisions, present a mass of +confusion, which renders the search after an individual, in this immense +genus, almost hopeless. + +Total length, six inches and a half; front, throat, and margin of the +shoulders, deep black; the whole upper plumage is of a delicate lead +colour, which is paler on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of the +head and neck; body and inner wing covers rufous; the first quill is half +the length of the second, which is rather shorter than the three next; feet +slender, weak, and short; the outer toe united, the inner cleft. The bill +at the base is triangular, but not elevated; the sides compressed; the +culmin, or top, is sharp, elevated, and curved; the tip of both mandibles +notched: nostrils simple, small, round, without a membrane, and partly hid +by the thick-set frontal feathers, and lengthened setaceous bristles round +the bill. These parts are delineated on the plate of their natural size; +and must form the basis of any future generic alteration in the arrangement +of this bird. The figure was from a specimen belonging to Mr. Brookes; +since which, I have received two others from New Holland. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 148 + +[Illustration] + +EMBERIZA cristata, + +_Crested Bunting._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum breve, conicum, compressum, basi aliquatenus hians, mandibula + superiore inflexa, inferiore superiorem magnitudine superantem. Nares + basales, rotundi, basi plumulis obtecta. Pedes sedentes, digitis tribus + anticis basi divisis, halluce plerumque brevi, curvo, aliquando recto._ + + Ob. _Remigum penna prima brevi, secunda tertiaque longissimis._ + + Bill short, strong, conic, compressed; the base slightly gaping; upper + mandible inflexed; under mandible largest. Nostrils basal, round, + covered at the base by small feathers. Feet sitting, the three anterior + toes divided at the base; the hind claw in general short and curved, in + some species straight. + + _Ob._ The first quill of the wings shorter than the second and third, + which are the longest. + + Generic Types (Temminck) i. _Emb. citrinella. miliaria_ Lin. ii. _Em. + nivalis. Fring. Lapponica._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _E. olivacea, infra flavescens; capite cristato; jugulo nigro; striga + oculari, scapulis rectricibusque lateralibus flavis._ + + Olive, beneath yellowish, head crested; throat black; eye stripe, + shoulders, and lateral tail feathers, yellow. + + * * * * * + +The elegant crest of narrow-pointed feathers on the head of this new bird, +at once distinguishes it from all others of the same family. Mr. Brookes +favoured me with the individual here described; it was purchased alive at +one of the Brazilian ports; but I strongly suspect it had been first +brought from Africa, by some one of the slave ships. The figure is of the +natural size; down the shaft of each feather on the back is a black line; +the tail is rather long, and even; the two middle feathers black; the rest +pure yellow, with black shafts, and brown exterior terminal margins; the +upper mandible of the bill is sinuated; the base not gaping, but with a few +incumbent bristles. + +I have taken the authority of Professor Temminck for the accuracy of the +generic types of this genus under its present modification. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 149 + +[Illustration] + +CASTNIA Fabricii, + +_Red underwing Day-moth._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae clavatae, clavo elongato, cylindraceo, fusiformi, ad apicem + unco brevi, acuto armato. Palpi breves, graciles, haud prominentes, + articulo ultimo nudo, oblique verticales. Vertex ocellatus? ocello + oculum juxta utrumque posito._ + + Obs. _Caput parvum; alarum basis squamis conspicuis, elongatis + imbricata._ + + Antennae clubbed; club elongated, rounded, fusiform, ending in a short + acute hook. Palpi short, slender, not projecting beyond the front, the + last joint naked, obliquely vertical. Crown with a small ocellus? + adjoining each eye. + + _Ob._ Head small: base of the wings covered with conspicuous, + lengthened, imbricate scales. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. alis anticis, supra ferrugineis; posticis rufis, fasciis 3 undatis, + nigris, masculis ovatis interstinctis, ornatis._ + + Anterior wings above ferruginous; posterior rufous, with three waved + bands of black, between which are imperfect oval spots. + + * * * * * + +The insects of this genus form one of the most singular groups among the +Lepidoptera; they are few in number, and confined to the tropical regions +of America; flying only during the meridian heat, and then with incredible +rapidity: they frequent the narrow inlets of thick forests, occasionally +resting, far above the ground, on the trunks of trees. The species here +figured is very rare, and came from the Diamond district of Brazil: it is +named after the illustrious entomologist who first founded the genus. The +bases of the wings beneath are furnished, in the male, with a spiral socket +and horny spring, similar to those of the Phalaenidae. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 150 + +[Illustration] + +SPHINX fasciata. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 81. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. alis anticis subdentatis, supra fuscis, margine postico striga + pallida ornato; posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine annuloso, + annulis nigris, interruptis, interstitiis albis._ + + Anterior wings subdentated, above brown, posterior margin with a pale + stripe; posterior wings fulvous, margin black; body with black + interrupted rings, the interstices white. + + * * * * * + +This approaches so near to the Sphinx Alope of Drury, that it is not +without hesitation I have ventured to separate them; it will, however, be +seen, that neither in his figure or description is any notice taken of the +pale testaceous band on the superior wings; the body likewise is described +as "encircled with rings of brown and _dark ash_ colour;" in this, the +rings are black, on nearly a white ground: the under sides of the superior +wings, in Drury's insect, "are spotted along their external edges with long +yellowish spots;" in this, they are uniform pale brown. These differences +(greatly strengthened by his figure) induce me to consider them as +distinct; particularly as both insects appear to have come from Jamaica: +the upper side of the antennae are white, the lower brown. Cramer's figure +of S. Alope affords little or no clue to illustrate the question. + + * * * * * + +SPHINX Leachii. + + * * * * * + + _S. alis anticis subdentatis, griseo-fuscis, maculis mediis 3 nigris; + posticis fulvis, margine nigro; abdomine griseo, annulis nigris, + interruptis._ + + Anterior wings subdentated, greyish brown, with three medial black + spots; posterior fulvous, margin black; abdomen grey, with interrupted + black rings. + + * * * * * + +I cannot reconcile this with any one species described by Fabricius; at the +anal angle of the lower wings, is a pale greyish spot, with two short +blackish lines: I have named it in honour of that laborious and eminent +zoologist, Dr. Leach; who presented me with the specimen here figured. + +The upper figure is of _Sphinx Leachii_, and the under of _S. fasciata_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 151 + +[Illustration] + +ALCEDO semitorquata, + +_Half-collared Kingsfisher._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. caeruleo-viridis, infra ochracea; capite cyaneo, lineis nigris + transversis ornato; dorso nitide caeruleo; pectore torque + caeruleo-viridi interrupto insigni._ + + Bluish green, beneath buff colour; head blue, with transverse black + lines; back shining light blue; breast with an interrupted blue-green + collar. + + * * * * * + +In a small collection of birds, procured on the borders of the Great Fish +River of the Cape, I met with this new and elegant Kingsfisher. I was +fortunate in detecting in the same parcel several other unknown and +interesting birds; which I hope to record and illustrate in this work, +particularly as they have since been sent to a foreign museum. This species +considerably exceeds the size of the Asiatic Kingsfisher, being nearly +eight inches and a half long: the bill is black, two inches from the gape, +and one and three quarters from the base of the nostrils: head blue, the +crown crossed by dusky black lines; hind head somewhat crested, the sides +deep and rich mazarine blue; ears and sides of the neck greenish blue, the +latter having a stripe of white; the blue on the sides of the neck advances +on the breast in the shape of a half-formed collar: wings and scapula +covers bluish green, with lighter spots on the tip of each of the wing +covers; down the back is a stripe of vivid light blue, similar to the +common Kingsfisher: tail dark-blue, edged with greenish, the base black. +The plumage beneath, from the chin to the end of the throat, white; +changing on the breast to pale fawn colour, which deepens to ferruginous on +the body, under tail covers, and thighs: legs red: between the bill and eye +a dusky white line. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 152 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA melastoma, + +_Black-mouthed Achatina._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa strigis longitudinalibus, nebulosis, purpureis ornata; spira + elongata; labio exteriore castaneo-nigro; columella crassa, gibba; basi + integra._ + + Shell with clouded purple longitudinal stripes; spire lengthened; inner + lip chesnut-black; columella thickened, gibbous; base entire. + + _Helix regina._ _Ferussac Moll._ _liv._ 19. _pl._ 119. + + _Var._ (reversed.) _A. perversa._ _Zool. Illust._ _vol._ 1. _pl._ + 30. + + * * * * * + +I have not the least doubt that this shell is specifically the same with +that figured at Plate 30 of this work: it has only recently come under my +inspection, and I therefore hasten to give a further illustration of this +beautiful species, and to substitute a new specific character, which will +be applicable to both varieties. + +Although much more ventricose than the reverse variety, this has the same +unusual formation of that part of the columella seen at the base of the +mouth, where it is very thick, and appears as if swelled: the epidermis, in +this specimen, obscures the white ground colour of the shell. I have seen +also another variety, even more slender than that at Plate 30, and with the +aperture not reversed. These new facts point out the necessity of the +specific name of _perversa_ being changed to one more applicable. + +The figure is from a specimen lent to me by Mr. Dubois, and is probably +from Brazil. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 153 + +[Illustration] + +STROMBUS lobatus, + +_Lobed, or Brindled Strombus._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. testa nodulosa; spira brevi, inermi; labio exteriore supra repando, + bilobo, margine crasso, reflexo; apertura laevi, rubescente; canale + brevi._ + + Shell nodulous; spire short, unarmed; outer lip above spreading, + two-lobed, margin thick, reflected; aperture smooth, reddish; channel + short. + + _Seba_, _tab._ 62. _f._ 4. 5. (_optime_) 9. 12. 14. 15. 27. _tab._ 63. + _f._ 6. _Mart._ 3. _tab._ 83. _f._ 836, 837. _Gualt._ _tab._ 32. _f._ + F. _Knorr_ 3. _tab._ 11. _f._ 1-6. _tab._ 29. _f._ 8. + + Strombus Gallus, ([beta]) _Gmelin_, 3511. 11. S. Raninus, _Gmelin_, + 3511. 10. + + _S. bituberculatus_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 202. 6 + + * * * * * + +It will appear extraordinary, that this very common shell should have been +unknown to Linnaeus; and still more, that no other systematic writer should +have noticed it, excepting Gmelin, by whom it is placed as a variety of _S. +gallus_, although his _S. raninus_ is obviously made from a bad figure in +Knorr of this same shell. On referring to Mr. Dillwyn's account of _S. +gallus_, I find all the references of Gmelin to this shell expunged; and a +note at the head of the genus states, that _S. raninus_ is undeserving of +notice; thus every trace of the shell, in this work, is altogether lost. + +The two lobes at the top of the outer lip form a strong and peculiar +distinction of this species: the colour of the mouth is variable; though +usually tinged with pink, it is often reddish, or red blended with yellow, +and sometimes nearly white; within the upper part of the aperture, round +the inner lip, are one or two strong plaits, with sulcated grooves on each +side; and near the lobe at the base of the outer lip, the aperture has a +few obsolete striae: the nodules on the body whorl are triangular, and the +two nearest the lip are, in general, very large: the channel (or base) is +short, and turned up in an oblique direction. + +Found, in great abundance, in various parts of the West India seas. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 154 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS Malaccensis, + +_Blue-rumped Parrot._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. viridis; vertice uropygioque nitide caeruleis; tectricibus + interioribus, corporisque lateribus coccineis; cauda flavescente; + rostro magno, dentato._ + + Green; crown and rump sapphire blue; inner wing covers and sides of the + body crimson; tail yellowish; bill large, toothed. + + P. Malaccensis. _General Zoology_, _vol._ 8. 2. _p._ 554. + + Blue-rumped Parrakeet. _Lath. Syn. Sup._ 1. _p._ 66. + + * * * * * + +I think this may be the bird described (according to Latham) by Sonnerat, +under the name of _Petite perruche de Malacca_, and from which both Latham +and Shaw have framed their account of the Blue-rumped Parrot. On comparing +their descriptions with the following, some differences and omissions will +be found, but not sufficient, I think, to justify the idea of this being a +distinct species: I have, as yet, seen only one specimen (and that not +perfect) of this rare and little known bird. + +Total length six inches; bill unusually large and strong, being three +quarters of an inch (in a straight line) long, and nearly the same in +height at the base; upper mandible with a sharp tooth in the middle, and +reddish orange; under mandible violet grey; front and crown of the head +violet blue, changing to blackish green on the back, and greyish green on +the sides of the head, neck, and breast; body and vent green; rump and +upper tail covers vivid azure blue; spurious wings greenish blue; wing +covers dark but bright green, margined more or less with yellowish; quills +blue green, their inner webs black; under wing covers and sides of the body +crimson; tail short, even, the two middle feathers above green, the rest +yellow with green edges and black shafts; beneath, these feathers are all +yellow, the shafts white; the wings, for the size of the bird, are very +long, measuring four inches and a half. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 155 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS viridissimus, + +_Green Parrot._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. pallide viridis; pennis infra nitide thalassinis; tegminum, + remigum, scapulariumque marginibus flavescentibus; linea ante-oculari + flava; rectricium basi rubra._ + + Pale green, quills beneath changeable sea-green; wing covers, quills + and scapulars margined with yellowish; before the eye a yellow line; + base of the tail feathers red. + + * * * * * + +The uniform green which pervades the plumage of this Parrot, induces me to +think it may, possibly, be the female of some other species; a few pale red +feathers, close to the axilla, and the faint red on the tail feathers, +appear to strengthen this supposition. Among those species which are +recorded, this approaches nearest to Latham's Green Parrakeet; but the +figure this writer quotes, (_Pl. Enl._ 837.) is at variance both with his +description, and with the bird now before us; it may, therefore, be +considered as undescribed. + +Total length nine inches; bill pale; upper mandible three-quarters of an +inch long, the margin undulated. The whole plumage is of a beautiful and +delicate green, darkest above; with a tinge of blue on the crown, spurious +wings, and greater quills; the orbits are naked, between which and the eye +is a blackish line, bordered above by another of pure yellow; all the wing +covers and quills are margined with yellowish. The colour of the inferior +side of the quills is a pale but beautiful blue green, reflecting brighter +tints of the same colour, when held in certain lights; the under side of +the tail has likewise these reflections, but above is yellowish, with a +dusky red spot at the base of each lateral feather: under the wings there +are three or four dull red feathers; feet pale. + +This bird is in my own collection, and is the only one I have as yet seen; +neither am I acquainted with its native country. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 156 + +[Illustration] + +FRINGILLA oryzivora, + +_Paddy bird, Rice bird, or Java Sparrow._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum breve, validum, crassum, rectum, conicum; mandibulae; + superioris gibbae apice vix inflexo, integro; culminis convexi basi + angulata. Nares basales, rotundae, pone culminis basin positae, + plumulis vix obtectae. Pedes sedentes. Alae breves._ + + Bill short, strong, thick, straight, conic; upper mandible swelled, the + tip slightly inflexed, entire; culmine convex, the base angulated. + Nostrils basal, round, placed behind the base of the culmine, and + partially covered by the frontal feathers. Feet sitting. Wings short. + + Generic Types. _Loxiae Javensis, Braziliana. Emberiza principalis, + cicris. Tanagria caerulea, &c._ (Temminck.) + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _F. cana; capite caudaque nigris; rostro rubro; crisso roseo-albente; + auribus (in maribus) niveis._ + + Lead-coloured; head and tail black; bill red; belly obscure rosy; ears + (in the male) snowy. + + Loxia oryzivora. _Gm._ I. 302. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1. 380. _Gen. Zool._ + 9. 2. 316. _Brisson_, 1. 374. 7. + + Java Grosbeak. _Lath. Syn._ 3. 129. _Supp._ 151. _Gen. Zool._ 9. 316. + _pl._ 51. + + * * * * * + +This elegant bird has been so distorted, in the representations given of it +by the older ornithologists, that little apology is thought necessary for +introducing more accurate figures of both sexes in this publication. It is +said to inhabit the Cape and various parts of India, causing much damage to +the rice plantations, and is frequently brought to this country alive. The +figure is of the size of life, the bill bright red, but whitish towards the +tip; it is very strong, thickened round the basal margins, and forms a +sharp angle between the frontal feathers: the nostrils are small, round, +and placed _behind_ the thick margin of the bill, and not on its outer +surface. Legs flesh-coloured; the orbits are said to be red in the live +bird. + +I have followed the example of Illiger and Temminck in uniting the greatest +part of the Linnaean Loxiae and Fringillae under the latter genus, +retaining only the Cross-bills under the former. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 157 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA effusa, + +_Ribbon Apple Snail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa globosa, laevi, fasciis purpureo-fuscis cincta; spira + depressa, apice prominente; apertura angusta; umbilico magno, profundo; + columella obsoleta._ + + Shell globose, smooth, with purple brown bands; spire depressed, the + tip prominent; aperture narrow; umbilicus large, deep; pillar obsolete. + + Helix glauca. _Linn. Dillw._ 918. Helix ampullucea, (_var._ [gamma]) + _Gmelin_, 3626. Bulimus effusus. _Brug._ _p._ 296. _No._ 1. + + _Lister_, 129. 29. _Seba_, _tab._ 38. _f._ 39. _tab._ 40. _f._ 3. 4. 5. + (_optime_.) _Martini_, 9. _tab._ 129. _f._ 1144-5. _Knorr_, 4. _tab._ + 5. _f._ 3. + + _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5. + + * * * * * + +I concur with Mr. Dillwyn in believing that this shell is the _Helix +glauca_ of Linnaeus; but, as it is now removed to another genus, I think no +real advantage would result from continuing its original specific name; +particularly as the identity may be questioned by others, without a chance +of the question ever being settled: the adoption of the specific names +given to species slightly or incorrectly described by the older +naturalists, inevitably tends to increase the original obscurity, in all +cases where the point cannot be cleared up. _A. effusa_ may be +distinguished from all others by the columella being nearly obsolete; this +part existing only in the two terminal whorls of the spire. This species +therefore forms a transition to the _Planorbes_: there is a variety, with +narrower stripes, double the size of that here figured. + + * * * * * + +AMPULLARIA luteostoma, + +_Yellow-mouthed Apple Snail._ + + * * * * * + + _A. testa globosa, striata, olivacea, lineis remotis fuscis fasciata; + spira levata, apice acuto; apertura effusa intus marginata; umbilico + magno._ + + Shell globose, striated, olive, with remote transverse brown lines, + spire elevated, the tip acute; aperture wide, within margined; + umbilicus large. + + * * * * * + +The umbilicus of this shell is not so deep as the last, but is larger than +in any other known species; the columella is likewise perfect, and the +aperture is wider and more oblique than in _A. effusa_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 158 + +[Illustration] + +PINNA bullata, (_var._) + +_Rufous Pinna._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa longitudinalis, cuneiformis, aequivalvis, apice hians, basi + acuta; natibus rectis. Cardo lateralis, edentulus. Ligamentum + marginale, lineare, praelongum subinternum._--Lamarck, _Sys._ vol. vi. + p. i. p. 129. + + Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, the valves gaping; the + umbones straight, pointed. Hinge lateral, without teeth. Ligament + marginal, linear, very long, subinternal. + + Generic Types. _Pinnae rudis._ _Pectinata._ _Muricata._ Linn. Pennant, + &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. testa tenui, pellucida, rufa, aequilatera, striis remotis, + sulcatis, transversim squamiferis, subspinosis; marginibus lateralibus + rectis; margine inferiore oblique truncato._ + + Shell thin, pellucid, rufous, equilateral, with remote sulcated striae, + crossed by transverse scales and obtuse spines; lateral margins + straight; inferior margin obliquely truncate. + + P. bullata. _Gmelin_, _p._ 3367. _Gualt._ _tab._ 79. _f._ c. + _Chemnitz._ 8. _tab._ 87. _f._ 769. _Knorr_, 2. 23. _f._ 1. + + P. marginata. _Lam. Sys._ 6. _p._ 132. 7. + + * * * * * + +I have little doubt that this shell is a smooth variety of the _Pinna +bullata_ of Gmelin, and the _P. marginata_ of Lamarck; both these authors +refer to the same figure in Gualtieri, but both also have overlooked that +of Chemnitz, above quoted, as well as Knorr's, which latter, although it +represents the shell nearly smooth (similar to that here figured), I +apprehend is only a variety. No doubt therefore having existed as to +Gmelin's _bullata_, M. Lamarck had no plea for altering its specific name +to _marginata_. I have consequently recorded it under Gmelin's name. + +The Pinnae are rather numerous, although many of the species remain in +obscurity; they attach themselves to rocks, deep in the sea, by a silky +_byssus_. It has been commonly stated, that gloves and stockings are +fabricated in the Mediterranean from this byssus, as articles of commerce; +such, however, is not now the case; though articles, so fabricated, are +sometimes shown in Naples and Sicily as subjects of curiosity. + +Pinna bullata is, I believe, found in the West Indies. The vaulted spires +on this and other species, easily fall off; and become, therefore, a very +uncertain specific character. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 159 + +[Illustration] + +SATYRUS argenteus. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae mediocres, clavo elongato, gracili. Palpi porrecti, + compressi, vix recurvi, remoti, pilis ciliatis, longis, hirsutissimi; + articulo ultimo elongato, nudo, gracili, acuto. Alae posticae + orbiculares, integrae, raro dentatae._ + + Antennae moderate, the club lengthened and slender. Palpi porrected, + compressed, slightly recurved, remote, with long ciliated hairs; the + last joints long, naked, slender, acute. Posterior wings orbicular, + entire, rarely dentated. + + Generic Types. _Pap. Hyperanthus_, _Galathea_, _Semele_, _&c._ Lin. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. alis fuscis; posticarum disco supra flavescente, maculis 2 fuscis + fucato, infra albente, margine postico fulvo, maculis 2 atris guttisque + 7-8 argenteis ornato._ + + Wings brown; posterior above with a yellowish disk and two brown spots, + beneath whitish, the hind margin fulvous, with two black spots and 7-8 + silver dots. + + * * * * * + +Without being ornamented by rich or vivid colouring, this is, nevertheless, +one of the most chastely beautiful little butterflies found in Brazil. I +met with it very plentifully in a small wood not far distant from Cashoera, +on the western extremity of St. Salvador's bay: to this particular spot it +seemed confined, for I never saw a single specimen in any other part of +Brazil. + +No colouring can imitate the richness of the silvery spots on the under +wings, which appear embossed, or as if solid drops of silver had fallen on +the insect when it first emerged into life. The two sexes are perfectly +similar. + +The insects of this genus are usually brown, with dark or paler shadings, +and eye-like spots on their upper or under wings. They principally inhabit +the woods of tropical regions, and the hedge sides and lanes of European +countries; this circumstance probably induced Latreille to change their +name from _Hipparchia_ (Fabricius) to _Satyrus_; which, although an +innovation on the rules of nomenclature, may in this instance be allowed. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 160 + +[Illustration] + +ANODON purpurascens, + +_Purple Anodon, or Horse Mussel._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa transversim oblonga, crassa, depressa, intus purpurascente, + lamina cardinali crassa, truncata, dente lamellari in utraque valva + supposito; umbonibus retusis._ + + Shell transversely oblong, thick, depressed, within purple; hinge plate + thick, truncate, with an obsolete lamellar tooth in each valve; umbones + retuse. + + * * * * * + +This is an entirely new and very rare shell, remarkable for its shape and +internal colour; it is also highly interesting, as exhibiting the generic +characters of _Anodon_, blended (in some degree) with those of _Unio_: +according to the principles of Lamarck, it might therefore be made into a +genus; but I feel convinced too much importance has already been attached +by that naturalist and his followers to the hinge of bivalve shells; and +that the nomenclature of the science is burthened with genera, trivial in +themselves, bewildering to the scientific, and unintelligible to the +student. + +From having paid some attention to the Fluviatile Bivalves, and possessing +a most extensive collection of specimens, I am clearly of opinion that no +permanent characters will be found sufficient to retain either the genera +_Dipsas_ (Leach), _Hyria_ (Lamarck), or _Alasmodonta_ of Say, much less +that of _Damaris_ (Leach), and another, whose name I forget, made by Dr. +Turton from the same shell as Leach's _Damaris_, viz. Mya Margaritifera of +Linnaeus. In fact, the line of demarcation between Unio and Anodon appears +to rest on the first possessing cardinal teeth, and the latter having none. + +I have several valves (in different stages of growth), and one perfect +specimen of this shell; they were sent to me from the back settlements of +North America. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 161 + +[Illustration] + +VOLUTA punctata, + +_Red-dotted Volute._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa ovata. Spira apertura brevior, apice papillari. Basis truncata, + emarginata. Columella plicata, plicis inferioribus majoribus._ + + Shell ovate. Spire shorter than the aperture, the tip papillary. Base + truncated, emarginate. Pillar plaited, the inferior plaits generally + largest. + + Generic Types. _Volutae Olla_, _Imperialis_, _Pacifica_, _&c._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _V. testa ovata, subfusiformi, tuberculata, pallide rubella fasciis 2 + maculatis, rubris, punctis minutis interstinctis; columella 4 plicata._ + + Shell ovate, subfusiform, tuberculated, flesh-coloured, with two bands + of red spots interspersed with minute dots; pillar 4 plaited. + + * * * * * + +In "Exotic Conchology," I have commenced, and intend to complete, a copious +illustration of this noble family of shells; which (if the simile be +admissible) may be termed the nobles of testaceous animals, with as much +truth as Linnaeus has called Palms the princes of the vegetable world. The +Volutes, indeed, are imposing shells; both from their size, rarity, and +their rich (but not gaudy) colouring; and it is not improbable that the +value of a choice collection of the principal species, would be equal to +their own weight in solid gold. + +The species now under consideration is only known from an injured specimen +in Mr. Dubois' cabinet; although much rubbed on one side, it presents on +the other a true pattern of its original markings; the margin of the outer +lip, and the tip of the spire, are both injured; yet, notwithstanding these +defects, there are abundant characters remaining to evince its total +dissimilarity from any other recorded species. + +I have preferred subjoining only the essential generic characters of this +genus, as most intelligible to students; particularly as its natural +characters are fully detailed in the first part of "Exotic Conchology." + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 162 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA fasciata, (_var._) + +_Banded Achatina,_ (_3 varieties_.) + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 74. + + (Young.) _Apertura basi integra._ Base of the aperture entire. + + Ach. pallida. _Zool. Ill._ _vol._ 1. _pl._ 41. + + * * * * * + +Since the first illustration of this elegant species appeared, at plate 74 +of this work, I have had the means of ascertaining a very extraordinary +circumstance which takes place in the progressive growth of the young shell +to the adult state; and that is the change effected in the form and +termination of the pillar or columella. In the noble collection of shells +formed by the late Earl of Tankerville, there is a numerous series of this +species; from these I have ascertained, that in the young shells the base +of the columella unites with the termination of the outer lip, making the +aperture entire, similar to the lengthened Helices; but, as the shell +advances in growth, the base of the columella becomes thick, detached, as +it were, from the marginal rim, so as to produce an intervening notch, and +thus gives the old and the young shell not only an appearance of being +distinct species, but of belonging to separate genera. From these facts, I +have drawn the conclusion, that _Achatina pallida_ (pl. 41), is but the +young shell (having the margin of the aperture as yet entire) of _Achatina +fasciata_; and the three additional varieties now figured, will, I hope, +prove an interesting addition to the history of this species. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 163 + +[Illustration] + +HEMIPODIUS nivosus, + +_White-spotted Turnix._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, valde compressum culmine levato, ad + apicem sub-incurvo. Nares laterales, lineares, sulcatae, membrana + convexa cornea vix tectae, apertura fissa, elongata. Pedes longi, + digitis tribus anticis divisis. Halluce caret. Cauda brevissima + tectricibus obtecta. Alae mediocres._ + + Bill moderate, slender, straight, much compressed, culmen elevated, + towards the tip slightly incurved. Nostrils lateral, linear, sulcated, + partially covered by a convex horny membrane, the aperture narrow and + elongated; legs long, with three toes before, divided at their base. + Hind toe none. Tail very short, concealed by the covers. Wings + moderate. + + Generic Type. _Perdix nigricollis._ Lath. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _H. supra ferrugineo varius; mento albescente; jugulo pectoreque + pallide ferrugineis, maculis albis, nitidis, ornatis; corpore albo; + uropygio caudaeque tectricibus superioribus rufis, immaculatis._ + + Above varied with ferruginous; chin whitish; throat and breast pale + ferruginous, with white shining spots; body white; rump and upper + tail-covers rufous, unspotted. + + H. nivosus. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Phil. Magazine_, _vol._ 60. _p._ + 353. + + * * * * * + +I have represented this delicate little bird of its natural size; which is +so small, as scarcely to equal that of a Lark. The Turnix inhabits the +sandy deserts of Africa and India, and seems to form a race of pigmy +Bustards, all the species yet discovered (fourteen in number) being very +diminutive. Little is known of their habits in a state of nature, further +than that they migrate, and fly with great rapidity. The specific character +will distinguish _H. nivosus_ as a species; and I have already given a more +detailed description of it in the Journal above quoted. Mr. Leadbeater +received it from Senegal. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 164 + +[Illustration] + +SYLVIA annulosa, + +_White-eyed Warbler._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 139. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. olivaceo-viridis, infra albescens; jugulo flavescente; palpebris + plumis niveis insignibus._ + + Olive-green, beneath whitish; throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a + ring of snowy feathers. + + Sylvia Madagascariensis. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. 533. _Gm._ 1. 981. + + White-eyed Warbler. _Lath. Gen. Syn._ 4. 475. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2. 720. + + Ficedula Madagascariensis minor. _Briss. Ois._ 4. _p._ 498. _t._ 28. + _f._ 2. (_male_.) _Briss. Orn._ 1. 446. + + _Le Figuier Tcheric_, _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 132. + + * * * * * + +A delicate ring of snow-white feathers encircles the eyes of this pretty +bird. It is far from being peculiar to Madagascar (as Dr. Latham's name of +_Madagascariensis_ would seem to imply), but is spread over a wide extent +of the eastern hemisphere; being found both in the Isle of France, the Cape +of Good Hope, and Madras. The name, therefore, is peculiarly inapplicable; +but this is not all: for we find that the same author, a few pages after, +has given this identical name to another very different bird; the same +error is transferred into Shaw's Zoology. + +Figure, the size of life: colour above, olive green; ears and sides of the +head the same: chin, throat, and under tail covers yellow; breast +cinereous, changing to dusky brown on the flanks; the middle of the body +whitish; between the eye and bill a velvet-black line, which forms a +partial margin to the snowy feathers of the eyelids; wings and tail dusky +black, margined with olive. + +Very indifferent figures of both sexes will be found in Vaillant's African +birds; from his description it seems to be a gregarious species. I regret +not being able, at this moment, to refer to the work. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 165 + +[Illustration] + +SYLVIA annulosa, (_var._ [beta].) + +_White-eyed Warbler._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 139. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. supra cinerea, infra albescens, capite, alis uropygioque + olivaceo-flavis; jugulo flavescente; palpebris plumis niveis + insignibus._ + + Above cinereous, beneath whitish; head, wings, and rump, olive yellow; + throat yellowish; eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers. + + * * * * * + +On first receiving this bird from New Holland, I was inclined to think it a +distinct species from the African White-eyed Warbler; but further +consideration has led me to adopt a different opinion: it is true that I am +unacquainted with any one land bird which is common to both countries, and +much weight should be attached to the geographic distribution both of +families and species. These two birds, however, differ in their colour, and +somewhat in their size. On the other hand, the White-eyed Warbler, as +before observed, is found both in Africa and India; and is, therefore, +probably migratory. Nature, moreover, is not bound by laws to which there +are no exceptions; and the leading points of resemblance between these +birds are very strong. On the whole, therefore, I am inclined to consider +them as varieties of one species, forming a solitary exception to the +general dissimilarity between the birds of Africa and those of New Holland. + +Size of the Wood Wren: the head and ears are olive yellow, changing to +brighter yellow on the chin, and part of the throat; the neck and back +cinereous, graduating to yellowish olive on the rump and upper tail covers; +wings the same, the inside of the quills blackish; sides of the throat +cinereous; body and under tail covers whitish; the sides tinged with +ferruginous; the stripe between the bill and eye is more brown than black; +and the white feathers round the eye, not so conspicuous as in the African +variety. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 166 + +[Illustration] + +BULIMUS citrinus, (_var._) + +_Citron Bulimus,_ (_3 varieties_.) + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 4. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 46. + +VARIETIES. + + A. Yellow, with black lines. _Zool. Ill._ _pl._ 46. + + B. Yellow, with black lines and chesnut stripes. _Zool. Ill._ _p._ 47. + + C. Yellow, variegated with green; inner lip obsolete. _Fig._ 1. _B. + virescens._ _Sw. Bligh Cat._ _p._ 13. + + D. Green, striped with yellow; inner lip white. _Fig._ 2. 3. + + E. Orange, with flame-coloured waved stripes. _Fig._ 4. + + F. Pale yellow, with brown waved stripes. + + _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5. + + * * * * * + +The beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the Citron +Bulimus not only show the great variability of the species, but clearly +prove that _B. virescens_ is, as I suspected, only a variety of _B. +citrinus_. In the shell at fig. 1. the upper part of the inner lip (like +that described in the Bligh Appendix), is entirely wanting; although it +bears, in every other respect, the appearance of a full-grown shell; the +umbilicus likewise is open; but in the shell at fig. 2. and 3. the inner +lip is quite perfect, and consequently folds over the umbilicus; thus the +connexion between the green and yellow varieties is completely established. + +I have subjoined a slight arrangement of the principal varieties; and have +only further to observe, that the specific character I first proposed, +appears to me the only one by which this species may be truly +distinguished. + +Since the description of _B. aureus_ at pl. 47 was written, I have seen +several other specimens; all of which tend to confirm my belief that it is +distinct from _B. citrinus_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 167 + +[Illustration] + +ANODON crassus, + +_Thick Anodon, or Horse Mussel._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa ovata, lata, crassa; margine cardinali subarcuato, + extremitate utraque angulata alata; umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus + retusis._ + + Shell oval, broad, thick; hinge margin subarcuated, the extremities + winged and angulated; umbones prominent, the tips retuse. + + * * * * * + +It is only recently that travellers have directed their attention to the +less attractive shells of distant regions; and our cabinets now begin to be +enriched by the numerous land and fresh-water species of those countries. +Among these new acquisitions, the fresh-water bivalves appear the most +extraordinary in their formation, and the most numerous in species. Of the +Anodons, it may be doubted whether the great Linnaeus was acquainted with +more than three or four species; Lamarck enumerates fifteen, but a much +greater number have passed under my own examination. + +The species now illustrated is very peculiar; it is a strong, thick shell; +in form resembling _Hyria corrugata_, Lamarck; having both extremities +winged and compressed; the umbonial slope[6] elevated, and somewhat +angulated; the umbones thick and prominent, but obtuse, or nearly truncate, +at their apex; the outside of the shell of a dark grass-green colour, and +nearly smooth, excepting at the posterior side, which is marked by sulcated +striae following the lines of growth; the inside is opaque and whitish, +with rich iridescent margins: the muscular impressions deep, and the hinge +margin quite smooth. + +I know of no other specimen than one in Mr. Dubois' collection, and am +altogether unacquainted with its locality; although its _habit_ leads me to +think it is from South America. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 168 + +[Illustration] + +RAMPHASTOS ambiguus, + +_Doubtful Toucan._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _R. niger; jugulo flavo; mandibulae superioris parte superiore flava, + transverse maculata, striga viridi oblique divisa; mandibula inferiore + nigra._ + + Black; throat yellow, upper mandible black, the upper half yellow, with + an oblique green stripe and transverse spots; the under mandible black. + + * * * * * + +The obscurity with which modern ornithologists have described these +remarkable birds, would have induced me, long ago, to have attempted a more +perfect account of all the species in this work; but as this might have +been considered, by some, an infringement on the miscellaneous plan on +which it was commenced, I feel obliged to confine myself only to their +occasional illustration. + +The species now selected is one I have never seen; but I have no doubt of +its existence, and little of the accuracy of its delineation. I before +alluded to several drawings of Toucans which had come to my hands, executed +by an unknown artist: among them is a figure of that now published; with a +note subjoined, stating it was drawn "from the bird just dead." The other +drawings of the same artist represent several of the common species, and +their accuracy is presumptive evidence that this also is represented +correctly. The singular colouring of the bill at once separates it from all +known species; and for its further history, we must trust to the exertions +of those travellers, visiting South America, who may feel an interest in +illustrating these singular birds. + +I more than once heard, when in Brazil, of a _Blue Toucan_; but it was said +to be very rare, and I never was fortunate enough to meet with one. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 169 + +[Illustration] + +PTEROGLOSSUS viridis, + +_Green Aracari,_ (_male_.) + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 44. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. nigro virescens; capite juguloque nigris, foeminae castaneis; + corpore flavo; rostro serrato, tomiis albis, mandibula superiore + aurantiaca, linea longitudinali, laterali, media, nigra, mandibula + inferiore caerulea._ + + Blackish green; head and neck black (in the female chesnut), body + yellow; bill toothed, the margins white, upper mandible orange, with a + black longitudinal line; lower mandible blue. + + Ramphastos viridis. _Linn. Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 353. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1. + 138. _Gen. Zool._ 8. 2. _p._ 370. + + Green Toucan. _Lath. Syn._ 1. 331. + + Tucana Cayanensis viridis. _Briss. Ois._ 4. 423. _pl._ 33. _f._ 1. _Id. + Orn._ 2. 162. _Pl. Enl._ 727. _mas._ 728. _foem._ + + * * * * * + +This is a common bird, known to the older ornithologists; but here +introduced, for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which +ornament the bill of the live bird: the figures likewise above referred to +are so very loosely drawn, that a more correct representation of the +species appeared desirable. A remarkable character pervades all the +Aracaris, (with the exception of _P. sulcatus_, pl. 44,) the head and +throat being black in the male, and chesnut or grey in the female birds; +the bills also of the latter are always the smallest; that of the Green +Aracari is larger, thicker, and more curved than in any other species; the +serratures strong and unequal; the top, and upper half of the superior +mandible, pure yellow; the lower half orange; these colours being divided +by a slender isolated black line; the under mandible blue, with the base +rosy; its general plumage bears a resemblance to several other species. Dr. +Latham says the orbits are yellow; this, however, is a mistake, for both +the orbits and irides are grass-green; this writer likewise refers to +Edwards, pl. 329, for this bird; which plate, in fact, represents a Toucan, +and is that bird which I have described and figured under the name of _R. +carinatus_, pl. 45. + +I believe this species is confined to the northern parts of South America. +Mr. Charles Edmonston brought home fine specimens from Demerara; they were +preserved with so much skill, that the colours of the bill almost retained +their primitive brightness; Le Vaillant, I believe, has figured this bird; +but I have not, at this time, access to his valuable book. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 170 + +[Illustration] + +MALURUS Africanus, + +_African Soft-tail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 170. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. supra rufescens, strigis nigris varius; genis mentoque albentibus, + striga nigra intermedia; rectricibus attenuatis, nigris, rufo + marginatis._ + + Above rufous brown with black stripes; sides of the head and chin + whitish, divided by a black stripe; tail feathers attenuated, black, + the margins rufous. + + Motacilla Africana. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 958. + + Sylvia Africana. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. _p._ 518. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2. + _p._ 615. + + African Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. _p._ 436. + + Curruca naevia. _C. B. Spei. Brisson. Ois._ 3. _p._ 390. _tab._ 22. + _f._ 2. _Orn._ 1. _p._ 419. + + Le Fluteur. _Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique._ + + _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2. + + * * * * * + +The characters of _Malurus_, together with a few observations on the birds +composing it, I have already given at plate 170 of this work. Yet as the +species are scattered in several distinct genera of the Linnaean school, I +have here represented that which may be termed the type of the genus, as +instituted by Professor Temminck, and as modified by myself. On comparing +the characters of _Timalia_ (a new genus of Dr. Horsfield's) with those of +_Malurus_, they will be found to designate one and the same group of birds. +Indeed, the minute and interesting details, which Dr. Horsfield has given, +put the question almost beyond doubt, and lead me to conclude, that the +Doctor was not aware, at the time, that his genus was already recorded. + +This bird is not uncommon at the Cape of Good Hope. The notes of the male +(according to M. Le Vaillant) are soft and agreeable, much resembling those +of a flute; the shortness of the wings renders its flight very low. The +figure is of the natural size; and the bird has been so well described by +Brisson and Latham, that it is needless to repeat what they have said; the +figures both of Le Vaillant and Brisson are by no means accurate. The tail +feathers are delicate and transparent; and those of the whole body very +soft, with detached webs or _radii_, similar to Dr. Horsfield's _Timalia +pileata_, and _gularis_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 171 + +[Illustration] + +UNIO fragilis. + +_Fragile River Mussel._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 58. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _U. testa transversim ovata, tenui, intus purpurascente; dentibus + cardinalibus tuberculatis, sub-obsoletis._ + + Shell transversely oval, thin, within purple; cardinal teeth + tuberculated, nearly obsolete. + + * * * * * + +Most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of +colouring, which diversifies the exterior of marine shells, and renders +their distinction comparatively easy. A uniform olive green, or brown tint, +pervades all the fluviatile genera; their specific distinctions rest on +characters which frequently require long and perplexing descriptions, but +which can be explained by the artist with ease and precision. It follows, +therefore, that accurate figures of these shells are more particularly +wanted; for, although Lamarck has described so many, the short descriptions +which he has given, and the want of figures to elucidate them, render it +impossible to determine accurately one half of the species which he has +enumerated. + +_Unio fragilis_ is principally distinguished by the cardinal teeth: those +in the right valves are 2; short, obtuse, and nearly obsolete, more +resembling tubercles, than the crenated or striated teeth of this genus. +The left valve has one tooth rather sharper. In young shells the ligamental +margin is nearly straight, and its extremity somewhat angulated; but old +shells lose these appearances, and become perfectly oval. In both stages of +growth the shell is very thin, convex, and the inside (near the umbones) +purple. The slight development of the cardinal teeth brings this shell +nearer to the genus _Anodon_, than any other _Unio_ which I have seen. + +It inhabits the rivers of North America, and was sent to me by Professor +Rafinesque. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 172 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA reflexa, + +_Purple Apple Snail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa ovato-globosa, laevi; spira ventricosa, obtusa, sub + epidermide purpurea; apertura nigro-purpurascente; labio exteriore + tenui, margine reflexo._ + + Shell ovate-globose, smooth; spire ventricose, obtuse; beneath the + epidermis, purple; aperture blackish purple; outer lip thin, the margin + reflected. + + _Knorr_, _vol._ 5. _pl._ 5. _f._ 2. (uncoated.) + + Ampullaria reflexa. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._ + 377. + + * * * * * + +The only record that I can find (in the works of the old writers) for this +Ampullaria, is the figure by Knorr above quoted; it is obviously drawn from +an uncoated specimen, although I have seen instances, where the blackish +purple on the spire was so intense, as to obscure the thin epidermis which +covered it. The peculiar character of the species, and in which it differs +from all others, is in the outer margin of the lip; which is thin, rather +spread out, and slightly reflected; the form of the shell resembles _A. +fasciata_, but the spire, instead of being pointed, is obtuse; the +umbilicus, likewise, is smaller and more concealed. From the absence of a +groove round the aperture, I conclude the operculum is horny. + +The size varies; perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than the +figure, and I have seen others much larger, and with the aperture more +chesnut than purple. + +I am not acquainted with its locality. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 173 + +[Illustration] + +GALLINULA ruficollis, _var._ + +_Black-bellied Gallinule_ _var._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Gallinula._ Briss. Cuv. Tem. Lath. _Fulica_, _Rallus_. Linn. _Crex._ + Illiger. + + _Rostrum capite brevius, valde compressum, conicum, rectum, apice + compresso, mandibula inferiore angulata. Nares sulcatae, membrana + obtectae; apertura magna, oblonga, pervia, vix media. Pedes elongati, + grallarii, genibus nudis, digitis gracilibus tribus, halluce mediocri._ + + Bill shorter than the head, much compressed, conic, straight, the tips + compressed, inferior mandible angulated. Nostrils sulcated, covered by + a membrane; aperture large, oblong, pervious, nearly medial. Feet long, + wading, knees naked, fore toes three, long, slender, hind toe (or + thumb) short. + + Generic type. _Rallus porzana._ Linn. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + Gall. ruficollis var. A? _Olivaceo-fusca; cervice cinerea; pectore, + abdomine, alisque rufis; crisso, uropygio, caudaque nigris; tectricibus + interioribus rufis, nigro-fasciatis; pedibus rubris._ + + Olive brown; neck cinereous; breast, body, and wings rufous; belly, + rump, and tail black; interior wing covers rufous, banded with black; + legs red. + + Fulica ruficollis. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 700. _Turton_, 1. _p._ 423. + + Gallinula ruficollis. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. 767. + + Black-bellied Gallinule. _Lath. Syn._ 1. _p._ 253. + + * * * * * + +This is one of the largest water hens found in Brazil, where it is very +rare. I am indebted to Dr. Langsdorff for the only specimen which I brought +from that country. It differs considerably from the Black-bellied Gallinule +of Latham, yet, perhaps, not sufficiently to record it as a distinct +species. + +Total length fifteen inches and a half; bill one and a half; the base (in +the dead bird) orange, the other half green; frontlet none; the crown and +nape are grey brown, the sides cinereous, and the throat whitish; the neck +both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is lead-coloured; it +then changes to rufous, which spreads over the breast, body, wing covers, +and greater quills; the lower part of the neck above, with the back, +scapulars, and lesser quills, brownish olive; the belly, thighs, tail, and +rump black; the inner wing covers are remotely barred with black; legs (in +the live bird) red. + +Latham describes the Black-bellied G. as seventeen inches long; the bill +two inches; the quills greenish brown, with rufous margins; the fore part +of the neck and breast bright rufous; and the flanks with black bands. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 174 + +[Illustration] + +TANAGRA canicapilla, + +_Grey-crowned Tanager._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, basi trigona, lateribus compressis, + culmine levato, mandibula superiore ad apicem deflexa et emarginata, + inferioris brevioris rectae basi crassa, ambarum marginibus inflexis. + Nares parvae, basi plumosa, apertura rotundata, nuda. Alae mediocres._ + + Bill short, strong, conic, base trigonal, sides compressed, culmin + elevated, upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched, under + mandible shorter and straight, the base thick, the margins of both + inflexed. Nostrils small, the base feathered, the aperture round, + naked. Wings moderate. + + Generic Types. _Tanagra Jacapa, tricolor._ _Motacilla velia._ Lin. + _Pipra musica._ Lin. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. olivaceo-viridis, infra flava; vertice cinereo, striga oculari + auribusque nigris; rostro gracili._ + + Olive green, beneath yellow; crown cinereous, eye stripe and ears + black; bill slender. + + * * * * * + +The Tanagers are a numerous, and, in general, a beautiful tribe, including +some of the most richly coloured birds of America; to which continent +modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively confined. + +M. Temminck proposes to unite with the Tanagers, several birds scattered in +the Linnaean Genera of _Lanius_, _Loxia_, _Fringilla_, _Pipra_, and +_Motacilla_. This view of the subject, it may not be superfluous to add, is +in perfect unison with my own. In fact, I had meditated a similar +arrangement; but the appearance of M. Temminck's work rendered the +publication of my own remarks no longer necessary. The bird here figured +belongs to that division which forms a transition to the _Sylviae_, from +which they are readily distinguished by the thickened base of the under +mandible. It is not uncommon in the West Indies; but I cannot find it +described either among the Tanagers, Finches, or Warblers of the Linnaean +school: in this, however, I may possibly be mistaken. It is represented the +size of life, and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 175 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA leucostoma, + +_White-mouthed Apple Snail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 98. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A testa ovata, rugosa, epidermide olivaceo-fusca; labio exteriore + tenui; apertura alba; umbilico vix clauso._ + + Shell oval, wrinkled; epidermis olive-brown; outer lip thin; aperture + white; umbilicus nearly closed. + + * * * * * + +In prosecuting my illustrations of this genus, I have carefully examined +all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends, and have added many to my +own. These materials have thrown some additional light on those species +which I have already described, and have enabled me to detect several +others altogether new. Among the latter is the shell here figured, and +which is so rare, that I know but one example of it in this country. Its +form is more oval than that of _A. rugosa_, from which it is likewise +distinguished by a very small umbilicus, nearly concealed by the inner lip; +the wrinkles are numerous and unequal, the spire pointed, and the aperture +milk-white. + +Since my remarks on the _Planorbis cornu-arietis_ of Lamarck were +published, it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an +operculum: one of these is in the possession of Mr. Sowerby: thus what was +a matter of doubt becomes a fact, and affords the only substantial argument +for terming it an _Ampullaria_. On the other hand, its affinities to +_Planorbis_ (marked by its discoid, depressed form, and the total absence +of the pillar,) remain in no degree impaired. The weight of argument on +both sides _now_ appears to be so equal, that it is a matter of no moment +whether this shell be placed in the system at the end of the _Ampullariae_, +or at the commencement of the _Planorbes_. To the generality of +conchologists, the latter collocation would appear the most simple; but, on +the whole, I incline more to the propriety of considering it the terminal +species of the _Ampullariae_, or that which marks their transition (as I +before observed) to the _Planorbes_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 176 + +[Illustration] + +ANODON elongatus, + +_Lengthened Anodon._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa transversim oblonga, crassa, antice compressa, extremitate + utraque rotundata; umbonibus valde prominentibus, crassis; lamina + cardinali convexa._ + + Shell transversely oblong, thick, anteriorly compressed, both + extremities rounded; umbones very prominent, thick; hinge-plate convex. + + * * * * * + +This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which +Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. It was formerly in +the late Mr. Forster's collection, and is now in the possession of Mrs. +Mawe. Its form is like that of _Unio ovatus_ (_Mya ovata_ of Montague), but +it is a much thicker and stronger shell; the posterior end is greatly +compressed, but round; the umbones convex, remarkably thick, and deeply +eroded; the inside pearly and iridescent, with a strong flesh-coloured +tinge; the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth, and rather +convex; the muscular impressions are deep. + +One valve of the specimen above alluded to (the only one I have seen), is +uncoated, and beautifully iridescent. Its country is unknown--but I think +it may prove a native of the South American rivers. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 177 + +[Illustration] + +TURBINELLUS spirillus, + +_Carinated Turnip Shell._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa pyriformis vel fusiformis, sub-ponderosa. Apex papillosus. + Columella plicata. Labium interius margine dilatatum. Canalis + elongatus, rectus._ + + Shell pear-shaped or fusiform, heavy. Apex papillary. Pillar plaited. + Interior lip with the margin dilated. Canal lengthened, straight. + + Generic Type. _Voluta Pyrum._ Lin. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. pyriformi; spira depressa, apice prominente; anfractu basali + carinato; labio interiore dilatato, albo; columellae basi plicata._ + + Shell pear-shaped; spire depressed, apex prominent; basal whorl + carinated, interior lip dilated, white; base of the pillar one-plaited. + + Murex spirillus. _Gmelin_, 3544. _Dillwyn_, 721. + + _Martini_, 3. _tab._ 115. _f._ 1069. _Knorr_, 6. _tab._ 24. _f._ 3. + + _Pyrula Spirillus._ _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 142. + + * * * * * + +In assigning a situation, under the modern system, to the _Murex spirillus_ +of Linnaeus, no genus appears to me more adapted for its reception than +that of _Turbinellus_. These shells were formerly blended with the Linnaean +Volutes, but are now detached from them as a distinct genus. The most +striking peculiarity consists in the prolongation of the base into a long +and straight canal; they possess, in common with the Volutes, a papillary +spire, and, in general, their surface is smooth. There are, however, other +shells classed by the French conchologists with this genus, from their +having a plaited columella; in these, the apex of the spire is acute, the +base truncated, and the outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines; +characters so greatly at variance, and so very distinct from those first +mentioned, that it becomes questionable whether these latter shells should +not rather be classed as a distinct group: in fact, they are much more +nearly allied to _Mitra_ and _Cancellaria_, which have acute spires, +sculptured volutions, and truncate bases, than to the smooth _Turbinelli_, +which differ so strikingly in all these particulars. + +This shell is common to many parts of the Indian Ocean; and, like most of +the smooth _Turbinelli_, has the inner lip dilated. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 178 + +[Illustration] + +BUCEROS coronatus, + +_Coronated Hornbill._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum elongatum, crassum, inane, deflexum, marginibus obtuse + crenatis, epithemate inani, forma vario, in mandibulam superiorem + imposito. Nares basales, ovatae_, (_lingua brevis, angusta, acuta_. + Illiger.) _Pedes gressorii._ + + Bill elongated, thick, hollow, deflexed, the margins obtusely crenated, + with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper mandible. + Nostrils basal, oval. Tongue short, narrow, pointed. Feet gressorial. + + Generic Types. _B. Rhinoceros_, _bicornis_. Linn. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _B. niger, abdomine, stria utrinque occipitali, apiceque rectricium + albis; rostro subcristato, (carinato,) rubro._ Shaw. + + Black Hornbill, with the abdomen, stripe on each side of the nape, and + tip of the tail white. Bill slightly crested, (carinated,) and red. + + Le Calao Couronne male. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _vol._ v. _p._ 117. + _pl._ 234. + + Buceros coronatus, Coronated Hornbill. _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ 8. _p._ 35. + + * * * * * + +The bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even those +of the Toucans; many species having knobs or excrescences which seem to +grow out of the bill itself, and give a strange appearance to the bird. The +whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of Africa and Asia; +feeding on animal substances, either living or dead. + +Le Vaillant discovered this bird in Caffraria; congregating in flocks of +near 500, along with crows and vultures, over the remains of slaughtered +elephants. It frequents forests, perching on high, and generally withered +trees; it likewise destroys insects. + +The specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie; the white collar +only surrounds the back of the head, and is not well defined; the carinated +process on the bill ends _abruptly_, and not _gradually_, as seen in Le +Vaillant's figure; the margins are obtusely crenated, the tail even, and +the two middle feathers entirely black. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 179 + +[Illustration] + +MUSCIPETA labrosa, + +_Red-lipped Flycatcher._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 116. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. nitide nigra; rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua plumatis._ + + Glossy black; gape margined by a red skin; legs feathered beyond the + knees. + + * * * * * + +This bird, though unattractive in its colours, is nevertheless very +remarkable. It may be almost said to have _lips_; for round the gape, at +each angle of the mouth, is a narrow loose skin; perfectly naked, and +rather projecting. This singularity is increased by its colour in the live +bird; which, by a note attached to the specimen, is stated to be of a +beautiful red. It seems a species hitherto unknown, and was found near the +Great Fish River of Southern Africa. + +The figure is rather less than the natural size; the whole plumage deep +black; glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and tail +feathers; the quills inside are grey, margined with olive; the first of +these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and the +two next are nearly of equal length. The tail has ten feathers, and is +even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter. The bill +rather thick and strong, the culmine not very apparent, the upper mandible +strongly notched, the under but slightly; the nostrils are hid by thickset +incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the aperture, which is +rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow membrane. The legs are very +short, the three fore-toes united as far as the first joint, the hind-toe +short; the claws of all are small, and the sole of the foot perfectly flat, +like the Bee-eaters. I have been minute in noting these characters, +because, although the bird will stand at present in the great family of the +Flycatchers, there is no doubt they will hereafter be divided into distinct +groups. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 180 + +[Illustration] + +TURDUS vociferans, + +_Calling Thrush._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. cinereus, infra ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudae + rotundatae pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis._ + + Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail + rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous. + + Le Reclammeur. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _tom._ 3. _p._ 33, _pl._ 104. + + * * * * * + +I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant, who +discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note of +the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and +evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually +seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well +illustrates the peculiar note of the male:--One of his Dutch Hottentots, by +name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly around him, +uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of _Piet myn +vrow_, (or, '_Peter_--my wife,') that the poor lad (perfectly astonished) +took to his heels, and vowed never more to handle a gun. + +Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous: on +each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and forms +a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous +yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail feathers the same, +the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair has likewise a narrow +margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers dusky brown, with pale +cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides hazel: bill rather small +and black, compressed the whole length, and having weak bristles at its +base. + +This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet defined +the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at present from +proposing its characters. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 181 + +[Illustration] + +VOLUTA Pusio, + +_Dwarf Volute._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 161. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _V. testa ovato-obtusa, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis fulvis + interstinctis cincta; anfractu basali obtuse nodoso; spira brevissima, + acuta; columella incrassata, multiplicata._ + + Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body + whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute; + pillar thickened with many plaits. + + Voluta Pusio. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal_, _vol._ 61. _p._ + 378. + + * * * * * + +Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his +_Animaux_, contains but two species in addition to those long ago described +by him in the _Annales du Mus._; thus omitting many of those new Volutes +which of late years have been discovered. On the other hand, this +naturalist has created five species from the varieties of _V. musica_ Lin. +resting their characters on colour, bands, and the number of the lesser or +spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no argument to prove that these +principles of distinction are the most uncertain he could have chosen; +scarcely two specimens of _V. musica_ being found alike. These supposed +species must, therefore, again merge into one. + +The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is quite +smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire remarkably +short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to _V. virescens_ +Sol. (_Polyzonalis_ Lam.) and to _V. fulva_ Lam. I have neither of these +shells at present before me; but if Lamarck's description of them, and the +figures which he has cited, be correct, I have no doubt they are but one +species; _V. polyzonalis_ being the _smooth_, and _V. fulva_ being the +_nodulous_ variety of Solander's _V. virescens_. In fact, Lamarck says both +shells are transversely striated. + +_V. pusio_ is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described from a +specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is perfect, +but its colours are somewhat faded. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 182 + +[Illustration] + +CYPRAEA spadicea, + +_Chesnut Cowry._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 111. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa ovata, oblonga, immaculata; dorso rufo; ventre albo; + lateribus lividis._ + + Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white; + sides livid. + + C. spadicea. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._ 376. + + * * * * * + +In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles _C. onyx_; but +its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for that or any +other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and pure white; +the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short, and but +faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three specimens +have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young, showed the +internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all received by +Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas. + + * * * * * + +CYPRAEA sanguinolenta + +(_Middle figures._) + + * * * * * + + _C. testa ovato-oblonga, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito; + lateribus incarnato-violaceis, livide guttatis; ventre depresso._ + + Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides + flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed. + + _C. testa ovato-oblonga, cinereo-caerulescente, fulvo vel fusco + fasciata, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis._ _Lam. + Syst._ 7. _p._ 396. + + C. sanguinolenta. _Gmelin_, 3406. _Turton_, 4. _p._ 335. _Dill._ 445. + _Martini_, 1. _t._ 26. _f._ 265, 266. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 356. _f._ 12. + + C. purpurascens. _Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ 61. _p._ 376. + + * * * * * + +Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell as +blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the figures +by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed my +_purpurascens_ as a variety of Gmelin's _sanguinolenta_. The back of the +shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or belly) is +flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the base of the +aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern Africa. + + * * * * * + + +GENERAL INDEX + +OF + +LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES + +TO + +VOL. III. + +IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION. + + + + Pl. Pl. + Ampullaria corrugata 120 || Wrinkled Apple-snail 120 + || + Cinnyris Javanica 121 || Javanese Creeper 121 + || + Achatina virginea, _var._ 1 122 || Common striped Achatina 122 + and 2 || + ditto, _var._ 3 and 4 123 || ditto 123 + || + Licinia Crisia 124 || Licinia Crisia 124 + || + Papilio Nerius 125 || Papilio Nerius 125 + || + Conus vitulinus, _var._ 126 || Orange fox Cone 126 + maldivus 127 || Spanish-Admiral Cone 127 + ditto chesnut, _var._ 128 || ditto chesnut, _var._ 128 + || + Melliphaga torquata 129 || White-collared Honeysucker 129 + || + Trochilus latipennis, male 130 || Grey sickle-winged H. Bird 130 + ditto, female 131 || ditto, female 131 + || + Macroglossum annulosum 132 || Macroglossum annulosum 132 + fasciatum ib. || fasciatum ib. + || + Thecla Macaria 133 || Chesnut-spotted Hair-streak 133 + || + Strombus exustus 134 || Burnt-mouthed Strombus 134 + lentiginosus ib. || Tuberculated Strombus ib. + tricornis 135 || Horned Strombus 135 + || + Ampullaria crassa 136 || Thick Apple-snail 136 + oblonga ib. || Oblong ditto ib. + || + Papilio Polybius 137 || Papilio Polybius 137 + || + Malurus garrulus 138 || Noisy Soft-tail Warbler 138 + || + Sylvia plumbea 139 || Grey-backed Warbler 139 + || + Troglodytes rectirostris 140 || Straight-billed Wren 140 + || + Psittacus chryseurus 141 || Golden-tailed Parrot 141 + || + Nectarinia flaveola 142 || Yellow-bellied Nectarinia 142 + || + Ampullaria sordida 143 || Brown Apple-snail 143 + puncticulata ib. || Oval, punctured ditto ib. + || + Eburna Valentiana 144 || Arabian Eburna 144 + tessellata 145 || Tessellated ditto 145 + Pacifica 146 || South Sea ditto 146 + || + Muscipeta carinata 147 || Keel-billed Flycatcher 147 + || + Emberiza cristata 148 || Crested Bunting 148 + || + Castnia Fabricii 149 || Red underwing Day-moth 149 + || + Sphinx fasciata 150 || Sphinx fasciata 150 + Leachii ib. || Leachii ib. + || + Alcedo semitorquata 151 || Half-collared Kingsfisher 151 + || + Achatina melastoma 152 || Black-mouthed Achatina 152 + || + Strombus lobatus 153 || Lobed or brindled Strombus 153 + || + Psittacus Malaccensis 154 || Blue-rumped Parrot 154 + || + Psittacus viridissimus 155 || Green Parrot 155 + || + Fringilla oryzivora 156 || Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow 156 + || + Ampullaria effusa 157 || Ribbon Apple-snail 157 + luteostoma ib. || Yellow-mouthed ditto ib. + || + Pinna bullata 158 || Rufous Pinna 158 + || + Satyrus argenteus 159 || Satyrus argenteus 159 + || + Anodon purpurascens 160 || Purple Anodon 160 + || + Voluta punctata 161 || Red-dotted Volute 161 + || + Achatina fasciata, _var._ 162 || Banded Achatina, 3 _var._ 162 + || + Hemipodius nivosus 163 || White-spotted Turnix 163 + || + Sylvia annulosa 164 || White-eyed Warbler 164 + ditto, _var._ [beta] 165 || Ditto, New Holland variety 165 + || + Bulimus citrinus 166 || Citron Bulimus, 3 _var._ 166 + || + Anodon crassus 167 || Thick Anodon 167 + || + Ramphastos ambiguus 168 || Doubtful Toucan 168 + || + Pteroglossus viridis 169 || Green Aracari (male) 169 + || + Malurus Africanus 170 || African Soft-tail 170 + || + Unio fragilis 171 || Fragile River-mussel 171 + || + Ampullaria reflexa 172 || Purple Apple-snail 172 + || + Gallinula ruficollis, _var._ 173 || Black-bellied Gallinule 173 + || + Tanagra canicapilla 174 || Grey-crowned Tanager 174 + || + Ampullaria leucostoma 175 || White-mouthed Apple-snail 175 + || + Anodon elongatus 176 || Lengthened Anodon 176 + || + Turbinellus spirillus 177 || Carinated Turnip-shell 177 + || + Buceros coronatus 178 || Coronated Hornbill 178 + || + Muscipeta labrosa 179 || Red-lipped Flycatcher 179 + || + Turdus vociferans 180 || Calling Thrush 180 + || + Voluta pusio 181 || Dwarf Volute 181 + || + Cypraea spadicea 182 || Cypraea spadicea 182 + sanguinolenta ib. || sanguinolenta ib. + + * * * * * + + +GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX + +OF + +LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES + +TO + +VOLUME III. + + + + Pl. + Achatina fasciata, _var._, 162 + melostoma, 152 + virginea, _var._, 122 + ditto, ditto, 123 + _banded_, 162 + _black-mouthed_, 152 + _common, striped_, 122 + _ditto_, _var._, 123 + + Alcedo semitorquata, 151 + + Ampullaria corrugata, 120 + crassa, 136 + effusa, 157 + leucostoma, 175 + leuteostoma, 157 + oblonga, 136 + puncticulata, 143 + reflexa, 172 + sordida, 143 + + Anodon crassus, 167 + elongatus, 176 + purpurascens, 160 + _lengthened_, 176 + _thick_, 167 + _purple_, 160 + + _Apple-snail, brown_, 143 + _oblong_, 136 + _oval, punctured_, 143 + _purple_, 172 + _ribbon_, 157 + _thick_, 136 + _white-mouthed_, 175 + _wrinkled_, 120 + _yellow-mouthed_, 175 + + _Aracari, green_, 169 + + Bulimus citrinus, _var._, 166 + _citron_, green variety, ib. + + Buceros, Gen. Char., 178 + coronatus, ib. + + _Bunting, crested_, 148 + + Castnia, Gen. Char., 149 + Fabricii, ib. + + Cinnyris Javanica, 121 + + Conus maldivus, 127 + ditto, _var._, 128 + vitulinus, _var._, 126 + + _Cone, Spanish-Admiral_, 127 + _ditto_, _chesnut variety_, 128 + _orange, fox_, 126 + + _Creeper, Javanese_, 121 + + Cypraea spadicea, 182 + sanguinolenta, ib. + + _Day-moth, red underwing_, 149 + + Eburna, Gen. Char., 144 + Pacifica, 146 + tessellata, 145 + Valentiana, 144 + _Arabian_, ib. + _South Sea_, 146 + _tesselated_, 145 + + Emberiza, Gen. Char., 148 + cristata, ib. + + _Flycatcher, keel-billed_, 147 + _red-lipped_, 179 + + Fringilla, Gen. Char., 156 + oryzivora, ib. + + Gallinula, Gen. Char., 173 + ruficollis, _var._, ib. + + _Gallinule, black-bellied_, _var._, ib. + + _Hair-streak, chesnut-spotted_, 133 + + Hemipodius, Gen. Char., 163 + nivosus, ib. + + _Honey-sucker, while-collared_, 129 + + _Humming-bird, Grey sickle-wing_, 130 + _ditto_, _female_, 131 + + _Java Sparrow, or Paddy-bird_, 156 + + _Kingsfisher, half-collared_, 151 + + Licinia Crisia, 124 + + Macroglossum annulosum, 132 + fasciatum, ib. + + Malurus, Gen. Char., 138 + Africanus, 170 + garrulus, 138 + + Melliphaga torquata, 129 + + Muscipeta carinata, 147 + labrosa, 179 + + Nectarina flaveola, 142 + _yellow-bellied_, ib. + + _Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow_, 156 + + Papilio Nerius, 125 + Polybius, 137 + + _Parrot, golden-tailed_, 141 + _blue-rumped_, 154 + _green_, 155 + + Pinna, Gen. Char., 158 + bullata, ib. + + _Pinna, rufous_, ib. + + Psittacus chryseurus, 141 + Malaccensis, 154 + viridissimus, 155 + + Pteroglossus viridis, 169 + + Ramphastos ambiguus, 168 + + _River-mussel, fragile_, 171 + + Satyrus, Gen. Char., 159 + argenteus, ib. + + Strombus exustus, 134 + lentiginosus, ib. + lobatus, 153 + tricornis, 135 + _burnt-mouthed_, 134 + _tuberculated_, ib. + + _Strombus, horned_, 135 + _lobed, or brindled_, 153 + + Sphinx fasciata, 150 + Leachii, ib. + + Sylvia, Gen. Char., 139 + annulosa, 164 + ditto, _var._, 165 + plumbea, 139 + + _Soft-tail, noisy_, 138 + _African_, 170 + + Tanagra, Gen. Char., 174 + canicapilla, ib. + + Tanager, grey-crowned, ib. + + Thecla Macaria, 133 + + _Thrush, calling_, 180 + + Trochilus latipennis, male, 130 + ditto, female, 131 + + Troglodytes, Gen. Char., 140 + rectirostris, ib. + + Turbinellus, Gen. Char., 177 + spirillus, ib. + + Turdus vociferans, 180 + + _Turnip-shell, carinated_, 177 + + _Turnix, white-spotted_, 163 + + Voluta, Gen. Char., 161 + pusio, 181 + punctata, 161 + + _Volute, dwarf_, 181 + _red-dotted_, 161 + + Unio fragilis, 171 + + _Warbler, olive-backed_, 139 + _white-eyed_, 164 + _New Holland variety_, 165 + + _Wren, straight-billed_, 140 + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +VERTEBROSA. + +PART III. + + * * * * * + +_ORNITHOLOGY._ + + Pl. + CINNYRIS Javanica 121 + + MELLIPHAGA torquata 129 + + TROCHILUS latipennis, male 130 + ditto, female 131 + + MALURUS garrulus 138 + Africanus 170 + + SYLVIA plumbea 139 + annulosa 164 + ditto, New Holland variety 165 + + TROGLODYTES rectirostris 140 + + PSITTACUS chryseurus 141 + Malaccensis 154 + viridissimus 155 + + NECTARINIA flaveola 142 + + MUSCIPETA carinata 147 + labrosa 179 + + EMBERIZA cristata 148 + + ALCEDO semitorquata 151 + + FRINGILLA oryzivora 156 + + HEMIPODIUS nivosus 163 + + RAMPHASTOS ambiguus 168 + + PTEROGLOSSUS viridis 169 + + GALLINULA ruficollis 173 + + TANAGRA canicapilla 174 + + BUCEROS coronatus 178 + + TURDUS vociferans 180 + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +ENTOMOLOGY. + +PART III. + + Pl. + LICINIA Crisia 124 + + PAPILIO Nerius 125 + Polybius 137 + + THECLA Macaria 133 + + MACROGLOSSUM annulosum 132 + fasciatum ib. + + SPHINX fasciata 150 + Leachii ib. + + CASTNIA Fabricii 149 + + SATYRUS argenteus 159 + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +CONCHOLOGY. + +PART III. + + * * * * * + +_Univalves._ + + Pl. + AMPULLARIA corrugata 120 + crassa 136 + oblonga ib. + sordida 143 + puncticulata ib. + effusa 157 + luteostoma ib. + reflexa 172 + leucostoma 175 + + ACHATINA virginea, _var._ 1, 2. 122 + ditto, _var._ 3, 4. 123 + melastoma 152 + fasciata, 3 _var._ 162 + + BULIMUS citrinus 166 + + CONUS vitulinus 126 + Maldivus 127 + ditto, variety 128 + + STROMBUS exustus 134 + lentiginosus ib. + tricornis 135 + lobatus 153 + + CYPRAEA spadicea 182 + sanguinolenta ib. + + EBURNA Valentiana 144 + tessellata 145 + Pacifica 146 + + VOLUTA punctata 161 + pusio 181 + + TURBINELLUS spirillus 177 + +_Bivalves._ + + PINNA bullata 158 + + ANODON purpurascens 160 + crassus 167 + elongatus 176 + + UNIO fragilis 171 + + * * * * * + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. + + In the Systematic Index, Conchology, Part I. for "_Acephalis_" read + "_Acephales_." + + Pl. 92. page 1. line 13, for "_caudi_," read "_caudis_." + 23, for "_Dentatis_" read "_Dentati_." + -- 3. -- 11 from the bottom, for "_Lepidopterae_" read + "_Lepidoptera_." + + -- 102. Add to the Synonyms, _A. virginea_. _Lamarck. Syst._ _tom._ 6. + _part_ 2. _p._ 131. _Sowerby's Genera._ _Achatina_, _f._ 2. + + -- 124. last line, for "female" read "male;" and in the line above, for + "male" read "female." + + -- 125. for "_P. Nireus_" read "_P. Nerius_." + + -- 126. Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 467. 55; and for _Ency. + Meth._ _pl._ 326. _f._ 204., read _pl._ 326. _fig._ 2 and 4. + + -- 127. Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 465. 50. + + -- 134. _Strombus exustus_, described by Lamarck (_Syst._ 7. _p._ 211) + under the name of _S. Papilio_. The first of these names, + however, has the right of priority. (See _Mus. Cal._ 1797.) + The figures of Martini, tom. 3. tab. 8. f. 825, 826, clearly + represent this species; although Lamarck has quoted them for + _S. lentiginosus_. + + _Strombus lentiginosus._ Add to the Synonyms, _Lam. Syst._ 7. + _p._ 203. _Knorr_, 3. _tab._ 13, _f._ 2. Lamarck has omitted + to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of + this and the following species. + + -- 135. _St. tricornis._ Add to the Syn. _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 201. + + -- 139. _Sylvia plumbea._ This bird greatly resembles the female of + _S. pusilla_ of Wilson (yellow-backed Warbler, Latham), yet + differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white: I + was told, moreover, that this was a male bird: the one inhabits + North, and the other South America. Latham's description of his + yellow-backed Warbler, I should think, is not quite accurate; + as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers, whereas + both Wilson and Vieillot say there are two. + + -- 145. Eburna tessellata. Add to the Syn. _E. Arcolata_, _Lam. Syst._ + 7. _p._ 282. 4. + + -- 146. Eburna Pacifica. Add to the Syn. _E. lutosa?_ _Lam. Syst._ + 7. 282. 5. + + -- 150. The upper figure is of _Sphinx Leachii_, and the under of + _S. fasciata_. + + -- 152. Add to the Syn. _Helix regina._ _Ferussac Moll._ _liv._ 19. + _pl._ 119. + + -- 153. Ditto _S. bituberculatus_, _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 202. 6. + + -- 157. Amp. Effusa. Ditto, _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5. + + -- 164. Add to the Syn. _Le Figuier Tcheric_, _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. + _pl._ 132. + + -- 166. Ditto _Lam. Syst._ 6. 2. _p._ 178. 5. + + -- 170. Ditto _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2. + + -- 177. Ditto _Pyrula Spirillus._ _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 142. + + * * * * * + +NOTES + +[1] "Pendant que les naturalistes font des monographies, des ouvrages +generaux ou la synonymie, les coupes systematiques sont, a force de temps +et de soins, etablies avec rigueur, les auteurs des miscellanees, avec +quelques phrases et des noms nouveaux, font des genres ou des especes, et +publient 50 cahiers dans lesquels les fruits de dix ans de recherches ou de +voyages sont enleves a leurs auteurs. (F.)"--_Bulletin des Annonces et des +Nouvelles Scientifiques; publie sous la direction de M. le B. de Ferussac. +N._ 4. _p._ 53. + +[2] See the Sketch Book of G. Crayon, vol. i. p. 130. + +[3] Bulletin des Annonces et des Nouvelles Scientifiques, N. 6. p. 438. + +[4] Donovan's Naturalist's Repository. + +[5] The additional list of synonyms subjoined at the end of this volume +almost entirely refer to one or two books which have been subsequently +published: the date of 1822, affixed to the seventh volume of Lamarck's _H. +N. des Animaux sans Vertebres_, is considerably before the time it was +issued to the public. + +[6] I have applied this term to the oblique descent made by the umbo, +towards the basal extremity of the anterior side of bivalves. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume III, by +William Swainson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL III *** + +***** This file should be named 39477.txt or 39477.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/4/7/39477/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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