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diff --git a/39472.txt b/39472.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3333182 --- /dev/null +++ b/39472.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4588 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume II, by William Swainson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume II + or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or + Interesting Animals + +Author: William Swainson + +Release Date: April 17, 2012 [EBook #39472] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied. + + * * * * * + + +Zoological Illustrations, + +OR + +ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS + +OF + +NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING + +ANIMALS, + +SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF + +Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology, + +AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF + +CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS. + + * * * * * + +BY + +WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S., + +MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC. + + * * * * * + +VOL. II. + + * * * * * + +London: + +PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET; + +FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW; +AND W. WOOD, STRAND. + + * * * * * + +1821-2. + + * * * * * + + +TO + +SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M. D. + +FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT OF + +THE LINNAEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, + +FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, AND MEMBER OF THE +PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES BOTH IN +EUROPE AND AMERICA, + +THE FIRST AND SECOND VOLUMES + +OF + +Zoological Illustrations + +ARE DEDICATED, + +AS A SMALL, BUT SINCERE TRIBUTE TO THE EMINENT TALENTS OF + +THE PHILOSOPHER, + +AND THE EXCELLENT QUALITIES OF + +THE MAN. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 67 + +[Illustration] + +HALCYON cinnamominus, + +_Cinnamon Crabeater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _H. caeruleo viridis; pileo, collo, plumisque totis subtus pallide + cinnamominis; auribus viridibus; nucha torque nigro gracili ornata._ + + Blue-green; upper part of the head, neck, and all beneath, pale + cinnamon colour; ears green; round the nape a slender black collar. + + * * * * * + +As far as I can ascertain, this beautifully coloured bird is quite new, and +hitherto undescribed. It is in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater, of Brewer +Street, by whom it was received from New Zealand; and who gave me the +opportunity of now publishing the accompanying figure and description. + +The two extreme points of difference in the Linnaean kingfishers, are seen +in the _Alcedo Ispida_, and _A. gigantea_; the last of which has been made +into the genus _Dacelo_. It will, nevertheless, be found, that from among +the birds left in the old genus, there are a great number, (of which, +indeed, this bird is a striking example,) which are much nearer allied to +_Dacelo_ than to _Alcedo_, where they now stand. It will appear, therefore, +more natural to consider _Halcyon_ and _Dacelo_ as one genus--which may be +called by either name, but which must be distinguished by the characters +herein given to _Halcyon_, inasmuch as the generic definition of _Dacelo_ +(founded on one bird) will be found too restricted to comprehend all. + +Total length ten inches; bill two and a half from the gape, and one and a +half from the nostrils; the tip of the upper mandible with a slight +inclination downwards, and with an appearance of a notch; the whole head, +neck, and under plumage, of a delicate fawn colour; under wing covers the +same; the remaining upper plumage, with the wings and tail, changeable blue +green; ears sea green and dusky, united to a narrow black nuchal collar; +wings four inches long, and the tail, which is even, three and a quarter; +the hind head is slightly crested, and the feet pale brown. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 68 + +[Illustration] + +POGONIAS rubrifrons, + +_Red-fronted Toothbill._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum mediocre, crassum, validum, basi latiore quam altiore, + vibrissis longis incumbentibus tecta, lateribus ultra basin compressis, + culmine arcuato, subcarinato; mandibulae superioris margine dentibus 1 + vel 2 armato, mandibulae inferioris marginem obtegente. Nares + approximantes, parvae, rotundae, per rostri basin perforatae. Pedes + scansorii, digitis posticis versatilibus._ + +Typus Genericus _Bucco Dubius_ Lath. + + Bill moderate, thick, strong, the base broader than high, with long + incumbent bristles, the sides beyond compressed, the top arched, and + slightly carinated; upper mandible with one or two strong teeth on each + side, the margin folding over that of the lower mandible; nostrils + approximating, small, round, perforated through the base of the bill. + Feet scansorial. Hind toe versatile. + +Generic Type _Doubtful Barbut_ Lath. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. niger; sincipite juguloque rubris; alis et cauda fuscis; tegminum + margine externo albo, remigum fulvo._ + + Glossy black; forepart of the head and throat red; wings and tail + brown; external margin of the covers white, and of the quills yellow. + + * * * * * + +The Linnaean Barbuts, comprehended by Latham under one genus, contain three +distinct groups of birds; which, from their peculiar characters, no less +than their geographic position, have now received generic distinctions. The +first of these (which are still retained under the old genus,) are natives +of Asia; the next in affinity were first characterized by Illiger under the +name of _Pogonias_, and are distributed on the African continent; while the +prototype genus in America is _Tamatia_ (Cuvier), in which continent not +any of the two preceding have been found: thus each quarter of the globe +lying within the tropics have their corresponding groups of a family, +possessing a general, but at the same time an individuality of character. + +I am obliged to Mr. Leadbeater for the opportunity of figuring this new and +rare species, which he believes to have come from Sierra Leone. Its total +length was six inches; the under-covers of the wings white; the tail two +inches long, the feathers broad and even. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 69 + +[Illustration] + +THECLA Galathea, + +_Red-bordered Hair-streak._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae clavo elongato, compresso, obtuso terminatae. Palpi exserti, + recti, approximantes, squamis obtecti, imberbes, articulo ultimo nudo, + gracili, acuto. Oculi semicirculares. Alae anticae trigonae; posticae + dentatae, caudatae, lobo ad angulum analem obtuso, concavo, quem + sedentes vibrant, instructae. Thorax validus. Abdomen gracile._ + +Typus Genericus _Papilio Betulae, &c._ Lin. + + Antennae ending in a lengthened, compressed, and obtuse club. Palpi + exserted, approximating, covered with scales, but without hairs, the + last joint naked, slender, acute. Eyes semi-circular. Anterior wings + trigonal, the hinder dentated, generally tailed, with an obtuse concave + lobe at their anal angle, which is generally in motion when the insect + is at rest. Thorax strong; body slender. + +Generic Type _Papilio Betulae, &c._ Lin. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. alis fuscis, colore violaceo nitidis, posticis caudatis, margine + rubro, subtus maculo nigro lunulaque rubra ornatis; lobo anali supra + aerato, subtus nigro._ + + Wings brown, glossed with violet; posterior tailed, with a red margin, + beneath with a black spot and red lunule, anal lobe above bronzed, + beneath black. + + * * * * * + +The beautiful little Butterflies included by Fabricius in this genus, are +scattered over all parts of the world, but are most numerous within the +tropics, and particularly in South America, for in Brazil alone I collected +near 120 species. They are an obvious and very natural family, though the +species are as yet but little understood, and not one half of them +described. I have observed a singular peculiarity in a great many of these +insects, which is, that when they are at rest in the sun, the lower wings +are constantly in a quick vibrating motion up and down, as if the insect +was rubbing them together, more particularly where the two lobes (or obtuse +tails) of the under wings meet, though what purpose this is intended to +accomplish remains unknown. + +The upper surface of the wings in the greatest number of the _Hair streaks_ +(as they are aptly called by English collectors) are of various shades of +vivid blue, so that the species can only be ascertained from the under +markings, which are usually very striking and delicate: they are all of a +small size. + +This is an African species, and both sexes are in the cabinet of my friend +Mr. Haworth. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 70 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS terebra, + +_Screw Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. cylindraceo-elongatus, albidus, striis transversis elevatis, + fasciisque binis flavescentibus, spira crassa obtusa._ Lam. + + Cylindric elongated; whitish, with two yellowish bands, and transverse + elevated striae; spire thick, obtuse. + + Conus Terebellum. _Gmelin_, p. 3390. 44. (omitting the varieties). + _Martini_ 2. _tab._ 52. _fig._ 577. _Seba_, 42. _fig._ 13. (uncoated). + _Ency. Meth._ 339. _fig._ 1. + + Conus Terebra. _Lamarck._ _Annal. du Mus._ vol. xv. p. 427. _no._ 144. + _Var._ A, without bands. + + _Ency. Methodique_, 339. _fig._ 2. + + * * * * * + +Though this is not an uncommon Shell, it is rarely seen so large as that +now represented from the cabinet of Mrs. Bolton of Storrs. Of this +extensive genus Lamarck has written a valuable account in the Annals of the +French Museum, where he has rightly pointed out the mistake of Gmelin in +placing as varieties of this species, one or two other very distinct +shells: the colour of the bands is not always certain, for I have seen +specimens in which they were of a dark brown; but the very thick spire, and +slender form of the body whirl, with the distant, regular, and greatly +elevated striae, render it a species not easily mistaken, though in general +form it comes very near to _C. nussatella_, and two or three others; the +spiral volutions are deeply concave, and the tip and base tinged with +violet. + +It is a native of the Indian seas. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 71 + +[Illustration] + +STROMBUS mutabilis, + +_Little pink-mouthed Strombus._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. anfractu basali nodoso; spira brevi tantum non laevi; linea sulcata + suturae parallela; labio exteriore supra gibbo, margine recto, + interiore crasso, cum exteriore striato; apertura pallide rubicunda, + basi truncata._ + + Basal whirl nodulous; spire short, nearly smooth, with a sulcated line + parallel with the suture; outer lip above gibbous, the margin straight; + inner lip thick, both striated; aperture flesh colour; base truncated. + + _Seba_, _tab._ 61. _fig._ 26 & 27, 32 & 33, 54. _tab._ 62. _fig._ 42 & + 43? _Martini_ 3. _tab._ 77, 799. _fig._ 78, 807. _Knorr._ 2, 14. _fig._ + 3. _Rump._ 37. W. + + * * * * * + +The specific distinction given by Linnaeus to _Strombus urceus_ is so +loose, that his followers have referred all the small species of this genus +to the numerous varieties he has quoted, though few will doubt that many +permanent species have been thus overlooked; among these the one now +characterized is an example, the most striking distinctions of which are in +the spire being never plaited, and always much shorter than the mouth, +which latter is either nearly white, or of a flesh colour; in its external +colouring no two specimens will be found alike. It is not an uncommon shell +from the East Indies, and seldom grows larger than the figure. + + * * * * * + +STROMBUS dilatatus, + +_Winged Strombus--middle figures._ + + * * * * * + +_S. testa transverse striata; spira mediocri, plicis numerosis gracilibus; +labio exteriore dilatato, rotundato, crassissimo, reflexo; interiore supra +crassescente, medio laevi; apertura striata._ + +Shell transversely striated; spire moderate, with slender numerous plaits; +outer lip dilated, rounded, very thick, and reflected; inner lip thickened +above, smooth in the middle; aperture striated. + + * * * * * + +An undescribed species, and of the greatest rarity, for I have never seen +any other specimen, than one in my own cabinet, although perfect in form, +it is obviously faded in colour; yet it is too remarkable to be mistaken +for any other of this interesting family, which requires so much +illustration. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 72 + +[Illustration] + +POGONIAS hirsutus, + +_Hairy-breasted Toothbill._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 68. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. supra fuscus, maculis sulphureis, subtus sulphureus maculis nigris + interstinctus, capite juguloque nigris; pectoris plumis elongatis, + pilis setaceis terminatis._ + + Above brown, spotted with sulphur; beneath sulphureous, with black + spots; head and chin black; feathers of the breast lengthened, and + ending in long setaceous hairs. + + * * * * * + +I have before observed, that this genus of birds was first characterized +under the name of _Pogonias_, by Illiger, in 1811; some years after (1815), +M. Vieillot changed the name to _Pogonia_, without taking any notice of +Illiger's denomination, and Dr. Leach has followed Vieillot without +probably being aware of the plagiarism; Vieillot's name must, however, be +expunged, as Mr. Brown has some time back affixed the name of _Pogonia_ to +a remarkable genus of plants. + +Total length about seven inches; bill blueish black, one inch two lines +long, and large in proportion; the tooth in the middle very prominent; +behind the eye is a short white stripe, and another much longer begins from +the under mandible, and goes half way down the neck; the chin and part of +the throat, together with the head and neck above, deep black, which +changes to a dark brown on the back, wings, covers, and tail; a small round +sulphur spot is on the tip of each feather of the hind head, back, and +lesser wing covers; the quills pale brown, margined with sulphur; the under +plumage is greenish sulphur, closely spotted with blackish; the most +extraordinary peculiarity of this bird consists in the feathers of the +breast, which are more rigid than the others, pointed, and the shaft of the +lower ones ending in fine incurved setaceous hairs, many of which are near +an inch long. The probable use this particular formation is intended for, +it is impossible to conjecture. + +Mr. B. Leadbeater, to whom I am often obliged for the inspection of rare +subjects, received this from Africa, and it is the only individual of the +species I ever heard of. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 73 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS pulchellus, + +_Turcosine Parrakeet._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. macrourus, supra viridis, subtus fulvus; sincipite, genis, + tegminibusque cyaneis, remigibus caeruleis; rectricibus lateralibus + fulvis._ + + Long-tailed Parrakeet, green above; yellow beneath; forepart of the + head, cheeks, and wing covers light blue; quills deep blue; lateral + tail feathers yellow. + + _Shaw, Naturalist's Misc._ 3. _pl._ 96. _Latham, Suppl._ 2. _p._ 88. + _no._ 14. + + _La Perruche Edwards, Le Vaillant_, _pl._ 68. (female). _Gen. Zool._ 8, + 470. + + * * * * * + +It is impossible to represent this superbly coloured little creature in its +full beauty, though the figure will not be found very defective. The only +representation of the male is in the Naturalist's Miscellany, where it +cannot be recognized, and Le Vaillant's is of the female, which differs +considerably from the other sex. It is a rare species, and peculiar to New +Holland. + +Length nine inches, with the tail, which is near four inches and a half; +the upper part of the plumage olive green, not so bright as is usual in +this tribe; the front of the head is a most brilliant turcosine blue, which +spreads on the cheeks, nearly to the ears, and then mixes with the green; +the shoulders and lesser wing covers of the same colour, graduating to a +deep mazarine blue on the greater covers, spurious wings, and quill +feathers, which latter are all deep black beneath, as well as on their +interior shafts; at the base of the shoulders is a large irregular patch of +dull red, partially hid by the scapulars; the under plumage is yellow, +tinged with olive on the throat and breast, and verging towards orange on +the belly; tail feathers narrow and pointed, mostly green, with the inner +shafts blueish, and margined with black; the three outer on each side +nearly yellow, the next tipt only with that colour; under the wings +brilliant blue, the greater covers and quills deep black; bill very small; +upper mandible without a notch, and blackish; lower very convex, and, with +the legs, flesh colour. + +The female figured by Le Vaillant is much less brilliant in all its +colours, and without the red mark on the shoulders. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 74 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA fasciata, + +_Chesnut-banded Achatina._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa alba fasciis latis lineisque castaneis ornata; spira + elongata, crassescente; labio interiore semi-circulari, intus depresso; + columella truncata, emarginata._ + + Shell white, with broad chesnut bands and lines; spire elongated, + thickened; inner lip semi-circular, depressed within; columella + truncated, emarginate. + + Bulla fasciata. _Gmelin_ 3430, 25. _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 117, 1004 to 6. + + _Lister_ 12, 7. _Seba_, _tab._ 39. _fig._ 62 to 74. _Gualtieri_, _tab._ + 6. _fig._ C. + + * * * * * + +Having figured two or three species allied to this shell, it appears +advisable to subjoin a more particular notice of it, and to point out those +characters by which it may be detected through its numerous variations: +this has been endeavoured in the specific character now formed, and appears +to rest principally on the inner lip, which is always semicircular, down +which, if closely examined inside, there is a depression as if it had been +pared down with a knife; the base of the pillar also is so strongly +truncated as to appear notched, and the broadest part of the mouth is +always in the middle; these characters have been very ill attended to in +all the figures above quoted, of which Seba gives no less than eleven, +which vary only in the disposition and number of their bands. + +Gualtieri's figure at _tab._ 6. _fig._ D, is an admirable representation of +_A. pallida_, which, not having his work before me at the time, I could not +quote; the other at C is a very good one of the present shell. The upper +drawing is from one in my own cabinet; the lower is in the possession of +Mr. C. Dubois, who is continually adding to his fine and valuable +collection. + +It is almost unnecessary to contradict the opinion of some writers who have +fancied this a _fresh-water_ shell. It is not uncommon, but seldom seen in +perfection. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 75 + +[Illustration] + +NATICA spadicea, + +_Banded Natica._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa subglobosa seu ovalis, umbilicata. Spira depressa, brevissima. + Columella umbilici medio terminans. Apertura semiorbicularis, operculo + corneo vel testaceo clausa. Animal marinum, pede maximo; oculis ad + basin duorum tentaculorum simplicium positis._ + +Typus Genericus _Nerita Glaucina_ Pennant. + + Shell nearly globose, or oval, umbilicated. Spire depressed, very + small. Columella terminating in the middle of the umbilicus. Aperture + semi-circular, operculum either horny or testaceous. Animal marine, + with a large foot; the eyes placed at the base of two simple tentacula. + +Generic Type _Nerita Glaucina_ Pennant, &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _N. testa sub-globosa, fusca, albo fulvoque fasciata, juxta suturam + striata; labio exteriore supra leviter emarginato; umbilico magno, + aperto; columella obsolete terminante._ + + Shell sub-globose, striated near the suture, brown, banded with white + and fulvous; outer lip above slightly emarginate; umbilicus large, + open; pillar termination nearly obsolete. + + _Martini_ 5. _pl._ 187. _fig._ 1872 _&_ 3. _fig._ 1874 & 5? _pl._ 188. + _fig._ 1896, 8 _&_ 9. + + _Seba_, _pl._ 38. _fig._ 66. _pl._ 41. _fig._ 14, 15. + + * * * * * + +The Shells of this genus are composed of such of the Linnaean _Nerits_ as +are umbilicated, from which latter they essentially differ, both in the +organization of the animal and the construction of the shell, which is +either closed by a shelly or horny operculum. + +The species are numerous, and are found both in temperate and tropical +seas; two or three inhabit our own coasts, but by far the greater number +are found in the Asiatic Ocean. They are subject to variation in their +colour; and this, joined with a general resemblance in form, has rendered +the discrimination of the species very difficult. I have, however, +remarked, that the various modifications of the umbilicus, and the +termination of the pillar (which is indicated in many species by an +elevated ridge or rib within the umbilicus) is a certain and constant +indication, presenting the same peculiarity through all the individuals of +a species, even in the young state. This termination of the pillar has been +mistaken for the inner lip, which, on the contrary, is always above the +umbilicus, which, if closed, is not closed by the lip, but by the thickened +termination of the pillar or columella. + +The two most striking varieties are here figured of this species, which is +sufficiently described in the specific character. I believe it is found +both in the Mediterranean and Red Seas. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 76 + +[Illustration] + +MEROPS Savignii, + +_Black-capped Bee-eater._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 8. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. viridis, subtus albescens, uropygio caudaque caeruleis; vertice, + striga oculari, fasciaque lata collari nigris; mento, superciliisque + albis; rectricibus mediis elongatis._ + + Green; beneath whitish; rump and tail blue; crown of the head, eye + stripe, and broad band across the neck, black; chin and eye-brows + white; two middle tail feathers lengthened. + + * * * * * + +This Bird was pointed out to me by Professor Temminck as described by Le +Vaillant in his work on this family, under the name here given; on this +authority, therefore, I have been obliged to rest, for I have in vain +turned over the catalogues of all the public libraries in the metropolis, +in the hope of seeing the work, and ascertaining the fact. The book is +modern, and, though expensive, one of standard excellence; but a princely +fortune is necessary to purchase such a library as a student should have +access to. + +Total length eight inches and a half; size rather less than the common +bee-eater; the crown in young birds is greenish, in some a dull brown, and +in others deep black, margined in the front and sides of the head with a +line of white; the ears black, uniting to a broad band across the neck of +the same colour, which is margined on the lower part with beautiful sea +blue; the nape of the neck, inner covers, and quill feathers, greenish fawn +colour; the lesser quills tipt with black; the rump, tail, and outside of +the quills next the body changeable greenish blue; the back and upper +covers green beneath; the chin is white; the body tinged with greenish, and +the under tail covers with blue: the tail three inches long, and in such +specimens as have the two middle feathers lengthened, three and a half; +bill and feet black. + +Inhabits Sierra Leone, and other parts of Africa. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 77 + +[Illustration] + +BOTIS, + +_Gauze-wing._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae setaceae. Alae trigonae, insecto sedente, cum corpore + triangulum subhorizontale efficientes, superiores margine externo + recto. Palpi quatuor exserti. Lingua conspicua._ Latreille, _Gen. Ins._ + 4. p. 229. + +Typus Genericus _Ph. Urticata_ Lin. &c. + + Antennae setaceous. Wings trigonal, forming a nearly horizontal angle + with the body when the insect is at rest. The outer margin of the + anterior wings straight. Palpi four, exserted. Tongue conspicuous. + +Generic Type _Ph. Urticata_ Lin. &c. + + Botys. _Latreille._ + + * * * * * + +BOTIS marginata, + +_Pink-margined Gauze-wing._ + + * * * * * + + _B. alis hyalinis, stramineis, apicibus margineque flexuoso + rubro-purpureis._ + + Wings hyaline; pale fulvous; the margins and tips with a waved reddish + purple border. + + P. Marginata. _Cramer_, _pl._ 400. I.--P. Simiata. _Fab. Ent. Sys._ 3. + 208. + + * * * * * + +There appears no end to the immense number of species referrible to this +genus, which will perhaps be found the most extensive tropical group of all +the Linnaean _Phalaenidae._ Of these, near eighty species I found in +Brazil; Dr. Horsfield has brought a great many from Java; near fifty are +found in North America, and I have little doubt that the whole number +existing in the cabinets which I have inspected may amount to about three +hundred and fifty. The thorough investigation of these is a work of no +ordinary labour; and, until this is done, it appears most advisable to let +the generic distinction remain, as given by Latreille, though there can be +no doubt that among them distinct groups will be detected. + +Cramer's figure will not indicate even the genus, and Fabricius describes +the body as white; the tip ferruginous; in this it is yellow, tipped with +red. + +Mr. Haworth obliged me with this insect, which Fabricius notes as African. + + * * * * * + +BOTIS bicolor, + +_Black and White Gauze-wing._ + + * * * * * + + _B. alis anticis fuscis, punctis duabus angulatis transversis albis; + posticis ad basin albis._ + + Anterior wings, brown, with two transverse angulated white spots; + posterior white at the base. + + * * * * * + +From the same collection as the preceding; the margin of the thorax and +body are white. I apprehend it is an American species, which is distinct +from any figured by Cramer, the principal author on the Exotic Lepidoptera. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 78 + +[Illustration] + +PICUS affinis, + +_Golden-naped Woodpecker._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. supra aureo-fuscus, subtus pallidus, fasciis nigris transversis + ornatus; capite (in maribus) rubro; nucha colloque supra aureis; + tectricibus secundis fulvo maculatis; cauda nigra, fasciis fulvis + ornata._ + + Above, orange brown; beneath, pale, with transverse black stripes; head + (in the male) red; nape and neck, above, golden yellow; lesser wing + covers with yellowish spots; tail black, with yellowish bands. + + * * * * * + +Ornithologists have either entirely overlooked this bird, or have slightly +noticed it as a variety of _Picus icterocephalus_, the golden-headed +Woodpecker, from which it is nevertheless quite distinct. + +Total length near seven inches; bill blackish horn colour, and one inch +long from the gape; the feathers on the upper part of the head are short +and pointed; the tips bright red; the base black; on the hind head they are +longer, and change to a bright golden yellow, which spreads round the nape; +the ear feathers and front of the head are greyish brown, striped down the +middle with whitish, and in some there is an appearance of a whitish line +over the eye, joining the nape. The upper parts of the body and wings are +of a rich golden brown, with indistinct brighter spots; the lesser wing +covers have a whitish spot at the top of each, forming two bands; quills on +the inner shaft black, with white spots. Under plumage grey, tinged on the +breast with rufous, and banded with brownish black; tail short, black, with +interrupted transverse bands of obscure olive. + +The female has the head blackish, the feathers tipt with dull white; the +ears darker; the plumage above more olive, the spots brighter, and the +bands on the body grey, paler, and more indistinct than in the male. The +feet in both sexes are greenish, and the wings three inches and a half +long. + +It inhabits Brasil, but is not common; I found it both in the Province of +Bahia, and that of Rio de Janeiro. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 79 + +[Illustration] + +NATICA mustelina, + +_Belted Natica_--_upper figures_. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 75. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _N. testa subglobosa, mustelina concolore, obsolete rugata, fascia + levata basin cingente; spira depressa, apice acuto; umbilico magno, + aperto; columellae basi gracili, levata._ + + Shell sub-globose, uniform, fulvous-brown, obsoletely wrinkled, base + with an elevated belt; spire depressed, the tip acute; umbilicus large, + open; pillar termination slender, elevated, and central. + + * * * * * + +The elevated belt at the base affords an excellent distinction to this +species. The specimen in my cabinet is the only one I have seen. Locality +unknown. + + * * * * * + +NATICA sordida, + +_Brown Natica--middle figures._ + + * * * * * + + _N. testa subglobosa, fused, spira prominente; apertura intus + fusco-purpurea; umbilico parvo, labio interiore paululum tecto; + columella obsolete terminante._ + + Shell sub-globose, brown; spire prominent; aperture within purplish + brown; umbilicus small, partially covered by the inner lip; pillar + termination obsolete. + + * * * * * + +This Shell is both undescribed and apparently unfigured; the spire is more +elevated than usual; the umbilicus small; and the termination of the pillar +not seen: it is not uncommon, and is often much larger than here +represented, but I am unacquainted with its locality. The little decision +in the figures given by authors of these shells, renders it hazardous to +quote them with certainty. + + * * * * * + +NATICA melastoma, + +_Black-mouthed Natica--lower figures._ + + * * * * * + + _N. testa depressa, fusca; spira complanata minima; ore intus + atro-purpureo; umbilico magno, clauso labio interiore rufo._ + + Shell depressed, brown; spire flattened, very small; mouth within + purplish black; umbilicus large, closed up by the inner lip, which is + rufous. + + * * * * * + +In colour this bears a close resemblance to the last, but the shell is +flattened beneath, and the spire very short and depressed; the umbilicus +large, but, in general, quite closed up by the thickness of the pillar, +united to the inner lip. In some specimens a narrow crescent-shaped groove +is left on the outside margin. Its habitat is unknown. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 80 + +[Illustration] + +HALIOTIS Californiensis, + +_Small-holed Californian Ear-shell._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa univalvis, depressissima, lata, auriformis. Discus admodum + perforatus. Spira minuta, depressa. Apertura testam magnitudine pene + aequans, intus margaritifera._ + +Typus Genericus _H. Tuberculata_ Linn. &c. + + Shell univalve, greatly depressed, broad, ear-shaped, the disk with + many perforations. Spire minute, depressed. Aperture nearly as large as + the shell; inside pearly. + +Generic Type _H. Tuberculata_ Linn. &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _H. Testa ovali, laevi, obscure thalassina; labio exteriore supra + immarginato, interiore lato, complanato, foraminibus numerosis, + minutis, orbicularibus, laevibus._ + + Shell ovate, smooth, obscure sea green; outer lip above immarginate; + inner lip broad, flat; perforations numerous, very small, orbicular and + smooth. + + * * * * * + +The Ear-shells are strangely characterized by their peculiarity of form, +perforated holes, and rich pearly interior. They are found in both +temperate and tropical seas; but the definitions hitherto given by +conchologists are so imperfect, that they have left our knowledge of these +shells nearly the same now, as in the time of Linnaeus. Seventeen species +only are enumerated in Mr. Dillwyn's work; although thirty-four have fallen +within my own observation the last few months. + +The difference between this and the common black Californian Ear, consists +in its being a much deeper and smoother shell, always narrowest at the +base, the outer lip not having (as in that) a prominent curve or gibbosity +where it joins the spire; but principally in the perforations, which in +this are always half as large, and doubly numerous; it is also generally a +much smaller, and less common species: the spire is always deeply tinged +with pink. The genus _Padollus_, of Montford, resting entirely in the +unevenness of the outer lip, without any knowledge of the animal, appears +to me an unnecessary distinction, for such is the character of all young +shells, and also of mature ones, whose outer surface is rugged or uneven. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 81 + +[Illustration] + +SPHINX Ello. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae prismaticae, in utroque sexu ad medium leviter crassescentes, + externe breviter piloso baciliatae, mucrone arcuato, producto, sensim + terminantes. Palpi breves, obtusi. Lingua elongata, convoluta, + distincta, et in pupa aliquando porrecta. Alae sub-integrae. Abdomen + elongatum, conicum, ano acuto, imberbi._ + +Typus Genericus _Sphinx Convolvuli_ Linn. + + Antennae three sided, in both sexes slightly thickened in the middle, + externally ciliated with double tufts of short hairs, and ending in a + gradually lengthened arcuated hook. Palpi short, obtuse. Tongue long, + convolute, distinct, sometimes porrected in the pupa state. Wings + nearly entire. Abdomen lengthened, conic; the tip pointed, and not + bearded. + +Generic Type _Sphinx Convolvuli_ Linn. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. alis subdentatis, cinereis (in maribus lineis fuscis variatis); + posticis rufis, margine nigro; abdomine pallido, cingulis atris + circumdato._ + + Wings slightly dentated, cinereous (in the male variegated with brown + lines); posterior rufous, with a black margin; abdomen pale, with black + belts. + + _Gmelin_ 5. 2375. 13. _Fab. Ent. Sys._ 3. 362. _no._ 21. S. Ello. + _Drury_, vol. i. p. 59. _pl._ 27. _fig._ 3. (_male._) _Cramer_, _pl._ + 301. D. + + * * * * * + +It is in all things better to understand few subjects well than many +imperfectly; knowledge may be extensive, but it cannot be sound, if it is +at the same time imperfect; and, applying this observation to the present +article, it becomes as desirable, where necessary, to illustrate an insect +known to Linnaeus, as to regard only the accession of new species. + +The two insects figured were received from Jamaica by my friend Dr. Leach, +and there can be no doubt they are the sexes of one species. The upper is a +male, and agrees with Drury's figure and description; the lower insect is a +female, of which no representation has been published: as for Cramer's +figure, if intended for the former, it is really so bad that it can hardly +be quoted as an authority, and it appears to have misled Fabricius, in +thinking that the female insect had a brown stripe on the anterior wings, +whereas that character is more applicable to the male. + +The insects I propose retaining under this genus are such as have the body +lengthened, pointed, and not bearded at the tip; the antennae but slightly +thickened in the middle, and the terminating hook gradual, arched, and not +very acute: these comprehend the first section of Latreille's genus, +_Sphinx_, and are by him again divided into two groups, the one having the +wings entire, the other angulated. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 82 + +[Illustration] + +TROCHILUS niger, + +_Black Humming Bird._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum elongatum, rectum vel arcuatum, flexile, gracillimum, ad basin + depressum, mandibula superiore inferiorem amplectente et tantum non + obtegente. Lingua jaculatoria, bifida, tubulata. Nares basales, + membrana tectae, apertura in longum fissa. Pedes sedentes, minimi. Alae + longissimae, subarcuatae, remigibus prioribus longissimis, caeteris + gradatim brevioribus._ + +Typus Genericus _T. Moschitus_ Linn. + + Bill long, straight or curved, flexible, very slender, the base + depressed, the upper mandible folding over, and almost covering the + lower. Tongue long, extensible, bifid, and tubular. Nostrils basal, + covered by a membrane, and opening by a long slit. Feet sitting, very + small. Wings very long, curved, the outer quill longest, the rest + gradually becoming shorter. + +Generic Type _Ruby-crested Humming Bird_ Lath. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. niger; auribus aliquando rufis; tectricibus, cauda uropygioque + colore subviridi nitidis; rectricium lateralium nivearum apicibus + colore chalybeio tinctis._ + + Black; the ears sometimes rufous; wing covers tail and rump glossed + with green; lateral tail feathers snowy, tipt with steel blue. + + * * * * * + +Like the resplendent jewels of the earth, the Humming Birds are the living +gems of the air. United to the most delicate form, these fairies of +creation have the dazzling effulgence of every tint that sparkles from the +ruby, the topaz, the sapphire, and the emerald, lavished on their plumage; +they seem created but for our admiration, to sport in the ardent beams of a +tropical sun, and to feast on the nectar of the sweetest blossoms; and, +like sparks of many coloured fire, they shoot from flower to flower, +exulting in their little life of brightness and pleasure. + +To return, however, to that now before us, it should be observed, that it +is the only species whose plumage does not in any way accord with that of +the rest of its brethren. No author appears to have described it, although +I met with it very frequently in Brazil: a specimen in the British Museum +has the ears reddish brown, but this seldom occurs. The figure is of the +size of life. All the species are natives of tropical America. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 83 + +[Illustration] + +TROCHILUS falcatus, + +_Sickle-winged Humming Bird._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 82. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. viridis, gula pectoreque nitide caeruleis; corpore anoque + caeruleo-viridibus; rectricibus paribus, rufo-cinnamominis; remigibus + exterioribus falcatis, scapis dilatato compressis._ + + Green; throat and breast shining blue; body and vent blue green; tail + even, rufous cinnamon; exterior quills falcated, the shafts dilated and + compressed. + + * * * * * + +Nothing can exceed the dazzling brilliancy of colours united in this little +creature. It is, however, more remarkable from the extraordinary +construction of its wings, the outer quills of which are greatly curved, +and the shafts dilated to a most disproportionate size; a similar structure +occurs also in the Broad-shafted H. B. of Dr. Shaw, (_T. latipennis_.) That +it is intended to fulfil some important office in their economy, will admit +of no doubt, for in wisdom are all things made; conjecture must, however, +in numberless instances, supply our want of real knowledge; and it may not +be improbable that such additional strength in the wings has been given +them as a defence against the small birds of prey, (_Lanii._ Lin.) which +abound in tropical countries. + +The figure is the size of life; bill curved from the base, with a black +stripe between that and the eye; plumage above deep shining green, most +brilliant on the sides of the neck; ear feathers blue green; chin and +throat of a most brilliant deep violet blue, changing in some lights to +purple, becoming greenish on the breast, and blended with the green of the +neck; all these feathers are disposed like scales; vent golden green, with +two tufts of downy white feathers round the thighs. Tail even, the feathers +broad and truncately rounded, of a rufous cinnamon colour, tipt with a +purple black bar; the middle feathers darkest, and glossed with green. + +Of this rare and unrecorded species, a fine example existed in Mr. +Bullock's Museum, which was purchased to enrich that of Paris: another, +more imperfect, was sent Mr. Falkner from the Spanish Main. The male of _T. +latipennis_ is undescribed, Dr. Shaw having only seen the female; both +sexes, however, are in my possession. The plant introduced in the plate +(_Clitoria Plumieri_) is a native of Brazil. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 84 + +[Illustration] + +ACHATINA emarginata, + +_Notched Achatina._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. (div. 2.) testa producta, sub-flava, fasciis viridibus flavisque + ornata; apertura ovato-rotundata, alba; labio exteriore medio inciso; + basi emarginata._ + + Ach. (div. 2.) Shell elongated, cream colour, with green and yellow + bands; aperture ovately rounded, white; outer lip notched in the + middle; base emarginate. + + * * * * * + +A new and very delicate species, which may have been overlooked as a +variety of _A. virginea_, from which it differs in the comparative length +of the basal whorl, which in that is remarkably short, in being a much more +elongated shell, in the mouth being oval, but above all, in having a +conspicuous notch in the middle of the outer lip, where the green band +commences; the aperture (excepting the inner lip) is pure white. It is in +Mr. Dubois' possession, and its country unknown. + + * * * * * + +ACHATINA vittata, + +_Ribbon Achatina--middle figures._ + + * * * * * + + _A. (div. 2.) testa ovato-oblonga, crassa, albente, vittis nigris + fuscisque angustis ornata; apertura ovata, sub-contracta; columella + tantum non recta; basi subtruncata._ + + A. (div. 2.) Shell ovate-elongated, thickened, fulvous white, with + narrow black and brown bands; aperture oval, slightly contracted; + pillar nearly straight; base sub-truncated. + + _Gualtieri_, _tab._ 6. _fig._ A. + + * * * * * + +Although unnamed, this shell is obviously the same as that figured by +Gualtieri, who also describes it very tolerably. This figure, however, is +quoted by Gmelin and others for _A. virginea_; from which shell it is quite +distinct: it is a thickly formed shell, the base slightly truncated, and +the aperture very narrow, and reddish brown; the outer lip within is +thickened. From the same collection as the last. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 85 + +[Illustration] + +IANTHINA fragilis, + +_Common Oceanic Snail_--_upper and lower figures_. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa subglobosa, tenuis, fragilis. Spira depressa. Labium exterius + medio emarginatum. Columella ultra aperturae basin producta. Animal + marinum, vesicula solida pede supposita instructum._--Cuvier. + + Shell subglobose, thin, brittle. Spire depressed. Outer lip notched in + the middle. Base of the pillar projecting beyond the aperture. Animal + marine, with a solid vesicle, placed under the foot.--_Cuvier._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _I. testa pallida, anfractu basali angulato; basi complanata, striata, + violacea; apertura latiore quam longiore; labio exteriore profunde + emarginato._ + + Shell pale; body whirl angulated; the base flattened, striated and deep + violet; aperture broader than long; outer lip deeply emarginate. + + Helix Ianthina. _Gm._ 3645. _Lister._ 572. _fig._ 23. 24. _Turton._ C. + D. _p._ 58. _Gualt._ _tab._ 64. 0. _Mart._ v. _t._ 166. _fig._ 1577.-8? + + Ianthina fragilis. _Bruguiere. Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 456. _fig._ 1. _a. + b._ + + * * * * * + +The singular shells of this genus float on the surface of the ocean, where +they principally live. Gmelin remarks that the animal emits a phosphoric +light; and Captain Cook observed that it is oviparous, and discharged, on +being touched, a liquor of the most beautiful purple. Dr. Turton and Mr. +Dillwyn have recorded several British localities for this shell; and the +former notes having seen it alive, but without giving any original account +of the animal. The extreme brittleness of the shell is such, that, although +common, it is very rarely seen so perfect as here represented, from shells +in my own cabinet. All the figures I have seen are very defective. + + * * * * * + +IANTHINA globosa. + +_Globular Oceanic Snail--middle figures._ + + _I. testa ventricosa, basi producta; apertura longiore quam latiore; + labio exteriore leviter emarginato._ + + Shell ventricose, the base lengthened; aperture longer than broad; + outer lip slightly emarginate. + + * * * * * + +The notch, which in _I. fragilis_ extends the whole length of the lip, in +this, is very slight, and nearly central. Mr. Dubois has enabled me to +figure it from specimens in the greatest perfection; it is much less common +than the last. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 86 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS Princeps, + +_Prince Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. conicus, coronatus, roseus; lineis fusco-purpureis longitudinalibus + subramosis; spira convexa._--Lamarck. + + Coronated Cone, rosy, with brownish purple longitudinal lines, which + are sometimes branched; spire convex.--_Lamarck._ + + Conus Princeps. _Gmelin._ 3378. (omitting var. [beta] and [gamma].) + _Turton._ 4. 313. (omitting var. 2. and 3.) + + Conus regius. _Martini_, vol. x. _pl._ 138. _fig._ 1276. _Brug._ _no._ + 12. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 318. _fig._ 3. _Lamarck, Ann. du Mus._ p. 31. + _no._ 10. + + * * * * * + +The Cones are remarkable both for their beauty and the very high value +attached to many of the varieties. They are likewise a very numerous +family, and, with three or four exceptions, are all inhabitants of tropical +latitudes, particularly the Indian Ocean. Bruguiere and Lamarck have each +written very able descriptions of the species, of which the latter +enumerates 179 recent, and 9 found only in a fossil state. + +This is a shell of great rarity and beauty. Dead and injured specimens are +often seen, in which the deep reddish brown colour is bleached to a pale +rose, and the base worn round. Of the live shell I have never seen more +than two or three; and the finest of these is here figured from Mr. Dubois' +cabinet: it is a native of the Asiatic Ocean. + +I see no reason why the original name of Linnaeus for this shell should +have been changed, although, under it, he has evidently included other +species quite distinct; (his var. [beta] being _C. ebraeus_): indeed, it +too often happens, that in making those alterations absolutely necessary in +the present state of the science, the spirit of innovation oversteps the +justice due to those, whose labours first laid the foundation of our own +knowledge. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 87 + +[Illustration] + +SPHINX Labruscae, + +_Wild Vine Hawk-moth._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 81. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _S. alis integris; anticis virescentibus, fascia triangulari centrali + maculoque fusco ornatis; posticis medio caeruleo-nigris, margine fulvo; + abdominis lateribus punctis quinque niveis._ + + S. Wings entire; anterior greenish, with a central triangular band and + black spot; posterior bluish black in the middle, the margin fulvous; + sides of the body with five snowy spots. + + S. Labruscae. _Gmelin_, p. 2380. 14. _Fab. Ent. Sys._ 3. p. 377. + _Cramer_, _pl._ 184. _a._ + + * * * * * + +Linnaeus has well observed, that the great distinctions of his three genera +of Lepidoptera, were, that Butterflies are seen on the wing only during the +day; Hawk-moths, or Sphinxes, at the rising and setting of the sun; and +Moths during the night. The insects of Europe, indeed, offer but few +exceptions to these characters; but the habits of certain exotic tribes, in +each of these families, partake both of one and the other in a remarkable +manner. Thus, among the butterflies, there is a genus in South America +(hitherto unnoticed), which fly only during the dusk of evening: a number +of the Linnaean Hawk-moths prefer the meridian heat of the sun; and there +are not wanting several moths which are only seen during the same period of +the day. + +The insect, however, before us, is of that tribe to which the remark of +Linnaeus is strictly applicable; and, although included in the _Systema +Naturae_, has remained without any correct representation, for it would be +difficult to delineate a worse figure of it than that given by Cramer. +Besides the row of five snowy white spots on each side of the body, there +are four pair of others, more dusky, down the middle, and five small black +dots near the outer margin of the fore wings; the colour of all beneath is +a buff yellow, with two faint dusky oblique bars, and the middle of the +fore wings sea green. + +I have received this species from Jamaica; in its larva state it appears to +feed on the wild vine. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 88 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA caffra, + +_Brown white-banded Mitre._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. (div. 1.) fusiformis, rufo-fuscata, albo fasciata, laevis, spira + plicato-striata, basi rugosa, columella quadriplicata._--Lamarck. + + Shell fusiform, reddish brown, with whitish bands; smooth; spire + plaited and striated; base rugose; pillar 4 plaited. + + Voluta caffra. _Gmelin._ 3451. _Martini_ 4. _tab._ 148. _f._ 1370.? + _Dill._ _p._ 545. + + Mitra caffra. _Lamarck. Ann. du Mus._ vol. vii. p. 208. _no._ 30. + + * * * * * + +It is not improbable that _Mitra bifasciata_, (_Zool. Ill._ _pl._ 35.) may +eventually be considered only a variety of the shell here figured, which +accords much closer with the characters given of the Linnaean _M. caffra_, +than any other; the two shells, however, at the first glance, have a widely +different appearance; yet not more so, than the smooth and plaited +varieties of _Strombus vittatus Lin._ I have therefore retained the +character given by Lamarck, as the best method to be followed in doubtful +cases. In this shell, the plaits commence halfway round the body whirl; +they are obtuse, crowded, and not angulated near the suture; the striae +between are fine and decidedly marked; the base half of the shell strongly +grooved; the suture rather compressed; the channel short and not recurved, +and the aperture striated. + + * * * * * + +MITRA crassa + +_Thick Mitre--upper and lower figures._ + + * * * * * + + _M. (div. 3.) testa laevi, media crassa, fusca, fascia angusta sub-alba + ornata; spira striata, striis intus punctatis; labio exteriore dentato; + columella 5 plicata._ + + Shell smooth, thick in the middle, brown, with a narrow whitish band; + spire striated, the striae with internal punctures: outer lip crenated; + pillar 5 plaited. + +A species evidently unknown to Lamarck; the upper margin of each whorl is +thick and projecting; the striae on the body whorl are nearly obsolete, but +on the spire become deep, remote, and having internally minute hollow dots; +the inner margin of the exterior lip is strongly crenated, the aperture +smooth, and the pillar with five strong teeth. I believe it was brought +from the South Seas. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 89 + +[Illustration] + +PSITTACUS murinus, + +_Grey-breasted Parakeet._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. viridis, genis, auribus, gulaque cinereis; vertice, remigibus + rectriciumque marginibus sub-caeruleis._ + + Green; sides of the head, ears, and throat, grey; crown, quills, and + end of the tail, bluish. + + P. murinus. _Gmelin._ 1. 327. _no._ 80. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1. p. 101. + + Grey-breasted Parrakeet. _Lath. Syn._ vol. 1. 247. _Gen. Zool._ vol. + viii. p. 456. + + * * * * * + +Those of our readers who visited Leamington during the last season, may +have observed this noisy little creature uttering its discordant cries at +the door of a small house near the pump-room. I borrowed it for a day from +the good woman to whom it belonged, and thus made the drawing and +description with the bird before me. + +Dr. Latham observes on this species, that excepting where the grey colour +pervades, "the rest of the body is olive green, excepting the quills, which +are deep green;"--this may be the female. He adds a quotation from +Pernetty, who describes a bird from Monte Video, something near this; but +which, from having a very long tail, a flesh-coloured bill, &c. may +probably be distinct. + +The live bird could not be conveniently measured, but it is rather larger +than the red-shouldered Parrakeet, (figured at pl. 62.) The skin round the +eye white, and the irides hazel; the whole upper part of the plumage is a +beautiful grass green, changing according to the light into different +shades; the top of the head, the quill feathers, and end of the tail, +greenish blue, in some lights appearing quite blue; the sides of the head, +ears, and throat, as far as the breast, bluish grey; all the remaining +under plumage yellowish green, with a shade of orange in the middle of the +body and vent; bill and legs dark grey; this latter colour is so unusual in +this tribe, that I at first thought it indicated an imperfect plumage, but +I have now seen it at two different seasons of the year without any +variation whatever. It is probably a South American species. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 90 + +[Illustration] + +PTEROGLOSSUS inscriptus, + +_Lettered Aracari._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 44. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. fusco-viridis, capite gulaque nigris (feminae castaneis;) uropygio + rubro; abdomine flavo; rostri fulvi culmine, basi et apice nigris; + marginibus dentatis, lineis nigris inscriptis._ + + Obscure green; head and throat black, (in the female chesnut;) rump + crimson; body yellow; bill fulvous, the top, base, and tip, black; the + margins dentated, and marked with black lines resembling characters. + + * * * * * + +I was put in possession of this rare and unknown bird, by the dispersion of +the most magnificent assemblage of natural productions that ever marked the +zeal of an individual, or ornamented the capital of this kingdom. Mr. +Bullock's Museum is now scattered; yet the objects it comprised were deemed +worthy of enriching the public repositories of every nation in Europe; who +sent their learned men to purchase with avidity, and share in the spoils of +a Museum, the dispersion of which will be long regretted by the learned, +the inquiring, and "the many." + +Total length, twelve inches and a half; bill, from the angle of the mouth +to the tip, two inches three tenths long, and eight tenths across the base; +the colour (which appears little changed from that in the live state) is +deep straw, or buff yellow; the top of the upper mandible and tips of both +are black; parallel with the marginal base of the upper, is a black line, +which is very broad on that of the lower; the edges of both are serrated, +and marked by short black lines, somewhat resembling oriental characters; +at the base of the bill there is an elevated rim of deeper yellow; the +ears, chin, and throat are deep chesnut, margined in front with a narrow +line of black, (which parts in the male are entirely black;) the crown of +the head and neck above also black, changing to a dark bluish green on the +wings, back, and tail; the rump crimson, and the greater quills blackish; +from the breast to the vent straw-coloured yellow, with a greenish cast; +the thighs and flanks olive; tail wedged, near five inches long; the orbits +appear to have been black, and the feet green. + +Mr. Bullock informed me he had the two sexes of this bird sent him from the +interior of Guyana. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 91 + +[Illustration] + +LICINIA Amphione. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 15. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _L. alis integris, supra nigris; anticarum basi maculo aurantiaco, + triradiato, medio fascia flava, apice maculo flavo ornatis; posticis + striga aurantiaca, margine ferrugineo; antennarum clavis albis_. + + Wings entire, above black; anterior with a three rayed orange spot at + the base, and a central bend and terminal spot of yellow; posterior + with an orange stripe and brownish margin; club of the antennae white. + + Papilio Amphione. _Cramer_, _pl._ 232. _f._ EF. + + Pieris Amphione. _Godart in Ency. Meth._ vol. 9. p. 165. (Female.) + + * * * * * + +This is the only species among those I have united under the genus +_Licinia_, which has any shade of red mixed in the colouring, all the +others being variegated only with white, yellow, and black. It is a native +of Brazil, and according to Godart of Guyana and the Antilles: though not +common, it is sometimes frequent in local situations, preferring the +borders of deep forests, and flying very slowly. I had the means of fully +ascertaining the two sexes, of which the two upper figures are of the male, +and the lower one the female. There can be no doubt the latter is the +_Pieris Amphione_, so admirably described by M. Godart, who, however, makes +no mention of the black marginal spots on the under side of the posterior +wings, represented in Cramer's figure, which may therefore be a variety. +More difficulty, however, exists in ascertaining if the male is distinct +from _P. Laia_, of Godart: the figures of Cramer, in general, are so +inaccurate, as always to excite a doubt in cases of nice discrimination; +Godart's description, nevertheless, perfectly agrees with Cramer's figure: +if it was, therefore, drawn up from the insect itself, there can be little +doubt that _Laia_ is distinct from _Amphione_; if, on the other hand, M. +Godart made his description only from Cramer's figure, the question remains +in its original uncertainty. + +The club of the antennae is white, tipt with pale brown. The under side of +the female very closely resembles the upper, excepting that the black +stripe on the lower wings is broken; and there are irregular blotches of +white at the tips of both wings, but no marginal spots, as represented by +Cramer. + +It will be found that _Licinia_ is the connecting genus between those of +_Danais_ and _Pieris_, of Latreille, and that the transition between the +last of these and _Colias_ is strongly marked by that of Terias, (_Zool. +Ill. pl._ 22). + +What with the inaccuracy of figures, and the almost universal neglect with +which the most eminent entomologists have passed over this beautiful order, +the natural arrangement and affinities of the _Lepidoptera_ still remain in +the greatest obscurity; and it is recommended to those who may object to +the additional generic distinctions I have made, to examine, in the first +instance, the relative validity they bear in essential character to the +innumerable genera that are continually created in the _Coleoptera_, +_Hymenoptera_, and _Diptera_. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 92 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO, + +_Butterfly_ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Antennae graciles, clavis elongatis, obtusis, sub-arcuatis, raro + compressis. Palpi brevissimi, reflexi, remoti, linguae basin vix + obtegentes, articulo ultimo obtuso, minimo. Pedes antici longi, + articulo secundo infra gibbo._ + +SECTIONES. + +I. Graeci. + + _Pectore maculis sanguineis carente._ + + _a._ Ecaudati, _alis inferioribus elongatis, basi angusta_. + + _b._ Percaudati, _alis fasciis fulvis vel viridibus ornatis, + inferioribus caudis, elongatis, angustis, instructis_. + + _c._ Caudati, _alis inferioribus caudis obtusis, patulis, + instructis_. + + * _Alis fulvo fasciatis._ + + ** _Alis nigricantibus._ + + d. Dentati, _alis inferioribus dentatis_. + + _e._ Orbiculares, _alis inferioribus brevibus, orbicularibus_. + +II. Trojani. + + _Pectore maculis sanguineis insigni._ + + _a._ Ecaudati, _alis inferioribus elongatis, basi lata_. + + _b._ Caudati, _alis inferioribus caudis obtusis, patulis, + instructis_. + + _c._ Dentati, _alis inferioribus dentatis_. + + d. Orbiculares, _alis inferioribus brevibus, orbicularibus_. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Antennae slender, the club elongated, obtuse, slightly arched, and + rarely compressed. Feelers very short, reflected, remote, hardly + covering the base of the tongue, the last joint obtuse and minute; + anterior feet long, with a gibbous appendage on the under part of the + second joint. + +SECTIONS. + +I. _Greeks._ + + Breast without sanguineous spots. + + _a._ Tailless; lower wings elongated, and narrow at the base. + + _P. Sarpedon. Nereus_ C. _Macleayanus_ G. + + _b._ Long tailed; wings generally banded with yellow or green. + + _P. Codrus. Sinon. Antheus. Podalirius. Machaon, &c._ + + _c._ Tailed; lower wings with obtuse patulous tails. + + * Wings varied with yellow bands. + + _P. Torquatus. Thoas._ C. _Ilioneus_ (Donovan) _&c._ + + ** Wings generally dark, without bands. + + _P. Troilus. Paris. Severus. Pammon, &c._ + + d. Dentated; lower wings dentated, without tails. + + _P. Aegeus et Erechtheus._ Don. _Amphitryon. Drusius. Demolius_ + C. + + _e._ Orbicular; lower wings short, orbicular. + + _P. dissimilis. Similis_ C. _Assimilis_ (Drury). _Polydamas?_ + Lin. + +II. _Trojans._ + + Breast with sanguineous spots. + + _a._ Tailless; lower wings elongated and broad at the base. + + _P. Memnon. Polymnestor. Agenor. Hector._ C. + + _b._ Tailed; lower wings with obtuse patulous tails. + + _P. Polydorus. Romulus. Coon, &c._ + + _c._ Dentated; lower wings dentated. + + _P. Evander._ (Godart.) _Amosus?_ C. + + d. Orbicular; lower wings short, orbicular. + + _P. Priamus. Panthous. Amphrisius, Harmonia et Cressida_ + (Donovan.) + + * * * * * + +From the earliest ages, the Butterfly appears to have attracted the +admiration of mankind; and we find it celebrated by their poets as +figurative of gaiety and pleasure, and by their sages as an emblem of the +human soul. It has been interwoven in one of their most beautiful +allegories, and has been consecrated in our own days by several poets, +though by none with such exquisite taste and moral feeling, as by the +venerable Historian of the Medici. + +So few of those insects, generally called Butterflies, were known to +Linnaeus, that he included them all in one genus, dividing them, for the +most part, into natural groups. Fabricius continued this arrangement, with +little variation, and has left us the description of near 1,150 species! +Yet before his death, this laborious naturalist saw the absolute necessity +of dividing this immense genus into many others, and left among his MSS. a +sketch of his proposed arrangement, published afterwards by Illiger, and +partially adopted (we venture to think also very imperfectly) by M. +Latreille. + +The insects which are therefore now left under the old genus _Papilio_, are +principally found out of Europe, and are remarkable for their richness of +colouring and immense size. M. M. Latreille and Godart have described, with +great precision, 146 species: it is, however, to be regretted, that they +have adopted no sections or divisions to assist the student in his search +after any particular species, among this extensive number. The great +disadvantage of this is very obvious, and it has induced me to attempt +something like a natural distribution of those insects, which, with every +care to avoid an unnatural separation of kindred groups, I am fully aware, +in some cases, is very artificial, and it is only offered until a greater +knowledge of the larvae, &c. will enable us to fix on more substantial +characters than those I have adopted. This, however, will be a work of +time; and until then, I think some guide to the ready knowledge of the +species, however objectionable, is better than none. + +Much might be said on the affinities which connect this with several other +genera. Among the most striking is that existing between them and the +_Noctuae_ (_N. Patroclus_ Fab.) by means of _Pap. Leilus_ Lin. which thus +stands between the night and the day-flying Lepidoptera. Many of the +insects placed in our division of _Graeci caudati_, are allied to _Danaus_ +Lat. by the larva of both having retractile hornshaped processes, and the +two genera seem still further connected by _Papilio similis_ and +_dissimilis_ in one group, and by _P. Priamus_ in the other; while the +clear winged species from New Holland seem to indicate an affinity with the +_Heliconiae_. + +The laborious and important investigations of M. Savigny into the structure +of the mouth of these insects are too well known, to require a more +particular notice in this slight sketch of the subject. + + * * * * * + +PAPILIO Polymetus. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (Trojani orbiculares) alis atris; superis fascia breviori (foeminae + alba) antice alba, postice cyanea, inferis dentatis, macula coccinea + quadripartita._ + + Papilio (T. orb.) wings black, superior, with a short white band, which + is blue at the base (in the female entirely white); inferior dentated, + with a four cleft crimson spot. + + Papilio Polymetus. _Godart in Ency. Meth._ vol. ix. p. 35. _no._ 28. + + * * * * * + +First described by M. Godart; unless, indeed, it may hereafter prove a +variety of _P. Lycander_ (Cramer, Pl. 29. C. D.) which approaches as near +to the male, as _P. Hippason_ does to the female. The first sex is here +represented at the upper and under figures; the middle is of the female, +which M. Godart has not described. It is a native of Brazil; I found it at +Bahia only in certain woods, and subsequently met with a variety in the +province of Rio Janeiro, differing only in being much larger. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 93 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO Pandrosus. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (G. Caud.) alis atris, fascia communi posticarumque lunulis + marginalibus flavis; his caudatis, punctorum rubrorum striga + intermedia._ G. + + _Pap. (G. Caud.)_ wings black; with the common band and marginal + lunules on the lower wings, yellow; lower wings with obtuse tails, and + a row of red dots between the nerves.--_Godart._ + + Pap. Pandrosus. _Godart. En. Meth._ _vol._ ix. _p._ 62. _No._ 101. + + * * * * * + +M. Godart has anticipated me in the first publication of this, and a great +many other newly discovered Brazilian insects; it has, however, not been +figured; and I take this opportunity of expressing my doubts, whether this +and the next are not sexes of the same species, rather than two, +permanently distinct. I have not, at this particular time, the means of +referring either to my notes or my collections, by which the recollection I +have on the subject might be in some way confirmed; and, until this is +done, it is much better retaining the two insects as distinct species: the +figures of both will show their very close resemblance, in every thing but +the bands on the upper surface of the wings. I found them common in the +province of Rio de Janeiro. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 94 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO Torquatus. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (G. Caud.) alis atris; anticis fasciis duabus, posticis disco + lunulisque marginalibus, flavis: his caudatis, punctorum rubrorum + striga intermedia._--Godart. + + _P. (G. Caud.)_ Wings black; two bands on the anterior wings, and + marginal lunules on the posterior, yellow; lower wings with obtuse + tails, and a row of red dots between the nerves. + + P. Torquatus. _Cramer_, _pl._ 177. _fig. a. b._ _Godart. En. Meth._ v. + 9. _p._ 62. + + * * * * * + +It is singular that Fabricius appears to have overlooked this species, +sufficiently well figured by Cramer to point out its leading characters, +though very inferior to the beauty of the insect. M. Godart has, however, +recorded it in his account of this superb genus in the _Encyclopedie +Methodique_; and the minute and clear descriptions which this able +entomologist has given throughout that work, merit the highest eulogium. +Our own figures will, however, render a detailed description in this place +unnecessary. + +M. Godart says, this insect is found both in Guiana and Brazil. In the +latter country, I met with it only in the province of Rio de Janeiro, where +it is common. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 95 + +[Illustration] + +CINNYRIS chalybeia, + +_Lesser collared Creeper._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum elongatum, gracillimum, arcuatum, apice acutissimo, + integerrimo, ad basin depressum, lateribus compressis, marginibus + inflexis, subtilissime dentatis; mandibula inferiore convexa. Lingua + jaculatoria, tubularis, furcata? Nares basales, breves, nudae, ovatae, + membrana fissa, juxta rostri marginem et basin aperiente, tectae. + Remigum penna prima brevissima, secunda pennis 4 proximis paribus + brevior._ + + Ob.--_Maris cauda pennis elongatis 2 ornata, hypochondriorumque pennae + longiores._ + +Typ. Gen. _Upupa Promerops_ Lin.--_Certhia famosa_ Lin. + + Bill lengthened, very slender, arched, the base depressed, the sides + compressed, the tip very sharp and entire, the margins bent inwards and + minutely dentated; under mandible beneath convex. Tongue retractile, + tubular, forked? Nostrils basal, short, and broad, covered by a naked + oval membrane which opens by a slit near the margin of the bill. First + quill feather very short; the second shorter than the four next, which + are of equal length. + + _Ob._--Male generally with long feathers in the tail, and the side + feathers under the wings rather lengthened. + +Generic Types. _Cape Promerops, and Shining Creeper._ Lath. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. aureo-viridis, alis caudaque fuscis; fasciis pectoralibus 2 + connexis, antica chalybeia, postica angusta, rubra; caudae tegminibus + superioribus chalybeis._ + + Golden green, with brown wings and tail, and narrow pectoral band, + bordered above by another of steel blue; upper tail covers blue. + + Certhia chalybeia. _Lin. Gmelin._ 475. _Ind. Orn._ 1. 284. _Brisson._ 3 + _tab._ 32. _f._ 1.? + + Le Soui-manga a collier. _Vieill. Grimp._ _p._ 40. _pl._ 13. 14. + + Collared Creeper. _Latham_, _Syn._ 2. 709. _Gent. Zool._ 8. 196. + + * * * * * + +This splendid family may be considered as the Humming-birds of the old +world, inhabiting (I think exclusively) the tropical regions of Africa and +Asia. To the personal observations of M. Vaillant we owe the first, and +indeed the only detailed account, of their real economy, and which this +enterprising ornithologist remarked during his travels in Africa, and +published in his work on the birds of that continent; a work which will be +valued and consulted when most of the systems framed by closet naturalists +will be forgotten. + +M. Vaillant records a singular fact respecting these birds: which is, that +the males only assume their rich and vivid colours during the season of +courtship; at other times they are scarcely to be known from the females, +whose plumage in general is very plain. Another bird, very nearly +resembling this, has been figured by M. Vaillant under the name of _Le +Sucrier a Plastron rouge_ (Ois. d'Af. pl. 300.); his reasons, however, for +separating them, are, I think, sufficient, at least until more forcible +ones are adduced than mere conjecture. Our figure is the size of life; on +each side the breast is a tuft of yellow feathers; the back, neck, and head +shining golden green, changing in various lights. The female is said to be +the _Certhia Capensis_ of Lin., which is greyish brown above, and paler +beneath. + +The different generic names which have been given to these birds by modern +systematic writers, require some elucidation. They were originally placed +by Linnaeus among the _Certhiae_; out of this genus Illiger formed another +by the name of _Nectarinia_, in which he included not only these birds, but +many others allied to them. From this genus of Illiger's, Cuvier separated +a part under the generic appellation of _Cinnyris_, a genus which comprised +those species of Illiger's _Nectarinia_ only which are found in the +parallels of latitude of the old world. So far these changes can be +understood; but Professor Temminck, without noticing this previous +arrangement, places the birds belonging to Cuvier's genus _Cinnyris_, under +his own modification of Illiger's _Nectarinia_, while to the _Nectariniae_, +as characterized by Cuvier, he gives the generic name of _Coereba_. This +last change has introduced great confusion; for the student must bear in +mind, that Cuvier's genus _Nectarinia_ corresponds to Temminck's _Coereba_; +that _Cinnyris_ of Cuvier is _Nectarinia_ of Temminck; and finally, that +all these are included under Illiger's original genus _Nectarinia_! M. +Vieillot has still further added to this unfortunate multiplicity of names, +by giving that of _Mellisuga_ to Cuvier's _Cinnyris_. This may truly be +termed a war of words. In the meantime, as Cuvier was the first who, by +giving the name of _Cinnyris_, designated the _Sucriers_ of Vaillant, and +those _only_, his definition and generic name to these birds should +unquestionably supersede all others. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 96 + +[Illustration] + +ANODON rugosus, + +_Wrinkled Horse Mussel._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa transversa, plerumque tenuis. Cardo linearis, edentulus. Lamina + cardinalis glabra, aliquando levata, antice sinu sub ligamento + desinens. Impressiones musculares 3. Ligamentum externum. Animal + fluviatile._ + +Typus Genericus _Mytilus Anatinus_ Lin. + + Shell transverse, generally thin. Hinge consisting of a simple marginal + lamina without teeth, smooth or slightly raised, terminating at the + anterior end in a curve or sinus below the ligament. Muscular + impressions three. Ligament external. Animal fluviatile. + +Generic Type _Duck Mussel_ Pennant. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa ovato-oblonga, crassa, convexa, antice oblique rotundata; + intus fulva, margine rufo; margine cardinali leviter curvato, infra + umbones crasso._ + + Shell ovate-oblong, thick, convex, anterior obliquely rounded; hinge + margin slightly curved and thickened beneath the umbones; inside + fulvous, with a reddish margin. + + * * * * * + +The shells now arranged under the kindred genera of _Unio_ and _Anodon_ are +exclusively fluviatile, or inhabitants of fresh water, and are dispersed +both in the old and the new world. In the Linnaean system, the first, being +furnished with teeth, are placed among the _Myae_; and the latter, from +having none, are arranged with the _Mytili_. Two common shells, in our own +rivers and ponds (_Mya pictorum_, and _Mytilus anatinus Lin._), will +readily present to the student the characters by which they are severally +distinguished. The shells of the present genus bear such a general +resemblance to each other, and are so simple in their construction, that a +corresponding minuteness of discrimination is requisite to characterize the +species; I have, therefore, selected for this purpose the modification of +the upper margin to which the ligament is attached, and which in other +shells forms the bases of the teeth. This I have termed the hinge margin. +The form of the notch or sinus which terminates this part will also be +found of much importance in discriminating the species; for no shells vary +more in their form, thickness, or convexity than these do, according to +their locality, age, or other circumstances. + +Shell transverse, oval; rather thick and ventricose; both extremities +obtuse; the anterior side (from the umbones to the exterior margin) +obliquely rounded; umbones prominent; hinge margin rather thick, slightly +curved, and swelled immediately under the umbones; sinus short, abrupt, +curved; epidermis coarse, black, and much wrinkled; inside stained with +yellow, and having a narrow reddish rim or margin. + +For this species, now, I believe, first made known, I am indebted to G. C. +Bainbridge, Esq. of Liverpool, who received several specimens from the +United States. It appears to have been unknown to Mr. Say, who has +published an account of the land and river shells of North America. + +The student might be led to suppose, that the two genera of _Unio_ and +_Anodon_ are strongly characterized; for the first includes many of the +most ponderous bivalves yet discovered, and the second some remarkably thin +and brittle. Among the _Uniones_ are shells furnished with hinges of the +greatest force, while most of the _Anodons_ are perfectly destitute of any; +nevertheless, the gradations by which these characters approach each other +are very remarkable, and some shells which partake of both have been +arranged in separate genera. Of these, the best defined are _Hyria_ Lam. +and _Dipsas_ of Leach; the one allied nearest to _Unio_, but having the +cardinal teeth assuming the appearance of lateral or lamellar teeth; the +other more resembling the Anodons, but furnished with a strongly defined +and elevated lamellar tooth, extending the whole length of the hinge. +Between these two genera should be placed another of Lamarck's, called by +him _Iridinia_, which has likewise only a simple lamellar plate, but broken +into a great number of crenated teeth. The observing Mr. Say has likewise +proposed another under the name of _Alasmodonta_, which, however, I shall +take another opportunity of noticing. + +I have ventured to exchange the ungrammatical name of _Anodonta_, given by +Bruguiere to this genus, for _Anodon_, at the suggestion of the learned Dr. +Goodall, Provost of Eton College. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 97 + +[Illustration] + +MARGINELLA, + +_Date Shell._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa ovata. Spira brevissima aut nulla. Labium exterius crassissimum, + margine interiore crenato. Columella plicata. Basis subintegra. Animal + capitatum, capitis fronte profunde emarginato; oculis ad tentaculorum 2 + subulatorum basin externam adsitis; tuba jugulari simplici; pede magno, + foliaceo, pone attenuato; penula dilatata, testae latera obtegente._ + +Typ. Gen. _Volutae perspicula, glabella, prunum, &c._ Lin. + + Shell oval. Spire very short or concealed. Exterior lip very thick, + with the internal margin crenated. Pillar plaited. Base nearly entire. + Animal capitate; head notched in front, with lengthened, pointed + tentacula, at the external base of which are the eyes; neck with a + simple tube; foot large, foliaceous, pointed behind; mantle dilated, + and folded over the sides of the shell. + +Generic Types _Vol. perspicula, glabella, prunum, &c._ Lin. + + * * * * * + +Lamarck first separated the shells comprised in this genus from the Volutes +of Linnaeus; their principal distinction rests in the formation of the +outer lip, which has a very thick margin, more or less toothed on the inner +rim; the base likewise is nearly entire, and the inner lip quite wanting. + +By these peculiarities, the _Date Shells_ are easily known from the +_Volutes_ on the one hand, and the _Cowries_ on the other; and the +invaluable researches of M. Adanson, who has described and figured the +animals of each of these genera, has established this distinction on the +most solid principles; it will, however, be interesting to trace, by the +shells only, how beautifully this arrangement is developed. + +The _Marginellae_ may be divided into two sections; the first bearing in +form and habit a strong resemblance to the _Cypraeae_, and the second +gradually losing these indications, and acquiring those of the spiral +_Volutae_. Among the first are several species, which, like the Cowries, +appear destitute of any spire (as in _M. cingulata_); this part, however, +begins to show itself in other successive species very progressively, until +it becomes elevated and defined in _M. glabella_. This shell may be +considered the passage to the second division, in which the species lose +the simple oval form of the first, and acquire a contracted base and +pointed spire, perfectly resembling _Voluta undulata Lam._ and its allies. +The extreme developement of these characters is shown in _M. faba_. + +This genus must, then, be considered as connecting those of _Cypraea_ and +_Voluta_ (Lam.); excepting one, the whole of the species are very small; +and as the three here selected to illustrate these remarks are frequently +seen, and have been often described under other names, little more is +necessary than to detail their specific characters. + + * * * * * + +MARGINELLA cingulata, + +_Banded Date Shell--upper figures._ + + _M. testa ovata, albida, lineis aurantiacis fasciata; spira obsoleta, + umbilicata; columella 6 plicata._ + + Shell oval, whitish, banded with orange lines; spire obsolete, + umbilicated; pillar 6 plaited. + + Voluta cingulata. _Dill._ 525. 56. _Lister._ 803. _f._ 9. _Martini_, 2. + _t._ 42. _f._ 419 _and_ 20. _Gualt._ _t._ 25. _c._? 28. _b._ _Adanson_, + _t._ 4. _f._ 4. + + * * * * * + +I am happy to record Mr. Dillwyn as the first systematic writer who +separated this from _Mar. persicula_, which has reddish spots, and is quite +a distinct species. The present is a pretty, though common shell, and +observed by Adanson in great plenty on the African coast. + + * * * * * + +MARGINELLA prunum, + +_Grey Date Shell--middle figures._ + + _M. testa ovata, grisea, immaculata; spira parva, conica; apertura + fusca; columella 4 plicata._ + + Shell oval, grey, immaculate; spire small, conic; aperture brown; + pillar 4 plaited. + + Voluta plumbea. _Sol. MSS. L'Egouen. Adanson_, _tab._ 4. _f._ 3. + + V. prunum. _Gm._ _p._ 3446. 33. _Martini_, 2. _t._ 42. _f._ 422 _and_ + 3. _En. Meth._ 376. 8. _Lister_, 817. 28. (young.) _Dill._ 530. 69. + + * * * * * + +The plaits are very strong, and, together with the outer lip, white; +equally common, and from the same country, as the last. + + * * * * * + +MARGINELLA faba, + +_Fly-spot Date Shell--lower figures._ + + _M. testa ovata, plicata, fulva, punctis fuscis ornata; spira conica; + basi emarginata; columella 4 plicata._ + + Shell oval, plaited, fulvous, with brown dots; spire conic; base + notched; pillar 4 plaited. + + V. faba. _Gm._ 3445. _Lister_, 812. 22. _Martini_, 2. _t._ 42. _f._ + 431? 432, _and_ 3. _En. Meth._ 377. 1. _Gualt._ 28. _Q. Dill._ 528. 63. + + * * * * * + +The whorls of this pretty shell are plaited into little nodules; it is +usually very small. The supposed variety figured by Martini, and mentioned +by Mr. Dillwyn, I am inclined to believe, may be a distinct species. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 98 + +[Illustration] + +PALUDINA, + +_River Snail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa ovata, spiralis, tenuis, umbilicata. Apertura semi-orbicularis, + ad labii anterioris apicem subangulata. Operculum corneum._ + + _Animal fluviatile, branchiatum, viviparum, rostro brevissimo; oculis + ad basin externam tentaculorum acutorum 2 appositis; pedis margine + antico duplici; lateribus antice alis parvis instructis; ala dextera + involuta in canalem per quem aqua in tracheam introducitur._ + +Typus Genericus _Helix vivipara_, Lin. + + Shell ovate, spiral, thin, umbilicated. Aperture nearly orbicular, + slightly angulated at the top of the inner lip. Operculum horny. + + Animal fluviatile, branchiated, viviparous; rostrum very short; eyes + placed at the external base of two pointed tentacula; anterior border + of the foot double; on each side the fore part of the body a small + wing; that on the right side is folded into a channel, by which the + water is introduced into the respiratory canal. + +Generic Type _Viviparous Snail_ Pennant. + + * * * * * + +The common Shell above quoted, inhabiting many of our rivers, will serve as +an excellent example of this genus, which is not numerous, and confined to +fresh waters; the animals, inhabiting the European species, appear to have +been thoroughly investigated by the continental naturalists; and from their +account of its singular construction, the above description has been +framed. Science should make no distinction of persons or countries; but it +is rather mortifying to observe, that these important discoveries in the +organization of animals, are pursued with zeal and ability by foreign +naturalists, while most of our own content themselves with expatiating on +its impossibility, and even go so far as to hint its uselessness, because +we can never become acquainted with the animals of _all_ the species of +shells in our cabinets: so far this latter part of the argument is most +true; but, to ascertain, for instance, the animal of the Cowry, it is +surely not requisite we should see those of _all_ the species (near 80 in +number), before we venture to describe it? any more than it is necessary +completely to dissect _every_ species of Locust before we pronounce it to +be one. Science would, indeed, receive incalculable and lasting benefit, if +those of our conchologists who reside near the coast would pay greater +attention to the inhabiting animals, and less to the shells, of their +neighbourhood; for the first would supply that information they acknowledge +is so desirable, and the latter would prevent our indigenous Catalogue from +being crowded with many dubious, and even foreign shells. + +English conchologists appear not to be aware of the vast number of +testaceous animals which are now known. Among those truly eminent men who +have prosecuted this study, M. Adanson stands foremost, in having minutely +described all those he found on the African coast; in the magnificent work +of Poli nearly all the Mediterranean bivalves are exquisitely figured; and +those of the land and fresh water will receive complete illustration from +M. Ferrusac. Cuvier, Lamarck, Say, and even our own countrymen, Dr. Leach +and Montague, have all contributed, more or less, to form a mass of +information which it is full time should be employed as the basis of +natural classification. + + * * * * * + +PALUDINA elongata, + +_Long-spired River Snail--upper and lower figures._ + + * * * * * + + _P. testa olivaceo-fusca, fasciis castaneis ornata; spira producta, + attenuata, apertura multo longiore; apice acuto._ + + Shell olive brown, with chesnut bands; spire lengthened, attenuated, + much longer than the aperture; tip acute. + + * * * * * + +Inhabits the rivers of India. It is rather thicker than most of the others, +and the umbilicus nearly obsolete. + + * * * * * + +PALUDINA unicolor, + +_Olive River Snail--side figures._ + + * * * * * + + _P. testa subventricosa, tota olivacea; apice acuto; spirae et + aperturae longitudine aequali; umbilico clauso._ + + Shell subventricose; uniform olive; apex of the spire acute; aperture + and spire of equal length; umbilicus closed. + + * * * * * + +Distinguished from the _Helix vivipara_ of authors, by having a less +convex, and more pointed spire, hardly any umbilicus, and no bands. +Inhabits China. + + * * * * * + +PALUDINA carinata, + +_Carinated River Snail--middle figures._ + + * * * * * + + _P. testa parva, olivacea; spira apertura longiore, apice obtuso, rufo; + anfractu basali medio leviter carinato; umbilico obsoleto._ + + Shell small, olive; spire longer than the aperture; the tip obtuse, + rufous; basal whorl slightly carinated in the middle; umbilicus + obsolete. + + * * * * * + +A distinct species, which is never found larger than the figure. I once saw +near 100, which had been picked up on the banks of the Ganges; the spire is +rather lengthened, always obtuse, and the umbilicus even less than the +last. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 99 + +[Illustration] + +TAMATIA macrorhynchos. + +_Greater pied Puff-bird._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Tamatia. _Cuvier._--Capito. _Viell. Tem._ + + _Rostrum validum, compressum, sub-rectum; mandibula superiore ad apicem + obtuse adunca, emarginata, superioris margine inferioris marginem + obtegente. Nares basales sulcatae, apertura terminali, rotunda parva, + plumis rigidis incumbentibus tecta. Frons, rictus, et mentum vibrissis + rigidis, elongatis, armati. Pedes scansorii, versatiles; digiti + exterioris elongati articulo primo cum digito exteriore connexo. + Rectrices 12, lineares, subrotundatae._ + +Typus Genericus _Bucco tamatia_ Linn. Lath. + + Bill strong, compressed, nearly straight; the tip of the upper mandible + curved, notched, and obtuse; the margin folding on that of the lower + mandible. Nostrils basal, sulcated; the aperture terminal, round, + small, hid by bristly incumbent feathers. Chin, front, and gape, with + strong lengthened bristles. Feet scansorial, versatile; the outer toe + long, and connected by the first joints to the inner toe. Tail feathers + 12, linear and slightly rounded. + +Generic Type _Spotted-bellied Barbut_ Latham. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. niger; fronte, gula, jugulo, caudaeque apice albis; abdomine albo + vel fulvo; fascia pectorali nigra._ + + Black; front, throat, forepart of the neck, and tips of the tail + feathers, white; body white or fulvous; pectoral bar black. + + Bucco macrorhynchos. _Gmelin_ 406. _In. Orn._ 1. 203. _Gen. Zool._ vol. + ix. p. 33. + + Greater pied Barbut. _Lath. Syn._ 2. p. 498. + + * * * * * + +There is something very grotesque in the appearance of all the Puff birds; +and their habits, in a state of nature, are no less singular. They frequent +open cultivated spots near habitations, always perching on the withered +branches of a low tree; where they will sit nearly motionless for hours, +unless, indeed, they descry some luckless insect passing near them, at +which they immediately dart, returning again to the identical twig they had +just left, and which they will sometimes frequent for months. At such times +the disproportionate size of the head is rendered more conspicuous by the +bird raising its feathers so as to appear not unlike a puff ball; hence the +general name they have received from the English residents in Brazil; of +which vast country all the species, I believe, are natives. When +frightened, their form is suddenly changed by the feathers lying quite +flat; they are very confiding, and will often take their station within a +few yards of the window; the two sexes are generally near each other, and +often on the same tree. + +Total length rather more than eight inches; bill, one inch and three +quarters from the gape, and half an inch less from the nostrils; it is very +strong, thick, black, and slightly compressed; the tip of the upper bifid; +the bristles at its base covering the nostrils are long and incurved, and +those situated at the base, under the eye, very stiff; the upper part of +the head black, the feathers much lengthened; the sides, front, ears, and +forepart of the throat white, uniting at the back of the head into a narrow +collar. The whole of the remaining plumage above is black, glossed with +greenish; across the breast a black bar, which separates the white of the +throat from the buff colour which tinges the abdomen and vent; the flanks +are marked with dusky transverse stripes; the tail is slightly rounded and +three inches and a half long, some of the feathers with a very fine line of +white at their tips; all the quill feathers have the base half of their +inner shafts white, as well as the greater covers inside, the lesser being +black; legs and claws blackish. + +I am disposed to consider this bird only as a variety of the _Greater pied +Barbut_ of Dr. Latham, differing in having the plumage on the under part of +the body pale ferruginous, or buff colour, instead of white, as in the +specimens he described from Cayenne; mine are from Southern Brazil, where +the species is not uncommon. + +This genus includes the American species of the Linnaean Barbuts; the birds +connecting this group with the cuckows are arranged by Vieillot in a +separate genus, named by him _Monassa_; which I think should be retained, +as it is of much importance to designate strongly connecting links between +families apparently very opposite. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 100 + +[Illustration] + +XENOPS genibarbis, + +_Whiskered Xenops._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Xenops. (_Hoffmansegg. in Illiger. Prod._ p. 213). + + _Rostrum mediocre, rectum, acutum, valde compressum, inverse + cultratum_, i. e. _culmine recto, gonyde recurva ascendente. Nares + basales, laterales, ovatae, parvae, patulae. Lingua--? Pedes mediocres, + congrui. Digiti antici basi coadnati, laterales subaequales. Hallux + digitum medium aequans._ Illiger. + + Bill moderate, straight, acute, much compressed, and inversely curved; + the top of the upper mandible being straight, and the edge of the lower + ascending or recurved. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval, small, and + covered by a naked membrane. Tongue--? Feet moderate, claws united at + their base, the lateral ones nearly equal; the hind claw as long as the + leg and the middle toe. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _X. supra fusco-rufa, infra griseo-fusca; mento, superciliis maculisque + jugularibus et pectoralibus albentibus; maculo infra aures niveo; + remigum secundorum nigricantium basi fulva, apicibus marginibusque + rufis._ + + Above reddish-brown, beneath grey-brown; chin, eyebrows, and spots on + the throat and breast, whitish; beneath the ears a snowy spot; + lesser-quills blackish, the base fulvous, the tips and margins rufous. + + Xenops genibarbis _Illiger Prod._ p. 218. (1811.) + + Neops ruficaudus _Vieillot. Orn. Elem._ p. 68. (1816.) + + * * * * * + +A very extraordinary and not inelegant little creature, having a bill +totally different from any other bird. Its general habit evinces a close +connexion with the _Sittae_, particularly those of New Holland; some of +which have their bills (which are slender) slightly inclining upwards, thus +forming a connexion between _Xenops_ and the straight billed _Sittae_ of +the old world. + +The figure is of the male, and its natural size; the head dark brown with +pale spots; the back of a reddish tinge, and the rump and tail rufous; tail +much rounded, and of twelve feathers; the three outer and the two pair in +the middle entirely rufous, the other pair having the inner shafts black; +the greater quills black; the last having an internal bar of pale fulvous. +Beneath the eye a spot of white downy feathers, with a dusky border above +and below; there is a little difference between this and Illiger's bird, +but it may be only sexual. + +Inhabits Brazil, but is rare. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 101 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO Evander. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _Pap. (Tro. dent.) Alis dentatis, nigris; posticis supra maculis + quinque violaceo-chermesinis; anticis subtus fascia albida, transversa, + media._ Godart. + + Pap. (Tro. dent.) Wings dentated, black; posterior above with a + five-cleft, violet-crimson spot; anterior beneath with a transverse, + central, whitish band. + + P. Evander. _Godart, En. Meth._ _vol._ ix. _p._ 32. _no._ 18. + + * * * * * + +Both sexes of this newly described insect are here, for the first time, +figured; that above is of the male, and beneath is represented the under +side of the female. The crimson spots (which finely relieve the brownish +velvet-like black on the upper surface of the wings) are, in some lights, +most beautifully glossed with changeable violet, and appear either darker +or paler according to the position in which the insect is viewed. + +Southern Brazil is, undoubtedly, more rich in this splendid family than the +northern provinces of that vast country. I never saw this species except in +Rio Janeiro, where it is common: nor do I know of any other, belonging to +the division of _Trojani_, which have the lower wings sharply dentated, and +with an appearance of obsolete _acute_ tails; a character more developed in +the female of this species than in the male. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 102 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO Nox. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (Troj. orb.) Alis immaculatis fuscis, inferis orbiculatis, + ecaudatis; fronte, striga laterali subthoracica anoque rubris._ + + P. (Troj. orb.) Wings immaculate, brown; lower orbicular, not tailed; + front, lateral stripe on the thorax beneath, and tip of the body red. + + * * * * * + +The colours of this insect are unusually sombre, and present a striking +contrast to the gaudy tints by which the majority of these gay creatures +are ornamented; it is so far remarkable, but it is more interesting to the +entomologist, as being an unpublished addition to this genus. It was +discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield; and the drawing was made from an +unique specimen which I observed while engaged in a long and laborious +arrangement of the Linnaean _Papilionidae_, (as they now appear at the +India House,) collected by that zealous naturalist for the India Company. + +Between the nerves of the anterior wings (which are remarkably large) are +parallel central stripes, of a darker brown; a character common to many +Indian species, but not found, I believe, in any of those from the New +World. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 103 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA fasciata, + +_Banded Apple Snail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Testa globosa, umbilicata. Spira depressa vel brevissima. Apertura + integra, magna, ovata. Operculum testaceum vel corneum. Animal + fluviatile._ + + Shell globose, umbilicated. Spire depressed or very short. Aperture + entire, large, oval. Operculum shelly or horny. Animal + fluviatile.--Generic Type _Helix ampullacea_ Lin. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa ovato-globosa, olivacea, fasciis obscuro-purpureis angustis + ornata; spira brevi, levata, apice acuto; labii margine tenui; umbilico + mediocri._ + + Shell ovate-globose, olive, with narrow bands of obscure purple; spire + short, elevated, the tip acute; margin of the lip thin; umbilicus + moderate. + + Am. fasciata. _En. Meth._ _pl._ 457. _f._ 3. _f._ 4. (_reversed and + young_). + + Helix ampullacea. _Linn. Lister_, 130. _f._ 30. _Seba_, _t._ 38. _f._ 1 + _to_ 6, 58, 59. _Chemnitz_, 9. _t._ 128. _f._ 1135. _Gualt._ _t._ 1. R. + + * * * * * + +In the selection of generic characters, sufficiently important to separate +Ampullaria from Paludina, great difficulty at present exists; as the +fundamental principle on which they should be founded (the formation of the +animal) is entirely wanting. It is only known that these shells, like the +Paludinae, are furnished with an operculum. The absence or presence of this +organ has been found of the first generic importance; though the substance +of which it is composed, as well as the form it assumes, can be considered +only as indicating specific distinctions. This is proved from the fact, +that among the Naticae some have horny, and some shelly, opercula: in +Phasianella, this part is, in some species, almost flat, in others +remarkably convex; in _Turbo, Lam._ its form is even more variable, and in +the present genus a similar uncertainty exists. One species alone has been +positively described as having this part shelly, while in two others the +operculum is as certainly known to be horny; to these last may be added a +third, found by myself in the lakes of Pernambuco in Brazil, but to which I +have not immediate access. The shells here figured were, however, received +from the same place by Mrs. Mawe, and, I think, are of the identical +species. The spire is sometimes worn, and the whole shell very thin. + +Several fossil shells of this genus are mentioned as existing in the +extinct volcanoes of Ronca, in bituminous marl near Pont St. Esprit, &c. as +quoted (on the authority of the illustrious Cuvier) by Mr. Bowdich. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 104 + +[Illustration] + +NATICA punctata, + +_Spotted Natica._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 75. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _N. testa ovato-globosa, crassa, alba, strigis undatis punctisque + castaneis ornata; umbilico magno, aperto, simplici; columellae basi + obsoleta._ + + Shell ovate-globose, thick, white with waved stripes and minute chesnut + dots; umbilicus large, open, simple; base of the pillar obsolete. + + Nerita punctata. _Martini_ 11. _pl._ 197. _f._ 1903 _and_ 4. _Seba_, + _pl._ 38. _f._ 33? _Gualt._ _pl._ 67. _f._ _M. and T._ (_good._) + + Gochet. _Adanson Sen._ _pl._ 13. _f._ 4. + + * * * * * + +The undulated brown lines in this shell, are sometimes broken into three +irregular bands of either lines or spots, between which are numerous minute +dots; in other varieties these dots are only round the suture, and in some +totally wanting. Its most constant character rests on the umbilicus, which +is rather large, very deep, and without any appearance of the base of the +pillar. The mouth is also more contracted than usual. It is said by Adanson +to be common on the coast of Senegal; and this observing naturalist adds, +that the operculum is testaceous, of a pure white, and marked with numerous +concentric grooves at the upper angle. + + * * * * * + +NATICA effusa. + + * * * * * + + _N. testa depressa, alba, maculis castaneis ornata; spira brevissima; + columellae basi crassa, plana, ad labium interius sinu annexa._ + + Shell depressed, white, with chesnut spots; spire very small; umbilicus + large, open, spreading; base of the pillar thick, flat, and united to + the inner lip by a sinus. + + * * * * * + +In form, and sometimes in colour, this shell bears a close resemblance to +the oval variety of N. mamilla (_Nerita mamilla Lin._); but, the umbilicus, +instead of being entirely closed up, is remarkably open, very deep, and the +pillar forming an elevated ridge within; colour in the shells of this genus +is a very secondary, and, in many cases, a most fallacious guide for the +discrimination of the species; for this is sometimes pure white, and I have +specimens of _N. mamilla_ entirely orange. This is a rare shell, probably +from India. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 105 + +[Illustration] + +TROCHILUS recurvirostris, + +_Recurved-bill Humming Bird._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 82. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. aureo-viridis, jugulo smaragdino; pectore medio corporeque nigris; + rectricibus lateralibus subtus topazinis; rostro recurvo._ + + Golden green; throat shining emerald green; middle of the breast and + body black; lateral tail feathers beneath topazine; bill recurved. + + * * * * * + +The extraordinary formation in the bill of this beautiful little creature, +is without parallel in any land bird yet discovered, and presents in +miniature a striking resemblance to that of the Avoset. It is almost +impossible to conjecture rightly the use of this singular formation; but it +appears to me not very improbable, that the principal sustenance of the +bird may be drawn from the pendent _Bignoniae_, and other similar plants, +so common in South America, whose corollae are long, and generally bent in +their tube; the nectar, being at the bottom, could not be reached either by +a straight or incurved bill, though very easily by one corresponding to the +shape of the flower. + +The figure is the size of life. Bill black, depressed along the whole +length, but more especially at the tip, which is rounded, thin, obtuse, and +recurved in both mandibles; the under of which, towards the middle, has a +convex swelling, which gives the recurvature a stronger appearance. All the +upper plumage and body beneath golden-green; the throat, to the breast, +shining with scale-like feathers of a vivid emerald-green. From the breast +to the vent is a stripe of black down the middle; thighs white; tail even, +the two middle feathers dull greenish-blue, the rest above obscure +coppery-brown, but beneath of a rich shining topaz colour. + +I believe this bird is _unique_; I purchased it at Mr. Bullock's sale, and +that gentleman received it from Peru. It presents so much of the genuine +habit of the _Trochili_, that I have retained it under that genus; for, +though the bill is differently formed, that exception does not point out +any important difference from the general economy of those birds. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 106 + +[Illustration] + +CURSORIUS Temminckii, + +_Black-bellied Courier._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum mediocre, ad apicem compressum, mandibulis arcuatis, basi + depressa, apice acuto, integro. Nares basales, ovatae, apertura + elongata, laterali. Pedes longi, digitis tribus anticis omnino divisis, + interioribus brevissimis, ungue medio pectinato. Remigum penna prima + longissima._--Typus Genericus _Cursorius Europaeus_, Lath. + + Bill as long as the head; both mandibles arched, and towards the end + compressed; base depressed, the tip acute and entire; nostrils basal, + oval, the aperture oblong and lateral; legs long, with three toes in + front entirely separated, the inner toes very short, the middle with + the claw serrated; wings with the first quill longest.--Generic Type + _Cream-coloured Plover_ Latham. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. colore columbino; vertice pectoreque ferrugineis; torquibus + nuchalibus 2; torque inferiore, remigibus, abdomineque medio nigris; + torque superiore abdominisque lateribus albis._ + + Cream-coloured brown; top of the head and breast ferruginous; nuchal + collar double; the lower, with the quills and middle of the body, + black; the upper, and the sides of the body, white. + + * * * * * + +Dr. Latham first instituted this genus, of which two species were then +known; M. Le Vaillant discovered another in Africa; and I am happy in now +adding a fourth from the same country, in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater. +No ornithologist has paid greater attention both to the natural affinities, +and to the illustration of the genera allied with these birds, than +Professor Temminck; and I therefore feel pleasure in naming this bird in +honour of that excellent ornithologist, from whom whenever I have differed, +it has been from the sole wish of eliciting truth. Total length from the +bill to the tail eight inches; bill one inch from the gape, and half from +the end of the nostrils; the colours of the bird are best seen in the +figure; the middle of the body, and the quill feathers, deep black; legs +three inches from the naked thigh to the tip of the middle toe, the claw of +which is serrated internally; tail round; the middle feathers not spotted; +the two next with a black dot near the tip, which, in the next pair, is +further broken into two white dots; the outer pair white. These birds +inhabit the arid tracts of Africa, at a distance from the sea, and run +amazingly swift. One species has occasionally visited England. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 107 + +[Illustration] + +TROCHILUS ensipennis, + +_Blue Sickle-winged Humming Bird._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 82. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _T. (div. curvirostrae) aureo-viridis, mento juguloque + caeruleo-violaceis; rectricibus paribus; alis falcatis, remigum + primorum scapis dilatato-compressis._ + + Curved-bill Humming Bird, golden green; chin and fore part of the + throat violet-blue; tail even; wings falcated, greater quills with the + shafts dilated and compressed. + + * * * * * + +I have already offered some observations on the remarkable construction in +the wings of _T. falcatus_, figured at pl. 83; and the bird now before us +is another unrecorded species, possessing exactly the same formation. I was +at first inclined to believe this bird was the male of the _T. latipennis_, +(or _l'Oiseau Mouche a larges tuyaux_ of Buffon), from the under plumage in +that species being uniform grey, a common indication of the female Humming +Birds; but a further comparison of the two has proved this supposition to +be erroneous. They differ, not only in colour, but in their bills; in that +of _T. latipennis_, the curvature is so slight, that it may be almost +called straight; whereas in this, the curve is very apparent. I have little +doubt future observations will show, that these singular quill-feathers, +now known to exist in three species of this family, are peculiar only to +the male birds. + +This extremely rare bird is in my own collection, and is not improbably +_unique_; the figure is strictly of the natural size; the plumage, above +and below, is a uniform deep green, with a metallic reflection; half way +down, the throat is dark violet blue; tail even, and very broad, the middle +feathers obscure green, the next pair raven or bluish-black, and the others +white, with a black base. + +The progress which has been made towards ascertaining the geographic +distribution of animals, leaves no doubt that this bird is an inhabitant of +either the Continent or Islands of South America; but of what particular +country is unknown. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 108 + +[Illustration] + +RAMPHASTOS Dicolorus, + +_Yellow-billed Toucan._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _R. niger, gula aurea; fascia pectorali lata tegminibusque rubris; + rostro viridi-flavo, basi fascia nigra transversa ornata; mandibulae + superioris margine laterali rubro; culmine plano._ + + Black; throat golden-yellow; broad pectoral band and tail-covers red; + bill greenish-yellow, the base with a transverse black band, and the + lateral margins of the upper mandible red; the top flat. + + R. dicolorus. _Gm._ _p._ 356. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ _p._ 135. 2. _Turton._ + _vol._ i. 211. + + Yellow throated Toucan. _Lath. Syn._ 1. 325. _Turton._ 1. 211. + _Brisson. Orn._ 4. _p._ 411. _pl._ 31. _f._ 1. _Buffon Pl. Enl._ 269. + + Le petit Toucan a ventre rouge. _Vaill. H. N. des Toucans_, _pl._ 8. + (_optime_). + + * * * * * + +This is the smallest species of the genuine Toucans yet known, inhabiting, +though sparingly, the northern and southern extremities of tropical +America. It is a species which seems to have been well understood by +Linnaeus and the older ornithologists, though none of them have described +the form or peculiarities of the bill; it is probably owing to this +omission, that Dr. Shaw has created an imaginary species in _General +Zoology_, under the name of _R. pectoralis_; compounded of the descriptions +he gathered of this bird, and the Linnaean _R. tucanus_. Dr. Latham's +description is also inaccurate; nor is it improved in the new edition of +his Synopsis, probably from not having himself seen the bird. Of the +figures, there is a masterly delineation by Barraband, in Le Vaillant's +work, but those of Buffon and Brisson are not to be trusted. + +Total length about sixteen inches: bill three and a half; it is shorter and +much thicker along the back, than that of any other species; this part also +is broad, and quite flat; the serratures of the margin small, and the upper +mandible only edged with a line of red; the sides are compressed, and the +colours greenish-yellow; the orbits chesnut-red, and the feet (as in all +the Toucans when fresh) delicate fine blue. + +Dr. Langsdorff favoured me with a specimen of this rare bird, shot by +himself in Southern Brazil; the sexes have been dissected by that able +naturalist, but to which the one here figured belongs, I am unacquainted. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 109 + +[Illustration] + +PAPILIO Harrisianus. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (Troj. caud.) Alis atris, subtus maculis basalibus coccineis + notatis, anticis supra maculo coccineo basali fasciaque alba, posticis + obtuse caudatis fascia marginali maculis coccineis sex insigni, + fasciaque media alba ornatis._ + + Pap. (Troj. caud.) Wings black; anterior above with a red basal spot + and white band; posterior obtusely tailed, with a marginal band of six + crimson spots, and central white spot. + + * * * * * + +I can find neither figure nor description of this very rare Papilio. It +does not accord with any contained in MM. Latreille's and Godart's recent +monograph of the genus. It was purchased at the sale of the late Mr. +Francillon's cabinet, by N. A. Vigors, Esq., whose valuable collections in +every branch of Zoology are always open to the scientific inquirer. It is +nearly allied to Pap. _Tros_, _Agavus_, _Ascarius_, and _Lysithous_ +(Godart), particularly to the latter; yet it is obviously distinct from +either. These affinities lead me to think that it is a South American +insect. The figures will render any addition to the specific character +unnecessary. + +I have named this insect to commemorate a most assiduous and observing +entomologist of the last age, Moses Harris, whose memory will be long +cherished by our Aurelians, and to whom the scientific are indebted for the +very accurate and excellent figures contained both in his own works, and in +those of Drury; indeed, he appears the only English artist who has +faithfully represented the short and nearly concealed _palpi_ peculiar to +this genus. The son of this excellent artist[1], still follows the +profession of his father, and, inheriting his abilities, deserves every +encouragement that the small circle of English entomologists, as well as +others, can give him. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 110 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS cinctus, + +_Purple tipped Admiral Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa supra carinata, fulva, fasciis duobus albidis ornata; spirae + brevis, maculatae, basi depressa, anfractibus concavis sulcis duobus + insculptis, sutura alveata; basi granosa, purpurea._ + + Shell above carinated, fulvous, with two whitish bands; spire short, + spotted, the base depressed; the whorls concave with two depressed + lines; suture channelled; base granulated, purple. + + * * * * * + +This is a very beautiful, and, at the same time, very rare shell; it +formerly belonged to Mrs. Angus, at whose sale it passed into the cabinet +of Mr. Dubois. Its general appearance resembles very much that of _C. +Maldivus Lam._ known to our collectors by the name of the Spanish Admiral: +the spire will, however, at once distinguish it; each volution is strongly +concave in the middle, in which part are two or three delicate indented +lines, very near each other, and following the volutions; the suture also +is sufficiently open to be termed channelled; the spire is quite flattened +at the base, (forming a sharp ridge round the top of the body whorl), and +only prominent near the tip. In the Spanish Admiral Cone, the spire is +quite smooth, the whorls being flat, and in all the specimens I have seen, +(and they are many), the suture is quite closed up, though Lamarck +(probably mistaking the present shell) says, "spira canaliculata;" the +base, moreover, is narrowed, smooth, and black; not gibbous, granulated, +(or striated,) and purple, as in this shell. + +A variety in my own cabinet presents some differences; the base is but +slightly granulated, and the tip not purple; these are, however, +subordinate characters, and constitute it only a variety. + +I shall take an early opportunity of pointing out the differences between +_C. generalis_ and _Maldivus_, two shells even more likely to be mistaken +for each other than those above-mentioned. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 111 + +[Illustration] + +CYPRAEA tessellata, + +_Mosaic Cowry._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + "_Testa laevigata, ovata, convexa, marginibus involutis, apertura + longitudinalis, angustata, utrinque dentata, ad extremitates effusa. + Spira minima, obtecta._"--LAM. Ann. du Mus. vol. 16. p. 443. + + _Animal marinum (Pectinibranchi). Penula dilatata, testam omnino + obtegens. Tentacula depressa, subulata. Oculi juxta tentaculorum basin + externam adsiti._--ADANSON, H. N. du Senegal. + + Shell smooth, oval, convex, the margins turned inward; aperture + longitudinal, narrow, toothed on both sides, the extremities effuse. + Spire minute, concealed.--_Lamarck._ + + Animal marine; mantle dilated and folding over the whole shell. + Tentacula depressed, subulate, at the external base of which are the + eyes.--_Adanson._ + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa obtusa, gibba, aurantiaca, ad latera tesseris albis fuscisque + alternis tessellata._ + + Shell obtuse, gibbous, orange, the sides with alternate tessellated + spots of white and brown. + + * * * * * + +Amidst all the changes in systematic arrangement which Conchology has, of +late years, undergone, the _Cypraeae_ remain untouched; indeed, they +present such a uniformity of character, that the most superficial observer +cannot mistake them. A few species of Ovula, however, bear a strong +resemblance to the genus, but may be known from not having teeth on each +side the mouth. The Cowries are without exception the most beautiful of all +shells, whether the richness and harmony of their colours, or the exquisite +polish of their exterior, is considered; but (like many other things of +more consequence) their beauty is depreciated by their frequency. The +indefatigable Lamarck has described sixty-six species, only one of which +inhabits the European seas. Adanson has furnished a minute account of the +structure of the animal, and Bruguiere has given long and interesting +details of its economy. + +Mrs. Mawe is in possession of this very beautiful little shell; a string of +them were presented her as coming from New Zealand: that which formed the +centre was the only perfect specimen, and from that the figures were taken. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 112 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS carinatus, + +_Carinated Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa sub-cylindracea, carinata, fulva; spirae depressae, concavae, + maculatae, apice acuto, anfractibus valde concavis, striis numerosis + subgranosis insculptis; basi obtusa, striata, cingulo gibbo + circumdata_. + + Shell nearly cylindrical, carinated, fulvous; spire depressed, concave, + spotted, tip acute, the whorls very concave, with numerous + subgranulated striae; base obtuse, striated, with a gibbous belt. + + * * * * * + +Another rare and remarkable shell of this numerous genus, from the same +collection as the Cone last described. I believe it to be hitherto +unfigured, and unknown to any writer; for I cannot reconcile it with any of +Lamarck's descriptions of species not yet represented. + +I know of no other specimen than the very fine one in Mr. Dubois' cabinet. +The shell is heavy; the body whorl contracted at the upper part, where the +margin is sharply carinated; the spire much depressed and concave; each +volution is also concave, and has from three to four fine grooves, which +occupy its full extent, and which appear minutely granulated; but this is +only caused by the longitudinal lines of growth: the tip of the spire +acute; the base is wider in circumference than usual, with a gibbous belt +marked by elevated striae, in other respects the shell is smooth; the base +of the aperture is effuse, the bands on the body whorl pale and not well +defined, and the spire slightly spotted. It is doubtless an inhabitant of +the Asiatic ocean. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 113 + +[Illustration] + +MITRA pertusa. var. + +_Cardinal Mitre_--_large spotted variety_. + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. sect. 3. Testa ovato-acuta, alba; striis transversis puncticulatis + ornata, anfractu basali crasso, tesseris parvis plurimis spadiceis + vittato, tesserisque majoribus bifasciato; labio exteriore + denticulato._ + + M. Shell ovate-acute, white, with transverse punctured striae; the + basal whorl thick, with numerous bands consisting of small, and two of + large tessellated spots; outer lip toothed. + + * * * * * + +Much uncertainty exists respecting the shell which Linnaeus intended for +his _Voluta pertusa_, owing to the inaccuracy of the synonyms, which refer +to species widely different from each other; the majority of authors have, +however, considered it to be the shell figured by Born and Martini, under +that name, and recently by myself in _Exotic Conchology_. As a species, it +is principally distinguished by the rows of irregular brown spots which are +always disposed in transverse bands, running into larger blotches adjoining +the suture, and near the base of the body whorl, which is thick and obtuse; +the lesser spots are mostly tessellated or quadrangular, but in size they +vary considerably in different individuals, and even in the same shell; +this has induced Lamarck to separate them into two species, but which, for +reasons to be hereafter given, appears to me unnecessary. + +The variety here figured is very rare, nor have I seen more than two +examples; it differs only from the usual varieties in having the spots +remarkably large. In a future plate this species will be further +illustrated, and the correct synonyms of all the varieties then given. +Inhabits various parts of the Asiatic ocean. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 114 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS pulchellus, + +_Orange Admiral Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa aurantiaca, fasciis albis interruptis ornata; spirae + subdepressae, anfractibus suturam juxta simpliciter sulcatis; sutura + alveata; basi granosa, purpurea._ + + Shell orange, with two interrupted white bands; spire slightly + depressed, the volutions with a single groove near the margin; suture + channelled; base granulated and purple. + + * * * * * + +I cannot find this very beautiful shell enumerated among the new and +unfigured species known to Lamarck; and the representations given by the +oldest conchologists of this intricate family, are too inaccurate to be +cited without much risk. + +In form it approaches nearest to _Conus vitulinus_ of Bruguiere, having the +spire not quite depressed, each volution being slightly raised above the +last, gradually to the apex; the upper margin of the body whorl is convex: +each volution of the spire has a broad and deep groove nearest the upper +edge, which thus becomes elevated, while the convexity of the lower part of +the whorl forms a channel round the suture, which separates it from the +next; this formation of the spire is very remarkable, and unlike what I +have seen in any other Cone. Another distinguishing character is, that the +whole shell is crossed by very faint, broad, and almost imperceptible +punctured lines, very near each other; in some parts discernible with the +naked eye, in others almost obliterated by the longitudinal lines of +growth: the granulations towards the base are very sharp and nearly white, +and the base itself crossed with rough, thick-set, elevated striae. No +doubt the colour of this species will be found to vary, when more specimens +are discovered. The only one I have ever seen, came with some other very +rare shells from Amboyna, and is in my own collection. + +If the descriptions of _C. canaliculatus_ (Malacanus Brug.) be correct, +(for it is a shell I have not seen), it must be quite distinct. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 115 + +[Illustration] + +PLATYRHYNCHUS cancromus. fem. + +_Short-tailed Flatbill._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Platyrhinchos_, Temminck. _Sw. Zool. Ill._ (div. I.) Vol. i. pl. 13. + + _Rostrum tenue, breve, valde depressum, frontis latitudinem superans, + mandibulae superioris abrupte aduncae, et ad apicem emarginatae, + marginibus dilatatis, et inferioris margines superplicantibus. Nares + medii, basi membrana pennis minutis instructa obtecta, apertura parva, + rotunda, terminali, tantum non nuda. Rictus ampli, ad mandibulae + superioris basin vibrissis rigidis armati. Pedes sedentes, graciles, + digitis lateralibus imparibus, digito exteriore ad medii digiti + articulum primum annexo, halluce valido._ + + Bill thin, short, very much depressed, broader than the front of the + head; the upper mandible abruptly hooked and notched at the tip; the + margins dilated, and folding over those of the under mandible; nostrils + central, the base covered with a membrane having minute feathers, the + aperture small, round, terminal, and nearly naked; mouth large, armed + above with stiff bristles; feet sitting, slender; lateral toes unequal, + exterior united to the middle as far as the first joint; hinder claw + strongest. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _P. (fem.) supra olivaceo-fuscus, infra pallide fulvus; jugulo albo; + genis pennisque spuriis nigris; striga ante et pone oculum, maculoque + auriculari albentibus._ + + (Female) above olive-brown; beneath pale fulvous; throat white; ears + and spurious quills black; stripe before and behind the eye, and spot + on the ears whitish. + + Platyrhinchos cancromus. (male?) _Temminck_ and _Laugier_. _Pl. Col._ + _Pl._ 12. _f._ 2. + + * * * * * + +The remarkable breadth of the bill, and the extreme shortness of the tail, +in this bird, render it a very singular little creature. Though a native of +Brazil, I never met with it during my travels in that country; and the only +specimen I have yet seen belongs to Mr. Leadbeater. The figure of _P. +cancromus_ of Professor Temminck, differing only from this bird in having a +yellow crest, leads me to believe they are sexes of the same species; this +being the female bird. The tail in the male appears to be somewhat longer, +but this may be an error of delineation, and the description has not yet +been published. + +The figure is of the natural size, and below is an outline of the bill and +nostrils; these latter are depressed, and the base covered with thickset +feathers; the aperture is naked, round, and piercing the membrane in a +lateral direction, midway between the ridge and margin of the bill, and at +the end of the nasal membrane. The plumage above fulvous brown: darker, and +tinged with reddish on the margin of the quills and tips of the wing +covers: spurious quills and stripe beneath the eyes black: the upper part +of the ears are also black, the lower half whitish yellow; chin and throat +whitish; breast and body beneath pale fulvous brown; tail remarkably short, +and not projecting beyond the wings; upper mandible black, lower white. + +Since the publication of the remarks on this genus at Plate 14, a further +consideration of the subject induces me to adopt the opinion of Professor +Temminck, in placing the _Todus Platyrhynchos_, Gm., and its allies, under +a distinct genus; or, in other words, of detaching from this group the +second division annexed to my former definition of this genus. Still, +however, the close affinities I have there pointed out, render the generic +situation of several of these birds very doubtful; because the transition +from one to the other is so gradual that even the most accurate set of +generic characters, founded on the bill, will not clearly define the limits +between the genera _Platyrhynchus_ and _Muscipeta_. Their anatomy might do +so, but on this subject we are quite ignorant. + +I can gather nothing from the characters which Dr. Horsfield has given in +the Linnaean Transactions of his new genus _Eurylaimos_; which does not +perfectly agree with those of _Platyrhynchus_. It appears to have precisely +the same formation of bill, nostrils, legs, &c. as _P. cancromus_, but in a +higher state of development; thus strengthening the opinion I have above +expressed. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 116 + +[Illustration] + +MUSCIPETA barbata, + +_Whiskered Flycatcher._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + _Rostrum latum, valde depressum, lateribus aliquando dilatatis, culmine + prominente, mandibulae superioris apice adunco, plerumque emarginato, + marginibus mandibulae planae inferioris margines superplicantibus. + Nares basales, membrana obtectae, apertura terminali, ovata, vibrissis + longis armata._ + + _Ob. Pedes mediocres vel breves, digito exteriore ad medii articulum + secundum annexo, interiore et medio ad basin modo annexis._ + + Bill broad, much depressed, the sides sometimes dilated, ridge + prominent; tip of the upper mandible hooked, and mostly notched, the + margins folding over those of the under mandible, which is flat; + nostrils at the base of the bill covered by a membrane; the aperture + terminal, oval, and defended by long stiff bristles. + + Ob. Feet moderate or short; the external toe united to the middle as + far as the second joint, the inner and middle toes united only at their + base. + + Generic Types (_Tem._) Todus plumbeus, Muscicapa borbonica, + Flabellifera, &c. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _M. Supra olivacea, subtus fulva, aurea crista (maribus) insignis; + jugulo albido; uropygio pallide flavo; cauda nigra._ + + Above olivaceous, beneath fulvous, (male,) with a golden yellow crest; + throat whitish; rump pale yellow; tail black. + + Muscicapa barbata. _Gmelin._ i. 933. _Lath. In. Orn._ 2, _p._ 488. _n._ + 86. _mas._ + + Whiskered Flycatcher (male). _Lath. Syn._ 364. + + * * * * * + +I once shot a pair of these little birds in the forest of Pitanga, about +twenty leagues west of Bahia: this is the only instance which I know of +their having been found in Brazil. The same bird appears, however, more +frequent in Cayenne, according to the older ornithologists. But whether the +bird described by them as the female be really such, admits of great doubt, +because Dr. Latham (probably on the authority of Buffon) describes it as +having a smaller bill, and a few short hairs, instead of long bristles, at +the base; the crown with a spot of yellow, a longer tail, &c. None of these +are, in general, sexual distinctions, and, moreover, are at complete +variance with the female here figured. The sexes I ascertained by +dissection. It follows, therefore, that either the bird found in Cayenne is +a distinct species, or that the bird described as its female is not such in +reality. This latter supposition I apprehend is nearest the truth. + +The figures are of the natural size, the upper representing the female, and +the lower the male bird: the head of the former is entirely destitute of +the crest which distinguishes the latter; in every other respect the +resemblance is uniform. This crest, when not erected, is concealed, being +nearly covered by the olive feathers around it. When erected, however, it +discloses a stripe down the middle of the head of deep straw-coloured +feathers, some of which are tipped with olive. The upper mandible of the +bill is triangular, and much hooked, notched, and depressed; the colour is +black, the perforations of the nostrils are rather large, and would be +naked, were they not partially covered by numerous stiff bristles, which +spring from the base of the bill and angle of the mouth; between the eye +and bill a pale stripe. The plumage above is dull olive green, with a broad +band of very pale yellow across the rump. Wings and their covers brown; +tail and upper covers blackish; beneath, the plumage is yellowish, the chin +almost white, and the breast and vent tinged with ferruginous; the two +first quill feathers are progressively shorter than the third and fourth, +which are equal, and longer than the others. Legs and claws short, slender, +and pale. + +This bird would obviously belong to the second division which I had +proposed in my former remarks on _Platyrhynchus_, and it is in every +respect allied to _P. Ceylonensis_, _Pl._ 13. My reasons for disturbing +this previous arrangement have been already given; and, until a complete +investigation is made of the immense genus of Flycatchers, I concur with M. +Temminck in the distribution which he has proposed; viz. the arrangement of +the European species under the old genus of _Muscicapa_, and of the exotic +under that of _Muscipeta_; the characters of which, however, are very +imperfect: they are, indeed, at variance with this bird, which has the +outer and middle toe connected only to the _first_ joint, and the inner toe +cleft to the base. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 117 + +[Illustration] + +NECTARINIA cyanocephala, + +_Blue-headed Nectarinia._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER. + + Nectarinia. _Illiger._ _Cuvier._ Caereba _Brisson_. _Temminck._ + Certhia. Motacilla _Linn._ + + _Rostrum longius, gracile, acutum, sub-arcuatum, basi crassa, lata, + trigona, lateribus compressis, mandibula superiore apicem juxta leviter + emarginata. Nares basales, ovatae, breves, membrana nuda, in medio + ovate fissa tectae. Lingua longa, bifida, apice fibroso, haud + extensibilis. Remigum pennae primae tres vix pares. Cauda mediocris, + emarginata, rectricibus 12, sub-paribus._ + + Bill slender, acute, slightly curved, of variable length, base thick, + broad, trigonal, the sides compressed; upper mandible near the tip + slightly notched; nostrils basal, oval, short, covered by a naked + membrane, in the middle of which is an oval aperture; tongue long, + bifid, not extensible, the tip fibrous; the three first quills of + nearly equal length, and longer than the rest; tail moderate, + emarginate, of 12 nearly equal feathers. + + Generic Types, Div. 1. _Certhia cyanea, cayana._ Div. 2. _Certhia + spiza, &c._ Linn. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _N. (mas.) cyanea; jugulo, dorso, cauda alisque nigris, remigibus + margine cyaneo ornatis. (Fem.) Viridis; capite, genis scapulisque + caerulescentibus; jugulo cano._ + + (Male.) Changeable blue; throat, back, tail, and wings black; the + quills edged with blue. Female green; head, cheeks, and scapulars + bluish; throat grey. + +_Male._ + + Motacilla cayana. _Linn. Gmelin_, 1. 990. + + Sylvia cayana. _Lath. In. Orn._ 2. 545. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 655. + + Pepit bleu de Cayenne? _Brisson, Ois._ _vol._ 3. _pl._ 28. 1. + + Cayenne Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. 502. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 655. + + Sylvia Cayenensis caerulea. _Brisson, Orn._ 1. _p._ 455. + +_Female._ + + Motacilla cyanocephala. _Gmelin_, 1. 990. + + Sylvia cyanocephala. _Lath. In. Orn._ 2. 546. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 684. + + Sylvia viridis. _Brisson, Orn._ 1. _p._ 455. + + Le Pepit verd. _Brisson, Ois._ 3. _pl._ 28. _f._ 4. + + Blue-headed Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. _p._ 503. + + Blue-headed Creeper? _Lath. Syn._ 2. _p._ 727. + + * * * * * + +Few birds require more illustration than this very beautiful though common +species; described by most ornithological writers, but hitherto so little +understood, that the two sexes stand as distinct species in a family of +birds to which they have, in reality, no natural affinity. According to the +Linnaean system it should have been rather placed with the Creepers than +the Warblers; an error which has been continued by every subsequent writer, +even by Professor Temminck, whose skilful and accurate perception of +natural affinities is, in general, so remarkably correct. + +That these two birds, however dissimilar in colour, are the sexes only of +one species, repeated dissections in their native country have put beyond +all doubt; and that it is a genuine _Nectarinia_ (or _Caereba_ of Temminck) +will appear from submitting it to a rigorous comparison with the characters +the Professor himself has laid down for that genus. + +Its habits are no less perfectly the same as the rest of the _Nectariniae_; +it is one of the commonest birds of Brazil, and appears spread over the +whole extent of that country. It frequents the same trees as the +Humming-birds, hopping from flower to flower, and extracting the nectar +from each; but this is not done on the wing, because its formation is +obviously different from the Humming-birds, which, on the contrary, poise +themselves in the air during feeding. The shortness of the bill has +evidently given rise to this bird being placed with the Warblers; but this +organ is not shorter in proportion than it is in _Nectarinia spiza_, +(_Certhia spiza_ of Latham). + +I am unacquainted with the other varieties of this species mentioned by +authors. Of the bird here described, I have never seen any variety, either +in Brazil or in our museums. The young males, as usual before moulting, +have the colours of the female; one of them, in an intermediate state, is +in my possession. As both the figures are of the size of life, and +accurately coloured, a fuller description is unnecessary. The rich sky-blue +of the male, in some lights, becomes greenish, and in others dark blue. The +bill, like that of all the genuine _Nectariniae_, is slightly notched a +little way from the tip, and the base is much broader than high. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 118 + +[Illustration] + +CONUS Generalis, + +_Flambeau Cone._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _C. testa gracili, fusca, fasciis albidis strigis undatis + longitudinalibus interruptis ornata; spirae productae apice acuto, + anfractibus concavis, laevibus; basi nigra._ + + Shell slender, brown, with white bands, interrupted by longitudinal + stripes; spire produced, the tip acute, whorls concave, smooth; base + black. + + Conus Generalis. _Gmelin_, _p._ 33. 75. _var. a._ _Dillwyn_, 359. _var. + a._ _Martini_, _vol._ 2. _p._ 58. _f._ 645, 646. (_dark variety_) _f._ + 648 _to_ 652. (_pale varieties_). _Gualt._ 20 _f._ G. + + Conus Generalis. _Brug._ _p._ 642. _Lam. Ann._ _vol._ 15. _p._ 363. + + * * * * * + +It becomes necessary to figure this elegant, but not uncommon Cone, in +order to show the young conchologist the little importance that should be +attached to _colour_ in the discrimination of species: the figures will +likewise point out more fully the distinctions between the present shell, +_C. maldivus_, and _C. cinctus_; three species, whose close affinity +require illustration. + +These relative distinctions may be comprised in a few words; they rest +principally on the spire, which in _C. generalis_ has the upper half much +lengthened, slender, and acuminated: in _C. maldivus_ the spire is thick +and much shorter: the whorls in both these species are quite plain, and +nearly flat: the spire of _C. cinctus_ resembles the last in form, but is +deeply concave and striated. These characters are, I think, very +satisfactory as specific distinctions. + +On the other hand, some attention to these shells lately, has convinced me +that many of the species formed both by Bruguiere and Lamarck should be +more correctly considered as varieties; inasmuch as their specific +distinctions rest, for the most part, on _colour_ alone: this appears, +indeed, to be the leading character selected by these eminent +conchologists, and to which, therefore, they have attached the greatest +importance. From this opinion, however, I completely dissent; on the +principle, that no character which is variable can, with any consistency, +be made use of to express permanent distinctions, when not supported by +peculiarity of formation or sculpture. The great art in framing the +description of a species consists in singling out those characters alone +which are most permanent, and exist in every variety of that species; for, +when once a character is found to be variable, it no longer becomes a +distinction by which a species can be recognised. I consider, therefore, +formation and sculpture as the only certain characters of species, and that +variation of colour should alone distinguish varieties. + +It is therefore not surprising that the specific characters given by MM. +Bruguiere and Lamarck, and resting principally on the colours of these +shells, are frequently obscure, and always long; two inevitable evils +attending every attempt to describe minutely the colour, form, and +disposition of the markings of shells. In justice, however, to these great +naturalists, it should be observed, that in this attempt they have done +that best which no writer has ever done well. + +The spire of _C. generalis_ is generally spotted, and the white band on the +margin of the body whorl, more or less crossed by broad waved stripes of a +dark brown. It is an inhabitant of many parts of the Indian Ocean. + + * * * * * + + +Pl. 119 + +[Illustration] + +AMPULLARIA globosa, + +_Round Apple Snail._ + + * * * * * + +GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103. + + * * * * * + +SPECIFIC CHARACTER. + + _A. testa globosa, laevissima, olivacea; spira depressa; aperturae + margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato; umbilico parvo, contracto, juxta basin + posito; operculo testaceo._ + + Shell globose, very smooth, olive; spire depressed; margin of the + aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus small, contracted, placed + near the base; operculum shelly. + + Helix Ampullacea. _var._ _Gmelin_, _p._ 3626. _no._ 43. _Chemnitz_, 9 + _tab._ 128. _fig._ 1133. 1134. _p._ 105. + + * * * * * + +This is the most common of the two shells of this genus, which have their +mouths closed by a shelly operculum. It is well described by Chemnitz, and +his figures are very tolerable; yet, like all the authors of that period, +he considered it as a variety of _Helix ampullacea_. From all these +supposed varieties it is, nevertheless, quite distinct; the spire is more +depressed than that of any other species, and the umbilicus is placed near +the bottom of the inner lip: the whole shell is very smooth, and, although +generally of a uniform yellowish olive colour, is sometimes marked by +narrow bands of purple brown. The margin of the outer lip is slightly +reflected, and the colour, beneath the epidermis, almost white. It is a +native of the rivers of India. + +From the remarks on this genus, made at Plate 103, the fact of their +opercula being either shelly or horny, is sufficiently established. These +formations, however, there is every reason to suppose, may generally be +detected by the following indications. In such species as have a shelly +operculum, the margin of the aperture is thickened all round, and has a +parallel internal groove for its reception: the probable use of this groove +I have detailed elsewhere. On the other hand, in those species which are +known to have horny opercula, this margin and groove do not exist; and that +part of the shell which is between the top of the aperture and the +umbilicus, is thin and unprotected. This latter formation is by far the +most frequent, and leads to the conclusion that the majority of these +shells have their opercula horny. + +On the distinctions between this genus and _Planorbis_, little need be +said. The principal difference consists in the latter having no operculum; +but another, and a very remarkable one, (which seems to have escaped all +writers,) is, that the shells of the latter genus are destitute of any +columella. The _Planorbis cornu-arietis_ of Lamarck, has been removed by +Mr. G. Sowerby to this genus. This shell, it is true, appears to be +intermediate between one and the other; but the only affinity which it +bears to _Ampullaria_, is in the oval form of the aperture; while it is +allied to _Planorbis_ by its discoid form, want of the columella, and being +universally described as without an operculum: the preponderance of +evidence is clearly in favour of the situation originally assigned to it by +Lamarck. + +The characters, therefore, given to the genus _Ampullaria_ by Mr. G. +Sowerby, will be found incorrect. There was no necessity for explaining, +much less for altering, (in this instance,) the masterly definitions of +Cuvier and Lamarck. With regard to the second species given by Mr. Sowerby +to illustrate this genus, he is no less in error; for the real _A. rugosa_, +of all authors, is a strikingly distinct shell from that which he has +figured under this name. This will be sufficiently obvious by referring to +the figures either of Lister, Chemnitz, or Lamarck. + +Having offered these remarks on a subject to which I have paid some +attention, I wish to refrain from pointedly noticing other errors and +misconceptions into which Mr. G. Sowerby has fallen; rather wishing that +greater experience, and more matured judgment, may lead him to do this +himself, prior to the publication of the system of Conchology which he has +announced. + + * * * * * + + +GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX + +OF + +LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES + +TO + +VOLUME II. + + + + Pl. + Achatina emarginata 84 + fasciata 74 + vittata 84 + _Chesnut-banded_ 74 + _notched_ 84 + _Ribbon_ ib. + + Ampullaria, Gen. Char. 103 + fasciata ib. + globosa 119 + + Anodon, Gen. Char. 96 + rugosus ib. + + _Apple-snail, banded_ 112 + _globular_ 119 + + _Aracari, lettered_ 90 + + _Bee-eater, black-capped_ 76 + + Botis, Gen. Char. 77 + bicolor ib. + marginata 77 + + Cinnyris, Gen. Char. 95 + chalybeia 95 + + Conus carinatus 112 + cinctus 110 + generalis 118 + Princeps 86 + pulchellus 114 + terebra 70 + + _Cone, carinated_ 112 + _Flambeaux_ 118 + _Orange Admiral_ 114 + _Prince_ 86 + _Screw_ 70 + + _Cowry, Mosaic_ 111 + + _Courier, black-bellied_ 106 + + _Crab-eater, Cinnamon_ 67 + + _Creeper, lesser-collared_ 95 + + Cursorius, Gen. Char. 106 + Temminckii ib. + + Cypraea, Gen. Char. 111 + tessellata ib. + + _Date-shell, banded_ 97 + _grey_ ib. + _Fly-spot_ ib. + + _Ear-shell, small-holed Cal._ 80 + + _Flatbill, short-tailed_ 115 + + _Flycatcher, bearded_ ib. + + _Hairstreak, red-bordered_ 69 + + Halcyon, cinnamominus 67 + + Haliotis, Gen. Char. 80 + Californiensis ib. + + _Hawk-moth, wild vine_ 87 + _Ello_ 81 + + _Humming-bird, white-tailed_ 82 + _sickle-winged_ 83 + _blue sickle-winged_ 107 + _recurved bill_ 105 + + _Horsemussel, wrinkled_ 96 + + Ianthina, Gen. Char. 85 + fragilis ib. + globosa ib. + + Licinia Amphione 91 + + Marginella, Gen. Char. 97 + cingulata ib. + faba ib. + prunum 97 + + Merops Savignii 76 + + Mitra caffra 88 + crassa ib. + pertusa, _var._ 113 + + _Mitre Brown, wh. banded_ 88 + _Cardinal, var._ 113 + _thick_ 88 + + Muscipeta, Gen. Char. 116 + barbata ib. + + Natica, Gen. Char. 75 + effusa 104 + melastoma 79 + mustelina ib. + punctata 104 + spadicea 75 + sordida 79 + _banded_ 75 + _belted_ 79 + _brown_ ib. + _black-mouthed_ ib. + _spotted_ 104 + _open_ ib. + + Nectarinia, Gen. Char. 117 + cyanocephala ib. + _blue-headed_ ib. + + _Oceanic snail, common_ 85 + _globular_ ib. + + Papilio, Gen. Char. 92 + Evander 101 + Harrisianus 109 + Nox 102 + Torquatus 94 + Polymetus 92 + Pandrosus 93 + + _Parrakeet, grey-breasted_ 89 + _turcosine_ 73 + + Paludina, Gen. Char. 98 + elongata ib. + unicolor ib. + carinata ib. + + Picus affinis 78 + + Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char. 115 + cancromus ib. + + Pogonias, Gen. Char. 68 + hirsutus 72 + rubrifrons 68 + + Psittacus murinus 89 + pulchellus 73 + + Pteroglossus inscriptus 90 + + Puff bird, greater pied 99 + + _River-snail, long-spired_ 98 + _olive_ ib. + _carinated_ ib. + + Ramphastos dicolorus 108 + + Sphinx, Gen. Char. 87 + Ello 81 + Labruscae 87 + + Strombus dilatatus 71 + mutabilis ib. + _little pink-mouthed_ ib. + _winged_ ib. + + Tamatia, Gen. Char. 99 + macrorhynchos ib. + + Thecla, Gen. Char. 69 + Galathea ib. + + _Toucan, yellow billed_ 108 + + _Tooth-bill, red-fronted_ 68 + _hairy-breasted_ 72 + + Trochilus, Gen. Char. 82 + niger ib. + falcatus 83 + recurvirostris 105 + ensipennis 107 + + Xenops, Gen. Char. 100 + genibarbis ib. + _whiskered_ ib. + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +VERTEBROSA. + +PART II. + + * * * * * + +_ORNITHOLOGY._ + + Pl. + + HALCYON cinnamominus 67 + + POGONIAS rubrifrons 68 + hirsutus 72 + + PICUS affinis 78 + + PSITTACUS pulchellus 73 + murinus 89 + + MEROPS Savignii 76 + + TROCHILUS niger 82 + falcatus 83 + recurvirostris 105 + ensipennis 107 + + PTEROGLOSSUS inscriptus 90 + + RAMPHASTOS dicolorus 108 + + CINNYRIS chalybeia 95 + + TAMATIA macrorhynchos 99 + + XENOPS genibarbis 100 + + CURSORIUS Temminckii 106 + + PLATYRHYNCHUS cancromus 115 + + MUSCIPETA barbata 116 + + NECTARINIA cyanocephala 117 + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +ENTOMOLOGY. + +PART II. + + * * * * * + + Pl. + + THECLA Galathea 69 + + LICINIA Amphione 91 + + PAPILIO Polymetus 92 + Pandrosus 93 + Torquatus 94 + Evander 101 + Nox 102 + Harrisianus 109 + + ------ + + SPHINX Ello 81 + Labruscae 87 + + ------ + + BOTIS marginata 77 + bicolor 77 + + * * * * * + + +SYSTEMATIC INDEX. + + * * * * * + +CONCHOLOGY. + +PART II. + + * * * * * + + Pl. + + STROMBUS mutabilis 71 + dilatatus 71 + + ACHATINA fasciata 74 + emarginata 84 + vittata 84 + + IANTHINA fragilis 85 + globosa 85 + + MITRA caffra 88 + crassa 88 + pertusa 113 + + MARGINELLA cingulata 97 + prunum 97 + faba 97 + + PALUDINA elongata 98 + unicolor 98 + carinata 98 + + NATICA spadicea 75 + mustelina 79 + sordida 79 + melastoma 79 + punctata 104 + effusa 104 + + CYPRAEA tessellata 111 + + CONUS terebra 70 + princeps 86 + cinctus 110 + carinatus 112 + pulchellus 114 + generalis 118 + + ANODON rugosus 96 + + * * * * * + + +ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. + + Pl. 67. line 5, for "_plumesque_" read "_plumisque_." + 16, for "_gigantia_" read "_gigantea_." + + -- 69. -- 11, for "excerted" read "exserted." + + -- 70. -- 2, for "_Cane_" read "_Cone_." + 5, for "_fasciique_" read "_fasciisque_." + 24, for "renders" read "render." + + -- 71. -- 7, for "_apertura_" read "_apertura_." + 16, for "_urseus_" read "_urceus_." + 11 from the bottom, for "_gracibus_" read "_gracilibus_." + + -- 91. -- 16, for "and Godart mentions" read "and according to Godart." + + -- 92. -- 13, for "_caudi_," read "_caudis_." + 8 from the bottom, for "_c._ DENTATIS" read + "_c._ DENTATI." + + -- 92. third page, line 3, for "Medicii" read "Medici." + 10, for "_Danais_" read "_Danaus_." + fourth page, line 10, _dele_ "not." + + -- 95. -- 12 from the bottom, after "_angusta_" add a comma. + second page, line 14 from the bottom, for "_Nectarinia_" + read "_Nectariniae_." + + -- 115. second page, line 10 from the bottom, after "between the" + add "genera." + line 5 from the bottom, for "_Eurylaimos_" read + "_Eurylaimus_." + + -- 117. -- 6, for "lata" read "lata." + + In the Systematic Index to Vol. I. Conchology, Part I., for + "_Acephalis_" read "_Acephali_;" and at the head of the list of errors, + for "Corregenda" read "Corrigenda." + + * * * * * + + +NOTES + +[1] Mr. Moses Harris, artist, 28, Mansion-House Street, Kensington. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume II, by +William Swainson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 39472.txt or 39472.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/4/7/39472/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Archive) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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