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+Project Gutenberg's Zoological Illustrations, Volume II, by William Swainson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Zoological Illustrations, Volume II
+       or Original Figures and Descriptions of New, Rare, or
+       Interesting Animals
+
+Author: William Swainson
+
+Release Date: April 17, 2012 [EBook #39472]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: The listed Addenda & Corrigenda have been applied.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Zoological Illustrations,
+
+OR
+
+ORIGINAL FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS
+
+OF
+
+NEW, RARE, OR INTERESTING
+
+ANIMALS,
+
+SELECTED CHIEFLY FROM THE CLASSES OF
+
+Ornithology, Entomology, and Conchology,
+
+AND ARRANGED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF
+
+CUVIER AND OTHER MODERN ZOOLOGISTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM SWAINSON, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
+
+MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOL. II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+London:
+
+PRINTED BY JAMES MOYES, GREVILLE STREET;
+
+FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW;
+AND W. WOOD, STRAND.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+1821-2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO
+
+SIR JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M. D.
+
+FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT OF
+
+THE LINNAEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,
+
+FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, AND MEMBER OF THE
+PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES BOTH IN
+EUROPE AND AMERICA,
+
+THE FIRST AND SECOND VOLUMES
+
+OF
+
+Zoological Illustrations
+
+ARE DEDICATED,
+
+AS A SMALL, BUT SINCERE TRIBUTE TO THE EMINENT TALENTS OF
+
+THE PHILOSOPHER,
+
+AND THE EXCELLENT QUALITIES OF
+
+THE MAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 67
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HALCYON cinnamominus,
+
+_Cinnamon Crabeater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 26.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. caeruleo viridis; pileo, collo, plumisque totis subtus pallide
+    cinnamominis; auribus viridibus; nucha torque nigro gracili ornata._
+
+    Blue-green; upper part of the head, neck, and all beneath, pale
+    cinnamon colour; ears green; round the nape a slender black collar.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As far as I can ascertain, this beautifully coloured bird is quite new, and
+hitherto undescribed. It is in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater, of Brewer
+Street, by whom it was received from New Zealand; and who gave me the
+opportunity of now publishing the accompanying figure and description.
+
+The two extreme points of difference in the Linnaean kingfishers, are seen
+in the _Alcedo Ispida_, and _A. gigantea_; the last of which has been made
+into the genus _Dacelo_. It will, nevertheless, be found, that from among
+the birds left in the old genus, there are a great number, (of which,
+indeed, this bird is a striking example,) which are much nearer allied to
+_Dacelo_ than to _Alcedo_, where they now stand. It will appear, therefore,
+more natural to consider _Halcyon_ and _Dacelo_ as one genus--which may be
+called by either name, but which must be distinguished by the characters
+herein given to _Halcyon_, inasmuch as the generic definition of _Dacelo_
+(founded on one bird) will be found too restricted to comprehend all.
+
+Total length ten inches; bill two and a half from the gape, and one and a
+half from the nostrils; the tip of the upper mandible with a slight
+inclination downwards, and with an appearance of a notch; the whole head,
+neck, and under plumage, of a delicate fawn colour; under wing covers the
+same; the remaining upper plumage, with the wings and tail, changeable blue
+green; ears sea green and dusky, united to a narrow black nuchal collar;
+wings four inches long, and the tail, which is even, three and a quarter;
+the hind head is slightly crested, and the feet pale brown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 68
+
+[Illustration]
+
+POGONIAS rubrifrons,
+
+_Red-fronted Toothbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, crassum, validum, basi latiore quam altiore,
+    vibrissis longis incumbentibus tecta, lateribus ultra basin compressis,
+    culmine arcuato, subcarinato; mandibulae superioris margine dentibus 1
+    vel 2 armato, mandibulae inferioris marginem obtegente. Nares
+    approximantes, parvae, rotundae, per rostri basin perforatae. Pedes
+    scansorii, digitis posticis versatilibus._
+
+Typus Genericus _Bucco Dubius_ Lath.
+
+    Bill moderate, thick, strong, the base broader than high, with long
+    incumbent bristles, the sides beyond compressed, the top arched, and
+    slightly carinated; upper mandible with one or two strong teeth on each
+    side, the margin folding over that of the lower mandible; nostrils
+    approximating, small, round, perforated through the base of the bill.
+    Feet scansorial. Hind toe versatile.
+
+Generic Type _Doubtful Barbut_ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. niger; sincipite juguloque rubris; alis et cauda fuscis; tegminum
+    margine externo albo, remigum fulvo._
+
+    Glossy black; forepart of the head and throat red; wings and tail
+    brown; external margin of the covers white, and of the quills yellow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Linnaean Barbuts, comprehended by Latham under one genus, contain three
+distinct groups of birds; which, from their peculiar characters, no less
+than their geographic position, have now received generic distinctions. The
+first of these (which are still retained under the old genus,) are natives
+of Asia; the next in affinity were first characterized by Illiger under the
+name of _Pogonias_, and are distributed on the African continent; while the
+prototype genus in America is _Tamatia_ (Cuvier), in which continent not
+any of the two preceding have been found: thus each quarter of the globe
+lying within the tropics have their corresponding groups of a family,
+possessing a general, but at the same time an individuality of character.
+
+I am obliged to Mr. Leadbeater for the opportunity of figuring this new and
+rare species, which he believes to have come from Sierra Leone. Its total
+length was six inches; the under-covers of the wings white; the tail two
+inches long, the feathers broad and even.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 69
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THECLA Galathea,
+
+_Red-bordered Hair-streak._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae clavo elongato, compresso, obtuso terminatae. Palpi exserti,
+    recti, approximantes, squamis obtecti, imberbes, articulo ultimo nudo,
+    gracili, acuto. Oculi semicirculares. Alae anticae trigonae; posticae
+    dentatae, caudatae, lobo ad angulum analem obtuso, concavo, quem
+    sedentes vibrant, instructae. Thorax validus. Abdomen gracile._
+
+Typus Genericus _Papilio Betulae, &c._ Lin.
+
+    Antennae ending in a lengthened, compressed, and obtuse club. Palpi
+    exserted, approximating, covered with scales, but without hairs, the
+    last joint naked, slender, acute. Eyes semi-circular. Anterior wings
+    trigonal, the hinder dentated, generally tailed, with an obtuse concave
+    lobe at their anal angle, which is generally in motion when the insect
+    is at rest. Thorax strong; body slender.
+
+Generic Type _Papilio Betulae, &c._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. alis fuscis, colore violaceo nitidis, posticis caudatis, margine
+    rubro, subtus maculo nigro lunulaque rubra ornatis; lobo anali supra
+    aerato, subtus nigro._
+
+    Wings brown, glossed with violet; posterior tailed, with a red margin,
+    beneath with a black spot and red lunule, anal lobe above bronzed,
+    beneath black.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The beautiful little Butterflies included by Fabricius in this genus, are
+scattered over all parts of the world, but are most numerous within the
+tropics, and particularly in South America, for in Brazil alone I collected
+near 120 species. They are an obvious and very natural family, though the
+species are as yet but little understood, and not one half of them
+described. I have observed a singular peculiarity in a great many of these
+insects, which is, that when they are at rest in the sun, the lower wings
+are constantly in a quick vibrating motion up and down, as if the insect
+was rubbing them together, more particularly where the two lobes (or obtuse
+tails) of the under wings meet, though what purpose this is intended to
+accomplish remains unknown.
+
+The upper surface of the wings in the greatest number of the _Hair streaks_
+(as they are aptly called by English collectors) are of various shades of
+vivid blue, so that the species can only be ascertained from the under
+markings, which are usually very striking and delicate: they are all of a
+small size.
+
+This is an African species, and both sexes are in the cabinet of my friend
+Mr. Haworth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 70
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS terebra,
+
+_Screw Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. cylindraceo-elongatus, albidus, striis transversis elevatis,
+    fasciisque binis flavescentibus, spira crassa obtusa._ Lam.
+
+    Cylindric elongated; whitish, with two yellowish bands, and transverse
+    elevated striae; spire thick, obtuse.
+
+    Conus Terebellum. _Gmelin_, p. 3390. 44. (omitting the varieties).
+    _Martini_ 2. _tab._ 52. _fig._ 577. _Seba_, 42. _fig._ 13. (uncoated).
+    _Ency. Meth._ 339. _fig._ 1.
+
+    Conus Terebra. _Lamarck._ _Annal. du Mus._ vol. xv. p. 427. _no._ 144.
+    _Var._ A, without bands.
+
+    _Ency. Methodique_, 339. _fig._ 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Though this is not an uncommon Shell, it is rarely seen so large as that
+now represented from the cabinet of Mrs. Bolton of Storrs. Of this
+extensive genus Lamarck has written a valuable account in the Annals of the
+French Museum, where he has rightly pointed out the mistake of Gmelin in
+placing as varieties of this species, one or two other very distinct
+shells: the colour of the bands is not always certain, for I have seen
+specimens in which they were of a dark brown; but the very thick spire, and
+slender form of the body whirl, with the distant, regular, and greatly
+elevated striae, render it a species not easily mistaken, though in general
+form it comes very near to _C. nussatella_, and two or three others; the
+spiral volutions are deeply concave, and the tip and base tinged with
+violet.
+
+It is a native of the Indian seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 71
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STROMBUS mutabilis,
+
+_Little pink-mouthed Strombus._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. anfractu basali nodoso; spira brevi tantum non laevi; linea sulcata
+    suturae parallela; labio exteriore supra gibbo, margine recto,
+    interiore crasso, cum exteriore striato; apertura pallide rubicunda,
+    basi truncata._
+
+    Basal whirl nodulous; spire short, nearly smooth, with a sulcated line
+    parallel with the suture; outer lip above gibbous, the margin straight;
+    inner lip thick, both striated; aperture flesh colour; base truncated.
+
+    _Seba_, _tab._ 61. _fig._ 26 & 27, 32 & 33, 54. _tab._ 62. _fig._ 42 &
+    43? _Martini_ 3. _tab._ 77, 799. _fig._ 78, 807. _Knorr._ 2, 14. _fig._
+    3. _Rump._ 37. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The specific distinction given by Linnaeus to _Strombus urceus_ is so
+loose, that his followers have referred all the small species of this genus
+to the numerous varieties he has quoted, though few will doubt that many
+permanent species have been thus overlooked; among these the one now
+characterized is an example, the most striking distinctions of which are in
+the spire being never plaited, and always much shorter than the mouth,
+which latter is either nearly white, or of a flesh colour; in its external
+colouring no two specimens will be found alike. It is not an uncommon shell
+from the East Indies, and seldom grows larger than the figure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+STROMBUS dilatatus,
+
+_Winged Strombus--middle figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_S. testa transverse striata; spira mediocri, plicis numerosis gracilibus;
+labio exteriore dilatato, rotundato, crassissimo, reflexo; interiore supra
+crassescente, medio laevi; apertura striata._
+
+Shell transversely striated; spire moderate, with slender numerous plaits;
+outer lip dilated, rounded, very thick, and reflected; inner lip thickened
+above, smooth in the middle; aperture striated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+An undescribed species, and of the greatest rarity, for I have never seen
+any other specimen, than one in my own cabinet, although perfect in form,
+it is obviously faded in colour; yet it is too remarkable to be mistaken
+for any other of this interesting family, which requires so much
+illustration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 72
+
+[Illustration]
+
+POGONIAS hirsutus,
+
+_Hairy-breasted Toothbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 68.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. supra fuscus, maculis sulphureis, subtus sulphureus maculis nigris
+    interstinctus, capite juguloque nigris; pectoris plumis elongatis,
+    pilis setaceis terminatis._
+
+    Above brown, spotted with sulphur; beneath sulphureous, with black
+    spots; head and chin black; feathers of the breast lengthened, and
+    ending in long setaceous hairs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have before observed, that this genus of birds was first characterized
+under the name of _Pogonias_, by Illiger, in 1811; some years after (1815),
+M. Vieillot changed the name to _Pogonia_, without taking any notice of
+Illiger's denomination, and Dr. Leach has followed Vieillot without
+probably being aware of the plagiarism; Vieillot's name must, however, be
+expunged, as Mr. Brown has some time back affixed the name of _Pogonia_ to
+a remarkable genus of plants.
+
+Total length about seven inches; bill blueish black, one inch two lines
+long, and large in proportion; the tooth in the middle very prominent;
+behind the eye is a short white stripe, and another much longer begins from
+the under mandible, and goes half way down the neck; the chin and part of
+the throat, together with the head and neck above, deep black, which
+changes to a dark brown on the back, wings, covers, and tail; a small round
+sulphur spot is on the tip of each feather of the hind head, back, and
+lesser wing covers; the quills pale brown, margined with sulphur; the under
+plumage is greenish sulphur, closely spotted with blackish; the most
+extraordinary peculiarity of this bird consists in the feathers of the
+breast, which are more rigid than the others, pointed, and the shaft of the
+lower ones ending in fine incurved setaceous hairs, many of which are near
+an inch long. The probable use this particular formation is intended for,
+it is impossible to conjecture.
+
+Mr. B. Leadbeater, to whom I am often obliged for the inspection of rare
+subjects, received this from Africa, and it is the only individual of the
+species I ever heard of.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 73
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS pulchellus,
+
+_Turcosine Parrakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. macrourus, supra viridis, subtus fulvus; sincipite, genis,
+    tegminibusque cyaneis, remigibus caeruleis; rectricibus lateralibus
+    fulvis._
+
+    Long-tailed Parrakeet, green above; yellow beneath; forepart of the
+    head, cheeks, and wing covers light blue; quills deep blue; lateral
+    tail feathers yellow.
+
+    _Shaw, Naturalist's Misc._ 3. _pl._ 96. _Latham, Suppl._ 2. _p._ 88.
+    _no._ 14.
+
+    _La Perruche Edwards, Le Vaillant_, _pl._ 68. (female). _Gen. Zool._ 8,
+    470.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is impossible to represent this superbly coloured little creature in its
+full beauty, though the figure will not be found very defective. The only
+representation of the male is in the Naturalist's Miscellany, where it
+cannot be recognized, and Le Vaillant's is of the female, which differs
+considerably from the other sex. It is a rare species, and peculiar to New
+Holland.
+
+Length nine inches, with the tail, which is near four inches and a half;
+the upper part of the plumage olive green, not so bright as is usual in
+this tribe; the front of the head is a most brilliant turcosine blue, which
+spreads on the cheeks, nearly to the ears, and then mixes with the green;
+the shoulders and lesser wing covers of the same colour, graduating to a
+deep mazarine blue on the greater covers, spurious wings, and quill
+feathers, which latter are all deep black beneath, as well as on their
+interior shafts; at the base of the shoulders is a large irregular patch of
+dull red, partially hid by the scapulars; the under plumage is yellow,
+tinged with olive on the throat and breast, and verging towards orange on
+the belly; tail feathers narrow and pointed, mostly green, with the inner
+shafts blueish, and margined with black; the three outer on each side
+nearly yellow, the next tipt only with that colour; under the wings
+brilliant blue, the greater covers and quills deep black; bill very small;
+upper mandible without a notch, and blackish; lower very convex, and, with
+the legs, flesh colour.
+
+The female figured by Le Vaillant is much less brilliant in all its
+colours, and without the red mark on the shoulders.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 74
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA fasciata,
+
+_Chesnut-banded Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa alba fasciis latis lineisque castaneis ornata; spira
+    elongata, crassescente; labio interiore semi-circulari, intus depresso;
+    columella truncata, emarginata._
+
+    Shell white, with broad chesnut bands and lines; spire elongated,
+    thickened; inner lip semi-circular, depressed within; columella
+    truncated, emarginate.
+
+    Bulla fasciata. _Gmelin_ 3430, 25. _Martini_ 9. _tab._ 117, 1004 to 6.
+
+    _Lister_ 12, 7. _Seba_, _tab._ 39. _fig._ 62 to 74. _Gualtieri_, _tab._
+    6. _fig._ C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Having figured two or three species allied to this shell, it appears
+advisable to subjoin a more particular notice of it, and to point out those
+characters by which it may be detected through its numerous variations:
+this has been endeavoured in the specific character now formed, and appears
+to rest principally on the inner lip, which is always semicircular, down
+which, if closely examined inside, there is a depression as if it had been
+pared down with a knife; the base of the pillar also is so strongly
+truncated as to appear notched, and the broadest part of the mouth is
+always in the middle; these characters have been very ill attended to in
+all the figures above quoted, of which Seba gives no less than eleven,
+which vary only in the disposition and number of their bands.
+
+Gualtieri's figure at _tab._ 6. _fig._ D, is an admirable representation of
+_A. pallida_, which, not having his work before me at the time, I could not
+quote; the other at C is a very good one of the present shell. The upper
+drawing is from one in my own cabinet; the lower is in the possession of
+Mr. C. Dubois, who is continually adding to his fine and valuable
+collection.
+
+It is almost unnecessary to contradict the opinion of some writers who have
+fancied this a _fresh-water_ shell. It is not uncommon, but seldom seen in
+perfection.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 75
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NATICA spadicea,
+
+_Banded Natica._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa subglobosa seu ovalis, umbilicata. Spira depressa, brevissima.
+    Columella umbilici medio terminans. Apertura semiorbicularis, operculo
+    corneo vel testaceo clausa. Animal marinum, pede maximo; oculis ad
+    basin duorum tentaculorum simplicium positis._
+
+Typus Genericus _Nerita Glaucina_ Pennant.
+
+    Shell nearly globose, or oval, umbilicated. Spire depressed, very
+    small. Columella terminating in the middle of the umbilicus. Aperture
+    semi-circular, operculum either horny or testaceous. Animal marine,
+    with a large foot; the eyes placed at the base of two simple tentacula.
+
+Generic Type _Nerita Glaucina_ Pennant, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _N. testa sub-globosa, fusca, albo fulvoque fasciata, juxta suturam
+    striata; labio exteriore supra leviter emarginato; umbilico magno,
+    aperto; columella obsolete terminante._
+
+    Shell sub-globose, striated near the suture, brown, banded with white
+    and fulvous; outer lip above slightly emarginate; umbilicus large,
+    open; pillar termination nearly obsolete.
+
+    _Martini_ 5. _pl._ 187. _fig._ 1872 _&_ 3. _fig._ 1874 & 5? _pl._ 188.
+    _fig._ 1896, 8 _&_ 9.
+
+    _Seba_, _pl._ 38. _fig._ 66. _pl._ 41. _fig._ 14, 15.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Shells of this genus are composed of such of the Linnaean _Nerits_ as
+are umbilicated, from which latter they essentially differ, both in the
+organization of the animal and the construction of the shell, which is
+either closed by a shelly or horny operculum.
+
+The species are numerous, and are found both in temperate and tropical
+seas; two or three inhabit our own coasts, but by far the greater number
+are found in the Asiatic Ocean. They are subject to variation in their
+colour; and this, joined with a general resemblance in form, has rendered
+the discrimination of the species very difficult. I have, however,
+remarked, that the various modifications of the umbilicus, and the
+termination of the pillar (which is indicated in many species by an
+elevated ridge or rib within the umbilicus) is a certain and constant
+indication, presenting the same peculiarity through all the individuals of
+a species, even in the young state. This termination of the pillar has been
+mistaken for the inner lip, which, on the contrary, is always above the
+umbilicus, which, if closed, is not closed by the lip, but by the thickened
+termination of the pillar or columella.
+
+The two most striking varieties are here figured of this species, which is
+sufficiently described in the specific character. I believe it is found
+both in the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 76
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MEROPS Savignii,
+
+_Black-capped Bee-eater._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 8.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. viridis, subtus albescens, uropygio caudaque caeruleis; vertice,
+    striga oculari, fasciaque lata collari nigris; mento, superciliisque
+    albis; rectricibus mediis elongatis._
+
+    Green; beneath whitish; rump and tail blue; crown of the head, eye
+    stripe, and broad band across the neck, black; chin and eye-brows
+    white; two middle tail feathers lengthened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This Bird was pointed out to me by Professor Temminck as described by Le
+Vaillant in his work on this family, under the name here given; on this
+authority, therefore, I have been obliged to rest, for I have in vain
+turned over the catalogues of all the public libraries in the metropolis,
+in the hope of seeing the work, and ascertaining the fact. The book is
+modern, and, though expensive, one of standard excellence; but a princely
+fortune is necessary to purchase such a library as a student should have
+access to.
+
+Total length eight inches and a half; size rather less than the common
+bee-eater; the crown in young birds is greenish, in some a dull brown, and
+in others deep black, margined in the front and sides of the head with a
+line of white; the ears black, uniting to a broad band across the neck of
+the same colour, which is margined on the lower part with beautiful sea
+blue; the nape of the neck, inner covers, and quill feathers, greenish fawn
+colour; the lesser quills tipt with black; the rump, tail, and outside of
+the quills next the body changeable greenish blue; the back and upper
+covers green beneath; the chin is white; the body tinged with greenish, and
+the under tail covers with blue: the tail three inches long, and in such
+specimens as have the two middle feathers lengthened, three and a half;
+bill and feet black.
+
+Inhabits Sierra Leone, and other parts of Africa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 77
+
+[Illustration]
+
+BOTIS,
+
+_Gauze-wing._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae setaceae. Alae trigonae, insecto sedente, cum corpore
+    triangulum subhorizontale efficientes, superiores margine externo
+    recto. Palpi quatuor exserti. Lingua conspicua._ Latreille, _Gen. Ins._
+    4. p. 229.
+
+Typus Genericus _Ph. Urticata_ Lin. &c.
+
+    Antennae setaceous. Wings trigonal, forming a nearly horizontal angle
+    with the body when the insect is at rest. The outer margin of the
+    anterior wings straight. Palpi four, exserted. Tongue conspicuous.
+
+Generic Type _Ph. Urticata_ Lin. &c.
+
+    Botys. _Latreille._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOTIS marginata,
+
+_Pink-margined Gauze-wing._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _B. alis hyalinis, stramineis, apicibus margineque flexuoso
+    rubro-purpureis._
+
+    Wings hyaline; pale fulvous; the margins and tips with a waved reddish
+    purple border.
+
+    P. Marginata. _Cramer_, _pl._ 400. I.--P. Simiata. _Fab. Ent. Sys._ 3.
+    208.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There appears no end to the immense number of species referrible to this
+genus, which will perhaps be found the most extensive tropical group of all
+the Linnaean _Phalaenidae._ Of these, near eighty species I found in
+Brazil; Dr. Horsfield has brought a great many from Java; near fifty are
+found in North America, and I have little doubt that the whole number
+existing in the cabinets which I have inspected may amount to about three
+hundred and fifty. The thorough investigation of these is a work of no
+ordinary labour; and, until this is done, it appears most advisable to let
+the generic distinction remain, as given by Latreille, though there can be
+no doubt that among them distinct groups will be detected.
+
+Cramer's figure will not indicate even the genus, and Fabricius describes
+the body as white; the tip ferruginous; in this it is yellow, tipped with
+red.
+
+Mr. Haworth obliged me with this insect, which Fabricius notes as African.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BOTIS bicolor,
+
+_Black and White Gauze-wing._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _B. alis anticis fuscis, punctis duabus angulatis transversis albis;
+    posticis ad basin albis._
+
+    Anterior wings, brown, with two transverse angulated white spots;
+    posterior white at the base.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the same collection as the preceding; the margin of the thorax and
+body are white. I apprehend it is an American species, which is distinct
+from any figured by Cramer, the principal author on the Exotic Lepidoptera.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 78
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PICUS affinis,
+
+_Golden-naped Woodpecker._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 14.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. supra aureo-fuscus, subtus pallidus, fasciis nigris transversis
+    ornatus; capite (in maribus) rubro; nucha colloque supra aureis;
+    tectricibus secundis fulvo maculatis; cauda nigra, fasciis fulvis
+    ornata._
+
+    Above, orange brown; beneath, pale, with transverse black stripes; head
+    (in the male) red; nape and neck, above, golden yellow; lesser wing
+    covers with yellowish spots; tail black, with yellowish bands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Ornithologists have either entirely overlooked this bird, or have slightly
+noticed it as a variety of _Picus icterocephalus_, the golden-headed
+Woodpecker, from which it is nevertheless quite distinct.
+
+Total length near seven inches; bill blackish horn colour, and one inch
+long from the gape; the feathers on the upper part of the head are short
+and pointed; the tips bright red; the base black; on the hind head they are
+longer, and change to a bright golden yellow, which spreads round the nape;
+the ear feathers and front of the head are greyish brown, striped down the
+middle with whitish, and in some there is an appearance of a whitish line
+over the eye, joining the nape. The upper parts of the body and wings are
+of a rich golden brown, with indistinct brighter spots; the lesser wing
+covers have a whitish spot at the top of each, forming two bands; quills on
+the inner shaft black, with white spots. Under plumage grey, tinged on the
+breast with rufous, and banded with brownish black; tail short, black, with
+interrupted transverse bands of obscure olive.
+
+The female has the head blackish, the feathers tipt with dull white; the
+ears darker; the plumage above more olive, the spots brighter, and the
+bands on the body grey, paler, and more indistinct than in the male. The
+feet in both sexes are greenish, and the wings three inches and a half
+long.
+
+It inhabits Brasil, but is not common; I found it both in the Province of
+Bahia, and that of Rio de Janeiro.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 79
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NATICA mustelina,
+
+_Belted Natica_--_upper figures_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 75.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _N. testa subglobosa, mustelina concolore, obsolete rugata, fascia
+    levata basin cingente; spira depressa, apice acuto; umbilico magno,
+    aperto; columellae basi gracili, levata._
+
+    Shell sub-globose, uniform, fulvous-brown, obsoletely wrinkled, base
+    with an elevated belt; spire depressed, the tip acute; umbilicus large,
+    open; pillar termination slender, elevated, and central.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The elevated belt at the base affords an excellent distinction to this
+species. The specimen in my cabinet is the only one I have seen. Locality
+unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NATICA sordida,
+
+_Brown Natica--middle figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _N. testa subglobosa, fused, spira prominente; apertura intus
+    fusco-purpurea; umbilico parvo, labio interiore paululum tecto;
+    columella obsolete terminante._
+
+    Shell sub-globose, brown; spire prominent; aperture within purplish
+    brown; umbilicus small, partially covered by the inner lip; pillar
+    termination obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This Shell is both undescribed and apparently unfigured; the spire is more
+elevated than usual; the umbilicus small; and the termination of the pillar
+not seen: it is not uncommon, and is often much larger than here
+represented, but I am unacquainted with its locality. The little decision
+in the figures given by authors of these shells, renders it hazardous to
+quote them with certainty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NATICA melastoma,
+
+_Black-mouthed Natica--lower figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _N. testa depressa, fusca; spira complanata minima; ore intus
+    atro-purpureo; umbilico magno, clauso labio interiore rufo._
+
+    Shell depressed, brown; spire flattened, very small; mouth within
+    purplish black; umbilicus large, closed up by the inner lip, which is
+    rufous.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In colour this bears a close resemblance to the last, but the shell is
+flattened beneath, and the spire very short and depressed; the umbilicus
+large, but, in general, quite closed up by the thickness of the pillar,
+united to the inner lip. In some specimens a narrow crescent-shaped groove
+is left on the outside margin. Its habitat is unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 80
+
+[Illustration]
+
+HALIOTIS Californiensis,
+
+_Small-holed Californian Ear-shell._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa univalvis, depressissima, lata, auriformis. Discus admodum
+    perforatus. Spira minuta, depressa. Apertura testam magnitudine pene
+    aequans, intus margaritifera._
+
+Typus Genericus _H. Tuberculata_ Linn. &c.
+
+    Shell univalve, greatly depressed, broad, ear-shaped, the disk with
+    many perforations. Spire minute, depressed. Aperture nearly as large as
+    the shell; inside pearly.
+
+Generic Type _H. Tuberculata_ Linn. &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _H. Testa ovali, laevi, obscure thalassina; labio exteriore supra
+    immarginato, interiore lato, complanato, foraminibus numerosis,
+    minutis, orbicularibus, laevibus._
+
+    Shell ovate, smooth, obscure sea green; outer lip above immarginate;
+    inner lip broad, flat; perforations numerous, very small, orbicular and
+    smooth.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Ear-shells are strangely characterized by their peculiarity of form,
+perforated holes, and rich pearly interior. They are found in both
+temperate and tropical seas; but the definitions hitherto given by
+conchologists are so imperfect, that they have left our knowledge of these
+shells nearly the same now, as in the time of Linnaeus. Seventeen species
+only are enumerated in Mr. Dillwyn's work; although thirty-four have fallen
+within my own observation the last few months.
+
+The difference between this and the common black Californian Ear, consists
+in its being a much deeper and smoother shell, always narrowest at the
+base, the outer lip not having (as in that) a prominent curve or gibbosity
+where it joins the spire; but principally in the perforations, which in
+this are always half as large, and doubly numerous; it is also generally a
+much smaller, and less common species: the spire is always deeply tinged
+with pink. The genus _Padollus_, of Montford, resting entirely in the
+unevenness of the outer lip, without any knowledge of the animal, appears
+to me an unnecessary distinction, for such is the character of all young
+shells, and also of mature ones, whose outer surface is rugged or uneven.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 81
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SPHINX Ello.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae prismaticae, in utroque sexu ad medium leviter crassescentes,
+    externe breviter piloso baciliatae, mucrone arcuato, producto, sensim
+    terminantes. Palpi breves, obtusi. Lingua elongata, convoluta,
+    distincta, et in pupa aliquando porrecta. Alae sub-integrae. Abdomen
+    elongatum, conicum, ano acuto, imberbi._
+
+Typus Genericus _Sphinx Convolvuli_ Linn.
+
+    Antennae three sided, in both sexes slightly thickened in the middle,
+    externally ciliated with double tufts of short hairs, and ending in a
+    gradually lengthened arcuated hook. Palpi short, obtuse. Tongue long,
+    convolute, distinct, sometimes porrected in the pupa state. Wings
+    nearly entire. Abdomen lengthened, conic; the tip pointed, and not
+    bearded.
+
+Generic Type _Sphinx Convolvuli_ Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. alis subdentatis, cinereis (in maribus lineis fuscis variatis);
+    posticis rufis, margine nigro; abdomine pallido, cingulis atris
+    circumdato._
+
+    Wings slightly dentated, cinereous (in the male variegated with brown
+    lines); posterior rufous, with a black margin; abdomen pale, with black
+    belts.
+
+    _Gmelin_ 5. 2375. 13. _Fab. Ent. Sys._ 3. 362. _no._ 21. S. Ello.
+    _Drury_, vol. i. p. 59. _pl._ 27. _fig._ 3. (_male._) _Cramer_, _pl._
+    301. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is in all things better to understand few subjects well than many
+imperfectly; knowledge may be extensive, but it cannot be sound, if it is
+at the same time imperfect; and, applying this observation to the present
+article, it becomes as desirable, where necessary, to illustrate an insect
+known to Linnaeus, as to regard only the accession of new species.
+
+The two insects figured were received from Jamaica by my friend Dr. Leach,
+and there can be no doubt they are the sexes of one species. The upper is a
+male, and agrees with Drury's figure and description; the lower insect is a
+female, of which no representation has been published: as for Cramer's
+figure, if intended for the former, it is really so bad that it can hardly
+be quoted as an authority, and it appears to have misled Fabricius, in
+thinking that the female insect had a brown stripe on the anterior wings,
+whereas that character is more applicable to the male.
+
+The insects I propose retaining under this genus are such as have the body
+lengthened, pointed, and not bearded at the tip; the antennae but slightly
+thickened in the middle, and the terminating hook gradual, arched, and not
+very acute: these comprehend the first section of Latreille's genus,
+_Sphinx_, and are by him again divided into two groups, the one having the
+wings entire, the other angulated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 82
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TROCHILUS niger,
+
+_Black Humming Bird._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum elongatum, rectum vel arcuatum, flexile, gracillimum, ad basin
+    depressum, mandibula superiore inferiorem amplectente et tantum non
+    obtegente. Lingua jaculatoria, bifida, tubulata. Nares basales,
+    membrana tectae, apertura in longum fissa. Pedes sedentes, minimi. Alae
+    longissimae, subarcuatae, remigibus prioribus longissimis, caeteris
+    gradatim brevioribus._
+
+Typus Genericus _T. Moschitus_ Linn.
+
+    Bill long, straight or curved, flexible, very slender, the base
+    depressed, the upper mandible folding over, and almost covering the
+    lower. Tongue long, extensible, bifid, and tubular. Nostrils basal,
+    covered by a membrane, and opening by a long slit. Feet sitting, very
+    small. Wings very long, curved, the outer quill longest, the rest
+    gradually becoming shorter.
+
+Generic Type _Ruby-crested Humming Bird_ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. niger; auribus aliquando rufis; tectricibus, cauda uropygioque
+    colore subviridi nitidis; rectricium lateralium nivearum apicibus
+    colore chalybeio tinctis._
+
+    Black; the ears sometimes rufous; wing covers tail and rump glossed
+    with green; lateral tail feathers snowy, tipt with steel blue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Like the resplendent jewels of the earth, the Humming Birds are the living
+gems of the air. United to the most delicate form, these fairies of
+creation have the dazzling effulgence of every tint that sparkles from the
+ruby, the topaz, the sapphire, and the emerald, lavished on their plumage;
+they seem created but for our admiration, to sport in the ardent beams of a
+tropical sun, and to feast on the nectar of the sweetest blossoms; and,
+like sparks of many coloured fire, they shoot from flower to flower,
+exulting in their little life of brightness and pleasure.
+
+To return, however, to that now before us, it should be observed, that it
+is the only species whose plumage does not in any way accord with that of
+the rest of its brethren. No author appears to have described it, although
+I met with it very frequently in Brazil: a specimen in the British Museum
+has the ears reddish brown, but this seldom occurs. The figure is of the
+size of life. All the species are natives of tropical America.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 83
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TROCHILUS falcatus,
+
+_Sickle-winged Humming Bird._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 82.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. viridis, gula pectoreque nitide caeruleis; corpore anoque
+    caeruleo-viridibus; rectricibus paribus, rufo-cinnamominis; remigibus
+    exterioribus falcatis, scapis dilatato compressis._
+
+    Green; throat and breast shining blue; body and vent blue green; tail
+    even, rufous cinnamon; exterior quills falcated, the shafts dilated and
+    compressed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Nothing can exceed the dazzling brilliancy of colours united in this little
+creature. It is, however, more remarkable from the extraordinary
+construction of its wings, the outer quills of which are greatly curved,
+and the shafts dilated to a most disproportionate size; a similar structure
+occurs also in the Broad-shafted H. B. of Dr. Shaw, (_T. latipennis_.) That
+it is intended to fulfil some important office in their economy, will admit
+of no doubt, for in wisdom are all things made; conjecture must, however,
+in numberless instances, supply our want of real knowledge; and it may not
+be improbable that such additional strength in the wings has been given
+them as a defence against the small birds of prey, (_Lanii._ Lin.) which
+abound in tropical countries.
+
+The figure is the size of life; bill curved from the base, with a black
+stripe between that and the eye; plumage above deep shining green, most
+brilliant on the sides of the neck; ear feathers blue green; chin and
+throat of a most brilliant deep violet blue, changing in some lights to
+purple, becoming greenish on the breast, and blended with the green of the
+neck; all these feathers are disposed like scales; vent golden green, with
+two tufts of downy white feathers round the thighs. Tail even, the feathers
+broad and truncately rounded, of a rufous cinnamon colour, tipt with a
+purple black bar; the middle feathers darkest, and glossed with green.
+
+Of this rare and unrecorded species, a fine example existed in Mr.
+Bullock's Museum, which was purchased to enrich that of Paris: another,
+more imperfect, was sent Mr. Falkner from the Spanish Main. The male of _T.
+latipennis_ is undescribed, Dr. Shaw having only seen the female; both
+sexes, however, are in my possession. The plant introduced in the plate
+(_Clitoria Plumieri_) is a native of Brazil.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 84
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ACHATINA emarginata,
+
+_Notched Achatina._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. (div. 2.) testa producta, sub-flava, fasciis viridibus flavisque
+    ornata; apertura ovato-rotundata, alba; labio exteriore medio inciso;
+    basi emarginata._
+
+    Ach. (div. 2.) Shell elongated, cream colour, with green and yellow
+    bands; aperture ovately rounded, white; outer lip notched in the
+    middle; base emarginate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A new and very delicate species, which may have been overlooked as a
+variety of _A. virginea_, from which it differs in the comparative length
+of the basal whorl, which in that is remarkably short, in being a much more
+elongated shell, in the mouth being oval, but above all, in having a
+conspicuous notch in the middle of the outer lip, where the green band
+commences; the aperture (excepting the inner lip) is pure white. It is in
+Mr. Dubois' possession, and its country unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ACHATINA vittata,
+
+_Ribbon Achatina--middle figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _A. (div. 2.) testa ovato-oblonga, crassa, albente, vittis nigris
+    fuscisque angustis ornata; apertura ovata, sub-contracta; columella
+    tantum non recta; basi subtruncata._
+
+    A. (div. 2.) Shell ovate-elongated, thickened, fulvous white, with
+    narrow black and brown bands; aperture oval, slightly contracted;
+    pillar nearly straight; base sub-truncated.
+
+    _Gualtieri_, _tab._ 6. _fig._ A.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Although unnamed, this shell is obviously the same as that figured by
+Gualtieri, who also describes it very tolerably. This figure, however, is
+quoted by Gmelin and others for _A. virginea_; from which shell it is quite
+distinct: it is a thickly formed shell, the base slightly truncated, and
+the aperture very narrow, and reddish brown; the outer lip within is
+thickened. From the same collection as the last.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 85
+
+[Illustration]
+
+IANTHINA fragilis,
+
+_Common Oceanic Snail_--_upper and lower figures_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa subglobosa, tenuis, fragilis. Spira depressa. Labium exterius
+    medio emarginatum. Columella ultra aperturae basin producta. Animal
+    marinum, vesicula solida pede supposita instructum._--Cuvier.
+
+    Shell subglobose, thin, brittle. Spire depressed. Outer lip notched in
+    the middle. Base of the pillar projecting beyond the aperture. Animal
+    marine, with a solid vesicle, placed under the foot.--_Cuvier._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _I. testa pallida, anfractu basali angulato; basi complanata, striata,
+    violacea; apertura latiore quam longiore; labio exteriore profunde
+    emarginato._
+
+    Shell pale; body whirl angulated; the base flattened, striated and deep
+    violet; aperture broader than long; outer lip deeply emarginate.
+
+    Helix Ianthina. _Gm._ 3645. _Lister._ 572. _fig._ 23. 24. _Turton._ C.
+    D. _p._ 58. _Gualt._ _tab._ 64. 0. _Mart._ v. _t._ 166. _fig._ 1577.-8?
+
+    Ianthina fragilis. _Bruguiere. Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 456. _fig._ 1. _a.
+    b._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The singular shells of this genus float on the surface of the ocean, where
+they principally live. Gmelin remarks that the animal emits a phosphoric
+light; and Captain Cook observed that it is oviparous, and discharged, on
+being touched, a liquor of the most beautiful purple. Dr. Turton and Mr.
+Dillwyn have recorded several British localities for this shell; and the
+former notes having seen it alive, but without giving any original account
+of the animal. The extreme brittleness of the shell is such, that, although
+common, it is very rarely seen so perfect as here represented, from shells
+in my own cabinet. All the figures I have seen are very defective.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IANTHINA globosa.
+
+_Globular Oceanic Snail--middle figures._
+
+    _I. testa ventricosa, basi producta; apertura longiore quam latiore;
+    labio exteriore leviter emarginato._
+
+    Shell ventricose, the base lengthened; aperture longer than broad;
+    outer lip slightly emarginate.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The notch, which in _I. fragilis_ extends the whole length of the lip, in
+this, is very slight, and nearly central. Mr. Dubois has enabled me to
+figure it from specimens in the greatest perfection; it is much less common
+than the last.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 86
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Princeps,
+
+_Prince Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. conicus, coronatus, roseus; lineis fusco-purpureis longitudinalibus
+    subramosis; spira convexa._--Lamarck.
+
+    Coronated Cone, rosy, with brownish purple longitudinal lines, which
+    are sometimes branched; spire convex.--_Lamarck._
+
+    Conus Princeps. _Gmelin._ 3378. (omitting var. [beta] and [gamma].)
+    _Turton._ 4. 313. (omitting var. 2. and 3.)
+
+    Conus regius. _Martini_, vol. x. _pl._ 138. _fig._ 1276. _Brug._ _no._
+    12. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 318. _fig._ 3. _Lamarck, Ann. du Mus._ p. 31.
+    _no._ 10.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Cones are remarkable both for their beauty and the very high value
+attached to many of the varieties. They are likewise a very numerous
+family, and, with three or four exceptions, are all inhabitants of tropical
+latitudes, particularly the Indian Ocean. Bruguiere and Lamarck have each
+written very able descriptions of the species, of which the latter
+enumerates 179 recent, and 9 found only in a fossil state.
+
+This is a shell of great rarity and beauty. Dead and injured specimens are
+often seen, in which the deep reddish brown colour is bleached to a pale
+rose, and the base worn round. Of the live shell I have never seen more
+than two or three; and the finest of these is here figured from Mr. Dubois'
+cabinet: it is a native of the Asiatic Ocean.
+
+I see no reason why the original name of Linnaeus for this shell should
+have been changed, although, under it, he has evidently included other
+species quite distinct; (his var. [beta] being _C. ebraeus_): indeed, it
+too often happens, that in making those alterations absolutely necessary in
+the present state of the science, the spirit of innovation oversteps the
+justice due to those, whose labours first laid the foundation of our own
+knowledge.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 87
+
+[Illustration]
+
+SPHINX Labruscae,
+
+_Wild Vine Hawk-moth._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 81.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _S. alis integris; anticis virescentibus, fascia triangulari centrali
+    maculoque fusco ornatis; posticis medio caeruleo-nigris, margine fulvo;
+    abdominis lateribus punctis quinque niveis._
+
+    S. Wings entire; anterior greenish, with a central triangular band and
+    black spot; posterior bluish black in the middle, the margin fulvous;
+    sides of the body with five snowy spots.
+
+    S. Labruscae. _Gmelin_, p. 2380. 14. _Fab. Ent. Sys._ 3. p. 377.
+    _Cramer_, _pl._ 184. _a._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Linnaeus has well observed, that the great distinctions of his three genera
+of Lepidoptera, were, that Butterflies are seen on the wing only during the
+day; Hawk-moths, or Sphinxes, at the rising and setting of the sun; and
+Moths during the night. The insects of Europe, indeed, offer but few
+exceptions to these characters; but the habits of certain exotic tribes, in
+each of these families, partake both of one and the other in a remarkable
+manner. Thus, among the butterflies, there is a genus in South America
+(hitherto unnoticed), which fly only during the dusk of evening: a number
+of the Linnaean Hawk-moths prefer the meridian heat of the sun; and there
+are not wanting several moths which are only seen during the same period of
+the day.
+
+The insect, however, before us, is of that tribe to which the remark of
+Linnaeus is strictly applicable; and, although included in the _Systema
+Naturae_, has remained without any correct representation, for it would be
+difficult to delineate a worse figure of it than that given by Cramer.
+Besides the row of five snowy white spots on each side of the body, there
+are four pair of others, more dusky, down the middle, and five small black
+dots near the outer margin of the fore wings; the colour of all beneath is
+a buff yellow, with two faint dusky oblique bars, and the middle of the
+fore wings sea green.
+
+I have received this species from Jamaica; in its larva state it appears to
+feed on the wild vine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 88
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA caffra,
+
+_Brown white-banded Mitre._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. (div. 1.) fusiformis, rufo-fuscata, albo fasciata, laevis, spira
+    plicato-striata, basi rugosa, columella quadriplicata._--Lamarck.
+
+    Shell fusiform, reddish brown, with whitish bands; smooth; spire
+    plaited and striated; base rugose; pillar 4 plaited.
+
+    Voluta caffra. _Gmelin._ 3451. _Martini_ 4. _tab._ 148. _f._ 1370.?
+    _Dill._ _p._ 545.
+
+    Mitra caffra. _Lamarck. Ann. du Mus._ vol. vii. p. 208. _no._ 30.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is not improbable that _Mitra bifasciata_, (_Zool. Ill._ _pl._ 35.) may
+eventually be considered only a variety of the shell here figured, which
+accords much closer with the characters given of the Linnaean _M. caffra_,
+than any other; the two shells, however, at the first glance, have a widely
+different appearance; yet not more so, than the smooth and plaited
+varieties of _Strombus vittatus Lin._ I have therefore retained the
+character given by Lamarck, as the best method to be followed in doubtful
+cases. In this shell, the plaits commence halfway round the body whirl;
+they are obtuse, crowded, and not angulated near the suture; the striae
+between are fine and decidedly marked; the base half of the shell strongly
+grooved; the suture rather compressed; the channel short and not recurved,
+and the aperture striated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MITRA crassa
+
+_Thick Mitre--upper and lower figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _M. (div. 3.) testa laevi, media crassa, fusca, fascia angusta sub-alba
+    ornata; spira striata, striis intus punctatis; labio exteriore dentato;
+    columella 5 plicata._
+
+    Shell smooth, thick in the middle, brown, with a narrow whitish band;
+    spire striated, the striae with internal punctures: outer lip crenated;
+    pillar 5 plaited.
+
+A species evidently unknown to Lamarck; the upper margin of each whorl is
+thick and projecting; the striae on the body whorl are nearly obsolete, but
+on the spire become deep, remote, and having internally minute hollow dots;
+the inner margin of the exterior lip is strongly crenated, the aperture
+smooth, and the pillar with five strong teeth. I believe it was brought
+from the South Seas.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 89
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PSITTACUS murinus,
+
+_Grey-breasted Parakeet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. viridis, genis, auribus, gulaque cinereis; vertice, remigibus
+    rectriciumque marginibus sub-caeruleis._
+
+    Green; sides of the head, ears, and throat, grey; crown, quills, and
+    end of the tail, bluish.
+
+    P. murinus. _Gmelin._ 1. 327. _no._ 80. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 1. p. 101.
+
+    Grey-breasted Parrakeet. _Lath. Syn._ vol. 1. 247. _Gen. Zool._ vol.
+    viii. p. 456.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Those of our readers who visited Leamington during the last season, may
+have observed this noisy little creature uttering its discordant cries at
+the door of a small house near the pump-room. I borrowed it for a day from
+the good woman to whom it belonged, and thus made the drawing and
+description with the bird before me.
+
+Dr. Latham observes on this species, that excepting where the grey colour
+pervades, "the rest of the body is olive green, excepting the quills, which
+are deep green;"--this may be the female. He adds a quotation from
+Pernetty, who describes a bird from Monte Video, something near this; but
+which, from having a very long tail, a flesh-coloured bill, &c. may
+probably be distinct.
+
+The live bird could not be conveniently measured, but it is rather larger
+than the red-shouldered Parrakeet, (figured at pl. 62.) The skin round the
+eye white, and the irides hazel; the whole upper part of the plumage is a
+beautiful grass green, changing according to the light into different
+shades; the top of the head, the quill feathers, and end of the tail,
+greenish blue, in some lights appearing quite blue; the sides of the head,
+ears, and throat, as far as the breast, bluish grey; all the remaining
+under plumage yellowish green, with a shade of orange in the middle of the
+body and vent; bill and legs dark grey; this latter colour is so unusual in
+this tribe, that I at first thought it indicated an imperfect plumage, but
+I have now seen it at two different seasons of the year without any
+variation whatever. It is probably a South American species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 90
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PTEROGLOSSUS inscriptus,
+
+_Lettered Aracari._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 44.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. fusco-viridis, capite gulaque nigris (feminae castaneis;) uropygio
+    rubro; abdomine flavo; rostri fulvi culmine, basi et apice nigris;
+    marginibus dentatis, lineis nigris inscriptis._
+
+    Obscure green; head and throat black, (in the female chesnut;) rump
+    crimson; body yellow; bill fulvous, the top, base, and tip, black; the
+    margins dentated, and marked with black lines resembling characters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I was put in possession of this rare and unknown bird, by the dispersion of
+the most magnificent assemblage of natural productions that ever marked the
+zeal of an individual, or ornamented the capital of this kingdom. Mr.
+Bullock's Museum is now scattered; yet the objects it comprised were deemed
+worthy of enriching the public repositories of every nation in Europe; who
+sent their learned men to purchase with avidity, and share in the spoils of
+a Museum, the dispersion of which will be long regretted by the learned,
+the inquiring, and "the many."
+
+Total length, twelve inches and a half; bill, from the angle of the mouth
+to the tip, two inches three tenths long, and eight tenths across the base;
+the colour (which appears little changed from that in the live state) is
+deep straw, or buff yellow; the top of the upper mandible and tips of both
+are black; parallel with the marginal base of the upper, is a black line,
+which is very broad on that of the lower; the edges of both are serrated,
+and marked by short black lines, somewhat resembling oriental characters;
+at the base of the bill there is an elevated rim of deeper yellow; the
+ears, chin, and throat are deep chesnut, margined in front with a narrow
+line of black, (which parts in the male are entirely black;) the crown of
+the head and neck above also black, changing to a dark bluish green on the
+wings, back, and tail; the rump crimson, and the greater quills blackish;
+from the breast to the vent straw-coloured yellow, with a greenish cast;
+the thighs and flanks olive; tail wedged, near five inches long; the orbits
+appear to have been black, and the feet green.
+
+Mr. Bullock informed me he had the two sexes of this bird sent him from the
+interior of Guyana.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 91
+
+[Illustration]
+
+LICINIA Amphione.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 15.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _L. alis integris, supra nigris; anticarum basi maculo aurantiaco,
+    triradiato, medio fascia flava, apice maculo flavo ornatis; posticis
+    striga aurantiaca, margine ferrugineo; antennarum clavis albis_.
+
+    Wings entire, above black; anterior with a three rayed orange spot at
+    the base, and a central bend and terminal spot of yellow; posterior
+    with an orange stripe and brownish margin; club of the antennae white.
+
+    Papilio Amphione. _Cramer_, _pl._ 232. _f._ EF.
+
+    Pieris Amphione. _Godart in Ency. Meth._ vol. 9. p. 165. (Female.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is the only species among those I have united under the genus
+_Licinia_, which has any shade of red mixed in the colouring, all the
+others being variegated only with white, yellow, and black. It is a native
+of Brazil, and according to Godart of Guyana and the Antilles: though not
+common, it is sometimes frequent in local situations, preferring the
+borders of deep forests, and flying very slowly. I had the means of fully
+ascertaining the two sexes, of which the two upper figures are of the male,
+and the lower one the female. There can be no doubt the latter is the
+_Pieris Amphione_, so admirably described by M. Godart, who, however, makes
+no mention of the black marginal spots on the under side of the posterior
+wings, represented in Cramer's figure, which may therefore be a variety.
+More difficulty, however, exists in ascertaining if the male is distinct
+from _P. Laia_, of Godart: the figures of Cramer, in general, are so
+inaccurate, as always to excite a doubt in cases of nice discrimination;
+Godart's description, nevertheless, perfectly agrees with Cramer's figure:
+if it was, therefore, drawn up from the insect itself, there can be little
+doubt that _Laia_ is distinct from _Amphione_; if, on the other hand, M.
+Godart made his description only from Cramer's figure, the question remains
+in its original uncertainty.
+
+The club of the antennae is white, tipt with pale brown. The under side of
+the female very closely resembles the upper, excepting that the black
+stripe on the lower wings is broken; and there are irregular blotches of
+white at the tips of both wings, but no marginal spots, as represented by
+Cramer.
+
+It will be found that _Licinia_ is the connecting genus between those of
+_Danais_ and _Pieris_, of Latreille, and that the transition between the
+last of these and _Colias_ is strongly marked by that of Terias, (_Zool.
+Ill. pl._ 22).
+
+What with the inaccuracy of figures, and the almost universal neglect with
+which the most eminent entomologists have passed over this beautiful order,
+the natural arrangement and affinities of the _Lepidoptera_ still remain in
+the greatest obscurity; and it is recommended to those who may object to
+the additional generic distinctions I have made, to examine, in the first
+instance, the relative validity they bear in essential character to the
+innumerable genera that are continually created in the _Coleoptera_,
+_Hymenoptera_, and _Diptera_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 92
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO,
+
+_Butterfly_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Antennae graciles, clavis elongatis, obtusis, sub-arcuatis, raro
+    compressis. Palpi brevissimi, reflexi, remoti, linguae basin vix
+    obtegentes, articulo ultimo obtuso, minimo. Pedes antici longi,
+    articulo secundo infra gibbo._
+
+SECTIONES.
+
+I. Graeci.
+
+    _Pectore maculis sanguineis carente._
+
+        _a._ Ecaudati, _alis inferioribus elongatis, basi angusta_.
+
+        _b._ Percaudati, _alis fasciis fulvis vel viridibus ornatis,
+        inferioribus caudis, elongatis, angustis, instructis_.
+
+        _c._ Caudati, _alis inferioribus caudis obtusis, patulis,
+        instructis_.
+
+            * _Alis fulvo fasciatis._
+
+            ** _Alis nigricantibus._
+
+        d. Dentati, _alis inferioribus dentatis_.
+
+        _e._ Orbiculares, _alis inferioribus brevibus, orbicularibus_.
+
+II. Trojani.
+
+    _Pectore maculis sanguineis insigni._
+
+        _a._ Ecaudati, _alis inferioribus elongatis, basi lata_.
+
+        _b._ Caudati, _alis inferioribus caudis obtusis, patulis,
+        instructis_.
+
+        _c._ Dentati, _alis inferioribus dentatis_.
+
+        d. Orbiculares, _alis inferioribus brevibus, orbicularibus_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Antennae slender, the club elongated, obtuse, slightly arched, and
+    rarely compressed. Feelers very short, reflected, remote, hardly
+    covering the base of the tongue, the last joint obtuse and minute;
+    anterior feet long, with a gibbous appendage on the under part of the
+    second joint.
+
+SECTIONS.
+
+I. _Greeks._
+
+    Breast without sanguineous spots.
+
+        _a._ Tailless; lower wings elongated, and narrow at the base.
+
+            _P. Sarpedon. Nereus_ C. _Macleayanus_ G.
+
+        _b._ Long tailed; wings generally banded with yellow or green.
+
+            _P. Codrus. Sinon. Antheus. Podalirius. Machaon, &c._
+
+        _c._ Tailed; lower wings with obtuse patulous tails.
+
+            * Wings varied with yellow bands.
+
+            _P. Torquatus. Thoas._ C. _Ilioneus_ (Donovan) _&c._
+
+            ** Wings generally dark, without bands.
+
+            _P. Troilus. Paris. Severus. Pammon, &c._
+
+        d. Dentated; lower wings dentated, without tails.
+
+            _P. Aegeus et Erechtheus._ Don. _Amphitryon. Drusius. Demolius_
+            C.
+
+        _e._ Orbicular; lower wings short, orbicular.
+
+            _P. dissimilis. Similis_ C. _Assimilis_ (Drury). _Polydamas?_
+            Lin.
+
+II. _Trojans._
+
+    Breast with sanguineous spots.
+
+        _a._ Tailless; lower wings elongated and broad at the base.
+
+            _P. Memnon. Polymnestor. Agenor. Hector._ C.
+
+        _b._ Tailed; lower wings with obtuse patulous tails.
+
+            _P. Polydorus. Romulus. Coon, &c._
+
+        _c._ Dentated; lower wings dentated.
+
+            _P. Evander._ (Godart.) _Amosus?_ C.
+
+        d. Orbicular; lower wings short, orbicular.
+
+            _P. Priamus. Panthous. Amphrisius, Harmonia et Cressida_
+            (Donovan.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From the earliest ages, the Butterfly appears to have attracted the
+admiration of mankind; and we find it celebrated by their poets as
+figurative of gaiety and pleasure, and by their sages as an emblem of the
+human soul. It has been interwoven in one of their most beautiful
+allegories, and has been consecrated in our own days by several poets,
+though by none with such exquisite taste and moral feeling, as by the
+venerable Historian of the Medici.
+
+So few of those insects, generally called Butterflies, were known to
+Linnaeus, that he included them all in one genus, dividing them, for the
+most part, into natural groups. Fabricius continued this arrangement, with
+little variation, and has left us the description of near 1,150 species!
+Yet before his death, this laborious naturalist saw the absolute necessity
+of dividing this immense genus into many others, and left among his MSS. a
+sketch of his proposed arrangement, published afterwards by Illiger, and
+partially adopted (we venture to think also very imperfectly) by M.
+Latreille.
+
+The insects which are therefore now left under the old genus _Papilio_, are
+principally found out of Europe, and are remarkable for their richness of
+colouring and immense size. M. M. Latreille and Godart have described, with
+great precision, 146 species: it is, however, to be regretted, that they
+have adopted no sections or divisions to assist the student in his search
+after any particular species, among this extensive number. The great
+disadvantage of this is very obvious, and it has induced me to attempt
+something like a natural distribution of those insects, which, with every
+care to avoid an unnatural separation of kindred groups, I am fully aware,
+in some cases, is very artificial, and it is only offered until a greater
+knowledge of the larvae, &c. will enable us to fix on more substantial
+characters than those I have adopted. This, however, will be a work of
+time; and until then, I think some guide to the ready knowledge of the
+species, however objectionable, is better than none.
+
+Much might be said on the affinities which connect this with several other
+genera. Among the most striking is that existing between them and the
+_Noctuae_ (_N. Patroclus_ Fab.) by means of _Pap. Leilus_ Lin. which thus
+stands between the night and the day-flying Lepidoptera. Many of the
+insects placed in our division of _Graeci caudati_, are allied to _Danaus_
+Lat. by the larva of both having retractile hornshaped processes, and the
+two genera seem still further connected by _Papilio similis_ and
+_dissimilis_ in one group, and by _P. Priamus_ in the other; while the
+clear winged species from New Holland seem to indicate an affinity with the
+_Heliconiae_.
+
+The laborious and important investigations of M. Savigny into the structure
+of the mouth of these insects are too well known, to require a more
+particular notice in this slight sketch of the subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PAPILIO Polymetus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (Trojani orbiculares) alis atris; superis fascia breviori (foeminae
+    alba) antice alba, postice cyanea, inferis dentatis, macula coccinea
+    quadripartita._
+
+    Papilio (T. orb.) wings black, superior, with a short white band, which
+    is blue at the base (in the female entirely white); inferior dentated,
+    with a four cleft crimson spot.
+
+    Papilio Polymetus. _Godart in Ency. Meth._ vol. ix. p. 35. _no._ 28.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+First described by M. Godart; unless, indeed, it may hereafter prove a
+variety of _P. Lycander_ (Cramer, Pl. 29. C. D.) which approaches as near
+to the male, as _P. Hippason_ does to the female. The first sex is here
+represented at the upper and under figures; the middle is of the female,
+which M. Godart has not described. It is a native of Brazil; I found it at
+Bahia only in certain woods, and subsequently met with a variety in the
+province of Rio Janeiro, differing only in being much larger.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 93
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Pandrosus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (G. Caud.) alis atris, fascia communi posticarumque lunulis
+    marginalibus flavis; his caudatis, punctorum rubrorum striga
+    intermedia._ G.
+
+    _Pap. (G. Caud.)_ wings black; with the common band and marginal
+    lunules on the lower wings, yellow; lower wings with obtuse tails, and
+    a row of red dots between the nerves.--_Godart._
+
+    Pap. Pandrosus. _Godart. En. Meth._ _vol._ ix. _p._ 62. _No._ 101.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+M. Godart has anticipated me in the first publication of this, and a great
+many other newly discovered Brazilian insects; it has, however, not been
+figured; and I take this opportunity of expressing my doubts, whether this
+and the next are not sexes of the same species, rather than two,
+permanently distinct. I have not, at this particular time, the means of
+referring either to my notes or my collections, by which the recollection I
+have on the subject might be in some way confirmed; and, until this is
+done, it is much better retaining the two insects as distinct species: the
+figures of both will show their very close resemblance, in every thing but
+the bands on the upper surface of the wings. I found them common in the
+province of Rio de Janeiro.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 94
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Torquatus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (G. Caud.) alis atris; anticis fasciis duabus, posticis disco
+    lunulisque marginalibus, flavis: his caudatis, punctorum rubrorum
+    striga intermedia._--Godart.
+
+    _P. (G. Caud.)_ Wings black; two bands on the anterior wings, and
+    marginal lunules on the posterior, yellow; lower wings with obtuse
+    tails, and a row of red dots between the nerves.
+
+    P. Torquatus. _Cramer_, _pl._ 177. _fig. a. b._ _Godart. En. Meth._ v.
+    9. _p._ 62.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is singular that Fabricius appears to have overlooked this species,
+sufficiently well figured by Cramer to point out its leading characters,
+though very inferior to the beauty of the insect. M. Godart has, however,
+recorded it in his account of this superb genus in the _Encyclopedie
+Methodique_; and the minute and clear descriptions which this able
+entomologist has given throughout that work, merit the highest eulogium.
+Our own figures will, however, render a detailed description in this place
+unnecessary.
+
+M. Godart says, this insect is found both in Guiana and Brazil. In the
+latter country, I met with it only in the province of Rio de Janeiro, where
+it is common.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 95
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CINNYRIS chalybeia,
+
+_Lesser collared Creeper._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum elongatum, gracillimum, arcuatum, apice acutissimo,
+    integerrimo, ad basin depressum, lateribus compressis, marginibus
+    inflexis, subtilissime dentatis; mandibula inferiore convexa. Lingua
+    jaculatoria, tubularis, furcata? Nares basales, breves, nudae, ovatae,
+    membrana fissa, juxta rostri marginem et basin aperiente, tectae.
+    Remigum penna prima brevissima, secunda pennis 4 proximis paribus
+    brevior._
+
+    Ob.--_Maris cauda pennis elongatis 2 ornata, hypochondriorumque pennae
+    longiores._
+
+Typ. Gen. _Upupa Promerops_ Lin.--_Certhia famosa_ Lin.
+
+    Bill lengthened, very slender, arched, the base depressed, the sides
+    compressed, the tip very sharp and entire, the margins bent inwards and
+    minutely dentated; under mandible beneath convex. Tongue retractile,
+    tubular, forked? Nostrils basal, short, and broad, covered by a naked
+    oval membrane which opens by a slit near the margin of the bill. First
+    quill feather very short; the second shorter than the four next, which
+    are of equal length.
+
+    _Ob._--Male generally with long feathers in the tail, and the side
+    feathers under the wings rather lengthened.
+
+Generic Types. _Cape Promerops, and Shining Creeper._ Lath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. aureo-viridis, alis caudaque fuscis; fasciis pectoralibus 2
+    connexis, antica chalybeia, postica angusta, rubra; caudae tegminibus
+    superioribus chalybeis._
+
+    Golden green, with brown wings and tail, and narrow pectoral band,
+    bordered above by another of steel blue; upper tail covers blue.
+
+    Certhia chalybeia. _Lin. Gmelin._ 475. _Ind. Orn._ 1. 284. _Brisson._ 3
+    _tab._ 32. _f._ 1.?
+
+    Le Soui-manga a collier. _Vieill. Grimp._ _p._ 40. _pl._ 13. 14.
+
+    Collared Creeper. _Latham_, _Syn._ 2. 709. _Gent. Zool._ 8. 196.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This splendid family may be considered as the Humming-birds of the old
+world, inhabiting (I think exclusively) the tropical regions of Africa and
+Asia. To the personal observations of M. Vaillant we owe the first, and
+indeed the only detailed account, of their real economy, and which this
+enterprising ornithologist remarked during his travels in Africa, and
+published in his work on the birds of that continent; a work which will be
+valued and consulted when most of the systems framed by closet naturalists
+will be forgotten.
+
+M. Vaillant records a singular fact respecting these birds: which is, that
+the males only assume their rich and vivid colours during the season of
+courtship; at other times they are scarcely to be known from the females,
+whose plumage in general is very plain. Another bird, very nearly
+resembling this, has been figured by M. Vaillant under the name of _Le
+Sucrier a Plastron rouge_ (Ois. d'Af. pl. 300.); his reasons, however, for
+separating them, are, I think, sufficient, at least until more forcible
+ones are adduced than mere conjecture. Our figure is the size of life; on
+each side the breast is a tuft of yellow feathers; the back, neck, and head
+shining golden green, changing in various lights. The female is said to be
+the _Certhia Capensis_ of Lin., which is greyish brown above, and paler
+beneath.
+
+The different generic names which have been given to these birds by modern
+systematic writers, require some elucidation. They were originally placed
+by Linnaeus among the _Certhiae_; out of this genus Illiger formed another
+by the name of _Nectarinia_, in which he included not only these birds, but
+many others allied to them. From this genus of Illiger's, Cuvier separated
+a part under the generic appellation of _Cinnyris_, a genus which comprised
+those species of Illiger's _Nectarinia_ only which are found in the
+parallels of latitude of the old world. So far these changes can be
+understood; but Professor Temminck, without noticing this previous
+arrangement, places the birds belonging to Cuvier's genus _Cinnyris_, under
+his own modification of Illiger's _Nectarinia_, while to the _Nectariniae_,
+as characterized by Cuvier, he gives the generic name of _Coereba_. This
+last change has introduced great confusion; for the student must bear in
+mind, that Cuvier's genus _Nectarinia_ corresponds to Temminck's _Coereba_;
+that _Cinnyris_ of Cuvier is _Nectarinia_ of Temminck; and finally, that
+all these are included under Illiger's original genus _Nectarinia_! M.
+Vieillot has still further added to this unfortunate multiplicity of names,
+by giving that of _Mellisuga_ to Cuvier's _Cinnyris_. This may truly be
+termed a war of words. In the meantime, as Cuvier was the first who, by
+giving the name of _Cinnyris_, designated the _Sucriers_ of Vaillant, and
+those _only_, his definition and generic name to these birds should
+unquestionably supersede all others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 96
+
+[Illustration]
+
+ANODON rugosus,
+
+_Wrinkled Horse Mussel._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa transversa, plerumque tenuis. Cardo linearis, edentulus. Lamina
+    cardinalis glabra, aliquando levata, antice sinu sub ligamento
+    desinens. Impressiones musculares 3. Ligamentum externum. Animal
+    fluviatile._
+
+Typus Genericus _Mytilus Anatinus_ Lin.
+
+    Shell transverse, generally thin. Hinge consisting of a simple marginal
+    lamina without teeth, smooth or slightly raised, terminating at the
+    anterior end in a curve or sinus below the ligament. Muscular
+    impressions three. Ligament external. Animal fluviatile.
+
+Generic Type _Duck Mussel_ Pennant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa ovato-oblonga, crassa, convexa, antice oblique rotundata;
+    intus fulva, margine rufo; margine cardinali leviter curvato, infra
+    umbones crasso._
+
+    Shell ovate-oblong, thick, convex, anterior obliquely rounded; hinge
+    margin slightly curved and thickened beneath the umbones; inside
+    fulvous, with a reddish margin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The shells now arranged under the kindred genera of _Unio_ and _Anodon_ are
+exclusively fluviatile, or inhabitants of fresh water, and are dispersed
+both in the old and the new world. In the Linnaean system, the first, being
+furnished with teeth, are placed among the _Myae_; and the latter, from
+having none, are arranged with the _Mytili_. Two common shells, in our own
+rivers and ponds (_Mya pictorum_, and _Mytilus anatinus Lin._), will
+readily present to the student the characters by which they are severally
+distinguished. The shells of the present genus bear such a general
+resemblance to each other, and are so simple in their construction, that a
+corresponding minuteness of discrimination is requisite to characterize the
+species; I have, therefore, selected for this purpose the modification of
+the upper margin to which the ligament is attached, and which in other
+shells forms the bases of the teeth. This I have termed the hinge margin.
+The form of the notch or sinus which terminates this part will also be
+found of much importance in discriminating the species; for no shells vary
+more in their form, thickness, or convexity than these do, according to
+their locality, age, or other circumstances.
+
+Shell transverse, oval; rather thick and ventricose; both extremities
+obtuse; the anterior side (from the umbones to the exterior margin)
+obliquely rounded; umbones prominent; hinge margin rather thick, slightly
+curved, and swelled immediately under the umbones; sinus short, abrupt,
+curved; epidermis coarse, black, and much wrinkled; inside stained with
+yellow, and having a narrow reddish rim or margin.
+
+For this species, now, I believe, first made known, I am indebted to G. C.
+Bainbridge, Esq. of Liverpool, who received several specimens from the
+United States. It appears to have been unknown to Mr. Say, who has
+published an account of the land and river shells of North America.
+
+The student might be led to suppose, that the two genera of _Unio_ and
+_Anodon_ are strongly characterized; for the first includes many of the
+most ponderous bivalves yet discovered, and the second some remarkably thin
+and brittle. Among the _Uniones_ are shells furnished with hinges of the
+greatest force, while most of the _Anodons_ are perfectly destitute of any;
+nevertheless, the gradations by which these characters approach each other
+are very remarkable, and some shells which partake of both have been
+arranged in separate genera. Of these, the best defined are _Hyria_ Lam.
+and _Dipsas_ of Leach; the one allied nearest to _Unio_, but having the
+cardinal teeth assuming the appearance of lateral or lamellar teeth; the
+other more resembling the Anodons, but furnished with a strongly defined
+and elevated lamellar tooth, extending the whole length of the hinge.
+Between these two genera should be placed another of Lamarck's, called by
+him _Iridinia_, which has likewise only a simple lamellar plate, but broken
+into a great number of crenated teeth. The observing Mr. Say has likewise
+proposed another under the name of _Alasmodonta_, which, however, I shall
+take another opportunity of noticing.
+
+I have ventured to exchange the ungrammatical name of _Anodonta_, given by
+Bruguiere to this genus, for _Anodon_, at the suggestion of the learned Dr.
+Goodall, Provost of Eton College.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 97
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MARGINELLA,
+
+_Date Shell._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovata. Spira brevissima aut nulla. Labium exterius crassissimum,
+    margine interiore crenato. Columella plicata. Basis subintegra. Animal
+    capitatum, capitis fronte profunde emarginato; oculis ad tentaculorum 2
+    subulatorum basin externam adsitis; tuba jugulari simplici; pede magno,
+    foliaceo, pone attenuato; penula dilatata, testae latera obtegente._
+
+Typ. Gen. _Volutae perspicula, glabella, prunum, &c._ Lin.
+
+    Shell oval. Spire very short or concealed. Exterior lip very thick,
+    with the internal margin crenated. Pillar plaited. Base nearly entire.
+    Animal capitate; head notched in front, with lengthened, pointed
+    tentacula, at the external base of which are the eyes; neck with a
+    simple tube; foot large, foliaceous, pointed behind; mantle dilated,
+    and folded over the sides of the shell.
+
+Generic Types _Vol. perspicula, glabella, prunum, &c._ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lamarck first separated the shells comprised in this genus from the Volutes
+of Linnaeus; their principal distinction rests in the formation of the
+outer lip, which has a very thick margin, more or less toothed on the inner
+rim; the base likewise is nearly entire, and the inner lip quite wanting.
+
+By these peculiarities, the _Date Shells_ are easily known from the
+_Volutes_ on the one hand, and the _Cowries_ on the other; and the
+invaluable researches of M. Adanson, who has described and figured the
+animals of each of these genera, has established this distinction on the
+most solid principles; it will, however, be interesting to trace, by the
+shells only, how beautifully this arrangement is developed.
+
+The _Marginellae_ may be divided into two sections; the first bearing in
+form and habit a strong resemblance to the _Cypraeae_, and the second
+gradually losing these indications, and acquiring those of the spiral
+_Volutae_. Among the first are several species, which, like the Cowries,
+appear destitute of any spire (as in _M. cingulata_); this part, however,
+begins to show itself in other successive species very progressively, until
+it becomes elevated and defined in _M. glabella_. This shell may be
+considered the passage to the second division, in which the species lose
+the simple oval form of the first, and acquire a contracted base and
+pointed spire, perfectly resembling _Voluta undulata Lam._ and its allies.
+The extreme developement of these characters is shown in _M. faba_.
+
+This genus must, then, be considered as connecting those of _Cypraea_ and
+_Voluta_ (Lam.); excepting one, the whole of the species are very small;
+and as the three here selected to illustrate these remarks are frequently
+seen, and have been often described under other names, little more is
+necessary than to detail their specific characters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MARGINELLA cingulata,
+
+_Banded Date Shell--upper figures._
+
+    _M. testa ovata, albida, lineis aurantiacis fasciata; spira obsoleta,
+    umbilicata; columella 6 plicata._
+
+    Shell oval, whitish, banded with orange lines; spire obsolete,
+    umbilicated; pillar 6 plaited.
+
+    Voluta cingulata. _Dill._ 525. 56. _Lister._ 803. _f._ 9. _Martini_, 2.
+    _t._ 42. _f._ 419 _and_ 20. _Gualt._ _t._ 25. _c._? 28. _b._ _Adanson_,
+    _t._ 4. _f._ 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I am happy to record Mr. Dillwyn as the first systematic writer who
+separated this from _Mar. persicula_, which has reddish spots, and is quite
+a distinct species. The present is a pretty, though common shell, and
+observed by Adanson in great plenty on the African coast.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MARGINELLA prunum,
+
+_Grey Date Shell--middle figures._
+
+    _M. testa ovata, grisea, immaculata; spira parva, conica; apertura
+    fusca; columella 4 plicata._
+
+    Shell oval, grey, immaculate; spire small, conic; aperture brown;
+    pillar 4 plaited.
+
+    Voluta plumbea. _Sol. MSS. L'Egouen. Adanson_, _tab._ 4. _f._ 3.
+
+    V. prunum. _Gm._ _p._ 3446. 33. _Martini_, 2. _t._ 42. _f._ 422 _and_
+    3. _En. Meth._ 376. 8. _Lister_, 817. 28. (young.) _Dill._ 530. 69.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The plaits are very strong, and, together with the outer lip, white;
+equally common, and from the same country, as the last.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MARGINELLA faba,
+
+_Fly-spot Date Shell--lower figures._
+
+    _M. testa ovata, plicata, fulva, punctis fuscis ornata; spira conica;
+    basi emarginata; columella 4 plicata._
+
+    Shell oval, plaited, fulvous, with brown dots; spire conic; base
+    notched; pillar 4 plaited.
+
+    V. faba. _Gm._ 3445. _Lister_, 812. 22. _Martini_, 2. _t._ 42. _f._
+    431? 432, _and_ 3. _En. Meth._ 377. 1. _Gualt._ 28. _Q. Dill._ 528. 63.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The whorls of this pretty shell are plaited into little nodules; it is
+usually very small. The supposed variety figured by Martini, and mentioned
+by Mr. Dillwyn, I am inclined to believe, may be a distinct species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 98
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PALUDINA,
+
+_River Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa ovata, spiralis, tenuis, umbilicata. Apertura semi-orbicularis,
+    ad labii anterioris apicem subangulata. Operculum corneum._
+
+    _Animal fluviatile, branchiatum, viviparum, rostro brevissimo; oculis
+    ad basin externam tentaculorum acutorum 2 appositis; pedis margine
+    antico duplici; lateribus antice alis parvis instructis; ala dextera
+    involuta in canalem per quem aqua in tracheam introducitur._
+
+Typus Genericus _Helix vivipara_, Lin.
+
+    Shell ovate, spiral, thin, umbilicated. Aperture nearly orbicular,
+    slightly angulated at the top of the inner lip. Operculum horny.
+
+    Animal fluviatile, branchiated, viviparous; rostrum very short; eyes
+    placed at the external base of two pointed tentacula; anterior border
+    of the foot double; on each side the fore part of the body a small
+    wing; that on the right side is folded into a channel, by which the
+    water is introduced into the respiratory canal.
+
+Generic Type _Viviparous Snail_ Pennant.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The common Shell above quoted, inhabiting many of our rivers, will serve as
+an excellent example of this genus, which is not numerous, and confined to
+fresh waters; the animals, inhabiting the European species, appear to have
+been thoroughly investigated by the continental naturalists; and from their
+account of its singular construction, the above description has been
+framed. Science should make no distinction of persons or countries; but it
+is rather mortifying to observe, that these important discoveries in the
+organization of animals, are pursued with zeal and ability by foreign
+naturalists, while most of our own content themselves with expatiating on
+its impossibility, and even go so far as to hint its uselessness, because
+we can never become acquainted with the animals of _all_ the species of
+shells in our cabinets: so far this latter part of the argument is most
+true; but, to ascertain, for instance, the animal of the Cowry, it is
+surely not requisite we should see those of _all_ the species (near 80 in
+number), before we venture to describe it? any more than it is necessary
+completely to dissect _every_ species of Locust before we pronounce it to
+be one. Science would, indeed, receive incalculable and lasting benefit, if
+those of our conchologists who reside near the coast would pay greater
+attention to the inhabiting animals, and less to the shells, of their
+neighbourhood; for the first would supply that information they acknowledge
+is so desirable, and the latter would prevent our indigenous Catalogue from
+being crowded with many dubious, and even foreign shells.
+
+English conchologists appear not to be aware of the vast number of
+testaceous animals which are now known. Among those truly eminent men who
+have prosecuted this study, M. Adanson stands foremost, in having minutely
+described all those he found on the African coast; in the magnificent work
+of Poli nearly all the Mediterranean bivalves are exquisitely figured; and
+those of the land and fresh water will receive complete illustration from
+M. Ferrusac. Cuvier, Lamarck, Say, and even our own countrymen, Dr. Leach
+and Montague, have all contributed, more or less, to form a mass of
+information which it is full time should be employed as the basis of
+natural classification.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PALUDINA elongata,
+
+_Long-spired River Snail--upper and lower figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _P. testa olivaceo-fusca, fasciis castaneis ornata; spira producta,
+    attenuata, apertura multo longiore; apice acuto._
+
+    Shell olive brown, with chesnut bands; spire lengthened, attenuated,
+    much longer than the aperture; tip acute.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Inhabits the rivers of India. It is rather thicker than most of the others,
+and the umbilicus nearly obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PALUDINA unicolor,
+
+_Olive River Snail--side figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _P. testa subventricosa, tota olivacea; apice acuto; spirae et
+    aperturae longitudine aequali; umbilico clauso._
+
+    Shell subventricose; uniform olive; apex of the spire acute; aperture
+    and spire of equal length; umbilicus closed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Distinguished from the _Helix vivipara_ of authors, by having a less
+convex, and more pointed spire, hardly any umbilicus, and no bands.
+Inhabits China.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PALUDINA carinata,
+
+_Carinated River Snail--middle figures._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _P. testa parva, olivacea; spira apertura longiore, apice obtuso, rufo;
+    anfractu basali medio leviter carinato; umbilico obsoleto._
+
+    Shell small, olive; spire longer than the aperture; the tip obtuse,
+    rufous; basal whorl slightly carinated in the middle; umbilicus
+    obsolete.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A distinct species, which is never found larger than the figure. I once saw
+near 100, which had been picked up on the banks of the Ganges; the spire is
+rather lengthened, always obtuse, and the umbilicus even less than the
+last.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 99
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TAMATIA macrorhynchos.
+
+_Greater pied Puff-bird._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Tamatia. _Cuvier._--Capito. _Viell. Tem._
+
+    _Rostrum validum, compressum, sub-rectum; mandibula superiore ad apicem
+    obtuse adunca, emarginata, superioris margine inferioris marginem
+    obtegente. Nares basales sulcatae, apertura terminali, rotunda parva,
+    plumis rigidis incumbentibus tecta. Frons, rictus, et mentum vibrissis
+    rigidis, elongatis, armati. Pedes scansorii, versatiles; digiti
+    exterioris elongati articulo primo cum digito exteriore connexo.
+    Rectrices 12, lineares, subrotundatae._
+
+Typus Genericus _Bucco tamatia_ Linn. Lath.
+
+    Bill strong, compressed, nearly straight; the tip of the upper mandible
+    curved, notched, and obtuse; the margin folding on that of the lower
+    mandible. Nostrils basal, sulcated; the aperture terminal, round,
+    small, hid by bristly incumbent feathers. Chin, front, and gape, with
+    strong lengthened bristles. Feet scansorial, versatile; the outer toe
+    long, and connected by the first joints to the inner toe. Tail feathers
+    12, linear and slightly rounded.
+
+Generic Type _Spotted-bellied Barbut_ Latham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. niger; fronte, gula, jugulo, caudaeque apice albis; abdomine albo
+    vel fulvo; fascia pectorali nigra._
+
+    Black; front, throat, forepart of the neck, and tips of the tail
+    feathers, white; body white or fulvous; pectoral bar black.
+
+    Bucco macrorhynchos. _Gmelin_ 406. _In. Orn._ 1. 203. _Gen. Zool._ vol.
+    ix. p. 33.
+
+    Greater pied Barbut. _Lath. Syn._ 2. p. 498.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is something very grotesque in the appearance of all the Puff birds;
+and their habits, in a state of nature, are no less singular. They frequent
+open cultivated spots near habitations, always perching on the withered
+branches of a low tree; where they will sit nearly motionless for hours,
+unless, indeed, they descry some luckless insect passing near them, at
+which they immediately dart, returning again to the identical twig they had
+just left, and which they will sometimes frequent for months. At such times
+the disproportionate size of the head is rendered more conspicuous by the
+bird raising its feathers so as to appear not unlike a puff ball; hence the
+general name they have received from the English residents in Brazil; of
+which vast country all the species, I believe, are natives. When
+frightened, their form is suddenly changed by the feathers lying quite
+flat; they are very confiding, and will often take their station within a
+few yards of the window; the two sexes are generally near each other, and
+often on the same tree.
+
+Total length rather more than eight inches; bill, one inch and three
+quarters from the gape, and half an inch less from the nostrils; it is very
+strong, thick, black, and slightly compressed; the tip of the upper bifid;
+the bristles at its base covering the nostrils are long and incurved, and
+those situated at the base, under the eye, very stiff; the upper part of
+the head black, the feathers much lengthened; the sides, front, ears, and
+forepart of the throat white, uniting at the back of the head into a narrow
+collar. The whole of the remaining plumage above is black, glossed with
+greenish; across the breast a black bar, which separates the white of the
+throat from the buff colour which tinges the abdomen and vent; the flanks
+are marked with dusky transverse stripes; the tail is slightly rounded and
+three inches and a half long, some of the feathers with a very fine line of
+white at their tips; all the quill feathers have the base half of their
+inner shafts white, as well as the greater covers inside, the lesser being
+black; legs and claws blackish.
+
+I am disposed to consider this bird only as a variety of the _Greater pied
+Barbut_ of Dr. Latham, differing in having the plumage on the under part of
+the body pale ferruginous, or buff colour, instead of white, as in the
+specimens he described from Cayenne; mine are from Southern Brazil, where
+the species is not uncommon.
+
+This genus includes the American species of the Linnaean Barbuts; the birds
+connecting this group with the cuckows are arranged by Vieillot in a
+separate genus, named by him _Monassa_; which I think should be retained,
+as it is of much importance to designate strongly connecting links between
+families apparently very opposite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 100
+
+[Illustration]
+
+XENOPS genibarbis,
+
+_Whiskered Xenops._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Xenops. (_Hoffmansegg. in Illiger. Prod._ p. 213).
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, rectum, acutum, valde compressum, inverse
+    cultratum_, i. e. _culmine recto, gonyde recurva ascendente. Nares
+    basales, laterales, ovatae, parvae, patulae. Lingua--? Pedes mediocres,
+    congrui. Digiti antici basi coadnati, laterales subaequales. Hallux
+    digitum medium aequans._ Illiger.
+
+    Bill moderate, straight, acute, much compressed, and inversely curved;
+    the top of the upper mandible being straight, and the edge of the lower
+    ascending or recurved. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval, small, and
+    covered by a naked membrane. Tongue--? Feet moderate, claws united at
+    their base, the lateral ones nearly equal; the hind claw as long as the
+    leg and the middle toe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _X. supra fusco-rufa, infra griseo-fusca; mento, superciliis maculisque
+    jugularibus et pectoralibus albentibus; maculo infra aures niveo;
+    remigum secundorum nigricantium basi fulva, apicibus marginibusque
+    rufis._
+
+    Above reddish-brown, beneath grey-brown; chin, eyebrows, and spots on
+    the throat and breast, whitish; beneath the ears a snowy spot;
+    lesser-quills blackish, the base fulvous, the tips and margins rufous.
+
+    Xenops genibarbis _Illiger Prod._ p. 218. (1811.)
+
+    Neops ruficaudus _Vieillot. Orn. Elem._ p. 68. (1816.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A very extraordinary and not inelegant little creature, having a bill
+totally different from any other bird. Its general habit evinces a close
+connexion with the _Sittae_, particularly those of New Holland; some of
+which have their bills (which are slender) slightly inclining upwards, thus
+forming a connexion between _Xenops_ and the straight billed _Sittae_ of
+the old world.
+
+The figure is of the male, and its natural size; the head dark brown with
+pale spots; the back of a reddish tinge, and the rump and tail rufous; tail
+much rounded, and of twelve feathers; the three outer and the two pair in
+the middle entirely rufous, the other pair having the inner shafts black;
+the greater quills black; the last having an internal bar of pale fulvous.
+Beneath the eye a spot of white downy feathers, with a dusky border above
+and below; there is a little difference between this and Illiger's bird,
+but it may be only sexual.
+
+Inhabits Brazil, but is rare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 101
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Evander.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Pap. (Tro. dent.) Alis dentatis, nigris; posticis supra maculis
+    quinque violaceo-chermesinis; anticis subtus fascia albida, transversa,
+    media._ Godart.
+
+    Pap. (Tro. dent.) Wings dentated, black; posterior above with a
+    five-cleft, violet-crimson spot; anterior beneath with a transverse,
+    central, whitish band.
+
+    P. Evander. _Godart, En. Meth._ _vol._ ix. _p._ 32. _no._ 18.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Both sexes of this newly described insect are here, for the first time,
+figured; that above is of the male, and beneath is represented the under
+side of the female. The crimson spots (which finely relieve the brownish
+velvet-like black on the upper surface of the wings) are, in some lights,
+most beautifully glossed with changeable violet, and appear either darker
+or paler according to the position in which the insect is viewed.
+
+Southern Brazil is, undoubtedly, more rich in this splendid family than the
+northern provinces of that vast country. I never saw this species except in
+Rio Janeiro, where it is common: nor do I know of any other, belonging to
+the division of _Trojani_, which have the lower wings sharply dentated, and
+with an appearance of obsolete _acute_ tails; a character more developed in
+the female of this species than in the male.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 102
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Nox.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (Troj. orb.) Alis immaculatis fuscis, inferis orbiculatis,
+    ecaudatis; fronte, striga laterali subthoracica anoque rubris._
+
+    P. (Troj. orb.) Wings immaculate, brown; lower orbicular, not tailed;
+    front, lateral stripe on the thorax beneath, and tip of the body red.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The colours of this insect are unusually sombre, and present a striking
+contrast to the gaudy tints by which the majority of these gay creatures
+are ornamented; it is so far remarkable, but it is more interesting to the
+entomologist, as being an unpublished addition to this genus. It was
+discovered in Java by Dr. Horsfield; and the drawing was made from an
+unique specimen which I observed while engaged in a long and laborious
+arrangement of the Linnaean _Papilionidae_, (as they now appear at the
+India House,) collected by that zealous naturalist for the India Company.
+
+Between the nerves of the anterior wings (which are remarkably large) are
+parallel central stripes, of a darker brown; a character common to many
+Indian species, but not found, I believe, in any of those from the New
+World.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 103
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA fasciata,
+
+_Banded Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Testa globosa, umbilicata. Spira depressa vel brevissima. Apertura
+    integra, magna, ovata. Operculum testaceum vel corneum. Animal
+    fluviatile._
+
+    Shell globose, umbilicated. Spire depressed or very short. Aperture
+    entire, large, oval. Operculum shelly or horny. Animal
+    fluviatile.--Generic Type _Helix ampullacea_ Lin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa ovato-globosa, olivacea, fasciis obscuro-purpureis angustis
+    ornata; spira brevi, levata, apice acuto; labii margine tenui; umbilico
+    mediocri._
+
+    Shell ovate-globose, olive, with narrow bands of obscure purple; spire
+    short, elevated, the tip acute; margin of the lip thin; umbilicus
+    moderate.
+
+    Am. fasciata. _En. Meth._ _pl._ 457. _f._ 3. _f._ 4. (_reversed and
+    young_).
+
+    Helix ampullacea. _Linn. Lister_, 130. _f._ 30. _Seba_, _t._ 38. _f._ 1
+    _to_ 6, 58, 59. _Chemnitz_, 9. _t._ 128. _f._ 1135. _Gualt._ _t._ 1. R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the selection of generic characters, sufficiently important to separate
+Ampullaria from Paludina, great difficulty at present exists; as the
+fundamental principle on which they should be founded (the formation of the
+animal) is entirely wanting. It is only known that these shells, like the
+Paludinae, are furnished with an operculum. The absence or presence of this
+organ has been found of the first generic importance; though the substance
+of which it is composed, as well as the form it assumes, can be considered
+only as indicating specific distinctions. This is proved from the fact,
+that among the Naticae some have horny, and some shelly, opercula: in
+Phasianella, this part is, in some species, almost flat, in others
+remarkably convex; in _Turbo, Lam._ its form is even more variable, and in
+the present genus a similar uncertainty exists. One species alone has been
+positively described as having this part shelly, while in two others the
+operculum is as certainly known to be horny; to these last may be added a
+third, found by myself in the lakes of Pernambuco in Brazil, but to which I
+have not immediate access. The shells here figured were, however, received
+from the same place by Mrs. Mawe, and, I think, are of the identical
+species. The spire is sometimes worn, and the whole shell very thin.
+
+Several fossil shells of this genus are mentioned as existing in the
+extinct volcanoes of Ronca, in bituminous marl near Pont St. Esprit, &c. as
+quoted (on the authority of the illustrious Cuvier) by Mr. Bowdich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 104
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NATICA punctata,
+
+_Spotted Natica._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 75.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _N. testa ovato-globosa, crassa, alba, strigis undatis punctisque
+    castaneis ornata; umbilico magno, aperto, simplici; columellae basi
+    obsoleta._
+
+    Shell ovate-globose, thick, white with waved stripes and minute chesnut
+    dots; umbilicus large, open, simple; base of the pillar obsolete.
+
+    Nerita punctata. _Martini_ 11. _pl._ 197. _f._ 1903 _and_ 4. _Seba_,
+    _pl._ 38. _f._ 33? _Gualt._ _pl._ 67. _f._ _M. and T._ (_good._)
+
+    Gochet. _Adanson Sen._ _pl._ 13. _f._ 4.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The undulated brown lines in this shell, are sometimes broken into three
+irregular bands of either lines or spots, between which are numerous minute
+dots; in other varieties these dots are only round the suture, and in some
+totally wanting. Its most constant character rests on the umbilicus, which
+is rather large, very deep, and without any appearance of the base of the
+pillar. The mouth is also more contracted than usual. It is said by Adanson
+to be common on the coast of Senegal; and this observing naturalist adds,
+that the operculum is testaceous, of a pure white, and marked with numerous
+concentric grooves at the upper angle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NATICA effusa.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _N. testa depressa, alba, maculis castaneis ornata; spira brevissima;
+    columellae basi crassa, plana, ad labium interius sinu annexa._
+
+    Shell depressed, white, with chesnut spots; spire very small; umbilicus
+    large, open, spreading; base of the pillar thick, flat, and united to
+    the inner lip by a sinus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In form, and sometimes in colour, this shell bears a close resemblance to
+the oval variety of N. mamilla (_Nerita mamilla Lin._); but, the umbilicus,
+instead of being entirely closed up, is remarkably open, very deep, and the
+pillar forming an elevated ridge within; colour in the shells of this genus
+is a very secondary, and, in many cases, a most fallacious guide for the
+discrimination of the species; for this is sometimes pure white, and I have
+specimens of _N. mamilla_ entirely orange. This is a rare shell, probably
+from India.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 105
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TROCHILUS recurvirostris,
+
+_Recurved-bill Humming Bird._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 82.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. aureo-viridis, jugulo smaragdino; pectore medio corporeque nigris;
+    rectricibus lateralibus subtus topazinis; rostro recurvo._
+
+    Golden green; throat shining emerald green; middle of the breast and
+    body black; lateral tail feathers beneath topazine; bill recurved.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The extraordinary formation in the bill of this beautiful little creature,
+is without parallel in any land bird yet discovered, and presents in
+miniature a striking resemblance to that of the Avoset. It is almost
+impossible to conjecture rightly the use of this singular formation; but it
+appears to me not very improbable, that the principal sustenance of the
+bird may be drawn from the pendent _Bignoniae_, and other similar plants,
+so common in South America, whose corollae are long, and generally bent in
+their tube; the nectar, being at the bottom, could not be reached either by
+a straight or incurved bill, though very easily by one corresponding to the
+shape of the flower.
+
+The figure is the size of life. Bill black, depressed along the whole
+length, but more especially at the tip, which is rounded, thin, obtuse, and
+recurved in both mandibles; the under of which, towards the middle, has a
+convex swelling, which gives the recurvature a stronger appearance. All the
+upper plumage and body beneath golden-green; the throat, to the breast,
+shining with scale-like feathers of a vivid emerald-green. From the breast
+to the vent is a stripe of black down the middle; thighs white; tail even,
+the two middle feathers dull greenish-blue, the rest above obscure
+coppery-brown, but beneath of a rich shining topaz colour.
+
+I believe this bird is _unique_; I purchased it at Mr. Bullock's sale, and
+that gentleman received it from Peru. It presents so much of the genuine
+habit of the _Trochili_, that I have retained it under that genus; for,
+though the bill is differently formed, that exception does not point out
+any important difference from the general economy of those birds.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 106
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CURSORIUS Temminckii,
+
+_Black-bellied Courier._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum mediocre, ad apicem compressum, mandibulis arcuatis, basi
+    depressa, apice acuto, integro. Nares basales, ovatae, apertura
+    elongata, laterali. Pedes longi, digitis tribus anticis omnino divisis,
+    interioribus brevissimis, ungue medio pectinato. Remigum penna prima
+    longissima._--Typus Genericus _Cursorius Europaeus_, Lath.
+
+    Bill as long as the head; both mandibles arched, and towards the end
+    compressed; base depressed, the tip acute and entire; nostrils basal,
+    oval, the aperture oblong and lateral; legs long, with three toes in
+    front entirely separated, the inner toes very short, the middle with
+    the claw serrated; wings with the first quill longest.--Generic Type
+    _Cream-coloured Plover_ Latham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. colore columbino; vertice pectoreque ferrugineis; torquibus
+    nuchalibus 2; torque inferiore, remigibus, abdomineque medio nigris;
+    torque superiore abdominisque lateribus albis._
+
+    Cream-coloured brown; top of the head and breast ferruginous; nuchal
+    collar double; the lower, with the quills and middle of the body,
+    black; the upper, and the sides of the body, white.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Dr. Latham first instituted this genus, of which two species were then
+known; M. Le Vaillant discovered another in Africa; and I am happy in now
+adding a fourth from the same country, in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater.
+No ornithologist has paid greater attention both to the natural affinities,
+and to the illustration of the genera allied with these birds, than
+Professor Temminck; and I therefore feel pleasure in naming this bird in
+honour of that excellent ornithologist, from whom whenever I have differed,
+it has been from the sole wish of eliciting truth. Total length from the
+bill to the tail eight inches; bill one inch from the gape, and half from
+the end of the nostrils; the colours of the bird are best seen in the
+figure; the middle of the body, and the quill feathers, deep black; legs
+three inches from the naked thigh to the tip of the middle toe, the claw of
+which is serrated internally; tail round; the middle feathers not spotted;
+the two next with a black dot near the tip, which, in the next pair, is
+further broken into two white dots; the outer pair white. These birds
+inhabit the arid tracts of Africa, at a distance from the sea, and run
+amazingly swift. One species has occasionally visited England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 107
+
+[Illustration]
+
+TROCHILUS ensipennis,
+
+_Blue Sickle-winged Humming Bird._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 82.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _T. (div. curvirostrae) aureo-viridis, mento juguloque
+    caeruleo-violaceis; rectricibus paribus; alis falcatis, remigum
+    primorum scapis dilatato-compressis._
+
+    Curved-bill Humming Bird, golden green; chin and fore part of the
+    throat violet-blue; tail even; wings falcated, greater quills with the
+    shafts dilated and compressed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have already offered some observations on the remarkable construction in
+the wings of _T. falcatus_, figured at pl. 83; and the bird now before us
+is another unrecorded species, possessing exactly the same formation. I was
+at first inclined to believe this bird was the male of the _T. latipennis_,
+(or _l'Oiseau Mouche a larges tuyaux_ of Buffon), from the under plumage in
+that species being uniform grey, a common indication of the female Humming
+Birds; but a further comparison of the two has proved this supposition to
+be erroneous. They differ, not only in colour, but in their bills; in that
+of _T. latipennis_, the curvature is so slight, that it may be almost
+called straight; whereas in this, the curve is very apparent. I have little
+doubt future observations will show, that these singular quill-feathers,
+now known to exist in three species of this family, are peculiar only to
+the male birds.
+
+This extremely rare bird is in my own collection, and is not improbably
+_unique_; the figure is strictly of the natural size; the plumage, above
+and below, is a uniform deep green, with a metallic reflection; half way
+down, the throat is dark violet blue; tail even, and very broad, the middle
+feathers obscure green, the next pair raven or bluish-black, and the others
+white, with a black base.
+
+The progress which has been made towards ascertaining the geographic
+distribution of animals, leaves no doubt that this bird is an inhabitant of
+either the Continent or Islands of South America; but of what particular
+country is unknown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 108
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RAMPHASTOS Dicolorus,
+
+_Yellow-billed Toucan._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 45.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _R. niger, gula aurea; fascia pectorali lata tegminibusque rubris;
+    rostro viridi-flavo, basi fascia nigra transversa ornata; mandibulae
+    superioris margine laterali rubro; culmine plano._
+
+    Black; throat golden-yellow; broad pectoral band and tail-covers red;
+    bill greenish-yellow, the base with a transverse black band, and the
+    lateral margins of the upper mandible red; the top flat.
+
+    R. dicolorus. _Gm._ _p._ 356. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ _p._ 135. 2. _Turton._
+    _vol._ i. 211.
+
+    Yellow throated Toucan. _Lath. Syn._ 1. 325. _Turton._ 1. 211.
+    _Brisson. Orn._ 4. _p._ 411. _pl._ 31. _f._ 1. _Buffon Pl. Enl._ 269.
+
+    Le petit Toucan a ventre rouge. _Vaill. H. N. des Toucans_, _pl._ 8.
+    (_optime_).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is the smallest species of the genuine Toucans yet known, inhabiting,
+though sparingly, the northern and southern extremities of tropical
+America. It is a species which seems to have been well understood by
+Linnaeus and the older ornithologists, though none of them have described
+the form or peculiarities of the bill; it is probably owing to this
+omission, that Dr. Shaw has created an imaginary species in _General
+Zoology_, under the name of _R. pectoralis_; compounded of the descriptions
+he gathered of this bird, and the Linnaean _R. tucanus_. Dr. Latham's
+description is also inaccurate; nor is it improved in the new edition of
+his Synopsis, probably from not having himself seen the bird. Of the
+figures, there is a masterly delineation by Barraband, in Le Vaillant's
+work, but those of Buffon and Brisson are not to be trusted.
+
+Total length about sixteen inches: bill three and a half; it is shorter and
+much thicker along the back, than that of any other species; this part also
+is broad, and quite flat; the serratures of the margin small, and the upper
+mandible only edged with a line of red; the sides are compressed, and the
+colours greenish-yellow; the orbits chesnut-red, and the feet (as in all
+the Toucans when fresh) delicate fine blue.
+
+Dr. Langsdorff favoured me with a specimen of this rare bird, shot by
+himself in Southern Brazil; the sexes have been dissected by that able
+naturalist, but to which the one here figured belongs, I am unacquainted.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 109
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PAPILIO Harrisianus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 92.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (Troj. caud.) Alis atris, subtus maculis basalibus coccineis
+    notatis, anticis supra maculo coccineo basali fasciaque alba, posticis
+    obtuse caudatis fascia marginali maculis coccineis sex insigni,
+    fasciaque media alba ornatis._
+
+    Pap. (Troj. caud.) Wings black; anterior above with a red basal spot
+    and white band; posterior obtusely tailed, with a marginal band of six
+    crimson spots, and central white spot.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I can find neither figure nor description of this very rare Papilio. It
+does not accord with any contained in MM. Latreille's and Godart's recent
+monograph of the genus. It was purchased at the sale of the late Mr.
+Francillon's cabinet, by N. A. Vigors, Esq., whose valuable collections in
+every branch of Zoology are always open to the scientific inquirer. It is
+nearly allied to Pap. _Tros_, _Agavus_, _Ascarius_, and _Lysithous_
+(Godart), particularly to the latter; yet it is obviously distinct from
+either. These affinities lead me to think that it is a South American
+insect. The figures will render any addition to the specific character
+unnecessary.
+
+I have named this insect to commemorate a most assiduous and observing
+entomologist of the last age, Moses Harris, whose memory will be long
+cherished by our Aurelians, and to whom the scientific are indebted for the
+very accurate and excellent figures contained both in his own works, and in
+those of Drury; indeed, he appears the only English artist who has
+faithfully represented the short and nearly concealed _palpi_ peculiar to
+this genus. The son of this excellent artist[1], still follows the
+profession of his father, and, inheriting his abilities, deserves every
+encouragement that the small circle of English entomologists, as well as
+others, can give him.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 110
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS cinctus,
+
+_Purple tipped Admiral Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa supra carinata, fulva, fasciis duobus albidis ornata; spirae
+    brevis, maculatae, basi depressa, anfractibus concavis sulcis duobus
+    insculptis, sutura alveata; basi granosa, purpurea._
+
+    Shell above carinated, fulvous, with two whitish bands; spire short,
+    spotted, the base depressed; the whorls concave with two depressed
+    lines; suture channelled; base granulated, purple.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is a very beautiful, and, at the same time, very rare shell; it
+formerly belonged to Mrs. Angus, at whose sale it passed into the cabinet
+of Mr. Dubois. Its general appearance resembles very much that of _C.
+Maldivus Lam._ known to our collectors by the name of the Spanish Admiral:
+the spire will, however, at once distinguish it; each volution is strongly
+concave in the middle, in which part are two or three delicate indented
+lines, very near each other, and following the volutions; the suture also
+is sufficiently open to be termed channelled; the spire is quite flattened
+at the base, (forming a sharp ridge round the top of the body whorl), and
+only prominent near the tip. In the Spanish Admiral Cone, the spire is
+quite smooth, the whorls being flat, and in all the specimens I have seen,
+(and they are many), the suture is quite closed up, though Lamarck
+(probably mistaking the present shell) says, "spira canaliculata;" the
+base, moreover, is narrowed, smooth, and black; not gibbous, granulated,
+(or striated,) and purple, as in this shell.
+
+A variety in my own cabinet presents some differences; the base is but
+slightly granulated, and the tip not purple; these are, however,
+subordinate characters, and constitute it only a variety.
+
+I shall take an early opportunity of pointing out the differences between
+_C. generalis_ and _Maldivus_, two shells even more likely to be mistaken
+for each other than those above-mentioned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 111
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CYPRAEA tessellata,
+
+_Mosaic Cowry._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    "_Testa laevigata, ovata, convexa, marginibus involutis, apertura
+    longitudinalis, angustata, utrinque dentata, ad extremitates effusa.
+    Spira minima, obtecta._"--LAM. Ann. du Mus. vol. 16. p. 443.
+
+    _Animal marinum (Pectinibranchi). Penula dilatata, testam omnino
+    obtegens. Tentacula depressa, subulata. Oculi juxta tentaculorum basin
+    externam adsiti._--ADANSON, H. N. du Senegal.
+
+    Shell smooth, oval, convex, the margins turned inward; aperture
+    longitudinal, narrow, toothed on both sides, the extremities effuse.
+    Spire minute, concealed.--_Lamarck._
+
+    Animal marine; mantle dilated and folding over the whole shell.
+    Tentacula depressed, subulate, at the external base of which are the
+    eyes.--_Adanson._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa obtusa, gibba, aurantiaca, ad latera tesseris albis fuscisque
+    alternis tessellata._
+
+    Shell obtuse, gibbous, orange, the sides with alternate tessellated
+    spots of white and brown.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amidst all the changes in systematic arrangement which Conchology has, of
+late years, undergone, the _Cypraeae_ remain untouched; indeed, they
+present such a uniformity of character, that the most superficial observer
+cannot mistake them. A few species of Ovula, however, bear a strong
+resemblance to the genus, but may be known from not having teeth on each
+side the mouth. The Cowries are without exception the most beautiful of all
+shells, whether the richness and harmony of their colours, or the exquisite
+polish of their exterior, is considered; but (like many other things of
+more consequence) their beauty is depreciated by their frequency. The
+indefatigable Lamarck has described sixty-six species, only one of which
+inhabits the European seas. Adanson has furnished a minute account of the
+structure of the animal, and Bruguiere has given long and interesting
+details of its economy.
+
+Mrs. Mawe is in possession of this very beautiful little shell; a string of
+them were presented her as coming from New Zealand: that which formed the
+centre was the only perfect specimen, and from that the figures were taken.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 112
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS carinatus,
+
+_Carinated Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa sub-cylindracea, carinata, fulva; spirae depressae, concavae,
+    maculatae, apice acuto, anfractibus valde concavis, striis numerosis
+    subgranosis insculptis; basi obtusa, striata, cingulo gibbo
+    circumdata_.
+
+    Shell nearly cylindrical, carinated, fulvous; spire depressed, concave,
+    spotted, tip acute, the whorls very concave, with numerous
+    subgranulated striae; base obtuse, striated, with a gibbous belt.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another rare and remarkable shell of this numerous genus, from the same
+collection as the Cone last described. I believe it to be hitherto
+unfigured, and unknown to any writer; for I cannot reconcile it with any of
+Lamarck's descriptions of species not yet represented.
+
+I know of no other specimen than the very fine one in Mr. Dubois' cabinet.
+The shell is heavy; the body whorl contracted at the upper part, where the
+margin is sharply carinated; the spire much depressed and concave; each
+volution is also concave, and has from three to four fine grooves, which
+occupy its full extent, and which appear minutely granulated; but this is
+only caused by the longitudinal lines of growth: the tip of the spire
+acute; the base is wider in circumference than usual, with a gibbous belt
+marked by elevated striae, in other respects the shell is smooth; the base
+of the aperture is effuse, the bands on the body whorl pale and not well
+defined, and the spire slightly spotted. It is doubtless an inhabitant of
+the Asiatic ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 113
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MITRA pertusa. var.
+
+_Cardinal Mitre_--_large spotted variety_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 23.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. sect. 3. Testa ovato-acuta, alba; striis transversis puncticulatis
+    ornata, anfractu basali crasso, tesseris parvis plurimis spadiceis
+    vittato, tesserisque majoribus bifasciato; labio exteriore
+    denticulato._
+
+    M. Shell ovate-acute, white, with transverse punctured striae; the
+    basal whorl thick, with numerous bands consisting of small, and two of
+    large tessellated spots; outer lip toothed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Much uncertainty exists respecting the shell which Linnaeus intended for
+his _Voluta pertusa_, owing to the inaccuracy of the synonyms, which refer
+to species widely different from each other; the majority of authors have,
+however, considered it to be the shell figured by Born and Martini, under
+that name, and recently by myself in _Exotic Conchology_. As a species, it
+is principally distinguished by the rows of irregular brown spots which are
+always disposed in transverse bands, running into larger blotches adjoining
+the suture, and near the base of the body whorl, which is thick and obtuse;
+the lesser spots are mostly tessellated or quadrangular, but in size they
+vary considerably in different individuals, and even in the same shell;
+this has induced Lamarck to separate them into two species, but which, for
+reasons to be hereafter given, appears to me unnecessary.
+
+The variety here figured is very rare, nor have I seen more than two
+examples; it differs only from the usual varieties in having the spots
+remarkably large. In a future plate this species will be further
+illustrated, and the correct synonyms of all the varieties then given.
+Inhabits various parts of the Asiatic ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 114
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS pulchellus,
+
+_Orange Admiral Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa aurantiaca, fasciis albis interruptis ornata; spirae
+    subdepressae, anfractibus suturam juxta simpliciter sulcatis; sutura
+    alveata; basi granosa, purpurea._
+
+    Shell orange, with two interrupted white bands; spire slightly
+    depressed, the volutions with a single groove near the margin; suture
+    channelled; base granulated and purple.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I cannot find this very beautiful shell enumerated among the new and
+unfigured species known to Lamarck; and the representations given by the
+oldest conchologists of this intricate family, are too inaccurate to be
+cited without much risk.
+
+In form it approaches nearest to _Conus vitulinus_ of Bruguiere, having the
+spire not quite depressed, each volution being slightly raised above the
+last, gradually to the apex; the upper margin of the body whorl is convex:
+each volution of the spire has a broad and deep groove nearest the upper
+edge, which thus becomes elevated, while the convexity of the lower part of
+the whorl forms a channel round the suture, which separates it from the
+next; this formation of the spire is very remarkable, and unlike what I
+have seen in any other Cone. Another distinguishing character is, that the
+whole shell is crossed by very faint, broad, and almost imperceptible
+punctured lines, very near each other; in some parts discernible with the
+naked eye, in others almost obliterated by the longitudinal lines of
+growth: the granulations towards the base are very sharp and nearly white,
+and the base itself crossed with rough, thick-set, elevated striae. No
+doubt the colour of this species will be found to vary, when more specimens
+are discovered. The only one I have ever seen, came with some other very
+rare shells from Amboyna, and is in my own collection.
+
+If the descriptions of _C. canaliculatus_ (Malacanus Brug.) be correct,
+(for it is a shell I have not seen), it must be quite distinct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 115
+
+[Illustration]
+
+PLATYRHYNCHUS cancromus. fem.
+
+_Short-tailed Flatbill._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Platyrhinchos_, Temminck. _Sw. Zool. Ill._ (div. I.) Vol. i. pl. 13.
+
+    _Rostrum tenue, breve, valde depressum, frontis latitudinem superans,
+    mandibulae superioris abrupte aduncae, et ad apicem emarginatae,
+    marginibus dilatatis, et inferioris margines superplicantibus. Nares
+    medii, basi membrana pennis minutis instructa obtecta, apertura parva,
+    rotunda, terminali, tantum non nuda. Rictus ampli, ad mandibulae
+    superioris basin vibrissis rigidis armati. Pedes sedentes, graciles,
+    digitis lateralibus imparibus, digito exteriore ad medii digiti
+    articulum primum annexo, halluce valido._
+
+    Bill thin, short, very much depressed, broader than the front of the
+    head; the upper mandible abruptly hooked and notched at the tip; the
+    margins dilated, and folding over those of the under mandible; nostrils
+    central, the base covered with a membrane having minute feathers, the
+    aperture small, round, terminal, and nearly naked; mouth large, armed
+    above with stiff bristles; feet sitting, slender; lateral toes unequal,
+    exterior united to the middle as far as the first joint; hinder claw
+    strongest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _P. (fem.) supra olivaceo-fuscus, infra pallide fulvus; jugulo albo;
+    genis pennisque spuriis nigris; striga ante et pone oculum, maculoque
+    auriculari albentibus._
+
+    (Female) above olive-brown; beneath pale fulvous; throat white; ears
+    and spurious quills black; stripe before and behind the eye, and spot
+    on the ears whitish.
+
+    Platyrhinchos cancromus. (male?) _Temminck_ and _Laugier_. _Pl. Col._
+    _Pl._ 12. _f._ 2.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The remarkable breadth of the bill, and the extreme shortness of the tail,
+in this bird, render it a very singular little creature. Though a native of
+Brazil, I never met with it during my travels in that country; and the only
+specimen I have yet seen belongs to Mr. Leadbeater. The figure of _P.
+cancromus_ of Professor Temminck, differing only from this bird in having a
+yellow crest, leads me to believe they are sexes of the same species; this
+being the female bird. The tail in the male appears to be somewhat longer,
+but this may be an error of delineation, and the description has not yet
+been published.
+
+The figure is of the natural size, and below is an outline of the bill and
+nostrils; these latter are depressed, and the base covered with thickset
+feathers; the aperture is naked, round, and piercing the membrane in a
+lateral direction, midway between the ridge and margin of the bill, and at
+the end of the nasal membrane. The plumage above fulvous brown: darker, and
+tinged with reddish on the margin of the quills and tips of the wing
+covers: spurious quills and stripe beneath the eyes black: the upper part
+of the ears are also black, the lower half whitish yellow; chin and throat
+whitish; breast and body beneath pale fulvous brown; tail remarkably short,
+and not projecting beyond the wings; upper mandible black, lower white.
+
+Since the publication of the remarks on this genus at Plate 14, a further
+consideration of the subject induces me to adopt the opinion of Professor
+Temminck, in placing the _Todus Platyrhynchos_, Gm., and its allies, under
+a distinct genus; or, in other words, of detaching from this group the
+second division annexed to my former definition of this genus. Still,
+however, the close affinities I have there pointed out, render the generic
+situation of several of these birds very doubtful; because the transition
+from one to the other is so gradual that even the most accurate set of
+generic characters, founded on the bill, will not clearly define the limits
+between the genera _Platyrhynchus_ and _Muscipeta_. Their anatomy might do
+so, but on this subject we are quite ignorant.
+
+I can gather nothing from the characters which Dr. Horsfield has given in
+the Linnaean Transactions of his new genus _Eurylaimos_; which does not
+perfectly agree with those of _Platyrhynchus_. It appears to have precisely
+the same formation of bill, nostrils, legs, &c. as _P. cancromus_, but in a
+higher state of development; thus strengthening the opinion I have above
+expressed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 116
+
+[Illustration]
+
+MUSCIPETA barbata,
+
+_Whiskered Flycatcher._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _Rostrum latum, valde depressum, lateribus aliquando dilatatis, culmine
+    prominente, mandibulae superioris apice adunco, plerumque emarginato,
+    marginibus mandibulae planae inferioris margines superplicantibus.
+    Nares basales, membrana obtectae, apertura terminali, ovata, vibrissis
+    longis armata._
+
+    _Ob. Pedes mediocres vel breves, digito exteriore ad medii articulum
+    secundum annexo, interiore et medio ad basin modo annexis._
+
+    Bill broad, much depressed, the sides sometimes dilated, ridge
+    prominent; tip of the upper mandible hooked, and mostly notched, the
+    margins folding over those of the under mandible, which is flat;
+    nostrils at the base of the bill covered by a membrane; the aperture
+    terminal, oval, and defended by long stiff bristles.
+
+    Ob. Feet moderate or short; the external toe united to the middle as
+    far as the second joint, the inner and middle toes united only at their
+    base.
+
+    Generic Types (_Tem._) Todus plumbeus, Muscicapa borbonica,
+    Flabellifera, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _M. Supra olivacea, subtus fulva, aurea crista (maribus) insignis;
+    jugulo albido; uropygio pallide flavo; cauda nigra._
+
+    Above olivaceous, beneath fulvous, (male,) with a golden yellow crest;
+    throat whitish; rump pale yellow; tail black.
+
+    Muscicapa barbata. _Gmelin._ i. 933. _Lath. In. Orn._ 2, _p._ 488. _n._
+    86. _mas._
+
+    Whiskered Flycatcher (male). _Lath. Syn._ 364.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I once shot a pair of these little birds in the forest of Pitanga, about
+twenty leagues west of Bahia: this is the only instance which I know of
+their having been found in Brazil. The same bird appears, however, more
+frequent in Cayenne, according to the older ornithologists. But whether the
+bird described by them as the female be really such, admits of great doubt,
+because Dr. Latham (probably on the authority of Buffon) describes it as
+having a smaller bill, and a few short hairs, instead of long bristles, at
+the base; the crown with a spot of yellow, a longer tail, &c. None of these
+are, in general, sexual distinctions, and, moreover, are at complete
+variance with the female here figured. The sexes I ascertained by
+dissection. It follows, therefore, that either the bird found in Cayenne is
+a distinct species, or that the bird described as its female is not such in
+reality. This latter supposition I apprehend is nearest the truth.
+
+The figures are of the natural size, the upper representing the female, and
+the lower the male bird: the head of the former is entirely destitute of
+the crest which distinguishes the latter; in every other respect the
+resemblance is uniform. This crest, when not erected, is concealed, being
+nearly covered by the olive feathers around it. When erected, however, it
+discloses a stripe down the middle of the head of deep straw-coloured
+feathers, some of which are tipped with olive. The upper mandible of the
+bill is triangular, and much hooked, notched, and depressed; the colour is
+black, the perforations of the nostrils are rather large, and would be
+naked, were they not partially covered by numerous stiff bristles, which
+spring from the base of the bill and angle of the mouth; between the eye
+and bill a pale stripe. The plumage above is dull olive green, with a broad
+band of very pale yellow across the rump. Wings and their covers brown;
+tail and upper covers blackish; beneath, the plumage is yellowish, the chin
+almost white, and the breast and vent tinged with ferruginous; the two
+first quill feathers are progressively shorter than the third and fourth,
+which are equal, and longer than the others. Legs and claws short, slender,
+and pale.
+
+This bird would obviously belong to the second division which I had
+proposed in my former remarks on _Platyrhynchus_, and it is in every
+respect allied to _P. Ceylonensis_, _Pl._ 13. My reasons for disturbing
+this previous arrangement have been already given; and, until a complete
+investigation is made of the immense genus of Flycatchers, I concur with M.
+Temminck in the distribution which he has proposed; viz. the arrangement of
+the European species under the old genus of _Muscicapa_, and of the exotic
+under that of _Muscipeta_; the characters of which, however, are very
+imperfect: they are, indeed, at variance with this bird, which has the
+outer and middle toe connected only to the _first_ joint, and the inner toe
+cleft to the base.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 117
+
+[Illustration]
+
+NECTARINIA cyanocephala,
+
+_Blue-headed Nectarinia._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.
+
+    Nectarinia. _Illiger._ _Cuvier._ Caereba _Brisson_. _Temminck._
+    Certhia. Motacilla _Linn._
+
+    _Rostrum longius, gracile, acutum, sub-arcuatum, basi crassa, lata,
+    trigona, lateribus compressis, mandibula superiore apicem juxta leviter
+    emarginata. Nares basales, ovatae, breves, membrana nuda, in medio
+    ovate fissa tectae. Lingua longa, bifida, apice fibroso, haud
+    extensibilis. Remigum pennae primae tres vix pares. Cauda mediocris,
+    emarginata, rectricibus 12, sub-paribus._
+
+    Bill slender, acute, slightly curved, of variable length, base thick,
+    broad, trigonal, the sides compressed; upper mandible near the tip
+    slightly notched; nostrils basal, oval, short, covered by a naked
+    membrane, in the middle of which is an oval aperture; tongue long,
+    bifid, not extensible, the tip fibrous; the three first quills of
+    nearly equal length, and longer than the rest; tail moderate,
+    emarginate, of 12 nearly equal feathers.
+
+    Generic Types, Div. 1. _Certhia cyanea, cayana._ Div. 2. _Certhia
+    spiza, &c._ Linn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _N. (mas.) cyanea; jugulo, dorso, cauda alisque nigris, remigibus
+    margine cyaneo ornatis. (Fem.) Viridis; capite, genis scapulisque
+    caerulescentibus; jugulo cano._
+
+    (Male.) Changeable blue; throat, back, tail, and wings black; the
+    quills edged with blue. Female green; head, cheeks, and scapulars
+    bluish; throat grey.
+
+_Male._
+
+    Motacilla cayana. _Linn. Gmelin_, 1. 990.
+
+    Sylvia cayana. _Lath. In. Orn._ 2. 545. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 655.
+
+    Pepit bleu de Cayenne? _Brisson, Ois._ _vol._ 3. _pl._ 28. 1.
+
+    Cayenne Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. 502. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 655.
+
+    Sylvia Cayenensis caerulea. _Brisson, Orn._ 1. _p._ 455.
+
+_Female._
+
+    Motacilla cyanocephala. _Gmelin_, 1. 990.
+
+    Sylvia cyanocephala. _Lath. In. Orn._ 2. 546. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 684.
+
+    Sylvia viridis. _Brisson, Orn._ 1. _p._ 455.
+
+    Le Pepit verd. _Brisson, Ois._ 3. _pl._ 28. _f._ 4.
+
+    Blue-headed Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. _p._ 503.
+
+    Blue-headed Creeper? _Lath. Syn._ 2. _p._ 727.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Few birds require more illustration than this very beautiful though common
+species; described by most ornithological writers, but hitherto so little
+understood, that the two sexes stand as distinct species in a family of
+birds to which they have, in reality, no natural affinity. According to the
+Linnaean system it should have been rather placed with the Creepers than
+the Warblers; an error which has been continued by every subsequent writer,
+even by Professor Temminck, whose skilful and accurate perception of
+natural affinities is, in general, so remarkably correct.
+
+That these two birds, however dissimilar in colour, are the sexes only of
+one species, repeated dissections in their native country have put beyond
+all doubt; and that it is a genuine _Nectarinia_ (or _Caereba_ of Temminck)
+will appear from submitting it to a rigorous comparison with the characters
+the Professor himself has laid down for that genus.
+
+Its habits are no less perfectly the same as the rest of the _Nectariniae_;
+it is one of the commonest birds of Brazil, and appears spread over the
+whole extent of that country. It frequents the same trees as the
+Humming-birds, hopping from flower to flower, and extracting the nectar
+from each; but this is not done on the wing, because its formation is
+obviously different from the Humming-birds, which, on the contrary, poise
+themselves in the air during feeding. The shortness of the bill has
+evidently given rise to this bird being placed with the Warblers; but this
+organ is not shorter in proportion than it is in _Nectarinia spiza_,
+(_Certhia spiza_ of Latham).
+
+I am unacquainted with the other varieties of this species mentioned by
+authors. Of the bird here described, I have never seen any variety, either
+in Brazil or in our museums. The young males, as usual before moulting,
+have the colours of the female; one of them, in an intermediate state, is
+in my possession. As both the figures are of the size of life, and
+accurately coloured, a fuller description is unnecessary. The rich sky-blue
+of the male, in some lights, becomes greenish, and in others dark blue. The
+bill, like that of all the genuine _Nectariniae_, is slightly notched a
+little way from the tip, and the base is much broader than high.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 118
+
+[Illustration]
+
+CONUS Generalis,
+
+_Flambeau Cone._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 65.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _C. testa gracili, fusca, fasciis albidis strigis undatis
+    longitudinalibus interruptis ornata; spirae productae apice acuto,
+    anfractibus concavis, laevibus; basi nigra._
+
+    Shell slender, brown, with white bands, interrupted by longitudinal
+    stripes; spire produced, the tip acute, whorls concave, smooth; base
+    black.
+
+    Conus Generalis. _Gmelin_, _p._ 33. 75. _var. a._ _Dillwyn_, 359. _var.
+    a._ _Martini_, _vol._ 2. _p._ 58. _f._ 645, 646. (_dark variety_) _f._
+    648 _to_ 652. (_pale varieties_). _Gualt._ 20 _f._ G.
+
+    Conus Generalis. _Brug._ _p._ 642. _Lam. Ann._ _vol._ 15. _p._ 363.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It becomes necessary to figure this elegant, but not uncommon Cone, in
+order to show the young conchologist the little importance that should be
+attached to _colour_ in the discrimination of species: the figures will
+likewise point out more fully the distinctions between the present shell,
+_C. maldivus_, and _C. cinctus_; three species, whose close affinity
+require illustration.
+
+These relative distinctions may be comprised in a few words; they rest
+principally on the spire, which in _C. generalis_ has the upper half much
+lengthened, slender, and acuminated: in _C. maldivus_ the spire is thick
+and much shorter: the whorls in both these species are quite plain, and
+nearly flat: the spire of _C. cinctus_ resembles the last in form, but is
+deeply concave and striated. These characters are, I think, very
+satisfactory as specific distinctions.
+
+On the other hand, some attention to these shells lately, has convinced me
+that many of the species formed both by Bruguiere and Lamarck should be
+more correctly considered as varieties; inasmuch as their specific
+distinctions rest, for the most part, on _colour_ alone: this appears,
+indeed, to be the leading character selected by these eminent
+conchologists, and to which, therefore, they have attached the greatest
+importance. From this opinion, however, I completely dissent; on the
+principle, that no character which is variable can, with any consistency,
+be made use of to express permanent distinctions, when not supported by
+peculiarity of formation or sculpture. The great art in framing the
+description of a species consists in singling out those characters alone
+which are most permanent, and exist in every variety of that species; for,
+when once a character is found to be variable, it no longer becomes a
+distinction by which a species can be recognised. I consider, therefore,
+formation and sculpture as the only certain characters of species, and that
+variation of colour should alone distinguish varieties.
+
+It is therefore not surprising that the specific characters given by MM.
+Bruguiere and Lamarck, and resting principally on the colours of these
+shells, are frequently obscure, and always long; two inevitable evils
+attending every attempt to describe minutely the colour, form, and
+disposition of the markings of shells. In justice, however, to these great
+naturalists, it should be observed, that in this attempt they have done
+that best which no writer has ever done well.
+
+The spire of _C. generalis_ is generally spotted, and the white band on the
+margin of the body whorl, more or less crossed by broad waved stripes of a
+dark brown. It is an inhabitant of many parts of the Indian Ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Pl. 119
+
+[Illustration]
+
+AMPULLARIA globosa,
+
+_Round Apple Snail._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
+
+    _A. testa globosa, laevissima, olivacea; spira depressa; aperturae
+    margine crasso, fulvo, sulcato; umbilico parvo, contracto, juxta basin
+    posito; operculo testaceo._
+
+    Shell globose, very smooth, olive; spire depressed; margin of the
+    aperture thick, fulvous, grooved; umbilicus small, contracted, placed
+    near the base; operculum shelly.
+
+    Helix Ampullacea. _var._ _Gmelin_, _p._ 3626. _no._ 43. _Chemnitz_, 9
+    _tab._ 128. _fig._ 1133. 1134. _p._ 105.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This is the most common of the two shells of this genus, which have their
+mouths closed by a shelly operculum. It is well described by Chemnitz, and
+his figures are very tolerable; yet, like all the authors of that period,
+he considered it as a variety of _Helix ampullacea_. From all these
+supposed varieties it is, nevertheless, quite distinct; the spire is more
+depressed than that of any other species, and the umbilicus is placed near
+the bottom of the inner lip: the whole shell is very smooth, and, although
+generally of a uniform yellowish olive colour, is sometimes marked by
+narrow bands of purple brown. The margin of the outer lip is slightly
+reflected, and the colour, beneath the epidermis, almost white. It is a
+native of the rivers of India.
+
+From the remarks on this genus, made at Plate 103, the fact of their
+opercula being either shelly or horny, is sufficiently established. These
+formations, however, there is every reason to suppose, may generally be
+detected by the following indications. In such species as have a shelly
+operculum, the margin of the aperture is thickened all round, and has a
+parallel internal groove for its reception: the probable use of this groove
+I have detailed elsewhere. On the other hand, in those species which are
+known to have horny opercula, this margin and groove do not exist; and that
+part of the shell which is between the top of the aperture and the
+umbilicus, is thin and unprotected. This latter formation is by far the
+most frequent, and leads to the conclusion that the majority of these
+shells have their opercula horny.
+
+On the distinctions between this genus and _Planorbis_, little need be
+said. The principal difference consists in the latter having no operculum;
+but another, and a very remarkable one, (which seems to have escaped all
+writers,) is, that the shells of the latter genus are destitute of any
+columella. The _Planorbis cornu-arietis_ of Lamarck, has been removed by
+Mr. G. Sowerby to this genus. This shell, it is true, appears to be
+intermediate between one and the other; but the only affinity which it
+bears to _Ampullaria_, is in the oval form of the aperture; while it is
+allied to _Planorbis_ by its discoid form, want of the columella, and being
+universally described as without an operculum: the preponderance of
+evidence is clearly in favour of the situation originally assigned to it by
+Lamarck.
+
+The characters, therefore, given to the genus _Ampullaria_ by Mr. G.
+Sowerby, will be found incorrect. There was no necessity for explaining,
+much less for altering, (in this instance,) the masterly definitions of
+Cuvier and Lamarck. With regard to the second species given by Mr. Sowerby
+to illustrate this genus, he is no less in error; for the real _A. rugosa_,
+of all authors, is a strikingly distinct shell from that which he has
+figured under this name. This will be sufficiently obvious by referring to
+the figures either of Lister, Chemnitz, or Lamarck.
+
+Having offered these remarks on a subject to which I have paid some
+attention, I wish to refrain from pointedly noticing other errors and
+misconceptions into which Mr. G. Sowerby has fallen; rather wishing that
+greater experience, and more matured judgment, may lead him to do this
+himself, prior to the publication of the system of Conchology which he has
+announced.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX
+
+OF
+
+LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES
+
+TO
+
+VOLUME II.
+
+
+
+                                           Pl.
+  Achatina emarginata                      84
+    fasciata                               74
+    vittata                                84
+    _Chesnut-banded_                       74
+    _notched_                              84
+    _Ribbon_                               ib.
+
+  Ampullaria, Gen. Char.                  103
+    fasciata                               ib.
+    globosa                               119
+
+  Anodon, Gen. Char.                       96
+    rugosus                                ib.
+
+  _Apple-snail, banded_                   112
+    _globular_                            119
+
+  _Aracari, lettered_                      90
+
+  _Bee-eater, black-capped_                76
+
+  Botis, Gen. Char.                        77
+    bicolor                                ib.
+    marginata                              77
+
+  Cinnyris, Gen. Char.                     95
+    chalybeia                              95
+
+  Conus carinatus                         112
+    cinctus                               110
+    generalis                             118
+    Princeps                               86
+    pulchellus                            114
+    terebra                                70
+
+  _Cone, carinated_                       112
+    _Flambeaux_                           118
+    _Orange Admiral_                      114
+    _Prince_                               86
+    _Screw_                                70
+
+  _Cowry, Mosaic_                         111
+
+  _Courier, black-bellied_                106
+
+  _Crab-eater, Cinnamon_                   67
+
+  _Creeper, lesser-collared_               95
+
+  Cursorius, Gen. Char.                   106
+    Temminckii                             ib.
+
+  Cypraea, Gen. Char.                     111
+    tessellata                             ib.
+
+  _Date-shell, banded_                     97
+    _grey_                                 ib.
+    _Fly-spot_                             ib.
+
+  _Ear-shell, small-holed Cal._            80
+
+  _Flatbill, short-tailed_                115
+
+  _Flycatcher, bearded_                    ib.
+
+  _Hairstreak, red-bordered_               69
+
+  Halcyon, cinnamominus                    67
+
+  Haliotis, Gen. Char.                     80
+    Californiensis                         ib.
+
+  _Hawk-moth, wild vine_                   87
+    _Ello_                                 81
+
+  _Humming-bird, white-tailed_             82
+    _sickle-winged_                        83
+    _blue sickle-winged_                  107
+    _recurved bill_                       105
+
+  _Horsemussel, wrinkled_                  96
+
+  Ianthina, Gen. Char.                     85
+    fragilis                               ib.
+    globosa                                ib.
+
+  Licinia Amphione                         91
+
+  Marginella, Gen. Char.                   97
+    cingulata                              ib.
+    faba                                   ib.
+    prunum                                 97
+
+  Merops Savignii                          76
+
+  Mitra caffra                             88
+    crassa                                 ib.
+    pertusa, _var._                       113
+
+  _Mitre Brown, wh. banded_                88
+    _Cardinal, var._                      113
+    _thick_                                88
+
+  Muscipeta, Gen. Char.                   116
+    barbata                                ib.
+
+  Natica, Gen. Char.                       75
+    effusa                                104
+    melastoma                              79
+    mustelina                              ib.
+    punctata                              104
+    spadicea                               75
+    sordida                                79
+    _banded_                               75
+    _belted_                               79
+    _brown_                                ib.
+    _black-mouthed_                        ib.
+    _spotted_                             104
+    _open_                                 ib.
+
+  Nectarinia, Gen. Char.                  117
+    cyanocephala                           ib.
+    _blue-headed_                          ib.
+
+  _Oceanic snail, common_                  85
+    _globular_                             ib.
+
+  Papilio, Gen. Char.                      92
+    Evander                               101
+    Harrisianus                           109
+    Nox                                   102
+    Torquatus                              94
+    Polymetus                              92
+    Pandrosus                              93
+
+  _Parrakeet, grey-breasted_               89
+    _turcosine_                            73
+
+  Paludina, Gen. Char.                     98
+    elongata                               ib.
+    unicolor                               ib.
+    carinata                               ib.
+
+  Picus affinis                            78
+
+  Platyrhynchus, Gen. Char.               115
+    cancromus                              ib.
+
+  Pogonias, Gen. Char.                     68
+    hirsutus                               72
+    rubrifrons                             68
+
+  Psittacus murinus                        89
+    pulchellus                             73
+
+  Pteroglossus inscriptus                  90
+
+  Puff bird, greater pied                  99
+
+  _River-snail, long-spired_               98
+    _olive_                                ib.
+    _carinated_                            ib.
+
+  Ramphastos dicolorus                    108
+
+  Sphinx, Gen. Char.                       87
+    Ello                                   81
+    Labruscae                              87
+
+  Strombus dilatatus                       71
+    mutabilis                              ib.
+    _little pink-mouthed_                  ib.
+    _winged_                               ib.
+
+  Tamatia, Gen. Char.                      99
+    macrorhynchos                          ib.
+
+  Thecla, Gen. Char.                       69
+    Galathea                               ib.
+
+  _Toucan, yellow billed_                 108
+
+  _Tooth-bill, red-fronted_                68
+    _hairy-breasted_                       72
+
+  Trochilus, Gen. Char.                    82
+    niger                                  ib.
+    falcatus                               83
+    recurvirostris                        105
+    ensipennis                            107
+
+  Xenops, Gen. Char.                      100
+    genibarbis                             ib.
+    _whiskered_                            ib.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VERTEBROSA.
+
+PART II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_ORNITHOLOGY._
+
+                               Pl.
+
+  HALCYON cinnamominus         67
+
+  POGONIAS rubrifrons          68
+    hirsutus                   72
+
+  PICUS affinis                78
+
+  PSITTACUS pulchellus         73
+    murinus                    89
+
+  MEROPS Savignii              76
+
+  TROCHILUS niger              82
+    falcatus                   83
+    recurvirostris            105
+    ensipennis                107
+
+  PTEROGLOSSUS inscriptus      90
+
+  RAMPHASTOS dicolorus        108
+
+  CINNYRIS chalybeia           95
+
+  TAMATIA macrorhynchos        99
+
+  XENOPS genibarbis           100
+
+  CURSORIUS Temminckii        106
+
+  PLATYRHYNCHUS cancromus     115
+
+  MUSCIPETA barbata           116
+
+  NECTARINIA cyanocephala     117
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+PART II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                               Pl.
+
+  THECLA Galathea              69
+
+  LICINIA Amphione             91
+
+  PAPILIO Polymetus            92
+    Pandrosus                  93
+    Torquatus                  94
+    Evander                   101
+    Nox                       102
+    Harrisianus               109
+
+          ------
+
+  SPHINX Ello                  81
+    Labruscae                  87
+
+          ------
+
+  BOTIS marginata              77
+    bicolor                    77
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCHOLOGY.
+
+PART II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                               Pl.
+
+  STROMBUS mutabilis           71
+    dilatatus                  71
+
+  ACHATINA fasciata            74
+    emarginata                 84
+    vittata                    84
+
+  IANTHINA fragilis            85
+    globosa                    85
+
+  MITRA caffra                 88
+    crassa                     88
+    pertusa                   113
+
+  MARGINELLA cingulata         97
+    prunum                     97
+    faba                       97
+
+  PALUDINA elongata            98
+    unicolor                   98
+    carinata                   98
+
+  NATICA spadicea              75
+    mustelina                  79
+    sordida                    79
+    melastoma                  79
+    punctata                  104
+    effusa                    104
+
+  CYPRAEA tessellata          111
+
+  CONUS terebra                70
+    princeps                   86
+    cinctus                   110
+    carinatus                 112
+    pulchellus                114
+    generalis                 118
+
+  ANODON rugosus               96
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
+
+  Pl. 67. line 5, for "_plumesque_" read "_plumisque_."
+             16, for "_gigantia_" read "_gigantea_."
+
+  --  69. -- 11, for "excerted" read "exserted."
+
+  --  70. --  2, for "_Cane_" read "_Cone_."
+              5, for "_fasciique_" read "_fasciisque_."
+             24, for "renders" read "render."
+
+  --  71. --  7, for "_apertura_" read "_apertura_."
+             16, for "_urseus_" read "_urceus_."
+                 11 from the bottom, for "_gracibus_" read "_gracilibus_."
+
+  --  91. -- 16, for "and Godart mentions" read "and according to Godart."
+
+  --  92. -- 13, for "_caudi_," read "_caudis_."
+                 8 from the bottom, for "_c._ DENTATIS" read
+                   "_c._ DENTATI."
+
+  --  92.        third page, line 3, for "Medicii" read "Medici."
+             10, for "_Danais_" read "_Danaus_."
+                 fourth page, line 10, _dele_ "not."
+
+  --  95. -- 12  from the bottom, after "_angusta_" add a comma.
+                 second page, line 14 from the bottom, for "_Nectarinia_"
+                   read "_Nectariniae_."
+
+  -- 115.        second page, line 10 from the bottom, after "between the"
+                   add "genera."
+                 line 5 from the bottom, for "_Eurylaimos_" read
+                   "_Eurylaimus_."
+
+  -- 117. --  6, for "lata" read "lata."
+
+    In the Systematic Index to Vol. I. Conchology, Part I., for
+    "_Acephalis_" read "_Acephali_;" and at the head of the list of errors,
+    for "Corregenda" read "Corrigenda."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] Mr. Moses Harris, artist, 28, Mansion-House Street, Kensington.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Zoological Illustrations, Volume II, by 
+William Swainson
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