summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/39355-h/39355-h.htm
blob: b98cd52bbf1f4c4e57b1fec7f3fa6e9974dfd5ae (plain) 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315
9316
9317
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421
9422
9423
9424
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550
9551
9552
9553
9554
9555
9556
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ -->

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
    <title>
      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by E. A. Upcott, M.A..
    </title>
    <style type="text/css">

body {
    margin-left: 10%;
    margin-right: 10%;
}

    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
    text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
    clear: both;
}

p {
    margin-top: .75em;
    text-align: justify;
    margin-bottom: .75em;
}

hr {
    width: 33%;
    margin-top: 2em;
    margin-bottom: 2em;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    clear: both;
}

.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
    position: absolute;
    left: 96%;
    font-size: smaller;
    text-align: right;
    color: #ACACAC;
} /* page numbers */

.para2 {
    margin-bottom:1.5em;
}

.blockquot {
    margin-left: 5%;
    margin-right: 10%;
}

.sidenote {
    width: 2%;
    margin-right: -2.5em;
    float: right;
    clear: right;
    font-size: smaller;
    color: black;
}

.center   {text-align: center;}

.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}

/* Footnotes */
.footnotes {
    margin-top: 3em;
    margin-bottom: 3em;
    background-color: #FCFCFC;
    padding-top: 0.5em;
    padding-bottom: 1em;
}

.footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}

.footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}

.fnanchor {
    vertical-align: super;
    font-size: .8em;
    text-decoration:
    none;
}

    </style>
  </head>
<body>


<pre>

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by Cicero

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Cicero, Catilinarian Orations
       Cicero, Speeches against Catilina

Author: Cicero

Release Date: April 2, 2012 [EBook #39355]

Language: Latin

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CICERO, CATILINARIAN ORATIONS ***




Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Margo Romberg, Riikka
Talonpoika and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
at http://www.pgdp.net






</pre>



<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
<p>
<a href="#INTRODUCTION"><b>INTRODUCTION.</b></a><br />
<br />
<a href="#IN_CATILINAM_ORATIONES"><b>PART I; INTRODUCTION AND TEXT.</b></a><br />
<a href="#Oration_I"><b>Oration I.</b></a><br />
<a href="#Oration_II"><b>Oration II.</b></a><br />
<a href="#Oration_III"><b>Oration III.</b></a><br />
<a href="#Oration_IV"><b>Oration IV.</b></a><br /><br />
<a href="#NOTES"><b>PART II; NOTES</b></a><br />
<a href="#ORATION_Ia"><b>Oration I.</b></a><br />
<a href="#ORATION_IIa"><b>Oration II.</b></a><br />
<a href="#ORATION_IIIa"><b>Oration III.</b></a><br />
<a href="#ORATION_IVa"><b>Oration IV.</b></a><br /><br />
<a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX.</b></a><br /><br />
<a href="#PROPER_NAMES"><b>PROPER NAMES.</b></a><br /><br />
<a href="#VOCABULARY"><b>VOCABULARY.</b></a><br /><br /><br />
</p>
<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->




<h1>CICERO</h1>

<h2>CATILINARIAN ORATIONS</h2>

<h2><i>E. A. UPCOTT</i><br /><br /><br /><br /></h2>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />

<h4>HENRY FROWDE, M.A.<br />
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD<br />
LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK, TORONTO<br />
MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY<br /><br /></h4>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><br /><br /></p>
<h1>CICERO</h1>

<h2>SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA</h2>

<h4><i>WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES</i></h4>

<h5>BY</h5>

<h3>E. A. UPCOTT, M.A.</h3>

<h6>LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD<br />
ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE</h6>


<p class="center"><br /><b>PART I.&mdash;INTRODUCTION AND TEXT</b></p>

<p class="center"><i>THIRD EDITION, REVISED</i><br /><br /><br /></p>


<p class="center">OXFORD</p>

<p class="center">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br /><br /></p>

<p class="center">1900<br /><br />
</p>

<hr style="width: 65%;" />

<h3>NOTE.</h3>


<p>The text adopted in the following Orations is that of Halm (11th
Edition, Berlin, 1882), from whose notes I have derived much help. I
have also consulted the English edition of the Speeches, based on that
of Halm, by Mr. A. S. Wilkins. My best thanks are due to Mr. Evelyn
Abbott, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, the Editor of the Series,
for his kind assistance in superintending the printing of the book.</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 42em;">E. A. U.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wellington College</span>,</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>June, 1887.</i></span><br />
</p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>


<p>The four speeches against Catilina were delivered during the latter part
of the year <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 63, when Cicero was Consul.</p>

<p>L. Sergius Catilina, the author of the conspiracy against which they
were directed, was descended from one of the oldest patrician families
of Rome, though for many years no one of his house had held any public
office. He was a man of ambitious and energetic disposition,
distinguished among his contemporaries for great powers both of mind and
body, which enabled him to exercise a remarkable degree of influence
over others<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>. At the same time he was notorious for the dissoluteness
and extravagance of his life, which were excessive even in an age when
such characteristics were common; he was, moreover, suspected of grave
crimes, such as the murder of his wife and son. But as these charges
rest to a great extent upon the authority of his opponent Cicero, it is
possible that they have been exaggerated.</p>

<p>He was born probably about <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 108, though the exact date is unknown.
His first appearance in public life was during the dictatorship of Sulla
(<span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 82-79). When the latter issued his proscription list, Catilina was
among those who took an active part in carrying out the work of
bloodshed and confiscation. This, however, was from personal motives,
and not from any sympathy with the Senatorial party which had triumphed
under Sulla; for he subsequently attached himself entirely to the
popular side.</p>

<p>In <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 68 he filled the office of Praetor in Rome; the following year
he governed the province of Africa as Propraetor. Immediately on his
return home he became a candidate for the Consulship for the year 65<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
He was obliged, however, to withdraw, as an indictment for extortion in
his province was brought against him, and Roman law did not allow a
citizen against whom a legal suit was pending to be a candidate for any
magistracy. It so happened that the Consuls elect for 65, Autronius
Paetus and Cornelius Sulla, were convicted of bribery. Their election
consequently became void, and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus
were declared Consuls in their stead. Enraged at his disappointment,
Autronius entered into communication with Catilina, and the two, in
conjunction with Cn. Piso and others, formed a plot, sometimes known as
the 'First Catilinarian conspiracy.' The intention was, it is said, to
murder Cotta and Torquatus on the day of their entering upon office
(January 1, 65). Catilina and Autronius were then to proclaim themselves
Consuls, while they were to be supported by an army which Piso was to
raise on their behalf in Spain. The execution of this plot was
postponed, however, until February 5, when it failed, as we are told,
through Catilina's impatience in giving the signal too soon, before the
armed bands on which he relied had collected in sufficient number. It is
to this conspiracy that Cicero alludes in Cat. 1. §15. It was asserted
that both Caesar and Crassus were concerned in it, but the facts are
surrounded by a great deal of mystery. Whatever the design was, it came
to nothing, and the Senate did not take steps against anyone in
consequence.</p>

<p>During this year (65) Catilina was acquitted on the charge of extortion.
The trial had, however, been postponed long enough to prevent him from
standing for the Consulship for the year 64.</p>

<p>He was obliged, therefore, to postpone his candidature till the next
year, when he had among his competitors M. Tullius Cicero and C.
Antonius Hybrida, of whom the latter was believed to be partly in
sympathy with him. He was known to entertain revolutionary designs of
the most sweeping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> character, which he hoped as Consul to carry out.
Prominent among these was a declaration of <i>novae tabulae</i><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>, or
general cancelling of debts, and a wholesale confiscation of property.
Many of the Roman aristocracy were hopelessly in debt, and he thus
collected round him a numerous body of adherents, partly composed of
those to whom his designs seemed to promise relief from their
embarrassments, partly also of wild and turbulent spirits to whom any
prospect of revolution was welcome. Alarmed at these schemes, the
Optimates<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> threw their influence upon the side of Cicero, overcoming
their natural jealousy of a <i>novus homo</i>, that is, one whose ancestors
had never held any curule office. He was also strongly supported by the
Equites<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>, who, as the wealthiest class in Rome, were naturally most
opposed to any general attack upon property. Accordingly, he was elected
by a large majority. Antonius was returned as his colleague by a small
majority over Catilina.</p>

<p>Defeated in his immediate object, Catilina began to entertain the idea
of carrying out his designs by force. The time was eminently favourable
for an armed insurrection against the government. Seventeen years
before, Sulla had rewarded the soldiers of his victorious army by
establishing them in colonies in various parts of Italy, and assigning
them allotments of land. Unsuited for an agricultural life, these men
had for the most part mismanaged their farms and exhausted their
resources. Accordingly they were restless and discontented, and desired
nothing so much as a return of the civil wars, with fresh chances of
plunder. From among these and other discontented spirits, Catilina began
secretly to recruit and organize<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> an army, selecting as his leader one
Manlius, who had served with distinction under Sulla as centurion. At
the same time he opened secret negotiations with the schools of
gladiators in different parts of Italy. Thus prepared, he again stood
for the Consulship for the year 62; his intention being to bring about a
general rising if he should be once more defeated.</p>

<p>The situation of the government was dangerous in the extreme, for there
was no regular army in Italy, and the only general of distinction, Cn.
Pompeius, was absent in the East, where after bringing the third
Mithridatic war to a close (65) he was occupied in settling the affairs
of Syria, and could not be expected to return for some time.</p>

<p>Cicero, however, was kept accurately informed of the progress of the
conspiracy. One of its members, Q. Curius, had talked of the plot to his
mistress Fulvia. She had not kept the secret; and Cicero, employing her
as his agent, had induced Curius by large promises to reveal to him all
the details. The consular elections were this year postponed somewhat
beyond their usual time. On the day before they should have been held,
Cicero induced the Senate to resolve that they should on the next day,
instead of holding the election, take into consideration the state of
public affairs. He thereupon revealed to them what he knew of the
conspiracy, and invited Catilina to clear himself of the charges against
him. The latter replied in threatening language; but, notwithstanding
his violence, the Senate took no decisive resolution<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>. Shortly
afterwards the elections were held; Cicero appearing with a cuirass
under his toga, and surrounded by a guard of his friends, to testify to
the designs upon his life<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>. Catilina was again defeated, and D. Junius
Silanus and L. Licinius Murena elected as Consuls for 62.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p><p>Thus once more foiled, Catilina resolved to proceed to active measures.
Alarmed at the news that an army was actually collecting in Etruria, and
roused by further disclosures from Cicero<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>, the Senate, on October 21,
passed what was known as the 'Ultimum Decretum;' '<i>videant consules ne
quid detrimenti respublica capiat</i>.' This, the usual formula in cases of
emergency, declared the State to be in danger, and called on the Consuls
as the executive magistrates to take measures for its safety. Whether it
actually conferred any additional powers upon them, is not certain<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>.
At the same time they placed the gladiatorial schools under strict
surveillance, established patrols in the city, and offered large rewards
for information. The praetors, Q. Pompeius Rufus and Q. Metellus Celer,
were sent to Capua and Picenum respectively to raise what troops they
could. Cicero had already detached his colleague Antonius from the
conspiracy, and induced him to support the cause of order, by ceding to
him the lucrative province of Macedonia<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>.</p>

<p>On October 27 Manlius set up his standard at Faesulae in Etruria.
Catilina proposed to go thither himself shortly; he was anxious however
to conceal his designs as long as possible, and having been indicted for
inciting to riot (<i>de vi</i>) by L. Paullus, he had offered to place
himself in free custody<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> under the charge of some citizen of
reputation in order to disarm suspicion.</p>

<p>On the night of November 6, he assembled his partisans in the house of
M. Porcius Laeca. There he disclosed his plans, and declared it to be
essential to success that Cicero should be removed before his own
departure. Two of his adherents, C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius,
undertook the duty of visiting Cicero's house in the early morning,
under pretence of giving the customary salutation, and there murdering
him.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p><p>The attempt was actually made, though probably not until the morning of
November 8<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>. But Cicero, who was informed of the plot through the
agency previously described, refused his visitors admittance. He
immediately summoned the Senate to meet, for the sake of safety, in the
temple of Jupiter Stator on the Palatine. The equites thronged the hill
in large numbers, to secure the safety of the Consul, and to protest
against the designs of the conspirators. Catilina did not scruple to
attend, whereupon Cicero rose, and delivered the speech known as the
<i>First Catilinarian Oration</i>. He revealed to the Senate all the
particulars of the plot, including the attempt upon his own life,
denounced Catilina as a public enemy, and called upon him to leave the
city. His adversary attempted a few words of exculpation, but the
feeling roused by the Consul's address was too strong, and finding
himself assailed on all sides by reproaches, he left the Senate
abruptly, declaring that his enemies were driving him to ruin, but that
if he was to fall he would involve others in his overthrow. The same
evening he left the city for Etruria, travelling by the Via Aurelia,
which was the coast road, in order to create the impression that he was
going into exile at Massilia. He left in the city a large number of
adherents, the chief of whom was Cornelius Lentulus Sura, with
directions to prosecute the plans previously agreed upon. Cicero on the
following day assembled the people in the Forum, and in the <i>Second
Catilinarian Oration</i> recounted to them what had taken place in the
Senate, explaining and justifying his own action.</p>

<p>In a few days the news arrived that Catilina had joined the camp of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
Manlius at Faesulae. Upon this the Senate declared them both public
enemies. At the same time they issued a proclamation promising immunity
to those of their adherents who should lay down their arms before a
fixed date. Meanwhile the Consul Antonius was directed to take such
military measures as might be necessary against the insurgents, Cicero
being retained for the protection of the city.</p>

<p>The proclamation did not have any effect in reducing the number of
Catilina's forces, nor did the rewards previously offered lead to any
disclosures. Cicero had hoped that the effect of his speeches would be
to drive all the conspirators into open rebellion, as they would thus be
more easily dealt with. In this he was disappointed, for though the
chief had left the city, his agents had remained in Rome, and Cicero
could not venture to proceed against them without direct evidence. It
was not long, however, before their carelessness put into his hands the
proofs he desired.</p>

<p>The Allobroges, a tribe of Transalpine Gaul, had sent delegates to
petition the Senate for relief from certain exactions to which they were
subjected. Knowing that these men, from their desperate condition, were
likely to favour a revolution, Lentulus opened negotiations with them,
with a view to securing the aid of their countrymen for the
conspirators. They took counsel however of their 'patronus' Q. Fabius
Sanga, and by his advice revealed the whole affair to Cicero. Acting
under his directions they pretended to enter heartily into the schemes
of Lentulus, and obtained from him letters written and sealed by himself
and his friends, addressed to their nation, stating and confirming by
oath the rewards they were to receive for their assistance. A letter was
also given them for Catilina, whose camp they were to visit on their way
home. With these letters they set out from Rome on the night of December
2, accompanied by T. Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus. Cicero, as
previously agreed upon, posted two Praetors with an armed force at the
Mulvian Bridge, on the Via Flaminia, a few miles to the north of Rome.
They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> there arrested the whole party, and carried them, with the
compromising papers, to the Consul. He at once summoned the chief
conspirators to his presence. One, Caeparius, made his escape, though he
was eventually recaptured; but Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and
Gabinius came unsuspectingly, and were at once conveyed by Cicero to the
presence of the Senate, which he had convoked at the Temple of Concord.
There Volturcius, under promise of impunity, made a full disclosure, and
the conspirators were further confronted with the evidence of the
Allobroges, and their own letters, the authenticity of which they were
compelled to acknowledge. Lentulus, who was Praetor at the time, was
obliged to abdicate his office, and he and his companions were placed in
free custody under the charge of several prominent citizens. Rewards
were voted to the informers, and a 'supplicatio' or thanksgiving for the
averted danger decreed in honour of Cicero, who after leaving the Senate
addressed to the people assembled in the Forum the <i>Third Catilinarian
Oration</i>, giving a full account of what had just taken place.</p>

<p>Two days later (December 5) the Senate was once more convened, and
Cicero as Consul put to them the formal question, 'what was their advice
with respect to the conspirators actually in custody?'</p>

<p>The Consul elect, D. Silanus, who was first asked for his vote, proposed
that they should be put to death. The other consulars supported him.
When it came to the turn of Caesar, who was praetor elect, he proposed
as an alternative that their property should be confiscated, and that
they should be imprisoned for life in some of the provincial towns of
Italy. These two proposals were before the Senate when Cicero intervened
with the <i>Fourth Catilinarian Oration</i>. It does not pronounce a formal
<i>sententia</i>, for the Consul, as president, would not himself vote, but
places the alternative proposals before the house for their
consideration; indicating, however, a preference for that of Silanus.
But Caesar's speech had made a great impression, and Silanus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> announced
that he would agree to a motion for a postponement of the decision,
which had been suggested as a compromise. The matter was eventually
decided by a speech of M. Cato, who was tribune elect. He attacked the
conspirators with great vigour, and proposed that they should be
summarily put to death <i>more maiorum</i>. His words produced such an effect
that his proposal was carried forthwith. Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius,
Gabinius and Caeparius were at once conducted to the Tullianum, the
prison underneath the slopes of the Capitol, and there strangled<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>.</p>

<p>This summary proceeding effectually checked the plans of Catilina. From
this moment he received no fresh reinforcements, and his original
adherents began to leave him. The retreat of his army into Gaul was
blocked by the Praetor Metellus Celer, while M. Petreius, acting as the
legate of Antonius, advanced against him from the south. Early in the
following year (62) the opposing forces met at Pistoria in Etruria,
where Catilina and his followers, after fighting with desperate courage,
were defeated and slain to a man.</p>

<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See 3. §§16, 17 and Cic. pro Caelio, ch. 5.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The Consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata,
generally in July. They entered on their office on the succeeding first
of January. Thus the Consuls for 65 would be elected in July 66; during
the interval they were called 'Consules designati.'</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See note on 2. §18.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See note on <i>bonorum</i>, 1. §1.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The 'equites' were all those citizens, not senators, who
had property to the amount of 400,000 sesterces (£3,200). They were so
called from the fact that in earlier times, all who had sufficient
property were obliged to serve in the citizen cavalry, but they had long
ceased to have any connection with the army. They were now the
mercantile class in Rome, having most of the trading operations in their
hands, and forming a body intermediate between the aristocracy and the
populace.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See Cic. pro Murena, chs. 25, 26. This is often identified
with the meeting in the Senate on Oct. 21; but Cicero, after describing
his speech and Catilina's answer on this occasion, says expressly 'neque
tamen (senatus) satis severe pro rei indignitate decrevit' which he
could not have said had they then passed the 'ultimum decretum' (see
page 11).</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> 1. §11.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> 1. §7.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> On this question see below Note B.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See on 4. §23.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See on 1. §19.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> There is some uncertainty about the dates here. Cicero
(pro Sulla §52) says the meeting in Laeca's house took place <i>nocte ea
quae consecuta est posterum diem Nonarum Novembrium</i>; this (if genuine)
fixes it to the night of Nov. 6. At this meeting his assassination was
resolved upon. We should naturally suppose that the attempt was made on
the morning of Nov. 7; and this agrees with Sallust Cat. 28 and Cic. in
Cat. 1. §9 (<i>illa ipsa nocte</i>). But elsewhere (see esp. 1. §1, 1. §8, 2.
§13) Cicero seems to distinguish between what had happened on the 'night
before last' (<i>superiore</i> or <i>priore nocte</i>), i.e. the meeting in
Laeca's house; and 'last night' (<i>proxima nocte</i>), i.e. the attempt on
his own life. Hence it seems better to assume that there was an interval
of a day between the meeting and the attempted murder.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> On the whole question as to the jurisdiction of the Senate
and the legality of the execution, see below Note B.</p></div>


</div>


<hr style="width: 45%;" />


<h3>NOTE A.</h3>

<p>The above sketch follows in the main the traditional account of the
Catilinarian conspiracy, which has been generally accepted by later
historians. It is fair to add that some writers have adopted a different
view, which may be thus briefly stated. They believe that historians
have been mistaken in regarding Catilina as the leader of a mere band of
desperadoes; that his so-called 'conspiracy' was really an act of revolt
against the authority of the Senate on the part of the whole democratic
party, of which he was the recognized leader (a similar movement, in
fact, to those which had been organized by Gaius Gracchus in 123 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>,
by Saturninus in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, by M. Lepidus in 78 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and others); that
he was driven to use force by the opposition of the Optimates to his
schemes, and that Cicero, as the spokesman of the latter, purposely
misrepresented him as the leader of an anarchist conspiracy, whose sole
object was confiscation and plunder.</p>

<p>The received account is derived almost entirely from two sources; the
speeches and writings of Cicero; and the 'History of the Catilinarian
Conspiracy' by Sallust, written probably about 44 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> The former is
undoubtedly a prejudiced witness, and statements resting on his
authority alone must be received with caution. Sallust, however, was a
partisan of Caesar, and a member of the democratic party. He had
consequently no motive to represent the character of Catilina as worse
than it really was, especially as his patron Caesar was commonly
supposed to have been implicated in the first conspiracy (66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>)<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>,
if not the second also. He certainly hints that the worst charges
against Catilina, which he repeats, rested on very doubtful authority;
but as to the main features of the conspiracy, he confirms Cicero on
every point; and this is a strong argument in favour of the received
account. The question is too large to be fully discussed within the
limits of this book; those who wish to see the contrary view maintained
with great spirit and ability should read the very interesting article
in 'Catiline, Clodius and Tiberius,' by Professor E. S. Beesly<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>.</p>


<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See page 8.</p></div>

<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> See also the criticism on this in the Introduction to
Capes' Sallust, pp. 24-27.</p></div>
</div>

<hr style="width: 45%;" />


<h3><a name="NOTE_B" id="NOTE_B"></a>NOTE B.</h3>

<p class="center"><i>On the Legality of the Execution.</i></p>

<p>On account of his action in this matter, Cicero was afterwards attacked
by Clodius, who, as tribune in 58 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, carried a law enacting that 'any
one who had put Roman citizens to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> death without trial should be
forbidden fire and water.' As Clodius was supported by Caesar and
Pompeius, Cicero did not make any resistance, but retired temporarily
into exile.</p>

<p>Had his action been really illegal or not? The Valerian, Porcian, and
Sempronian laws certainly enacted that no citizen should be put to death
except by vote of the people, after a formal trial before them. Cicero
justifies his apparent violation of these laws on two grounds&mdash;</p>

<p>(1) That the conspirators, having become <i>hostes</i> by their own act, and
having been recognised as such by resolution of the Senate, had <i>ipso
facto</i> forfeited the rights of citizens (1. §28; 4. §10).</p>

<p>As regards this, we may remark that, though the conduct of the
conspirators might justify the adoption of active measures against them,
it could not <i>legally</i> be held to deprive them, when arrested, of the
benefit of trial. For the question, whether they had acted as <i>hostes</i>
or not, would be exactly the point which the law-court would have to
decide. The argument is, in fact, from the legal point of view, a
<i>petitio principii</i>.</p>

<p>(2) That the 'ultimum decretum' of the Senate (see Introduction, page
11) invested the Consul with dictatorial powers, including the right of
summary execution. (1. §4 <i>habemus senatus consultum</i>, etc.)</p>

<p>In support of this he recalls the fact that C. Gracchus (121) and
Saturninus (100) had been killed by the Consuls Opimius and Marius
respectively, acting under a similar decree. It is certain that a party
in the Senate claimed the right of thus arming the Consul with
exceptional powers in cases of emergency, and Sallust (Cat. 29)
distinctly says that they possessed it. On the other hand, the right had
never been admitted by the popular leaders, who had, as a protest,
brought Opimius to trial for the murder of C. Gracchus, though they had
not secured a conviction. They had, moreover, during this year (63)
accused of murder one C. Rabirius, who had been concerned in the death
of Saturninus thirty-seven years before. The trial was avowedly
instituted for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> purpose of contesting the right of the Senate to
invest the Consul with dictatorial powers. Cicero, who defended
Rabirius, claimed that the 'ultimum decretum' acquitted his client of
all liability. But it seems probable that he would have been condemned,
had not his supporters found means to prevent the trial from coming to a
decision.</p>

<p>It is on this point that the question of legality or illegality really
turns, and as the Romans were not themselves agreed upon it, we can
scarcely pronounce a decision. If the Consul did possess dictatorial
powers in virtue of the 'ultimum decretum,' then the execution was
legal; if (as seems, perhaps, the more reasonable view) he did not, then
it was illegal. In any case, it is clear that the <i>Senate</i>, as such,
could not order the execution of any citizen. They could only arm the
Consul, and though he was at liberty to consult them on this, as on any
matter of importance, the responsibility of the particular measures
taken rested with him alone.</p>

<p>Unconstitutional actions may, however, sometimes be justified on the
ground of the necessities of the case; and Cicero might fairly plead
that the executions had proved efficacious in checking the spread of the
conspiracy, (a result which the measures previously taken had entirely
failed to secure,) and that it was very doubtful whether, if the
prisoners had been kept for trial, a general rising could have been
avoided.</p>

<p>The position of Caesar is somewhat hard to understand. As a popular
leader, he must have held the view that neither the Consul nor the
Senate had the right of dealing summarily with the accused; yet by
proposing the alternative punishment of imprisonment he seems to admit
their jurisdiction. Possibly he took this course as the best means of
saving their lives for the moment, but if so it is not clear why he
should have added the provision that their property should be
confiscated.</p>

<hr style="width: 33%;" />

<p>The first and fourth speeches are <i>orationes pro senatu habitae</i>, the
second and third are <i>contiones ad populum</i>.</p>

<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>

<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
<h2><a name="IN_CATILINAM_ORATIONES" id="IN_CATILINAM_ORATIONES"></a>IN CATILINAM ORATIONES.<br /></h2>



<hr style="width: 8%;" />
<h2><a name="Oration_I" id="Oration_I"></a><span class="smcap">Oration I.</span></h2>

<h4><span class="smcap">Before the Senate.</span></h4>


<blockquote><p><i>How long, Catilina, will you abuse our patience? Can you not
read the signs of public excitement which show that your
designs are known to all of us? Yet you dare to come here, and
we hesitate to inflict upon you the death you deserve. Your
predecessors in revolution were summarily dealt with</i>; we <i>have
allowed the Senate's decree to lie idle for twenty days.</i></p></blockquote>


<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_1" id="t1_1"></a><a href="#n1_1">1</a></span><b>1.</b> Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? quam diu etiam
furor iste tuus eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia?
Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil
timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus
habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? Patere tua
consilia non sentis? constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri
coniurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum
ignorare arbitraris? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_2" id="t1_2"></a><a href="#n1_2">2</a></span>O tempora, o mores! senatus haec
intellegit, consul videt: hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in
senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis
ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei
publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te,
Catilina, duci iussu consulis iam pridem oporte<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>bat, in te conferri
pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_3" id="t1_3"></a><a href="#n1_3">3</a></span>An vero vir
amplissimus, Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter
labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam, orbem
terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus?
Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium,
novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac
re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem
perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coërcerent. Habemus senatus
consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave; non deest rei publicae
consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte,
consules desumus.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t1_4" id="t1_4"></a><a href="#n1_4">4</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>2.</b> Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, ne quid res
publica detrimenti caperet: nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est
propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre,
avo, maioribus; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili
senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res
publica; num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum pl. et C. Servilium
praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum
iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>You have presumed upon our leniency; you are now collecting an
army in Etruria. All good citizens would applaud me, if I put
you to death; but I spare your life, though I keep a check upon
your designs, till all the world shall recognise the justice of
your punishment.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2">Habemus enim huius modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis,
tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim
interfectum te esse, Catilina,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad
deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me
esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum
videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_5" id="t1_5"></a><a href="#n1_5">5</a></span>Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus
conlocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem
castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu
videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si
te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit
verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam
crudelius factum esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse
oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique
interficiere, cum iam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis
inveniri poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_6" id="t1_6"></a><a href="#n1_6">6</a></span>Quam diu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita,
ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te
contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non
sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>You had better abandon those designs; for they are known. I
told the Senate that you would be in arms on Oct. 27, and I was
not mistaken. I foretold and prevented your intended massacre
of the aristocracy, and your attempt upon Praeneste.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><b>3.</b> Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius exspectes, si neque nox
tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus
continere voces coniurationis tuae potest? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt
omnia? Muta iam istam mentem, mihi crede: obliviscere caedis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> atque
incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia
omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. Meministine me<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_7" id="t1_7"></a><a href="#n1_7">7</a></span>
ante diem <span class="smcap">xii</span> Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo
die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem <span class="smcap">vi</span> Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium,
audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina,
non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo
magis est admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te
optimatium contulisse in ante diem <span class="smcap">v</span> Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi
principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum
reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis
praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam
non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus,
caede contentum esse dicebas? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_8" id="t1_8"></a><a href="#n1_8">8</a></span>Quid? cum tu te Praeneste
Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres,
sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodiis
vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod
non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>The night before last, you and your associates met at Laeca's
house, and laid your plans; you sent two of them to murder me
this morning; but I was forewarned and shut them out.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><b>4.</b> Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: iam intelleges multo
me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te
priore nocte venisse inter falcarios&mdash;non agam obscure&mdash;in M. Laecae
domum; convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios.
Num negare audes? quid taces?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> convincam, si negas; video enim esse hic
in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_9" id="t1_9"></a><a href="#n1_9">9</a></span>O di immortales!
ubinam gentium sumus? quam rem publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus?
Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae
sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostrum omnium interitu, qui
de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego
video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari
oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam illa
nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partes Italiae; statuisti quo quemque
proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum
educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te ipsum
iam esse exiturum, dixisti paululum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego
viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura liberarent et
sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos
esse pollicerentur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_10" id="t1_10"></a><a href="#n1_10">10</a></span>Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu
vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam maioribus praesidiis munivi atque
firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum [mane] miseras, cum illi
ipsi venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis
venturos praedixeram.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Now I bid you leave the city. So long as you attacked me only,
I resisted you single-handed; now you are attacking the State.
I will not kill you, for that would not rid us of your
adherents. No, leave the city&mdash;for exile, if you will&mdash;and take
them with you.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><b>5.</b> Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere aliquando
ex urbe; patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa
Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam
plurimos;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque
te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari iam diutius non potes: non feram,
non patiar, non sinam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_11" id="t1_11"></a><a href="#n1_11">11</a></span>Magna dis immortalibus habenda est
atque huic ipsi Iovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia,
quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae
pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus
periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato, Catilina,
insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi.
Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores
tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum
praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato; denique,
quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam
perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_12" id="t1_12"></a><a href="#n1_12">12</a></span>nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis; templa
deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique
totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum
et quod huius imperii disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum
audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem
utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua
coniuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris,
exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei
publicae. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_13" id="t1_13"></a><a href="#n1_13">13</a></span>Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me
facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem.
Interrogas me: num in exilium? non iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo.
<br /></p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p>
<blockquote><p><i>You cannot wish to stay where your crimes are notorious. Ruin
stares you in the face. Your repeated attempts on my life have
failed; the senators, by their conduct, show how they hate you.
The State, our common mother, fears you and bids you leave her.
Your very offers to place yourself under restraint are a
self-condemnation.</i></p></blockquote>

<p><b>6.</b> Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit? in
qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non
metuat, nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non
inusta vitae tuae est? quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama?
quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod
flagitium a toto corpore afuit? cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum
inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem
praetulisti? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_14" id="t1_14"></a><a href="#n1_14">14</a></span>Quid vero? nuper, cum morte superioris
uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili
scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? quod ego praetermitto et facile patior
sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut
non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas
omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad
privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam
difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad
omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_15" id="t1_15"></a><a href="#n1_15">15</a></span>Potestne tibi
haec lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias
esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Ianuariis Lepido et
Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? manum consulum et
principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse? sceleri ac furori
tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani
obstitisse? Ac iam illa omitto&mdash;neque enim sunt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> aut obscura aut non
multa commissa postea&mdash;: quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem
interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniectas, ut vitari
posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore
effugi! Nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_16" id="t1_16"></a><a href="#n1_16">16</a></span>Quotiens tibi iam extorta est sica ista de manibus!
quotiens excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te
initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in
consulis corpore defigere.</p>

<p><b>7.</b> Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut
odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi
nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta
frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post
hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis
gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista
subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad
caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam
subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi
ferendum putas? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_17" id="t1_17"></a><a href="#n1_17">17</a></span>Servi me hercule mei si me isto pacto
metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam
putarem: tu tibi urbem non arbitraris? et si me meis civibus iniuria
suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium
quam infestis oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum
tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas,
quorum mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare?
Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare
posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria,
quae<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diu
nihil te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: huius tu neque
auctoritatem verebere nec iudicium sequere nec vim pertimesces?
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_18" id="t1_18"></a><a href="#n1_18">18</a></span>Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita
loquitur: 'Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum
flagitium sine te; tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio
direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera; tu non solum ad
neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas
perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt,
tamen, ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te,
quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium
iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem
discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin
falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t1_19" id="t1_19"></a><a href="#n1_19">19</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>8.</b> Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat,
etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam
dedisti? quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare
velle dixisti? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es atque ut
domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses,
me nullo modo posse eisdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in
periculo essem, quod eisdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum
praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M.
Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum
diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum
fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a
vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit?</p>


<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span><i>You challenge me to take a vote of the Senate. Without doing
so, I can show you what they think. When I bid you go into
exile, they give consent by their silence. They would not let
me speak to others thus. As for the knights, they are ready to
kill you.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_20" id="t1_20"></a><a href="#n1_20">20</a></span>Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo
animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis
suppliciis iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare?
'Refer' inquis 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi
placere decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non
referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas,
quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam
metu, in exilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est,
Catilina? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium?
Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum
voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_21" id="t1_21"></a><a href="#n1_21">21</a></span>At si hoc idem
adulescenti optimo, Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello,
dixissem, iam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo iure optimo senatus vim et
manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum
patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi
auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam illi equites
Romani, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui
stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia
perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te
iam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae
iam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur.</p>


<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span><i>But it is vain to speak of exile. I wish there were a chance
of it, in spite of the hatred I should incur. Go then to the
camp of Manlius, as you have already arranged. Surrounded by
every kind of wickedness, you will be in your element there.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t1_22" id="t1_22"></a><a href="#n1_22">22</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>9.</b> Quamquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat? tu ut umquam te
corrigas? tu ut ullam fugam meditere? tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi
istam mentem di immortales duint! etsi video, si mea voce perterritus
ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si
minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in
posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dummodo ista sit privata
calamitas et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis
commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae
cedas, non est postulandum; neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor
umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore
revocaverit. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_23" id="t1_23"></a><a href="#n1_23">23</a></span>Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi,
proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis
invidiam, recta perge in exilium: vix feram sermones hominum, si id
feceris; vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium iussu consulis ieris,
sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum
importuna sceleratorum manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos
cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio
latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse
videaris. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_24" id="t1_24"></a><a href="#n1_24">24</a></span>Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam
esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? cui
sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem? a quo etiam aquilam illam
argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac
funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium [scelerum tuorum] constitutum
fuit, sciam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia diutius carere possis, quam
venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam
impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_25" id="t1_25"></a><a href="#n1_25">25</a></span><b>10.</b> Ibis
tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac
furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam
incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas
exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum
quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni
non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam improborum manum.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_26" id="t1_26"></a><a href="#n1_26">26</a></span>Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis!
quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies
virum bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi
sunt qui feruntur labores tui, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum
stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem
somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes illam
tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus
te brevi tempore confectum senties. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_27" id="t1_27"></a><a href="#n1_27">27</a></span>Tantum profeci tum,
cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare
rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate susceptum,
latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Some may charge me with remissness in letting slip a public
enemy. It is no fear of illegality, or unpopularity that
influences me. But Catilina's departure to his camp will purge
the city of his adherents, and show everyone what his plans
really are. His death would give us only a temporary relief.
Let them leave us then for their wicked work, and Jupiter will
defend us from their attacks.</i></p></blockquote>

<p><b>11.</b> Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> iustam patriae
querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae
dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum
patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis
res publica sic loquatur: 'M. Tulli, quid agis? tune eum, quem esse
hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari
imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem
coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere,
ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed inmissus in urbem esse videatur?
Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio
mactari imperabis? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_28" id="t1_28"></a><a href="#n1_28">28</a></span>Quid tandem te impedit? mosne maiorum?
At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte
multarunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At
numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenuerunt.
An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers
gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum
tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si
propter invidiam aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum
neglegis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_29" id="t1_29"></a><a href="#n1_29">29</a></span>Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est
vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac
nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur
urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio
conflagraturum?'</p>

<p><b>12.</b> His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui hoc
idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu
iudicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram
horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> summi viri et
clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum
complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam
honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium
interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi
maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute
partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_30" id="t1_30"></a><a href="#n1_30">30</a></span>Quamquam nonnulli
sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae
vident dissimulent, qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt
coniurationemque nascentem non credendo conroboraverunt: quorum
auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si
in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc
intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem
tam stultum fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, neminem tam
improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei
publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse.
Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique
collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo
haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum
omnium. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_31" id="t1_31"></a><a href="#n1_31">31</a></span><b>13.</b> Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his
periculis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto
omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri
consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur,
videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati,
periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in
visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu
febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur,
deinde<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui
est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis
ingravescet. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_32" id="t1_32"></a><a href="#n1_32">32</a></span>Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a
bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe iam dixi,
discernantur a nobis; desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare
tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et
faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte
unius cuiusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres
conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis
auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus
bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta inlustrata,
oppressa vindicata esse videatis.</p>

<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_33" id="t1_33"></a><a href="#n1_33">33</a></span>Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute,
cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere
parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum
tu, Iuppiter, qui eisdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es
constitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperii vere nominamus,
hunc et huius socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac
moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum
inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac
nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque
mactabis.</p>


<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
<hr style="width: 40%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
<h2><a name="Oration_II" id="Oration_II"></a><span class="smcap">Oration II.</span></h2>

<h4><span class="smcap">Before the People.</span></h4>


<blockquote><p><i>Citizens! We have driven Catilina from the city! We need no
longer fear his secret plots; he must now fight us openly. This
is a great success, as he feels.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_1" id="t2_1"></a><a href="#n2_1">1</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>1.</b> Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem audacia, scelus
anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi
ferro flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel ipsum
egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit excessit, evasit erupit. Nulla
iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia
comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem sine
controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica illa
versabitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra
domesticos parietes perhorrescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est
expulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bellum geremus. Sine
dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum illum ex occultis
insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_2" id="t2_2"></a><a href="#n2_2">2</a></span>Quod vero non
cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est,
quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem
urbem reliquit, quanto tandem illum maerore esse adflictum et<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
profligatum putatis? Iacet ille nunc prostratusque est et se perculsum
atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc
urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget: quae quidem laetari mihi
videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Some may say, 'You should have arrested him.' Had I done so,
many would not have believed my accusations. For their sakes I
was obliged to make him declare himself. Once outside, I do not
fear him; I wish indeed he had taken all his adherents with
him. Our armies can easily deal with the band of bankrupts and
swindlers he has assembled; it is the conspirators of high
rank, whom he has left behind, that we have now to fear. They
see that we know their plans, yet they persist.</i></p></blockquote>


<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_3" id="t2_3"></a><a href="#n2_3">3</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>2.</b> Ac si quis est talis, quales omnes esse oportebat, qui in hoc ipso,
in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tam
capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista
mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravissimo
supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et
huius imperii severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos
fuisse putatis, qui quae ego deferrem non crederent? quam multos, qui
etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum
iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum
etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_4" id="t2_4"></a><a href="#n2_4">4</a></span>Sed cum viderem, ne
vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata, si illum, ut erat meritus,
morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non
possem, rem huc deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte
videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> quam vehementer foris esse
timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod
ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum copias suas
eduxisset! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat,
Publicium et Munatium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum
rei publicae motum adferre poterat: reliquit quos viros! quanto aere
alieno, quam valentes, quam nobiles! <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_5" id="t2_5"></a><a href="#n2_5">5</a></span><b>3.</b> Itaque ego illum
exercitum prae Gallicanis legionibus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno
et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis cotidie
comparantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex
agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimonia
deserere quam illum exercitum maluerunt: quibus ego non modo si aciem
exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident.
Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in
senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum
suos milites eduxisset: qui si hic permanent, mementote non tam
exercitum illum esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt,
pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quid cogitent
me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_6" id="t2_6"></a><a href="#n2_6">6</a></span>Video, cui sit
Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis
Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum
depoposcerit; omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me delata esse
sentiunt; patefeci in senatu hesterno die; Catilina ipse pertimuit,
profugit: hi quid exspectant? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam
pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram.</p>


<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span><i>I give them one more chance; let them follow their leader.
Happy for us if we can be quit of them! Catilina's departure
alone has relieved us much. He is the friend of every criminal,
the corrupter of youth, the support of bankrupts, the hero of
gladiators and actors. His adherents are monsters of crime; we
cannot endure them any longer. Their destruction is at hand.
Our general has given us peace abroad; under my leadership let
us declare war upon our domestic enemy.</i></p></blockquote>


<p class="para2"><b>4.</b> Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte
coniurationem contra rem publicam videretis: nisi vero si quis est, qui
Catilinae similes cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati
locus; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam: exeant,
proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere.
Demonstrabo iter: Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad
vesperam consequentur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_7" id="t2_7"></a><a href="#n2_7">7</a></span>O fortunatam rem publicam, si
quidem hanc sentinam urbis huius eiecerit! Uno me hercule Catilina
exhausto relevata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali
aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit? quis
tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis
parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis
ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor
iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum
Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per hosce
annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium stuprum non per illum?
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_8" id="t2_8"></a><a href="#n2_8">8</a></span>Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis
inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo? qui alios amabat ipse turpissime,
aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis fructum libidinum, aliis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
mortem parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur.
Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem
numerum perditorum hominum collegerat! <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_9" id="t2_9"></a><a href="#n2_9">9</a></span>Nemo non modo
Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno
fuit, quem non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus adsciverit. <b>5.</b> Atque
ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo
est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum
Catilinae, nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope
sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum
exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame ac siti et vigiliis
perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia
atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumerentur.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_10" id="t2_10"></a><a href="#n2_10">10</a></span>Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, o rem
publicam fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consulatus mei! Non enim iam
sunt mediocres hominum libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae:
nihil cogitant nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua
profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt, res eos iam pridem, fides nuper
deficere coepit: eadem tamen illa, quae erat in abundantia, libido
manet. Quodsi in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent,
essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi: hoc vero quis
ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos
prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus? qui
adcubantes in conviviis, complexi mulieres impudicas, vino languidi,
conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris
eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia.
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> <span class="sidenote">
<a name="t2_11" id="t2_11"></a><a href="#n2_11">11</a></span>Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod et poenam iam diu
improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam plane
aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non
potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula
propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio, quam pertimescamus,
nullus rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit; omnia sunt externa
unius virtute terra marique pacata: domesticum bellum manet, intus
insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est, intus est hostis: cum
luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello
ducem profiteor, Quirites, suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum: quae
sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non
patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant
aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur
exspectent.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Others reproach me with having driven Catilina into exile.
What I did was to declare to the Senate&mdash;who showed their
approval of what I said&mdash;the details of his plans. I bade him
betake himself to the camp of Manlius, whither I knew he meant
to go. Was that driving him into exile? Yet now if he should
change his mind, and really go into exile, I am to be called a
tyrant. I would gladly bear it, if war might be so averted. But
there is no chance of it; in three days he will be in arms.
Those who thus reproach me are really his secret partisans.</i></p></blockquote>

<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_12" id="t2_12"></a><a href="#n2_12">12</a></span><b>6.</b> At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exilium
eiectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> possem, istos ipsos
eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam
permodestus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exilium
iussus est, paruit atque ivit. Hesterno die, cum domi meae paene
interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris vocavi, rem omnem ad
patres conscriptos detuli: quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator
appellavit? quis salutavit? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem,
ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem? quin etiam principes eius
ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque
inanem reliquerunt. Hic ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo cives in
exilium eicio, quaesivi a Catilina, in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam
fuisset necne. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_13" id="t2_13"></a><a href="#n2_13">13</a></span>Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia
convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera: quid ea nocte egisset,
quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius
belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid
dubitaret proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures,
cum fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam,
cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_14" id="t2_14"></a><a href="#n2_14">14</a></span>In exilium eiciebam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum
videbam? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano
castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et illa castra
nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exilium se
Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet.</p>

<p class="para2"><b>7.</b> O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, verum etiam
conservandae rei publicae! Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus,
periculis meis circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit,
sententiam mutaverit,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi
abiecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam atque in exilium
converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus
ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed
indemnatus, innocens in exilium eiectus a consule vi et minis dicetur,
et erunt qui illum, si hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non
diligentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_15" id="t2_15"></a><a href="#n2_15">15</a></span>Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque
iniquae tempestatem subire dummodo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac
nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dummodo
eat in exilium: sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis
immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L.
Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed
triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit
invidiosum aliquando, quod illum emiserim, potius quam quod eiecerim.
Sed cum sint homines, qui illum, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant,
eidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_16" id="t2_16"></a><a href="#n2_16">16</a></span>Quamquam
isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam
verentur. Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui illum non ad Manlium quam
ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si me hercule hoc, quod agit,
numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam
exulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem
cogitationemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est,
optemus potius ut eat in exilium quam queramur.</p>


<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>Of his adherents there are six classes.</i> (1) <i>Men with large
debts, but larger estates, which they will not part with,
hoping that Catilina will declare an abolition of debts. Their
only chance is a measure of compulsory sale, which I offer
them.</i> (2) <i>Those who hope by the revolution to obtain power
and office. Let these mark the forces against them, and
remember that, if it succeeds, the chief power will not fall to
them.</i> (3) <i>The Sullan colonists, who want fresh chances of
plunder. But the State will not endure a new proscription.</i> (4)
<i>The hopeless bankrupts. Their ruin is certain, but they need
not involve the whole State in it.</i> (5) <i>Criminals of every
class; let them stay with Catilina.</i> (6) <i>The dissolute youth
of Rome, his special favourites.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_17" id="t2_17"></a><a href="#n2_17">17</a></div>

<p><b>8.</b> Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo hoste, qui iam
fatetur se esse hostem et quem, quia, quod semper volui, murus interest,
non timeo: de his, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum
sunt, nihil dicimus? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non tam
ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque, id
quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intellego. Exponam enim
vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur;
deinde singulis medicinam consilii atque orationis meae, si quam potero,
adferam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_18" id="t2_18"></a><a href="#n2_18">18</a></span>Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno
maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi nullo
modo possunt. Horum hominum species est honestissima&mdash;sunt enim
locupletes&mdash;, voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu
aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus
sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem? Quid enim
exspectas? bellum? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones
sacrosanctas futuras putas? An tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a
Catilina exspectant:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum
auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione
ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent neque, id
quod stultissimum est, certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et
locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines
minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt aut, si
permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam
arma laturi.</p>

<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_19" id="t2_19"></a><a href="#n2_19">19</a></span><b>9.</b> Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premuntur aere
alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores,
quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata consequi se posse
arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem
quod reliquis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse:
primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae; deinde
magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam, [maximam
multitudinem] magnas praeterea copias militum; deos denique immortales
huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam
vim sceleris praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quodsi iam sint id, quod
summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine
civium, quae mente scelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules aut
dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere,
quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_20" id="t2_20"></a><a href="#n2_20">20</a></span>Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen
exercitatione robustum, quo ex genere est ipse Manlius, cui nunc
Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit:
quas ego universas civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum
sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> repentinis
pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam
beati, dum praediis, lecticis, familiis magnis, conviviis adparatis
delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint,
Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus: qui etiam nonnullos agrestes,
homines tenues atque egentes, in eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum
impulerunt. Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque
pono, sed eos hoc moneo: desinant furere et proscriptiones et dictaturas
cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut
iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse
videantur.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_21" id="t2_21"></a><a href="#n2_21">21</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>10.</b> Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbulentum, qui iam
pridem premuntur, qui numquam emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male
gerendo negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant,
qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum defatigati, permulti
et ex urbe et ex agris se in illa castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego
non tam milites acres quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui
homines quam primum, si stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita, ut non
modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non
intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter
velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli
pereant, arbitrentur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_22" id="t2_22"></a><a href="#n2_22">22</a></span>Quintum genus est parricidarum,
sicariorum, denique omnium facinorosorum: quos ego a Catilina non
revoco; nam neque divelli ab eo possunt et pereant sane in latrocinio,
quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos carcer capere non possit. Postremum autem
genus est, non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod
proprium Catilinae est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> ac
sinu, quos pexo capillo nitidos aut imberbes aut bene barbatos videtis,
manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos, non togis, quorum omnis
industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromitur.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_23" id="t2_23"></a>23</span>In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes
impuri impudicique versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum
amare et amari, neque cantare et saltare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et
spargere venena didicerunt: qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si
Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum
futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt? num suas secum
mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi? Quemadmodum autem illis carere
poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus? quo autem pacto illi Appenninum
atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem
toleraturos putant, quod nudi in conviviis saltare didicerunt.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>We scarcely need the armies of the State to defeat such
contemptible opponents. We have all the resources of the
government, they have nothing; it is the cause of all good
against all evil. In such a contest the result is certain.
Guard your own homes, and we will do our duty.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_24" id="t2_24"></a><a href="#n2_24">24</a></div>

<p><b>11.</b> O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc sit habiturus Catilina
scortorum cohortem praetoriam! Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam
praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus: et
primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque
vestros opponite; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam
manum florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. Iam vero urbes coloniarum
ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego
ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> latronis inopia
atque egestate conferre debeo. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_25" id="t2_25"></a><a href="#n2_25">25</a></span>Sed si omissis his rebus,
quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe,
aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris
nationibus, si his rebus omissis causas ipsas, quae inter se confligunt,
contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere
possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia; hinc
pudicitia, illinc stuprum; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas,
illinc scelus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc honestas, illinc
turpitudo; hinc continentia, illinc libido; denique aequitas,
temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum
iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitiis omnibus; postremo
copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona
denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi
certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi
immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et tanta vitia
superari?</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_26" id="t2_26"></a><a href="#n2_26">26</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>12.</b> Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad modum iam antea dixi,
vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque defendite: mihi, ut urbi sine vestro
motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque
provisum est. Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de
hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbes suas finesque defendent.
Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit&mdash;quamquam
animo meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum,&mdash;potestate nostra
continebuntur. Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum
Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem aut omnes eius motus
conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis,
maturandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quem vocari videtis.</p>


<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>One more appeal to the conspirators who are still in the city.
They can go out if they will, but any attempt at violence here
will be crushed. This shall be done under my direction, with as
little disturbance as possible. I rely upon the protection of
the gods, to whom you must address your prayers.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_27" id="t2_27"></a><a href="#n2_27">27</a></div>

<p>Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem
omniumque nostrum in urbe a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes,
tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas
adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod latebat,
erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci, meam hanc esse
patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his
esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae; si qui
exire volunt, conivere possum: qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius ego
non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam
deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse
magistratus egregios, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem,
quem vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse
voluerunt.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_28" id="t2_28"></a><a href="#n2_28">28</a></div><p><b>13.</b> Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maximae
res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bellum intestinum ac
domesticum post hominum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato
duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si
ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam
sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens
patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud
profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum
videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> iam
omnes salvi esse possitis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_29" id="t2_29"></a>29</span>Quae quidem ego neque mea
prudentia neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed
multis et non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego
ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus: qui iam non procul, ut
quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hic praesentes
suo numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendent. Quos
vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem
pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium
copiis terra marique superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere
defendant.</p>


<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
<hr style="width: 40%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
<h2><a name="Oration_III" id="Oration_III"></a><span class="smcap">Oration III.</span></h2>

<h4><span class="smcap">Before the People.</span></h4>


<blockquote><p><i>Citizens! This day I have saved the State, and may claim equal
honour with its founder. Let me tell you what has taken place
in the Senate.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_1" id="t3_1"></a>1</span><b>1.</b> Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, bona
fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domicilium clarissimi
imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque urbem hodierno die deorum
immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus consiliis periculis meis e
flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis
conservatam ac restitutam videtis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_2" id="t3_2"></a><a href="#n3_2">2</a></span>Et si non minus nobis
iucundi atque inlustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi,
quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta
condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto,
quoniam illum, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia
famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit
is, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam toti
urbi, templis delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignes
circumdatosque restinximus, eidemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos
rettudimus mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_3" id="t3_3"></a><a href="#n3_3">3</a></span>Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> comperta sunt per me,
vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et quam manifesta et
qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui ignoratis et
exspectatis, scire possitis.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Since Catilina departed, I have been on the watch for evidence
against his confederates. I found that Lentulus had been
tampering with the delegates of the Allobroges, and was sending
letters by them to Gaul and to Catilina. Here was my
opportunity. By my orders, two of the praetors last night
arrested the delegates with Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus,
at the Mulvian Bridge, seized their letters and brought them to
me. I sent for Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Gabinius,
convoked the Senate, and conveyed thither the whole party, with
the letters unopened. Another praetor, sent by me, seized a
collection of arms in the house of Cethegus.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2">Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris
sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, Romae reliquisset,
semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam
absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. <b>2.</b> Nam tum, cum ex urbe
Catilinam eiciebam&mdash;non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum illa
magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit,&mdash;sed tum, cum illum exterminari
volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul exituram aut eos, qui
restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_4" id="t3_4"></a><a href="#n3_4">4</a></span>Atque ego ut vidi, quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos
sciebam, eos nobiscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies
noctesque consumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac
viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem
sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut
tum demum animis saluti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium
ipsum videretis. Itaque ut comperi, legatos Allobrogum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> belli
Transalpini et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa a Lentulo esse
sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos cives eodemque itinere [cum
litteris mandatisque] ad Catilinam esse missos, comitemque iis adiunctum
esse T. Volturcium atque huic ad Catilinam esse datas litteras,
facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum quodque ego
semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a
senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_5" id="t3_5"></a><a href="#n3_5">5</a></span>Itaque
hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum praetores, fortissimos atque
amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri
placeret ostendi. Illi autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque
egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium
susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mulvium
pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito fuerunt, ut
Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam
suspicione multos fortes viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina
complures delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor assidue in rei
publicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_6" id="t3_6"></a><a href="#n3_6">6</a></span>Interim tertia
fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem magno comitatu legati Allobrogum
ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; educuntur et
ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota solis,
ignorabatur a ceteris. <b>3.</b> Tum interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna,
quae erat commissa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo comitatu,
integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam
dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum
machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihildum suspicantem,
vocavi; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus;
tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo, quod<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> in litteris dandis praeter
consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_7" id="t3_7"></a><a href="#n3_7">7</a></span>Cum summis et
clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane
convenerant, litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri
placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus
iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, ut de periculo
publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim,
Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego
non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae periculis esse mihi nimiam
diligentiam pertimescendam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_8" id="t3_8"></a><a href="#n3_8">8</a></span>Senatum frequentem celeriter,
ut vidistis, coëgi. Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C.
Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid
telorum esset, efferret, ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et
gladiorum extulit.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Before the Senate, Volturcius made a confession. The Gauls
disclosed their dealings with the conspirators; and the
letters, which their writers, Cethegus, Statilius, and
Lentulus, were forced to acknowledge, were found, when read, to
confirm their evidence. Cethegus gave up his defence; Lentulus
tried to cross-examine the Gauls, but broke down, especially
when his letter to Catilina was read. Finally Gabinius, like
the rest, was reduced to silence.</i></p></blockquote>

<p><b>4.</b> Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis, fidem publicam iussu senatus dedi,
hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit,
cum vix se ex magno timore recreasset, a Lentulo se habere ad
Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad
urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet; id autem, eo consilio, ut, cum
urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad modum descriptum distributumque erat,
incendissent caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille,
qui et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_9" id="t3_9"></a><a href="#n3_9">9</a></span>Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab
Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixerunt, atque ita
sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam
quam primum mitterent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas: Lentulum
autem sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se
esse illum tertium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque imperium
pervenire esset necesse; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse: eundemque
dixisse fatalem hunc esse annum ad interitum huius urbis atque imperii,
qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitolii autem
incensionem vicesimus. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_10" id="t3_10"></a><a href="#n3_10">10</a></span>Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris
controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem
fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur.</p>

<p class="para2"><b>5.</b> Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus, quae a quoque
dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus Cethego signum: cognovit; nos linum
incidimus, legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et
populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse; orare ut
item illi facerent quae sibi legati eorum recepissent. Tum Cethegus, qui
paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant
deprehensa, respondisset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum
studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus
conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius; cognovit et
signum et manum suam: recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam;
confessus est. Tum ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne
signum. Adnuit. 'Est vero' inquam 'notum quidem signum, imago avi tui,
clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam et cives suos, quae quidem te
a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_11" id="t3_11"></a><a href="#n3_11">11</a></span>Leguntur
eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de his
rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit;
post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit,
quaesivit a Gallis, quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam
venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanterque
respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab
eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, tum ille subito
scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset, ostendit: nam cum id
posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita
eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit,
sed etiam propter vim manifesti atque deprehensi sceleris impudentia,
qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_12" id="t3_12"></a><a href="#n3_12">12</a></span>Volturcius
vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo
ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus
Lentulus tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine
nomine, sed ita: 'Quis sim, scies ex hoc, quem ad te misi. Cura ut vir
sis et cogita, quem in locum sis progressus; vide, quid iam tibi sit
necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum.'
Gabinius deinde introductus, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset,
ad extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. <span class="sidenote">
<a name="t3_13" id="t3_13"></a><a href="#n3_13">13</a></span>Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum illa certissima visa sunt argumenta
atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque
confessio, tum multo certiora illa, color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas.
Sic enim obstipuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam
inter se aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi
viderentur.</p>


<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>The Senate then voted thanks to me, my colleague, and the
praetors; placed under arrest Lentulus (who had resigned his
praetorship) and eight others; and decreed a supplicatio in my
name, an honour never before bestowed on a civil magistrate</i>.</p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><b>6.</b> Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum consului, de summa
re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a principibus acerrimae ac
fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et
quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis,
Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_14" id="t3_14"></a><a href="#n3_14">14</a></span>Primum mihi
gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, consilio, providentia
mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata; deinde L. Flaccus et C.
Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito
ac iure laudantur; atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus
impertitur, quod eos, qui huius coniurationis participes fuissent, a
suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, ut P.
Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; itemque
uti C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant,
in custodiam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui
sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui
ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indicatum, in P.
Furium, qui est de iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q.
Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum
sollicitatione versatus, in Umbrenum, libertinum hominem, a quo
primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_15" id="t3_15"></a><a href="#n3_15">15</a></span>Atque
ea lenitate senatus usus est, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione
tantaque hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem hominum
perditissimorum poena re publica<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari
posse arbitraretur. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro
singulari eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post
hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his verbis decreta est: quod
urbem incendiis, caede cives, Italiam bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio
si cum ceteris [supplicationibus] conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae
bene gesta, haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud,
quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam P.
Lentulus, quamquam, patefactus indiciis et confessionibus suis, iudicio
senatus non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen
magistratu se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non
fuerat quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum,
praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato Lentulo puniendo
liberaremur.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>We have thus defeated the conspiracy; but the struggle would
have been much more severe, if Catilina had remained in the
city.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t3_16" id="t3_16"></a><a href="#n3_16">16</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>7.</b> Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi periculosissimique belli
nefarios duces captos iam et comprehensos tenetis, existimare debetis,
omnes Catilinae copias, omnes spes atque opes his depulsis urbis
periculis concidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc
providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse Lentuli
somnum nec L. Cassii adipes nec C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem
pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diu,
dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat;
appellare, tentare, sollicitare poterat, audebat; erat ei consilium ad
facinus aptum, consilio autem neque lingua neque manus deerat. Iam ad
certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat.
Neque<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat: nihil erat quod
non ipse obiret occurreret, vigilaret laboraret; frigus, sitim, famem
ferre poterat. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_17" id="t3_17"></a><a href="#n3_17">17</a></span>Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem,
tam paratum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis
rebus diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium
compulissem, dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, non facile hanc tantam
molem mali a vestris cervicibus depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia
constituisset neque tanto ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae
denuntiavisset, neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes
manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta
sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum,
quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque
deprehensa est. Quodsi Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset,
quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti,
tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos
umquam, dum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam
tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Many signs show that the Gods have had us under their special
protection. The soothsayers warned us of our danger two years
ago, when the Capitol was struck by lightning. They bade us
avert it by making a new statue of Jupiter, and turning it
towards the Forum; it was erected this day, at the very moment
when the conspiracy was being detected. It is Jupiter alone who
has preserved us.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_18" id="t3_18"></a><a href="#n3_18">18</a></span><b>8.</b> Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me
administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et
provisa esse videantur; idque cum coniectura consequi possumus, quod vix
videtur humani consilii tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum
vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut illa omittam, visas nocturno
tempore ab occidente faces ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut
terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae ita multa nobis
consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales
viderentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque
relinquendum est. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_19" id="t3_19"></a><a href="#n3_19">19</a></span>nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et
Torquato consulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas,
cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum hominum deiectae
et legum aera liquefacta et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit,
Romulus, quem inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, uberibus
lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices
ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum
et bellum civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum
adpropinquare dixerunt, nisi di immortales omni ratione placati suo
numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_20" id="t3_20"></a><a href="#n3_20">20</a></span>itaque illorum
responsis tum et ludi per dies decem facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad
placandos deos pertineret, praetermissa est: eidemque iusserunt
simulacrum Iovis facere maius et in excelso collocare et contra atque
antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud
signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore
ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque
imperii, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano perspici possent.
Atque illud signum collocandum consules illi locaverunt, sed tanta fuit
operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque nobis ante
hodiernum diem collocaretur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_21" id="t3_21"></a><a href="#n3_21">21</a></span><b>9.</b> Hic
quis potest esse, Quirites, tam aversus a vero, tam praeceps, tam
mspane captus, qui neget haec<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> omnia, quae videmus, praecipueque hanc
urbem deorum immortalium nutu ac potestate administrari? Etenim cum
esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae comparari,
et ea per cives, quae tum propter magnitudinem scelerum nonnullis
incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum
etiam suscepta sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu
Iovis Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per
forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae
ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur? quo collocato atque ad
vos senatumque converso, omnia, quae erant cogitata contra salutem
omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_22" id="t3_22"></a><a href="#n3_22">22</a></span>Quo etiam
maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum vestris
domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis atque delubris sunt
funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse
dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus: ille, ille Iuppiter
restitit; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille
vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem
voluntatemque suscepi atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. Iam vero ab
Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam dementer tantae res creditae
et ignotis et barbaris commissaeque litterae numquam essent profecto,
nisi ab dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum.
Quid vero? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una
restat, quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur,
spem imperii ac rerum amplissimarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus
oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent, id non
divinitus factum esse putatis? praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed
tacendo superare potuerint.</p>


<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>Celebrate, then, the thanksgiving: never was one better
deserved. We have had many civil disturbances in the last
twenty years, and much bloodshed; but in these revolution was
the object, not the destruction of the State.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t3_23" id="t3_23"></a><a href="#n3_23">23</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>10.</b> Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvinaria supplicatio
decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris.
Nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti,
sed profecto iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac
miserrimo interitu: sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine
dimicatione togati me uno togato duce et imperatore vicistis. <span class="sidenote">
<a name="t3_24" id="t3_24"></a><a href="#n3_24">24</a></span>Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnes civiles dissensiones, non solum
eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis.
L. Sulla Sulpicium oppressit: C. Marium, custodem huius urbis,
multosque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn.
Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe collegam: omnis hic locus acervis
corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum
Mario: tum vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis
exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla, ne
dici quidem opus est, quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei
publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q.
Catulo: attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam
ceterorum. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_25" id="t3_25"></a><a href="#n3_25">25</a></span>Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quae non
ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinebant&mdash;non illi
nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se esse principes,
neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere
voluerunt,&mdash;eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed
internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc autem uno post hominum
memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam
barbaria cum sua gente<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo,
Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi
esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut
omnes salvi conservaremini, et, cum hostes vestri tantum civium
superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae caedi restitisset, tantum
autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et cives
integros incolumesque servavi.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>I ask no reward but your recollection of my services. Unlike
foreign conquerors, I must live side by side with my enemies;
be it yours to see that I do not suffer from the hatred of the
wicked which I have provoked. Life can give me no greater
honour; I will strive to prove worthy of it in future.</i></p>

<p><i>Make your prayers, then, to Jupiter, and guard your homes
to-night; the danger will soon be over.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t3_26" id="t3_26"></a><a href="#n3_26">26</a></div>

<p><b>11.</b> Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis praemium
virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum monimentum laudis postulo
praeterquam huius diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnes
triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monimenta gloriae, laudis
insignia condi et collocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil
tacitum, nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus digni adsequi
possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, sermonibus
crescent, litterarum monimentis inveterascent et conroborabuntur;
eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et
ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque tempore in hac re
publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum alter fines vestri imperii non
terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperii
domicilium sedesque servaret. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_27" id="t3_27"></a><a href="#n3_27">27</a></span><b>12.</b> Sed quoniam earum
rerum, quas ego gessi, non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae
illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> quod mihi cum iis vivendum est,
quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos
reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,
mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum
sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent ego providi: ne mihi
noceant vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi
nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium,
quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est, magna in re publica dignitas,
quae me semper tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui
neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_28" id="t3_28"></a><a href="#n3_28">28</a></span>
Est etiam in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae
cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis
impetus domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum
converterit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos
esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque
omnibus: mihi quidem ipsi quid est, quod iam ad vitae fructum possit
adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis
quidquam videam altius, quo mihi lubeat ascendere? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_29" id="t3_29"></a><a href="#n3_29">29</a></span>Illud
profecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus
tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est invidia conservanda re publica
suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re
publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, curemque ut ea
virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox
est, venerati Iovem illum, custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra
tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque
ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius
faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace esse possitis providebo.</p>


<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
<hr style="width: 40%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
<h2><a name="Oration_IV" id="Oration_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Oration IV.</span></h2>

<h4><span class="smcap">Before the Senate</span>.</h4>


<blockquote><p><i>Senators! I see all eyes turned upon me. I appreciate your
anxiety on my behalf, but dismiss all care for me from your
minds. I am ready to meet all contingencies, though not unmoved
by the fears of those dear to me.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_1" id="t4_1"></a><a href="#n4_1">1</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>1.</b> Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora atque oculos esse
conversos; video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam,
si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in
malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed eam, per deos
immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de vestris
cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnes
acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum
fortiter, verum etiam lubenter, dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque
Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_2" id="t4_2"></a><a href="#n4_2">2</a></span>Ego sum ille consul,
patres conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non
campus, consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium
omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus, ad quietem
datus, non denique haec sedes honoris umquam vacua mortis periculo atque
insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum
consulatus mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum
ex caede miserrima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex
acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam
omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate
eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P.
Lentulus suum nomen inductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publicae
fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi
Romani prope fatalem exstitisse? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_3" id="t4_3"></a><a href="#n4_3">3</a></span><b>2.</b> Quare, patres
conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite patriae, conservate vos,
coniuges, liberos fortunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque
defendite: mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo
sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi ac mereor
relaturos esse gratiam: deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque
moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere neque immatura
consulari neque misera sapienti. Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui
fratris carissimi et amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear horumque
omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis: neque meam mentem non
domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus
filius, quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem
consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspectans huius exitum diei stat in
conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in eam partem, uti
salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius,
quam et illi et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
<blockquote><p><i>Think of the gravity of the situation. You have already by
your measures shown your view of the case, but I will put it
before you as though it were still an open question. Only
remember that the evil is widespread, and calls for energetic
action.</i></p></blockquote>


<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_4" id="t4_4"></a><a href="#n4_4">4</a></span>Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei publicae,
circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti.
Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus pl. fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod
agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium
occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium
adducitur: tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium
caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restiterunt; tenentur litterae,
signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio; sollicitantur
Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur, id est initum
consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi
Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamitatem relinquatur.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_5" id="t4_5"></a><a href="#n4_5">5</a></span><b>3.</b> Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, vos
multis iam iudiciis iudicavistis, primum quod mihi gratias egistis
singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum
coniurationem patefactam esse decrevistis, deinde quod Lentulum se
abdicare praetura coëgistis, tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus
iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine
supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini;
postremo hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio
dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ii, qui in custodiam
nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse
videantur.</p>

<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_6" id="t4_6"></a><a href="#n4_6">6</a></span>Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti,
tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis et de poena<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> quid
censeatis. Illa praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum in re publica
versari furorem et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem
videbam, sed hanc tantam, tam exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus
numquam putavi. Nunc quidquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant
atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad
vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse,
vehementer erratis. Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum: manavit
non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes et obscure serpens
multas iam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando et prolatando
nullo pacto potest: quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis
vindicandum est.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>Two proposals are before us. D. Silanus would put the
conspirators to death; C. Caesar would imprison them in some
municipium for life; a plan difficult to carry out, and perhaps
really more severe than the other.</i></p></blockquote>

<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_7" id="t4_7"></a><a href="#n4_7">7</a></span><b>4.</b> Video adhuc duas esse sententias, unam D. Silani, qui
censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos, alteram
C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes
acerbitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum
magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnes vita
privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen
exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat
oportere, atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac re
publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis
immortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem
naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque eam sapientes numquam
inviti, fortes saepe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> etiam lubenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero et ea
sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt.
Municipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si
imperare velis, difficultatem, si rogare: decernatur tamen, si placet.
<span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_8" id="t4_8"></a><a href="#n4_8">8</a></span>Ego enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, reperiam, qui id, quod
salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis
recusare. Adiungit gravem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula
ruperit: horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum
perditorum. Sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, quos condemnat, aut per
senatum aut per populum possit levare: eripit etiam spem, quae sola
homines in miseriis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publicari iubet:
vitam solam relinquit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multas uno
dolore animi atque corporis aerumnas et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset.
Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos
eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse
voluerunt, quod videlicet intelligebant iis remotis non esse mortem
ipsam pertimescendam.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>My personal interest is clear. As Caesar is a popular leader,
I shall not, if you adopt his proposal, have to fear so much
the attacks of that party. Some of its members I see are
absent, as though they questioned our jurisdiction in this
matter. Caesar has shown that he has no such scruples.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_9" id="t4_9"></a><a href="#n4_9">9</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>5.</b> Nunc ego, patres conscripti, mea video quid intersit. Si eritis
secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc is in re publica viam, quae
popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et
cognitore huiusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi: sin
illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii contrahatur. Sed tamen
meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> vincat. Habemus enim
a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat,
sententiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis.
Intellectum est, quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum
vere popularem, saluti populi consulentem. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_10" id="t4_10"></a><a href="#n4_10">10</a></span>Video de
istis, qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite
videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in
custodiam cives Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices
hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. Iam hoc nemini dubium est, qui
reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium decrerit, quid
de tota re et causa iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit, legem
Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam, qui autem rei publicae
sit hostis, eum civem nullo modo esse posse; denique ipsum latorem
Semproniae legis iniussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem
ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie
populi Romani, exitio huius urbis, tam acerbe, tam crudeliter cogitarit,
etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus
non dubitat Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit
in posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in perniciem
populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit: adiungit etiam
publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam
egestas ac mendicitas consequatur.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>In any case we need not fear the charge of cruelty. In
punishing crimes like these, severity is the truest humanity.
Remember what L. Caesar said yesterday; yet the offences of C.
Gracchus cannot be compared to Catilina's.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_11" id="t4_11"></a><a href="#n4_11">11</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>6.</b> Quam ob rem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comitem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> ad
contionem populo carum atque iucundum, sive Silani sententiam sequi
malueritis, facile me atque vos crudelitatis vituperatione populus
Romanus exsolvet, atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam,
patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate
punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. Nam ita mihi salva re
publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior
sum, non atrocitate animi moveor&mdash;quis est enim me mitior?&mdash;sed
singulari quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre
hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno
incendio concidentem; cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque
insepultos acervos civium; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et
furor in vestra caede bacchantis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_12" id="t4_12"></a><a href="#n4_12">12</a></span>Cum vero mihi proposui
regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se sperasse ex fatis confessus est,
purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, tum
lamentationem matrum familias, tum fugam virginum atque puerorum ac
vexationem [virginum] Vestalium perhorresco, et quia mihi vehementer
haec videntur misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere
voluerunt, me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis
pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa
domo, supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is
clemens ac misericors an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur?
Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis
suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos,
qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas
unius cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium
delere conati sunt, qui id egerunt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis
huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii conlocarent, si
vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur: sin remissiores esse
voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama
subeunda est. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_13" id="t4_13"></a><a href="#n4_13">13</a></span>Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir
fortissimus et amantissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus
est, cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et
audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consulis
interfectum filiumque eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere
necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum? quod initum delendae rei
publicae consilium? Largitionis voluntas tum in re publica versata est
et partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir
clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus; ille etiam grave tum
vulnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur: hic ad
evertenda fundamenta rei publicae Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat,
Catilinam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego et ceteros cives
interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, Italiam totam
vastandam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere
tam immani ac tam nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse videamini:
multo magis est verendum, ne remissione poenae crudeliores in patriam,
quam ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos
hostes fuisse videamini.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>You need not fear that we shall lack strength to carry out our
decision. Every class in the State is with us: the knights, the
civil servants, the freedmen, even the slaves. It is true that
the shopkeepers have been solicited by Lentulus, but in vain.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_14" id="t4_14"></a><a href="#n4_14">14</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>7.</b> Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimulare<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> non possum.
Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad aures meas, eorum qui vereri
videntur, ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno
die, transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, patres
conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia tum etiam multo maiore
populi Romani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad communes fortunas
conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium
generum, omnium denique aetatum; plenum est forum, plena templa circum
forum, pleni omnes aditus huius loci ac templi. Causa est enim post
urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque
idem, praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus
potius quam soli perire voluerunt. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_15" id="t4_15"></a><a href="#n4_15">15</a></span>Hosce ego homines
excipio et secerno lubenter; neque enim in improborum civium, sed in
acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales,
qua frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem
dignitatemque consentiunt! Quid ego equites Romanos commemorem? qui
vobis ita summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei
publicae certent; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad
societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec
causa coniungit: quam si coniunctionem, confirmatam in consulatu meo,
perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum
civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. Pari
studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios,
fortissimos viros; scribas item universos, quos cum casu hic dies ad
aerarium frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem
communem esse conversos. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_16" id="t4_16"></a><a href="#n4_16">16</a></span>Omnis ingenuorum adest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
multitudo, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis enim est, cui non haec templa,
aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc
commune patriae solum cum sit carum, tum vero dulce atque iucundum? <b>8.</b>
Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertinorum hominum studia
cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti hanc suam
patriam iudicant, quam quidam hic nati et summo loco nati non patriam
suam, sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce homines
ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica,
quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae
defendendam excitavit? Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione
sit servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare
cupiat, qui non tantum, quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad
communem salutem voluntatis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_17" id="t4_17"></a><a href="#n4_17">17</a></span>Quare si quem vestrum forte
commovet hoc, quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare
circum tabernas, pretio sperare posse sollicitari animos egentium atque
imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tentatum, sed nulli sunt
inventi tam aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non illum
ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile
atque lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae
salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis sunt,
immo vero&mdash;id enim potius est dicendum&mdash;genus hoc universum amantissimum
est otii. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus
frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio: quorum si quaestus occlusis
tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit?</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p>
<blockquote><p><i>The people will not fail you; do not fail them. Take advantage
of their unanimity, and think of the gravity of the crisis.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_18" id="t4_18"></a><a href="#n4_18">18</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>9.</b> Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi Romani praesidia
non desunt: vos ne populo Romano deesse videamini providete. Habetis
consulem ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte non ad
vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum; omnes ordines ad
conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce
consentiunt; obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis vobis supplex
manus tendit patria communis, vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis
arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ignem illum Vestae
sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque
urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum
atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris
hodierno die vobis iudicandum est. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_19" id="t4_19"></a><a href="#n4_19">19</a></span>Habetis ducem memorem
vestri, oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur; habetis omnes
ordines, omnes homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civili
causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate,
quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam
libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas una
nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo confici, sed ne
cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque
haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus
sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio
functa consulari videretur.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p>
<blockquote><p><i>I know the danger I incur; but whatever comes I shall never
repent of what I have done. My achievements will find a place
with those of our national heroes. My domestic enemies will
wage eternal war upon me; but I trust in the protection of all
good citizens.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_20" id="t4_20"></a><a href="#n4_20">20</a></div>

<p class="para2"><b>10.</b> Nunc antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta
manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me
inimicorum multitudinem suscepisse video, sed eam iudico esse turpem et
infirmam et contemptam et abiectam. Quodsi aliquando alicuius furore et
scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae
dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres
conscripti, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam illi mihi fortasse minitantur,
omnibus est parata: vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis
honestastis, nemo est adsecutus; ceteris enim bene gestae, mihi uni
conservatae rei publicae gratulationem decrevistis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_21" id="t4_21"></a><a href="#n4_21">21</a></span>
Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hannibal in Africam
redire atque ex Italia decedere coactus est; ornetur alter eximia laude
Africanus, qui duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem
Numantiamque, delevit; habeatur vir egregius Paullus ille, cuius currum
rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit; sit aeterna
gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit;
anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes eisdem
quibus solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur: erit profecto
inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est
patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, quam curare ut etiam
illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores revertantur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_22" id="t4_22"></a><a href="#n4_22">22</a></span>Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae victoriae quam
domesticae, quia hostes alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti
in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> amicitiam beneficio se obligatos putant; qui autem ex numero civium,
dementia aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum
a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nec vi coërcere nec beneficio
placare possis. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum bellum
susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque
tantorum periculorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed
in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a
meis facile propulsari posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis
reperietur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam
conspirationem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit.</p>


<blockquote><p><i>One reward I ask for my sacrifices and exertions&mdash;your
recollection of my services, and your protection of my son.
Vote then bravely, remembering the interests at stake, and I
will carry out your decision.</i></p></blockquote>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_23" id="t4_23"></a><a href="#n4_23">23</a></div>

<p><b>11.</b> Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro provincia, quam
neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me
propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis
hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore
tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus et pro meis in vos
singularibus studiis et pro hac, quam perspicitis, ad conservandam rem
publicam diligentia nihil a vobis nisi huius temporis totiusque mei
consulatus memoriam postulo: quae dum erit in vestris fixa mentibus,
tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quodsi meam spem vis
improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis meum parvum
filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> non solum ad salutem, verum
etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo
conservaverit, illum filium esse memineritis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_24" id="t4_24"></a><a href="#n4_24">24</a></span>Quapropter
de summa salute vestra populique Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac
liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis ac templis, de totius urbis tectis
ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re
publica decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum
consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae
statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare.<br /><br /><br /><br /></p>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /></p>

<h1>CICERO</h1>

<h2>SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA</h2>

<h4><i>WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES</i></h4>

<h5>BY</h5>

<h3>E. A. UPCOTT, M.A.</h3>

<h6>LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD
ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE</h6>


<p class="center"><b>PART II.&mdash;NOTES</b></p>

<p class="center"><i>THIRD EDITION, REVISED</i><br /><br /><br /></p>


<p class="center">OXFORD</p>

<p class="center">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br /></p>


<p class="center">1900<br /><br />
</p>

<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p>
<br /><br /><br /><br /></p>


<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="NOTES" id="NOTES">NOTES.</a></h2>

<p class="center"><b>[N.B.&mdash;<i>The references are to the sections</i>.]</b><br /><br /></p>


<h3><a name="ORATION_Ia" id="ORATION_Ia"></a>ORATION I.</h3>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_1" id="n1_1"></a><a href="#t1_1">§1</a>.</div>

<p><b>tandem</b> often strengthens interrogatives. 'How long, pray?' or 'How long,
I ask?' Cf. <a href="#t1_16">1. 16</a> 'quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas?' and <a href="#t2_2">2. 2</a>
'quanto tandem maerore?' So also with imperatives, as in <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a> 'Recognosce
tandem.'</p>

<p><b>abutere</b>, future, as is shown by 'eludet,' 'iactabit.'</p>

<p><b>quam diu</b>, etc. 'How long will your madness yet have full play?' Connect
'etiam' with 'quamdiu,' as in Sall. Cat. 61 'Catilina repertus est
paullulum etiam spirans.' For 'eludet' used absolutely cf. Livy 2. 45
'adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat.' But some editors read
'<i>nos</i> eludet' ('make sport of us').</p>

<p><b>nocturnum praesidium Palatii</b>. The Palatium, or 'Mons Palatinus,' was one
of the seven hills, occupying a central position S. E. of the
Capitoline. It was now protected at night by a guard against any sudden
attempt of the conspirators to seize it. Augustus and his successors had
their residence there; hence, in later times, 'palatium' came to mean 'a
palace.'</p>

<p><b>urbis vigiliae</b>, 'the patrols of the city.'</p>

<p><b>bonorum</b>, perhaps in a general sense 'respectable citizens,' but with
special reference to the senatorial party at Rome, who called themselves
<i>boni cives</i> or <i>optimates</i>; just as the aristocratic party at Athens
called themselves &#954;&#945;&#955;&#959;&#954;&#7936;&#947;&#945;&#952;&#959;&#8055;.</p>

<p><b>hic munitissimus</b>, etc. They were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter
Stator on the Palatine, which was protected by the Equites in arms. The
ordinary place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia, on the north side of
the Forum.</p>

<p><b>horum</b>, the senators.</p>

<p><b>constrictam . . . coniurationem tuam</b>, 'that your conspiracy is fast held
and bound in the knowledge of all here present,' (i.e. it is powerless,
because everybody knows of it).</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span><b>Quid proxima . . . arbitraris?</b> 'Quem' is the direct interrogative; 'quid
egeris,' 'ubi fueris,' etc., indirect questions depending upon
'ignorare'; they are put first in the sentence for the sake of emphasis.</p>

<p><b>proxima nocte</b>, 'last night,' on which the attempt on Cicero's life was
made, superiore, 'the night before last,' when the meeting in the house
of Laeca was held. See <a href="#Page_11">Introduction, pp. 11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, and <a href="#Footnote_12_12">note</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_2" id="n1_2"></a><a href="#t1_2">§2</a>.</div>

<p><b>immo vero</b> is used when the speaker wishes to correct, either by addition
or qualification, something that has been said, like the Greek &#956;&#8050;&#957; &#959;&#8022;&#957;.
'Lives, did I say? Nay, he actually comes into the senate.' Cf. <a href="#t4_17">4. 17</a>
'maxima pars . . . immo vero genus universum.'</p>

<p><b>publici consilii.</b> <i>Consilium</i> properly = 'deliberation,' 'counsel.'
Hence, as here, 'the deliberating body,' a sense which more properly
belongs to <i>concilium</i>. Any state-constituted assemblage of persons for
deliberation was called 'consilium publicum' (e.g. a board of <i>iudices</i>
assembled to try a case at law).</p>

<p><b>unum quemque nostrum</b>, not 'each one of us,' but 'us, one by one,'
'individually.'</p>

<p><b>viri fortes</b>, ironical.</p>

<p><b>si vitemus.</b> The subj. is used in the protasis, because the idea of
contingency is contained in 'satisfacere videmur,' which is substituted
for the more regular 'satisfaciamus.' Cf. <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a> 'habere videtur ista res
iniquitatem, si imperare velis,' and <a href="#t2_25">2. 25</a> 'si contendere velimus,
intelligere possumus.'</p>

<p><b>iussu consulis.</b> The Lex Valeria (see <a href="#n1_28">note on 1. 28</a>) secured to every
citizen the right of appeal to the people against the sentence of a
magistrate. On the question whether Cicero was on this occasion legally
entitled to put Catilina to death on his own authority, see <a href="#NOTE_B">Intr. Note
B</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_3" id="n1_3"></a><a href="#t1_3">§3</a>.</div>

<p><b>An vero, etc</b>. Tiberius Gracchus was tribune 133 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>. His law for the
distribution of the public land roused against him the hatred of the
aristocratic party. On the day of the tribunician election for the next
year he was attacked and killed with 300 of his adherents by a body of
senators headed by Scipio Nasica. <i>Privatus</i> is strongly opposed to
<i>consules</i> in the next clause. It appears that Nasica was not actually
Pontifex Maximus at the time, but in any case the office was not
regarded as a magistracy.</p>

<p><b>mediocriter labefactantem</b> is similarly contrasted with the more serious
designs of Catilina. Cicero here mentions the violent proceedings
against the Gracchi and their successors with approval, because he
wished to plead for similar measures against Catilina. In another speech
delivered during this year (de Lege Agraria<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> 2. 5. 10) he calls them
'amantissimi plebis Romanae viri,' and says, 'Non sum autem is consul,
qui, ut plerique, nefas esse arbitrer Gracchos laudare.'</p>

<p><b>C. Servilius, etc.</b> Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian, sold corn to the
populace at low rates during a famine in 440 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He was accused of
aiming at the supreme power. Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, with C.
Servilius Ahala as his master of the horse; the latter killed Sp.
Maelius with his own hand.</p>

<p><b>quod . . . occidit</b>, 'the fact that,' in apposition to illa, which, as
often, refers to what follows, like &#7952;&#954;&#949;&#8150;&#957;&#959;&#962; in Greek.</p>

<p><b>Habemus senatus consultum</b>, i.e. the <i>ultimum decretum</i>, passed Oct. 21.
See <a href="#Page_11">Introduction, p. 11</a>.</p>

<p><b>non deest</b>, etc. The senate, as the deliberative and authorizing body,
have done their part; the consuls, as the executive, fail.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_4" id="n1_4"></a><a href="#t1_4">§4</a>.</div>

<p><b>Decrevit quondam</b>, etc. This was in 121 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Gaius Gracchus (tribune 123,
122) had carried a series of measures tending to overthrow the authority
of the senate. They took the opportunity of a tumult to pass the
<i>ultimum decretum</i>, whereupon L. Opimius the consul, with an armed
force, attacked the Aventine, where the adherents of Gracchus were
assembled. Gracchus himself and his supporter M. Fulvius were killed.</p>

<p><b>propter quasdam</b>, etc., a mild expression, intended once more to point
the contrast between the Gracchi and Catilina.</p>

<p><b>patre</b>. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, who was twice consul and twice
triumphed.</p>

<p><b>avo</b>. His mother was Cornelia, daughter of Cornelius Scipio Africanus,
the conqueror of Hannibal.</p>

<p><b>Simili senatus consulto</b>, etc. In 100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> revolutionary measures were
proposed by L. Appuleius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia. In their
fear of violence, the senate passed the <i>ultimum decretum</i> and called
upon the consul Marius to protect them, though he had been a supporter
of Saturninus. In the tumult which followed, the latter and his
adherents were shut up in the senate house, where their opponents,
taking off the tiles, stoned them to death.</p>

<p><b>mors ac reipublicae poena</b>. 'Ac' is explanatory, 'death, (which was) the
penalty inflicted by the state.'</p>

<p><b>remorata est</b>, literally, 'Did death keep them waiting a day longer?'
i.e. 'Had they to wait a single day longer for their death?' He means
that they were put to death on the same day as that on which the
<i>ultimum decretum</i> was passed.</p>

<p><b>vicesimum diem</b>. He speaks in round numbers. The exact time since Oct. 21
(by the Roman reckoning) was eighteen or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> nineteen days, according as we
fix the date of this speech to Nov. 7 or Nov. 8. See <a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p.
12, note</a>.</p>

<p><b>interfectum te esse convenit</b>, 'you might well have been put to death.'</p>

<p><b>patres conscripti</b>. The regular title used in addressing the senate. The
traditional explanation of it is as follows. The original senators were
called <i>patres</i> (patricians); after the expulsion of the kings 160 new
senators were enrolled (partly plebeians); these were called
<i>conscripti</i>. Hence the whole body were addressed as <i>patres et
conscripti</i> and by abbreviation <i>patres conscripti</i>. But this would seem
to require <i>adscripti</i> rather than <i>conscripti</i>, and 'it is possible the
senators were originally called <i>patres conscripti</i> to distinguish them
from those <i>patres</i> who were not senators.' [Gow's Companion to School
Classics, p. 192.]</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_5" id="n1_5"></a><a href="#t1_5">§5</a>.</div>

<p><b>in Etruriae faucibus</b>, at Faesulae (now Fiesole), on the south-west slope
of the Apennines, commanding one of the passes into Cisalpine Gaul.</p>

<p><b>adeo</b>, 'even,' 'actually.' Cf. <a href="#t1_9">1. 9</a> 'atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio.'</p>

<p><b>si te iam</b>, etc. 'Credo,' as usual, marks the sentence as ironical. He
might conceivably fear two opposite criticisms on his conduct&mdash;</p>

<p>(<i>a</i>) 'ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant,'</p>

<p>(<i>b</i>) 'ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat.'</p>

<p>He really fears (<i>a</i>); hence speaking ironically he reverses the case,
and says, I shall have to fear, I suppose, not rather (<i>a</i>) than (<i>b</i>)
(i.e. not so much (<i>a</i>) as (<i>b</i>)). Translate the whole&mdash;'I shall have to
fear I suppose&mdash;not that all good citizens may call my action tardy&mdash;but
that some one may say it was excessively cruel.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_6" id="n1_6"></a><a href="#t1_6">§6</a>.</div>

<p><b>quisquam</b>, besides its regular use in negative sentences and questions
implying a negative, is used in affirmative sentences, in the sense of
'<i>any one at all</i>,' where it is implied that there can be none, or at
most but one or two.</p>

<p><b>mihi crede</b>, 'trust to me,' 'take my advice.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_7" id="n1_7"></a><a href="#t1_7">§7</a>.</div>

<p><b>me . . . dicere</b>. The pres. inf. is often used after <i>memini</i> when the
speaker refers to his own experience. The past event is for the moment
actually present to his mind. So in English 'do you remember my saying?'
Cf. Virg. Ecl. 1. 17 'de caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus.'</p>

<p><b>a. d. xii Kal. Nov.</b> Oct. 21. See <a href="#Page_11">Intr. page 11</a>.</p>

<p><b>futurus esset</b>, subj. as part of what Cicero said in the senate.</p>

<p><b>a. d. vi Kal. Nov.</b> Oct. 27. The reading is not certain, the MSS. varying
between vi and ix.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span><b>audaciae satellitem</b>, etc., 'servant and helper.' 'Satelles' implies a
lower, less free relation than 'administer.' Cf. in Verr. 3. 21 'ministri
ac satellites cupiditatum.'</p>

<p><b>Num me fefellit</b>, 'Was I not right, not only as to the gravity of the
design, savage and incredible as it was, but&mdash;what is more
remarkable&mdash;in the date?'</p>

<p><b>optimatium</b>. See note on 'bonorum' <a href="#n1_1">1. 1</a>.</p>

<p><b>sui</b>, neut. gen. sing. from 'suus,' used to supply the place of gen. pl.
of 'se.' Cf. the similar use of 'nostri,' 'vestri.'</p>

<p><b>cum . . . profugerunt</b>. When <i>cum</i> simply means 'at the time when' (quo
tempore) and does not contain any idea of consequence or cause, it is
usually (though by no means invariably) followed by the indicative;
especially when, as here, the time is fixed by the preceding
demonstrative <i>tum</i>. Cf. below 'cum . . . dicebas,' and <a href="#t1_21">1. 21</a> 'cum
quiescunt, probant,' <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a> 'loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est
expulsus.' Nothing is known of this exodus.</p>

<p><b>qui remansissemus</b>. The antecedent to 'qui' must be understood from
'nostra.' Subj. because part of the Oratio Obliqua. Catilina said,
'caede illorum qui remanserunt contentus sum.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_8" id="n1_8"></a><a href="#t1_8">§8</a>.</div>

<p><b>Quid?</b> a particle of transition, frequent in rhetorical passages.
'Again.' 'Nay more.' Cf. 'Quid vero?' <a href="#t1_14">1. 14</a>.</p>

<p><b>cum</b>, 'although.'</p>

<p><b>Praeneste</b>, twenty miles S. E. of Rome, occupying a strong position in
the Hernican mountains. It had been the last stronghold of the younger
Marius in 82 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>; on its capitulation Sulla put most of the citizens to
death, and subsequently established one of his colonies on the site.
Catilina hoped to use it as a fortified post.</p>

<p><b>quod non ego</b>, etc. 'Quod' is consecutive, = 'tale ut.' 'Non' negatives
the whole clause 'ego . . . sentiam.' Others for 'quod non' read 'quin'
[= 'qui-ne,' lit. 'in such a way that not'], i.e. 'you can do nothing
without my hearing it.'</p>

<p><b>tandem</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 1. 1</a>.</p>

<p><b>noctem illam superiorem</b>, 'the night before last'; 'last night' would be
'hanc noctem' or 'proximam noctem.' Below he says 'priore nocte,' to
avoid repeating the same word. See <a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p. 12, note</a>.</p>

<p><b>ad</b>, 'with a view to.' Cf. <a href="#t1_26">1. 26</a> 'ad hoc studium meditati.'</p>

<p><b>inter falcarios</b>, 'in the street of the scythemakers.' Cf. 'inter
lignarios,' 'in the street of the carpenters.' Livy 35. 41.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_9" id="n1_9"></a><a href="#t1_9">§9</a>.</div>

<p><b>ubinam gentium</b>, 'Where <i>in the world</i>?' A genitive is sometimes joined
to an adverb of place or time to define it more exactly. Cf. 'ibidem
loci' = 'in the same place'; 'nusquam gentium'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8a" id="Page_8a">[8]</a></span> = 'nowhere in the
world;' 'postea loci' (Sallust, Jug. 102. 1), 'afterwards,' and the Greek
&#960;&#959;&#8166; &#947;&#8134;&#962;;</p>

<p><b>de re publica sententiam rogo</b>. The consul collected the opinion of the
senate by asking each senator successively for his vote (<i>sententia</i>) on
the question before the house. The senator might either give it without
comment or make a speech in support of his views.</p>

<p><b>illa ipsa nocte</b>. See <a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p. 12, note</a>.</p>

<p><b>duo equites Romani</b>. On <i>equites</i> see <a href="#Footnote_5_5">Introduction, p. 9, note</a>. Their
names were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius (Sallust, Cat. 28).</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_10" id="n1_10"></a><a href="#t1_10">§10</a>.</div>

<p><b>salutatum</b>, supine. The early morning was the usual time for
complimentary calls. Cf. Martial 4. 8. 1 'Prima salutantes atque altera
conterit hora.'</p>

<p><b>id temporis</b>, adverbial phrase, 'at that particular time.' Cf. Cic. Pro
Roscio Amerino 97 'ut id temporis Roma proficisceretur'; Tac. Ann. 5. 9
'oblisis faucibus id aetatis corpora in Gemonias abjecta.' For this use
of the accusative, cf. phrases like 'ceterum,' 'suam vicem,' etc.</p>

<p><b>aliquando</b> often strengthens imperatives, implying that now at length the
time has come for doing what is requested. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. 46.118
'Respice, quaeso, aliquando'; and in Verrem 2. 1. 28 'audite, quaeso, et
aliquando miseremini sociorum.' So in Greek &#956;&#8051;&#952;&#949;&#962; &#960;&#959;&#964;&#8051; (Soph. Phil.
816). Cf. also 'tandem aliquando' <a href="#t1_18">1. 18</a>, <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_11" id="n1_11"></a><a href="#t1_11">§11</a>.</div>

<p><b>Iovi Statori</b>. The senate were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter Stator
on the Palatine. See <a href="#n1_33">on 1. 33</a>.</p>

<p><b>in uno homine</b>, 'in the person of a single man.'</p>

<p><b>consuli designato</b>. He was 'designatus' during the latter part of 64. We
do not know that Catilina then made any attempt on his life.</p>

<p><b>proximis comitiis consularibus</b>, 'at the late assembly for the election
of the consuls.'</p>

<p><b>campo</b>. The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the consuls, met in the
Campus Martius; the Comitia Tributa in the Forum.</p>

<p><b>nullo tumultu publice concitato</b>, 'without any official summons to arms.'</p>

<p><b>per me</b>, 'by myself,' i.e. by my own exertions without calling in other
help. Cf. <a href="#t1_28">1. 28</a> 'hominem per te cognitum,' <a href="#t4_24">4. 24</a> 'per se ipsum praestare.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_12" id="n1_12"></a><a href="#t1_12">§12</a>.</div>

<p><b>quod est primum</b>, etc. 'Since I cannot yet venture to take the course
which is the most obvious, and the most suited to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9a" id="Page_9a">[9]</a></span> authority I hold
and the strict traditions of our ancestors.' <i>Imperium</i> is the consular
authority (not 'empire'). Cf. <a href="#t2_3">2. 3</a> 'huius imperii severitas.'</p>

<p><b>ad</b>. Greek &#960;&#961;&#8057;&#962;. 'With respect to.' Cf. <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a> 'adquirere ad fidem.'</p>

<p><b>sentina rei publicae</b>, ('the refuse of the state'), forms a single
expression upon which the explanatory genitive 'tuorum comitum'
('consisting of your comrades') depends.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_13" id="n1_13"></a><a href="#t1_13">§13</a>.</div>

<p><b>faciebas</b>, 'were just doing,' 'ready to do.'</p>

<p><b>exilium</b>. See <a href="#n1_20">on §20</a> below.</p>

<p><b>domesticae turpitudinis</b> refers especially to family scandals, such as
the story of his wife and son (<a href="#t1_14">§14</a>). <b>privatarum rerum dedecus</b>, to
offences extending beyond the family, but still confined to private
life, i.e. having no political object.</p>

<p><b>inretisses</b>. Subjunctive, because the antecedent to 'quem' does not refer
to any particular individual, but stands for a class.</p>

<p><b>ad audaciam</b>, etc. The sword and the torch are the instruments by which
'audacia' and 'libido' attain their objects; the former to strike the
blow, the latter to show the way in the darkness.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_14" id="n1_14"></a><a href="#t1_14">§14</a>.</div>

<p><b>alio incredibili scelere</b>. Sallust (Cat. 15) says that Catilina, wishing
to marry the profligate Orestilla, poisoned his son because she objected
to his presence. The further charge, that he had killed his first wife,
is mentioned by Cicero alone.</p>

<p><b>aut non vindicata esse</b>, understand 'si exstiterit.'</p>

<p><b>proximis Idibus</b>. The Kalends, Nones, and Ides were the 'settling-days'
at Rome. Cicero means that Catilina will realize his failure on the next
settling-day, when his creditors will demand their money. Cf. Hor. Sat.
1. 3. 87 'Cum misero tristes venere Kalendae,' and Epodes 2. 69 'Omnem
redegit Idibus pecuniam, Curat Kalendis ponere,' where the money-lender
calls in his money on the Ides of one month, and on the Kalends of the
next lends it out again.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_15" id="n1_15"></a><a href="#t1_15">§15</a>.</div>

<p><b>te pridie Kalendas</b>, etc., i.e. December 31, 66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> This refers to the
so-called 'first conspiracy,' on which see <a href="#Page_8">Introduction, page 8</a>.</p>

<p><b>comitio</b>. The singular <i>comitium</i> denotes the place of assembly; the
plural <i>comitia</i> the assembly itself.</p>

<p><b>mentem</b>, 'reflection.'</p>

<p><b>fortunam</b>, because the plot only failed through his accidentally giving
the signal too soon.</p>

<p><b>neque enim</b>, etc. 'Neque' negatives the whole sentence, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10a" id="Page_10a">[10]</a></span> 'non' goes
closely with 'multa'; 'for they are no secret, nor have your later
offences been few.'</p>

<p><b>parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore</b>. Hendiadys, 'by a mere
turn of the body, so to speak.' The metaphor is taken from fencing, ('ut
aiunt' being introduced, like the Greek &#8033;&#962; &#949;&#7984;&#960;&#949;&#8150;&#957;, to soften the
abruptness). Cf. Virg. Aen. 5. 437 (of boxing)</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit.'</span><br />
</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_16" id="n1_16"></a><a href="#t1_16">§16</a>.</div>

<p><b>initiata ac devota</b>. 'Consecrated and vowed'; alluding to the common
practice of assassins, of dedicating the weapon to some patron deity, in
case of the attempt being successful. 'Quae' is the connecting relative,
and 'quibus . . . sit,' an indirect question depending on 'nescio.'</p>

<p><b>nulla</b>, adverbial, 'which you do not deserve <i>at all</i>.'</p>

<p><b>tibi persaepe</b>. In prose (except after the gerundive) the dative of the
agent is only used with personal pronouns, and when the thing is done
for the interest of as well as by the person. In poetry there is no such
restriction. Other instances are <a href="#t1_24">1. 24</a> '<i>cui</i> sciam pactam cum Manlio
diem,' <a href="#t2_13">2. 13</a> 'quem ad modum esset <i>ei</i> ratio belli descripta,' <a href="#t2_26">2. 26</a>
'<i>mihi</i> consultum ac provisum est.'</p>

<p><b>tandem</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 1. 1</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_17" id="n1_17"></a><a href="#t1_17">§17</a>.</div>

<p><b>pacto</b>, used adverbially like 'modo.' Cf. 'quo pacto' = 'how?'</p>

<p><b>metuerent</b>. See on 'loquatur' <a href="#n1_19">1. 19 below</a>.</p>

<p><b>urbem</b>. Sc. 'relinquendam esse.'</p>

<p><b>iniuria</b>, 'undeservedly.'</p>

<p><b>aliquo</b>, 'to some spot or other,' 'somewhither'; cf. 'in aliquas terras'
<a href="#t1_20">1. 20</a>. Cf. Ter. And. 339 'dum proficiscor aliquo.'</p>

<p><b>nunc</b>, 'as it is.' So &#957;&#8166;&#957; in Greek.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_18" id="n1_18"></a><a href="#t1_18">§18</a>.</div>

<p><b>tacita loquitur</b>. Oxymoron, lit. 'speaks without voice,' 'silently
appeals to you.'</p>

<p><b>multorum civium neces</b>, alluding to his share in carrying out the
proscriptions of Sulla.</p>

<p><b>vexatio direptioque sociorum</b>. He had been propraetor of Africa 67 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>,
brought to trial for extortion, but acquitted in spite of strong
evidence of guilt. The term <i>socii</i> had been originally confined to
those Italians who were not <i>cives</i>; but since the franchise had been
given to all Italians (90-89 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) it had been extended to the
provincials.</p>

<p><b>quaestiones</b>, 'law-courts' (<i>quaestio</i> from <i>quaero</i>, lit. 'an
investigation'). Criminal jurisdiction belonged legally to the people
assembled in the Comitia Centuriata. As it soon became impossible for
the whole body of citizens to try every case, trials were delegated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11a" id="Page_11a">[11]</a></span>
from time to time to commissions (<i>quaestiones</i>) specially appointed.
Hence arose the idea of establishing standing commissions (<i>quaestiones
perpetuae</i>) to try particular classes of offences. The earliest of these
was the <i>quaestio perpetua de repetundis</i> (149 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), which had
cognizance of all cases of extortion. Catilina would have been indicted
before it. Other <i>quaestiones perpetuae</i> were subsequently added, and
the whole system was regulated and extended by Sulla.</p>

<p><b>tandem aliquando</b>. See <a href="#t1_10">on 1. 10</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_19" id="n1_19"></a><a href="#t1_19">§19</a>.</div>

<p><b>si loquatur . . . debeat</b>. Contrast this with the conditional sentence in
<a href="#n1_17">§17 above</a>, 'si metuerent . . . putarem.' Both the imperf. and the pres.
subj. make an imaginary supposition; but the imperfect, throwing it into
the past, marks it as impossible; the present regards it as still
conceivable. Thus 'si metuerent' (&#949;&#7984; &#7952;&#966;&#959;&#946;&#959;&#8166;&#957;&#964;&#959;) = 'if they feared'
(which they do not); but 'si loquatur' (&#949;&#7984; &#955;&#8051;&#947;&#959;&#953;) = 'if it were to
speak' (now or at any future time).</p>

<p><b>custodiam</b>. A citizen was not imprisoned pending his trial on a criminal
charge. As a rule, he simply gave bail for his appearance; sometimes
however he was placed in the charge of some citizen of reputation, who
became responsible for his safe keeping (<i>libera custodia</i>). Catilina
had offered to place himself under some such restraint on his indictment
for inciting to riot (<i>de vi</i>) by L. Paullus. See <a href="#Page_11">Introduction, page 11</a>.
The trial never took place, owing to the subsequent events.</p>

<p><b>parietibus . . . moenibus</b>. <i>Paries</i> is the wall of a house; <i>moenia</i> the
walls of a town; <i>murus</i> the general term.</p>

<p><b>videlicet</b>, ironical ('videre licet,' like 'scilicet' = 'scire licet').</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_20" id="n1_20"></a><a href="#t1_20">§20</a>.</div>

<p><b>aliquas</b>, cf. 'aliquo,' <a href="#t1_17">1. 17</a> and <a href="#n1_17">note</a> there.</p>

<p><b>ad senatum referre</b>, the technical term for bringing a matter before the
senate for discussion. This could only be done by the consul (or other
magistrate) who summoned and presided over the meeting.</p>

<p><b>non referam</b>. The real reason of his refusal was that the senate, not
being a judicial court, had no power to pass sentence upon any
individual. Moreover exile was not technically a punishment known to
Roman law; it was merely a recognized means of anticipating a sentence.
See <a href="#n1_28">on §28 below</a>.</p>

<p><b>hi</b>, the senators.</p>

<p>After <b>proficiscere</b> Cicero pauses, to give time for an expression of
opinion from the senators. As they are silent he resumes, 'Quid est,'
etc. Cf. the rhetorical artifice in Demosth. de Cor. §52.</p>

<p><b>auctoritatem</b>, expressed request; <b>voluntatem</b>, unexpressed desire.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_21" id="n1_21"></a><a href="#t1_21">§21</a>.</div>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12a" id="Page_12a">[12]</a></span><b>Sestio</b>. Now quaestor; tribune in 57 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> when he was active in
promoting Cicero's return from exile. In 56 Cicero defended him on a
charge of riot.</p>

<p><b>M. Marcello</b>, consul 51 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Opposed Caesar; but was recalled from exile
by him and pardoned 46 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>vim et manus</b>, hendiadys.</p>

<p><b>cum</b>, with indicative, <a href="#n1_7">see note on 1. 7</a>. 'By their silence, they approve.'</p>

<p><b>cara</b>, because he professed himself ready to submit to a decree of the
senate ordering his exile.</p>

<p><b>iam pridem studes</b>, 'have long been desiring.' Cf. the Greek &#960;&#8049;&#955;&#945;&#953;
&#7952;&#960;&#953;&#952;&#965;&#956;&#949;&#8150;.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_22" id="n1_22"></a><a href="#t1_22">§22</a>.</div>

<p><b>te ut ulla res frangat?</b> 'What? anything break <i>your</i> resolution?' This
is exactly like the exclamatory use of the acc. and inf. in phrases like
'Mene incepto desistere victam?' (Virg. Aen. 1. 37) only here 'ut' with
subj. takes the place of the more usual acc. and infin. (i.e. he might
have said, 'Tene ullam rem frangere?') Cf. <a href="#t1_24">below §24</a> 'tu ut illa diutius
carere possis?' 'Hoccine ut ego nomine appellem eversores huius
imperii?' (pro Sestio §17), 'Utne tegam spurco Damae latus?' (Hor. Sat.
2. 5. 18).</p>

<p><b>duint</b>. Subj. from 'duo' (perhaps an older form of 'do') with <i>i</i> as the
characteristic vowel, in the place of the more usual <i>a</i>, as in 'sim,'
'velim,' 'possim,' 'edim,' etc. The form is found frequently in Plautus,
Terence, and old legal phrases. See Roby's Lat. Gr. vol. i. §589.</p>

<p><b>sed est tanti</b>, 'but it is worth while' (to risk the unpopularity).</p>

<p><b>privata</b>, i.e. affects me only as a private citizen.</p>

<p><b>legum poenas</b>, 'the punishment <i>prescribed by</i> the laws.' Cf. 'rei
publicae poena' 1. 4.</p>

<p><b>temporibus rei publicae cedas</b>, 'yield to the exigencies of the state';
'tempora,' as often, of a political crisis. Catilina is to yield to
these in the sense that he is to sacrifice his personal convenience for
the public advantage.</p>

<p><b>ratio</b>, 'sound reasoning,' 'reflection.' The consecutive sentence is best
translated by turning 'revocaverit' into a passive, 'you are not the man
to have been recalled,' etc.</p>

<p><b>exsulta</b>, 'revel.' Lit. 'leap about,' 'gambol.' Cf. <a href="#t1_26">§26 below</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_23" id="n1_23"></a><a href="#t1_23">§23</a>.</div>

<p><b>latrocinio</b>, 'brigandage' opposed to 'bellum,' <a href="#t1_27">§27</a>. 'Latro,' originally
'a mercenary,' connected with &#955;&#945;&#964;&#961;&#949;&#8059;&#969;; hence a brigand, because
mercenary troops were addicted to indiscriminate plundering.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_24" id="n1_24"></a><a href="#t1_24">§24</a>.</div>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13a" id="Page_13a">[13]</a></span><b>sciam</b>, subjunctive, as giving a reason, '<i>seeing that</i> I know you have
sent on,' etc.</p>

<p><b>Forum Aurelium</b>, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles from
Rome.</p>

<p><b>cui.</b> See <a href="#n1_16">note on 1. 16</a>.</p>

<p><b>aquilam.</b> Marius introduced the silver eagle as the standard of the
legion. The one in question had been used (according to Sallust) in the
war against the Cimbri.</p>

<p><b>cui domi tuae</b>, etc. The place where the eagles were set up in the camp
was regarded as sacred. Catilina prepares a similar sacred spot for his
in his own house. <i>Sacrarium</i> means (1) a shrine, (2) any secret place;
it is here used in both senses; hence trans. 'for which you have
consecrated at your house the secret chamber of your crimes.' But Halm
would omit 'scelerum tuorum' as an interpolation.</p>

<p><b>tu ut illa</b>, etc. See <a href="#n1_22">above on §22</a>.</p>

<p><b>altaribus</b>, 'the altar'; the singular form is not found in classical
Latin.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_25" id="n1_25"></a><a href="#t1_25">§25</a>.</div>

<p><b>haec res</b>, i.e. making war upon your country.</p>

<p><b>tu non modo otium</b>, sed ne bellum quidem, etc. As the two clauses have
the same verb ('concupisti') the negative is <i>expressed</i> only in the
second which contains the verb, and must be understood from it to the
first, i.e. 'non concupisti' must be understood after 'non modo.'
Literally, 'you not only (did not want) peace, but did not even want a
war unless it were wicked.' Observe that the negation in these two
clauses does not cancel but <i>repeats</i> the original negative 'nunquam.'
This is the regular usage where a negative proposition branches out into
two clauses. Cf. 'Ea Caesar nunquam neque fecit neque fecisset' (Cic. ad
Fam. 14. 13), 'Caesar never did nor would have done those things.' See
Kennedy's Public Sch. Lat. Gr. §84. In English we may avoid the
repetition of negatives and say, 'you have never desired&mdash;I will not say
peace&mdash;but even war that was anything but criminal.' Exactly parallel is
2. 8 'Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae
fuit' Cf. also <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a> 'ut iam,' etc.; <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a> 'ut non modo,' etc.</p>

<p><b>conflatam.</b> Metaphor from working metals, 'fused,' 'welded together.' Cf.
Virg. Georg. 1. 508 'falces conflantur in ensem,' and pro Roscio §1
'iniuriam novo scelere conflatam.' So &#963;&#965;&#956;&#966;&#965;&#963;&#8118;&#957; in Greek; cf. Ar.
Knights 468</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#954;&#945;&#8054; &#964;&#945;&#8166;&#964;' &#7952;&#966;' &#959;&#7991;&#963;&#8055;&#957; &#7952;&#963;&#964;&#953; &#963;&#965;&#956;&#966;&#965;&#963;&#8061;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#945;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#7952;&#947;&#8102;&#948;&#945;.</span><br />
</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_26" id="n1_26"></a><a href="#t1_26">§26</a>.</div>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14a" id="Page_14a">[14]</a></span><b>meditati</b>, in passive sense, as the participles of many other deponents;
e.g. 'ultus,' 'complexus,' 'testatus,' 'adeptus,' etc. Cf. Phil. 2. 34. 85
'meditatum et cogitatum scelus.'</p>

<p><b>qui feruntur labores</b>, &#959;&#7985; &#955;&#949;&#947;&#8057;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#953; &#960;&#8057;&#957;&#959;&#953;, 'those exertions of yours they
talk of.'</p>

<p><b>iacere</b>, <b>vigilare</b>, infinitives in apposition to labores.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_27" id="n1_27"></a><a href="#t1_27">§27</a>.</div>

<p><b>a consulatu</b>. At the election of consuls for 62, held a few weeks before,
Cicero had used his influence to defeat Catilina. See <a href="#Page_10">Introduction, page
10</a>. On 'cum' with indic. see <a href="#n1_7">1. 7</a>.</p>

<p><b>est</b>. Generally a verb dependent on a subjunctive is itself subjunctive.
Here however the relative clause is not really part of the consecutive
sentence, but a mere epithet explanatory of 'id,' added by the speaker,
hence <i>est</i> not <i>esset</i>. Cf. <a href="#t3_21">3. 21</a> '(quis est) qui neget haec omnia quae
<i>videmus</i>,' etc.</p>

<p><b>latrocinium</b>. See <a href="#n1_23">on §23 above</a>.</p>

<p><b>detester</b>, 'detestari' = 'to avert by entreaty.'</p>

<p><b>si loquatur</b>. The apodosis is not expressed, owing to the length of the
following address. On pres. subj. see <a href="#n1_19">note on 1. 19</a>.</p>

<p><b>mactari</b>. Cicero and Caesar only use the acc. and inf. after 'impero'
with <i>passive</i> verbs; in other cases 'ut' and subj.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_28" id="n1_28"></a><a href="#t1_28">§28</a>.</div>

<p><b>persaepe etiam privati</b>, an exaggeration. The only case of a 'privatus'
putting an offender to death which Cicero quotes is that of Scipio
Nasica and Ti. Gracchus. See <a href="#n1_3">note on 1. 3</a>.</p>

<p><b>An leges</b>, etc. The earliest of these was the Lex Valeria (509 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>),
which secured the right of appeal to the people from the magistrate
('<i>ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provocationem necaret neve
verberaret</i>'). This was re-enacted, and the penalty for violating it
strengthened by the Lex Porcia (197 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) and the Lex Sempronia (122
<span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, Gaius Gracchus). Notice that these laws only forbade the
magistrate to inflict death or scourging on his own authority. The power
to do so, after trial and condemnation, remained with the people; but it
was seldom or never exercised, because the right of the accused to
anticipate the sentence by voluntary exile was universally recognized,
and even according to Sallust secured by law. See Cat. 51 'aliae leges
condemnatis civibus non animam eripi sed exilium permitti iubent.'</p>

<p><b>at nunquam</b>, etc. Cf. <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>; on the validity of this argument see
<a href="#NOTE_B">Intr. Note B</a>.</p>

<p><b>invidiam posteritatis</b>. Subjective genitive, 'hatred of (felt by)
posterity.' <b>fortitudinis</b>, just below, is objective, 'unpopularity of
(attaching to) firmness.'</p>

<p><b>per te cognitum</b>, 'known by your own exertions only'; cf. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15a" id="Page_15a">[15]</a></span><a href="#t1_11">1. 11</a> 'per me
tibi obstiti.' Cicero was a <i>novus homo</i>; i.e. none of his ancestors had
held a curule office.</p>

<p><b>tam mature</b>. The age which a citizen must attain before becoming a
candidate for the several offices was fixed by the Lex Villia Annalis
(180 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>). Cicero appears to have been chosen for each magistracy <i>suo
anno</i>, i.e. as soon as he was legally eligible. He was now 43.</p>

<p><b>per omnes honorum gradus</b>, 'through all the degrees of office.' By the
Leges Annales of Sulla, the offices of quaestor, praetor, consul, had to
be filled successively in the order named.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_29" id="n1_29"></a><a href="#t1_29">§29</a>.</div>

<p><b>si summi viri</b>, etc. See <a href="#n1_3">notes on 1. 3</a>, <a href="#n1_4">4</a>.</p>

<p><b>parricida</b>, because he is attacking the 'patria' which is 'omnium nostrum
communis parens.' But the word is sometimes used in a more extended
sense of wilful murder or sacrilege.</p>

<p><b>redundaret</b>. Metaphor from the overflowing of a stream: 'lest any flood
of unpopularity should overwhelm me in the future.' (Cf. the English
phrase 'to redound to one's credit.')</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_30" id="n1_30"></a><a href="#t1_30">§30</a>.</div>

<p><b>Quamquam</b>, etc. The first 'qui' is consecutive ('tales ut'), the second
is the connecting relative ('hi autem'), hence followed by indic.
'aluerunt.'</p>

<p><b>dissimulent</b>, sc. 'se videre.'</p>

<p><b>sententiis</b>, 'votes' (in the senate). See <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>.</p>

<p><b>regie</b>, 'tyrannically,' i.e. like a despot, not like the magistrate of a
free state. Gk. &#964;&#965;&#961;&#945;&#957;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#8182;&#962;. Cf. <a href="#t2_14">2. 14</a> 'crudelissimum tyrannum.'</p>

<p><b>naufragos</b>, 'castaways.' Cf. <a href="#t2_24">2. 24</a> 'illam naufragorum manum.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_31" id="n1_31"></a><a href="#t1_31">§31</a>.</div>

<p><b>nescio quo pacto</b>, 'somehow.' 'Nescio quis' is treated as a single word,
hence <i>erupit</i> not <i>eruperit</i>.</p>

<p><b>latrocinio</b>, abstract for concrete; 'band of brigands.'</p>

<p><b>aestu febrique</b>, hendiadys, 'in the burning heat of fever.'</p>

<p><b>biberunt</b>, v.l. 'biberint.'</p>

<p><b>relevatus</b> represents the protasis, 'si relevatus erit.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_32" id="n1_32"></a><a href="#t1_32">§32</a>.</div>

<p><b>praetoris urbani</b>. The business of the praetors during their year of
office was mainly judicial. They were now eight in number; two presided
in the civil court; of these the <i>praetor urbanus</i> tried suits between
citizens at a fixed tribunal in the Forum; the <i>praetor peregrinus</i>
suits between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six (without
distinctive name) acted as judges in criminal cases. Cicero means that
Catilina and his friends tried to intimidate the praetor in the
discharge of his duties.</p>

<p><b>malleolos</b>. The 'malleolus' was a missile used in sieges. It was filled
with tow, which was ignited before it was thrown, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16a" id="Page_16a">[16]</a></span> had an arrow
affixed. The name seems to be derived from the shape, which resembled a
mallet.</p>

<p><b>tantam in vobis, etc.</b>, i.e. he would as consul secure the execution of
whatever the senate might decree.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_33" id="n1_33"></a><a href="#t1_33">§33</a>.</div>

<p><b>cum.</b> Used of the attendant circumstances of an action. In English, 'to
the salvation of the state, the destruction of yourself,' etc.</p>

<p><b>Iuppiter.</b> The temple of Iuppiter Stator (the 'Stayer of flight,' the
'Stablisher,') was vowed by Romulus during the fight with the Sabines
(Livy 1. 12); it was not, however, built till 294 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> (Livy 10. 37).</p>

<p><b>auspicia</b>, augury from the flight of birds, which always preceded any
important undertaking. As the auspices were taken by the chief, 'to do a
thing under a person's auspices' came to mean 'to act under his
leadership and protection.'<br /><br /><br /></p>



<hr style="width: 40%;" />
<p><br /><br /></p>
<h2><a name="ORATION_IIa" id="ORATION_IIa"></a>ORATION II.</h2>


<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_1" id="n2_1"></a><a href="#t2_1">§1</a>.</div>

<p><b>Quirites</b>, the regular title by which citizens were addressed when
assembled in their civil capacity. Cf. the opening of the third speech,
also addressed to the people. The derivation is uncertain; some suppose
the word to be a form of 'Curetes,' i.e. inhabitants of the Sabine town
'Cures,' others derive it from 'Quiris,' a Sabine word meaning 'spear.'</p>

<p><b>ferro flammaque</b>, another reading is 'ferrum flammamque.' We can say
either 'minitari alicui aliquid,' or 'minitari alicui aliqua re.'</p>

<p><b>vel . . . vel . . . vel.</b> Each 'vel' substitutes a milder form of
expression for the preceding. 'We have driven him out,&mdash;let him go, if
you will,&mdash;at least bidden him good speed on his voluntary departure.'
ipsum = 'sua sponte.' verbis prosecuti is of course ironical.</p>

<p><b>abiit, etc.</b> Note the absence of connecting particles (asyndeton) and the
increased force of each word rising to a climax in 'erupit.'</p>

<p><b>versabitur</b>, 'will play around.'</p>

<p><b>campo</b>, the Campus Martius.</p>

<p><b>loco</b>, 'post,' 'vantage-ground.'</p>

<p><b>cum</b> (= 'quo tempore'), 'at the very moment when.' The two actions were
simultaneous, there is no idea of cause or consequence; hence
indicative. See <a href="#n1_7">on 1. 7</a>, and cf. below 'cum . . . eiecimus.'</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17a" id="Page_17a">[17]</a></span><b>hoste</b> is emphatic. By his action he has declared himself the enemy of
the state. After bellum some MSS. insert 'iustum,' 'regular.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_2" id="n2_2"></a><a href="#t2_2">§2</a>.</div>

<p><b>extulit</b>, indicative because the <i>fact</i> that he did not carry away his
dagger stained with blood is emphasized; 'extulerit' would have made it
an expression of Catilina's feelings, as 'laetari quod evomuerit' below
expresses the feelings of the citizens. Cf. also 'quod non
comprehenderim' <a href="#t2_3">§3</a> ad init.</p>

<p><b>tandem</b> adds force to the question. Cf. <a href="#t1_1">1. 1</a> 'quousque tandem?' and <a href="#n1_1">note
there</a>.</p>

<p><b>iacet</b>, 'he lies helpless.' Cf. <a href="#t2_25">2. 25</a> 'quam valde illi iaceant.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_3" id="n2_3"></a><a href="#t2_3">§3</a>.</div>

<p><b>in hoc ipso</b>, 'in this very point,' explained by 'quod non
comprehenderim,' 'that I have not (as they complain) arrested.'</p>

<p><b>capitalem</b>, threatening the 'caput' or principle of life; 'deadly.'</p>

<p><b>huius imperii severitas</b>, 'the strict traditions of my (consular)
authority.'</p>

<p><b>crederent</b>, consecutive subj., as regularly after 'sunt qui,' where the
relative refers not to certain specified individuals, but to a class.</p>

<p><b>non modo invidiae</b>, etc., 'at the risk not merely of unpopularity, but of
life.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_4" id="n2_4"></a><a href="#t2_4">§4</a>.</div>

<p><b>cum viderem</b>, etc. 'Re probata' is ablative absolute; not 'approved by
you,' but 'proved, demonstrated <i>to</i> you.' 'Since I saw that the facts
were even then not fully established to the satisfaction of all of
<i>you</i>,' (much less to those inclined to sympathize with Catilina; this
is the force of 'quidem,') 'and that, if I punished him as he deserved,
I should not, under the burden of the unpopularity of that act, be able
to attack his associates, I brought the matter to this point,' etc. The
direct form of the conditional sentence would have been 'si multavero,
non potero'; this becomes in Oratio Obliqua 'cum viderem, si multassem,
fore ut non possem' (periphrasis being necessary because 'possum' has no
future participle).</p>

<p><b>quam vehementer</b>, ironical. <b>foris</b> is emphatic; once outside the city he
does not fear him at all, as the context shows.</p>

<p><b>exierit</b>, subjunctive, because the whole sentence stands as the object of
'fero.'</p>

<p><b>mihi</b>, the so-called 'Ethic' dative; 'Tongilius, I see, he has taken with
him.' The use of 'me' in the same sense is frequent in Shakespeare, as
in the phrases 'Knock me on this door,' 'he steps me to her trencher,'
etc., but is becoming obsolete in modern English.</p>

<p><b>praetexta</b> (sc. 'toga'), the purple-edged 'toga' worn by boys up to the
age of sixteen, when they assumed the 'toga virilis,' which was plain
white.</p>


<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="n2_5" id="n2_5"></a><a href="#t2_5">§5</a>.</span><b>prae</b>, 'in comparison with.'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18a" id="Page_18a">[18]</a></span></p>

<p><b>Gallicanis legionibus</b>, the regular troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul.
The coast district of Umbria from the Rubicon to the Aesis was known as
'ager Gallicus,' having been originally the home of the Senonian Gauls.
The praetor Q. Metellus had been ordered by the senate to levy troops in
this district and Picenum for the defence of the government.</p>

<p><b>agresti luxuria</b>, abstract for concrete. He is thinking particularly of
the Sullan colonists. See <a href="#Page_9">Introduction p. 9</a>, and <a href="#n2_20">§20 below</a>.</p>

<p><b>decoctoribus</b>, 'bankrupts.' <i>Decoquo</i>, lit. 'to boil down,' so to
squander one's property, become bankrupt. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. ch. 18
'Tenesne memoria, te praetextatum decoxisse?'</p>

<p><b>vadimonia</b>, 'bail,' i.e. security given for appearance in court when
called upon. Hence <i>vadimonia deserere</i>, 'to desert one's legal
obligations,' 'make default.'</p>

<p><b>edictum praetoris</b>. Every praetor, on entering upon his office, published
an <i>edictum</i>, stating the rules to which he would adhere in the
administration of justice. Hence Cicero says, 'they will collapse when I
display to them the edict of the praetor,' i.e. remind them of the
penalties to which they will be liable by their non-appearance in court
to answer to their bail.</p>

<p><b>hos</b>, strongly opposed to exercitum illum. He is not afraid of the ruined
spendthrifts who compose Catilina's army; he <i>is</i> afraid of the
conspirators left behind in the city, who have, as it were, deserted
that army. (Lentulus, Cethegus, etc. are pointed at.)</p>

<p><b>suos milites eduxisset</b>, 'taken with him <i>as</i> his force.'</p>

<p><b>quod quid cogitent</b>, etc., i.e. because they must have some secret force
at their back, which gives them confidence.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_6" id="n2_6"></a><a href="#t2_6">§6</a>.</div>

<p><b>superioris noctis consilia</b>, i.e. at the meeting in Laeca's house (<a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>),
either the night before last or the last night but two. See
<a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p. 12 note</a>.</p>

<p><b>ne</b>, 'truly' (like the Greek &#957;&#945;&#8055;, &#957;&#8053;), to be distinguished from the
conjunction. Used with pronouns only.</p>

<p><b>nisi si quis</b>, 'nisi' is used like an adverb; hence the repetition of
'si.' Cf. Thuc. 1. 17 &#949;&#7984; &#956;&#8052; &#949;&#7988; &#964;&#953;.</p>

<p><b>ne patiantur</b>, 'in order that they may not permit.' Not prohibitive,
which according to Cicero's usage would require the perfect subjunctive.</p>

<p><b>Aurelia via.</b> This was the coast road, the shortest route to Massilia,
whither Catilina pretended to be going.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_7" id="n2_7"></a><a href="#t2_7">§7</a>.</div>

<p><b>exhausto</b> keeps up the metaphor of draining away refuse contained in
'sentina.'</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span><b>subiector</b>, 'forger,' from 'subicere' in the sense of 'substitute.'</p>

<p><b>nepos</b>, 'spendthrift,' 'prodigal.' Cf. the bad sense sometimes attaching
to &#957;&#949;&#945;&#957;&#8055;&#945;&#962; in Greek.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_8" id="n2_8"></a><a href="#t2_8">§8</a>.</div>

<p><b>Iam vero</b>, frequent in transitions; 'once more,' 'again.' He is passing
to a fresh aspect of Catilina's character. Cf. <a href="#t3_22">3. 22</a> and de Lege Manilia
11, where, after speaking of the military experience of Pompeius, he
goes on 'Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par inveniri?'</p>

<p><b>fructum</b>, 'enjoyment,' 'satisfaction.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_9" id="n2_9"></a><a href="#t2_9">§9</a>.</div>

<p><b>Nemo non modo Romae</b>, etc. Understand 'non fuit' from the second clause
after 'non modo' and see <a href="#n1_25">note on 1. 25</a> for full explanation.</p>

<p><b>ut eius diversa studia</b>, etc., 'to help you to understand other tastes of
his in quite a different sphere of life' ('ratio,' lit. 'way,' 'method,'
'plan').</p>

<p><b>ludo</b>, 'school,' where gladiators were trained under a fencing-master
(<i>lanista</i>).</p>

<p><b>in scaena</b> (&#963;&#954;&#951;&#957;&#8053;), 'on the stage.' The profession of an actor was
considered degrading (<i>infamis</i>) for a Roman citizen, and was generally
left to slaves and freedmen.</p>

<p><b>levior et nequior</b>, 'a little more frivolous and worthless' (than his
fellows).</p>

<p><b>cum</b>, 'although.'</p>

<p><b>instrumenta</b>, 'the instruments,' i.e. the powers of mind and body by
which a virtuous disposition makes itself felt.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_10" id="n2_10"></a><a href="#t2_10">§10</a>.</div>

<p><b>fortunas</b>, 'estates,' as distinguished from property in money.</p>

<p><b>obligaverunt</b>, 'mortgaged.'</p>

<p><b>res</b>, 'money,' fides, 'credit.' This has just begun to fail them, because
in view of the break-down of their schemes, their creditors will not
trust them any longer. See on 'proximis Idibus' <a href="#n1_14">1. 14</a>.</p>

<p><b>bonorum</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 1. 1</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_11" id="n2_11"></a><a href="#t2_11">§11</a>.</div>

<p><b>propagarit</b>, 'propago' ('pro' and 'pag-' root of 'pango,' 'to fasten
down'), originally a botanical term; 'to generate by slips,' hence
generally 'to extend,' 'prolong.' Tr. 'will have prolonged the existence
of the state, not merely for a brief period, but for many generations.'
A variation for the more usual construction 'in multa saecula propagarit
rempublicam.'</p>

<p><b>rex . . . unius</b>. Pompeius, invested with the supreme command by the
Gabinian and Manilian laws, had just crushed the pirates of Cilicia
('mari'), and brought to a close the third war against Mithridates king
of Pontus ('terra'), by the battle of Nicopolis (<span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 66).</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_12" id="n2_12"></a><a href="#t2_12">§12</a>.</div>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20a" id="Page_20a">[20]</a></span>Having answered those who might think his measures not strong enough
(§§3-11) Cicero now (§§12-16) addresses those who might urge that he had
acted tyrannically and abused his consular authority by driving Catilina
from the city.</p>

<p><b>exilium</b> is emphatic. They pretend that he has been unlawfully forced
into exile; whereas really, so far from going into exile, he has
voluntarily departed for the camp of his lieutenant Manlius.</p>

<p><b>verbo</b>, 'by a mere word' (as they pretend I did in Catilina's case).</p>

<p><b>videlicet</b> = 'videre licet,' 'it is easy to see,' 'of course.' He is
sarcastically quoting the language of his assailants; his own reply
begins at 'Hesterno die.'</p>

<p><b>quin etiam</b> adds a still stronger testimony. 'Why, even,' etc.</p>

<p><b>vehemens ille consul</b>, 'your violent consul.'</p>

<p><b>quaesivi</b>, see <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>.</p>

<p><b>necne</b> is used in indirect disjunctive questions, 'annon' in direct.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_13" id="n2_13"></a><a href="#t2_13">§13</a>.</div>

<p><b>homo audacissimus</b>, 'with all his audacity.'</p>

<p><b>conscientia</b>, 'by his guilty knowledge.'</p>

<p><b>constituisset</b>, sc. 'agendum.'</p>

<p><b>ei</b>. See <a href="#n1_16">note on dative of the agent, 1. 16</a>.</p>

<p><b>ratio</b>, 'plan.'</p>

<p><b>quo iam pridem pararet</b>, 'whither (I knew) he had long been preparing to
go.'</p>

<p><b>secures . . . fasces</b>, etc. Catilina meant to assume all the insignia of
a consul commanding an army in the field.</p>

<p><b>sacrarium</b>, see <a href="#n1_24">on 1. 24</a>.</p>

<p><b>fecerat</b>, indic., because the sentence is a parenthesis added by Cicero
here for the information of his hearers. It is not a quotation from his
speech to the senate, for this would have required <i>fecisset</i>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_14" id="n2_14"></a><a href="#t2_14">§14</a>.</div>

<p><b>credo</b>, strongly ironical.</p>

<p><b>suo</b> is emphatic; 'in his <i>own</i> name'; (Catilina, you ask us to believe,
had nothing to do with it.)</p>

<p><b>condicionem</b>, the external circumstances, given conditions under which a
thing must be done. Here perhaps 'task' gives the meaning best; but it
may also be rendered by 'lot,' 'position,' 'terms,' according to the
context. Cf. 'nascendi condicio' <a href="#t3_2">3. 2</a>, 'consulatus condicio' <a href="#t4_1">4.1</a> and
<a href="#t3_27">3. 27</a>.</p>

<p><b>vi et minis</b>, hendiadys.</p>

<p><b>tyrannum</b>. Cf. 'regie factum' <a href="#t1_30">1. 30</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_15" id="n2_15"></a><a href="#t2_15">§15</a>.</div>

<p><b>Est mihi tanti</b>, 'I think it worth while.'</p>

<p><b>falsae</b>, 'misdirected.'</p>

<p><b>sane</b>, 'by all means.'</p>

<p><b>non est iturus</b>, stronger than 'ibit,' 'he has no intention of going.'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21a" id="Page_21a">[21]</a></span></p>

<p><b>illud</b> refers to what <i>follows</i> ('ne sit,' etc.). Cf. the use of &#7952;&#954;&#949;&#8150;&#957;&#959;
in Greek.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_16" id="n2_16"></a><a href="#t2_16">§16</a>.</div>

<p><b>Quamquam</b>, etc. 'And yet those, who keep saying that Catilina is going to
Massilia, do not really regret, so much as fear it. No one of them is
tender hearted enough to wish him to go thither rather than to Manlius.'
If their motive were really (as they pretend) disinterested pity for
Catilina, they would be glad to hear he had gone to Massilia, because
that is his only chance of escaping destruction. The truth is that they
are secret partisans of his schemes, and are afraid he may be going to
abandon them by voluntary exile.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_17" id="n2_17"></a><a href="#t2_17">§17</a>.</div>

<p><b>sanare sibi ipsos</b>, 'to restore them to themselves,' i.e. to their right
minds.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_18" id="n2_18"></a><a href="#t2_18">§18</a>.</div>

<p><b>possessiones</b>, of landed property exclusively ('estates'); <b>maiores</b>, i.e.
more than enough to pay their debts, if they were sold.</p>

<p><b>dissolvi</b>, in a kind of middle sense, 'free themselves'; 'solvo' is the
technical word for payment of debts. Cf. the English 'liquidate.'</p>

<p><b>species</b>, 'outward appearance.'</p>

<p><b>voluntas et causa</b>, 'intentions and position.'</p>

<p><b>tu . . . sis</b>, etc., dubitative subjunctive, implying incredulous
astonishment. 'Can you be?' 'is it possible that you are?' It is the
ordinary potential subj., ('velim,' 'I could wish,' etc.) thrown into an
interrogative form. Cf. Cic. ad Q. F. 1. 3 'Ego tibi irascerer, mi
frater?' 'I, angry with you, my brother?' and pro Sulla 44 'Tu tantam
rem ementiare?' 'You to utter such a falsehood?' Also Virg. Aen. 12. 947
'Tunc hinc spoliis indute meorum | Eripiare mihi?' Translate here, 'You
to be luxuriously and abundantly supplied with estates and houses,
silver plate and slaves, everything in short that you can wish for, and
yet to hesitate, by sacrificing a part of your estate, to gain in
respect of credit?' For ad, 'with respect to,' cf. <a href="#t1_12">1. 12</a> 'ad severitatem
lenius.' He wishes them to sell some of their land and pay their debts
with the proceeds; this, though apparently a sacrifice, would really be
a gain, because by restoring their solvency it would improve their
credit.</p>

<p><b>tabulas novas</b>, lit. 'clean tablets,' 'new account books'; a phrase
implying a general cancelling of all debts, which Catilina promised.</p>

<p><b>meo beneficio</b>, etc., 'thanks to me, there shall be an issue of new
tablets, but (they shall be) those of the auctioneers.' He means that he
would propose a law, compelling those debtors who had land to sell it by
auction, and pay with the proceeds. The necessary catalogues of sale
('auctionariae tabulae') would be 'novae tabulae'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22a" id="Page_22a">[22]</a></span> in a double sense,
(1) because such a law would be a novelty; (2) because it would lead to
freedom from debt, only by legal methods, instead of arbitrary
repudiation of the creditor's claims.</p>

<p><b>salvi</b>, 'solvent.'</p>

<p><b>certare cum usuris</b>, etc., 'instead of matching the produce of their
estates against the interest' (on their loans). They had borrowed
largely, and tried to pay the interest on the loans with the income
derived from their land. It was a contest ('certare') between the two,
in which the interest to be paid tended constantly to outstrip their
income.</p>

<p><b>uteremur</b>, 'we should find them.' Cf. Gk. &#967;&#961;&#8182;&#956;&#945;&#953; in the same sense.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_19" id="n2_19"></a><a href="#t2_19">§19</a>.</div>

<p><b>dominationem</b>, 'tyranny,' 'despotism,' used always (like 'dominus') of
the rule of a single person.</p>

<p><b>honores</b>, 'offices.'</p>

<p><b>scilicet</b>, 'that is to say.'</p>

<p><b>in bonis viris</b>, see <a href="#n1_1">note on 'bonorum' 1. 1</a>.</p>

<p><b>maximam multitudinem</b>, if genuine, must mean 'that their number is very
great,' but the words are probably an interpolation; 'in maxima
multitudine' (to be connected with 'magnam concordiam') has been
conjectured.</p>

<p><b>si sint adepti</b>, a very remote contingency, 'supposing they were to
obtain.'</p>

<p><b>fugitivo alicui</b>, etc., i.e. in the event of success the real power would
be seized by the most worthless of their own party.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_20" id="n2_20"></a><a href="#t2_20">§20</a>.</div>

<p><b>Sunt homines</b>, etc. Sulla during his dictatorship (82-80 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) rewarded
his victorious soldiers to the number of 120,000, by distributing them
in military colonies throughout Italy, assigning an allotment of land to
each. Faesulae was one of these colonies.</p>

<p><b>universas</b>, 'taken as a whole.' Cicero is careful to speak with respect
of Sulla, because he had been the great champion of the aristocratic
party, which was now supporting the orator against Catilina. But further
on he alludes to the horror which the recollection of the proscriptions
still inspired.</p>

<p><b>sed tamen ii sunt coloni</b>, etc. Note that 'qui . . . iactarunt' is not
consecutive. Hence tr. 'Nevertheless the men in question are colonists
who,' etc. For 'ii' which seems awkward, 'in iis' has been conjectured.</p>

<p><b>beati</b>, here, as often, of material prosperity, 'well-to-do.'</p>

<p><b>familiis</b>, 'establishments,' (of slaves and dependents).</p>

<p><b>illorum temporum</b>, i.e. the reign of terror under Marius and Cinna (87,
86 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), during which many of the aristocratic leaders perished; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23a" id="Page_23a">[23]</a></span>
the period of Sulla's dictatorship, with its wholesale proscriptions of
the popular party.</p>

<p><b>tantus</b> is adverbial; 'to such an extent.' Cf. <a href="#t1_16">1. 16</a> 'quae tibi <i>nulla</i>
videtur.'</p>

<p><b>non modo homines</b>, etc. Understand 'non passuri esse videantur' after
'non modo,' and see note on <a href="#n1_25">1. 25</a> for explanation.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_21" id="n2_21"></a><a href="#t2_21">§21</a>.</div>

<p><b>iam pridem premuntur</b>, 'have long been overwhelmed.'</p>

<p><b>emergunt</b>, 'get their heads above water.' Cf. Juvenal 3. 164</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Res angusta domi.'</span><br />
</p>

<p><b>vetere</b>, 'long-standing.'</p>

<p><b>vadimoniis</b>, etc, alludes to the three stages of legal proceedings
against a debtor. <i>Vadimonium</i>, security given for appearance in court;
<i>iudicium</i>, the trial and legal decision; <i>proscriptio bonorum</i>, the
confiscation of the property for the benefit of the creditors.</p>

<p><b>infitiator</b> is one who denies his legal obligations; 'lentos' is added to
point the antithesis to 'acres'; 'not so much keen soldiers as shirking
defaulters.'</p>

<p><b>non modo</b>, sc. 'non sentiat.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_22" id="n2_22"></a><a href="#t2_22">§22</a>.</div>

<p><b>carcer</b>. The 'Tullianum' under the Capitol was the only public prison in
Rome.</p>

<p><b>postremum</b>, 'the last,' i.e. 'the lowest,' both in point of number and
morality.</p>

<p><b>proprium</b>, 'Catilina's particular favourites; his special choice,&mdash;let me
say rather his most cherished and bosom friends.'</p>

<p><b>immo vero</b>, see <a href="#n1_2">on 1. 2</a>.</p>

<p><b>imberbes</b>, 'beardless,' i.e. effeminate.</p>

<p><b>bene barbatos</b>, the wearing of a beard was contrary to the Roman custom
at this time and held to be a mark of dissoluteness.</p>

<p><b>quorum omnis</b>, etc., 'who spend all their life's energy and sacrifice
their rest in banquets lasting until daybreak,' <b>antelucanis</b>, lit. before
dawn, i.e. prolonged till dawn.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_24" id="n2_24"></a><a href="#t2_24">§24</a>.</div>

<p><b>cohortem praetoriam</b>, the troop employed as the general's body guard;
first organized by the younger Scipio during the siege of Numantia (133
<span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) (Cf. <i>Praetorium</i> = the headquarters in the camp.) Out of this
grew the Praetorian Guard of the Emperors, which played such an
important part in the history of imperial Rome.</p>

<p><b>nunc</b>, ironical, 'now' (if you think it worth while).</p>

<p><b>eiectam</b>, 'castaway,' keeping up the metaphor contained in 'naufragorum.'</p>

<p><b>Iam vero</b>, 'Why, already,' etc.</p>

<p><b>urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum</b>. Originally <i>colonia</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24a" id="Page_24a">[24]</a></span> meant a colony
whose citizens enjoyed the full Roman franchise; <i>municipium</i> a town
possessed of 'Latin rights' only. But since 89 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, when the franchise
had been extended to all Italians, the distinction had ceased to exist.</p>

<p><b>respondebunt</b>, 'will be a match for.' Catilina's rustic strongholds
('tumuli silvestres') are contemptuously contrasted with the fortified
towns ('urbes') which were in the hands of the government.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_25" id="n2_25"></a><a href="#t2_25">§25</a>.</div>

<p><b>urbe</b>, i.e. the capital.</p>

<p><b>eget ille</b> is opposed to nos suppeditamur, the contrast being emphasized
by the omission of the connecting particle and the arrangement of the
words (Chiasmus).</p>

<p><b>causas ipsas quae</b>, etc., 'simply the causes which are arrayed against
one another.'</p>

<p><b>velimus</b>, subj. because in the apodosis 'intelligere possumus' is
equivalent to the potential subjunctive 'intelligamus.' Cf. <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a>
'satisfacere videmur, si vitemus,' and <a href="#n1_2">note</a>.</p>

<p><b>iaceant</b>. See <a href="#n2_2">on 2. 2</a>.</p>

<p><b>denique aequitas</b>, etc., sums up the preceding; the four cardinal virtues
(justice, temperance, bravery, wisdom) are set against the corresponding
vices. The antithesis must be carefully kept in translation.</p>

<p><b>bona ratio cum perdita</b>, 'upright against corrupt principles.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_26" id="n2_26"></a><a href="#t2_26">§26</a>.</div>

<p><b>mihi</b>, dative of agent. See on <a href="#n1_16">1. 16</a>.</p>

<p><b>gladiatores.</b> There were in Italy a number of schools (<i>ludi</i>) where
gladiators were trained. Catilina had hoped to avail himself of these,
but by decree of the senate (October 21) they had been placed under
special guard. See Introduction, page 11.</p>

<p><b>agrum Gallicum.</b> See <a href="#n2_5">on 2. 5</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_27" id="n2_27"></a><a href="#t2_27">§27</a>.</div>

<p><b>adeo</b> adds an emphasis, 'who indeed.'</p>

<p><b>monitos</b>, sc. 'esse.' For the acc. and infin. construction after 'volo'
cf. <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a> 'cupio me esse clementem.'</p>

<p><b>qui commoverit</b> is subject to <b>sentiet</b>.</p>

<p><b>cuius</b> = 'si illius.'</p>

<p><b>carcerem</b>, as a place of execution ('vindicem') not of detention, for
imprisonment was not employed as a punishment in the case of citizens.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_28" id="n2_28"></a><a href="#t2_28">§28</a>.</div>

<p><b>togato duce et imperatore.</b> The toga was the civil dress of the
magistrate in the city, opposed to the military cloak (<i>paludamentum</i>)
worn by the general in the field. Tr. 'with me, a civil magistrate, as
your leader and general.' Cicero especially prided himself on the fact
that he defeated Catilina in his civil capacity as consul, without the
aid of an army. Cf. <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t3_23">23</a>, and the words of his own poem on the
subject, 'Cedant arma togae.'</p>

<p><b>illud</b>, explained by ut neque, etc. Cf. <a href="#t2_15">2. 15</a>.<br /><br /><br />
</p>



<hr style="width: 40%;" />
<p><br /><br /></p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25a" id="Page_25a">[25]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="ORATION_IIIa" id="ORATION_IIIa"></a>ORATION III.</h2>


<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_2" id="n3_2"></a><a href="#t3_2">§2</a>.</div>

<p><b>quod salutis, etc.</b>, 'because the pleasure of safety is assured, while
our lot at birth is doubtful; because again we are not conscious of our
birth, while we can feel the delight of preservation.' <b>nascendi condicio</b>
= the external circumstances, surroundings to which we are born. See <a href="#n2_14">on
2. 14</a>.</p>

<p><b>illum</b>, i.e. Romulus.</p>

<p><b>benevolentia famaque</b>, hendiadys, 'with affectionate praise.'</p>

<p><b>templum</b> is the consecrated ground (&#964;&#8051;&#956;&#949;&#957;&#959;&#962;); <b>delubrum</b> the actual shrine
(&#957;&#945;&#8057;&#962;).</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_3" id="n3_3"></a><a href="#t3_3">§3</a>.</div>

<p><b>ut</b> = 'ex quo tempore,' 'ever since.' Cf. Cic. ad Att. 1. 13. 2 'ut
Brundisio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,' and
Hor. Od. 4. 4.42.</p>

<p><b>paucis ante diebus.</b> Really, it was nearly a month ago (Nov. 8-Dec. 3).</p>

<p><b>cum . . . eiciebam</b>, indic. because 'cum' = 'quo tempore,' 'at the time
when.' Cf. <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a> and <a href="#n1_7">1. 7, note</a>.</p>

<p><b>exterminari</b>, 'banished' (ex, terminus). The sense 'exterminated' is not
found in classical Latin.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_4" id="n3_4"></a><a href="#t3_4">§4</a>.</div>

<p><b>fidem faceret</b>, 'would command confidence.'</p>

<p><b>tumultus</b>, used exclusively of disturbances in Italy and Gaul. Cf. Cic.
Phil. 8. ch. 1 'itaque maiores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat
domesticus, tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea
nullum nominabant,' and the whole passage. On the Allobroges, see
<a href="#Page_13">Introduction, p. 13</a>.</p>

<p><b>ad Catilinam</b>, 'addressed to Catilina.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_5" id="n3_5"></a><a href="#t3_5">§5</a>.</div>

<p><b>qui omnia</b>, etc., 'like men whose political sentiments were entirely
sound and excellent.' sentirent is subj. because qui is causal.</p>

<p><b>pontem Mulvium</b>, on the Via Flaminia, two miles N. of Rome; now called
Ponte Molle.</p>

<p><b>praefectura</b> was the name given to a provincial town governed by a
magistrate sent annually from Rome, whereas the <i>municipia</i> elected
their own magistrates.</p>

<p><b>Reate</b> was a Sabine town, of which Cicero was <i>patronus</i>.</p>

<p><b>in reipublicae praesidio</b>, v.l. 'in republica,' 'praesidio' being then
connected with 'miseram' as dat. of complement.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_6" id="n3_6"></a><a href="#t3_6">§6</a>.</div>

<p><b>tertia</b>, etc., i.e. between three and four a. m. The time between sunset
and sunrise was divided into four <i>vigiliae</i>.</p>

<p><b>integris signis.</b> See <a href="#n3_10">on §10 below</a>.</p>

<p><b>ipsi</b>, i.e. Volturcius and the Gauls.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26a" id="Page_26a">[26]</a></span></p>

<p><b>vocavi</b>. The consul had the right of summoning citizens to his presence
(<i>ius vocationis</i>), by force if necessary (<i>ius prehensionis</i>).</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_7" id="n3_7"></a><a href="#t3_7">§7</a>.</div>

<p><b>si nihil esset inventum</b>. Virtual Oratio Obliqua, representing their
words 'si nihil inventum erit.'</p>

<p><b>temere</b>, 'heedlessly,' <b>i.e.</b> without due cause.</p>

<p><b>negavi</b>, etc. 'Ut . . . deferrem' is <i>not</i> a final, but a substantival
clause, standing as the object to 'facturum,' the whole being a more
emphatic way of saying 'negavi me non delaturum esse'; 'I said that in a
danger which threatened the state, I could not but bring the facts
unprejudiced before the council of the state.' Cf. <a href="#t3_17">3. 17</a> 'commisisset ut
deprehenderentur.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_8" id="n3_8"></a><a href="#t3_8">§8</a>.</div>

<p><b>fidem publicam dedi</b>. Lit. 'pledged him the faith of the state,' i.e.
promised him in the name of the state that he should not be prosecuted
in respect of any disclosures, <b>iussu senatus</b>, because the consul could
not do this unless authorized by the senate.</p>

<p><b>erat</b>, indic. because an explanation added by Cicero; not part of what
Volturcius said.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_9" id="n3_9"></a><a href="#t3_9">§9</a>.</div>

<p><b>data esse</b> (for the gender see <a href="#n3_10">note on 'deprehensa' §10</a>), to be taken, by
zeugma, with both 'iusiurandum' and 'litteras,' 'that an oath (had been
sworn) and a letter given them addressed to their nation.'</p>

<p><b>atque ita, etc.</b> Upon the main verb 'dixerunt' depend three subordinates:
'esse praescriptum'; 'confirmasse'; 'dixisse'; each of which has in its
turn a subordinate clause depending upon it. This will be best seen by
the following scheme;</p>

<p>Galli dixerunt:&mdash;</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>a</i>) ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio </span>
<span style="margin-left: 4em;">{ ut equitatum mitterent; pedestres</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 4em;">esse praescriptum</span>
<span style="margin-left: 7.13em;">{&nbsp;&nbsp; sibi copias non defuturas.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>b</i>) Lentulum autem sibi confirmasse</span>
<span style="margin-left: 1.7em;"> { se esse illum ... Sullam</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 4em;">ex fatis, etc.</span><span style="margin-left: 9.5em;"> {&nbsp;&nbsp;  fuisse.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>c</i>) eundemque dixisse</span><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"> { fatalem hunc esse ...</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 18.25em;">{&nbsp;&nbsp;  vicesimus.</span><br />
</p>

<p>The reflexive pronoun refers in each case to the subject of the verb
upon which the subordinate sentence <i>immediately</i> depends.</p>

<p><b>pedestres sibi, etc.</b> This is part of what Cassius and the others said,
depending upon some verb of 'saying' to be understood from
'praescriptum'; 'they said that these men and L. Cassius had requested
them to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible, (adding that) they
should have no lack of infantry.'</p>

<p><b>fatis Sibyllinis</b>, the original 'libri Sibyllini' (containing prophecies
in Greek) were said to have been brought by the Sibyl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27a" id="Page_27a">[27]</a></span> of Cumae to
Tarquinius Superbus; they were kept in the Capitol and consulted in
times of difficulty. In 83 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> they were burnt and a fresh collection
of Sibylline prophecies was made, which was sifted by order of Augustus
and Tiberius. See Tac. Ann. 6. 12.</p>

<p><b>tertium Cornelium</b>, his full name was Cornelius Lentulus Sura. On
Cinna and Sulla see <a href="#n3_24">note on 3. 24</a>.</p>

<p><b>virginum</b>, sc. 'Vestalium.' Nothing is known of the event alluded to, but
the trial of a Vestal Virgin was always regarded as an event of great
significance.</p>

<p><b>Capitolii incensionem.</b> The Capitol and adjacent buildings had been burnt
down <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 83.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_10" id="n3_10"></a><a href="#t3_10">§10</a>.</div>

<p><b>Saturnalibus</b>, the festival of Saturn at the end of December. It was a
general holiday, when special license was allowed to slaves; hence a
good opportunity for a rising.</p>

<p><b>Primo ostendimus, etc.</b> Letters were generally written with a stylus on
wax tablets; these were then put together face inwards and tied with
string, which was secured by the seal of the sender. When, as often,
they were written by slaves from dictation, the seal was the only means
of recognising the authorship, as they were not generally signed.</p>

<p><b>cognovit</b>, 'acknowledged it.'</p>

<p><b>recepissent</b>, 'had promised'; <i>recipio</i> = 'to take upon oneself, engage.'
<b>sibi</b>, the writer.</p>

<p><b>quae . . . deprehensa</b>, a relative is generally neuter pl. when it
refers, as here, to two inanimate antecedents ('gladii' and 'sicae') of
different genders. So also adjectives and participles. Cf. <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a> 'data.'
They may however agree with the nearest word, as in <a href="#t3_18">3. 18</a> 'visas . . .
faces ardoremque caeli.'</p>

<p><b>qui . . . respondisset</b>, 'although he had answered.' <b>tamen</b>, i.e. in spite
of the appearances against him.</p>

<p><b>se semper</b>, etc., 'that he had always had a fancy for good steel
implements.' He purposely avoids using the word 'tela,' pretending that
the weapons were only part of a collection.</p>

<p><b>conscientia</b>, 'his consciousness of guilt.' For 'abiectus' cf. <a href="#t4_3">4. 3</a>
'abiecta metu filia.'</p>

<p><b>in eandem fere sententiam</b>, 'to much the same effect.'</p>

<p><b>avi</b>, Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Cf. <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_11" id="n3_11"></a><a href="#t3_11">§11</a>.</div>

<p><b>eadem ratione</b>, either with <b>litterae</b>, 'of the same tenor,' or with
leguntur, 'in the same way,' i.e. 'with the same formalities.'</p>

<p><b>per quem</b>, the agent was Umbrenus. Cf. <a href="#n3_14">§14 below</a>.</p>

<p><b>subito</b>, adverb, with <b>demens</b>.</p>

<p><b>cum</b>, 'although.'</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28a" id="Page_28a">[28]</a></span><b>dicendi exercitatio</b>. Lit. 'practice in speaking,' i.e. 'fluency.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_12" id="n3_12"></a><a href="#t3_12">§12</a>.</div>

<p><b>Quis sim</b>, etc. The general sense of the letter is similarly given by
Sallust (Cat. 44) with verbal differences.</p>

<p><b>locum</b>, 'position.'</p>

<p><b>etiam infimorum</b>, i.e. he was to arm the slaves.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_13" id="n3_13"></a><a href="#t3_13">§13</a>.</div>

<p><b>cum . . . tum</b>, 'just as ... so also.' Cf. <a href="#t3_18">3. 18</a>. illa in each clause
refers to what follows. Note that 'certiora' follows 'certissima,'
showing that the latter means 'very sure,' not 'the surest possible.'
Cicero is fond of using the superlative in this sense.</p>

<p><b>de summa re publica</b>, 'on a matter so vital to the state.' Cf. <a href="#t1_14">1. 14</a> 'ad
summam rempublicam pertinent.'</p>

<p><b>principibus</b>, the leaders.</p>

<p><b>sententiae.</b> See <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>.</p>

<p><b>senatus consultum</b>, the regular word for a decree of the senate. When
passed, it was written down, and the names of the principal supporters
appended.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_14" id="n3_14"></a><a href="#t3_14">§14</a>.</div>

<p><b>liberata . . . sit</b>, etc. Subj. because he is quoting the substance of
the decree. <b>usus essem</b> is plup. because 'laudantur' (historic present)
is regarded as a past tense.</p>

<p><b>viro forti, collegae meo.</b> This was C. Antonius Hybrida. He had been
associated with Catilina, but Cicero induced him to come over to the
side of the senate by giving up to him the province of Macedonia. See
<a href="#n4_23">note on 4. 23</a>.</p>

<p><b>a suis et rei publicae</b>, etc., i.e. he had ceased to hold any
communication with them, either on his private affairs, or his public
duties.</p>

<p><b>cum se praetura</b>, etc. Note the construction of 'abdico.' Strictly
speaking, a magistrate could not be deprived of his office except by his
own act; but resignation was practically compulsory under certain
circumstances (e.g. when the election was proved to have been obtained
by bribery). As praetor, Lentulus could not have been placed under
arrest, for the person of a magistrate was inviolable (<i>sacrosanctus</i>).</p>

<p><b>in custodiam.</b> See <a href="#n1_19">on 1. 19</a>.</p>

<p><b>de iis colonis.</b> See <a href="#n2_20">on 2. 20</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_15" id="n3_15"></a><a href="#t3_15">§15</a>.</div>

<p><b>supplicatio</b>, i.e. a period of public prayer and thanksgiving. This was
accompanied by the ceremony called <i>lectisternium</i>, when the images of
the gods were placed on couches (<i>pulvinaria</i>) before their temples,
with banquets beside them. Here the people came to worship. Cf. <a href="#t3_23">3. 23</a> 'ad
omnia pulvinaria,' and Horace, Odes 1. 37. 2</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 5em;">'nunc Saliaribus</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ornare pulvinar Deorum</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.'</span><br />
</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29a" id="Page_29a">[29]</a></span>A <i>supplicatio</i> was generally a thanksgiving for victory; to the general
it was an honour only inferior to a triumph, which it often preceded.
More rarely, it was a period of national humiliation in time of
disaster. Thus a <i>supplicatio</i> was decreed at the beginning of 217 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>,
and again after the defeat of Cannae. See Livy 22. 1, 23. 11.</p>

<p><b>meo nomine</b>, 'in my name,' 'in my honour.' This was the only instance of
a <i>supplicatio</i> decreed in honour of a citizen not holding a military
command.</p>

<p><b>interest</b> instead of 'interesse videatur,' because he means to state
positively that the difference is there, whether the comparison be made
or not. So we can say, 'If you compare, there is this difference,'
instead of the more strictly grammatical, '<i>You will find</i> that there is
this difference.' Cf. de Amic. §104 'Si illis orbatus essem, tamen
<i>affert</i> nihi aetas ipsa solatium'; where the existence of the
consolation does not depend on the need for it.</p>

<p><b>se abdicavit</b>, 'was allowed to resign.'</p>

<p><b>ut quae religio</b>, etc. A magistrate being 'sacrosanctus,' religious
scruples would forbid his punishment. Cicero says that owing to
Lentulus' abdication, they will not have <i>this</i> scruple to stand in
their way, though reminding them that it did not protect Glaucia. (See
<a href="#n1_4">on 1. 4</a>.) Tr. 'So that we can punish Lentulus as a private citizen
without hindrance from any religious scruple; though such scruples did
not prevent C. Marius,' etc.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_16" id="n3_16"></a><a href="#t3_16">§16</a>.</div>

<p><b>cum pellebam</b>. See <a href="#n1_7">on 1. 7</a>.</p>

<p><b>somnum</b>, 'the sleepiness.'</p>

<p><b>aditus</b>, 'the means of approaching.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 4. 423</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Sola viri molles aditus et tempora noras.'</span><br />
</p>

<p>Note the striking picture of Catilina's abilities as a leader here
given, and contrast it with Cicero's contemptuous expressions elsewhere,
esp. <a href="#t2_9">2. 9</a>.</p>

<p><b>certos</b>, 'particular,' 'definite.'</p>

<p><b>mandarat.</b> The pluperf. indic. is rare after <i>cum</i> even when (as here)
the connection is of time only.</p>

<p><b>quod</b> constructed with 'obiret' as the nearest verb. 'occurreret' by
itself would require dative.</p>

<p><b>vigilaret</b>, <b>laboraret</b> do not grammatically construct with 'quod' at all.
They are an amplification of 'obiret occurreret'; such amplification
being more commonly expressed by an adverbial clause such as 'per
vigilias et labores.' Cf. Aesch. P. V. 331</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#960;&#8049;&#957;&#964;&#969;&#957; &#956;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#967;&#8060;&#957; &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#964;&#949;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#956;&#951;&#954;&#8060;&#962; &#7952;&#956;&#959;&#8055;,</span><br />
</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30a" id="Page_30a">[30]</a></span>where &#954;&#945;&#8054; &#964;&#949;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#956;&#951;&#954;&#8061;&#962; is an amplification of &#956;&#949;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#967;&#8061;&#957;, and does not
construct with &#7952;&#956;&#959;&#8055;.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_17" id="n3_17"></a><a href="#t3_17">§17</a>.</div>

<p><b>tanto ante</b>, because it was now only Dec. 3 and the Saturnalia (<a href="#t3_10">3. 10</a>) did
not begin till Dec. 17.</p>

<p><b>commisisset ut</b>, etc. 'have made the mistake of allowing to be arrested.'
Cf. <a href="#t3_7">3. 7</a> 'negavi me facturum esse ut non deferrem.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_18" id="n3_18"></a><a href="#t3_18">§18</a>.</div>

<p><b>cum . . . tum</b>, 'not only ... but also.' Cf. <a href="#t3_13">3. 13</a>.</p>

<p><b>Nam ut illa</b>, etc. Cicero must here be suiting his language to his
audience; for he probably did not believe in miraculous signs. His tone
in the second and third speeches, where he is addressing the people, is
throughout less refined than in the first and fourth, where he is
speaking to the senate.</p>

<p><b>canere</b>, 'foretell,' often used of prophetic utterances.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_19" id="n3_19"></a><a href="#t3_19">§19</a>.</div>

<p><b>Cotta et Torquato consulibus</b>, <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 65.</p>

<p><b>de caelo</b>, i.e. struck by lightning.</p>

<p><b>legum aera</b>, the brazen tablets on which the laws were engraved.</p>

<p><b>tactus</b>, etc. In the Capitoline Museum at Rome may be seen a bronze
figure of a wolf giving suck to the twins Romulus and Remus. It is just
possible that this may be the group alluded to here, as one of the legs
shows an injury such as would be caused by lightning; but it is more
probably a mediaeval copy of an ancient original.</p>

<p><b>Etruria</b>, the original home of augury.</p>

<p><b>adpropinquare dixerunt nisi . . . flexissent</b>. The soothsayers said
'adpropinquant, nisi flexerint,' the fut. perf. becoming plup. subj. in
Oratio Obliqua, according to rule. Not <i>adpropinquabunt</i>, because
futurity is sufficiently expressed by the word itself, = 'they are
drawing near,' 'are upon you.'</p>

<p><b>suo numine</b>, 'by their influence.' The gods are regarded as subject to
Destiny, yet able to mitigate its decrees by their intercession. <b>prope</b>
apologizes as it were for the boldness of the expression. Cf. <a href="#t4_3">4. 3</a> ad
fin.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_20" id="n3_20"></a><a href="#t3_20">§20</a>.</div>

<p><b>ad orientem</b>, etc. The Forum stretched S.E. from the Capitol, so that a
statue on the latter facing E. would overlook it.</p>

<p><b>collocandum . . . locaverunt</b>, 'gave a contract for its erection'; <i>loco</i>
(lit. 'to place out') is used of the person for whom the work is done;
<i>conduco</i> of the contractor.</p>

<p><b>superioribus consulibus</b>, those of 64 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, L. Caesar and C. Figulus.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_21" id="n3_21"></a><a href="#t3_21">§21</a>.</div>

<p><b>praesens</b>, perhaps 'clear,' i.e. a visible evidence of the hand of the
gods; or it may be simply 'opportune.'</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31a" id="Page_31a">[31]</a></span><b>ut . . . videatur</b> is consecutive, <b>ut . . . statueretur</b>, substantival,
explanatory of <b>illud</b>, '<i>the fact</i> that the statue was being erected at
that particular moment.'</p>

<p><b>eorum indices</b>, 'the witnesses against them.' The Temple of Concord was
on the Capitol; Cicero's house on the Palatine; so that the Forum would
have to be crossed in passing from one to the other.</p>

<p><b>ducerentur</b> follows the mood of its main verb 'statueretur.' Otherwise as
'cum' = 'quo tempore' we should probably have had the indic. on the
analogy of <a href="#t1_7">1. 7</a> (where see <a href="#n1_7">note</a>) and other instances.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_22" id="n3_22"></a><a href="#t3_22">§22</a>.</div>

<p><b>templis atque delubris</b>. See <a href="#n3_2">on 3. 2</a>.</p>

<p><b>mentem voluntatemque</b>, 'disposition and purpose.'</p>

<p>Some editions read 'iam vero illa Allobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab
Lentulo,' etc. For iam vero see <a href="#n2_8">on 2. 8</a>.</p>

<p><b>ut . . . neglegerent</b>, substantival ('the fact that') in apposition to
'id' below.</p>

<p><b>ex civitate male pacata</b>. The limits of Transalpine Gaul were not
accurately defined at this time, and disturbances on the borders were
frequent. The Allobroges actually revolted two years later, and were
suppressed temporarily by C. Pomptinus; they shared in the universal
subjugation of Gaul by Caesar, 58-51 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>ultro</b>, 'spontaneously,' 'unsought,' because the first advances were made
by Lentulus.</p>

<p><b>potuerint</b>, 'especially as they (were men who) might have,' etc.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_23" id="n3_23"></a><a href="#t3_23">§23</a>.</div>

<p><b>ad omnia pulvinaria</b>. See <a href="#n3_15">on <i>supplicatio</i> 3. 15</a>.</p>

<p><b>togati</b>. See <a href="#n2_28">on 2. 28</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_24" id="n3_24"></a><a href="#t3_24">§24</a>.</div>

<p>The historical allusions in this section will be best explained by the
following sketch.</p>

<p>In 88 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Sulla was consul, and had just ended the Social War. P.
Sulpicius made certain proposals in the interests of the democratic
party, one of which was to transfer the command against Mithridates of
Pontus from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched on Rome; Sulpicius, with a
few adherents, was killed; Marius, with others, escaped with difficulty.
Sulla thereupon departed for the East.</p>

<p>In 87 Cinna, as consul, revived the schemes of Sulpicius. His colleague
Octavius drove him from the city; he collected an army, was joined by
Marius, and effected his return by force. A reign of terror followed,
during which many aristocrats were killed. Marius died in 86; Cinna was
killed in a mutiny two years later.</p>

<p>In 82 Sulla came back from the East, defeated the younger Marius (in
alliance with the revolted Samnites), at the Colline Gate,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32a" id="Page_32a">[32]</a></span> and was
created 'dictator reipublicae constituendae.' As such he issued a
proscription list, ordering the execution of most of the democratic
leaders. Having reformed the constitution in the interest of the
optimates, he resigned his power.</p>

<p>After his death M. Lepidus (consul 78) tried to reverse his acts, but
was expelled by his colleague Q. Catulus. He raised an army and tried,
like Cinna, to effect his return by force, but was defeated by Catulus
at the Mulvian Bridge, <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 77; he escaped to Sardinia, where he died.</p>

<p><b>vidistis</b>, because they had all taken place within the last twenty-five
years.</p>

<p><b>custodem huius urbis</b>, he had saved Rome by defeating the Teutones and
Cimbri (102, 101 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>)</p>

<p><b>redundavit</b> only suits 'sanguine,' but is applied (by zeugma) to 'acervis
corporum' as well, '(was choked) with heaps of corpses and flooded with
blood.'</p>

<p><b>clarissimis viris</b>. Among these were L. Caesar (consul 90, and one of the
enfranchisers of the Italians) and Q. Catulus (consul 102) the colleague
of Marius in the war against the Cimbri.</p>

<p><b>ne dici quidem, etc.</b> The victims of the Sullan proscriptions numbered
from four to five thousand.</p>

<p><b>Q. Catulo</b>, son of the Catulus mentioned above.</p>

<p><b>non tam ipsius</b>, i.e. it was not the fate of Lepidus himself which
excited sympathy, but of those who were involved in it.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_25" id="n3_25"></a><a href="#t3_25">§25</a>.</div>

<p>The reading in this section is uncertain, owing to interpolations having
been introduced into the original MS. The text given is Halm's
conjectural emendation; the principal variation is as follows:&mdash;</p>

<p>'Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones <i>erant eiusmodi Quirites</i>, quae
non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rempublicam <i>pertinerent</i>; non illi
nullam esse rempublicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse principes; neque
hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [<i>Atque
illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium reipublicae
quaesivit</i>, eiusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed
internecione civium diiudicatae sint.']</p>

<p>According to this reading, the sentence in brackets is regarded as a
gloss; i.e. an explanation added in the margin by a transcriber, which
afterwards found its way into the text.</p>

<p><b>diiudicatae sint</b>. In consecutive sentences the perf. subj. is used in
preference to the imperf. where the <i>fact</i> of the result is emphasized.
It answers to &#8037;&#963;&#964;&#949; with indicative: the imperfect to &#8037;&#963;&#964;&#949; with
infinitive.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33a" id="Page_33a">[33]</a></span><b>tantum</b>, '<i>only</i> so much.'</p>

<p><b>infinitae caedi restitisset</b> (resto), <b>lit</b>. 'had remained over to
bloodshed,' i.e. as the only thing left for it to destroy. Cf. Virg.
Aen. 1. 679.</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae.'</span><br />
</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_26" id="n3_26"></a><a href="#t3_26">§26</a>.</div>

<p><b>insigne honoris</b>, 'mark of distinction,' may perhaps refer to some purely
personal honour (such as the title 'pater patriae'); <b>monimentum laudis</b>,
'memorial of renown,' to something more external (such as a statue). But
see below.</p>

<p><b>ornamenta honoris</b>, etc. The three expressions seem to be practically
synonymous, unless 'laudis insignia' be meant to include the other two.
'Every honourable decoration, every glorious memorial, every outward
mark of distinction.'</p>

<p><b>alentur</b>, 'will be cherished.'</p>

<p><b>literarum monimentis</b>, 'in the records of literature,' i.e. history.</p>

<p><b>eandemque diem</b>, etc. 'Diem' here = 'period.' He means that he has
preserved the state for an unlimited period, and that during that period
the recollection of his consulship will last; the two will go together,
hence 'eandem.' Tr. 'I feel that one and the same term&mdash;a term which I
trust will have no limit&mdash;has been extended to the safe existence of the
state and the recollection of my consulship.'</p>

<p><b>exstitisse</b> may either depend upon 'intellego,' or (better) upon a verb
to be understood from 'memoriam'; 'and (the recollection) that there
were,' etc.</p>

<p><b>alter</b>, i.e. Pompeius, who was extending the empire by his conquests in
the East, which added the province of Syria to the Roman dominions.
Cicero speaks with rhetorical exaggeration.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_27" id="n3_27"></a><a href="#t3_27">§27</a>.</div>

<p><b>condicio</b>, 'circumstances,' 'position.' See <a href="#n2_14">on 2. 14</a>.</p>

<p><b>recte</b>, 'as is just.'</p>

<p><b>bonis</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 'bonorum' 1. 1</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_28" id="n3_28"></a><a href="#t3_28">§28</a>.</div>

<p><b>Quodsi</b>, etc. Cicero's fears were realized by the motion for his
banishment (for having put Roman citizens to death without trial)
carried by Clodius, 58 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>vitae fructum</b>, 'the <i>results</i> of life.'</p>

<p><b>honore vestro</b>, 'the honours you can bestow'; <b>gloria virtutis</b>, 'renown
won by merit.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_29" id="n3_29"></a><a href="#t3_29">§29</a>.</div>

<p><b>Illud</b>, explained by 'ut . . . tuear,' etc.<br /><br /><br /></p>




<hr style="width: 40%;" />
<p><br /><br /></p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="ORATION_IVa" id="ORATION_IVa"></a>ORATION IV.</h2>


<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_1" id="n4_1"></a><a href="#t4_1">§1</a>.</div>

<p><b>depulsum sit</b>. Subj. because he is putting their thoughts into words.</p>

<p><b>vestris</b>. Some editions add <i>liberis</i>.</p>

<p><b>condicio</b>. See <a href="#n2_14">on 2. 14</a>, 'if these were the terms on which I received the
consulship.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_2" id="n4_2"></a><a href="#t4_2">§2</a>.</div>

<p><b>in quo omnis aequitas continetur</b>, 'the home of all justice,' because the
praetor's courts were held in the Forum and adjacent buildings.</p>

<p><b>consularibus auspiciis</b>, 'the auspices taken at the election of the
consuls.' They were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, which met in the
Campus Martius. For 'auspicia' see <a href="#n1_33">on 1. 33</a>.</p>

<p><b>summum auxilium</b>, etc. The control of foreign relations belonged
particularly to the senate.</p>

<p><b>ad quietem datus</b>, epithet of 'lectus' ('datus' must not be mistaken for
the main verb, which is 'fuit').</p>

<p><b>sedea honoris</b>. Some MSS. add the explanatory words 'sella curulis.'</p>

<p><b>multa tacui</b>. He hints at the suppression of the names of certain persons
suspected by him to be implicated. Crassus and Caesar may have been
among these. See Sall. Cat. 48, 49.</p>

<p><b>meo quodam dolore</b>, abl. of attendant circumstances, 'at some pain to
myself.'</p>

<p><b>templa atque delubra</b>. See <a href="#n3_2">on 3. 2</a>.</p>

<p><b>fatale ad perniciem</b>, 'destined to the destruction of,' referring to his
belief that he was the third Cornelius who should rule over Rome (<a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>).
In the second clause 'prope' ('I may almost say') is added because the
expression might seem too arrogant without qualification. Cf. <a href="#t3_19">3. 19</a> 'nisi
di immortales <i>prope</i> fata ipsa flexissent.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_3" id="n4_3"></a><a href="#t4_3">§3</a>.</div>

<p><b>pro eo ac mereor</b>, 'in proportion to my deserts.' Cf. 'simul ac,' 'aeque
ac,' 'aliter ac,' etc.</p>

<p><b>consulari</b>, 'to one who has been consul,' because no higher honour
remained to be won.</p>

<p><b>misera sapienti</b>. The Stoic philosophy, of which Cicero was an adherent,
taught that true happiness consisted in being independent of the
external accidents of life.</p>

<p><b>ille ferreus</b>, 'a man of such iron nature.'</p>

<p><b>fratris</b>. Q. Cicero, now praetor designatus.</p>

<p><b>uxor</b>, Terentia; <b>filia</b>, Tullia; <b>filius</b>, Marcus, now two years old.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35a" id="Page_35a">[35]</a></span><b>gener</b>, C. Calpurnius Piso, Tullia's first husband. Not being yet a
senator he was not seated in the assembly, but standing with the crowd
at the open doors of the temple.</p>

<p><b>sed in eam partem uti</b>, etc., 'but only in the direction (of wishing)
that,' etc.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_4" id="n4_4"></a><a href="#t4_4">§4</a>.</div>

<p><b>Non Ti. Gracchus</b>, etc. The negatives go closely with the proper names,
and the <i>present</i> 'adducitur' is emphatic. Tr. 'It is no Ti. Gracchus,
for proposing to become tribune a second time, no C. Gracchus, for
attempting to incite the agrarian party to violence, no L. Saturninus,
for the murder of C. Memmius, that is <i>now</i> brought to trial before the
bar of your severity; you have in your hands men who,' etc. He uses the
indic. ('voluit,' 'conatus est,' etc.) instead of the subj. to emphasize
the fact that the persons named had actually committed the offences in
question; he is not simply quoting the grounds of an accusation which
might or might not have been true.</p>

<p><b>iterum</b>, the election of the same person in successive years was illegal.
Ti. Gracchus was tribune 133 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> In attempting to secure his
re-election for the next year he fell a victim to the armed attack of
the senate.</p>

<p><b>agrarios</b>, properly those interested in the distribution of the public
land. C. Gracchus carried on the agrarian schemes of his brother, but it
was not the most important part of his legislation. He trusted no doubt
for support to the agricultural population of Italy, but this was rather
in view of his plans for admitting them all to the franchise.</p>

<p><b>C. Memmius</b>, a popular leader at the time of the Jugurthine War; he
changed sides, and was murdered by Saturninus and Glaucia on opposing
the latter in the consular election for 99 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>restiterunt</b> (<b>resto</b>), 'have stayed behind.'</p>

<p><b>servitia</b>, abstract for concrete.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_5" id="n4_5"></a><a href="#t4_5">§5</a>.</div>

<p><b>vos multis iam</b>, etc. 'You have affirmed by many proofs of your
judgment'; i.e. the senate, by the measures they had already taken, had
practically affirmed their belief in the conspirators' guilt.</p>

<p><b>in custodiam.</b> See <a href="#n1_19">on 1. 19</a>.</p>

<p><b>qui honos</b>, etc. Cf. <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a> and <a href="#t2_28">2. 28</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_6" id="n4_6"></a><a href="#t4_6">§6</a>.</div>

<p>The object of <b>referre</b> is <b>de facto quid iudicetis</b>, etc.; <b>tanquam
integrum</b>, 'as though it were an open question.'</p>

<p><b>ego magnum</b>, etc. 'I had long seen that a dangerous madness was abroad,
and that evils of an unheard-of kind were seething and stirring in the
state.'</p>

<p><b>latius opinione</b>, 'more widely than you think.' The following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36a" id="Page_36a">[36]</a></span> sentence
should be noted, as showing that Cicero recognized that the importance
of the decision lay in the effect it would have upon Catilina's
adherents abroad.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_7" id="n4_7"></a><a href="#t4_7">§7</a>.</div>

<p><b>sententias</b>, the technical word for the senator's formal declaration of
his vote. See <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>. Tr. 'proposals.'</p>

<p><b>D. Silani</b>, now consul designatus.</p>

<p><b>censet</b>, not 'thinks,' but 'gives it as his opinion,' 'votes.'</p>

<p><b>haec</b>, i.e. all that is around us, the houses, temples, etc.</p>

<p><b>C. Caesaris</b>, now praetor designatus.</p>

<p><b>recordatur</b>, 'remembers.' Cicero suggests that the recollection
influenced Silanus, not that he actually mentioned the precedents.</p>

<p><b>aut necessitatem</b>, etc. Each <i><b>aut</b></i> still further qualifies the idea of
death. So far from being a punishment, it is the common necessity of our
nature, or may even sometimes be an actual benefit.</p>

<p><b>municipiis</b>, 'provincial towns.' See <a href="#n2_24">on 2. 24</a>.</p>

<p><b>si velis</b>. Subj. because contingency is expressed by 'habere videtur' (=
'habeat'), 'seems to have,' 'might have.' Cf. <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a> 'satisfacere videmur
si vitemus.' The sense is: it would be unfair to order any town to
undertake the duty, and difficult to induce any to do so if they merely
asked it as a favour.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_8" id="n4_8"></a><a href="#t4_8">§8</a>.</div>

<p><b>Adiungit</b>, sc. Caesar.</p>

<p><b>aut per senatum</b>, etc., i.e. either by a 'senatus consultum,' or a 'lex'
passed by the Comitia.</p>

<p><b>illi antiqui</b>, the well-known writers of old time. The order of the words
is 'illi antiqui voluerunt eius modi quaedam supplicia apud inferos
impiis constituta esse.' voluerunt, lit. 'wished,' i.e. 'would have had
us believe.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 626 'Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab
stirpe volebat.' Contrast Cicero's language here (where he is speaking
to a more intelligent audience) with that in <a href="#t3_18">3. 18-22</a>.</p>

<p><b>ipsam</b>, 'by itself.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_9" id="n4_9"></a><a href="#t4_9">§9</a>.</div>

<p><b>mea quid intersit</b>, 'what is for my own interest.'</p>

<p><b>quoniam hanc</b>. 'Viam' is 'path,' 'course.' In English we may perhaps
change the metaphor, and say 'since he has taken what we agree to call
the popular <i>side</i> in politics.' The 'populares' were the opponents of
the 'optimates'; they aimed at breaking down the aristocratic rule of
the senate.</p>

<p><b>cognitore</b>, properly one who acts for another in a law-suit, 'advocate.'</p>

<p><b>nescio an</b>, lit. 'I hardly know whether'; so affirmatively = 'I am
disposed to think.'</p>

<p><b>rationes</b>, 'considerations.'</p>

<p><b>enim</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37a" id="Page_37a">[37]</a></span> used like &#947;&#8049;&#961;, to introduce a narrative or discussion of a point.
'Now we have,' etc.</p>

<p><b>obsidem</b>, 'pledge.'</p>

<p><b>intellectum est, etc.</b> 'We understood (when we heard Caesar) how great
was the contrast between the frivolity of demagogues and the true
democratic spirit, which has the interest of the people at heart.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_10" id="n4_10"></a><a href="#t4_10">§10</a>.</div>

<p><b>ne de capite</b>, i.e. because the senate had no legal right to decide
questions affecting the <i>caput</i> (life, or civil rights) of a citizen,
which ought to come before the Comitia Centuriata. On this question see
<a href="#NOTE_B">Introd. Note B</a>.</p>

<p><b>nudius tertius</b>='nunc dies tertius,' 'the day before yesterday,'
according to the Roman inclusive method of reckoning.</p>

<p><b>hoc</b>, explained by <b>quid iudicarit</b>. The order is 'hoc, quid (ille) qui . .
. decrerit de tota re et causa iudicarit, nemini dubium est.' Cicero
argues that the absent senators, by assenting to the previous measures,
have acknowledged their jurisdiction in the matter. It appears that
these measures had been unanimously adopted.</p>

<p><b>quaesitori</b>, properly of the president of a law-court: here of Cicero, as
the conductor of the investigations. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6. 432 'Quaesitor
Minos urnam movet.'</p>

<p><b>legem Semproniam.</b> What this was is not quite certain; but C. Gracchus
seems to have passed a law still further securing the right of citizens
to appeal to the people as against the arbitrary sentence of a
magistrate, though this was already provided by the Lex Valeria and the
Lex Porcia (see <a href="#n1_28">on 1. 28</a>). Cicero refers to the Lex Sempronia here as
being the most recent legislation on the subject, and because the fact
that summary measures were taken against its author strengthens his
argument.</p>

<p><b>qui autem</b>, etc. On this see <a href="#NOTE_B">Introd. Note B</a>.</p>

<p><b>iniussu</b> is a conjectural emendation for the MS. reading <i>iussu</i>, because
C. Gracchus was not put to death by order of the people; he was killed
by the agents of the consul Opimius, who professed to rely upon the
'ultimum decretum' previously passed by the senate (see <a href="#n1_4">on 1. 4</a>). Cicero
quotes it as a precedent exactly suiting the present case.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_11" id="n4_11"></a><a href="#t4_11">§11</a>.</div>

<p><b>sive</b>, 'if on the one hand,' answered by sive below. <b>dederitis</b> is the
apodosis to the first clause, <b>exsolvet</b> to the second.</p>

<p><b>comitem.</b> Cicero would be expected to address the people after the
meeting, to acquaint them with the senate's decision (cf. the <a href="#Oration_III">Third
Oration</a>), and according to usage he would be accompanied by the proposer
of the successful motion. Connect <b>populo</b> with <b>carum atque iucundum</b>.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38a" id="Page_38a">[38]</a></span><b>populus Romanus exsolvet</b>. The reading of the MSS. here is
unintelligible; that in the text is a conjectural emendation. Other
suggestions are 'apud populum Romanum exsolvam,' 'populo Romano
exsolveritis.'</p>

<p><b>obtinebo</b>, 'I shall maintain.' eam, sc: 'sententiam.'</p>

<p><b>ita . . . ut</b>. A common way of emphasizing a declaration, by expressing a
wish that the welfare of the speaker may depend upon its truth. 'So may
it be mine to enjoy with you the blessings of preservation, as I am
moved,' etc. Cf. the phrase 'ita di me ament, ut,' and the formula 'So
help me God' appended to oaths in English law-courts.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_12" id="n4_12"></a><a href="#t4_12">§12</a>.</div>

<p><b>purpuratum</b>. A name for ministers at Eastern courts, from the
magnificence of their dress; 'with Gabinius as his grand vizier.'</p>

<p><b>qui non lenierit</b>, causal, 'in that he did not alleviate.'</p>

<p><b>id egerunt, ut</b>, 'have made it their object to place,' etc.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_13" id="n4_13"></a><a href="#t4_13">§13</a>.</div>

<p><b>L. Caesar</b>, consul 64 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, not to be confused with C. Julius Caesar.
<b>sororis suae virum</b>, Lentulus; <b>avum</b>, M. Fulvius Flaccus, the friend and
adherent of C. Gracchus, whose fate he shared. When the disturbance
broke out he sent his young son to treat with the consul Opimius, who
had him arrested and put to death.</p>

<p>The following table will show the relationship:</p>

<p>
<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">M. Fulvius Flaccus (cos. 125)</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;">|</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">|</span><span style="margin-left: 15em;">|</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">M.F. Flaccus</span><span style="margin-left:10em;">Fulvia m. L.J. Caesar (cos. 90)</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">(filius)</span><span style="margin-left:15em;"> |</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">|</span><span style="margin-left: 12.5em;"> |</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 14em;">L.J. Caesar (cos. 64)</span><span style="margin-left: 6em;"> Julia m. (1) M. Antonius Creticus.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 31.5em;">(2) P.C. Lentulus.</span><br />
</p>

<p><b>nudius tertius</b>. At the meeting of the senate described in the Third
Speech.</p>

<p><b>quorum</b>, etc. 'What had they (i.e. Flaccus and C. Gracchus) done that
could compare with this' (the present conspiracy)? factum is treated as
a substantive.</p>

<p><b>largitionis voluntas</b>, etc. 'Designs of largess were then rife in the
state, accompanied by some party rivalry.' C. Gracchus passed a law
providing the people with corn at low rates. He also transferred the
right of sitting as <i>iudices</i> in the law-courts from the senate to the
equites, and thus stirred up strife ('partium contentio') between the
two orders.</p>

<p>Cicero purposely makes light of those measures, which had really very
important effects, in order to give point to his argument,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39a" id="Page_39a">[39]</a></span> which is&mdash;If
such comparatively moderate designs as those of C. Gracchus met with so
signal a punishment, what do the violent schemes of Catilina deserve?
Cf. <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>.</p>

<p><b>avus</b>. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and <i>princeps senatus</i> at
the time of Gracchus' death. Cf. <a href="#t3_10">3. 10</a>.</p>

<p><b>ne quid</b>, etc., 'lest the majesty of the state should be in any degree
impaired.'</p>

<p><b>Vereamini censeo</b>, lit. 'it is my opinion that you should fear' ('ut'
being omitted, as often after 'censeo'). Ironical advice, where the
contrary is really intended. 'You had better be afraid, I should think.'
Cf. the similar ironical passage in Sallust, Cat. 52 (Cato is speaking
in favour of executing the conspirators), 'Misereamini censeo&mdash;deliquere
homines adulescentuli per ambitionem&mdash;atque etiam armatos dimittatis.'
<b>multo magis</b> verendum, etc. below gives his serious opinion.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_14" id="n4_14"></a><a href="#t4_14">§14</a>.</div>

<p>Note the distinction between <i>vereri ut</i> and <i>vereri ne</i>.</p>

<p><b>imperium</b>, i.e. the sovereign authority of the Comitia, for which a
revolution might substitute that of a despot. Cf. 'regnantem Lentulum'
<a href="#t4_12">§12</a>.</p>

<p><b>loci</b>, the Temple of Concord, on the Capitol.</p>

<p><b>in qua</b> = 'talis, ut in ea,' followed by consec. subj. 'sentirent.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_15" id="n4_15"></a><a href="#t4_15">§15</a>.</div>

<p><b>Ceteri</b>. He goes through all the classes in turn; first the knights (the
disposition of the senate being already clear); then the official
classes (the Civil Service as we might say); then the general body of
freeborn citizens; lastly, the freedmen and slaves.</p>

<p><b>equites</b>, see <a href="#Footnote_5_5">Introd. p. 9, note</a>. As large holders of property, they
dreaded Catilina's schemes, and supported Cicero by occupying the
Capitol in arms, in order to protect the Senate.</p>

<p><b>ita</b> . . . ut. 'Ut' has a limiting force; it shows with what reservation
the main statement is to be accepted. 'Only so far ... that.' In
English, 'who yield to you the first place in rank and wisdom, only to
rival you in patriotism.' Cf. Cic. de Off. 1. 88 'ita probanda est
mansuetudo, ut adhibeatur reipublicae causa severitas,' and Livy 23. 3
'ita vos irae indulgere oportet, ut potiorem ira salutem habeatis.'</p>

<p><b>ex</b>, 'after.' The ground of quarrel was the right of sitting as <i>iudices</i>
in the law-courts. Transferred from the senate to the <i>equites</i> by C.
Gracchus, it had been restored by Sulla, and was now shared between the
two and the <i>tribuni aerarii</i> (see below).</p>

<p>Cicero's great hope for the state lay in a union between the two orders
(cf. <a href="#t4_22">§22</a> ad fin.), but that now existing was soon broken.</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40a" id="Page_40a">[40]</a></span><b>tribunos aerarios</b>, probably revenue officers of some kind, but not much
is known about them.</p>

<p><b>scribas</b>, etc., the permanent government clerks, a certain number of whom
were attached to each magistrate. On this day (Dec. 5) the quaestors for
the next year entered on their office, and the <i>scribae</i> had to draw
lots to decide which quaestor they should severally attend. This drawing
took place at the treasury, which was in the Temple of Saturn at the
west end of the Forum, in full view of the Temple of Concord. Hence tr.:
'the entire body of clerks also, who having been brought to-day by
chance to the treasury have I see been diverted from the anticipation of
the lot to thoughts of the public safety.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_16" id="n4_16"></a><a href="#t4_16">§16</a>.</div>

<p><b>ingenuorum</b>, 'freeborn citizens,' opposed to <i>libertini</i>, who though
citizens were not freeborn.</p>

<p><b>sit</b>, not subj. after 'cum' (which = 'not only'), but consecutive.</p>

<p><b>operae pretium est</b>, 'it is worth while.'</p>

<p><b>sua virtute</b>, etc., 'who by their own exertions have won the advantages
of our citizenship'; because only those would be manumitted whose
industry and energy deserved it.</p>

<p><b>qui modo sit . . . qui non</b>, etc., the first relative clause limits the
subject ('servus'); the second is consecutive. 'There is no slave,&mdash;none
at least whose condition of servitude is bearable&mdash;who does not,' etc.
Cf. in Pisonem §45 'Nemo denique civis est, qui modo se civem esse
meminerit, qui vos non oculis fugiat.'</p>

<p><b>voluntatis</b>, gen. after 'tantum.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_17" id="n4_17"></a><a href="#t4_17">§17</a>.</div>

<p><b>aut fortuna miseri</b>, etc., 'so poverty-stricken or so disaffected.'</p>

<p><b>immo vero</b> corrects the preceding. 'The greater part, nay the whole'; see
<a href="#n1_2">on 1. 2</a>. A large part of the retail trade at Rome was in the hands of
slaves.</p>

<p><b>instrumentum</b>, 'means of trade.'</p>

<p><b>futurum fuit</b>, 'was about to happen,' i.e. 'would have happened';
incensis represents the protasis, 'si incensae essent.' Cf. Livy 2. 1
'Quid enim futurum fuit, si illa plebs agitari coepta esset tribuniciis
procellis?'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_18" id="n4_18"></a><a href="#t4_18">§18</a>.</div>

<p><b>ignem illum Vestae</b>, pointing perhaps to the Temple of Vesta in the Forum
below him.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_19" id="n4_19"></a><a href="#t4_19">§19</a>.</div>

<p><b>in civili causa</b>, 'on a political question.'</p>

<p><b>cogitate</b>, etc. A short form of expression combining two really distinct
indirect questions, (1) 'cogitate quantis laboribus imperium fundatum
sit,' and (2) 'cogitate ut una nox paene (imperium) delerit.' In
English, 'Think by what toil was the empire established, <i>which</i> one
night nearly destroyed.'</p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41a" id="Page_41a">[41]</a></span><b>una nox</b>, the night of the arrest of the Allobroges. See pro Flacco §102
'O nox illa, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum Galli
ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum et flammam
vocabantur.'</p>

<p><b>non modo</b>, understand 'non possit' after confici, and see <a href="#n1_25">on 1. 25</a>.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_20" id="n4_20"></a><a href="#t4_20">§20</a>.</div>

<p><b>sententiam</b>, sc. 'rogandam,' see <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>. The consul would not pronounce a
formal 'sententia' himself.</p>

<p><b>Quodsi</b>, etc. Cicero's fears were realized five years later (58 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>),
when Clodius carried a motion for his banishment.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_21" id="n4_21"></a><a href="#t4_21">§21</a>.</div>

<p><b>Scipio</b>. The elder Scipio restored the Roman supremacy in Spain during
the Second Punic War, and invaded Africa. Hannibal returned from Italy
to oppose him, and was defeated at Zama (202 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>).</p>

<p><b>alter Africanus</b>. Cornelius Scipio (Aemilianus) Africanus, son of
Aemilius Paullus, but adopted by the elder Scipio's son. He took and
destroyed Carthage 146, Numantia 133 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>Paullus</b>. L. Aem. Paullus defeated and made prisoner Perseus king of
Macedonia at Pydna, 168 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>bis</b>. He defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (102), the Cimbri near
Vercellae on the Campus Raudius (101).</p>

<p><b>Pompeius</b>, see <a href="#n2_11">on 2. 11</a>. Note the rhetorical exaggeration in 'eisdem
quibus solis cursus,' etc.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_22" id="n4_22"></a><a href="#t4_22">§22</a>.</div>

<p><b>uno loco</b>, 'in one point'</p>

<p><b>serviunt</b>, 'become slaves.'</p>

<p><b>possis</b> is the apodosis of a conditional sentence with the protasis
suppressed. 'You would not be able (if you were to try),' i.e. 'you can
never hope to be able.'</p>

<p><b>neque ulla</b>, etc. This hope was not realized. The immediate danger being
removed, the equites fell back into their habitual attitude of
opposition to the senate.</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_23" id="n4_23"></a><a href="#t4_23">§23</a>.</div>

<p><b>pro imperio</b>, 'in the place of military command.' The <i>imperium</i> was the
authority vested in a general in virtue of which he controlled his army
by martial law. It belonged equally to all the higher magistrates, but
within the walls of Rome itself its exercise was restricted. Cicero was
not going to govern a province, and therefore not to command an army.</p>

<p><b>pro provincia</b>. Sulla had ordained that each of the ten chief magistrates
(two consuls and eight praetors) should, after the expiration of his
year of office in the city, govern a province as proconsul or
propraetor. The senate decided which should be the consular provinces,
and the consuls settled between themselves (by lot or otherwise) which
each should take. The consular provinces for 62 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> were Macedonia and
Cisalpine Gaul. As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42a" id="Page_42a">[42]</a></span> Macedonia was a rich province, Cicero had given it
up to Antonius, in order to secure his support against the conspirators.
His own province would therefore in the ordinary course have been
Cisalpine Gaul. But subsequently he asked to be allowed to resign it,
and it fell to the praetor Metellus Celer. (See Ep. ad Att. 2. 1 'cum
provinciam in contione deposui,' and ad Fam. 5. 2, where writing to
Metellus Celer he says 'si hoc dicam, me tui causa praetermisisse
provinciam, tibi ipsi levior videar esse.') By resigning his province he
gave up the command of an army, and with it the chance of a triumph.</p>

<p><b>pro clientelis</b>, etc. Provincial communities often attached themselves as
'clients' to their former governors, who became their 'patroni' and were
specially bound to look after their interests. Cicero here says that by
giving up a province he has given up the best opportunities of forming
such connections; nevertheless though confined to the city he will still
do his best in that direction. Tr. 'In the place of ties of clientship
and mutual friendship with provincials, which nevertheless by such
influence as I can exercise in the city (urbanis opibus) I strive to
acquire as zealously as I maintain them' (when acquired).</p>

<p><b>pro meis</b>, etc. Note that 'pro' is here used in a different sense from
the foregoing; '<i>in return for</i> my zeal,' etc.</p>

<p><b>suo solius periculo</b>. Cf. phrases like 'mea ipsius manu.' 'Solius' agrees
with the genitive of the personal pronoun to be understood from 'suo.'</p>

<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_24" id="n4_24"></a><a href="#t4_24">§24</a>.</div>

<p><b>per se ipsum</b>, 'by himself'; cf. <a href="#t1_11">1. 11</a> 'per me tibi obstiti.'</p>

<p><b>praestare</b> is 'to be responsible for,' 'guarantee,' and so, 'to execute.'
He means that he will take upon himself the sole responsibility of
carrying out the senate's decrees.<br /><br /></p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43a" id="Page_43a">[43]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.<br /><br /></h2>


<p>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">accusative in adverbial phrases, <a href="#t1_10">1. 10.</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ager Gallicus, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>, <a href="#t2_26">2. 26</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">agrarii, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ahala, C. Servilius, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Allobroges, <a href="#Page_13">Intr. 13</a>, <a href="#t3_4">3. 4-13</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Antonius, C., <a href="#Page_8">Intr. 8</a>, <a href="#t3_14">3. 14</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">asyndeton, <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">auspicia, <a href="#n1_33">1. 33 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caesar, C. Julius, <a href="#Page_8">Intr. 8</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#t4_7">4. 7-10</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caesar, L. Julius, <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">caput, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cato, M., <a href="#Page_15">Intr. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cethegus, <a href="#t3_6">3. 6-14</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cinna, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">clientelae provinciales, <a href="#t4_23">4. 23</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cognitor, <a href="#t4_9">4. 9</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">colonia, <a href="#n2_24">2. 24 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">comitium, <a href="#t1_15">1. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">condicio, <a href="#n2_14">2. 14 <i>n</i>.</a>, <a href="#t3_2">3. 2</a>, <a href="#t3_27">3. 27</a>, <a href="#t4_1">4. 1</a>, <a href="#t4_22">4. 22</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conditional sentences, special forms of, <a href="#n1_2">1. 2 <i>n</i>.</a>, <a href="#n1_19">1. 19 <i>n</i>.</a>, <a href="#t2_25">2. 25</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consilium, <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">contio, <a href="#t4_11">4. 11</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cum with indic., <a href="#n1_7">1. 7 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">custodia libera, <a href="#n1_19">1. 19 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dative of agent, <a href="#n1_16">1. 16 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoctor, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">duint, <a href="#t1_22">1. 22</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">edictum praetoris, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">eludo, <a href="#t1_1">1. 1</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">equites, <a href="#Footnote_5_5">Intr. 9 <i>n</i></a>., <a href="#t1_21">1. 21</a>, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ethic dative, <a href="#t2_4">2. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">exilium. <a href="#n1_20">1. 20 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">exterminor, <a href="#t3_3">3. 3</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fides publica, <a href="#t3_8">3. 8</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">First conspiracy, <a href="#Page_8">Intr. 8</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flaccus, M. Fulvius, <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gabinius, <a href="#t3_6">3. 6-14</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Glaucia, C. Servilius, <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gracchus, C., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>, <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gracchus, Ti., <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hendiadys, <a href="#t1_15">1. 15</a>, <a href="#t1_21">1. 21</a>, <a href="#t1_31">1. 31</a>, <a href="#t2_14">2. 14</a>, <a href="#t3_2">3. 2</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">honores, <a href="#t1_28">1. 28</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Idus, <a href="#n1_14">1. 14 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">immo vero, <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a>, <a href="#t2_22">2. 22</a>, <a href="#t4_17">4. 17</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">imperium, <a href="#n4_23">4. 23 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">indic. in oratio obliqua, <a href="#t2_13">2. 13</a>, <a href="#t3_8">3. 8</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">inter falcarios, <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ita ut, idiomatic uses of, <a href="#t4_11">4. 11</a>, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Laeca, M., <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>, <a href="#t2_12">2. 12</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">latrocinium, <a href="#t1_23">1. 23</a>, <a href="#t1_31">1. 31</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lentulus, Cornelius, <a href="#t3_4">3. 4-16</a>, <a href="#t4_2">4. 2</a>, <a href="#t4_5">4. 5</a>, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lepidus, M., <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Porcia, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Sempronia, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n.</i></a>, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Valeria, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Villia Annalis, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">libertini, <a href="#t4_16">4. 16</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">loco, <a href="#t3_20">3. 20</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">malleolus, <a href="#t1_32">1. 32</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manlius, <a href="#Page_10">Intr. 10</a>, <a href="#t1_7">1. 7</a>, <a href="#t1_23">1. 23</a>, <a href="#t2_14">2. 14</a>, <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Marius, C., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Memmius, C., <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44a" id="Page_44a">[44]</a></span>
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">municipium, <a href="#n2_24">2. 24 <i>n</i></a>., <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a>.</span><br />
<br /><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">non modo, <a href="#n1_25">1. 25 <i>n</i></a>., <a href="#t2_9">2. 9</a>, <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a>, <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a>, <a href="#t4_19">4. 19</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Octavius, Cn., <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Opimius, L., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">optimates, <a href="#n1_1">1. 1 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oxymoron, <a href="#t1_18">1. 18</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Palatium, <a href="#t1_1">1. 1</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">parricida, <a href="#t1_29">1. 29</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">patres conscripti, <a href="#n1_4">1. 4 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Paullus, L. Aemilius, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pistoria, <a href="#Page_15">Intr. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pompeius, <a href="#t2_11">2. 11</a>, <a href="#t3_26">3. 26</a>, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">populares, <a href="#n4_9">4. 9 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">possessio, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praefectura, <a href="#t3_5">3. 5</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Praeneste, <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetexta, <a href="#t2_4">2. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetor urbanus, <a href="#n1_32">1. 32 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetor peregrinus, <a href="#n1_32">1. 32 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetoria cohors, <a href="#t2_24">2. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">propago, <a href="#t2_11">2. 11</a>, <a href="#t3_26">3. 26</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">proscriptio bonorum, <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">provinces (consular), <a href="#n4_23">4. 23 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pulvinar, <a href="#t3_23">3. 23</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpuratus, <a href="#t4_12">4. 12</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">quaesitor, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">quaestio, <a href="#n1_18">1. 18 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quirites, <a href="#n2_1">2. 1 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">quisquam in affirm. sentences, <a href="#n1_6">1. 6 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rabirius, C., <a href="#Page_17">Intr. 17</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Reate, <a href="#t3_5">3. 5</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sacrarium, <a href="#t1_24">1. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">satelles, <a href="#t1_7">1. 7</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saturnalia, <a href="#t3_10">3. 10</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saturninus, L., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scipio Aemilianus, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scipio Africanus, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scipio Nasica, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">scribae, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sententia, <a href="#n1_9">1. 9 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sibylline prophecies, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Silanus, D., <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">socii, <a href="#n1_18">1. 18 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Spurius Maelius, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statilius, <a href="#t3_6">3. 6-14</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">subiector, <a href="#t2_7">2. 7</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">subjunctive, interrogative, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sulla, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sullan colonies, <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sulpicius, P., <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">supplicatio, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tabulae auctionariae, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tabulae novae, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">togatus, <a href="#t2_28">2. 28</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t3_23">3. 23</a>, <a href="#t4_5">4. 5</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tribuni aerarii, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tumultus, <a href="#t3_4">3. 4</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ultimum decretum, <a href="#Page_11">Intr. 11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ut with subj. in exclamations, <a href="#t1_22">1. 22</a>, <a href="#t1_24">1. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vadimonium, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>, <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Via Aurelia, <a href="#t2_6">2. 6</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Volturcius, T., <a href="#t3_4">3. 4-13</a>, <a href="#t4_5">4. 5</a>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;">zeugma, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br />
<br /><br /></p>


<h4><span class="smcap">The End.</span></h4>


<h6>OXFORD: PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br /> BY HORACE HART, M.A., PRINTER TO
THE UNIVERSITY</h6>


<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /></p>

<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45a" id="Page_45a">[45]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="PROPER_NAMES" id="PROPER_NAMES"></a>PROPER NAMES.<br /><br /></h2>


<p>This index does not contain all the proper names occurring in the
Orations; those about which information is either unnecessary or
supplied in the notes or introduction are omitted.</p>

<p>Final <i>o</i> is long. All other long single vowels are marked, unless they
are followed by two consonants, in which case the syllable is long.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>A</b></p>

<p><b>Allobroges</b>, <b>-um</b>, a people of Gaul dwelling south-west of the Lake of
Geneva, between the Rhone and the Isère.</p>

<p><b>Appen&#299;</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> the Apennines, the mountain chain extending along the
centre of Italy.</p>

<p><b>Ap&#363;lia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> a country on the east coast of Italy, between Calabria
and Samnium; now Puglia.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>C</b></p>

<p><b>Caesar, C. Iulius</b>, born 102 or 100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Elected Pontifex Maximus in 63,
the year of Cicero's consulship. After the coalition with Pompeius and
Crassus, which is called the First Triumvirate, he became consul in 59,
and in the next year he entered on the government of the Province of
Gaul and began his conquest of the tribes hitherto independent. In 49 he
marched into Italy as the declared enemy of the Senatorial party, and in
48 overthrew its champion, Pompeius, at Phars&#257;lus. On his return to Rome
he was made Dictator for life, and four years afterwards, on the 15th of
March, 44 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, he was murdered at a meeting of the Senate.</p>

<p><b>Capit&#333;lium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i>, the Capitol, one of the two summits of the
Capitoline hill and the great temple of Jupiter on it, the other summit
being called the <b>arx</b> or citadel.</p>

<p><b>Cicero, M. Tullius</b>, born at Arp&#299;num of an Equestrian family, 106 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>
His first extant speech was delivered in 81. He impeached Verres in 70
for his misgovernment in Sicily, crushed the Catilinarian conspiracy
when he was consul in 63, and in 58 went into exile on a charge of
illegal conduct in ordering the execution of the conspirators. He was
recalled in the following year. When the civil war broke out between
Caesar and Pompeius, he supported the Senatorial party, but he became
reconciled to Caesar after his victory over Pompeius at Phars&#257;lus. After
the murder of Caesar he attacked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46a" id="Page_46a">[46]</a></span> Antonius violently in the
<i>Philippics</i>, and, being put on the list of the 'proscribed' by Augustus
and Antonius, he was murdered at Formiae by the soldiers of Antonius on
the 7th of December, 43 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>Cimber</b>, <b>-bri</b>, a <i>cogn&#333;men</i> or additional name given by Cicero to P.
Gab&#299;nius Cepito, one of the conspirators.</p>

<p><b>Concordia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> harmony, concord; personified as a goddess.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>E</b></p>

<p><b>Etr&#363;ria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> a country on the west coast of Italy, between the
Tiber and the Arno.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>F</b></p>

<p><b>Faesulae</b>, <b>-&#257;rum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> a city of Etr&#363;ria; now Fiesole, near
Florence.</p>

<p><b>Faesul&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of Faesulae.</p>

<p><b>Flaccus, M. Fulvius</b>, a supporter of C. Gracchus; killed with him 121
<span class="smcap">b.c.</span><br /><br /></p>


<p><b>I</b></p>

<p><b>I&#257;nu&#257;rius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of January.</p>

<p><b>&#298;d&#363;s</b>, <b>-uum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> the Ides, the fifteenth day of March, May, July,
October, the thirteenth of the other months.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>K</b></p>

<p><b>Kalendae</b>, <b>-&#257;rum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> the Calends, the first day of the month;
<b>pr&#299;di&#275; Kalend&#257;s</b>, the day before the Calends.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>L</b></p>

<p><b>Lepidus, M. Aemilius</b>, (1) consul 78 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, (2) consul 66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span><br /><br /></p>


<p><b>M</b></p>

<p><b>Manli&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of Manlius, the commander of Catiline's troops.</p>

<p><b>Marius, C.</b>, born 157 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He was consul seven times. His great exploits
were the conquest of Jugurtha (106), the destruction of the Teutoni at
Aquae Sextiae (102) and of the Cimbri at Vercellae (101). In his sixth
consulship he crushed the insurrection of S&#257;turn&#299;nus and Glaucia. In the
civil war against Sulla he was forced to flee from Italy, but he soon
returned, entered Rome with Cinna and massacred great numbers of the
aristocratical party opposed to him. He died in the following year, 86
<span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p>

<p><b>Massilia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> Marseilles, a Greek settlement near the mouth of the
Rhone, in the Roman Province (Gallia Narb&#333;nensis).</p>

<p><b>Massiliens&#275;s</b>, <b>-ium</b>, the people of Massilia.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>N</b></p>

<p><b>November</b> <i>or</i> <b>Novembris</b>, <b>-bris</b>, of November; <b>Kalendae Novembr&#275;s</b>, the 1st
of November.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>P</b></p>

<p><b>Pen&#257;t&#275;s</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>m.</i> the guardian gods of the State.</p>

<p><b>P&#299;c&#275;nus</b>, <b>-a,</b>, <b>-um</b>, of P&#299;c&#275;num, a district on the east coast of Italy,
north of Ap&#363;lia.</p>

<p><b>Pompeius, Cn. Pompeius Magnus</b>, was born 106 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> When he was still quite
young, he showed great military ability in the service of Sulla<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47a" id="Page_47a">[47]</a></span> during
the war in Italy against the generals of the Marian party. In 77 he was
sent to Spain, and for five years conducted the operations against
Sertorius. In 66 he cleared the Mediterranean of the Cilician pirates,
and was appointed by the Manilian law to succeed Lucullus in the command
against Mithrid&#257;tes. In 60 he made the coalition with Caesar and Crassus
called the First Triumvirate, but when the civil war broke out, he
supported the Senate against Caesar and was conquered by him at
Phars&#257;lus, 48 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He fled to Egypt and was murdered there.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>R</b></p>

<p><b>Re&#257;t&#299;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of Re&#257;te, a Sabine town.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>S</b></p>

<p><b>S&#257;turn&#257;lia</b>, <b>-ium</b> <i>or</i> <b>-orum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> the Festival of Saturn,
celebrated on the 17th of December and several days following.<br /><br /></p>


<p><b>T</b></p>

<p><b>Transalp&#299;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, that lies beyond the Alps, Transalpine.</p>

<p><b>Tullus, L. Volc&#257;tius</b>, consul 66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span><br /><br /></p>


<p><b>V</b></p>

<p><b>Vesta</b>, <b>-ae</b>, goddess of the hearth and household.</p>

<p><b>Vest&#257;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, of Vesta, Vestal; especially <b>Virgin&#275;s Vest&#257;l&#275;s</b>, the virgin
priestesses of Vesta, who kept the holy fire burning in her temple.<br /><br /></p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48a" id="Page_48a">[48]</a></span></p>
<h2><a name="VOCABULARY" id="VOCABULARY"></a>VOCABULARY.</h2>


<p>Final <i>i</i> and <i>o</i> are long, if they are not marked. All other long
single vowels are marked, unless they are followed by two consonants, in
which case the syllable is necessarily long.</p>

<p>Perfects and supines of all verbs of the third conjugation are given.
Under other verbs they are not given, unless they are irregular.</p>

<p>An asterisk (*) prefixed to a word indicates that the word itself is not
found.<br /><br /></p>

<p>
<b>A</b><br />
<br />
<b>&#257;</b>, <b>ab</b>, <b>abs</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> from, by.<br />
<br />
<b>ab-dico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reject;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>abdico m&#275;</b> (<i>c. abl.</i>), resign.</span><br />
<br />
<b>ab-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>intr.</i> go away.<br />
<br />
<b>ab-horreo</b>, <b>-ui</b>,&mdash;&mdash;(2), <i>intr.</i> shrink from, differ from, am unconnected with, am inconsistent with.<br />
<br />
<b>ab-icio</b>, <b>-i&#275;ci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast away, degrade, humble;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>abiectus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, downcast, disheartened, prostrated.</span><br />
<br />
<b>abs-condo</b>, <b>-di</b> <i>or</i> <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hide, conceal.<br />
<br />
<b>absens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, absent.<br />
<br />
<b>absol&#363;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> acquittal.<br />
<br />
<b>ab-sum</b>, <b>&#257;fui</b>, <b>abesse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am away, am distant.<br />
<br />
<b>abundantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> plenty.<br />
<br />
<b>ab-&#363;tor</b>, <b>-&#363;sus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> <i>c. abl.</i> misuse, abuse.<br />
<br />
<b>ac</b>, <i>see</i> <b>atque</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>ac-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> come, approach.<br />
<br />
<b>ac-celero</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> hasten, make haste.<br />
<br />
<b>ac-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> happen.<br />
<br />
<b>ac-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> receive.<br />
<br />
<b>ac-c&#363;so</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reproach, blame.<br />
<br />
<b>&#257;cer</b>, <b>&#257;cris</b>, <b>&#257;cre</b>, sharp, keen, active, vigorous, violent, severe.<br />
<br />
<b>acerb&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> bitterly, violently.<br />
<br />
<b>acerbit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> harshness, pain, affliction.<br />
<br />
<b>acerbus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bitter, violent.<br />
<br />
<b>acervus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> heap.<br />
<br />
<b>aci&#275;s</b>, <b>-&#275;i</b>, <i>f.</i> sharp edge, edge; line of battle, battle array.<br />
<br />
<b>acriter</b>, <i>adv.</i> keenly, energetically;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i> <b>acrius</b>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>ad</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> to, at, near, with, for, with respect to.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-cubo</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> recline.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-d&#363;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring, bring up, lead, induce, prevail upon.<br />
<br />
<b>adeo</b>, <i>adv.</i> so far, so, even.<br />
<br />
<b>adeps</b>, <b>-ipis</b>, <i>c.</i> fat;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> corpulence.</span><br />
<br />
<b>ad-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring to, apply.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-ficio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> treat, honour, weaken, &amp;c. (<i>varied in meaning by the abl. that qualifies it</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>adf&#299;nis</b>, <b>-e</b>, related, associated.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-flicto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> vex, distress.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-fl&#299;go</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strike down, cast down.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span><b>ad-grego</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> gather together.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-hibeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> apply, use.<br />
<br />
<b>adh&#363;c</b>, <i>adv.</i> hitherto.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-imo</b>, <b>-&#275;mi</b>, <b>-emptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take away.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-ipiscor</b>, <b>-eptus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> get, obtain.<br />
<br />
<b>aditus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> means of approaching, approach, access.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-iungo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> join, add, unite.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-iuvo</b>, <b>-i&#363;vi</b>, <b>-i&#363;tum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> help.<br />
<br />
<b>administer</b>, <b>-tri</b>, <i>m.</i> assistant, helper.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-ministro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> manage, govern.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-m&#299;ror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> wonder at.<br />
<br />
<b>admonitus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> suggestion, request.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-nuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> nod, assent.<br />
<br />
<b>adpar&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, splendid, sumptuous.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-propinquo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> approach.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-qu&#299;ro</b>, <b>-s&#299;vi</b>, <b>-s&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> get, gain.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-scisco</b>, <b>-sc&#299;vi</b>, <b>-sc&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> admit.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-sequor</b>, <b>-sec&#363;tus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> overtake, gain, obtain.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep safe.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-sideo</b>, <b>-s&#275;di</b>, <b>-sessum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> sit, sit down.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-su&#275;facio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> accustom, habituate.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am near, am at hand.<br />
<br />
<b>adulescens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> youth.<br />
<br />
<b>adulescentulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> very young man, youth.<br />
<br />
<b>adulter</b>, <b>-eri</b>, <i>m.</i> adulterer.<br />
<br />
<b>adultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, full-grown.<br />
<br />
<b>adventus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> coming, arrival.<br />
<br />
<b>ad-vesperascit</b>, <b>-&#257;vit</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <i>impers.</i> (3), <i>intr.</i> evening approaches.<br />
<br />
<b>aed&#275;s</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> temple;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> house.</span><br />
<br />
<b>aedificium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> building, house.<br />
<br />
<b>aedifico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> build.<br />
<br />
<b>aeger</b>, <b>-gra</b>, <b>-grum</b>, sick, ill.<br />
<br />
<b>aequ&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> equally, in like manner;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>aequ&#275; ac</b>, just as.</span><br />
<br />
<b>aequit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> justice.<br />
<br />
<b>aequus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, level, equal, untroubled.<br />
<br />
<b>aer&#257;rium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> treasury.<br />
<br />
<b>aer&#257;rius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, belonging to the treasury;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>trib&#363;ni aer&#257;rii</b>, paymasters.</span><br />
<br />
<b>aerumna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> trouble, distress.<br />
<br />
<b>aes</b>, <b>aeris</b>, <i>n.</i> copper, bronze; money;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> bronze tablets;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>aes ali&#275;num</b>, debt.</span><br />
<br />
<b>aestus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> heat.<br />
<br />
<b>aet&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> age.<br />
<br />
<b>aeternus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, eternal, endless.<br />
<br />
<b>ager</b>, <b>-gri</b>, <i>m.</i> territory; land.<br />
<br />
<b>agnosco</b> (<b>ad-gnosco</b>), <b>-gn&#333;vi</b>, <b>-gnitum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> recognize.<br />
<br />
<b>ago</b>, <b>&#275;gi</b>, <b>actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive, do, carry out;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> plead, speak.</span><br />
<br />
<b>agr&#257;rius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of the land, agrarian;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>agr&#257;rii</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> partisans of the agrarian laws.</span><br />
<br />
<b>agrestis</b>, <b>-e</b>, of the country, of the fields;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>agrestis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> countryman, peasant.</span><br />
<br />
<b>aio</b>, <b>ais</b>, <b>ait</b>, <i>defect. intr.</i> say.<br />
<br />
<b>&#257;lea</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> game of hazard, gambling.<br />
<br />
<b>&#257;le&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> gambler.<br />
<br />
<b>ali&#275;nigena</b>, <b>-ae</b>, foreign, alien.<br />
<br />
<b>ali&#275;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strange, belonging to another;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ali&#275;nus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> stranger.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50a" id="Page_50a">[50]</a></span><b>aliquando</b>, <i>adv.</i> at some time, now at length.<br />
<br />
<b>aliquanto</b>, <i>adv.</i> somewhat, a little.<br />
<br />
<b>aliqui</b>, <b>-qua</b>, <b>-quod</b>, <i>indef. adj.</i> some.<br />
<br />
<b>aliquis</b>, <b>-quid</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> some one, something.<br />
<br />
<b>aliquo</b>, <i>adv.</i> to some place.<br />
<br />
<b>aliquot</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> several, a number of.<br />
<br />
<b>alius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-ud</b>, other;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>alii . . . alii</b>, some ... others.</span><br />
<br />
<b>alo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> feed, nourish, cherish, maintain, support.<br />
<br />
<b>alt&#257;ria</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> altar.<br />
<br />
<b>alter</b>, <b>-era</b>, <b>-erum</b>, the other, second;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>alter . . . alter</b>, the one ... the other.</span><br />
<br />
<b>altus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, high, lofty.<br />
<br />
<b>&#257;mentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> senselessness, madness.<br />
<br />
<b>amicio</b>, <b>-icui</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ixi</b>, <b>-ictum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> wrap, cover.<br />
<br />
<b>am&#299;citia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> friendship.<br />
<br />
<b>am&#299;cus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>m.</i> friend.<br />
<br />
<b>&#257;-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lose.<br />
<br />
<b>amo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> love;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>amans</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, loving, affectionate, devoted to (<i>gen.</i>).</span><br />
<br />
<b>amor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> love, passion.<br />
<br />
<b>amplector</b>, <b>-plexus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> embrace, include.<br />
<br />
<b>amplifico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> extend, enlarge.<br />
<br />
<b>amplit&#363;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> grandeur, distinction.<br />
<br />
<b>amplus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, considerable, great, illustrious; handsome (<i>of words or rewards</i>);
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>neut. compar.</i> <b>amplius</b>, <i>noun</i>, more; <i>adv.</i> further, besides.</span><br />
<br />
<b>an</b>, <i>conj.</i> or, <i>after</i> <b>utrum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ne</b>;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>also used elliptically to ask a single question</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>angulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> corner.<br />
<br />
<b>anhelo</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> breathe out, exhale; pant, gasp.<br />
<br />
<b>anima</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f</i>. breath, life.<br />
<br />
<b>animadversio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> punishment, chastisement.<br />
<br />
<b>animadverto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> notice, observe;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> <b>animadverto in</b>, punish.</span><br />
<br />
<b>animus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> mind, heart, feeling;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> spirit, courage.</span><br />
<br />
<b>annus</b>, <b>-&#299;</b>, <i>m.</i> year.<br />
<br />
<b>ante</b>, <i>adv. or prep.</i> before.<br />
<br />
<b>ante&#257;</b>, <i>adv.</i> before, formerly.<br />
<br />
<b>antel&#363;c&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, before light, lasting till daybreak.<br />
<br />
<b>ante-p&#333;no</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> prefer.<br />
<br />
<b>antequam</b>, <i>conj.</i> before.<br />
<br />
<b>ant&#299;quus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, ancient, old.<br />
<br />
<b>aperio</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> open.<br />
<br />
<b>apert&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> openly.<br />
<br />
<b>appello</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> speak to, address.<br />
<br />
<b>aptus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fit.<br />
<br />
<b>apud</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> near, with, among, at the house of.<br />
<br />
<b>aqua</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> water.<br />
<br />
<b>aquila</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> eagle.<br />
<br />
<b>&#257;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> altar.<br />
<br />
<b>arbitror</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> think.<br />
<br />
<b>arceo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> keep away, repel.<br />
<br />
<b>arcesso</b>, <b>-&#299;vi</b>, <b>-&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> call, summon.<br />
<br />
<b>ardeo</b>, <b>arsi</b>, <b>arsum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> burn.<br />
<br />
<b>ardor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> fire, heat, brightness.<br />
<br />
<b>argenteus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of silver, silver.<br />
<br />
<b>argentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> silver, silver plate.<br />
<br />
<b>arg&#363;mentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> proof, evidence.<br />
<br />
<b>arma</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> arms.<br />
<br />
<b>arm&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, armed.<br />
<br />
<b>arx</b>, <b>arcis</b>, <i>f.</i> citadel, stronghold.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51a" id="Page_51a">[51]</a></span><b>ascendo</b> (<b>ad-scendo</b>), <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> mount, climb.<br />
<br />
<b>aspectus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> gaze, sight.<br />
<br />
<b>aspicio</b> (<b>ad-spicio</b>), <b>-spexi</b>, <b>-spectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> look at.<br />
<br />
<b>assidu&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> constantly.<br />
<br />
<b>at</b>, <i>conj.</i> but;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> yet.</span><br />
<br />
<b>atque</b> <i>or</i> <b>ac</b>, <i>conj.</i> and, as.<br />
<br />
<b>atr&#333;cit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> savageness, cruelty.<br />
<br />
<b>atrox</b>, <b>-&#333;cis</b>, horrible, hideous.<br />
<br />
<b>at-tendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> direct to;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>sc.</i> <b>animum</b>, give heed to.</span><br />
<br />
<b>at-tribuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> assign, allot.<br />
<br />
<b>aucti&#333;n&#257;rius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of an auction.<br />
<br />
<b>auctor</b>,<b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> originator, author, proposer, doer.<br />
<br />
<b>auct&#333;rit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> influence, authority, bidding.<br />
<br />
<b>aud&#257;cia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> boldness, insolence, violence.<br />
<br />
<b>audax</b>, <b>-&#257;cis</b>, bold, violent.<br />
<br />
<b>audeo</b>, <b>ausus sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> dare.<br />
<br />
<b>audio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> hear.<br />
<br />
<b>augeo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> increase, enlarge.<br />
<br />
<b>auris</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> ear.<br />
<br />
<b>auspicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> augury.<br />
<br />
<b>aut</b>, <i>conj.</i> or;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>aut . . . aut</b>, either ... or.</span><br />
<br />
<b>autem</b>, <i>conj.</i> but.<br />
<br />
<b>auxilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> help.<br />
<br />
<b>&#257;-verto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> turn away;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>&#257;versus &#257;</b>, opposed to.</span><br />
<br />
<b>avus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> grandfather.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>B</b><br />
<br />
<b>bacchor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> revel, run wanton.<br />
<br />
<b>barbaria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> foreign country, barbarous country.<br />
<br />
<b>barbarus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foreign, barbarous.<br />
<br />
<b>barb&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bearded.<br />
<br />
<b>be&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, blessed, happy, well-to-do.<br />
<br />
<b>bellum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> war.<br />
<br />
<b>bene</b>, <i>adv.</i> well.<br />
<br />
<b>beneficium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> kindness, service.<br />
<br />
<b>benevolentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> good-will, affection.<br />
<br />
<b>benignit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> kindness, favour.<br />
<br />
<b>bibo</b>, <b>bibi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drink.<br />
<br />
<b>bipert&#299;to</b>, <i>adv.</i> in two divisions.<br />
<br />
<b>bis</b>, <i>adv.</i> twice.<br />
<br />
<b>bonus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, good, honest, respectable;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>bona</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> property.</span><br />
<br />
<b>brevis</b>, <b>-e</b>, short.<br />
<br />
<b>breviter</b>, <i>adv.</i> shortly.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>C</b><br />
<br />
<b>caed&#275;s</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> bloodshed, murder, massacre.<br />
<br />
<b>caelum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> heaven, sky.<br />
<br />
<b>calamit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> disaster.<br />
<br />
<b>callidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, skilful, crafty.<br />
<br />
<b>campus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> plain (<i>especially the Campus Martius</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>cano</b>, <b>cecini</b>, <b>cantum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> sing, foretell.<br />
<br />
<b>canto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> sing.<br />
<br />
<b>capillus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> hair.<br />
<br />
<b>capio</b>, <b>c&#275;pi</b>, <b>captum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take, hold, make, form;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>mente captus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, weakened in sense, insane.</span><br />
<br />
<b>capit&#257;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, belonging to the head, capital, deadly.<br />
<br />
<b>caput</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>n.</i> head; life, civil rights.<br />
<br />
<b>carcer</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>m.</i> prison.<br />
<br />
<b>careo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> am without, forgo.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#257;rus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dear.<br />
<br />
<b>castra</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> camp.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52a" id="Page_52a">[52]</a></span><b>castrensis</b>, <b>-e</b>, of the camp.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#257;sus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> chance.<br />
<br />
<b>causa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> cause, reason, question; position;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>caus&#257;</b> (<i>gen.</i>), for the purpose of.</span><br />
<br />
<b>c&#275;do</b>, <b>cessi</b>, <b>cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> yield;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. dat.</i> yield to.</span><br />
<br />
<b>celebro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> throng, celebrate.<br />
<br />
<b>celeriter</b>, <i>adv.</i> quickly.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#275;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dinner, supper.<br />
<br />
<b>censeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-um</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> judge, propose, vote.<br />
<br />
<b>centurio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>m.</i> centurion.<br />
<br />
<b>cerno</b>, <b>cr&#275;vi</b>, <b>cr&#275;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> discern, perceive.<br />
<br />
<b>cert&#257;men</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> contest.<br />
<br />
<b>cert&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> certainly, assuredly.<br />
<br />
<b>certo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> contend, struggle, fight, rival.<br />
<br />
<b>certus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, certain, sure, trustworthy;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>certi&#333;rem facio</b>, inform.</span><br />
<br />
<b>cervix</b>, <b>-&#299;cis</b>, <i>f.</i> neck; <i>usually plur. in prose</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#275;teri</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-a</b>, the rest, all other.<br />
<br />
<b>cibus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> food.<br />
<br />
<b>cinis</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>m.</i> ashes.<br />
<br />
<b>circum</b>, <i>adv. or prep.</i>, <i>c. acc.</i> around, about.<br />
<br />
<b>circum-cl&#363;do</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> shut in, hem in.<br />
<br />
<b>circum-do</b>, <b>-dedi</b>, <b>-datum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> put round.<br />
<br />
<b>circumscriptor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> cheat.<br />
<br />
<b>circum-sedeo</b>, <b>-s&#275;di</b>, <b>-sessum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> surround.<br />
<br />
<b>circum-spicio</b>, <b>-exi</b>, <b>-ectum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> look round, look round on, give heed to.<br />
<br />
<b>circum-sto</b>, <b>-steti</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> stand round.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#299;v&#299;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, civil, political.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#299;vis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> citizen.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#299;vit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> state.<br />
<br />
<b>clam</b>, <i>adv.</i> secretly.<br />
<br />
<b>cl&#257;mo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> cry out.<br />
<br />
<b>cl&#257;rus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bright, manifest, famous.<br />
<br />
<b>cl&#275;mens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, merciful.<br />
<br />
<b>client&#275;la</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> clientship (<i>the relation of patron and dependent at Rome</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>coepi</b>, <i>defect.</i> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> began, have begun;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>coeptus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, begun.</span><br />
<br />
<b>coeptus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> attempt.<br />
<br />
<b>co-erceo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> check, restrain, repress.<br />
<br />
<b>coetus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> assemblage, company.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;git&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> thought, intent.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;gito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reflect upon, meditate, design.<br />
<br />
<b>cognitor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> advocate.<br />
<br />
<b>co-gnosco</b>, <b>-gn&#333;vi</b>, <b>-gnitum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn, recognize, know.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;go</b> (<b>co-ago</b>), <b>co&#275;gi</b>, <b>coactum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> call together, collect, compel.<br />
<br />
<b>cohors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> cohort (<i>one tenth of a legion</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>coll&#275;ga</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>m.</i> colleague.<br />
<br />
<b>col-ligo</b>, <b>-l&#275;gi</b>, <b>-lectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring together, collect.<br />
<br />
<b>col-loco</b>, <i>see</i> <b>con-loco</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>col&#333;nia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> settlement, colony.<br />
<br />
<b>col&#333;nus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> settler, colonist.<br />
<br />
<b>color</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> colour.<br />
<br />
<b>comes</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>c.</i> companion.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;miss&#257;t&#299;o</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> revelling.<br />
<br />
<b>comit&#257;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> retinue.<br />
<br />
<b>comitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> comitium (<i>place for voting by the north-east extremity of the Forum</i>);<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> assembly, elections.</span><br />
<br />
<b>comitor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> accompany;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>comit&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>also in pass. sense from</i> <b>comito</b>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>com-memoro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> mention, relate, declare.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53a" id="Page_53a">[53]</a></span><b>commendatio</b>, <b>-onis</b>, <i>f.</i> recommendation.<br />
<br />
<b>com-mendo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> entrust.<br />
<br />
<b>com-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring together, begin, engage in; practise, perpetrate, entrust;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>committo ut</b>, bring about that, so act that.</span><br />
<br />
<b>com-moveo</b>, <b>-m&#333;vi</b>, <b>-m&#333;tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> move, stir, trouble, alarm.<br />
<br />
<b>comm&#363;nis</b>, <b>-e</b>, common, general.<br />
<br />
<b>com-m&#363;to</b> (1), change, alter.<br />
<br />
<b>com-paro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> get together, procure, acquire, contrive.<br />
<br />
<b>com-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive.<br />
<br />
<b>com-perio</b>, <b>-peri</b>, <b>-pertum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> discover, ascertain.<br />
<br />
<b>compet&#299;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> rival, competitor.<br />
<br />
<b>complector</b>, <b>-plexus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> embrace.<br />
<br />
<b>complexus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> embrace.<br />
<br />
<b>compl&#363;r&#275;s</b>, <b>-a</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ia</b>, several, many.<br />
<br />
<b>com-prehendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay hold of, arrest, detect.<br />
<br />
<b>com-primo</b>, <b>-pressi</b>, <b>-pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> crush.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;n&#257;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> attempt.<br />
<br />
<b>con-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> grant, yield, retire.<br />
<br />
<b>con-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall, fail, collapse.<br />
<br />
<b>con-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take in, imagine, conceive.<br />
<br />
<b>con-cito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> excite, arouse, stir up.<br />
<br />
<b>concordia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> harmony, union, unanimity.<br />
<br />
<b>con-cupisco</b>, <b>-&#299;vi</b>, <b>-&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> covet, strive after.<br />
<br />
<b>con-curso</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> hurry about, run to and fro.<br />
<br />
<b>concursus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> gathering.<br />
<br />
<b>con-demno</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> convict (<i>acc. and gen.</i>), condemn.<br />
<br />
<b>condicio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> agreement, terms, lot, task, position, circumstances.<br />
<br />
<b>con-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> found, build, store.<br />
<br />
<b>con-fercio</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>-tum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> fill full, stuff, cram.<br />
<br />
<b>con-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring together, contribute,<br />
compare, direct, put off;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with reflex. pronoun</i>, betake myself.</span><br />
<br />
<b>confessio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> confession.<br />
<br />
<b>confestim</b>, <i>adv.</i> immediately.<br />
<br />
<b>con-ficio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> finish, carry out, wear out.<br />
<br />
<b>con-f&#299;do</b>, <b>-f&#299;sus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> trust, rely on;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. infin.</i> am confident that.</span><br />
<br />
<b>con-firmo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> strengthen, increase; declare.<br />
<br />
<b>con-fiteor</b>, <b>-fessus sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> confess, admit.<br />
<br />
<b>con-flagro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> burn, am consumed.<br />
<br />
<b>con-fl&#299;go</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> come into conflict, am opposed.<br />
<br />
<b>con-flo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> blow together, fuse; stir up, cause.<br />
<br />
<b>con-fringo</b>, <b>-fr&#275;gi</b>, <b>-fractum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break up, bring to naught.<br />
<br />
<b>con-grego</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> herd together, assemble.<br />
<br />
<b>con-icio</b>, <b>-i&#275;ci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast, hurl, aim, drive.<br />
<br />
<b>coniect&#363;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> inference.<br />
<br />
<b>coniunctio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> union.<br />
<br />
<b>con-iungo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> join, unite, connect.<br />
<br />
<b>coniunx</b>, <b>-ugis</b>, <i>c.</i> husband, wife.<br />
<br />
<b>coni&#363;r&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> conspiracy.<br />
<br />
<b>coni&#363;r&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> conspirator.<br />
<br />
<b>coni&#363;r&#257;tus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> conspirator.<br />
<br />
<b>co-n&#299;veo</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> wink, connive.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54a" id="Page_54a">[54]</a></span><b>con-loco</b> <i>or</i> <b>col-loco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> set up, place, pitch.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;nor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> try, attempt.<br />
<br />
<b>con-r&#333;boro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> strengthen.<br />
<br />
<b>consceler&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, wicked, criminal.<br />
<br />
<b>conscientia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> knowledge, consciousness, knowledge of guilt, conscience.<br />
<br />
<b>con-scr&#299;bo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> enroll.<br />
<br />
<b>con-secro</b> (1), make sacred, consecrate.<br />
<br />
<b>consensio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> unanimity.<br />
<br />
<b>con-sentio</b>, <b>-sensi</b>, <b>-sensum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> agree, unite.<br />
<br />
<b>con-sequor</b>, <b>-sec&#363;tus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> follow up, follow, catch up, attain to, learn.<br />
<br />
<b>con-servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep safe, save.<br />
<br />
<b>consilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> deliberation, purpose, intention; plan, wisdom; council.<br />
<br />
<b>con-s&#333;lor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> console.<br />
<br />
<b>conspectus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> sight.<br />
<br />
<b>con-spicio</b>, <b>-spexi</b>, <b>-spectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> observe, look at, look upon.<br />
<br />
<b>consp&#299;r&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b> <i>f.</i> agreement, concord.<br />
<br />
<b>constanter</b>, <i>adv.</i> steadily, consistently.<br />
<br />
<b>constantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> firmness, steadfastness.<br />
<br />
<b>con-stituo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set, settle, appoint, ordain, establish, found.<br />
<br />
<b>con-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-st&#257;tum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> am consistent, last;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>con-stat</b>, <i>impers.</i> it is agreed, it is well known.</span><br />
<br />
<b>con-stringo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bind together, bind.<br />
<br />
<b>consu&#275;t&#363;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> custom, habit.<br />
<br />
<b>consul</b>, <b>-ulis</b>, <i>m.</i> consul (<i>the title of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, elected annually</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>consul&#257;ris</b>, <b>-e</b>, of a consul, consular;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>consul&#257;ris</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> ex-consul, one of consular rank.</span><br />
<br />
<b>consul&#257;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> consulship.<br />
<br />
<b>consulo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> consult;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> provide for.</span><br />
<br />
<b>consultum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> decree, resolution.<br />
<br />
<b>con-s&#363;mo</b>, <b>-mpsi</b>, <b>-mpt&#363;m</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> use up, waste, spend.<br />
<br />
<b>con-t&#257;mino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> defile, pollute.<br />
<br />
<b>con-temno</b>, <b>-tempsi</b>, <b>-temptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> despise.<br />
<br />
<b>con-tendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> compare, contrast.<br />
<br />
<b>contentio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> struggle, rivalry.<br />
<br />
<b>contentus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, contented.<br />
<br />
<b>con-ticesco</b>, <b>-ticui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> become silent.<br />
<br />
<b>con-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> contain, retain, enclose, repress, keep to myself.<br />
<br />
<b>con-tingo</b>, <b>-tigi</b>, <b>-tactum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> touch, reach; befall, happen.<br />
<br />
<b>contio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> meeting (<i>summoned by a magistrate</i>), speech.<br />
<br />
<b>contion&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> haranguer, demagogue.<br />
<br />
<b>contr&#257;</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> against;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> opposite, otherwise;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>contr&#257; atque</b>, otherwise than.</span><br />
<br />
<b>con-traho</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> draw together, cause, incur.<br />
<br />
<b>contr&#333;versia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dispute, question.<br />
<br />
<b>contum&#275;lia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> insult.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55a" id="Page_55a">[55]</a></span><b>con-venio</b>, <b>-v&#275;ni</b>, <b>-ventum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> come together, meet;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>con-venit</b>, <i>impers.</i> it is fitting.</span><br />
<br />
<b>conventus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> meeting.<br />
<br />
<b>con-verto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> turn, turn back, direct.<br />
<br />
<b>con-vinco</b>, <b>-v&#299;ci</b>, <b>-victum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> refute, convict.<br />
<br />
<b>conv&#299;vium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> feast, banquet.<br />
<br />
<b>con-voco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> call together, assemble.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;pia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> plenty, abundance;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> resources, troops.</span><br />
<br />
<b>c&#333;pi&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, plentiful, well supplied.<br />
<br />
<b>corpus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> body.<br />
<br />
<b>cor-rigo</b>, <b>-rexi</b>, <b>-rectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> correct, amend.<br />
<br />
<b>cor-rumpo</b>, <b>-r&#363;pi</b>, <b>-ruptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> ruin, seduce;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>corruptus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> scoundrel.</span><br />
<br />
<b>cor-ruo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall together, fall.<br />
<br />
<b>corrupt&#275;la</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> corruption, seduction.<br />
<br />
<b>corruptor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> seducer, corruptor.<br />
<br />
<b>cot&#299;di&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, daily.<br />
<br />
<b>cot&#299;di&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> daily.<br />
<br />
<b>cr&#275;do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> entrust;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> believe.</span><br />
<br />
<b>cresco</b>, <b>cr&#275;vi</b>, <b>cr&#275;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> grow, increase, am enlarged.<br />
<br />
<b>cruci&#257;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> torture.<br />
<br />
<b>cr&#363;d&#275;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, cruel.<br />
<br />
<b>cr&#363;d&#275;lit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> cruelty.<br />
<br />
<b>cr&#363;d&#275;liter</b>, <i>adv.</i> cruelly;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i> <b>cr&#363;d&#275;lius</b>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>cruentus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bloody.<br />
<br />
<b>cub&#299;le</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>n.</i> bed.<br />
<br />
<b>culpa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fault.<br />
<br />
<b>cum</b>, <i>conj.</i> when, since.<br />
<br />
<b>cum</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> together with, with.<br />
<br />
<b>cumulo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> heap up, aggravate.<br />
<br />
<b>cunctus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, all.<br />
<br />
<b>cupidit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> desire, passion.<br />
<br />
<b>cupio</b>, <b>-&#299;vi</b>, <b>-&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> desire, wish.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#363;r</b>, <i>adv.</i> why.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#363;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> care, anxiety, task.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#363;ria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> senate-house.<br />
<br />
<b>c&#363;ro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> care for, attend to, take measures.<br />
<br />
<b>currus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> chariot.<br />
<br />
<b>cursus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> course, path.<br />
<br />
<b>cust&#333;dia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> watch, guard, imprisonment;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sentinel (<i>usually in plur.</i>).</span><br />
<br />
<b>cust&#333;dio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> guard.<br />
<br />
<b>cust&#333;s</b>, <b>-&#333;dis</b>, <i>c.</i> guardian, guard.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>D</b><br />
<br />
<b>damno</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> condemn.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> down from, from, concerning.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;beo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> owe;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>followed by infin.</i> am bound to, must, ought.</span><br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;bilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, weak.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;bilito</b> (1), weaken, unnerve.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> withdraw.<br />
<br />
<b>decem</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> ten.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-cerno</b>, <b>-cr&#275;vi</b>, <b>-cr&#275;tum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> determine, decree, resolve.<br />
<br />
<b>decimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, tenth.<br />
<br />
<b>decl&#299;n&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> bending aside, avoidance, escape.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;coctor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> bankrupt.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;decus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> disgrace.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-d&#363;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring down, bring, lead away, conduct.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-fat&#299;go</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> tire out.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-fendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> protect, guard, defend.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring down, report.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-ficio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> <i>or intr.</i> desert, fail; revolt from, rebel against.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56a" id="Page_56a">[56]</a></span><br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-f&#299;go</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-xum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive, plunge.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-flagro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> turn down, destroy utterly; am consumed.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-icio</b>, <b>-i&#275;ci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> throw aside, cast down, force away.<br />
<br />
<b>deinde</b>, <i>adv.</i> next, then;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>after</i> <b>pr&#299;mum</b>, secondly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;lecto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> please, delight.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;leo</b>, <b>-&#275;vi</b>, <b>-&#275;tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> destroy, annihilate.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;lic&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, luxurious, effeminate.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-ligo</b>, <b>-l&#275;gi</b>, <b>-lectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> choose.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-lubrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> shrine.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;mens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, mad, maddened, distracted.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;menter</b>, <i>adv.</i> insanely.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;mentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> madness, insanity.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-migro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> depart, remove.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-minuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lessen, abate.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;min&#363;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> decrease, loss.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-monstro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> point out.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;mum</b>, <i>adv.</i> at last.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;nique</b>, <i>adv.</i> at last, at length.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-nuntio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> give notice of.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive down, drive away, remove, overthrow.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-pendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pay.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-pl&#333;ro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> lament.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-p&#333;no</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay aside, put away.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-posco</b>, <b>-poposci</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> demand.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-pr&#257;vo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> pervert, lead astray.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-precor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> avert by prayer, avert.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-prehendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> catch, find out, detect.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-relinquo</b>, <b>-l&#299;qui</b>, <b>-lictum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> abandon, desert.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-scr&#299;bo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> copy off, arrange, map out.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-sero</b>, <b>-serui</b>, <b>-sertum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> desert, abandon.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-s&#299;derium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> want, longing.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;s&#299;dero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> long for, miss.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-signo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> note, appoint;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>d&#275;sign&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, elected, elect (<i>especially of a consul</i>).</span><br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-sino</b>, <b>-sii</b>, <b>-situm</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> stop, cease.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> cease.<br />
<br />
<b>desp&#275;r&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> despair.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-sp&#275;ro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> despair of, give up hope;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>desp&#275;r&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, desperate.</span><br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-stringo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strip, unsheathe, draw.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> am wanting to, fail.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-testor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> avert by entreaty.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-traho</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> withdraw, take away.<br />
<br />
<b>detr&#299;mentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> damage, hurt.<br />
<br />
<b>deus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> god.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#275;-voveo</b>, <b>-v&#333;vi</b>, <b>-v&#333;tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> vow.<br />
<br />
<b>dextera</b> <i>or</i> <b>dextra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> right-hand.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> say, speak.<br />
<br />
<b>dict&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> dictator.<br />
<br />
<b>dict&#257;t&#363;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dictatorship.<br />
<br />
<b>dictito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep saying, repeat.<br />
<br />
<b>di&#275;s</b>, <b>-&#275;i</b>, <i>c.</i> (<i>m. in plur.</i>) day, period;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>in di&#275;s</b>, day by day, as days pass.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57a" id="Page_57a">[57]</a></span><b>difficilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, difficult.<br />
<br />
<b>difficult&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> difficulty, distress, distressed circumstances.<br />
<br />
<b>dignit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> worthiness, honour, authority.<br />
<br />
<b>dignus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, worthy, deserving.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;-i&#363;dico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> decide, determine.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;lectus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> choice, levy.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;ligens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, careful, active.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;ligenter</b>, <i>adv.</i> carefully, earnestly.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;ligentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> care, energy.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;-l&#363;cescit</b>, <b>-luxit</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>impers. intr.</i> it dawns.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;mic&#257;tio</b>, <b>&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> fighting.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;-mico</b> (1) <i>intr.</i> fight, struggle.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send away.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;reptio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> plundering.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;reptor</b>, <i>m.</i> plunderer.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;-ripio</b>, <b>-ripui</b>, <b>-reptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> plunder.<br />
<br />
<b>dis-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> depart.<br />
<br />
<b>dis-cerno</b>, <b>-cr&#275;vi</b>, <b>-cretum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> divide.<br />
<br />
<b>discessus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> departure.<br />
<br />
<b>discipl&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> teaching, training, practice.<br />
<br />
<b>disco</b>, <b>didici</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn.<br />
<br />
<b>di-scr&#299;bo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> distribute, assign.<br />
<br />
<b>discr&#299;men</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> danger.<br />
<br />
<b>dis-pertio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> distribute.<br />
<br />
<b>dis-s&#275;mino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> spread.<br />
<br />
<b>dissensio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> discord, disagreement.<br />
<br />
<b>dis-sentio</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> disagree, differ.<br />
<br />
<b>dissimilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, unlike.<br />
<br />
<b>dis-simulo</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> hide, disguise, dissemble.<br />
<br />
<b>dis-solvo</b>, <b>-solvi</b>, <b>-sol&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> unloose, release, disunite;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>dissol&#363;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, remiss, negligent.</span><br />
<br />
<b>dis-tribuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> divide, distribute.<br />
<br />
<b>di&#363;</b>, <i>adv.</i> for a long time, long.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;-vello</b>, <b>-velli</b>, <b>-vulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> tear, separate.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;versus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, other, different.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#299;v&#299;nitus</b>, <i>adv.</i> by divine influence, from heaven.<br />
<br />
<b>do</b>, <b>dedi</b>, <b>datum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> give, deliver, write (<i>a letter</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>dolor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> sorrow, grief, pang.<br />
<br />
<b>domesticus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, belonging to a home, family, private; intestine, civil (<i>war</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>domicilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> dwelling, home.<br />
<br />
<b>domin&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> tyranny, despotism.<br />
<br />
<b>domus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>f.</i> house;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>loc.</i> <b>domi</b>, at home;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>domi meae</b>, at my house;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>domum</b>, home.</span><br />
<br />
<b>dormio</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> sleep.<br />
<br />
<b>dubit&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> doubt.<br />
<br />
<b>dubito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> doubt, hesitate.<br />
<br />
<b>dubius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, doubtful;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sine dubio</b>, without doubt.</span><br />
<br />
<b>d&#363;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lead, carry off, think, consider.<br />
<br />
<b>d&#363;dum</b>, <i>adv. see</i> <b>iam d&#363;dum</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>duint</b>, <i>older form of pres. subj. of</i> <b>do</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>dulcis</b>, <b>-e</b>, sweet.<br />
<br />
<b>dum</b>, <i>conj.</i> while, until, provided that.<br />
<br />
<b>dummod&#333;</b>, <i>conj.</i> provided that, if only.<br />
<br />
<b>du&#333;</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-&#333;</b>, two.<br />
<br />
<b>duodecimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, twelfth.<br />
<br />
<b>dux</b>, <b>ducis</b>, <i>c.</i> leader.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>E</b><br />
<br />
<b>&#275;</b> <i>or</i> <b>ex</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> from, out of, in accordance with.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58a" id="Page_58a">[58]</a></span><b>ebri&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, given to drinking, drunkard.<br />
<br />
<b>ecquis</b>, <b>ecquid</b>, <i>interrog. pron.</i> any one? anything?<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ecquid</b>, in any way? (<i>used as an interrog. particle</i>).</span><br />
<br />
<b>&#275;dictum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> edict, proclamation.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put forth, set forth, declare.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-doceo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> inform.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-duco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lead out, draw.<br />
<br />
<b>ef-fero</b>, <b>extuli</b>, <b>&#275;l&#257;tum</b>, <b>efferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring out, carry out, raise.<br />
<br />
<b>effr&#275;n&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unbridled.<br />
<br />
<b>ef-fugio</b>, <b>-f&#363;gi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> flee from, escape, shun, flee away.<br />
<br />
<b>egeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am needy.<br />
<br />
<b>egest&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> poverty.<br />
<br />
<b>eg&#333;</b>, <b>mei</b>, I.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-gredior</b>, <b>-gressus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> go out.<br />
<br />
<b>egregius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, excellent, eminent, great.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-icio</b>, <b>-i&#275;ci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive out, wreck.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-l&#257;bor</b>, <b>-lapsus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> slip away, drop.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-l&#363;do</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> jeer, make sport of;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> cease to play, have full play.</span><br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-mergo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> come up, get clear.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send out, allow to escape.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-morior</b>, <b>-mortuus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> die.<br />
<br />
<b>enim</b>, <i>conj.</i> for.<br />
<br />
<b>eo</b>, <i>adv.</i> to that place.<br />
<br />
<b>eo</b>, <b>ii</b>, <b>itum</b>, <b>&#299;re</b>, <i>intr.</i> go.<br />
<br />
<b>e&#333;dem</b>, <i>adv.</i> to the same place.<br />
<br />
<b>eques</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>m.</i> horseman; <i>one of the order called Equites</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>equit&#257;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> cavalry.<br />
<br />
<b>erg&#257;</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> towards.<br />
<br />
<b>ergo</b>, <i>adv.</i> accordingly, therefore, then.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-ripio</b>, <b>-ripui</b>, <b>-reptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> snatch away, take away.<br />
<br />
<b>erro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> wander, mistake, am wrong.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-ructo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> vomit forth.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-rumpo</b>, <b>-r&#363;pi</b>, <b>-ruptum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> burst asunder; break forth, rush out.<br />
<br />
<b>et</b>, <i>conj.</i> and;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>et . . . et</b>, both ... and.</span><br />
<br />
<b>etenim</b>, <i>conj.</i> and indeed, for indeed, truly, yet.<br />
<br />
<b>etiam</b>, <i>conj. or adv.</i> also, even, even yet, still.<br />
<br />
<b>etsi</b>, <i>conj.</i> although.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-v&#257;do</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> get away, escape.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-verto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> overthrow.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-voc&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> one who calls to arms, instigator.<br />
<br />
<b>&#275;-vomo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-itum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> vomit forth.<br />
<br />
<b>ex</b>, <i>see</i> <b>&#275;</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-aggero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> heap up, magnify.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-animo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> deprive of life, deprive of sense<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ex-anim&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dead, fainting.</span><br />
<br />
<b>ex-audio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> hear.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> retire, withdraw.<br />
<br />
<b>excelsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, lofty, high;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>excelsum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> height.</span><br />
<br />
<b>ex-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall out, fall down.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> except, make exception of; catch, intercept.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-cito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> summon forth, stir up, arouse.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-cl&#363;do</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> shut out.<br />
<br />
<b>excursio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> sally, attack.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59a" id="Page_59a">[59]</a></span><b>ex-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>intr.</i> go out.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-erceo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> practise.<br />
<br />
<b>exercit&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> practice.<br />
<br />
<b>exercitus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> army.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-haurio</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-stum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> empty out, remove.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-igo</b>, <b>-&#275;gi</b>, <b>-actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive out, finish.<br />
<br />
<b>exilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> exile, banishment.<br />
<br />
<b>eximius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, extraordinary, signal.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-istimo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> judge, suppose, think.<br />
<br />
<b>exiti&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, destruction, deadly.<br />
<br />
<b>exitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> ruin, overthrow.<br />
<br />
<b>exitus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> end.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive out.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-p&#333;no</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set forth, explain.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-pr&#333;mo</b>, <b>-mpsi</b>, <b>-mptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> show forth, display, expend.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> appear, am manifest, exist.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-solvo</b>, <b>-solvi</b>, <b>-sol&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> free, release.<br />
<br />
<b>exspect&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> expectation, anticipation.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-specto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> await, wait for, expect.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-stinguo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> quench, put out.<br />
<br />
<b>exsul</b> <i>or</i> <b>exul</b>, <b>-ulis</b>, <i>m.</i> exile.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-sulto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> leap about, exult, revel.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-termino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> banish.<br />
<br />
<b>externus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foreign.<br />
<br />
<b>exterus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foreign.<br />
<br />
<b>ex-torqueo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> wrest away, force away.<br />
<br />
<b>extr&#257;</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> outside.<br />
<br />
<b>extr&#275;mus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, last;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ad extr&#275;mum</b>, at last.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>F</b><br />
<br />
<b>facile</b>, <i>adv.</i> easily.<br />
<br />
<b>facinor&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, criminal, vicious.<br />
<br />
<b>facinus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> deed, crime, outrage.<br />
<br />
<b>facio</b>, <b>f&#275;ci</b>, <b>factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> do, make, bring about, perform; hold (<i>games</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>factum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> deed, act.<br />
<br />
<b>facult&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> opportunity.<br />
<br />
<b>falc&#257;rius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> scythe-maker.<br />
<br />
<b>fallo</b>, <b>fefelli</b>, <b>falsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> deceive, disappoint, escape notice of.<br />
<br />
<b>falsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, false, misdirected.<br />
<br />
<b>f&#257;ma</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> report, reputation, fame, character.<br />
<br />
<b>fam&#275;s</b>, <b>-is</b> <i>f.</i> hunger.<br />
<br />
<b>familia</b>, <b>-ae</b> <i>or</i> <b>-&#257;s</b> <i>f.</i> household (<i>of slaves</i>), establishment;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>pater</b> <i>or</i> <b>m&#257;ter familias</b>, master <i>or</i> mistress of a house.</span><br />
<br />
<b>famili&#257;rissim&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> most intimately, on most intimate terms.<br />
<br />
<b>f&#257;num</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> sanctuary.<br />
<br />
<b>fascis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> bundle;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> fasc&#275;s, <i>the bundles of rods enclosing an axe, carried before the highest magistrates</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>f&#257;t&#257;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, destined, fated.<br />
<br />
<b>fateor</b>, <b>fassus sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> admit, allow.<br />
<br />
<b>f&#257;tum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> fate, oracle.<br />
<br />
<b>fauc&#275;s</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> throat, jaws, entrance.<br />
<br />
<b>fax</b>, <b>facis</b>, <i>f.</i> torch, firebrand; meteor.<br />
<br />
<b>febris</b>, <b>-ia</b>, <i>f.</i> fever.<br />
<br />
<b>fero</b>, <b>tuli</b>, <b>l&#257;tum</b>, <b>ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> lead, carry, get, bear; report, celebrate;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sententiam fero</b>, vote.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60a" id="Page_60a">[60]</a></span><b>ferramentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> steel implement.<br />
<br />
<b>ferreus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of iron; of iron nature.<br />
<br />
<b>ferrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> iron, sword.<br />
<br />
<b>fid&#275;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, faithful, loyal.<br />
<br />
<b>fid&#275;s</b>, <b>-ei</b>, belief, faith, credit; honesty; assurance, engagement.<br />
<br />
<b>f&#299;go</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-xum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> fix.<br />
<br />
<b>f&#299;lia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> daughter.<br />
<br />
<b>f&#299;lius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> son.<br />
<br />
<b>fingo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> imagine, devise.<br />
<br />
<b>f&#299;nis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> end, limit;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> territory.</span><br />
<br />
<b>f&#299;o</b>, <b>factus sum</b>, <b>fieri</b>, <i>intr.</i> happen, become, am done, am made.<br />
<br />
<b>firmo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> strengthen.<br />
<br />
<b>firmus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strong.<br />
<br />
<b>fl&#257;giti&#333;sissim&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> most shamefully, most infamously.<br />
<br />
<b>fl&#257;giti&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, infamous, dissolute.<br />
<br />
<b>fl&#257;gitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> shameful deed.<br />
<br />
<b>fl&#257;gito</b>, (1) <i>tr.</i> demand earnestly, importune for.<br />
<br />
<b>flamma</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> flame.<br />
<br />
<b>flecto</b>, <b>flexi</b>, <b>flexum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bend, turn aside.<br />
<br />
<b>fl&#333;reo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> flourish, am prosperous, am powerful.<br />
<br />
<b>fl&#333;s</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> flower.<br />
<br />
<b>focus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> hearth.<br />
<br />
<b>foedus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> treaty, compact.<br />
<br />
<b>foedus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, hideous, shameful.<br />
<br />
<b>foras</b>, <i>adv.</i> out of doors (<i>with verbs of motion</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>foris</b>, <i>adv.</i> out of doors (<i>with verbs of rest</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>form&#299;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> fear, dread.<br />
<br />
<b>fors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> chance;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>forte</b>, by chance.</span><br />
<br />
<b>fortasse</b>, <i>adv.</i> perhaps.<br />
<br />
<b>fortis</b>, <b>-e</b>, brave, strong.<br />
<br />
<b>fortiter</b>, <i>adv.</i> bravely.<br />
<br />
<b>fort&#299;t&#363;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> courage, firmness.<br />
<br />
<b>fort&#363;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fortune;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> property, possessions, estates.</span><br />
<br />
<b>fort&#363;n&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fortunate, happy.<br />
<br />
<b>forum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> market, meeting-place for business; <i>especially the</i> <b>Forum Romanum</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>frango</b>, <b>fr&#275;gi</b>, <b>fractum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break.<br />
<br />
<b>fraud&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> deceit, fraud.<br />
<br />
<b>frequens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, crowded, in great numbers.<br />
<br />
<b>frequentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> numerous assembly, crowd, throng.<br />
<br />
<b>frequento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bring in crowds.<br />
<br />
<b>fr&#275;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, relying on.<br />
<br />
<b>fr&#299;gus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> cold.<br />
<br />
<b>frons</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>f.</i> brow, forehead.<br />
<br />
<b>fructus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> enjoyment, produce.<br />
<br />
<b>fruor</b>, <b>fructus sum</b>, <i>intr. c. abl.</i> enjoy.<br />
<br />
<b>fuga</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> banishment.<br />
<br />
<b>fugio</b>, <b>f&#363;gi</b>, <b>fugitum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> flee, take flight.<br />
<br />
<b>fugit&#299;vus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> runaway slave.<br />
<br />
<b>fulgeo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> shine, am bright.<br />
<br />
<b>fulmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> lightning, thunderbolt.<br />
<br />
<b>fund&#257;mentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> foundation.<br />
<br />
<b>fundo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> found.<br />
<br />
<b>funestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, deadly, fatal.<br />
<br />
<b>fungor</b>, <b>functus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> perform.<br />
<br />
<b>furi&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, mad.<br />
<br />
<b>furo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am mad.<br />
<br />
<b>furor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> madness.<br />
<br />
<b>furtim</b>, <i>adv.</i> stealthily.<br />
<br />
<b>furtum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> theft.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61a" id="Page_61a">[61]</a></span><b>G</b><br />
<br />
<b>g&#257;neo</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>m.</i> glutton, debauchee.<br />
<br />
<b>gaudium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> delight.<br />
<br />
<b>gelidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, cold.<br />
<br />
<b>gener</b>, <b>-eri</b>, <i>m.</i> son-in-law.<br />
<br />
<b>gens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>f.</i> clan, race, people.<br />
<br />
<b>genus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> class, kind.<br />
<br />
<b>gero</b>, <b>gessi</b>, <b>gestum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bear, carry on, administer;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>r&#275;s gestae</b>, exploits.</span><br />
<br />
<b>gladi&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> gladiator.<br />
<br />
<b>gladi&#257;t&#333;rius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of gladiators.<br />
<br />
<b>gladius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> sword.<br />
<br />
<b>gl&#333;ria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> glory, fame.<br />
<br />
<b>gradus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> step, degree.<br />
<br />
<b>gr&#257;tia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> favour, thanks, gratitude;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>gr&#257;ti&#257;s ago</b>, give thanks, pass a vote of thanks;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>refero gr&#257;tiam</b>, show gratitude;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>gr&#257;tiam habeo</b>, feel gratitude.</span><br />
<br />
<b>gr&#257;tul&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> congratulation.<br />
<br />
<b>gr&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, pleasing, welcome.<br />
<br />
<b>gravis</b>, <b>-e</b>, heavy, weighty, authentic, severe.<br />
<br />
<b>graviter</b>, <i>adv.</i> violently.<br />
<br />
<b>grex</b>, <b>gregis</b>, <i>m.</i> flock, band.<br />
<br />
<b>gubern&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> steering, direction.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>H</b><br />
<br />
<b>habeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> have, hold, assemble, set on foot, render;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>pass.</i> am considered.</span><br />
<br />
<b>habito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> live.<br />
<br />
<b>haereo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> cleave, cling, am fixed.<br />
<br />
<b>haesito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> am in doubt, am at a loss.<br />
<br />
<b>haruspex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>m.</i> soothsayer, diviner (<i>who foretold future events by the inspection of the entrails of victims</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>hebesco</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> grow dull.<br />
<br />
<b>hercule</b> <i>or</i> <b>me hercule</b>, <i>interj.</i> by Hercules.<br />
<br />
<b>hesternus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of yesterday.<br />
<br />
<b>hic</b>, <b>haec</b>, <b>h&#333;c</b>, this.<br />
<br />
<b>h&#299;c</b>, <i>adv.</i> here, thereupon, then.<br />
<br />
<b>h&#299;ce</b>, <b>haece</b>, <b>h&#333;ce</b>, <i>strengthened form of</i> <b>hic</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>hiems</b>, <b>-emis</b>, <i>f.</i> winter.<br />
<br />
<b>hinc</b>, <i>adv.</i> hence, for this reason;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>hinc . . . illinc</b>, on this side ... on that.</span><br />
<br />
<b>hodiernus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of to-day, present.<br />
<br />
<b>homo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>c.</i> human being, man.<br />
<br />
<b>honest&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> honour, high character.<br />
<br />
<b>honest&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> honourably.<br />
<br />
<b>honesto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> honour, grace.<br />
<br />
<b>honestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, honourable.<br />
<br />
<b>honor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> honour, sacrifice, office.<br />
<br />
<b>h&#333;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> hour.<br />
<br />
<b>horribilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, terrible, dreadful.<br />
<br />
<b>hortor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> urge, advise.<br />
<br />
<b>hospitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> mutual friendship.<br />
<br />
<b>hostis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> enemy.<br />
<br />
<b>h&#363;c</b>, <i>adv.</i> hither, to this point.<br />
<br />
<b>h&#363;m&#257;nit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> kindly feeling.<br />
<br />
<b>h&#363;m&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, human.<br />
<br />
<b>humus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>f.</i> ground;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>locat.</i> <b>humi</b>, on the ground.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>I</b><br />
<br />
<b>iaceo</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> lie, lie helpless.<br />
<br />
<b>iacio</b>, <b>i&#275;ci</b>, <b>iactum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast, utter, bruit about.<br />
<br />
<b>iacto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> toss, hurl, vaunt;<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62a" id="Page_62a">[62]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with reflex, pron.</i> speak boastfully, make boast.</span><br />
<br />
<b>iactus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> hurling, casting.<br />
<br />
<b>iam</b>, <i>adv.</i> just now, already, by this time;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>iam d&#363;dum</b>, long since.</span><br />
<br />
<b>idcirco</b>, <i>adv.</i> for that reason.<br />
<br />
<b>&#299;dem</b>, <b>eadem</b>, <b>idem</b>, same.<br />
<br />
<b>igitur</b>, <i>conj.</i> therefore, accordingly.<br />
<br />
<b>ign&#257;via</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> cowardice.<br />
<br />
<b>ignis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> fire.<br />
<br />
<b>ign&#333;minia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> infamy, disgrace.<br />
<br />
<b>ign&#333;ro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> am ignorant of, am ignorant.<br />
<br />
<b>ign&#333;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unknown.<br />
<br />
<b>ille</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-ud</b>, that; he, she, it.<br />
<br />
<b>im&#257;go</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> image, likeness.<br />
<br />
<b>imberbis</b>, <b>-e</b>, beardless.<br />
<br />
<b>imm&#257;nis</b>, <b>-e</b>, monstrous.<br />
<br />
<b>imm&#257;nit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> enormity, heinousness.<br />
<br />
<b>imm&#257;t&#363;rus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, untimely, premature.<br />
<br />
<b>immineo</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> hang over, threaten.<br />
<br />
<b>immo</b>, <i>adv.</i> on the contrary, nay.<br />
<br />
<b>immort&#257;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, immortal.<br />
<br />
<b>impedio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> hinder, prevent.<br />
<br />
<b>im-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive on, incite.<br />
<br />
<b>im-pendeo</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hang over, threaten.<br />
<br />
<b>imper&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> commander, general.<br />
<br />
<b>imper&#299;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, inexperienced, ignorant.<br />
<br />
<b>imperium</b>, <b>-&#299;</b>, <i>n.</i> command, sovereignty, dominion; military power, command in chief.<br />
<br />
<b>impero</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr. c. dat.</i> order, enjoin, command.<br />
<br />
<b>im-pertior</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> bestow.<br />
<br />
<b>impetro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> get, obtain (<i>by request</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>impetus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> assault, attack.<br />
<br />
<b>impius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, impious, wicked.<br />
<br />
<b>im-pl&#333;ro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> entreat, supplicate.<br />
<br />
<b>import&#363;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unsuitable, unnatural, dangerous.<br />
<br />
<b>improbit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> wickedness, depravity, recklessness.<br />
<br />
<b>improbus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, persistent, violent, reckless.<br />
<br />
<b>imp&#363;b&#275;s</b>, <b>-eris</b> <i>or</i> <b>-is</b>, youthful.<br />
<br />
<b>impudens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, shameless.<br />
<br />
<b>impudenter</b>, <i>adv.</i> shamelessly, with assurance.<br />
<br />
<b>impudentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> shamelessness, assurance.<br />
<br />
<b>impud&#299;cus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, shameless, immodest.<br />
<br />
<b>imp&#363;n&#299;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unpunished.<br />
<br />
<b>imp&#363;rus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unclean.<br />
<br />
<b>in</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> into, to, against, for;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. abl.</i> in, on.</span><br />
<br />
<b>in&#257;nis</b>, <b>-e</b>, empty.<br />
<br />
<b>in-auro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> gild.<br />
<br />
<b>incendium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> fire, conflagration, burning.<br />
<br />
<b>in-cendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set on fire, burn.<br />
<br />
<b>incensio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> burning.<br />
<br />
<b>incertus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, uncertain.<br />
<br />
<b>in-c&#299;do</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cut.<br />
<br />
<b>in-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>-c&#257;sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall.<br />
<br />
<b>in-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> begin.<br />
<br />
<b>in-cl&#299;no</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> bend, incline; am disposed.<br />
<br />
<b>in-cl&#363;do</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> shut in, lock up, confine.<br />
<br />
<b>incolumis</b>, <b>-e</b>, safe, uninjured, still alive.<br />
<br />
<b>incr&#275;dibilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, incredible.<br />
<br />
<b>in-crepo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-itum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> sound, make a noise, am noised abroad.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63a" id="Page_63a">[63]</a></span><b>in-cumbo</b>, <b>-cubui</b>, <b>-cubitum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> lean on, press on;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>incumbo ad</b>, devote myself to, exert myself for.</span><br />
<br />
<b>indemn&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, uncondemned.<br />
<br />
<b>index</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>c.</i> informer.<br />
<br />
<b>indicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> information, proof.<br />
<br />
<b>in-dico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> declare, disclose, reveal, betray.<br />
<br />
<b>in-d&#299;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> proclaim, make (<i>war</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>in-d&#363;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring in, introduce, persuade;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>animum ind&#363;co</b>, resolve, determine.</span><br />
<br />
<b>industria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> activity, energy.<br />
<br />
<b>in-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>tr.</i> enter on, adopt.<br />
<br />
<b>iners</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, inactive, indolent.<br />
<br />
<b>inertia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> inactivity, remissness.<br />
<br />
<b>inf&#257;mis</b>, <b>-e</b>, disreputable.<br />
<br />
<b>inferi</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> the dead.<br />
<br />
<b>in-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> put on, lay on, set, inflict.<br />
<br />
<b>infestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dangerous, hostile, deadly.<br />
<br />
<b>infimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, lowest, meanest.<br />
<br />
<b>inf&#299;n&#299;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, without limit, boundless, interminable.<br />
<br />
<b>infirmus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, powerless.<br />
<br />
<b>infiti&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> defaulter.<br />
<br />
<b>infitior</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> deny.<br />
<br />
<b>in-flammo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> set on fire, inflame.<br />
<br />
<b>ingenium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> nature, ability.<br />
<br />
<b>ingens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, huge, vast.<br />
<br />
<b>ingenuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, free-born.<br />
<br />
<b>in-gravesco</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> grow heavier, become worse.<br />
<br />
<b>in-gredior</b>, <b>-gressus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> enter, enter upon, go on to, engage in.<br />
<br />
<b>in-hio</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> open the mouth for.<br />
<br />
<b>inh&#363;m&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, savage, unfeeling.<br />
<br />
<b>in-icio</b>, <b>-i&#275;ci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> throw on, cause, occasion.<br />
<br />
<b>inim&#299;citia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> enmity.<br />
<br />
<b>inim&#299;cus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unfriendly, hostile;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>inim&#299;cus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> enemy.</span><br />
<br />
<b>in&#299;quit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> unfairness, injustice.<br />
<br />
<b>in&#299;quus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unfair, unjust.<br />
<br />
<b>initio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> consecrate.<br />
<br />
<b>ini&#363;ria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> outrage, wrong;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ini&#363;ri&#257;</b>, undeservedly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>iniuss&#363;</b> (<i>only in abl. sing.</i>), <i>m.</i> without the command.<br />
<br />
<b>inlecebra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> attraction, allurement.<br />
<br />
<b>inlustris</b>, <b>-e</b>, distinguished, famous.<br />
<br />
<b>in-lustro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> illuminate, make clear.<br />
<br />
<b>in-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send in.<br />
<br />
<b>innocens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, guiltless.<br />
<br />
<b>inopia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> want.<br />
<br />
<b>inquam</b>, <b>inquis</b>, <b>inquit</b>, <i>defect. intr.</i> say.<br />
<br />
<b>in-r&#275;tio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> ensnare, entrap.<br />
<br />
<b>in-scr&#299;bo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> write on.<br />
<br />
<b>insepultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unburied.<br />
<br />
<b>insidiae</b>, <b>-&#257;rum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> ambuscade, plot.<br />
<br />
<b>insidi&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> plotter;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with</i> <b>viae</b>, waylayer.</span><br />
<br />
<b>insidior</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> lie in wait for, plot against.<br />
<br />
<b>insidi&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, treacherous.<br />
<br />
<b>insigne</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>n.</i> mark, badge.<br />
<br />
<b>in-simulo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> charge, allege.<br />
<br />
<b>insolentius</b>, <i>adv.</i> more immoderately, more haughtily.<br />
<br />
<b>insp&#275;r&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unhoped for.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64a" id="Page_64a">[64]</a></span><b>in-stituo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> undertake, begin.<br />
<br />
<b>in-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-st&#257;tum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> press on, threaten.<br />
<br />
<b>instr&#363;mentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> instrument, means of trade.<br />
<br />
<b>in-struo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> draw up, array.<br />
<br />
<b>integer</b>, <b>-gra</b>, <b>-grum</b>, untouched, unharmed, unbroken.<br />
<br />
<b>intel-lego</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ligo</b>, <b>-exi</b>, <b>-ectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn, understand, know.<br />
<br />
<b>in-tendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-tum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> stretch out; purpose, endeavour.<br />
<br />
<b>inter</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> between, among, amid;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>inter s&#275;</b>, each other.</span><br />
<br />
<b>inter-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> intervene.<br />
<br />
<b>intere&#257;</b>, <i>adv.</i> meanwhile.<br />
<br />
<b>inter-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>intr.</i> perish, am ruined.<br />
<br />
<b>inter-ficio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> kill, slay.<br />
<br />
<b>interim</b>, <i>adv.</i> meanwhile.<br />
<br />
<b>inter-imo</b>, <b>-&#275;mi</b>, <b>-emptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> kill, slay.<br />
<br />
<b>interitus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> death, ruin, destruction, annihilation.<br />
<br />
<b>inter-necio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> massacre, annihilation.<br />
<br />
<b>inter-rogo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> ask.<br />
<br />
<b>inter-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am between, differ;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>impers.</i> <b>interest</b>, it interests, it concerns (<i>with</i> <b>me&#257;</b>, <b>tu&#257;</b> &amp;c.),</span>
<br />
<br />
<b>interventus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> coming between, intervention.<br />
<br />
<b>intest&#299;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, internal.<br />
<br />
<b>intimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, inmost, most secret;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>intimus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> intimate friend.</span><br />
<br />
<b>intr&#257;</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> within.<br />
<br />
<b>intr&#333;-d&#363;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring in, introduce.<br />
<br />
<b>in-tueor</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> look at.<br />
<br />
<b>intus</b>, <i>adv.</i> inside.<br />
<br />
<b>in-&#363;ro</b>, <b>-ussi</b>, <b>-ustum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> burn into.<br />
<br />
<b>in-venio</b>, <b>-v&#275;ni</b>, <b>-ventum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> find, discover.<br />
<br />
<b>in-vest&#299;go</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> track out, search out.<br />
<br />
<b>in-veterasco</b>, <b>-&#257;vi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> grow old, am established, am fixed.<br />
<br />
<b>invictus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unconquered.<br />
<br />
<b>invidia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> unpopularity.<br />
<br />
<b>invidi&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, odious, unpopular.<br />
<br />
<b>invidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, envious.<br />
<br />
<b>inv&#299;to</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> invite, summon.<br />
<br />
<b>inv&#299;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unwilling.<br />
<br />
<b>ipse</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, oneself, self, very, in person.<br />
<br />
<b>is</b>, <b>ea</b>, <b>id</b>, that, those, such; he, she, it, they.<br />
<br />
<b>iste</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-ud</b>, that of yours, that; he, she, it (<i>used especially of any one or anything connected with the person addressed</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>ita</b>, <i>adv.</i> so, in such a way.<br />
<br />
<b>itaque</b>, <i>conj.</i> and so, accordingly.<br />
<br />
<b>item</b>, <i>adv.</i> in like manner.<br />
<br />
<b>iter</b>, <b>itineris</b>, <i>n.</i> going, journey, route.<br />
<br />
<b>iterum</b>, <i>adv.</i> a second time.<br />
<br />
<b>iubeo</b>, <b>iussi</b>, <b>iussum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> order.<br />
<br />
<b>i&#363;cundus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, pleasant.<br />
<br />
<b>iudicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> judgement, legal decision, sentence.<br />
<br />
<b>i&#363;dico</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> judge, decide.<br />
<br />
<b>iugulum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> throat.<br />
<br />
<b>i&#363;s</b>, <b>i&#363;ris</b>, <i>n.</i> law, right;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>i&#363;re</b>, rightly;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>i&#363;s i&#363;randum</b>, oath.</span><br />
<br />
<b>iuss&#363;</b> (<i>only in abl. sing.</i>), <i>m.</i> order, command.<br />
<br />
<b>iustus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, just, righteous.<br />
<br />
<b>iuvent&#363;s</b>, <b>-&#363;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> body of youth, youth.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65a" id="Page_65a">[65]</a></span><b>L</b><br />
<br />
<b>labefacto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> shake, give a shock to, undermine, ruin.<br />
<br />
<b>labor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> toil.<br />
<br />
<b>lab&#333;ro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> work, exert myself.<br />
<br />
<b>lacesso</b>, <b>-&#299;vi</b>, <b>-&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> harass, attack.<br />
<br />
<b>lacrima</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> tear.<br />
<br />
<b>lacto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> suck milk.<br />
<br />
<b>laedo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hurt, injure.<br />
<br />
<b>laetitia</b>,-ae, <i>f.</i> joy, pleasure.<br />
<br />
<b>laetor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> rejoice.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#257;ment&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> mourning, wailing.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#257;mentor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> mourn, bewail.<br />
<br />
<b>languidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dull, listless.<br />
<br />
<b>larg&#299;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> largess, bribery.<br />
<br />
<b>larg&#299;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> briber.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#257;t&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> widely.<br />
<br />
<b>lateo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> lie hid, am hidden.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> mover, proposer.<br />
<br />
<b>latro</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>m.</i> brigand.<br />
<br />
<b>latr&#333;cinium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> robbery, brigandage, band of brigands.<br />
<br />
<b>latr&#333;cinor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> am a robber, am a bandit.<br />
<br />
<b>latus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> side.<br />
<br />
<b>laudo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> praise.<br />
<br />
<b>laus</b>, <b>laudis</b>, <i>f.</i> praise, honour, glory, distinction.<br />
<br />
<b>lect&#299;ca</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> litter.<br />
<br />
<b>lectulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> small couch, bed.<br />
<br />
<b>lectus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> couch, bed.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#275;g&#257;tus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> ambassador.<br />
<br />
<b>legio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> legion.<br />
<br />
<b>lego</b>, <b>l&#275;gi</b>, <b>lectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> choose, read;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>lectus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, excellent.</span><br />
<br />
<b>l&#275;nio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> soften, assuage.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#275;nis</b>, <b>-e</b>, gentle, merciful.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#275;nit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> mercy, clemency.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#275;no</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>m.</i> pander, creature.<br />
<br />
<b>lentus,</b> <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, slow, sluggish.<br />
<br />
<b>lepidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, charming, witty.<br />
<br />
<b>levis</b>, <b>-e</b>, light, frivolous.<br />
<br />
<b>levissim&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> very lightly, in the mildest manner.<br />
<br />
<b>levit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> frivolity.<br />
<br />
<b>levo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> lighten, lessen.<br />
<br />
<b>lex</b>, <b>l&#275;gis</b>, <i>f.</i> law, rule, condition.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#299;ber</b>, <b>-era</b>, <b>-erum</b>, free;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>l&#299;beri</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> children (<i>in relation to their parents</i>).</span>
<br />
<br />
<b>l&#299;bero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> free, relieve.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#299;bert&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> freedom, liberty.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#299;bert&#299;nus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> freedman.<br />
<br />
<b>lib&#299;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> passion, lust.<br />
<br />
<b>licet</b>, <b>licuit</b> <i>or</i> <b>licitum est</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> it is allowed, one may.<br />
<br />
<b>lingua</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> tongue.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#299;num</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> flax, thread.<br />
<br />
<b>liquefacio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> melt.<br />
<br />
<b>littera</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> letter (<i>of the alphabet</i>);<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> letter, dispatch, literature.</span><br />
<br />
<b>loco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> place, contract for.<br />
<br />
<b>locuples</b>, <b>-&#275;tis</b>, rich.<br />
<br />
<b>locus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> place, position, room.<br />
<br />
<b>long&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> far.<br />
<br />
<b>longinquus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, distant.<br />
<br />
<b>longus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, long, tedious.<br />
<br />
<b>loquor</b>, <b>loc&#363;tus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> speak, say.<br />
<br />
<b>lubenter</b>, <i>adv.</i> gladly.<br />
<br />
<b>lubet</b>, <b>lubuit</b> <i>or</i> <b>lubitum est</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> it pleases.<br />
<br />
<b>luctus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> mourning.<br />
<br />
<b>l&#363;dus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> play, school;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> public games.</span><br />
<br />
<b>l&#363;geo</b>, <b>luxi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2) <i>tr. or intr.</i> mourn, lament.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66a" id="Page_66a">[66]</a></span><b>l&#363;men</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> light.<br />
<br />
<b>lup&#299;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of a wolf.<br />
<br />
<b>lux</b>, <b>l&#363;cis</b>, <i>f.</i> light, day.<br />
<br />
<b>luxuria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> extravagance, excess.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>M</b><br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;chin&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> contriver.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;chinor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> contrive, design.<br />
<br />
<b>macto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> sacrifice, punish.<br />
<br />
<b>maeror</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> grief.<br />
<br />
<b>magis</b>, <i>adv.</i> more.<br />
<br />
<b>magistr&#257;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> office, magistrate.<br />
<br />
<b>magnific&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> splendidly, gloriously.<br />
<br />
<b>magnit&#363;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> greatness, size, extent.<br />
<br />
<b>magnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, great;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>magno opere</b>, greatly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;ior</b>, <b>-us</b>, greater, larger, older;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>m&#257;i&#333;r&#275;s</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> ancestors.</span><br />
<br />
<b>male</b>, <i>adv.</i> badly;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with adj.</i> not.</span><br />
<br />
<b>maleficium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> wickedness, offence.<br />
<br />
<b>malleolus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> mallet, fire-dart.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;lo</b>, <b>m&#257;lui</b>, <b>malle</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> prefer.<br />
<br />
<b>malus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bad;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>malum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> evil.</span><br />
<br />
<b>mand&#257;tum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> charge, order.<br />
<br />
<b>mando</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> entrust, commit.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;ne</b>, <i>indecl. n.</i> morning.<br />
<br />
<b>maneo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> remain.<br />
<br />
<b>manic&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, having long sleeves.<br />
<br />
<b>manifestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, clear, evident;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>manifesto</b>, clearly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;no</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> flow, get abroad.<br />
<br />
<b>manus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>f.</i> hand, handwriting; company, band.<br />
<br />
<b>mare</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>n.</i> sea.<br />
<br />
<b>mar&#299;tus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> husband.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;t&#363;r&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> early;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i> <b>m&#257;t&#363;rius</b>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;t&#363;rit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> ripeness.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#257;t&#363;ro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> hasten, dispatch.<br />
<br />
<b>maxim&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> especially.<br />
<br />
<b>maximus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, greatest, very great, chief.<br />
<br />
<b>medic&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> remedy.<br />
<br />
<b>mediocris</b>, <b>-e</b>, ordinary, tolerable.<br />
<br />
<b>mediocriter</b>, <i>adv.</i> trivially, not seriously.<br />
<br />
<b>meditor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> purpose, intend;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>perf. partic. also pass. in sense</i>, practised.</span><br />
<br />
<b>medius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, mid, middle.<br />
<br />
<b>melior</b>, <b>-us</b>, better.<br />
<br />
<b>memini</b>, <i>defect.</i> (3), <i>tr. or intr. c. gen.</i> remember.<br />
<br />
<b>memor</b>, <b>-oris</b>, mindful.<br />
<br />
<b>memoria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> memory.<br />
<br />
<b>mend&#299;cit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> beggary.<br />
<br />
<b>mens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>f.</i> mind, thought, intention, understanding, disposition.<br />
<br />
<b>mereor</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> deserve.<br />
<br />
<b>meritum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> desert, service, favour;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>merito</b>, deservedly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>metuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> fear.<br />
<br />
<b>metus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> fear.<br />
<br />
<b>meus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, my.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#299;les</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>m.</i> soldier.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#299;lit&#257;ris</b>, <b>-e</b>, belonging to a soldier, military.<br />
<br />
<b>minae</b>, <b>-&#257;rum</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> threats.<br />
<br />
<b>minim&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> very little, least.<br />
<br />
<b>minimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very little, least.<br />
<br />
<b>minitor</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> threaten.<br />
<br />
<b>minor</b>, <b>-us</b>, smaller, less;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>minus</b>, less, not.</span><br />
<br />
<b>minuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lessen, reduce.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67a" id="Page_67a">[67]</a></span><b>misceo</b>, <b>miscui</b>, <b>mixtum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> mix, mingle, embroil.<br />
<br />
<b>miser</b>, <b>-era</b>, <b>-erum</b>, wretched, pitiable.<br />
<br />
<b>miseria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> misfortune, affliction.<br />
<br />
<b>misericordia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> pity.<br />
<br />
<b>misericors</b>, <b>-rdis</b>, tenderhearted, pitiful.<br />
<br />
<b>miseror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> pity.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#299;tis</b>, <b>-e</b>, mild, gentle.<br />
<br />
<b>mitto</b>, <b>m&#299;si</b>, <b>missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send.<br />
<br />
<b>mod&#333;</b>, <i>adv.</i> just now, lately, only.<br />
<br />
<b>modus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> limit, kind, manner.<br />
<br />
<b>moenia</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> walls (<i>of a town</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>m&#333;l&#275;s</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> mass, weight.<br />
<br />
<b>molest&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> with trouble;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>molest&#275; fero</b>, take it ill, am vexed at.</span><br />
<br />
<b>m&#333;lior</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> set in motion, attempt, design.<br />
<br />
<b>mollis</b>, <b>-e</b>, soft, mild.<br />
<br />
<b>moneo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> warn, advise.<br />
<br />
<b>monimentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> memorial.<br />
<br />
<b>monstrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> evil omen, portent, monster.<br />
<br />
<b>mora</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> delay.<br />
<br />
<b>morbus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> disease.<br />
<br />
<b>morior</b>, <b>mortuus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> die;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>mortuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dead.</span><br />
<br />
<b>mors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> death.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#333;s, m&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> custom, habit.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#333;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> movement, disturbance, trouble;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>terrae m&#333;tus</b>, earthquake.</span><br />
<br />
<b>moveo</b>, <b>m&#333;vi</b>, <b>m&#333;tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> move, affect, alarm.<br />
<br />
<b>mucro</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>m.</i> point, edge, sword.<br />
<br />
<b>mulier</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>f.</i> woman.<br />
<br />
<b>muliercula</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> little woman.<br />
<br />
<b>multit&#363;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> multitude, numbers.<br />
<br />
<b>multo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br />
<br />
<b>multus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, much, many;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>multo</b>, by much.</span><br />
<br />
<b>m&#363;niceps</b>, <b>-cipis</b>, <i>c.</i> citizen of a <b>m&#363;nicipium</b>, burgess.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#363;nicipium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> free town.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#363;nio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> fortify, defend;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>m&#363;n&#299;tissimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strongly fortified.</span><br />
<br />
<b>m&#363;rus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> wall.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#363;to</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> change.<br />
<br />
<b>m&#363;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, silent.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>N</b><br />
<br />
<b>nam</b>, <i>conj.</i> for.<br />
<br />
<b>nanciscor</b>, <b>nanctus</b> <i>or</i> <b>nactus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> get, obtain.<br />
<br />
<b>nascor</b>, <b>n&#257;tus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am born, begin, grow.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> tribe, people.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#257;t&#363;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> nature.<br />
<br />
<b>naufragus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> shipwrecked man, castaway.<br />
<br />
<b>-ne</b>, <i>interrog. particle</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#275;</b>, <i>conj.</i> that ... not, lest;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> not;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>n&#275; . . . quidem</b>, not either, not even.</span><br />
<br />
<b>n&#275;</b>, <i>interj.</i> really, indeed.<br />
<br />
<b>nec</b>, <i>see</i> <b>neque</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>necess&#257;rio</b>, <i>adv.</i> necessarily.<br />
<br />
<b>necess&#257;rius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> kinsman, connexion.<br />
<br />
<b>necesse</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> inevitable, necessary.<br />
<br />
<b>necessit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> necessity.<br />
<br />
<b>necne</b>, <i>conj.</i> or not.<br />
<br />
<b>neco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> kill, murder.<br />
<br />
<b>nefandus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, abominable, execrable.<br />
<br />
<b>nefari&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> impiously.<br />
<br />
<b>nef&#257;rius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, impious, wicked.<br />
<br />
<b>neglego</b> (<b>nec-lego</b>), <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> neglect, despise.<br />
<br />
<b>nego</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> deny.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68a" id="Page_68a">[68]</a></span><b>neg&#333;tium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> business, trouble.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#275;mo</b>, <b>null&#299;us</b>, <i>m.</i> no one;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>non n&#275;mo</b>, some one.</span><br />
<br />
<b>nepos</b>, <b>-&#333;tis</b>, <i>m.</i> grandson, prodigal, spendthrift.<br />
<br />
<b>neque</b> <i>or</i> <b>nec</b>, <i>conj.</i> and not, nor;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>neque . . . neque</b>, neither ... nor.</span><br />
<br />
<b>n&#275;quior</b>, <b>-us</b> (<i>compar. of</i> <b>n&#275;quam</b>), more unprincipled, more worthless.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#275;quitia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> want of principle, remissness, negligence.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#275;-scio</b> (4), <i>tr. or intr.</i> do not know, am ignorant;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nescio qui</b>, some.</span><br />
<br />
<b>nex</b>, <b>necis</b>, <i>f.</i> violent death, murder.<br />
<br />
<b>nihil</b>, <i>indecl. n.</i> nothing;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> in nothing, not at all;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nihildum</b>, nothing yet.</span><br />
<br />
<b>nimis</b>, <i>adv.</i> too much, too.<br />
<br />
<b>nimius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, too much, too great;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>nimium</b>, too much, too.</span><br />
<br />
<b>nis&#299;</b>, <i>adv. or conj.</i> except, unless.<br />
<br />
<b>niteo</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> glitter, glisten.<br />
<br />
<b>nitidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, shining, glossy.<br />
<br />
<b>nix</b>, <b>nivis</b>, <i>f.</i> snow.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#333;bilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, famous, high-born.<br />
<br />
<b>noceo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hurt, do harm to;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nocens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> criminal.</span><br />
<br />
<b>nocturnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, nightly, by night, night.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#333;lo</b>, <b>n&#333;lui</b>, <b>nolle</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> do not wish, am unwilling.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#333;men</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> name.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#333;min&#257;tim</b>, <i>adv.</i> by name.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#333;mino</b> (1), name, call.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#333;n</b>, <i>adv.</i> not.<br />
<br />
<b>nondum</b>, <i>adv.</i> not yet.<br />
<br />
<b>nonnullus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, some.<br />
<br />
<b>nonnumquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> sometimes.<br />
<br />
<b>nosco</b>, <b>n&#333;vi</b>, <b>n&#333;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>n&#333;vi</b>, know.</span><br />
<br />
<b>noster</b>, <b>-tra</b>, <b>-trum</b>, our.<br />
<br />
<b>nota</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> mark, brand.<br />
<br />
<b>noto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> mark.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#333;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, known.<br />
<br />
<b>novem</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> nine.<br />
<br />
<b>novus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, new;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>r&#275;s novae</b>, revolution.</span><br />
<br />
<b>nox</b>, <b>noctis</b>, <i>f.</i> night.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#363;dius tertius</b>, <i>adv.</i> the day before yesterday.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#363;dus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bare, naked.<br />
<br />
<b>nullus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, no, none.<br />
<br />
<b>num</b>, <i>interrog. particle</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#363;men</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> divinity, divine power.<br />
<br />
<b>numerus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> number.<br />
<br />
<b>numquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> never.<br />
<br />
<b>nunc</b>, <i>adv.</i> now.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#363;per</b>, <i>adv.</i> lately.<br />
<br />
<b>nuptiae</b>, <b>-&#257;rum</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> marriage.<br />
<br />
<b>n&#363;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> nod, will.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>O</b><br />
<br />
<b>O!</b> <i>interj.</i> oh!<br />
<br />
<b>ob</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> on account of.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>,<b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>tr.</i> come to, visit, attend to, execute, accomplish.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> present, offer.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-ligo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bind, lay under an obligation, render liable,<br />
mortgage.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-lino</b>, <b>-l&#275;vi</b>, <b>-litum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> besmear, overload;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>oblitus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, reeking.</span><br />
<br />
<b>obl&#299;viscor</b>, <b>-l&#299;tus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr. c. gen.</i> forget.<br />
<br />
<b>obsc&#363;r&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> darkly, obscurely.<br />
<br />
<b>obsc&#363;ro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> hide, cover.<br />
<br />
<b>obsc&#363;rus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dark, secret.<br />
<br />
<b>obses</b>, <b>-idis</b>, <i>c.</i> hostage.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69a" id="Page_69a">[69]</a></span><b>ob-sideo</b>, <b>-s&#275;di</b>, <b>-sessum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> besiege, blockade, beset, am on the look out for.<br />
<br />
<b>obsidio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> blockade.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hinder, oppose.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-stipesco</b>, <b>-pui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am astounded, am stupefied.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-st&#257;tum</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hinder, oppose.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-stupefacio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> astound, arouse.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> injure.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-tempero</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> obey.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hold, assert, maintain.<br />
<br />
<b>ob-tingo</b>, <b>-tigi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> happen, befall.<br />
<br />
<b>occ&#257;sus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> fall.<br />
<br />
<b>occidens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> west.<br />
<br />
<b>oc-c&#299;do</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> kill, slay, murder.<br />
<br />
<b>oc-cl&#363;do</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), shut.<br />
<br />
<b>oc-culo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hide.<br />
<br />
<b>occult&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> secretly.<br />
<br />
<b>oc-cupo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> seize, take possession of.<br />
<br />
<b>oc-curro</b>, <b>-curri</b>, <b>-cursum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> meet, engage in.<br />
<br />
<b>oculus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> eye.<br />
<br />
<b>&#333;di</b>, <i>defect.</i> (3), <i>tr.</i> hate.<br />
<br />
<b>odium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> hatred.<br />
<br />
<b>of-fendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strike against, light upon, displease, offend.<br />
<br />
<b>officium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> duty.<br />
<br />
<b>&#333;men</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> omen, token.<br />
<br />
<b>omitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pass over, leave unmentioned.<br />
<br />
<b>omnis</b>, <b>-e</b>, all.<br />
<br />
<b>opera</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> aid, service, employment;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>operae pretium</b>, worth while.</span><br />
<br />
<b>op&#299;nio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> expectation, belief.<br />
<br />
<b>op&#299;nor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> think.<br />
<br />
<b>oportet</b>, <b>-uit</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), it is necessary;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. acc.</i> one ought, one must.</span><br />
<br />
<b>op-peto</b>, <b>-&#299;vi,-&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> encounter.<br />
<br />
<b>op-p&#333;no</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> oppose.<br />
<br />
<b>op-primo</b>, <b>-pressi</b>, <b>-pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put down, crush, baffle.<br />
<br />
*<b>ops, opis</b>, <i>f.</i> power, aid;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> power, resources, wealth.</span><br />
<br />
<b>optim&#257;t&#275;s</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> best men, good citizens.<br />
<br />
<b>optimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, best.<br />
<br />
<b>opto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> desire, pray for.<br />
<br />
<b>opus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> work;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>opus est</b>, there is need, it is necessary;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>magno opere</b>, greatly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>&#333;r&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> speech, discourse, harangue.<br />
<br />
<b>orbis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> circle;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>orbis terrae</b> <i>or</i> <b>terrarum</b>, the circle of the earth, the world.</span><br />
<br />
<b>ordo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>m.</i> order, rank, class, body.<br />
<br />
<b>oriens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> east.<br />
<br />
<b>orn&#257;mentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> equipment, decoration.<br />
<br />
<b>orno</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> equip, furnish, embellish, honour.<br />
<br />
<b>&#333;ro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> beg, pray, ask.<br />
<br />
<b>ortus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> rising.<br />
<br />
<b>&#333;s</b>, <b>&#333;ris</b>, <i>n.</i> mouth, face.<br />
<br />
<b>ostendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> show, display.<br />
<br />
<b>ostento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> exhibit, display.<br />
<br />
<b>&#333;ti&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unemployed, tranquil;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>&#333;ti&#333;sus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> private person, civilian.</span><br />
<br />
<b>&#333;tium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> leisure, quiet, tranquillity.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>P</b><br />
<br />
<b>paciscor</b>, <b>pactus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> agree upon, covenant;<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70a" id="Page_70a">[70]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>perf. partic. also with passive meaning</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>p&#257;co</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> make peaceful, subdue.<br />
<br />
<b>pactum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> agreement, terms, manner.<br />
<br />
<b>paene</b>, <i>adv.</i> nearly, almost.<br />
<br />
<b>paenitet</b>, <b>-uit</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), <i>tr.</i> it repents.<br />
<br />
<b>palam</b>, <i>adv.</i> openly, plainly.<br />
<br />
<b>p&#257;r</b>, <b>paris</b>, equal, like.<br />
<br />
<b>parco</b>, <b>peperci</b>, <b>parsum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> spare.<br />
<br />
<b>parens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>c.</i> parent.<br />
<br />
<b>p&#257;reo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> obey.<br />
<br />
<b>pari&#275;s</b>, <b>-etis</b>, <i>m.</i> wall (<i>of a house</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>pario</b>, <b>peperi</b>, <b>partum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring forth, produce, gain.<br />
<br />
<b>paro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> prepare, collect, raise;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>paratus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, ready.</span><br />
<br />
<b>parric&#299;da</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>c.</i> murderer, traitor.<br />
<br />
<b>parric&#299;dium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> murder, treason.<br />
<br />
<b>pars</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> part, division, direction, side; political party, faction.<br />
<br />
<b>particeps</b>, <b>-cipis</b>, sharing in (<i>gen.</i>);<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>as noun</i>, partner.</span><br />
<br />
<b>partim</b>, <i>adv.</i> partly.<br />
<br />
<b>parum</b>, <i>adv.</i> too little, not enough.<br />
<br />
<b>parvulus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very small.<br />
<br />
<b>parvus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, small.<br />
<br />
<b>pastor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> shepherd.<br />
<br />
<b>patefacio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring to light, expose, convict.<br />
<br />
<b>pateo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am open, am manifest.<br />
<br />
<b>pater</b>, <b>-tris</b>, <i>m.</i> father.<br />
<br />
<b>patientia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> endurance, patience, indulgence.<br />
<br />
<b>patior</b>, <b>passus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> suffer, allow.<br />
<br />
<b>patria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fatherland, country.<br />
<br />
<b>patricius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, patrician;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>patricius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> patrician (<i>member of the Roman nobility</i>).</span><br />
<br />
<b>patrim&#333;nium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> inheritance.<br />
<br />
<b>pauci</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-a</b>, few.<br />
<br />
<b>paulisper</b>, <i>adv.</i> for a short time.<br />
<br />
<b>paulo</b>, <i>adv.</i> a little.<br />
<br />
<b>paululum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> a very little.<br />
<br />
<b>pax</b>, <b>p&#257;cis</b>, <i>f.</i> peace, tranquillity.<br />
<br />
<b>pecto</b>, <b>pexi</b>, <b>pexum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> comb.<br />
<br />
<b>pec&#363;nia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wealth, money.<br />
<br />
<b>pecus</b>, <b>-udis</b>, <i>f.</i> beast.<br />
<br />
<b>pedester</b>, <b>-tris</b>, <b>-tre</b>, of foot-soldiers, of infantry.<br />
<br />
<b>pello</b>, <b>pepuli</b>, <b>pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive, expel.<br />
<br />
<b>penitus</b>, <i>adv.</i> deeply, wholly.<br />
<br />
<b>per</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> through, by.<br />
<br />
<b>per-cello</b>, <b>-culi</b>, <b>-culsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> beat down, smite.<br />
<br />
<b>per-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> listen to, attend to.<br />
<br />
<b>per-cutio</b>, <b>-cussi</b>, <b>-cussum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strike.<br />
<br />
<b>per-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lose, destroy;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>perditus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, desperate, abandoned, corrupt;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>perditur</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> scoundrel.</span><br />
<br />
<b>per-d&#363;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lead, take.<br />
<br />
<b>per-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>intr.</i> die, perish.<br />
<br />
<b>per-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> endure, tolerate.<br />
<br />
<b>per-ficio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> carry out, manage.<br />
<br />
<b>per-fringo</b>, <b>-fr&#275;gi</b>, <b>-fractum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break through, shatter.<br />
<br />
<b>per-fruor</b>, <b>-fructus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> enjoy fully.<br />
<br />
<b>per-fugium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> refuge.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71a" id="Page_71a">[71]</a></span><b>pergo</b>, <b>perrexi</b>, <b>perrectum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> proceed, go on.<br />
<br />
<b>per-horresco</b>, <b>-rui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> shudder, tremble;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>tr.</i> have a horror of.</span><br />
<br />
<b>per&#299;clitor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> make trial of, endanger; am endangered.<br />
<br />
<b>per&#299;cul&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dangerous.<br />
<br />
<b>per&#299;culum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> danger.<br />
<br />
<b>permagnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very large.<br />
<br />
<b>per-maneo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> stay to the end, continue, persist.<br />
<br />
<b>per-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> entrust.<br />
<br />
<b>permodestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bashful, obedient.<br />
<br />
<b>per-moveo</b>, <b>-m&#333;vi</b>, <b>-m&#333;tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> interest, alarm.<br />
<br />
<b>permultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very much; <i>plur.</i> very many.<br />
<br />
<b>pernici&#275;s</b>, <b>-&#275;i</b>, <i>f.</i> destruction.<br />
<br />
<b>pernici&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, destructive, mischievous, deadly.<br />
<br />
<b>perpetuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, continuous, constant, lasting;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>in perpetuum</b> (<i>sc.</i> <b>tempus</b>), permanently.</span><br />
<br />
<b>persaepe</b>, <i>adv.</i> very often.<br />
<br />
<b>per-scr&#299;bo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> write out in full.<br />
<br />
<b>per-sequor</b>, <b>-sec&#363;tus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pursue, attack.<br />
<br />
<b>per-spicio</b>, <b>-spexi</b>, <b>-spectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> see clearly.<br />
<br />
<b>per-terreo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> frighten, scare.<br />
<br />
<b>per-timesco</b>, <b>-timui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> fear.<br />
<br />
<b>per-tineo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> reach, belong, concern.<br />
<br />
<b>per-turbo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> trouble, disturb, agitate.<br />
<br />
<b>per-venio</b>, <b>-v&#275;ni</b>, <b>-ventum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> come, arrive.<br />
<br />
<b>pestis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> plague, scourge, destruction.<br />
<br />
<b>pet&#299;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> blow, thrust.<br />
<br />
<b>peto</b>, <b>-&#299;vi</b>, <b>-&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> attack, assault; demand, beg.<br />
<br />
<b>petulantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wantonness, impudence.<br />
<br />
<b>piet&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> dutifulness, goodness.<br />
<br />
<b>placeo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> please;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>placet</b>, <i>impers.</i> it seems right, it is determined.</span><br />
<br />
<b>pl&#257;co</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reconcile, appease.<br />
<br />
<b>pl&#257;n&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> clearly, completely.<br />
<br />
<b>pl&#275;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, full.<br />
<br />
<b>pl&#363;rimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very many, most.<br />
<br />
<b>pl&#363;s</b>, <i>adv.</i> more.<br />
<br />
<b>poena</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> penalty, punishment.<br />
<br />
<b>polliceor</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> promise, undertake.<br />
<br />
<b>p&#333;no, posui, positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put, place, pitch, assign.<br />
<br />
<b>pons</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> bridge.<br />
<br />
<b>pontifex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>m.</i> high-priest, pontiff.<br />
<br />
<b>pop&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> eating-house, tavern.<br />
<br />
<b>popul&#257;ris</b>, <b>-e</b>, popular, friendly to the people.<br />
<br />
<b>populus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> people.<br />
<br />
<b>porta</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> gate.<br />
<br />
<b>possessio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> holding, possession, property, estate.<br />
<br />
<b>possum</b>, <b>potui</b>, <b>posse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am able, can.<br />
<br />
<b>post</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> after, since;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> afterwards.</span><br />
<br />
<b>poste&#257;</b>, <i>adv.</i> afterwards, later.<br />
<br />
<b>posterit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> future time, posterity.<br />
<br />
<b>posterus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, future;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>posteri</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> descendants, posterity;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>in posterum</b>, for the future, in future.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72a" id="Page_72a">[72]</a></span><b>posth&#257;c</b>, <i>adv.</i> after this, for the future.<br />
<br />
<b>postr&#275;mus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, last;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>postr&#275;mo</b>, lastly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>postulo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> ask, demand.<br />
<br />
<b>potens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, powerful.<br />
<br />
<b>potest&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> power, authority;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>potest&#257;tem facio</b>, give opportunity, give leave.</span><br />
<br />
<b>potior</b> (4), <i>intr. c. gen. or abl.</i> get, gain.<br />
<br />
<b>potius</b>, <i>adv.</i> rather.<br />
<br />
<b>prae</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> before, in comparison with.<br />
<br />
<b>praebeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> offer, render, show.<br />
<br />
<b>praeceps</b>, <b>-cipitis</b>, headstrong.<br />
<br />
<b>prae-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> enjoin, give as a warning.<br />
<br />
<b>pracipu&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> especially.<br />
<br />
<b>praecl&#257;rus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, famous, remarkable, signal, noble.<br />
<br />
<b>prae-curro</b>, <b>-cucurri</b>, <b>-cursum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> run before, outrun, surpass.<br />
<br />
<b>praed&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> robber.<br />
<br />
<b>prae-dico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> declare, extol.<br />
<br />
<b>prae-d&#299;co</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> state beforehand, premise, proclaim.<br />
<br />
<b>praedium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> farm.<br />
<br />
<b>praefect&#363;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> prefecture (<i>an Italian city governed by a Roman magistrate</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>prae-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> hold forth, offer.<br />
<br />
<b>prae-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send in advance.<br />
<br />
<b>praemium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> reward.<br />
<br />
<b>prae-scr&#299;bo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr. acc. and dat.</i> order, appoint.<br />
<br />
<b>praesens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, present, opportune.<br />
<br />
<b>praesentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> presence.<br />
<br />
<b>praesertim</b>, <i>adv.</i> especially;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>cum praesertim</b>, especially since.</span><br />
<br />
<b>prae-sideo</b>, <b>-s&#275;di</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> guard, watch.<br />
<br />
<b>praesidium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> guard, protection, garrison, force.<br />
<br />
<b>praesto</b>, <i>adv.</i> at hand.<br />
<br />
<b>prae-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-st&#257;tum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> guarantee, carry out.<br />
<br />
<b>praest&#333;lor</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> wait for.<br />
<br />
<b>praeter</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> except, besides, contrary to.<br />
<br />
<b>praetere&#257;</b>, <i>adv.</i> besides.<br />
<br />
<b>praeter-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>tr.</i> pass over, leave unmentioned.<br />
<br />
<b>praeter-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pass over, omit.<br />
<br />
<b>praeterquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> besides, except.<br />
<br />
<b>praetexta</b> (<i>sc.</i> <b>toga</b>), <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> gown edged with purple.<br />
<br />
<b>praetor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> praetor (<i>a magistrate charged with the administration of justice</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>praet&#333;rius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, belonging to a praetor or general, praetorian.<br />
<br />
<b>praet&#363;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> praetorship.<br />
<br />
<b>precor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> pray, pray to, beseech.<br />
<br />
<b>premo</b>, <b>pressi</b>, <b>pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> check, harass, crush, overwhelm.<br />
<br />
<b>pretium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> value, worth, pay.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#299;dem</b>, <i>adv.</i> long ago, long since.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#299;di&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> on the day before.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#299;mus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, first;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>pr&#299;mum</b>, <b>pr&#299;mo</b>, at first, firstly;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quam pr&#299;mum</b>, as soon as possible.</span><br />
<br />
<b>princeps</b>, <b>-ipis</b>, first, chief;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>as noun</i>, chief, chief man, leader.</span><br />
<br />
<b>principium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> beginning;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>principio</b>, at first, firstly.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73a" id="Page_73a">[73]</a></span><b>prior</b>, <b>-us</b>, former, earlier, previous.<br />
<br />
<b>pristinus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, former, early.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#299;v&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, private, personal;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>pr&#299;v&#257;tus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> private citizen.</span><br />
<br />
<b>pr&#299;vo</b> (1), rob, deprive.<br />
<br />
<b>pro</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> for, on behalf of, in accordance with, instead of, in return for.<br />
<br />
<b>probo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> approve, prove.<br />
<br />
<b>procella</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> storm.<br />
<br />
<b>procul</b>, <i>adv.</i> far off.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;c&#363;r&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> charge, office.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;digium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> evil token, prodigy.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;digus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, lavish, extravagant;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>pr&#333;digus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> spendthrift.</span><br />
<br />
<b>proelium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> battle.<br />
<br />
<b>profectio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> departure.<br />
<br />
<b>profecto</b>, <i>adv.</i> assuredly.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring forth, bring forward, issue.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-ficio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> effect, accomplish.<br />
<br />
<b>pro-ficiscor</b>, <b>-fectus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> set out, start.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-fiteor</b>, <b>-fessus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> propose, offer.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-fl&#299;go</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> overthrow.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-fugio</b>, <b>-f&#363;gi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> flee from; flee, run away.<br />
<br />
<b>pro-fundo</b>, <b>-f&#363;di</b>, <b>-f&#363;sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pour out, dissipate.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-gredior</b>, <b>-gressus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> go forward, advance.<br />
<br />
<b>pro-hibeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hinder, prevent.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-icio</b>, <b>-i&#275;ci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast forth.<br />
<br />
<b>proinde</b>, <i>adv.</i> in like manner, accordingly.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-l&#257;to</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> put off, defer.<br />
<br />
<b>prop&#257;go</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> extend, prolong.<br />
<br />
<b>prope</b>, <i>adv.</i> nearly, almost.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-p&#333;no</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set before, offer, determine.<br />
<br />
<b>proprius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, peculiar to, characteristic of.<br />
<br />
<b>propter</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> on account of.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-pulso</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> repel, avert.<br />
<br />
<b>proscriptio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> proscription, confiscation.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-sequor</b>, <b>-sec&#363;tus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> follow, attend.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-spicio</b>, <b>-exi</b>, <b>-ectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> see beforehand, give attention to;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> take measures for.</span><br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-sterno</b>, <b>-str&#257;vi</b>, <b>-str&#257;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay low.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-sum</b>, <b>pr&#333;fui</b>, <b>pr&#333;desse</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> benefit.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-videntia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> foresight.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;-video</b>, <b>-v&#299;di</b>, <b>-v&#299;sum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> foresee, prepare;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> make provision;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> provide for, guard the interests of.</span><br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;vincia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> province.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#333;vinci&#257;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, belonging to a province, provincial.<br />
<br />
<b>proximus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, nearest, next, last.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#363;dens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, wise.<br />
<br />
<b>pr&#363;dentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wisdom.<br />
<br />
<b>pru&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> frost.<br />
<br />
<b>public&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> confiscation.<br />
<br />
<b>public&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> publicly.<br />
<br />
<b>publico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> confiscate.<br />
<br />
<b>publicus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, public;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>r&#275;s publica</b>, state, public affairs, public interest.</span><br />
<br />
<b>pud&#299;citia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> chastity, virtue.<br />
<br />
<b>pudor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> shame, modesty, decency.<br />
<br />
<b>puer</b>, <b>-eri</b>, <i>m.</i> boy.<br />
<br />
<b>pugna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fight, battle.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74a" id="Page_74a">[74]</a></span><b>pugno</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> fight.<br />
<br />
<b>pulcher</b>, <b>-chra</b>, <b>-chrum</b>, beautiful.<br />
<br />
<b>pulv&#299;nar</b>, <b>-&#257;ris</b>, <i>n.</i> couch (<i>for the images of the gods at a thanksgiving</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>punctum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> point, instant.<br />
<br />
<b>p&#363;nio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br />
<br />
<b>purgo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> cleanse, purify.<br />
<br />
<b>purpura</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> purple.<br />
<br />
<b>purpur&#257;tus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> officer clothed in purple, vizier.<br />
<br />
<b>puto</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> think.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Q</b><br />
<br />
<b>quaero</b>, <b>-s&#299;vi</b>, <b>-s&#299;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> seek, ask.<br />
<br />
<b>quaes&#299;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> investigator, inquisitor.<br />
<br />
<b>quaeso</b>, <b>quaesumus</b> (3), <i>defect. intr.</i> beg, pray.<br />
<br />
<b>quaestio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> investigation, commission, law-court.<br />
<br />
<b>quaestus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> gain.<br />
<br />
<b>qu&#257;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, such as, as (<i>after</i> <b>t&#257;lis</b>).<br />
<br />
<b>quam</b>, <i>adv.</i> how, as, than;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tam . . . quam</b>, so much ... as;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>also used to strengthen superlatives</i>;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quam diu</b>, how long? as long as.</span><br />
<br />
<b>quamquam</b>, <i>conj.</i> although.<br />
<br />
<b>quando</b>, <i>adv.</i> at any time.<br />
<br />
<b>quantus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, how great? as great as, as (<i>after</i> <b>tantus</b>).<br />
<br />
<b>quapropter</b>, <i>adv.</i> for which reason.<br />
<br />
<b>qu&#257;r&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> wherefore.<br />
<br />
<b>quartus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fourth.<br />
<br />
<b>-que</b>, <i>conj.</i> and.<br />
<br />
<b>quemadmodum</b>, <i>adv.</i> how.<br />
<br />
<b>querim&#333;nia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> complaint.<br />
<br />
<b>queror</b>, <b>questus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> regret, complain, bewail.<br />
<br />
<b>qui</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b>, <i>rel. pron.</i> who, which, that.<br />
<br />
<b>qui</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b>, <i>interrog. adj.</i> which? what?<br />
<br />
<b>quia</b>, <i>conj.</i> because.<br />
<br />
<b>qu&#299;cumque</b>, <b>quaecumque</b>, <b>quodcumque</b>, whoever, whatever; every possible.<br />
<br />
<b>qu&#299;dam</b>, <b>quaedam</b>, <b>quoddam</b>, a certain, some.<br />
<br />
<b>quidem</b>, <i>adv.</i> indeed.<br />
<br />
<b>qui&#275;s</b>, <b>-&#275;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> rest.<br />
<br />
<b>quiesco</b>, <b>-&#275;vi</b>, <b>-&#275;tum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am quiet, do nothing.<br />
<br />
<b>qui&#275;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, peaceful, undisturbed.<br />
<br />
<b>qu&#299;n</b>, <i>conj. or adv. with indic.</i> why not? <b>qu&#299;n etiam</b>, nay even;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with subj.</i> but that, that.</span><br />
<br />
<b>quintus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fifth.<br />
<br />
<b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b>, <i>interrog. pron.</i> who? what? <i>adv.</i> <b>quid</b>, why?<br />
<br />
<b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> any one, anything;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quis</b>, <i>also adj.</i> any.</span><br />
<br />
<b>quispiam</b>, <b>quaepiam</b>, <b>quodpiam</b> <i>or</i> <b>quidpiam</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> any one, anything, someone, something;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adj.</i> any, some.</span><br />
<br />
<b>quisquam</b>, <b>quidquam</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> any one, anything;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quisquam</b>, <i>also adj.</i> any.</span><br />
<br />
<b>quisque</b>, <b>quaeque</b>, <b>quodque</b>, <i>or</i> (<i>as pron.</i>) <b>quidque</b>, each.<br />
<br />
<b>quisquis</b>, <b>quidquid</b>, whoever, whatever.<br />
<br />
<b>quo</b>, <i>adv.</i> whither (<i>rel. or interrog.</i>);<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quo usque</b>, how long?</span><br />
<br />
<b>quoad</b>, <i>adv.</i> as long as.<br />
<br />
<b>qu&#333;cumque</b>, <i>adv.</i> in whatever direction.<br />
<br />
<b>quod</b>, <i>conj.</i> because, that.<br />
<br />
<b>quodsi</b>, <i>conj.</i> but if.<br />
<br />
<b>quondam</b>, <i>adv.</i> in old time, formerly.<br />
<br />
<b>quoniam</b>, <i>conj.</i> since.<br />
<br />
<b>quoque</b>, <i>conj.</i> also, too.<br />
<br />
<b>quot</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> how many.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75a" id="Page_75a">[75]</a></span><b>quotiens</b>, <i>adv.</i> how often.<br />
<br />
<b>quotienscumque</b>, <i>adv.</i> how often soever.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>R</b><br />
<br />
<b>rap&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> plundering, plunder.<br />
<br />
<b>rapio</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> snatch, hurry away.<br />
<br />
<b>ratio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> consideration, reflection, reason, principle; method, way.<br />
<br />
<b>recens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, new, fresh.<br />
<br />
<b>re-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take back, receive, admit; engage, promise.<br />
<br />
<b>re-cito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> read aloud.<br />
<br />
<b>re-co-gnosco</b>, <b>-gn&#333;vi</b>, <b>-gnitum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> call to mind, examine.<br />
<br />
<b>reconcili&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> renewal.<br />
<br />
<b>re-condo</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> stow away, hide.<br />
<br />
<b>recordor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> remember.<br />
<br />
<b>re-creo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> refresh, recover.<br />
<br />
<b>rect&#257;</b>, <i>adv.</i> straight.<br />
<br />
<b>rect&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> rightly, justly.<br />
<br />
<b>rec&#363;s&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> refusal, objection.<br />
<br />
<b>re-c&#363;so</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> decline, reject.<br />
<br />
<b>red-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>intr.</i> go back, return.<br />
<br />
<b>redimio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> wreathe.<br />
<br />
<b>red-undo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> overflow.<br />
<br />
<b>re-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring back, bring before.<br />
<br />
<b>r&#275;gi&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> royally, despotically.<br />
<br />
<b>regio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> district.<br />
<br />
<b>regno</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> reign, am king.<br />
<br />
<b>regnum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> royal authority, sovereignty.<br />
<br />
<b>re-levo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> lift up, relieve.<br />
<br />
<b>r&#275;ligio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> scruple.<br />
<br />
<b>re-linquo</b>, <b>-l&#299;qui</b>, <b>-lictum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> leave behind, leave.<br />
<br />
<b>reliquus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, that is left, remaining, rest of.<br />
<br />
<b>re-maneo</b>, <b>-mansi</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> stay behind.<br />
<br />
<b>remissio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> relaxation, mildness.<br />
<br />
<b>re-mitto</b>, <b>-m&#299;si</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send back, slacken;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>remissus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, slack, lax.</span><br />
<br />
<b>re-moror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> hinder, delay.<br />
<br />
<b>re-moveo</b>, B, <b>-m&#333;tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> remove, set aside.<br />
<br />
<b>re-pello</b>, <b>reppuli</b>, <b>repulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive back, reject, bring about rejection of.<br />
<br />
<b>repente</b>, <i>adv.</i> suddenly.<br />
<br />
<b>repent&#299;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sudden.<br />
<br />
<b>re-perio</b>, <b>repperi</b>, <b>repertum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> find, discover.<br />
<br />
<b>re-primo</b>, <b>-pressi</b>, <b>-pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> check, restrain.<br />
<br />
<b>repudio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reject.<br />
<br />
<b>r&#275;s</b>, <b>rei</b>, <i>f.</i> fact, deed, matter, thing, interest, property;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> power, administration.</span><br />
<br />
<b>re-seco</b>, <b>-cui</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> cut away.<br />
<br />
<b>re-servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep back, reserve.<br />
<br />
<b>re-sideo</b>, <b>-s&#275;di</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> remain, am left.<br />
<br />
<b>re-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> stop, stay behind;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> resist, remain over to.</span><br />
<br />
<b>re-spondeo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr. c. dat.</i> answer, give an answer to, prove a match for.<br />
<br />
<b>responsum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> answer.<br />
<br />
<b>re-stinguo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put out, quench.<br />
<br />
<b>re-stituo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put back, restore.<br />
<br />
<b>re-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> hold out, remain.<br />
<br />
<b>re-ticeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> keep silence, make no answer.<br />
<br />
<b>re-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hold back, keep, preserve.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76a" id="Page_76a">[76]</a></span><b>re-torqueo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> turn back.<br />
<br />
<b>re-tundo</b>, <b>rettudi</b>, <b>ret&#363;sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> blunt, turn the edge of.<br />
<br />
<b>reus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> person accused, prisoner.<br />
<br />
<b>re-vertor</b>, <b>-versus sum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-verti</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> turn back, return.<br />
<br />
<b>re-voco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> call back, recall.<br />
<br />
<b>rex</b>, <b>r&#275;gis</b>, <i>m.</i> king.<br />
<br />
<b>r&#333;bur</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> strength.<br />
<br />
<b>r&#333;bustus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strong, vigorous.<br />
<br />
<b>rogo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> ask, introduce, propose (<i>a law</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>ru&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> downfall, ruin, disaster.<br />
<br />
<b>rumpo</b>, <b>r&#363;pi</b>, <b>ruptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break.<br />
<br />
<b>rusticus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, rustic, rural.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>S</b><br />
<br />
<b>sacer</b>, <b>-cra</b>, <b>-crum</b>, sacred;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sacra</b>, <b>-&#333;rum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> rites, mysteries.</span><br />
<br />
<b>sacr&#257;rium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> shrine.<br />
<br />
<b>sacr&#333;sanctus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, inviolable.<br />
<br />
<b>saeculum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> generation.<br />
<br />
<b>saepe</b>, <i>adv.</i> often.<br />
<br />
<b>saepio</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> fence in, surround.<br />
<br />
<b>sagax</b>, <b>-&#257;cis</b>, shrewd.<br />
<br />
<b>salto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> dance.<br />
<br />
<b>sal&#363;s</b>, <b>-&#363;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> safety, preservation.<br />
<br />
<b>sal&#363;to</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> greet, wait upon, pay a call.<br />
<br />
<b>salvus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, safe, preserved, solvent.<br />
<br />
<b>sancio</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (4), <i>tr. or intr.</i> ordain, forbid under penalty.<br />
<br />
<b>sanctus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sacred, holy, inviolable.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#257;n&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> by all means.<br />
<br />
<b>sanguis</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>m.</i> blood.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#257;no</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> cure.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sound, healthy, wise.<br />
<br />
<b>sapiens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, wise.<br />
<br />
<b>satelles</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>c.</i> attendant, servant.<br />
<br />
<b>satis</b>, <i>adv.</i> enough, quite;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>as noun</i>, enough of;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>satis facio</b> (<i>dat.</i>), satisfy, do my duty to.</span><br />
<br />
<b>saucius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, wounded.<br />
<br />
<b>scaena</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> stage.<br />
<br />
<b>sceler&#257;t&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> wickedly.<br />
<br />
<b>sceler&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, impious, wicked;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sceler&#257;tus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> criminal, profligate.</span><br />
<br />
<b>scelus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> crime.<br />
<br />
<b>scientia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> knowledge.<br />
<br />
<b>sc&#299;licet</b>, <i>adv.</i> evidently, to be sure.<br />
<br />
<b>scio</b> (4), <i>tr. or intr.</i> know.<br />
<br />
<b>scortum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> harlot.<br />
<br />
<b>scr&#299;ba</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>m.</i> notary.<br />
<br />
<b>scr&#299;bo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> write.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;</b> <i>or</i> <b>s&#275;s&#275;</b>, <b>sui</b>, himself, herself, &amp;c.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> go apart, withdraw.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;-cerno</b>, <b>-cr&#275;vi</b>, <b>-cr&#275;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> divide, separate, put on one side.<br />
<br />
<b>sec&#363;ris</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> axe.<br />
<br />
<b>sed</b>, <i>conj.</i>, but.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;d&#275;s</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> seat, abode, habitation.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;ditio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> disaffection, rebellion.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;do</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> quiet, settle, stop.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;-iungo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> separate.<br />
<br />
<b>sella</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> seat, chair.<br />
<br />
<b>semel</b>, <i>adv.</i> once.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;men</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> seed.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;min&#257;rium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> nursery-garden, school.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span><b>semper</b>, <i>adv.</i> always.<br />
<br />
<b>sempiternus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, perpetual, everlasting.<br />
<br />
<b>sen&#257;tor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> senator.<br />
<br />
<b>sen&#257;tus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> senate.<br />
<br />
<b>senex</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> old man.<br />
<br />
<b>sensus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> feeling, consciousness.<br />
<br />
<b>sententia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> opinion, purpose, vote; meaning, purport.<br />
<br />
<b>sent&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> refuse, dregs.<br />
<br />
<b>sentio, sensi, sensum</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> feel, see, perceive.<br />
<br />
<b>sepelio</b>, <b>-el&#299;vi</b>, <b>-ultum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> bury.<br />
<br />
<b>sequor</b>, <b>sec&#363;tus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> follow, adopt, obey.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#275;rius</b>, <i>adv.</i> later, too late.<br />
<br />
<b>sermo</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>m.</i> talk, conversation, discourse.<br />
<br />
<b>serpo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> creep.<br />
<br />
<b>sertum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> garland.<br />
<br />
<b>servio</b> (4), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> serve, am a slave, do service to, indulge.<br />
<br />
<b>servitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> slavery, body of slaves.<br />
<br />
<b>servit&#363;s</b>, <b>-&#363;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> slavery.<br />
<br />
<b>servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep, preserve.<br />
<br />
<b>servus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> slave.<br />
<br />
<b>sev&#275;r&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> sternly, severely.<br />
<br />
<b>sev&#275;rit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> strictness, sternness.<br />
<br />
<b>sev&#275;rus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, stern, severe, strict.<br />
<br />
<b>sextus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sixth.<br />
<br />
<b>si</b>, <i>conj.</i> if.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#299;c</b>, <i>adv.</i> so, thus.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#299;ca</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dagger.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#299;c&#257;rius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> assassin.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#299;cut</b>, <i>adv.</i> just as, as.<br />
<br />
<b>signific&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> token, intimation.<br />
<br />
<b>signum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> standard, seal.<br />
<br />
<b>silentium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> silence.<br />
<br />
<b>sileo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> am silent about, leave unmentioned; am silent.<br />
<br />
<b>silvestris</b>, <b>-e</b>, woodland, rustic.<br />
<br />
<b>similis</b>, <b>-e</b>, like.<br />
<br />
<b>simul</b>, <i>adv.</i> at the same time;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>simul atque</b> (<b>ac</b>), <i>conj.</i> as soon as.</span><br />
<br />
<b>simulacrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> image.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#299;n</b>, <i>conj.</i> if however, but if.<br />
<br />
<b>sine</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> without.<br />
<br />
<b>singul&#257;ris</b>, <b>-e</b>, extraordinary, unprecedented.<br />
<br />
<b>singuli</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-a</b>, one each, each, single.<br />
<br />
<b>sino</b>, <b>s&#299;vi</b>, <b>situm</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> allow, permit.<br />
<br />
<b>sinus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> bosom.<br />
<br />
<b>sitis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> thirst.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#299;ve</b>, <i>conj.</i> or if;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>s&#299;ve . . . s&#299;ve</b>, whether ... or, if ... but if.</span><br />
<br />
<b>sobrius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sober.<br />
<br />
<b>societ&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> association.<br />
<br />
<b>socius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> comrade, partner.<br />
<br />
<b>sod&#257;lis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> companion, associate.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#333;l</b>, <b>s&#333;lis</b>, <i>m.</i> the sun.<br />
<br />
<b>soleo</b>, <b>-itus sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am wont, am accustomed.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#333;lit&#363;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> loneliness, solitude.<br />
<br />
<b>sollicit&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> instigation, tampering.<br />
<br />
<b>sollicito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> disturb, seduce, tamper with.<br />
<br />
<b>sollicitus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, anxious.<br />
<br />
<b>solum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> ground.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#333;lus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, alone, only;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>s&#333;lum</b>, only.</span><br />
<br />
<b>solvo</b>, <b>-vi</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> loosen;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sol&#363;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, weak, lax.</span><br />
<br />
<b>somnus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> sleep.<br />
<br />
<b>sors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> lot.<br />
<br />
<b>spargo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> scatter.<br />
<br />
<b>speci&#275;s</b>, <b>-&#275;i</b>, <i>f.</i> appearance.<br />
<br />
<b>speculor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> watch, observe.<br />
<br />
<b>sp&#275;ro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> hope.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span><b>sp&#275;s</b>, <b>-ei</b>, <i>f.</i> hope.<br />
<br />
<b>sp&#299;ritus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> breath.<br />
<br />
<b>spolio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> rob, deprive.<br />
<br />
<b>sponte</b>, <i>abl. f.</i> of free will, willingly.<br />
<br />
<b>stabilio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> make firm, establish.<br />
<br />
<b>statim</b>, <i>adv.</i> immediately.<br />
<br />
<b>statua</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> statue.<br />
<br />
<b>statuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-&#363;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set up, establish, settle, determine.<br />
<br />
<b>status</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> position, constitution.<br />
<br />
<b>stirps</b>, <b>-pis</b>, <i>f.</i> root, stem.<br />
<br />
<b>sto</b>, <b>steti</b>, <b>statum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> stand.<br />
<br />
<b>studeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> strive after, aim at, desire.<br />
<br />
<b>studi&#333;sus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, eager for, having a fancy for.<br />
<br />
<b>studium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> aim, pursuit, desire; energy, enthusiasm.<br />
<br />
<b>stultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foolish, dull.<br />
<br />
<b>stuprum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> debauchery.<br />
<br />
<b>su&#257;deo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> urge, advise.<br />
<br />
<b>sub-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-&#299;re</b>, <i>tr.</i> undergo, suffer.<br />
<br />
<b>sub-icio</b>, <b>-i&#275;ci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay under, lay near.<br />
<br />
<b>subiector</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> forger.<br />
<br />
<b>sub-igo</b>, <b>-&#275;gi</b>, <b>-actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> subdue.<br />
<br />
<b>subito</b>, <i>adv.</i> suddenly.<br />
<br />
<b>subsellium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> bench.<br />
<br />
<b>subsidium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> help, support, appliance.<br />
<br />
<b>suc-c&#275;do</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> come next to, succeed.<br />
<br />
<b>suf-fero</b>, <b>sustuli</b>, <b>subl&#257;tum</b>, <b>sufferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> undergo, bear.<br />
<br />
<b>sum</b>, <b>fui</b>, <b>esse</b>, am.<br />
<br />
<b>summa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> highest place.<br />
<br />
<b>summus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, highest, greatest, most grave, most noble, most severe.<br />
<br />
<b>s&#363;mo</b>, <b>-mpsi</b>, <b>-mptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take up, assume; inflict.<br />
<br />
<b>sumptu&#333;sius</b>, <i>adv.</i> more extravagantly.<br />
<br />
<b>sumptus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> expense, extravagance.<br />
<br />
<b>superior</b>, <b>-us</b>, higher, earlier, previous, former.<br />
<br />
<b>supero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> overcome, overpower, surpass.<br />
<br />
<b>super-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr.</i> survive.<br />
<br />
<b>suppedito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> supply, furnish.<br />
<br />
<b>supplex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, suppliant.<br />
<br />
<b>supplic&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> service of thanksgiving.<br />
<br />
<b>supplicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> punishment, penalty, chastisement.<br />
<br />
<b>surgo</b>, <b>surrexi</b>, <b>surrectum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> rise.<br />
<br />
<b>sus-cipio</b>, <b>-c&#275;pi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> undertake, take upon me.<br />
<br />
<b>suspectus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, suspected.<br />
<br />
<b>susp&#299;cio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> suspicion.<br />
<br />
<b>suspicor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> suspect.<br />
<br />
<b>sus-tento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> uphold, support, bear.<br />
<br />
<b>sus-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> bear, endure.<br />
<br />
<b>suus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, his, her, its, their.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>T</b><br />
<br />
<b>tabella</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> writing-tablet;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> letter.</span><br />
<br />
<b>taberna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> shop.<br />
<br />
<b>t&#257;besco</b>, <b>-bui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> melt, pine, languish.<br />
<br />
<b>tabula</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> writing-tablet;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> account books;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tabulae novae</b>, cancelling of debts.</span><br />
<br />
<b>taceo</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am silent, say nothing;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>tr.</i> say nothing of, conceal.</span><br />
<br />
<b>taciturnit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> silence.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span><b>tacitus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, silent.<br />
<br />
<b>taeter</b>, <b>-tra</b>, <b>-trum</b>, foul, hideous, abominable.<br />
<br />
<b>t&#257;l&#257;ris</b>, <b>-e</b>, reaching to the ankle.<br />
<br />
<b>t&#257;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, such.<br />
<br />
<b>tam</b>, <i>adv.</i> so;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tam . . . quam</b>, so much ... as.</span><br />
<br />
<b>tamen</b>, <i>adv.</i> nevertheless, yet.<br />
<br />
<b>tamquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> just as, as if.<br />
<br />
<b>tandem</b>, <i>adv.</i> at length, pray.<br />
<br />
<b>tango</b>, <b>tetigi</b>, <b>tactum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> touch, strike.<br />
<br />
<b>tantus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, so great;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tantum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> so much;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tanti</b>, of such value, worth while;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tanto</b>, by so much.</span><br />
<br />
<b>tardissim&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> very slowly, very late, latest.<br />
<br />
<b>tardit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> slowness.<br />
<br />
<b>tectum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> roof, house.<br />
<br />
<b>t&#275;lum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> dart, shaft, weapon.<br />
<br />
<b>temer&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> rashly, heedlessly, for nothing.<br />
<br />
<b>temerit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> rashness.<br />
<br />
<b>temperantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> self-restraint, temperance.<br />
<br />
<b>tempest&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> storm.<br />
<br />
<b>templum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> consecrated ground, temple.<br />
<br />
<b>tempus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> time.<br />
<br />
<b>tendo</b>, <b>tetendi</b>, <b>tensum</b> <i>or</i> <b>tentum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> stretch out.<br />
<br />
<b>tenebrae</b>, <b>-&#257;rum</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> darkness.<br />
<br />
<b>teneo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hold, hold fast, confine;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>pass.</i> am in difficulty.</span><br />
<br />
<b>tento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> make an attempt on, attempt, attack, test, tempt.<br />
<br />
<b>tenuis</b>, <b>-e</b>, thin, poor.<br />
<br />
<b>termino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bound, limit.<br />
<br />
<b>terminus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> limit.<br />
<br />
<b>terra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> earth, land, ground.<br />
<br />
<b>tertius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, third.<br />
<br />
<b>test&#257;mentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> will.<br />
<br />
<b>testis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> witness.<br />
<br />
<b>timeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>&mdash;&mdash;</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> fear.<br />
<br />
<b>timidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, timid, fearful.<br />
<br />
<b>timor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>m.</i> fear.<br />
<br />
<b>toga</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> toga (<i>gown of civil life</i>), gown.<br />
<br />
<b>tog&#257;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, wearing the toga.<br />
<br />
<b>toler&#257;bilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, endurable, bearable.<br />
<br />
<b>tolero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bear, endure.<br />
<br />
<b>tollo</b>, <b>sustuli</b>, <b>subl&#257;tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> raise, remove.<br />
<br />
<b>tot</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> so many.<br />
<br />
<b>t&#333;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, whole.<br />
<br />
<b>tracto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> handle, manage; <b>m&#275; tracto</b>, behave.<br />
<br />
<b>tr&#257;-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hand over.<br />
<br />
<b>transcendo</b> (<b>trans-scendo</b>), <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cross, pass.<br />
<br />
<b>trans-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-l&#257;tum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> carry across, transfer.<br />
<br />
<b>trans-igo</b>, <b>-&#275;gi</b>, <b>-actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> complete, dispatch.<br />
<br />
<b>trib&#363;nal</b>, <b>-&#257;lis</b>, <i>n.</i> judgement-seat.<br />
<br />
<b>trib&#363;nus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> tribune;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>trib&#363;nus pl.</b> (i.e. <b>pl&#275;bis</b>) tribune of the people, <i>thus distinguished from e.g. a military tribune</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>tr&#299;duum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> three days' time.<br />
<br />
<b>triumpho</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> triumph.<br />
<br />
<b>triumphus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> triumph.<br />
<br />
<b>truc&#299;do</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> slaughter, butcher.<br />
<br />
<b>t&#363;</b>, <b>tui</b>, thou, you;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>vosmet</b>, you yourselves.</span><br />
<br />
<b>tuba</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> trumpet.<br />
<br />
<b>tueor</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> gaze at; maintain, support.<br />
<br />
<b>tum</b>, <i>adv.</i> then;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>after</i> <b>deinde</b>, thirdly.</span><br />
<br />
<b>tumultus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> disturbance.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span><b>tumulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> hillock, height, stronghold.<br />
<br />
<b>tunc</b>, <i>adv.</i> then, at that time.<br />
<br />
<b>tunica</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> tunic.<br />
<br />
<b>turbulentus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, restless, troublesome.<br />
<br />
<b>turpis</b>, <b>-e</b>, base, disgraceful, shameful.<br />
<br />
<b>turpiter</b>, <i>adv.</i> disgracefully; <i>superl.</i> <b>turpissim&#275;</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>turpit&#363;do</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> baseness.<br />
<br />
<b>t&#363;tus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, safe; <i>adv.</i> <b>t&#363;to</b>, in safety.<br />
<br />
<b>tuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, thy, your.<br />
<br />
<b>tyrannus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> despot, tyrant.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>U</b><br />
<br />
<b>&#363;ber</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> pap, teat.<br />
<br />
<b>ub&#299;</b>, <i>adv. or conj.</i> where, when.<br />
<br />
<b>ubinam</b>, <i>adv.</i> where?<br />
<br />
<b>ulciscor</b>, <b>ultus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br />
<br />
<b>ullus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, any.<br />
<br />
<b>ultro</b>, <i>adv.</i> voluntarily, unasked.<br />
<br />
<b>umquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> ever.<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;n&#257;</b>, <i>adv.</i> at the same time, in company.<br />
<br />
<b>undique</b>, <i>adv.</i> on all sides.<br />
<br />
<b>unguentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> unguent, perfume.<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;nic&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> specially, wonderfully.<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;niversus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, entire, whole, general.<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, one, alone.<br />
<br />
<b>urb&#257;nus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of the city, in the city.<br />
<br />
<b>urbs</b>, <b>-bis</b>, <i>f.</i> city.<br />
<br />
<b>usque</b>, <i>adv.</i> all the time, continually; <b>usque ad</b>, even to.<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;s&#363;ra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> use, enjoyment, interest.<br />
<br />
<b>usurpo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> use, apply.<br />
<br />
<b>ut</b> <i>or</i> <b>uti</b>, <i>adv. or conj.</i> as, how, when;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. subjunct.</i> in order that, so that, that.</span><br />
<br />
<b>uterque</b>, <b>utraque</b>, <b>utrumque</b>, each of two; <i>plur.</i> each of two sets.<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;tilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, useful, expedient.<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;tilit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> advantage, interest.<br />
<br />
<b>utinam</b>, <i>adv.</i> would that?<br />
<br />
<b>&#363;tor</b>, <b>&#363;sus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> use, enjoy, experience, find.<br />
<br />
<b>utrum</b>, <i>interrog. adv.</i> whether (<i>but not translated in direct questions</i>).<br />
<br />
<b>uxor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, <i>f.</i> wife.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>V</b><br />
<br />
<b>vacillo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> totter, stagger.<br />
<br />
<b>vacu&#275;facio</b>, <b>-f&#275;ci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> empty, clear, free.<br />
<br />
<b>vacuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, empty, free from.<br />
<br />
<b>vadim&#333;nium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> bail.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#257;g&#299;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> sheath, scabbard.<br />
<br />
<b>vald&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> very much, exceedingly.<br />
<br />
<b>valeo</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> have strength, have influence.<br />
<br />
<b>variet&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> difference, change.<br />
<br />
<b>varius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, diverse, various.<br />
<br />
<b>vast&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> plundering, devastation.<br />
<br />
<b>vastit&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> devastation.<br />
<br />
<b>vasto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> waste, devastate.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#257;t&#275;s</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> soothsayer, prophet.<br />
<br />
<b>vect&#299;gal</b>, <b>-&#257;lis</b>, <i>n.</i> tax, revenue.<br />
<br />
<b>vehemens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, vigorous, violent, efficacious, severe.<br />
<br />
<b>vehementer</b>, <i>adv.</i> strongly, greatly, seriously, violently;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i><b>vehementius</b>, <i>superl.</i> <b>vehementissim&#275;</b>.</span><br />
<br />
<b>v&#275;lum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> veil.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#275;na</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> vein.<br />
<br />
<b>ven&#275;ficus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> poisoner.<br />
<br />
<b>veneror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> worship.<br />
<br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span><b>venio</b>, <b>v&#275;ni</b>, <b>ventum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> come.<br />
<br />
<b>verbum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> word.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#275;r&#275;</b>, <i>adv.</i> truly.<br />
<br />
<b>vereor</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> fear.<br />
<br />
<b>versor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> move, dwell, abide, am concerned.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#275;rus,-a,-um</b>, true;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>v&#275;rum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> truth;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adv. <b>v&#275;ro</b>, in truth, however;</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv. or conj.</i> <b>v&#275;rum</b>, truly, but in truth, but.</span><br />
<br />
<b>vespera</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> evening.<br />
<br />
<b>vester</b>, <b>-tra</b>, <b>-trum</b>, your.<br />
<br />
<b>vest&#299;gium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> step, track, trace; <i>plur.</i> ruins.<br />
<br />
<b>vetus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, old, former.<br />
<br />
<b>vex&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> trouble, distress, insult.<br />
<br />
<b>vexo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> trouble, harass.<br />
<br />
<b>via</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> way, road, course.<br />
<br />
<b>vibro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> brandish.<br />
<br />
<b>vic&#275;simus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, twentieth.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;c&#299;nus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> neighbour.<br />
<br />
<b>victor</b>, <b>-&#333;ris</b>, victorious.<br />
<br />
<b>vict&#333;ria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> victory.<br />
<br />
<b>vid&#275;licet</b>, <i>adv.</i> clearly, evidently.<br />
<br />
<b>video</b>, <b>v&#299;di</b>, <b>v&#299;sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> see, make sure;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>videor</b>, seem, seem right.</span><br />
<br />
<b>vigilia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wakefulness, watch;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> guard, patrol.</span><br />
<br />
<b>vigilo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> keep awake, am watchful, am on the watch.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;lis</b>, <b>-e</b>, cheap, unimportant.<br />
<br />
<b>villa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> country-house, farm.<br />
<br />
<b>vinco</b>, <b>v&#299;ci</b>, <b>victum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> conquer, outweigh.<br />
<br />
<b>vinculum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> chain; <i>in plur.</i> prison, imprisonment.<br />
<br />
<b>vindex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>c.</i> avenger, punisher.<br />
<br />
<b>vindico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;num</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> wine.<br />
<br />
<b>violo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> injure, do outrage to.<br />
<br />
<b>vir</b>, <b>viri</b>, <i>m.</i> man.<br />
<br />
<b>virgo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> maiden.<br />
<br />
<b>virt&#363;s</b>, <b>-&#363;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> manliness, courage, goodness.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;s</b>, <b>vim</b>, <b>vi</b>, <i>f.</i> force, power;<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> <b>v&#299;r&#275;s</b>, <b>-ium</b>, strength.</span><br />
<br />
<b>viscera</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> inner parts, vitals.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;ta</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> life.<br />
<br />
<b>vitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> vice, fault.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;to</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> avoid, escape.<br />
<br />
<b>vituper&#257;tio</b>, <b>-&#333;nis</b>, <i>f.</i> blame, censure.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;vo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> live.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#299;vus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, alive.<br />
<br />
<b>vix</b>, <i>adv.</i> scarcely, hardly.<br />
<br />
<b>vixdum</b>, <i>adv.</i> scarcely yet.<br />
<br />
<b>voco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> call, summon.<br />
<br />
<b>volito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> fly about, flit about, flutter.<br />
<br />
<b>volo</b>, <b>volui</b>, <b>velle</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> wish.<br />
<br />
<b>volunt&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> wish, will, intention; good-will.<br />
<br />
<b>volupt&#257;s</b>, <b>-&#257;tis</b>, <i>f.</i> pleasure, joy.<br />
<br />
<b>vosmet</b>, <i>see</i> <b>tu</b>.<br />
<br />
<b>v&#333;tum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> vow, prayer.<br />
<br />
<b>vox</b>, <b>v&#333;cis</b>, <i>f.</i> voice, speech, word.<br />
<br />
<b>vulnero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> wound.<br />
<br />
<b>vulnus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> wound.<br />
<br />
<b>vultus</b>, <b>-&#363;s</b>, <i>m.</i> countenance, features, expression.<br />
<br /><br /></p>



<hr style="width: 65%;" />


<h5>PRINTED IN ENGLAND<br />
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS<br />
</h5>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><br /><br /></p>



<h2>THE OXFORD<br />
ELEMENTARY READERS<br /><br /></h2>


<p class="center"><b>By <span class="smcap">J. B. Allen</span></b>.<br /></p>

<p>With notes, maps, vocabularies, and English exercises. Fcap 8vo, stiff
covers, 1s. 6d. each.</p>

<p><b>Lives from Cornelius Nepos.</b> Pp. 110, with two maps.</p>

<p><b>Tales of Early Rome.</b> Adapted from Livy. Pp. 112, with a map.</p>

<p><b>Tales of the Roman Republic.</b> Adapted from Livy.<br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Part I.</span> Pp. 112, with two maps.</span><br />
<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Part II.</span> Pp. 112, with a map.</span><br /><br />
</p>


<p class="center"><b>By <span class="smcap">W. D. Lowe</span></b>.<br /></p>

<p>Simplified and graduated selections with historical introductions,
notes, exercises, vocabularies, &amp;c. Fcap 8vo.</p>

<p><b>Tales of the Civil War.</b> From Caesar's Civil War, Book III. Pp. 100, with
three maps. 1s. 6d.</p>

<p><b>Scenes from the Life of Hannibal.</b> Selections from Livy. Pp. 127, with
five maps. 1s. 6d.</p>

<p><b>Caesar in Britain.</b> Selections from the Gallic War. Books IV and V. Pp.
96, with a map and six illustrations. 1s.</p>

<p><b>Selections from Ovid.</b> Pp. 96, with five illustrations, 1s. 6d.</p>

<p><b>Selections from Cicero.</b> Pp. 96, with a frontispiece, 1s. 6d.</p>

<p><b>Tales of Great Generals.</b> Selections from Cornelius Nepos. Pp. 96. 1s.
6d.</p>

<p><b>Anecdotes from Pliny's Letters.</b> Pp. 96, with two illustrations, 1s. 6d.</p>

<p><b>The Fall of Troy.</b> Adapted from Virgil's Aeneid. Pp. 96, with five
illustrations. 1s. 6d.</p>

<p><b>Rome and Her Kings.</b> Selections from Livy, Book I, by <span class="smcap">W. D. Lowe</span> and <span class="smcap">C.
E. Freeman</span>. Pp. 100, with a map and frontispiece, 1s. 6d.</p>

<p><b>The Wars of Greece and Persia.</b> Selections from Herodotus. Pp. 128, with
four maps. 2s. 6d.<br /><br /></p>


<p class="center"><b>By <span class="smcap">T. Rice Holmes</span></b>.</p>

<p><b>Caesar's Campaigns in Britain</b>, de Bello Gallico Commentarii Quartus
(xx-xxxviii) et Quintus, with a vocabulary by <span class="smcap">G. G. Loane</span>. Cr. 8vo, pp.
160, with five maps and illustrations. 1s. 6d.<br /><br /></p>


<p class="center"><b>By <span class="smcap">C. E. Freeman</span></b>.<br /></p>

<p><b>A Greek Reader for Schools.</b> Adapted from Aesop, Theophrastus, Lucian,
Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato. Edited with introductions,
notes, and vocabularies by <span class="smcap">C. E. Freeman</span> and <span class="smcap">W. D. Lowe</span>. Cr. 8vo, pp.
146, 2s. 6d.<br /><br /></p>


<hr style="width: 100%;" />
<p><br /></p>

<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3>

<p>References in the index sometimes refer to the text, sometimes to the
notes (indicated by the suffix <i>n.</i>). Many of the text-references are
clarified by explanations in the notes. This may be readily checked by
clicking on the section-number on the right hand side of the text.
(Please note that there are no notes for Oration 2 sections 23, 29 and
Oration 3 section 1.) Several references are made to two or more
sections in sequence (e.g. "3. 4-16"). In such cases the link is made to
the first section in the sequence only.</p>

<p>Similarly in the Notes section, cross-references sometimes refer to the text,
sometimes to other notes (indicated by "see on ..." or simular
phrasing). When a specific cross-reference is to another note, the link leads
directly to the note; but if the link leads to the text, a check for a
possible note may be made by clicking on the section-number on the right
hand side of the text.</p>

<p>In the Notes section, some words being glossed have occasionally not
been set in bold type. These have been amended.</p>

<p>Other amendments:</p>

<p>Notes 17: Missing single quote added before "and that, if I Punished
him".</p>

<p>Notes p. 30: "is it" amended to "it is".</p>

<p>Notes p. 33: period added after "Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 679".</p>

<p>Vocabulary p. 59: "exspectation" amended to "expectation".</p>

<p>Vocabulary p. 62: "iam i&#363;dum" amended to "iam d&#363;dum".</p>

<p>Vocabulary p. 71: period added after "arrive".</p>

<p>Vocabulary p. 77: period added after "thirst".</p>

<p>Vocabulary p. 81: period added after "tr" in the definition of "vibro";
also on p. 81: semicolon added after "power" in the definition of "vis".</p>

<p>Ellipses follow LOTE rules in Latin phrases (e.g. either . . . or).</p>

<p>B. C. has been condensed to B.C., i. e. to i.e., e. g. to e.g., and v. l. to v.l.</p>








<pre>





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by Cicero

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CICERO, CATILINARIAN ORATIONS ***

***** This file should be named 39355-h.htm or 39355-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/3/5/39355/

Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Margo Romberg, Riikka
Talonpoika and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
at http://www.pgdp.net


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.


</pre>

</body>
</html>
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-05-26 17:42:17 +0000