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diff --git a/39355-h/39355-h.htm b/39355-h/39355-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b98cd52 --- /dev/null +++ b/39355-h/39355-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,9637 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by E. A. Upcott, M.A.. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 96%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + color: #ACACAC; +} /* page numbers */ + +.para2 { + margin-bottom:1.5em; +} + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.sidenote { + width: 2%; + margin-right: -2.5em; + float: right; + clear: right; + font-size: smaller; + color: black; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes { + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 3em; + background-color: #FCFCFC; + padding-top: 0.5em; + padding-bottom: 1em; +} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by Cicero + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Cicero, Catilinarian Orations + Cicero, Speeches against Catilina + +Author: Cicero + +Release Date: April 2, 2012 [EBook #39355] + +Language: Latin + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CICERO, CATILINARIAN ORATIONS *** + + + + +Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Margo Romberg, Riikka +Talonpoika and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> +<p> +<a href="#INTRODUCTION"><b>INTRODUCTION.</b></a><br /> +<br /> +<a href="#IN_CATILINAM_ORATIONES"><b>PART I; INTRODUCTION AND TEXT.</b></a><br /> +<a href="#Oration_I"><b>Oration I.</b></a><br /> +<a href="#Oration_II"><b>Oration II.</b></a><br /> +<a href="#Oration_III"><b>Oration III.</b></a><br /> +<a href="#Oration_IV"><b>Oration IV.</b></a><br /><br /> +<a href="#NOTES"><b>PART II; NOTES</b></a><br /> +<a href="#ORATION_Ia"><b>Oration I.</b></a><br /> +<a href="#ORATION_IIa"><b>Oration II.</b></a><br /> +<a href="#ORATION_IIIa"><b>Oration III.</b></a><br /> +<a href="#ORATION_IVa"><b>Oration IV.</b></a><br /><br /> +<a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX.</b></a><br /><br /> +<a href="#PROPER_NAMES"><b>PROPER NAMES.</b></a><br /><br /> +<a href="#VOCABULARY"><b>VOCABULARY.</b></a><br /><br /><br /> +</p> +<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> + + + + +<h1>CICERO</h1> + +<h2>CATILINARIAN ORATIONS</h2> + +<h2><i>E. A. UPCOTT</i><br /><br /><br /><br /></h2> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h4>HENRY FROWDE, M.A.<br /> +PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD<br /> +LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK, TORONTO<br /> +MELBOURNE AND BOMBAY<br /><br /></h4> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<h1>CICERO</h1> + +<h2>SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA</h2> + +<h4><i>WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES</i></h4> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h3>E. A. UPCOTT, M.A.</h3> + +<h6>LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD<br /> +ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE</h6> + + +<p class="center"><br /><b>PART I.—INTRODUCTION AND TEXT</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>THIRD EDITION, REVISED</i><br /><br /><br /></p> + + +<p class="center">OXFORD</p> + +<p class="center">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br /><br /></p> + +<p class="center">1900<br /><br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>NOTE.</h3> + + +<p>The text adopted in the following Orations is that of Halm (11th +Edition, Berlin, 1882), from whose notes I have derived much help. I +have also consulted the English edition of the Speeches, based on that +of Halm, by Mr. A. S. Wilkins. My best thanks are due to Mr. Evelyn +Abbott, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, the Editor of the Series, +for his kind assistance in superintending the printing of the book.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 42em;">E. A. U.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wellington College</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>June, 1887.</i></span><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + +<p>The four speeches against Catilina were delivered during the latter part +of the year <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 63, when Cicero was Consul.</p> + +<p>L. Sergius Catilina, the author of the conspiracy against which they +were directed, was descended from one of the oldest patrician families +of Rome, though for many years no one of his house had held any public +office. He was a man of ambitious and energetic disposition, +distinguished among his contemporaries for great powers both of mind and +body, which enabled him to exercise a remarkable degree of influence +over others<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>. At the same time he was notorious for the dissoluteness +and extravagance of his life, which were excessive even in an age when +such characteristics were common; he was, moreover, suspected of grave +crimes, such as the murder of his wife and son. But as these charges +rest to a great extent upon the authority of his opponent Cicero, it is +possible that they have been exaggerated.</p> + +<p>He was born probably about <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 108, though the exact date is unknown. +His first appearance in public life was during the dictatorship of Sulla +(<span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 82-79). When the latter issued his proscription list, Catilina was +among those who took an active part in carrying out the work of +bloodshed and confiscation. This, however, was from personal motives, +and not from any sympathy with the Senatorial party which had triumphed +under Sulla; for he subsequently attached himself entirely to the +popular side.</p> + +<p>In <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 68 he filled the office of Praetor in Rome; the following year +he governed the province of Africa as Propraetor. Immediately on his +return home he became a candidate for the Consulship for the year 65<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +He was obliged, however, to withdraw, as an indictment for extortion in +his province was brought against him, and Roman law did not allow a +citizen against whom a legal suit was pending to be a candidate for any +magistracy. It so happened that the Consuls elect for 65, Autronius +Paetus and Cornelius Sulla, were convicted of bribery. Their election +consequently became void, and L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Torquatus +were declared Consuls in their stead. Enraged at his disappointment, +Autronius entered into communication with Catilina, and the two, in +conjunction with Cn. Piso and others, formed a plot, sometimes known as +the 'First Catilinarian conspiracy.' The intention was, it is said, to +murder Cotta and Torquatus on the day of their entering upon office +(January 1, 65). Catilina and Autronius were then to proclaim themselves +Consuls, while they were to be supported by an army which Piso was to +raise on their behalf in Spain. The execution of this plot was +postponed, however, until February 5, when it failed, as we are told, +through Catilina's impatience in giving the signal too soon, before the +armed bands on which he relied had collected in sufficient number. It is +to this conspiracy that Cicero alludes in Cat. 1. §15. It was asserted +that both Caesar and Crassus were concerned in it, but the facts are +surrounded by a great deal of mystery. Whatever the design was, it came +to nothing, and the Senate did not take steps against anyone in +consequence.</p> + +<p>During this year (65) Catilina was acquitted on the charge of extortion. +The trial had, however, been postponed long enough to prevent him from +standing for the Consulship for the year 64.</p> + +<p>He was obliged, therefore, to postpone his candidature till the next +year, when he had among his competitors M. Tullius Cicero and C. +Antonius Hybrida, of whom the latter was believed to be partly in +sympathy with him. He was known to entertain revolutionary designs of +the most sweeping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> character, which he hoped as Consul to carry out. +Prominent among these was a declaration of <i>novae tabulae</i><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>, or +general cancelling of debts, and a wholesale confiscation of property. +Many of the Roman aristocracy were hopelessly in debt, and he thus +collected round him a numerous body of adherents, partly composed of +those to whom his designs seemed to promise relief from their +embarrassments, partly also of wild and turbulent spirits to whom any +prospect of revolution was welcome. Alarmed at these schemes, the +Optimates<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> threw their influence upon the side of Cicero, overcoming +their natural jealousy of a <i>novus homo</i>, that is, one whose ancestors +had never held any curule office. He was also strongly supported by the +Equites<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>, who, as the wealthiest class in Rome, were naturally most +opposed to any general attack upon property. Accordingly, he was elected +by a large majority. Antonius was returned as his colleague by a small +majority over Catilina.</p> + +<p>Defeated in his immediate object, Catilina began to entertain the idea +of carrying out his designs by force. The time was eminently favourable +for an armed insurrection against the government. Seventeen years +before, Sulla had rewarded the soldiers of his victorious army by +establishing them in colonies in various parts of Italy, and assigning +them allotments of land. Unsuited for an agricultural life, these men +had for the most part mismanaged their farms and exhausted their +resources. Accordingly they were restless and discontented, and desired +nothing so much as a return of the civil wars, with fresh chances of +plunder. From among these and other discontented spirits, Catilina began +secretly to recruit and organize<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> an army, selecting as his leader one +Manlius, who had served with distinction under Sulla as centurion. At +the same time he opened secret negotiations with the schools of +gladiators in different parts of Italy. Thus prepared, he again stood +for the Consulship for the year 62; his intention being to bring about a +general rising if he should be once more defeated.</p> + +<p>The situation of the government was dangerous in the extreme, for there +was no regular army in Italy, and the only general of distinction, Cn. +Pompeius, was absent in the East, where after bringing the third +Mithridatic war to a close (65) he was occupied in settling the affairs +of Syria, and could not be expected to return for some time.</p> + +<p>Cicero, however, was kept accurately informed of the progress of the +conspiracy. One of its members, Q. Curius, had talked of the plot to his +mistress Fulvia. She had not kept the secret; and Cicero, employing her +as his agent, had induced Curius by large promises to reveal to him all +the details. The consular elections were this year postponed somewhat +beyond their usual time. On the day before they should have been held, +Cicero induced the Senate to resolve that they should on the next day, +instead of holding the election, take into consideration the state of +public affairs. He thereupon revealed to them what he knew of the +conspiracy, and invited Catilina to clear himself of the charges against +him. The latter replied in threatening language; but, notwithstanding +his violence, the Senate took no decisive resolution<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>. Shortly +afterwards the elections were held; Cicero appearing with a cuirass +under his toga, and surrounded by a guard of his friends, to testify to +the designs upon his life<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>. Catilina was again defeated, and D. Junius +Silanus and L. Licinius Murena elected as Consuls for 62.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p><p>Thus once more foiled, Catilina resolved to proceed to active measures. +Alarmed at the news that an army was actually collecting in Etruria, and +roused by further disclosures from Cicero<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>, the Senate, on October 21, +passed what was known as the 'Ultimum Decretum;' '<i>videant consules ne +quid detrimenti respublica capiat</i>.' This, the usual formula in cases of +emergency, declared the State to be in danger, and called on the Consuls +as the executive magistrates to take measures for its safety. Whether it +actually conferred any additional powers upon them, is not certain<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>. +At the same time they placed the gladiatorial schools under strict +surveillance, established patrols in the city, and offered large rewards +for information. The praetors, Q. Pompeius Rufus and Q. Metellus Celer, +were sent to Capua and Picenum respectively to raise what troops they +could. Cicero had already detached his colleague Antonius from the +conspiracy, and induced him to support the cause of order, by ceding to +him the lucrative province of Macedonia<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>.</p> + +<p>On October 27 Manlius set up his standard at Faesulae in Etruria. +Catilina proposed to go thither himself shortly; he was anxious however +to conceal his designs as long as possible, and having been indicted for +inciting to riot (<i>de vi</i>) by L. Paullus, he had offered to place +himself in free custody<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> under the charge of some citizen of +reputation in order to disarm suspicion.</p> + +<p>On the night of November 6, he assembled his partisans in the house of +M. Porcius Laeca. There he disclosed his plans, and declared it to be +essential to success that Cicero should be removed before his own +departure. Two of his adherents, C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius, +undertook the duty of visiting Cicero's house in the early morning, +under pretence of giving the customary salutation, and there murdering +him.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p><p>The attempt was actually made, though probably not until the morning of +November 8<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>. But Cicero, who was informed of the plot through the +agency previously described, refused his visitors admittance. He +immediately summoned the Senate to meet, for the sake of safety, in the +temple of Jupiter Stator on the Palatine. The equites thronged the hill +in large numbers, to secure the safety of the Consul, and to protest +against the designs of the conspirators. Catilina did not scruple to +attend, whereupon Cicero rose, and delivered the speech known as the +<i>First Catilinarian Oration</i>. He revealed to the Senate all the +particulars of the plot, including the attempt upon his own life, +denounced Catilina as a public enemy, and called upon him to leave the +city. His adversary attempted a few words of exculpation, but the +feeling roused by the Consul's address was too strong, and finding +himself assailed on all sides by reproaches, he left the Senate +abruptly, declaring that his enemies were driving him to ruin, but that +if he was to fall he would involve others in his overthrow. The same +evening he left the city for Etruria, travelling by the Via Aurelia, +which was the coast road, in order to create the impression that he was +going into exile at Massilia. He left in the city a large number of +adherents, the chief of whom was Cornelius Lentulus Sura, with +directions to prosecute the plans previously agreed upon. Cicero on the +following day assembled the people in the Forum, and in the <i>Second +Catilinarian Oration</i> recounted to them what had taken place in the +Senate, explaining and justifying his own action.</p> + +<p>In a few days the news arrived that Catilina had joined the camp of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +Manlius at Faesulae. Upon this the Senate declared them both public +enemies. At the same time they issued a proclamation promising immunity +to those of their adherents who should lay down their arms before a +fixed date. Meanwhile the Consul Antonius was directed to take such +military measures as might be necessary against the insurgents, Cicero +being retained for the protection of the city.</p> + +<p>The proclamation did not have any effect in reducing the number of +Catilina's forces, nor did the rewards previously offered lead to any +disclosures. Cicero had hoped that the effect of his speeches would be +to drive all the conspirators into open rebellion, as they would thus be +more easily dealt with. In this he was disappointed, for though the +chief had left the city, his agents had remained in Rome, and Cicero +could not venture to proceed against them without direct evidence. It +was not long, however, before their carelessness put into his hands the +proofs he desired.</p> + +<p>The Allobroges, a tribe of Transalpine Gaul, had sent delegates to +petition the Senate for relief from certain exactions to which they were +subjected. Knowing that these men, from their desperate condition, were +likely to favour a revolution, Lentulus opened negotiations with them, +with a view to securing the aid of their countrymen for the +conspirators. They took counsel however of their 'patronus' Q. Fabius +Sanga, and by his advice revealed the whole affair to Cicero. Acting +under his directions they pretended to enter heartily into the schemes +of Lentulus, and obtained from him letters written and sealed by himself +and his friends, addressed to their nation, stating and confirming by +oath the rewards they were to receive for their assistance. A letter was +also given them for Catilina, whose camp they were to visit on their way +home. With these letters they set out from Rome on the night of December +2, accompanied by T. Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus. Cicero, as +previously agreed upon, posted two Praetors with an armed force at the +Mulvian Bridge, on the Via Flaminia, a few miles to the north of Rome. +They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> there arrested the whole party, and carried them, with the +compromising papers, to the Consul. He at once summoned the chief +conspirators to his presence. One, Caeparius, made his escape, though he +was eventually recaptured; but Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and +Gabinius came unsuspectingly, and were at once conveyed by Cicero to the +presence of the Senate, which he had convoked at the Temple of Concord. +There Volturcius, under promise of impunity, made a full disclosure, and +the conspirators were further confronted with the evidence of the +Allobroges, and their own letters, the authenticity of which they were +compelled to acknowledge. Lentulus, who was Praetor at the time, was +obliged to abdicate his office, and he and his companions were placed in +free custody under the charge of several prominent citizens. Rewards +were voted to the informers, and a 'supplicatio' or thanksgiving for the +averted danger decreed in honour of Cicero, who after leaving the Senate +addressed to the people assembled in the Forum the <i>Third Catilinarian +Oration</i>, giving a full account of what had just taken place.</p> + +<p>Two days later (December 5) the Senate was once more convened, and +Cicero as Consul put to them the formal question, 'what was their advice +with respect to the conspirators actually in custody?'</p> + +<p>The Consul elect, D. Silanus, who was first asked for his vote, proposed +that they should be put to death. The other consulars supported him. +When it came to the turn of Caesar, who was praetor elect, he proposed +as an alternative that their property should be confiscated, and that +they should be imprisoned for life in some of the provincial towns of +Italy. These two proposals were before the Senate when Cicero intervened +with the <i>Fourth Catilinarian Oration</i>. It does not pronounce a formal +<i>sententia</i>, for the Consul, as president, would not himself vote, but +places the alternative proposals before the house for their +consideration; indicating, however, a preference for that of Silanus. +But Caesar's speech had made a great impression, and Silanus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> announced +that he would agree to a motion for a postponement of the decision, +which had been suggested as a compromise. The matter was eventually +decided by a speech of M. Cato, who was tribune elect. He attacked the +conspirators with great vigour, and proposed that they should be +summarily put to death <i>more maiorum</i>. His words produced such an effect +that his proposal was carried forthwith. Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, +Gabinius and Caeparius were at once conducted to the Tullianum, the +prison underneath the slopes of the Capitol, and there strangled<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>.</p> + +<p>This summary proceeding effectually checked the plans of Catilina. From +this moment he received no fresh reinforcements, and his original +adherents began to leave him. The retreat of his army into Gaul was +blocked by the Praetor Metellus Celer, while M. Petreius, acting as the +legate of Antonius, advanced against him from the south. Early in the +following year (62) the opposing forces met at Pistoria in Etruria, +where Catilina and his followers, after fighting with desperate courage, +were defeated and slain to a man.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See 3. §§16, 17 and Cic. pro Caelio, ch. 5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The Consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, +generally in July. They entered on their office on the succeeding first +of January. Thus the Consuls for 65 would be elected in July 66; during +the interval they were called 'Consules designati.'</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See note on 2. §18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> See note on <i>bonorum</i>, 1. §1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The 'equites' were all those citizens, not senators, who +had property to the amount of 400,000 sesterces (£3,200). They were so +called from the fact that in earlier times, all who had sufficient +property were obliged to serve in the citizen cavalry, but they had long +ceased to have any connection with the army. They were now the +mercantile class in Rome, having most of the trading operations in their +hands, and forming a body intermediate between the aristocracy and the +populace.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See Cic. pro Murena, chs. 25, 26. This is often identified +with the meeting in the Senate on Oct. 21; but Cicero, after describing +his speech and Catilina's answer on this occasion, says expressly 'neque +tamen (senatus) satis severe pro rei indignitate decrevit' which he +could not have said had they then passed the 'ultimum decretum' (see +page 11).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> 1. §11.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> 1. §7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> On this question see below Note B.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See on 4. §23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See on 1. §19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> There is some uncertainty about the dates here. Cicero +(pro Sulla §52) says the meeting in Laeca's house took place <i>nocte ea +quae consecuta est posterum diem Nonarum Novembrium</i>; this (if genuine) +fixes it to the night of Nov. 6. At this meeting his assassination was +resolved upon. We should naturally suppose that the attempt was made on +the morning of Nov. 7; and this agrees with Sallust Cat. 28 and Cic. in +Cat. 1. §9 (<i>illa ipsa nocte</i>). But elsewhere (see esp. 1. §1, 1. §8, 2. +§13) Cicero seems to distinguish between what had happened on the 'night +before last' (<i>superiore</i> or <i>priore nocte</i>), i.e. the meeting in +Laeca's house; and 'last night' (<i>proxima nocte</i>), i.e. the attempt on +his own life. Hence it seems better to assume that there was an interval +of a day between the meeting and the attempted murder.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> On the whole question as to the jurisdiction of the Senate +and the legality of the execution, see below Note B.</p></div> + + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<h3>NOTE A.</h3> + +<p>The above sketch follows in the main the traditional account of the +Catilinarian conspiracy, which has been generally accepted by later +historians. It is fair to add that some writers have adopted a different +view, which may be thus briefly stated. They believe that historians +have been mistaken in regarding Catilina as the leader of a mere band of +desperadoes; that his so-called 'conspiracy' was really an act of revolt +against the authority of the Senate on the part of the whole democratic +party, of which he was the recognized leader (a similar movement, in +fact, to those which had been organized by Gaius Gracchus in 123 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, +by Saturninus in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, by M. Lepidus in 78 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and others); that +he was driven to use force by the opposition of the Optimates to his +schemes, and that Cicero, as the spokesman of the latter, purposely +misrepresented him as the leader of an anarchist conspiracy, whose sole +object was confiscation and plunder.</p> + +<p>The received account is derived almost entirely from two sources; the +speeches and writings of Cicero; and the 'History of the Catilinarian +Conspiracy' by Sallust, written probably about 44 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> The former is +undoubtedly a prejudiced witness, and statements resting on his +authority alone must be received with caution. Sallust, however, was a +partisan of Caesar, and a member of the democratic party. He had +consequently no motive to represent the character of Catilina as worse +than it really was, especially as his patron Caesar was commonly +supposed to have been implicated in the first conspiracy (66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>)<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>, +if not the second also. He certainly hints that the worst charges +against Catilina, which he repeats, rested on very doubtful authority; +but as to the main features of the conspiracy, he confirms Cicero on +every point; and this is a strong argument in favour of the received +account. The question is too large to be fully discussed within the +limits of this book; those who wish to see the contrary view maintained +with great spirit and ability should read the very interesting article +in 'Catiline, Clodius and Tiberius,' by Professor E. S. Beesly<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> See page 8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> See also the criticism on this in the Introduction to +Capes' Sallust, pp. 24-27.</p></div> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<h3><a name="NOTE_B" id="NOTE_B"></a>NOTE B.</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>On the Legality of the Execution.</i></p> + +<p>On account of his action in this matter, Cicero was afterwards attacked +by Clodius, who, as tribune in 58 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, carried a law enacting that 'any +one who had put Roman citizens to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> death without trial should be +forbidden fire and water.' As Clodius was supported by Caesar and +Pompeius, Cicero did not make any resistance, but retired temporarily +into exile.</p> + +<p>Had his action been really illegal or not? The Valerian, Porcian, and +Sempronian laws certainly enacted that no citizen should be put to death +except by vote of the people, after a formal trial before them. Cicero +justifies his apparent violation of these laws on two grounds—</p> + +<p>(1) That the conspirators, having become <i>hostes</i> by their own act, and +having been recognised as such by resolution of the Senate, had <i>ipso +facto</i> forfeited the rights of citizens (1. §28; 4. §10).</p> + +<p>As regards this, we may remark that, though the conduct of the +conspirators might justify the adoption of active measures against them, +it could not <i>legally</i> be held to deprive them, when arrested, of the +benefit of trial. For the question, whether they had acted as <i>hostes</i> +or not, would be exactly the point which the law-court would have to +decide. The argument is, in fact, from the legal point of view, a +<i>petitio principii</i>.</p> + +<p>(2) That the 'ultimum decretum' of the Senate (see Introduction, page +11) invested the Consul with dictatorial powers, including the right of +summary execution. (1. §4 <i>habemus senatus consultum</i>, etc.)</p> + +<p>In support of this he recalls the fact that C. Gracchus (121) and +Saturninus (100) had been killed by the Consuls Opimius and Marius +respectively, acting under a similar decree. It is certain that a party +in the Senate claimed the right of thus arming the Consul with +exceptional powers in cases of emergency, and Sallust (Cat. 29) +distinctly says that they possessed it. On the other hand, the right had +never been admitted by the popular leaders, who had, as a protest, +brought Opimius to trial for the murder of C. Gracchus, though they had +not secured a conviction. They had, moreover, during this year (63) +accused of murder one C. Rabirius, who had been concerned in the death +of Saturninus thirty-seven years before. The trial was avowedly +instituted for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> purpose of contesting the right of the Senate to +invest the Consul with dictatorial powers. Cicero, who defended +Rabirius, claimed that the 'ultimum decretum' acquitted his client of +all liability. But it seems probable that he would have been condemned, +had not his supporters found means to prevent the trial from coming to a +decision.</p> + +<p>It is on this point that the question of legality or illegality really +turns, and as the Romans were not themselves agreed upon it, we can +scarcely pronounce a decision. If the Consul did possess dictatorial +powers in virtue of the 'ultimum decretum,' then the execution was +legal; if (as seems, perhaps, the more reasonable view) he did not, then +it was illegal. In any case, it is clear that the <i>Senate</i>, as such, +could not order the execution of any citizen. They could only arm the +Consul, and though he was at liberty to consult them on this, as on any +matter of importance, the responsibility of the particular measures +taken rested with him alone.</p> + +<p>Unconstitutional actions may, however, sometimes be justified on the +ground of the necessities of the case; and Cicero might fairly plead +that the executions had proved efficacious in checking the spread of the +conspiracy, (a result which the measures previously taken had entirely +failed to secure,) and that it was very doubtful whether, if the +prisoners had been kept for trial, a general rising could have been +avoided.</p> + +<p>The position of Caesar is somewhat hard to understand. As a popular +leader, he must have held the view that neither the Consul nor the +Senate had the right of dealing summarily with the accused; yet by +proposing the alternative punishment of imprisonment he seems to admit +their jurisdiction. Possibly he took this course as the best means of +saving their lives for the moment, but if so it is not clear why he +should have added the provision that their property should be +confiscated.</p> + +<hr style="width: 33%;" /> + +<p>The first and fourth speeches are <i>orationes pro senatu habitae</i>, the +second and third are <i>contiones ad populum</i>.</p> + +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> +<h2><a name="IN_CATILINAM_ORATIONES" id="IN_CATILINAM_ORATIONES"></a>IN CATILINAM ORATIONES.<br /></h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 8%;" /> +<h2><a name="Oration_I" id="Oration_I"></a><span class="smcap">Oration I.</span></h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Before the Senate.</span></h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>How long, Catilina, will you abuse our patience? Can you not +read the signs of public excitement which show that your +designs are known to all of us? Yet you dare to come here, and +we hesitate to inflict upon you the death you deserve. Your +predecessors in revolution were summarily dealt with</i>; we <i>have +allowed the Senate's decree to lie idle for twenty days.</i></p></blockquote> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_1" id="t1_1"></a><a href="#n1_1">1</a></span><b>1.</b> Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? quam diu etiam +furor iste tuus eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? +Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil +timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus +habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? Patere tua +consilia non sentis? constrictam omnium horum scientia teneri +coniurationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, +ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quem nostrum +ignorare arbitraris? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_2" id="t1_2"></a><a href="#n1_2">2</a></span>O tempora, o mores! senatus haec +intellegit, consul videt: hic tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in +senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculis +ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satis facere rei +publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, +Catilina, duci iussu consulis iam pridem oporte<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>bat, in te conferri +pestem istam, quam tu in nos machinaris. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_3" id="t1_3"></a><a href="#n1_3">3</a></span>An vero vir +amplissimus, Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum, mediocriter +labefactantem statum rei publicae, privatus interfecit: Catilinam, orbem +terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? +Nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium, +novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac +re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem +perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coėrcerent. Habemus senatus +consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave; non deest rei publicae +consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis: nos, nos, dico aperte, +consules desumus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t1_4" id="t1_4"></a><a href="#n1_4">4</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>2.</b> Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, ne quid res +publica detrimenti caperet: nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est +propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, +avo, maioribus; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili +senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res +publica; num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum pl. et C. Servilium +praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum +iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>You have presumed upon our leniency; you are now collecting an +army in Etruria. All good citizens would applaud me, if I put +you to death; but I spare your life, though I keep a check upon +your designs, till all the world shall recognise the justice of +your punishment.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2">Habemus enim huius modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis, +tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim +interfectum te esse, Catilina,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad +deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me +esse clementem, cupio in tantis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum +videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_5" id="t1_5"></a><a href="#n1_5">5</a></span>Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus +conlocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, eorum autem +castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu +videmus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si +te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit +verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a me quam quisquam +crudelius factum esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse +oportuit, certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique +interficiere, cum iam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam tui similis +inveniri poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_6" id="t1_6"></a><a href="#n1_6">6</a></span>Quam diu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives, sed vives ita, +ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppressus, ne commovere te +contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non +sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>You had better abandon those designs; for they are known. I +told the Senate that you would be in arms on Oct. 27, and I was +not mistaken. I foretold and prevented your intended massacre +of the aristocracy, and your attempt upon Praeneste.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><b>3.</b> Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius exspectes, si neque nox +tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios neque privata domus parietibus +continere voces coniurationis tuae potest? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt +omnia? Muta iam istam mentem, mihi crede: obliviscere caedis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> atque +incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia +omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. Meministine me<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_7" id="t1_7"></a><a href="#n1_7">7</a></span> +ante diem <span class="smcap">xii</span> Kalendas Novembres dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo +die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem <span class="smcap">vi</span> Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, +audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, +non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo +magis est admirandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te +optimatium contulisse in ante diem <span class="smcap">v</span> Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multi +principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum +reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo die meis +praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam +non potuisse, cum te discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, +caede contentum esse dicebas? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_8" id="t1_8"></a><a href="#n1_8">8</a></span>Quid? cum tu te Praeneste +Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, +sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodiis +vigiliisque esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod +non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>The night before last, you and your associates met at Laeca's +house, and laid your plans; you sent two of them to murder me +this morning; but I was forewarned and shut them out.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><b>4.</b> Recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem: iam intelleges multo +me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te +priore nocte venisse inter falcarios—non agam obscure—in M. Laecae +domum; convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. +Num negare audes? quid taces?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> convincam, si negas; video enim esse hic +in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_9" id="t1_9"></a><a href="#n1_9">9</a></span>O di immortales! +ubinam gentium sumus? quam rem publicam habemus? in qua urbe vivimus? +Hic, hic sunt in nostro numero, patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae +sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostrum omnium interitu, qui +de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego +video et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidari +oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam illa +nocte, Catilina; distribuisti partes Italiae; statuisti quo quemque +proficisci placeret, delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum +educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, confirmasti te ipsum +iam esse exiturum, dixisti paululum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego +viverem. Reperti sunt duo equites Romani, qui te ista cura liberarent et +sese illa ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos +esse pollicerentur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_10" id="t1_10"></a><a href="#n1_10">10</a></span>Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu +vestro dimisso, comperi, domum meam maioribus praesidiis munivi atque +firmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum [mane] miseras, cum illi +ipsi venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis +venturos praedixeram.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Now I bid you leave the city. So long as you attacked me only, +I resisted you single-handed; now you are attacking the State. +I will not kill you, for that would not rid us of your +adherents. No, leave the city—for exile, if you will—and take +them with you.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><b>5.</b> Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, egredere aliquando +ex urbe; patent portae: proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua illa +Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam +plurimos;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque +te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari iam diutius non potes: non feram, +non patiar, non sinam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_11" id="t1_11"></a><a href="#n1_11">11</a></span>Magna dis immortalibus habenda est +atque huic ipsi Iovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, +quod hanc tam taetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae +pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus +periclitanda rei publicae. Quam diu mihi, consuli designato, Catilina, +insidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. +Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competitores +tuos interficere voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum +praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato; denique, +quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam +perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_12" id="t1_12"></a><a href="#n1_12">12</a></span>nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis; templa +deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique +totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Quare quoniam id, quod est primum +et quod huius imperii disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum +audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem +utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua +coniuratorum manus: sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, +exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei +publicae. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_13" id="t1_13"></a><a href="#n1_13">13</a></span>Quid est, Catilina? num dubitas id imperante me +facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. +Interrogas me: num in exilium? non iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo. +<br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><p><i>You cannot wish to stay where your crimes are notorious. Ruin +stares you in the face. Your repeated attempts on my life have +failed; the senators, by their conduct, show how they hate you. +The State, our common mother, fears you and bids you leave her. +Your very offers to place yourself under restraint are a +self-condemnation.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p><b>6.</b> Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit? in +qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non +metuat, nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non +inusta vitae tuae est? quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? +quae libido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod +flagitium a toto corpore afuit? cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum +inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem facem +praetulisti? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_14" id="t1_14"></a><a href="#n1_14">14</a></span>Quid vero? nuper, cum morte superioris +uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili +scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? quod ego praetermitto et facile patior +sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut +non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas +omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties: ad illa venio, quae non ad +privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam +difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad +omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_15" id="t1_15"></a><a href="#n1_15">15</a></span>Potestne tibi +haec lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias +esse horum neminem qui nesciat, te pridie Kalendas Ianuariis Lepido et +Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? manum consulum et +principum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse? sceleri ac furori +tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani +obstitisse? Ac iam illa omitto—neque enim sunt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> aut obscura aut non +multa commissa postea—: quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem +interficere voluisti! quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniectas, ut vitari +posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore +effugi! Nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_16" id="t1_16"></a><a href="#n1_16">16</a></span>Quotiens tibi iam extorta est sica ista de manibus! +quotiens excidit aliquo casu et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te +initiata sacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod eam necesse putas esse in +consulis corpore defigere.</p> + +<p><b>7.</b> Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut +odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi +nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta +frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post +hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam, cum sis +gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista +subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad +caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam +subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi +ferendum putas? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_17" id="t1_17"></a><a href="#n1_17">17</a></span>Servi me hercule mei si me isto pacto +metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam +putarem: tu tibi urbem non arbitraris? et si me meis civibus iniuria +suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium +quam infestis oculis omnium conspici mallem: tu cum conscientia scelerum +tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, +quorum mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare? +Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui nec eos ulla ratione placare +posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc te patria, +quae<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diu +nihil te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare: huius tu neque +auctoritatem verebere nec iudicium sequere nec vim pertimesces? +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_18" id="t1_18"></a><a href="#n1_18">18</a></span>Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita +loquitur: 'Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum +flagitium sine te; tibi uni multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio +direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera; tu non solum ad +neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas +perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora illa, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, +tamen, ut potui, tuli: nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, +quidquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium +iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem +discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe, si est verus, ne opprimar, sin +falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t1_19" id="t1_19"></a><a href="#n1_19">19</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>8.</b> Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, +etiam si vim adhibere non possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam +dedisti? quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare +velle dixisti? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es atque ut +domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, +me nullo modo posse eisdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in +periculo essem, quod eisdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum +praetorem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. +Metellum demigrasti, quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum +diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum +fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a +vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit?</p> + + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span><i>You challenge me to take a vote of the Senate. Without doing +so, I can show you what they think. When I bid you go into +exile, they give consent by their silence. They would not let +me speak to others thus. As for the knights, they are ready to +kill you.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_20" id="t1_20"></a><a href="#n1_20">20</a></span>Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo +animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam, multis +suppliciis iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare? +'Refer' inquis 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si hic ordo sibi +placere decreverit te ire in exilium, obtemperaturum te esse dicis. Non +referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas, +quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina, libera rem publicam +metu, in exilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est, +Catilina? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? +Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum +voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_21" id="t1_21"></a><a href="#n1_21">21</a></span>At si hoc idem +adulescenti optimo, Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, +dixissem, iam mihi consuli hoc ipso in templo iure optimo senatus vim et +manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant, cum +patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi +auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam illi equites +Romani, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui +stant circum senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia +perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te +iam diu manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae +iam pridem vastare studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span><i>But it is vain to speak of exile. I wish there were a chance +of it, in spite of the hatred I should incur. Go then to the +camp of Manlius, as you have already arranged. Surrounded by +every kind of wickedness, you will be in your element there.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t1_22" id="t1_22"></a><a href="#n1_22">22</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>9.</b> Quamquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat? tu ut umquam te +corrigas? tu ut ullam fugam meditere? tu ut exilium cogites? Utinam tibi +istam mentem di immortales duint! etsi video, si mea voce perterritus +ire in exilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si +minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in +posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dummodo ista sit privata +calamitas et a rei publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis +commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae +cedas, non est postulandum; neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor +umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore +revocaverit. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_23" id="t1_23"></a><a href="#n1_23">23</a></span>Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, +proficiscere, ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis +invidiam, recta perge in exilium: vix feram sermones hominum, si id +feceris; vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium iussu consulis ieris, +sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum +importuna sceleratorum manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos +cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio +latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos esse +videaris. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_24" id="t1_24"></a><a href="#n1_24">24</a></span>Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam +esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati? cui +sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem? a quo etiam aquilam illam +argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus perniciosam esse confido ac +funestam futuram, cui domi tuae sacrarium [scelerum tuorum] constitutum +fuit, sciam<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia diutius carere possis, quam +venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam +impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_25" id="t1_25"></a><a href="#n1_25">25</a></span><b>10.</b> Ibis +tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac +furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam +incredibilem voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas +exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum +quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex perditis atque ab omni +non modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam improborum manum. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_26" id="t1_26"></a><a href="#n1_26">26</a></span>Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere! quibus gaudiis exsultabis! +quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies +virum bonum quemquam neque videbis. Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi +sunt qui feruntur labores tui, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum +stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum insidiantem +somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, ubi ostentes illam +tuam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus +te brevi tempore confectum senties. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_27" id="t1_27"></a><a href="#n1_27">27</a></span>Tantum profeci tum, +cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius tentare quam consul vexare +rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod est abs te scelerate susceptum, +latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Some may charge me with remissness in letting slip a public +enemy. It is no fear of illegality, or unpopularity that +influences me. But Catilina's departure to his camp will purge +the city of his adherents, and show everyone what his plans +really are. His death would give us only a temporary relief. +Let them leave us then for their wicked work, and Jupiter will +defend us from their attacks.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p><b>11.</b> Nunc ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> iustam patriae +querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter quae +dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum +patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis +res publica sic loquatur: 'M. Tulli, quid agis? tune eum, quem esse +hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectari +imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem +coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, +ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed inmissus in urbem esse videatur? +Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio +mactari imperabis? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_28" id="t1_28"></a><a href="#n1_28">28</a></span>Quid tandem te impedit? mosne maiorum? +At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos cives morte +multarunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At +numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium iura tenuerunt. +An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo Romano refers +gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum +tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si +propter invidiam aut alicuius periculi metum salutem civium tuorum +neglegis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_29" id="t1_29"></a><a href="#n1_29">29</a></span>Sed si quis est invidiae metus, num est +vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac +nequitiae pertimescenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur +urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non existimas invidiae incendio +conflagraturum?'</p> + +<p><b>12.</b> His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum hominum, qui hoc +idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu +iudicarem, patres conscripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram +horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> summi viri et +clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum +complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam +honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium +interfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi +maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute +partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_30" id="t1_30"></a><a href="#n1_30">30</a></span>Quamquam nonnulli +sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae +vident dissimulent, qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis aluerunt +coniurationemque nascentem non credendo conroboraverunt: quorum +auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si +in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc +intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem +tam stultum fore, qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, neminem tam +improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei +publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. +Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique +collectos naufragos adgregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo +haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum +omnium. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_31" id="t1_31"></a><a href="#n1_31">31</a></span><b>13.</b> Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his +periculis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto +omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri +consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, +videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, +periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in +visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu +febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, +deinde<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hic morbus, qui +est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis +ingravescet. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_32" id="t1_32"></a><a href="#n1_32">32</a></span>Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a +bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe iam dixi, +discernantur a nobis; desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, circumstare +tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et +faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare: sit denique inscriptum in fronte +unius cuiusque, quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, patres +conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis +auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus +bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta inlustrata, +oppressa vindicata esse videatis.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t1_33" id="t1_33"></a><a href="#n1_33">33</a></span>Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, +cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum omni scelere +parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tum +tu, Iuppiter, qui eisdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es +constitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, +hunc et huius socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac +moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines bonorum +inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac +nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque +mactabis.</p> + + +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 40%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> +<h2><a name="Oration_II" id="Oration_II"></a><span class="smcap">Oration II.</span></h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Before the People.</span></h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Citizens! We have driven Catilina from the city! We need no +longer fear his secret plots; he must now fight us openly. This +is a great success, as he feels.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_1" id="t2_1"></a><a href="#n2_1">1</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>1.</b> Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem audacia, scelus +anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi +ferro flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel ipsum +egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit excessit, evasit erupit. Nulla +iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia +comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem sine +controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica illa +versabitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra +domesticos parietes perhorrescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est +expulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bellum geremus. Sine +dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum illum ex occultis +insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_2" id="t2_2"></a><a href="#n2_2">2</a></span>Quod vero non +cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, +quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem +urbem reliquit, quanto tandem illum maerore esse adflictum et<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +profligatum putatis? Iacet ille nunc prostratusque est et se perculsum +atque abiectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc +urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget: quae quidem laetari mihi +videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Some may say, 'You should have arrested him.' Had I done so, +many would not have believed my accusations. For their sakes I +was obliged to make him declare himself. Once outside, I do not +fear him; I wish indeed he had taken all his adherents with +him. Our armies can easily deal with the band of bankrupts and +swindlers he has assembled; it is the conspirators of high +rank, whom he has left behind, that we have now to fear. They +see that we know their plans, yet they persist.</i></p></blockquote> + + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_3" id="t2_3"></a><a href="#n2_3">3</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>2.</b> Ac si quis est talis, quales omnes esse oportebat, qui in hoc ipso, +in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tam +capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista +mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravissimo +supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et +huius imperii severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos +fuisse putatis, qui quae ego deferrem non crederent? quam multos, qui +etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum +iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum +etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_4" id="t2_4"></a><a href="#n2_4">4</a></span>Sed cum viderem, ne +vobis quidem omnibus re etiam tum probata, si illum, ut erat meritus, +morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non +possem, rem huc deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte +videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> quam vehementer foris esse +timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod +ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum copias suas +eduxisset! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, +Publicium et Munatium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum +rei publicae motum adferre poterat: reliquit quos viros! quanto aere +alieno, quam valentes, quam nobiles! <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_5" id="t2_5"></a><a href="#n2_5">5</a></span><b>3.</b> Itaque ego illum +exercitum prae Gallicanis legionibus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno +et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis cotidie +comparantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex +agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimonia +deserere quam illum exercitum maluerunt: quibus ego non modo si aciem +exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. +Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in +senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum +suos milites eduxisset: qui si hic permanent, mementote non tam +exercitum illum esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, +pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quid cogitent +me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_6" id="t2_6"></a><a href="#n2_6">6</a></span>Video, cui sit +Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis +Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum +depoposcerit; omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me delata esse +sentiunt; patefeci in senatu hesterno die; Catilina ipse pertimuit, +profugit: hi quid exspectant? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam +pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span><i>I give them one more chance; let them follow their leader. +Happy for us if we can be quit of them! Catilina's departure +alone has relieved us much. He is the friend of every criminal, +the corrupter of youth, the support of bankrupts, the hero of +gladiators and actors. His adherents are monsters of crime; we +cannot endure them any longer. Their destruction is at hand. +Our general has given us peace abroad; under my leadership let +us declare war upon our domestic enemy.</i></p></blockquote> + + +<p class="para2"><b>4.</b> Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte +coniurationem contra rem publicam videretis: nisi vero si quis est, qui +Catilinae similes cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati +locus; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam: exeant, +proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. +Demonstrabo iter: Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad +vesperam consequentur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_7" id="t2_7"></a><a href="#n2_7">7</a></span>O fortunatam rem publicam, si +quidem hanc sentinam urbis huius eiecerit! Uno me hercule Catilina +exhausto relevata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali +aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit? quis +tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis +parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis +ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor +iuventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum +Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per hosce +annos sine illo facta est? quod nefarium stuprum non per illum? +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_8" id="t2_8"></a><a href="#n2_8">8</a></span>Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis +inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo? qui alios amabat ipse turpissime, +aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis fructum libidinum, aliis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +mortem parentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. +Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem +numerum perditorum hominum collegerat! <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_9" id="t2_9"></a><a href="#n2_9">9</a></span>Nemo non modo +Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno +fuit, quem non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus adsciverit. <b>5.</b> Atque +ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere possitis, nemo +est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum +Catilinae, nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope +sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum +exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame ac siti et vigiliis +perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia +atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumerentur. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_10" id="t2_10"></a><a href="#n2_10">10</a></span>Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe +exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, o rem +publicam fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consulatus mei! Non enim iam +sunt mediocres hominum libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae: +nihil cogitant nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua +profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt, res eos iam pridem, fides nuper +deficere coepit: eadem tamen illa, quae erat in abundantia, libido +manet. Quodsi in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, +essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi: hoc vero quis +ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos +prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus? qui +adcubantes in conviviis, complexi mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, +conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris +eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> <span class="sidenote"> +<a name="t2_11" id="t2_11"></a><a href="#n2_11">11</a></span>Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod et poenam iam diu +improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam plane +aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non +potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula +propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio, quam pertimescamus, +nullus rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit; omnia sunt externa +unius virtute terra marique pacata: domesticum bellum manet, intus +insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est, intus est hostis: cum +luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello +ducem profiteor, Quirites, suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum: quae +sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non +patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant +aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur +exspectent.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Others reproach me with having driven Catilina into exile. +What I did was to declare to the Senate—who showed their +approval of what I said—the details of his plans. I bade him +betake himself to the camp of Manlius, whither I knew he meant +to go. Was that driving him into exile? Yet now if he should +change his mind, and really go into exile, I am to be called a +tyrant. I would gladly bear it, if war might be so averted. But +there is no chance of it; in three days he will be in arms. +Those who thus reproach me are really his secret partisans.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_12" id="t2_12"></a><a href="#n2_12">12</a></span><b>6.</b> At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exilium +eiectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> possem, istos ipsos +eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam +permodestus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exilium +iussus est, paruit atque ivit. Hesterno die, cum domi meae paene +interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris vocavi, rem omnem ad +patres conscriptos detuli: quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator +appellavit? quis salutavit? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, +ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem? quin etiam principes eius +ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque +inanem reliquerunt. Hic ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo cives in +exilium eicio, quaesivi a Catilina, in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam +fuisset necne. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_13" id="t2_13"></a><a href="#n2_13">13</a></span>Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia +convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera: quid ea nocte egisset, +quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius +belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid +dubitaret proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, +cum fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, +cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_14" id="t2_14"></a><a href="#n2_14">14</a></span>In exilium eiciebam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum +videbam? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano +castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et illa castra +nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exilium se +Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet.</p> + +<p class="para2"><b>7.</b> O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, verum etiam +conservandae rei publicae! Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus, +periculis meis circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, +sententiam mutaverit,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi +abiecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam atque in exilium +converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus +ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed +indemnatus, innocens in exilium eiectus a consule vi et minis dicetur, +et erunt qui illum, si hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non +diligentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_15" id="t2_15"></a><a href="#n2_15">15</a></span>Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque +iniquae tempestatem subire dummodo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac +nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dummodo +eat in exilium: sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis +immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. +Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis, sed +triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit +invidiosum aliquando, quod illum emiserim, potius quam quod eiecerim. +Sed cum sint homines, qui illum, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, +eidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_16" id="t2_16"></a><a href="#n2_16">16</a></span>Quamquam +isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam +verentur. Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui illum non ad Manlium quam +ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si me hercule hoc, quod agit, +numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam +exulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem +cogitationemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, +optemus potius ut eat in exilium quam queramur.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>Of his adherents there are six classes.</i> (1) <i>Men with large +debts, but larger estates, which they will not part with, +hoping that Catilina will declare an abolition of debts. Their +only chance is a measure of compulsory sale, which I offer +them.</i> (2) <i>Those who hope by the revolution to obtain power +and office. Let these mark the forces against them, and +remember that, if it succeeds, the chief power will not fall to +them.</i> (3) <i>The Sullan colonists, who want fresh chances of +plunder. But the State will not endure a new proscription.</i> (4) +<i>The hopeless bankrupts. Their ruin is certain, but they need +not involve the whole State in it.</i> (5) <i>Criminals of every +class; let them stay with Catilina.</i> (6) <i>The dissolute youth +of Rome, his special favourites.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_17" id="t2_17"></a><a href="#n2_17">17</a></div> + +<p><b>8.</b> Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo hoste, qui iam +fatetur se esse hostem et quem, quia, quod semper volui, murus interest, +non timeo: de his, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum +sunt, nihil dicimus? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non tam +ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque, id +quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intellego. Exponam enim +vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur; +deinde singulis medicinam consilii atque orationis meae, si quam potero, +adferam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_18" id="t2_18"></a><a href="#n2_18">18</a></span>Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno +maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi nullo +modo possunt. Horum hominum species est honestissima—sunt enim +locupletes—, voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu +aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus +sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem? Quid enim +exspectas? bellum? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones +sacrosanctas futuras putas? An tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a +Catilina exspectant:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum +auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione +ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent neque, id +quod stultissimum est, certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et +locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines +minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt aut, si +permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam +arma laturi.</p> + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_19" id="t2_19"></a><a href="#n2_19">19</a></span><b>9.</b> Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premuntur aere +alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores, +quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata consequi se posse +arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem +quod reliquis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse: +primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae; deinde +magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam, [maximam +multitudinem] magnas praeterea copias militum; deos denique immortales +huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam +vim sceleris praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quodsi iam sint id, quod +summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine +civium, quae mente scelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules aut +dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere, +quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_20" id="t2_20"></a><a href="#n2_20">20</a></span>Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen +exercitatione robustum, quo ex genere est ipse Manlius, cui nunc +Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit: +quas ego universas civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum +sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> repentinis +pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam +beati, dum praediis, lecticis, familiis magnis, conviviis adparatis +delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, +Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus: qui etiam nonnullos agrestes, +homines tenues atque egentes, in eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum +impulerunt. Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque +pono, sed eos hoc moneo: desinant furere et proscriptiones et dictaturas +cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut +iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse +videantur.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_21" id="t2_21"></a><a href="#n2_21">21</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>10.</b> Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbulentum, qui iam +pridem premuntur, qui numquam emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male +gerendo negotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant, +qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum defatigati, permulti +et ex urbe et ex agris se in illa castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego +non tam milites acres quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui +homines quam primum, si stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita, ut non +modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non +intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter +velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli +pereant, arbitrentur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_22" id="t2_22"></a><a href="#n2_22">22</a></span>Quintum genus est parricidarum, +sicariorum, denique omnium facinorosorum: quos ego a Catilina non +revoco; nam neque divelli ab eo possunt et pereant sane in latrocinio, +quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos carcer capere non possit. Postremum autem +genus est, non solum numero, verum etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod +proprium Catilinae est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> ac +sinu, quos pexo capillo nitidos aut imberbes aut bene barbatos videtis, +manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos, non togis, quorum omnis +industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromitur. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_23" id="t2_23"></a>23</span>In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, omnes +impuri impudicique versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum +amare et amari, neque cantare et saltare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et +spargere venena didicerunt: qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si +Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum +futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt? num suas secum +mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi? Quemadmodum autem illis carere +poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus? quo autem pacto illi Appenninum +atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem +toleraturos putant, quod nudi in conviviis saltare didicerunt.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>We scarcely need the armies of the State to defeat such +contemptible opponents. We have all the resources of the +government, they have nothing; it is the cause of all good +against all evil. In such a contest the result is certain. +Guard your own homes, and we will do our duty.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_24" id="t2_24"></a><a href="#n2_24">24</a></div> + +<p><b>11.</b> O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc sit habiturus Catilina +scortorum cohortem praetoriam! Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam +praeclaras Catilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus: et +primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque +vestros opponite; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam +manum florem totius Italiae ac robur educite. Iam vero urbes coloniarum +ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego +ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> latronis inopia +atque egestate conferre debeo. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_25" id="t2_25"></a><a href="#n2_25">25</a></span>Sed si omissis his rebus, +quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, +aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris +nationibus, si his rebus omissis causas ipsas, quae inter se confligunt, +contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, quam valde illi iaceant, intellegere +possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia; hinc +pudicitia, illinc stuprum; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas, +illinc scelus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc honestas, illinc +turpitudo; hinc continentia, illinc libido; denique aequitas, +temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum +iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitiis omnibus; postremo +copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona +denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi +certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi +immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et tanta vitia +superari?</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_26" id="t2_26"></a><a href="#n2_26">26</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>12.</b> Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad modum iam antea dixi, +vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque defendite: mihi, ut urbi sine vestro +motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque +provisum est. Coloni omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de +hac nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbes suas finesque defendent. +Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam fore putavit—quamquam +animo meliore sunt quam pars patriciorum,—potestate nostra +continebuntur. Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum +Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem aut omnes eius motus +conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis, +maturandis, agendis iam ad senatum referemus, quem vocari videtis.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>One more appeal to the conspirators who are still in the city. +They can go out if they will, but any attempt at violence here +will be crushed. This shall be done under my direction, with as +little disturbance as possible. I rely upon the protection of +the gods, to whom you must address your prayers.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_27" id="t2_27"></a><a href="#n2_27">27</a></div> + +<p>Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem +omniumque nostrum in urbe a Catilina relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, +tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas +adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id, quod latebat, +erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci, meam hanc esse +patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his +esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae; si qui +exire volunt, conivere possum: qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius ego +non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam +deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse +magistratus egregios, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, +quem vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse +voluerunt.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t2_28" id="t2_28"></a><a href="#n2_28">28</a></div><p><b>13.</b> Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maximae +res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bellum intestinum ac +domesticum post hominum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato +duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si +ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam +sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens +patriae periculum me necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud +profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum +videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> iam +omnes salvi esse possitis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t2_29" id="t2_29"></a>29</span>Quae quidem ego neque mea +prudentia neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed +multis et non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego +ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus: qui iam non procul, ut +quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hic praesentes +suo numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendent. Quos +vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem +pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium +copiis terra marique superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere +defendant.</p> + + +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 40%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> +<h2><a name="Oration_III" id="Oration_III"></a><span class="smcap">Oration III.</span></h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Before the People.</span></h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Citizens! This day I have saved the State, and may claim equal +honour with its founder. Let me tell you what has taken place +in the Senate.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_1" id="t3_1"></a>1</span><b>1.</b> Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, bona +fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domicilium clarissimi +imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque urbem hodierno die deorum +immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus consiliis periculis meis e +flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis +conservatam ac restitutam videtis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_2" id="t3_2"></a><a href="#n3_2">2</a></span>Et si non minus nobis +iucundi atque inlustres sunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, quam illi, +quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta +condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, +quoniam illum, qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia +famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit +is, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam toti +urbi, templis delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignes +circumdatosque restinximus, eidemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos +rettudimus mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_3" id="t3_3"></a><a href="#n3_3">3</a></span>Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> comperta sunt per me, +vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et quam manifesta et +qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui ignoratis et +exspectatis, scire possitis.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Since Catilina departed, I have been on the watch for evidence +against his confederates. I found that Lentulus had been +tampering with the delegates of the Allobroges, and was sending +letters by them to Gaul and to Catilina. Here was my +opportunity. By my orders, two of the praetors last night +arrested the delegates with Volturcius, the agent of Lentulus, +at the Mulvian Bridge, seized their letters and brought them to +me. I sent for Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Gabinius, +convoked the Senate, and conveyed thither the whole party, with +the letters unopened. Another praetor, sent by me, seized a +collection of arms in the house of Cethegus.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2">Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris +sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, Romae reliquisset, +semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam +absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemus. <b>2.</b> Nam tum, cum ex urbe +Catilinam eiciebam—non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum illa +magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit,—sed tum, cum illum exterminari +volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul exituram aut eos, qui +restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_4" id="t3_4"></a><a href="#n3_4">4</a></span>Atque ego ut vidi, quos maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos +sciebam, eos nobiscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies +noctesque consumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac +viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem +sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut +tum demum animis saluti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium +ipsum videretis. Itaque ut comperi, legatos Allobrogum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> belli +Transalpini et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa a Lentulo esse +sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos cives eodemque itinere [cum +litteris mandatisque] ad Catilinam esse missos, comitemque iis adiunctum +esse T. Volturcium atque huic ad Catilinam esse datas litteras, +facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum quodque ego +semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a +senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_5" id="t3_5"></a><a href="#n3_5">5</a></span>Itaque +hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum praetores, fortissimos atque +amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri +placeret ostendi. Illi autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque +egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium +susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mulvium +pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito fuerunt, ut +Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam +suspicione multos fortes viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina +complures delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor assidue in rei +publicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_6" id="t3_6"></a><a href="#n3_6">6</a></span>Interim tertia +fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem magno comitatu legati Allobrogum +ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; educuntur et +ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota solis, +ignorabatur a ceteris. <b>3.</b> Tum interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, +quae erat commissa, sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo comitatu, +integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi comprehensi ad me, cum iam +dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum +machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihildum suspicantem, +vocavi; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus; +tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo, quod<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> in litteris dandis praeter +consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_7" id="t3_7"></a><a href="#n3_7">7</a></span>Cum summis et +clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane +convenerant, litteras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri +placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus +iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, ut de periculo +publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim, +Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego +non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae periculis esse mihi nimiam +diligentiam pertimescendam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_8" id="t3_8"></a><a href="#n3_8">8</a></span>Senatum frequentem celeriter, +ut vidistis, coėgi. Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. +Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid +telorum esset, efferret, ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et +gladiorum extulit.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Before the Senate, Volturcius made a confession. The Gauls +disclosed their dealings with the conspirators; and the +letters, which their writers, Cethegus, Statilius, and +Lentulus, were forced to acknowledge, were found, when read, to +confirm their evidence. Cethegus gave up his defence; Lentulus +tried to cross-examine the Gauls, but broke down, especially +when his letter to Catilina was read. Finally Gabinius, like +the rest, was reduced to silence.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p><b>4.</b> Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis, fidem publicam iussu senatus dedi, +hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit, +cum vix se ex magno timore recreasset, a Lentulo se habere ad +Catilinam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad +urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet; id autem, eo consilio, ut, cum +urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad modum descriptum distributumque erat, +incendissent caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, +qui et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_9" id="t3_9"></a><a href="#n3_9">9</a></span>Introducti autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab +Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixerunt, atque ita +sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam +quam primum mitterent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas: Lentulum +autem sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se +esse illum tertium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque imperium +pervenire esset necesse; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse: eundemque +dixisse fatalem hunc esse annum ad interitum huius urbis atque imperii, +qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitolii autem +incensionem vicesimus. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_10" id="t3_10"></a><a href="#n3_10">10</a></span>Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris +controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem +fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur.</p> + +<p class="para2"><b>5.</b> Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus, quae a quoque +dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus Cethego signum: cognovit; nos linum +incidimus, legimus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et +populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse; orare ut +item illi facerent quae sibi legati eorum recepissent. Tum Cethegus, qui +paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant +deprehensa, respondisset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum +studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus +conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius; cognovit et +signum et manum suam: recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam; +confessus est. Tum ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne +signum. Adnuit. 'Est vero' inquam 'notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, +clarissimi viri, qui amavit unice patriam et cives suos, quae quidem te +a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_11" id="t3_11"></a><a href="#n3_11">11</a></span>Leguntur +eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. Si quid de his +rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit; +post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit, +quaesivit a Gallis, quid sibi esset cum iis, quam ob rem domum suam +venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanterque +respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab +eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, tum ille subito +scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset, ostendit: nam cum id +posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita +eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, +sed etiam propter vim manifesti atque deprehensi sceleris impudentia, +qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_12" id="t3_12"></a><a href="#n3_12">12</a></span>Volturcius +vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo +ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus +Lentulus tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine +nomine, sed ita: 'Quis sim, scies ex hoc, quem ad te misi. Cura ut vir +sis et cogita, quem in locum sis progressus; vide, quid iam tibi sit +necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum.' +Gabinius deinde introductus, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, +ad extremum nihil ex iis, quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. <span class="sidenote"> +<a name="t3_13" id="t3_13"></a><a href="#n3_13">13</a></span>Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum illa certissima visa sunt argumenta +atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque +confessio, tum multo certiora illa, color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. +Sic enim obstipuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam +inter se aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi +viderentur.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>The Senate then voted thanks to me, my colleague, and the +praetors; placed under arrest Lentulus (who had resigned his +praetorship) and eight others; and decreed a supplicatio in my +name, an honour never before bestowed on a civil magistrate</i>.</p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><b>6.</b> Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum consului, de summa +re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a principibus acerrimae ac +fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et +quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis, +Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_14" id="t3_14"></a><a href="#n3_14">14</a></span>Primum mihi +gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, consilio, providentia +mea res publica maximis periculis sit liberata; deinde L. Flaccus et C. +Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito +ac iure laudantur; atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus +impertitur, quod eos, qui huius coniurationis participes fuissent, a +suis et rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt, ut P. +Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; itemque +uti C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, +in custodiam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui +sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui +ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat indicatum, in P. +Furium, qui est de iis colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q. +Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum +sollicitatione versatus, in Umbrenum, libertinum hominem, a quo +primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_15" id="t3_15"></a><a href="#n3_15">15</a></span>Atque +ea lenitate senatus usus est, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione +tantaque hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem hominum +perditissimorum poena re publica<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari +posse arbitraretur. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro +singulari eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum post +hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his verbis decreta est: quod +urbem incendiis, caede cives, Italiam bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio +si cum ceteris [supplicationibus] conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae +bene gesta, haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, +quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam P. +Lentulus, quamquam, patefactus indiciis et confessionibus suis, iudicio +senatus non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen +magistratu se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non +fuerat quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, +praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato Lentulo puniendo +liberaremur.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>We have thus defeated the conspiracy; but the struggle would +have been much more severe, if Catilina had remained in the +city.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t3_16" id="t3_16"></a><a href="#n3_16">16</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>7.</b> Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi periculosissimique belli +nefarios duces captos iam et comprehensos tenetis, existimare debetis, +omnes Catilinae copias, omnes spes atque opes his depulsis urbis +periculis concidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc +providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse Lentuli +somnum nec L. Cassii adipes nec C. Cethegi furiosam temeritatem +pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diu, +dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat; +appellare, tentare, sollicitare poterat, audebat; erat ei consilium ad +facinus aptum, consilio autem neque lingua neque manus deerat. Iam ad +certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. +Neque<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat: nihil erat quod +non ipse obiret occurreret, vigilaret laboraret; frigus, sitim, famem +ferre poterat. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_17" id="t3_17"></a><a href="#n3_17">17</a></span>Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, +tam paratum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis +rebus diligentem nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium +compulissem, dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, non facile hanc tantam +molem mali a vestris cervicibus depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia +constituisset neque tanto ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae +denuntiavisset, neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes +manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta +sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum, +quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque +deprehensa est. Quodsi Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, +quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, +tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos +umquam, dum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam +tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Many signs show that the Gods have had us under their special +protection. The soothsayers warned us of our danger two years +ago, when the Capitol was struck by lightning. They bade us +avert it by making a new statue of Jupiter, and turning it +towards the Forum; it was erected this day, at the very moment +when the conspiracy was being detected. It is Jupiter alone who +has preserved us.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_18" id="t3_18"></a><a href="#n3_18">18</a></span><b>8.</b> Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me +administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et +provisa esse videantur; idque cum coniectura consequi possumus, quod vix +videtur humani consilii tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum +vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut illa omittam, visas nocturno +tempore ab occidente faces ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut +terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae ita multa nobis +consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales +viderentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque +relinquendum est. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_19" id="t3_19"></a><a href="#n3_19">19</a></span>nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et +Torquato consulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, +cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum hominum deiectae +et legum aera liquefacta et tactus etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, +Romulus, quem inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, uberibus +lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices +ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum +et bellum civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperii occasum +adpropinquare dixerunt, nisi di immortales omni ratione placati suo +numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_20" id="t3_20"></a><a href="#n3_20">20</a></span>itaque illorum +responsis tum et ludi per dies decem facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad +placandos deos pertineret, praetermissa est: eidemque iusserunt +simulacrum Iovis facere maius et in excelso collocare et contra atque +antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud +signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore +ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque +imperii, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano perspici possent. +Atque illud signum collocandum consules illi locaverunt, sed tanta fuit +operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque nobis ante +hodiernum diem collocaretur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_21" id="t3_21"></a><a href="#n3_21">21</a></span><b>9.</b> Hic +quis potest esse, Quirites, tam aversus a vero, tam praeceps, tam +mspane captus, qui neget haec<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> omnia, quae videmus, praecipueque hanc +urbem deorum immortalium nutu ac potestate administrari? Etenim cum +esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae comparari, +et ea per cives, quae tum propter magnitudinem scelerum nonnullis +incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum +etiam suscepta sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu +Iovis Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per +forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae +ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur? quo collocato atque ad +vos senatumque converso, omnia, quae erant cogitata contra salutem +omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_22" id="t3_22"></a><a href="#n3_22">22</a></span>Quo etiam +maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum vestris +domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis atque delubris sunt +funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse +dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus: ille, ille Iuppiter +restitit; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille +vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem +voluntatemque suscepi atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. Iam vero ab +Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam dementer tantae res creditae +et ignotis et barbaris commissaeque litterae numquam essent profecto, +nisi ab dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. +Quid vero? ut homines Galli ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una +restat, quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, +spem imperii ac rerum amplissimarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus +oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent, id non +divinitus factum esse putatis? praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed +tacendo superare potuerint.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p><blockquote><p><i>Celebrate, then, the thanksgiving: never was one better +deserved. We have had many civil disturbances in the last +twenty years, and much bloodshed; but in these revolution was +the object, not the destruction of the State.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t3_23" id="t3_23"></a><a href="#n3_23">23</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>10.</b> Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvinaria supplicatio +decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris. +Nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti, +sed profecto iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac +miserrimo interitu: sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine +dimicatione togati me uno togato duce et imperatore vicistis. <span class="sidenote"> +<a name="t3_24" id="t3_24"></a><a href="#n3_24">24</a></span>Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnes civiles dissensiones, non solum +eas, quas audistis, sed eas, quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. +L. Sulla Sulpicium oppressit: C. Marium, custodem huius urbis, +multosque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. +Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe collegam: omnis hic locus acervis +corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum +Mario: tum vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis +exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla, ne +dici quidem opus est, quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rei +publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q. +Catulo: attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam +ceterorum. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_25" id="t3_25"></a><a href="#n3_25">25</a></span>Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quae non +ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam pertinebant—non illi +nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea, quae esset, se esse principes, +neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere +voluerunt,—eius modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed +internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc autem uno post hominum +memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam +barbaria cum sua gente<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, +Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi +esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut +omnes salvi conservaremini, et, cum hostes vestri tantum civium +superfuturum putassent, quantum infinitae caedi restitisset, tantum +autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et cives +integros incolumesque servavi.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>I ask no reward but your recollection of my services. Unlike +foreign conquerors, I must live side by side with my enemies; +be it yours to see that I do not suffer from the hatred of the +wicked which I have provoked. Life can give me no greater +honour; I will strive to prove worthy of it in future.</i></p> + +<p><i>Make your prayers, then, to Jupiter, and guard your homes +to-night; the danger will soon be over.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t3_26" id="t3_26"></a><a href="#n3_26">26</a></div> + +<p><b>11.</b> Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis praemium +virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum monimentum laudis postulo +praeterquam huius diei memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnes +triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monimenta gloriae, laudis +insignia condi et collocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil +tacitum, nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam minus digni adsequi +possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, sermonibus +crescent, litterarum monimentis inveterascent et conroborabuntur; +eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et +ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque tempore in hac re +publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum alter fines vestri imperii non +terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperii +domicilium sedesque servaret. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_27" id="t3_27"></a><a href="#n3_27">27</a></span><b>12.</b> Sed quoniam earum +rerum, quas ego gessi, non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae +illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> quod mihi cum iis vivendum est, +quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos +reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, +mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum +sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent ego providi: ne mihi +noceant vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi +nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, +quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est, magna in re publica dignitas, +quae me semper tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui +neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_28" id="t3_28"></a><a href="#n3_28">28</a></span> +Est etiam in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae +cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis +impetus domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum +converterit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos +esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque +omnibus: mihi quidem ipsi quid est, quod iam ad vitae fructum possit +adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis +quidquam videam altius, quo mihi lubeat ascendere? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t3_29" id="t3_29"></a><a href="#n3_29">29</a></span>Illud +profecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus +tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est invidia conservanda re publica +suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re +publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, curemque ut ea +virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox +est, venerati Iovem illum, custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra +tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque +ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius +faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace esse possitis providebo.</p> + + +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 40%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> +<h2><a name="Oration_IV" id="Oration_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Oration IV.</span></h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Before the Senate</span>.</h4> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Senators! I see all eyes turned upon me. I appreciate your +anxiety on my behalf, but dismiss all care for me from your +minds. I am ready to meet all contingencies, though not unmoved +by the fears of those dear to me.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_1" id="t4_1"></a><a href="#n4_1">1</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>1.</b> Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora atque oculos esse +conversos; video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, +si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in +malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed eam, per deos +immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de vestris +cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnes +acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum +fortiter, verum etiam lubenter, dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque +Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_2" id="t4_2"></a><a href="#n4_2">2</a></span>Ego sum ille consul, +patres conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non +campus, consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium +omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus, ad quietem +datus, non denique haec sedes honoris umquam vacua mortis periculo atque +insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum +consulatus mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum +ex caede miserrima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex +acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam patriam +omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate +eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. +Lentulus suum nomen inductus a vatibus fatale ad perniciem rei publicae +fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi +Romani prope fatalem exstitisse? <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_3" id="t4_3"></a><a href="#n4_3">3</a></span><b>2.</b> Quare, patres +conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite patriae, conservate vos, +coniuges, liberos fortunasque vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque +defendite: mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo +sperare, omnes deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi ac mereor +relaturos esse gratiam: deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque +moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere neque immatura +consulari neque misera sapienti. Nec tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui +fratris carissimi et amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear horumque +omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis: neque meam mentem non +domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus +filius, quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem +consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspectans huius exitum diei stat in +conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in eam partem, uti +salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius, +quam et illi et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><p><i>Think of the gravity of the situation. You have already by +your measures shown your view of the case, but I will put it +before you as though it were still an open question. Only +remember that the evil is widespread, and calls for energetic +action.</i></p></blockquote> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_4" id="t4_4"></a><a href="#n4_4">4</a></span>Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei publicae, +circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. +Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus pl. fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod +agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium +occidit, in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium +adducitur: tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium +caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restiterunt; tenentur litterae, +signa, manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio; sollicitantur +Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur, id est initum +consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi +Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamitatem relinquatur. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_5" id="t4_5"></a><a href="#n4_5">5</a></span><b>3.</b> Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, vos +multis iam iudiciis iudicavistis, primum quod mihi gratias egistis +singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque diligentia perditorum hominum +coniurationem patefactam esse decrevistis, deinde quod Lentulum se +abdicare praetura coėgistis, tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus +iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine +supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini; +postremo hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio +dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ii, qui in custodiam +nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse +videantur.</p> + +<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_6" id="t4_6"></a><a href="#n4_6">6</a></span>Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, +tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis et de poena<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> quid +censeatis. Illa praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum in re publica +versari furorem et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem +videbam, sed hanc tantam, tam exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus +numquam putavi. Nunc quidquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclinant +atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad +vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse, +vehementer erratis. Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum: manavit +non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes et obscure serpens +multas iam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando et prolatando +nullo pacto potest: quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis +vindicandum est.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Two proposals are before us. D. Silanus would put the +conspirators to death; C. Caesar would imprison them in some +municipium for life; a plan difficult to carry out, and perhaps +really more severe than the other.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p class="para2"><span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_7" id="t4_7"></a><a href="#n4_7">7</a></span><b>4.</b> Video adhuc duas esse sententias, unam D. Silani, qui +censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos, alteram +C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes +acerbitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum +magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnes vita +privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen +exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat +oportere, atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac re +publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis +immortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem +naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque eam sapientes numquam +inviti, fortes saepe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> etiam lubenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero et ea +sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. +Municipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si +imperare velis, difficultatem, si rogare: decernatur tamen, si placet. +<span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_8" id="t4_8"></a><a href="#n4_8">8</a></span>Ego enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, reperiam, qui id, quod +salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis +recusare. Adiungit gravem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula +ruperit: horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum +perditorum. Sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, quos condemnat, aut per +senatum aut per populum possit levare: eripit etiam spem, quae sola +homines in miseriis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publicari iubet: +vitam solam relinquit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multas uno +dolore animi atque corporis aerumnas et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset. +Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos +eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse +voluerunt, quod videlicet intelligebant iis remotis non esse mortem +ipsam pertimescendam.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>My personal interest is clear. As Caesar is a popular leader, +I shall not, if you adopt his proposal, have to fear so much +the attacks of that party. Some of its members I see are +absent, as though they questioned our jurisdiction in this +matter. Caesar has shown that he has no such scruples.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_9" id="t4_9"></a><a href="#n4_9">9</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>5.</b> Nunc ego, patres conscripti, mea video quid intersit. Si eritis +secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc is in re publica viam, quae +popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et +cognitore huiusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi: sin +illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii contrahatur. Sed tamen +meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> vincat. Habemus enim +a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, +sententiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. +Intellectum est, quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum +vere popularem, saluti populi consulentem. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_10" id="t4_10"></a><a href="#n4_10">10</a></span>Video de +istis, qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite +videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in +custodiam cives Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices +hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. Iam hoc nemini dubium est, qui +reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium decrerit, quid +de tota re et causa iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit, legem +Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam, qui autem rei publicae +sit hostis, eum civem nullo modo esse posse; denique ipsum latorem +Semproniae legis iniussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem +ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie +populi Romani, exitio huius urbis, tam acerbe, tam crudeliter cogitarit, +etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus +non dubitat Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit +in posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in perniciem +populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit: adiungit etiam +publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam +egestas ac mendicitas consequatur.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>In any case we need not fear the charge of cruelty. In +punishing crimes like these, severity is the truest humanity. +Remember what L. Caesar said yesterday; yet the offences of C. +Gracchus cannot be compared to Catilina's.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_11" id="t4_11"></a><a href="#n4_11">11</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>6.</b> Quam ob rem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comitem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> ad +contionem populo carum atque iucundum, sive Silani sententiam sequi +malueritis, facile me atque vos crudelitatis vituperatione populus +Romanus exsolvet, atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, +patres conscripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate +punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. Nam ita mihi salva re +publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior +sum, non atrocitate animi moveor—quis est enim me mitior?—sed +singulari quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre +hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno +incendio concidentem; cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque +insepultos acervos civium; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et +furor in vestra caede bacchantis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_12" id="t4_12"></a><a href="#n4_12">12</a></span>Cum vero mihi proposui +regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se sperasse ex fatis confessus est, +purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, tum +lamentationem matrum familias, tum fugam virginum atque puerorum ac +vexationem [virginum] Vestalium perhorresco, et quia mihi vehementer +haec videntur misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere +voluerunt, me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis +pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa +domo, supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is +clemens ac misericors an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur? +Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis +suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, +qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas +unius cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium +delere conati sunt, qui id egerunt,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis +huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperii conlocarent, si +vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habebimur: sin remissiores esse +voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama +subeunda est. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_13" id="t4_13"></a><a href="#n4_13">13</a></span>Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir +fortissimus et amantissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus +est, cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et +audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consulis +interfectum filiumque eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere +necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum? quod initum delendae rei +publicae consilium? Largitionis voluntas tum in re publica versata est +et partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir +clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est persecutus; ille etiam grave tum +vulnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur: hic ad +evertenda fundamenta rei publicae Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, +Catilinam vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego et ceteros cives +interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, Italiam totam +vastandam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere +tam immani ac tam nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse videamini: +multo magis est verendum, ne remissione poenae crudeliores in patriam, +quam ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos +hostes fuisse videamini.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>You need not fear that we shall lack strength to carry out our +decision. Every class in the State is with us: the knights, the +civil servants, the freedmen, even the slaves. It is true that +the shopkeepers have been solicited by Lentulus, but in vain.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_14" id="t4_14"></a><a href="#n4_14">14</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>7.</b> Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimulare<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> non possum. +Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad aures meas, eorum qui vereri +videntur, ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno +die, transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, patres +conscripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia tum etiam multo maiore +populi Romani ad summum imperium retinendum et ad communes fortunas +conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium +generum, omnium denique aetatum; plenum est forum, plena templa circum +forum, pleni omnes aditus huius loci ac templi. Causa est enim post +urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque +idem, praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus +potius quam soli perire voluerunt. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_15" id="t4_15"></a><a href="#n4_15">15</a></span>Hosce ego homines +excipio et secerno lubenter; neque enim in improborum civium, sed in +acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di immortales, +qua frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem +dignitatemque consentiunt! Quid ego equites Romanos commemorem? qui +vobis ita summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rei +publicae certent; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad +societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec +causa coniungit: quam si coniunctionem, confirmatam in consulatu meo, +perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum +civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. Pari +studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios, +fortissimos viros; scribas item universos, quos cum casu hic dies ad +aerarium frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem +communem esse conversos. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_16" id="t4_16"></a><a href="#n4_16">16</a></span>Omnis ingenuorum adest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +multitudo, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis enim est, cui non haec templa, +aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc +commune patriae solum cum sit carum, tum vero dulce atque iucundum? <b>8.</b> +Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertinorum hominum studia +cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti hanc suam +patriam iudicant, quam quidam hic nati et summo loco nati non patriam +suam, sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce homines +ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, +quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae +defendendam excitavit? Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione +sit servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare +cupiat, qui non tantum, quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad +communem salutem voluntatis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_17" id="t4_17"></a><a href="#n4_17">17</a></span>Quare si quem vestrum forte +commovet hoc, quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare +circum tabernas, pretio sperare posse sollicitari animos egentium atque +imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tentatum, sed nulli sunt +inventi tam aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non illum +ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile +atque lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae +salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis sunt, +immo vero—id enim potius est dicendum—genus hoc universum amantissimum +est otii. Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus +frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio: quorum si quaestus occlusis +tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><p><i>The people will not fail you; do not fail them. Take advantage +of their unanimity, and think of the gravity of the crisis.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_18" id="t4_18"></a><a href="#n4_18">18</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>9.</b> Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi Romani praesidia +non desunt: vos ne populo Romano deesse videamini providete. Habetis +consulem ex plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte non ad +vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum; omnes ordines ad +conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce +consentiunt; obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis vobis supplex +manus tendit patria communis, vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis +arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ignem illum Vestae +sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque +urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum +atque liberorum anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris +hodierno die vobis iudicandum est. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_19" id="t4_19"></a><a href="#n4_19">19</a></span>Habetis ducem memorem +vestri, oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur; habetis omnes +ordines, omnes homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civili +causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate, +quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam +libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas una +nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo confici, sed ne +cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque +haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus +sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio +functa consulari videretur.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> +<blockquote><p><i>I know the danger I incur; but whatever comes I shall never +repent of what I have done. My achievements will find a place +with those of our national heroes. My domestic enemies will +wage eternal war upon me; but I trust in the protection of all +good citizens.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_20" id="t4_20"></a><a href="#n4_20">20</a></div> + +<p class="para2"><b>10.</b> Nunc antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta +manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me +inimicorum multitudinem suscepisse video, sed eam iudico esse turpem et +infirmam et contemptam et abiectam. Quodsi aliquando alicuius furore et +scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publicae +dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres +conscripti, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam illi mihi fortasse minitantur, +omnibus est parata: vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis +honestastis, nemo est adsecutus; ceteris enim bene gestae, mihi uni +conservatae rei publicae gratulationem decrevistis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_21" id="t4_21"></a><a href="#n4_21">21</a></span> +Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hannibal in Africam +redire atque ex Italia decedere coactus est; ornetur alter eximia laude +Africanus, qui duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem +Numantiamque, delevit; habeatur vir egregius Paullus ille, cuius currum +rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit; sit aeterna +gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit; +anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes eisdem +quibus solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur: erit profecto +inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est +patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, quam curare ut etiam +illi, qui absunt, habeant quo victores revertantur. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_22" id="t4_22"></a><a href="#n4_22">22</a></span>Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae victoriae quam +domesticae, quia hostes alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti +in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> amicitiam beneficio se obligatos putant; qui autem ex numero civium, +dementia aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum +a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nec vi coėrcere nec beneficio +placare possis. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum bellum +susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque +tantorum periculorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed +in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a +meis facile propulsari posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis +reperietur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam +conspirationem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit.</p> + + +<blockquote><p><i>One reward I ask for my sacrifices and exertions—your +recollection of my services, and your protection of my son. +Vote then bravely, remembering the interests at stake, and I +will carry out your decision.</i></p></blockquote> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="t4_23" id="t4_23"></a><a href="#n4_23">23</a></div> + +<p><b>11.</b> Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro provincia, quam +neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me +propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis +hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore +tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus et pro meis in vos +singularibus studiis et pro hac, quam perspicitis, ad conservandam rem +publicam diligentia nihil a vobis nisi huius temporis totiusque mei +consulatus memoriam postulo: quae dum erit in vestris fixa mentibus, +tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quodsi meam spem vis +improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis meum parvum +filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> non solum ad salutem, verum +etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo +conservaverit, illum filium esse memineritis. <span class="sidenote"><a name="t4_24" id="t4_24"></a><a href="#n4_24">24</a></span>Quapropter +de summa salute vestra populique Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac +liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis ac templis, de totius urbis tectis +ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re +publica decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum +consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae +statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare.<br /><br /><br /><br /></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /></p> + +<h1>CICERO</h1> + +<h2>SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA</h2> + +<h4><i>WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES</i></h4> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h3>E. A. UPCOTT, M.A.</h3> + +<h6>LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD +ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE</h6> + + +<p class="center"><b>PART II.—NOTES</b></p> + +<p class="center"><i>THIRD EDITION, REVISED</i><br /><br /><br /></p> + + +<p class="center">OXFORD</p> + +<p class="center">AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br /></p> + + +<p class="center">1900<br /><br /> +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p> +<br /><br /><br /><br /></p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="NOTES" id="NOTES">NOTES.</a></h2> + +<p class="center"><b>[N.B.—<i>The references are to the sections</i>.]</b><br /><br /></p> + + +<h3><a name="ORATION_Ia" id="ORATION_Ia"></a>ORATION I.</h3> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_1" id="n1_1"></a><a href="#t1_1">§1</a>.</div> + +<p><b>tandem</b> often strengthens interrogatives. 'How long, pray?' or 'How long, +I ask?' Cf. <a href="#t1_16">1. 16</a> 'quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas?' and <a href="#t2_2">2. 2</a> +'quanto tandem maerore?' So also with imperatives, as in <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a> 'Recognosce +tandem.'</p> + +<p><b>abutere</b>, future, as is shown by 'eludet,' 'iactabit.'</p> + +<p><b>quam diu</b>, etc. 'How long will your madness yet have full play?' Connect +'etiam' with 'quamdiu,' as in Sall. Cat. 61 'Catilina repertus est +paullulum etiam spirans.' For 'eludet' used absolutely cf. Livy 2. 45 +'adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat.' But some editors read +'<i>nos</i> eludet' ('make sport of us').</p> + +<p><b>nocturnum praesidium Palatii</b>. The Palatium, or 'Mons Palatinus,' was one +of the seven hills, occupying a central position S. E. of the +Capitoline. It was now protected at night by a guard against any sudden +attempt of the conspirators to seize it. Augustus and his successors had +their residence there; hence, in later times, 'palatium' came to mean 'a +palace.'</p> + +<p><b>urbis vigiliae</b>, 'the patrols of the city.'</p> + +<p><b>bonorum</b>, perhaps in a general sense 'respectable citizens,' but with +special reference to the senatorial party at Rome, who called themselves +<i>boni cives</i> or <i>optimates</i>; just as the aristocratic party at Athens +called themselves καλοκἀγαθοί.</p> + +<p><b>hic munitissimus</b>, etc. They were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter +Stator on the Palatine, which was protected by the Equites in arms. The +ordinary place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia, on the north side of +the Forum.</p> + +<p><b>horum</b>, the senators.</p> + +<p><b>constrictam . . . coniurationem tuam</b>, 'that your conspiracy is fast held +and bound in the knowledge of all here present,' (i.e. it is powerless, +because everybody knows of it).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span><b>Quid proxima . . . arbitraris?</b> 'Quem' is the direct interrogative; 'quid +egeris,' 'ubi fueris,' etc., indirect questions depending upon +'ignorare'; they are put first in the sentence for the sake of emphasis.</p> + +<p><b>proxima nocte</b>, 'last night,' on which the attempt on Cicero's life was +made, superiore, 'the night before last,' when the meeting in the house +of Laeca was held. See <a href="#Page_11">Introduction, pp. 11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, and <a href="#Footnote_12_12">note</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_2" id="n1_2"></a><a href="#t1_2">§2</a>.</div> + +<p><b>immo vero</b> is used when the speaker wishes to correct, either by addition +or qualification, something that has been said, like the Greek μὲν οὖν. +'Lives, did I say? Nay, he actually comes into the senate.' Cf. <a href="#t4_17">4. 17</a> +'maxima pars . . . immo vero genus universum.'</p> + +<p><b>publici consilii.</b> <i>Consilium</i> properly = 'deliberation,' 'counsel.' +Hence, as here, 'the deliberating body,' a sense which more properly +belongs to <i>concilium</i>. Any state-constituted assemblage of persons for +deliberation was called 'consilium publicum' (e.g. a board of <i>iudices</i> +assembled to try a case at law).</p> + +<p><b>unum quemque nostrum</b>, not 'each one of us,' but 'us, one by one,' +'individually.'</p> + +<p><b>viri fortes</b>, ironical.</p> + +<p><b>si vitemus.</b> The subj. is used in the protasis, because the idea of +contingency is contained in 'satisfacere videmur,' which is substituted +for the more regular 'satisfaciamus.' Cf. <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a> 'habere videtur ista res +iniquitatem, si imperare velis,' and <a href="#t2_25">2. 25</a> 'si contendere velimus, +intelligere possumus.'</p> + +<p><b>iussu consulis.</b> The Lex Valeria (see <a href="#n1_28">note on 1. 28</a>) secured to every +citizen the right of appeal to the people against the sentence of a +magistrate. On the question whether Cicero was on this occasion legally +entitled to put Catilina to death on his own authority, see <a href="#NOTE_B">Intr. Note +B</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_3" id="n1_3"></a><a href="#t1_3">§3</a>.</div> + +<p><b>An vero, etc</b>. Tiberius Gracchus was tribune 133 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>. His law for the +distribution of the public land roused against him the hatred of the +aristocratic party. On the day of the tribunician election for the next +year he was attacked and killed with 300 of his adherents by a body of +senators headed by Scipio Nasica. <i>Privatus</i> is strongly opposed to +<i>consules</i> in the next clause. It appears that Nasica was not actually +Pontifex Maximus at the time, but in any case the office was not +regarded as a magistracy.</p> + +<p><b>mediocriter labefactantem</b> is similarly contrasted with the more serious +designs of Catilina. Cicero here mentions the violent proceedings +against the Gracchi and their successors with approval, because he +wished to plead for similar measures against Catilina. In another speech +delivered during this year (de Lege Agraria<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> 2. 5. 10) he calls them +'amantissimi plebis Romanae viri,' and says, 'Non sum autem is consul, +qui, ut plerique, nefas esse arbitrer Gracchos laudare.'</p> + +<p><b>C. Servilius, etc.</b> Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian, sold corn to the +populace at low rates during a famine in 440 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He was accused of +aiming at the supreme power. Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, with C. +Servilius Ahala as his master of the horse; the latter killed Sp. +Maelius with his own hand.</p> + +<p><b>quod . . . occidit</b>, 'the fact that,' in apposition to illa, which, as +often, refers to what follows, like ἐκεῖνος in Greek.</p> + +<p><b>Habemus senatus consultum</b>, i.e. the <i>ultimum decretum</i>, passed Oct. 21. +See <a href="#Page_11">Introduction, p. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>non deest</b>, etc. The senate, as the deliberative and authorizing body, +have done their part; the consuls, as the executive, fail.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_4" id="n1_4"></a><a href="#t1_4">§4</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Decrevit quondam</b>, etc. This was in 121 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Gaius Gracchus (tribune 123, +122) had carried a series of measures tending to overthrow the authority +of the senate. They took the opportunity of a tumult to pass the +<i>ultimum decretum</i>, whereupon L. Opimius the consul, with an armed +force, attacked the Aventine, where the adherents of Gracchus were +assembled. Gracchus himself and his supporter M. Fulvius were killed.</p> + +<p><b>propter quasdam</b>, etc., a mild expression, intended once more to point +the contrast between the Gracchi and Catilina.</p> + +<p><b>patre</b>. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, who was twice consul and twice +triumphed.</p> + +<p><b>avo</b>. His mother was Cornelia, daughter of Cornelius Scipio Africanus, +the conqueror of Hannibal.</p> + +<p><b>Simili senatus consulto</b>, etc. In 100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> revolutionary measures were +proposed by L. Appuleius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia. In their +fear of violence, the senate passed the <i>ultimum decretum</i> and called +upon the consul Marius to protect them, though he had been a supporter +of Saturninus. In the tumult which followed, the latter and his +adherents were shut up in the senate house, where their opponents, +taking off the tiles, stoned them to death.</p> + +<p><b>mors ac reipublicae poena</b>. 'Ac' is explanatory, 'death, (which was) the +penalty inflicted by the state.'</p> + +<p><b>remorata est</b>, literally, 'Did death keep them waiting a day longer?' +i.e. 'Had they to wait a single day longer for their death?' He means +that they were put to death on the same day as that on which the +<i>ultimum decretum</i> was passed.</p> + +<p><b>vicesimum diem</b>. He speaks in round numbers. The exact time since Oct. 21 +(by the Roman reckoning) was eighteen or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> nineteen days, according as we +fix the date of this speech to Nov. 7 or Nov. 8. See <a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p. +12, note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>interfectum te esse convenit</b>, 'you might well have been put to death.'</p> + +<p><b>patres conscripti</b>. The regular title used in addressing the senate. The +traditional explanation of it is as follows. The original senators were +called <i>patres</i> (patricians); after the expulsion of the kings 160 new +senators were enrolled (partly plebeians); these were called +<i>conscripti</i>. Hence the whole body were addressed as <i>patres et +conscripti</i> and by abbreviation <i>patres conscripti</i>. But this would seem +to require <i>adscripti</i> rather than <i>conscripti</i>, and 'it is possible the +senators were originally called <i>patres conscripti</i> to distinguish them +from those <i>patres</i> who were not senators.' [Gow's Companion to School +Classics, p. 192.]</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_5" id="n1_5"></a><a href="#t1_5">§5</a>.</div> + +<p><b>in Etruriae faucibus</b>, at Faesulae (now Fiesole), on the south-west slope +of the Apennines, commanding one of the passes into Cisalpine Gaul.</p> + +<p><b>adeo</b>, 'even,' 'actually.' Cf. <a href="#t1_9">1. 9</a> 'atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio.'</p> + +<p><b>si te iam</b>, etc. 'Credo,' as usual, marks the sentence as ironical. He +might conceivably fear two opposite criticisms on his conduct—</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) 'ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant,'</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) 'ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat.'</p> + +<p>He really fears (<i>a</i>); hence speaking ironically he reverses the case, +and says, I shall have to fear, I suppose, not rather (<i>a</i>) than (<i>b</i>) +(i.e. not so much (<i>a</i>) as (<i>b</i>)). Translate the whole—'I shall have to +fear I suppose—not that all good citizens may call my action tardy—but +that some one may say it was excessively cruel.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_6" id="n1_6"></a><a href="#t1_6">§6</a>.</div> + +<p><b>quisquam</b>, besides its regular use in negative sentences and questions +implying a negative, is used in affirmative sentences, in the sense of +'<i>any one at all</i>,' where it is implied that there can be none, or at +most but one or two.</p> + +<p><b>mihi crede</b>, 'trust to me,' 'take my advice.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_7" id="n1_7"></a><a href="#t1_7">§7</a>.</div> + +<p><b>me . . . dicere</b>. The pres. inf. is often used after <i>memini</i> when the +speaker refers to his own experience. The past event is for the moment +actually present to his mind. So in English 'do you remember my saying?' +Cf. Virg. Ecl. 1. 17 'de caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus.'</p> + +<p><b>a. d. xii Kal. Nov.</b> Oct. 21. See <a href="#Page_11">Intr. page 11</a>.</p> + +<p><b>futurus esset</b>, subj. as part of what Cicero said in the senate.</p> + +<p><b>a. d. vi Kal. Nov.</b> Oct. 27. The reading is not certain, the MSS. varying +between vi and ix.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span><b>audaciae satellitem</b>, etc., 'servant and helper.' 'Satelles' implies a +lower, less free relation than 'administer.' Cf. in Verr. 3. 21 'ministri +ac satellites cupiditatum.'</p> + +<p><b>Num me fefellit</b>, 'Was I not right, not only as to the gravity of the +design, savage and incredible as it was, but—what is more +remarkable—in the date?'</p> + +<p><b>optimatium</b>. See note on 'bonorum' <a href="#n1_1">1. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sui</b>, neut. gen. sing. from 'suus,' used to supply the place of gen. pl. +of 'se.' Cf. the similar use of 'nostri,' 'vestri.'</p> + +<p><b>cum . . . profugerunt</b>. When <i>cum</i> simply means 'at the time when' (quo +tempore) and does not contain any idea of consequence or cause, it is +usually (though by no means invariably) followed by the indicative; +especially when, as here, the time is fixed by the preceding +demonstrative <i>tum</i>. Cf. below 'cum . . . dicebas,' and <a href="#t1_21">1. 21</a> 'cum +quiescunt, probant,' <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a> 'loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est +expulsus.' Nothing is known of this exodus.</p> + +<p><b>qui remansissemus</b>. The antecedent to 'qui' must be understood from +'nostra.' Subj. because part of the Oratio Obliqua. Catilina said, +'caede illorum qui remanserunt contentus sum.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_8" id="n1_8"></a><a href="#t1_8">§8</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Quid?</b> a particle of transition, frequent in rhetorical passages. +'Again.' 'Nay more.' Cf. 'Quid vero?' <a href="#t1_14">1. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>cum</b>, 'although.'</p> + +<p><b>Praeneste</b>, twenty miles S. E. of Rome, occupying a strong position in +the Hernican mountains. It had been the last stronghold of the younger +Marius in 82 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>; on its capitulation Sulla put most of the citizens to +death, and subsequently established one of his colonies on the site. +Catilina hoped to use it as a fortified post.</p> + +<p><b>quod non ego</b>, etc. 'Quod' is consecutive, = 'tale ut.' 'Non' negatives +the whole clause 'ego . . . sentiam.' Others for 'quod non' read 'quin' +[= 'qui-ne,' lit. 'in such a way that not'], i.e. 'you can do nothing +without my hearing it.'</p> + +<p><b>tandem</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 1. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>noctem illam superiorem</b>, 'the night before last'; 'last night' would be +'hanc noctem' or 'proximam noctem.' Below he says 'priore nocte,' to +avoid repeating the same word. See <a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p. 12, note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ad</b>, 'with a view to.' Cf. <a href="#t1_26">1. 26</a> 'ad hoc studium meditati.'</p> + +<p><b>inter falcarios</b>, 'in the street of the scythemakers.' Cf. 'inter +lignarios,' 'in the street of the carpenters.' Livy 35. 41.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_9" id="n1_9"></a><a href="#t1_9">§9</a>.</div> + +<p><b>ubinam gentium</b>, 'Where <i>in the world</i>?' A genitive is sometimes joined +to an adverb of place or time to define it more exactly. Cf. 'ibidem +loci' = 'in the same place'; 'nusquam gentium'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8a" id="Page_8a">[8]</a></span> = 'nowhere in the +world;' 'postea loci' (Sallust, Jug. 102. 1), 'afterwards,' and the Greek +ποῦ γῆς;</p> + +<p><b>de re publica sententiam rogo</b>. The consul collected the opinion of the +senate by asking each senator successively for his vote (<i>sententia</i>) on +the question before the house. The senator might either give it without +comment or make a speech in support of his views.</p> + +<p><b>illa ipsa nocte</b>. See <a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p. 12, note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>duo equites Romani</b>. On <i>equites</i> see <a href="#Footnote_5_5">Introduction, p. 9, note</a>. Their +names were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius (Sallust, Cat. 28).</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_10" id="n1_10"></a><a href="#t1_10">§10</a>.</div> + +<p><b>salutatum</b>, supine. The early morning was the usual time for +complimentary calls. Cf. Martial 4. 8. 1 'Prima salutantes atque altera +conterit hora.'</p> + +<p><b>id temporis</b>, adverbial phrase, 'at that particular time.' Cf. Cic. Pro +Roscio Amerino 97 'ut id temporis Roma proficisceretur'; Tac. Ann. 5. 9 +'oblisis faucibus id aetatis corpora in Gemonias abjecta.' For this use +of the accusative, cf. phrases like 'ceterum,' 'suam vicem,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>aliquando</b> often strengthens imperatives, implying that now at length the +time has come for doing what is requested. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. 46.118 +'Respice, quaeso, aliquando'; and in Verrem 2. 1. 28 'audite, quaeso, et +aliquando miseremini sociorum.' So in Greek μέθες ποτέ (Soph. Phil. +816). Cf. also 'tandem aliquando' <a href="#t1_18">1. 18</a>, <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_11" id="n1_11"></a><a href="#t1_11">§11</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Iovi Statori</b>. The senate were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter Stator +on the Palatine. See <a href="#n1_33">on 1. 33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>in uno homine</b>, 'in the person of a single man.'</p> + +<p><b>consuli designato</b>. He was 'designatus' during the latter part of 64. We +do not know that Catilina then made any attempt on his life.</p> + +<p><b>proximis comitiis consularibus</b>, 'at the late assembly for the election +of the consuls.'</p> + +<p><b>campo</b>. The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the consuls, met in the +Campus Martius; the Comitia Tributa in the Forum.</p> + +<p><b>nullo tumultu publice concitato</b>, 'without any official summons to arms.'</p> + +<p><b>per me</b>, 'by myself,' i.e. by my own exertions without calling in other +help. Cf. <a href="#t1_28">1. 28</a> 'hominem per te cognitum,' <a href="#t4_24">4. 24</a> 'per se ipsum praestare.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_12" id="n1_12"></a><a href="#t1_12">§12</a>.</div> + +<p><b>quod est primum</b>, etc. 'Since I cannot yet venture to take the course +which is the most obvious, and the most suited to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9a" id="Page_9a">[9]</a></span> authority I hold +and the strict traditions of our ancestors.' <i>Imperium</i> is the consular +authority (not 'empire'). Cf. <a href="#t2_3">2. 3</a> 'huius imperii severitas.'</p> + +<p><b>ad</b>. Greek πρός. 'With respect to.' Cf. <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a> 'adquirere ad fidem.'</p> + +<p><b>sentina rei publicae</b>, ('the refuse of the state'), forms a single +expression upon which the explanatory genitive 'tuorum comitum' +('consisting of your comrades') depends.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_13" id="n1_13"></a><a href="#t1_13">§13</a>.</div> + +<p><b>faciebas</b>, 'were just doing,' 'ready to do.'</p> + +<p><b>exilium</b>. See <a href="#n1_20">on §20</a> below.</p> + +<p><b>domesticae turpitudinis</b> refers especially to family scandals, such as +the story of his wife and son (<a href="#t1_14">§14</a>). <b>privatarum rerum dedecus</b>, to +offences extending beyond the family, but still confined to private +life, i.e. having no political object.</p> + +<p><b>inretisses</b>. Subjunctive, because the antecedent to 'quem' does not refer +to any particular individual, but stands for a class.</p> + +<p><b>ad audaciam</b>, etc. The sword and the torch are the instruments by which +'audacia' and 'libido' attain their objects; the former to strike the +blow, the latter to show the way in the darkness.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_14" id="n1_14"></a><a href="#t1_14">§14</a>.</div> + +<p><b>alio incredibili scelere</b>. Sallust (Cat. 15) says that Catilina, wishing +to marry the profligate Orestilla, poisoned his son because she objected +to his presence. The further charge, that he had killed his first wife, +is mentioned by Cicero alone.</p> + +<p><b>aut non vindicata esse</b>, understand 'si exstiterit.'</p> + +<p><b>proximis Idibus</b>. The Kalends, Nones, and Ides were the 'settling-days' +at Rome. Cicero means that Catilina will realize his failure on the next +settling-day, when his creditors will demand their money. Cf. Hor. Sat. +1. 3. 87 'Cum misero tristes venere Kalendae,' and Epodes 2. 69 'Omnem +redegit Idibus pecuniam, Curat Kalendis ponere,' where the money-lender +calls in his money on the Ides of one month, and on the Kalends of the +next lends it out again.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_15" id="n1_15"></a><a href="#t1_15">§15</a>.</div> + +<p><b>te pridie Kalendas</b>, etc., i.e. December 31, 66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> This refers to the +so-called 'first conspiracy,' on which see <a href="#Page_8">Introduction, page 8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>comitio</b>. The singular <i>comitium</i> denotes the place of assembly; the +plural <i>comitia</i> the assembly itself.</p> + +<p><b>mentem</b>, 'reflection.'</p> + +<p><b>fortunam</b>, because the plot only failed through his accidentally giving +the signal too soon.</p> + +<p><b>neque enim</b>, etc. 'Neque' negatives the whole sentence, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10a" id="Page_10a">[10]</a></span> 'non' goes +closely with 'multa'; 'for they are no secret, nor have your later +offences been few.'</p> + +<p><b>parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore</b>. Hendiadys, 'by a mere +turn of the body, so to speak.' The metaphor is taken from fencing, ('ut +aiunt' being introduced, like the Greek ὡς εἰπεῖν, to soften the +abruptness). Cf. Virg. Aen. 5. 437 (of boxing)</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit.'</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_16" id="n1_16"></a><a href="#t1_16">§16</a>.</div> + +<p><b>initiata ac devota</b>. 'Consecrated and vowed'; alluding to the common +practice of assassins, of dedicating the weapon to some patron deity, in +case of the attempt being successful. 'Quae' is the connecting relative, +and 'quibus . . . sit,' an indirect question depending on 'nescio.'</p> + +<p><b>nulla</b>, adverbial, 'which you do not deserve <i>at all</i>.'</p> + +<p><b>tibi persaepe</b>. In prose (except after the gerundive) the dative of the +agent is only used with personal pronouns, and when the thing is done +for the interest of as well as by the person. In poetry there is no such +restriction. Other instances are <a href="#t1_24">1. 24</a> '<i>cui</i> sciam pactam cum Manlio +diem,' <a href="#t2_13">2. 13</a> 'quem ad modum esset <i>ei</i> ratio belli descripta,' <a href="#t2_26">2. 26</a> +'<i>mihi</i> consultum ac provisum est.'</p> + +<p><b>tandem</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 1. 1</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_17" id="n1_17"></a><a href="#t1_17">§17</a>.</div> + +<p><b>pacto</b>, used adverbially like 'modo.' Cf. 'quo pacto' = 'how?'</p> + +<p><b>metuerent</b>. See on 'loquatur' <a href="#n1_19">1. 19 below</a>.</p> + +<p><b>urbem</b>. Sc. 'relinquendam esse.'</p> + +<p><b>iniuria</b>, 'undeservedly.'</p> + +<p><b>aliquo</b>, 'to some spot or other,' 'somewhither'; cf. 'in aliquas terras' +<a href="#t1_20">1. 20</a>. Cf. Ter. And. 339 'dum proficiscor aliquo.'</p> + +<p><b>nunc</b>, 'as it is.' So νῦν in Greek.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_18" id="n1_18"></a><a href="#t1_18">§18</a>.</div> + +<p><b>tacita loquitur</b>. Oxymoron, lit. 'speaks without voice,' 'silently +appeals to you.'</p> + +<p><b>multorum civium neces</b>, alluding to his share in carrying out the +proscriptions of Sulla.</p> + +<p><b>vexatio direptioque sociorum</b>. He had been propraetor of Africa 67 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, +brought to trial for extortion, but acquitted in spite of strong +evidence of guilt. The term <i>socii</i> had been originally confined to +those Italians who were not <i>cives</i>; but since the franchise had been +given to all Italians (90-89 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) it had been extended to the +provincials.</p> + +<p><b>quaestiones</b>, 'law-courts' (<i>quaestio</i> from <i>quaero</i>, lit. 'an +investigation'). Criminal jurisdiction belonged legally to the people +assembled in the Comitia Centuriata. As it soon became impossible for +the whole body of citizens to try every case, trials were delegated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11a" id="Page_11a">[11]</a></span> +from time to time to commissions (<i>quaestiones</i>) specially appointed. +Hence arose the idea of establishing standing commissions (<i>quaestiones +perpetuae</i>) to try particular classes of offences. The earliest of these +was the <i>quaestio perpetua de repetundis</i> (149 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), which had +cognizance of all cases of extortion. Catilina would have been indicted +before it. Other <i>quaestiones perpetuae</i> were subsequently added, and +the whole system was regulated and extended by Sulla.</p> + +<p><b>tandem aliquando</b>. See <a href="#t1_10">on 1. 10</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_19" id="n1_19"></a><a href="#t1_19">§19</a>.</div> + +<p><b>si loquatur . . . debeat</b>. Contrast this with the conditional sentence in +<a href="#n1_17">§17 above</a>, 'si metuerent . . . putarem.' Both the imperf. and the pres. +subj. make an imaginary supposition; but the imperfect, throwing it into +the past, marks it as impossible; the present regards it as still +conceivable. Thus 'si metuerent' (εἰ ἐφοβοῦντο) = 'if they feared' +(which they do not); but 'si loquatur' (εἰ λέγοι) = 'if it were to +speak' (now or at any future time).</p> + +<p><b>custodiam</b>. A citizen was not imprisoned pending his trial on a criminal +charge. As a rule, he simply gave bail for his appearance; sometimes +however he was placed in the charge of some citizen of reputation, who +became responsible for his safe keeping (<i>libera custodia</i>). Catilina +had offered to place himself under some such restraint on his indictment +for inciting to riot (<i>de vi</i>) by L. Paullus. See <a href="#Page_11">Introduction, page 11</a>. +The trial never took place, owing to the subsequent events.</p> + +<p><b>parietibus . . . moenibus</b>. <i>Paries</i> is the wall of a house; <i>moenia</i> the +walls of a town; <i>murus</i> the general term.</p> + +<p><b>videlicet</b>, ironical ('videre licet,' like 'scilicet' = 'scire licet').</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_20" id="n1_20"></a><a href="#t1_20">§20</a>.</div> + +<p><b>aliquas</b>, cf. 'aliquo,' <a href="#t1_17">1. 17</a> and <a href="#n1_17">note</a> there.</p> + +<p><b>ad senatum referre</b>, the technical term for bringing a matter before the +senate for discussion. This could only be done by the consul (or other +magistrate) who summoned and presided over the meeting.</p> + +<p><b>non referam</b>. The real reason of his refusal was that the senate, not +being a judicial court, had no power to pass sentence upon any +individual. Moreover exile was not technically a punishment known to +Roman law; it was merely a recognized means of anticipating a sentence. +See <a href="#n1_28">on §28 below</a>.</p> + +<p><b>hi</b>, the senators.</p> + +<p>After <b>proficiscere</b> Cicero pauses, to give time for an expression of +opinion from the senators. As they are silent he resumes, 'Quid est,' +etc. Cf. the rhetorical artifice in Demosth. de Cor. §52.</p> + +<p><b>auctoritatem</b>, expressed request; <b>voluntatem</b>, unexpressed desire.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_21" id="n1_21"></a><a href="#t1_21">§21</a>.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12a" id="Page_12a">[12]</a></span><b>Sestio</b>. Now quaestor; tribune in 57 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> when he was active in +promoting Cicero's return from exile. In 56 Cicero defended him on a +charge of riot.</p> + +<p><b>M. Marcello</b>, consul 51 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Opposed Caesar; but was recalled from exile +by him and pardoned 46 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>vim et manus</b>, hendiadys.</p> + +<p><b>cum</b>, with indicative, <a href="#n1_7">see note on 1. 7</a>. 'By their silence, they approve.'</p> + +<p><b>cara</b>, because he professed himself ready to submit to a decree of the +senate ordering his exile.</p> + +<p><b>iam pridem studes</b>, 'have long been desiring.' Cf. the Greek πάλαι +ἐπιθυμεῖ.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_22" id="n1_22"></a><a href="#t1_22">§22</a>.</div> + +<p><b>te ut ulla res frangat?</b> 'What? anything break <i>your</i> resolution?' This +is exactly like the exclamatory use of the acc. and inf. in phrases like +'Mene incepto desistere victam?' (Virg. Aen. 1. 37) only here 'ut' with +subj. takes the place of the more usual acc. and infin. (i.e. he might +have said, 'Tene ullam rem frangere?') Cf. <a href="#t1_24">below §24</a> 'tu ut illa diutius +carere possis?' 'Hoccine ut ego nomine appellem eversores huius +imperii?' (pro Sestio §17), 'Utne tegam spurco Damae latus?' (Hor. Sat. +2. 5. 18).</p> + +<p><b>duint</b>. Subj. from 'duo' (perhaps an older form of 'do') with <i>i</i> as the +characteristic vowel, in the place of the more usual <i>a</i>, as in 'sim,' +'velim,' 'possim,' 'edim,' etc. The form is found frequently in Plautus, +Terence, and old legal phrases. See Roby's Lat. Gr. vol. i. §589.</p> + +<p><b>sed est tanti</b>, 'but it is worth while' (to risk the unpopularity).</p> + +<p><b>privata</b>, i.e. affects me only as a private citizen.</p> + +<p><b>legum poenas</b>, 'the punishment <i>prescribed by</i> the laws.' Cf. 'rei +publicae poena' 1. 4.</p> + +<p><b>temporibus rei publicae cedas</b>, 'yield to the exigencies of the state'; +'tempora,' as often, of a political crisis. Catilina is to yield to +these in the sense that he is to sacrifice his personal convenience for +the public advantage.</p> + +<p><b>ratio</b>, 'sound reasoning,' 'reflection.' The consecutive sentence is best +translated by turning 'revocaverit' into a passive, 'you are not the man +to have been recalled,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>exsulta</b>, 'revel.' Lit. 'leap about,' 'gambol.' Cf. <a href="#t1_26">§26 below</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_23" id="n1_23"></a><a href="#t1_23">§23</a>.</div> + +<p><b>latrocinio</b>, 'brigandage' opposed to 'bellum,' <a href="#t1_27">§27</a>. 'Latro,' originally +'a mercenary,' connected with λατρεύω; hence a brigand, because +mercenary troops were addicted to indiscriminate plundering.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_24" id="n1_24"></a><a href="#t1_24">§24</a>.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13a" id="Page_13a">[13]</a></span><b>sciam</b>, subjunctive, as giving a reason, '<i>seeing that</i> I know you have +sent on,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>Forum Aurelium</b>, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles from +Rome.</p> + +<p><b>cui.</b> See <a href="#n1_16">note on 1. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>aquilam.</b> Marius introduced the silver eagle as the standard of the +legion. The one in question had been used (according to Sallust) in the +war against the Cimbri.</p> + +<p><b>cui domi tuae</b>, etc. The place where the eagles were set up in the camp +was regarded as sacred. Catilina prepares a similar sacred spot for his +in his own house. <i>Sacrarium</i> means (1) a shrine, (2) any secret place; +it is here used in both senses; hence trans. 'for which you have +consecrated at your house the secret chamber of your crimes.' But Halm +would omit 'scelerum tuorum' as an interpolation.</p> + +<p><b>tu ut illa</b>, etc. See <a href="#n1_22">above on §22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>altaribus</b>, 'the altar'; the singular form is not found in classical +Latin.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_25" id="n1_25"></a><a href="#t1_25">§25</a>.</div> + +<p><b>haec res</b>, i.e. making war upon your country.</p> + +<p><b>tu non modo otium</b>, sed ne bellum quidem, etc. As the two clauses have +the same verb ('concupisti') the negative is <i>expressed</i> only in the +second which contains the verb, and must be understood from it to the +first, i.e. 'non concupisti' must be understood after 'non modo.' +Literally, 'you not only (did not want) peace, but did not even want a +war unless it were wicked.' Observe that the negation in these two +clauses does not cancel but <i>repeats</i> the original negative 'nunquam.' +This is the regular usage where a negative proposition branches out into +two clauses. Cf. 'Ea Caesar nunquam neque fecit neque fecisset' (Cic. ad +Fam. 14. 13), 'Caesar never did nor would have done those things.' See +Kennedy's Public Sch. Lat. Gr. §84. In English we may avoid the +repetition of negatives and say, 'you have never desired—I will not say +peace—but even war that was anything but criminal.' Exactly parallel is +2. 8 'Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae +fuit' Cf. also <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a> 'ut iam,' etc.; <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a> 'ut non modo,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>conflatam.</b> Metaphor from working metals, 'fused,' 'welded together.' Cf. +Virg. Georg. 1. 508 'falces conflantur in ensem,' and pro Roscio §1 +'iniuriam novo scelere conflatam.' So συμφυσᾶν in Greek; cf. Ar. +Knights 468</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">καὶ ταῦτ' ἐφ' οἷσίν ἐστι συμφυσώμενα</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ἐγᾦδα.</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_26" id="n1_26"></a><a href="#t1_26">§26</a>.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14a" id="Page_14a">[14]</a></span><b>meditati</b>, in passive sense, as the participles of many other deponents; +e.g. 'ultus,' 'complexus,' 'testatus,' 'adeptus,' etc. Cf. Phil. 2. 34. 85 +'meditatum et cogitatum scelus.'</p> + +<p><b>qui feruntur labores</b>, οἱ λεγόμενοι πόνοι, 'those exertions of yours they +talk of.'</p> + +<p><b>iacere</b>, <b>vigilare</b>, infinitives in apposition to labores.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_27" id="n1_27"></a><a href="#t1_27">§27</a>.</div> + +<p><b>a consulatu</b>. At the election of consuls for 62, held a few weeks before, +Cicero had used his influence to defeat Catilina. See <a href="#Page_10">Introduction, page +10</a>. On 'cum' with indic. see <a href="#n1_7">1. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>est</b>. Generally a verb dependent on a subjunctive is itself subjunctive. +Here however the relative clause is not really part of the consecutive +sentence, but a mere epithet explanatory of 'id,' added by the speaker, +hence <i>est</i> not <i>esset</i>. Cf. <a href="#t3_21">3. 21</a> '(quis est) qui neget haec omnia quae +<i>videmus</i>,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>latrocinium</b>. See <a href="#n1_23">on §23 above</a>.</p> + +<p><b>detester</b>, 'detestari' = 'to avert by entreaty.'</p> + +<p><b>si loquatur</b>. The apodosis is not expressed, owing to the length of the +following address. On pres. subj. see <a href="#n1_19">note on 1. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mactari</b>. Cicero and Caesar only use the acc. and inf. after 'impero' +with <i>passive</i> verbs; in other cases 'ut' and subj.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_28" id="n1_28"></a><a href="#t1_28">§28</a>.</div> + +<p><b>persaepe etiam privati</b>, an exaggeration. The only case of a 'privatus' +putting an offender to death which Cicero quotes is that of Scipio +Nasica and Ti. Gracchus. See <a href="#n1_3">note on 1. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><b>An leges</b>, etc. The earliest of these was the Lex Valeria (509 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), +which secured the right of appeal to the people from the magistrate +('<i>ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provocationem necaret neve +verberaret</i>'). This was re-enacted, and the penalty for violating it +strengthened by the Lex Porcia (197 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) and the Lex Sempronia (122 +<span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, Gaius Gracchus). Notice that these laws only forbade the +magistrate to inflict death or scourging on his own authority. The power +to do so, after trial and condemnation, remained with the people; but it +was seldom or never exercised, because the right of the accused to +anticipate the sentence by voluntary exile was universally recognized, +and even according to Sallust secured by law. See Cat. 51 'aliae leges +condemnatis civibus non animam eripi sed exilium permitti iubent.'</p> + +<p><b>at nunquam</b>, etc. Cf. <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>; on the validity of this argument see +<a href="#NOTE_B">Intr. Note B</a>.</p> + +<p><b>invidiam posteritatis</b>. Subjective genitive, 'hatred of (felt by) +posterity.' <b>fortitudinis</b>, just below, is objective, 'unpopularity of +(attaching to) firmness.'</p> + +<p><b>per te cognitum</b>, 'known by your own exertions only'; cf. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15a" id="Page_15a">[15]</a></span><a href="#t1_11">1. 11</a> 'per me +tibi obstiti.' Cicero was a <i>novus homo</i>; i.e. none of his ancestors had +held a curule office.</p> + +<p><b>tam mature</b>. The age which a citizen must attain before becoming a +candidate for the several offices was fixed by the Lex Villia Annalis +(180 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>). Cicero appears to have been chosen for each magistracy <i>suo +anno</i>, i.e. as soon as he was legally eligible. He was now 43.</p> + +<p><b>per omnes honorum gradus</b>, 'through all the degrees of office.' By the +Leges Annales of Sulla, the offices of quaestor, praetor, consul, had to +be filled successively in the order named.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_29" id="n1_29"></a><a href="#t1_29">§29</a>.</div> + +<p><b>si summi viri</b>, etc. See <a href="#n1_3">notes on 1. 3</a>, <a href="#n1_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>parricida</b>, because he is attacking the 'patria' which is 'omnium nostrum +communis parens.' But the word is sometimes used in a more extended +sense of wilful murder or sacrilege.</p> + +<p><b>redundaret</b>. Metaphor from the overflowing of a stream: 'lest any flood +of unpopularity should overwhelm me in the future.' (Cf. the English +phrase 'to redound to one's credit.')</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_30" id="n1_30"></a><a href="#t1_30">§30</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Quamquam</b>, etc. The first 'qui' is consecutive ('tales ut'), the second +is the connecting relative ('hi autem'), hence followed by indic. +'aluerunt.'</p> + +<p><b>dissimulent</b>, sc. 'se videre.'</p> + +<p><b>sententiis</b>, 'votes' (in the senate). See <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>regie</b>, 'tyrannically,' i.e. like a despot, not like the magistrate of a +free state. Gk. τυραννικῶς. Cf. <a href="#t2_14">2. 14</a> 'crudelissimum tyrannum.'</p> + +<p><b>naufragos</b>, 'castaways.' Cf. <a href="#t2_24">2. 24</a> 'illam naufragorum manum.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_31" id="n1_31"></a><a href="#t1_31">§31</a>.</div> + +<p><b>nescio quo pacto</b>, 'somehow.' 'Nescio quis' is treated as a single word, +hence <i>erupit</i> not <i>eruperit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>latrocinio</b>, abstract for concrete; 'band of brigands.'</p> + +<p><b>aestu febrique</b>, hendiadys, 'in the burning heat of fever.'</p> + +<p><b>biberunt</b>, v.l. 'biberint.'</p> + +<p><b>relevatus</b> represents the protasis, 'si relevatus erit.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_32" id="n1_32"></a><a href="#t1_32">§32</a>.</div> + +<p><b>praetoris urbani</b>. The business of the praetors during their year of +office was mainly judicial. They were now eight in number; two presided +in the civil court; of these the <i>praetor urbanus</i> tried suits between +citizens at a fixed tribunal in the Forum; the <i>praetor peregrinus</i> +suits between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six (without +distinctive name) acted as judges in criminal cases. Cicero means that +Catilina and his friends tried to intimidate the praetor in the +discharge of his duties.</p> + +<p><b>malleolos</b>. The 'malleolus' was a missile used in sieges. It was filled +with tow, which was ignited before it was thrown, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16a" id="Page_16a">[16]</a></span> had an arrow +affixed. The name seems to be derived from the shape, which resembled a +mallet.</p> + +<p><b>tantam in vobis, etc.</b>, i.e. he would as consul secure the execution of +whatever the senate might decree.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n1_33" id="n1_33"></a><a href="#t1_33">§33</a>.</div> + +<p><b>cum.</b> Used of the attendant circumstances of an action. In English, 'to +the salvation of the state, the destruction of yourself,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>Iuppiter.</b> The temple of Iuppiter Stator (the 'Stayer of flight,' the +'Stablisher,') was vowed by Romulus during the fight with the Sabines +(Livy 1. 12); it was not, however, built till 294 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> (Livy 10. 37).</p> + +<p><b>auspicia</b>, augury from the flight of birds, which always preceded any +important undertaking. As the auspices were taken by the chief, 'to do a +thing under a person's auspices' came to mean 'to act under his +leadership and protection.'<br /><br /><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 40%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<h2><a name="ORATION_IIa" id="ORATION_IIa"></a>ORATION II.</h2> + + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_1" id="n2_1"></a><a href="#t2_1">§1</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Quirites</b>, the regular title by which citizens were addressed when +assembled in their civil capacity. Cf. the opening of the third speech, +also addressed to the people. The derivation is uncertain; some suppose +the word to be a form of 'Curetes,' i.e. inhabitants of the Sabine town +'Cures,' others derive it from 'Quiris,' a Sabine word meaning 'spear.'</p> + +<p><b>ferro flammaque</b>, another reading is 'ferrum flammamque.' We can say +either 'minitari alicui aliquid,' or 'minitari alicui aliqua re.'</p> + +<p><b>vel . . . vel . . . vel.</b> Each 'vel' substitutes a milder form of +expression for the preceding. 'We have driven him out,—let him go, if +you will,—at least bidden him good speed on his voluntary departure.' +ipsum = 'sua sponte.' verbis prosecuti is of course ironical.</p> + +<p><b>abiit, etc.</b> Note the absence of connecting particles (asyndeton) and the +increased force of each word rising to a climax in 'erupit.'</p> + +<p><b>versabitur</b>, 'will play around.'</p> + +<p><b>campo</b>, the Campus Martius.</p> + +<p><b>loco</b>, 'post,' 'vantage-ground.'</p> + +<p><b>cum</b> (= 'quo tempore'), 'at the very moment when.' The two actions were +simultaneous, there is no idea of cause or consequence; hence +indicative. See <a href="#n1_7">on 1. 7</a>, and cf. below 'cum . . . eiecimus.'</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17a" id="Page_17a">[17]</a></span><b>hoste</b> is emphatic. By his action he has declared himself the enemy of +the state. After bellum some MSS. insert 'iustum,' 'regular.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_2" id="n2_2"></a><a href="#t2_2">§2</a>.</div> + +<p><b>extulit</b>, indicative because the <i>fact</i> that he did not carry away his +dagger stained with blood is emphasized; 'extulerit' would have made it +an expression of Catilina's feelings, as 'laetari quod evomuerit' below +expresses the feelings of the citizens. Cf. also 'quod non +comprehenderim' <a href="#t2_3">§3</a> ad init.</p> + +<p><b>tandem</b> adds force to the question. Cf. <a href="#t1_1">1. 1</a> 'quousque tandem?' and <a href="#n1_1">note +there</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iacet</b>, 'he lies helpless.' Cf. <a href="#t2_25">2. 25</a> 'quam valde illi iaceant.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_3" id="n2_3"></a><a href="#t2_3">§3</a>.</div> + +<p><b>in hoc ipso</b>, 'in this very point,' explained by 'quod non +comprehenderim,' 'that I have not (as they complain) arrested.'</p> + +<p><b>capitalem</b>, threatening the 'caput' or principle of life; 'deadly.'</p> + +<p><b>huius imperii severitas</b>, 'the strict traditions of my (consular) +authority.'</p> + +<p><b>crederent</b>, consecutive subj., as regularly after 'sunt qui,' where the +relative refers not to certain specified individuals, but to a class.</p> + +<p><b>non modo invidiae</b>, etc., 'at the risk not merely of unpopularity, but of +life.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_4" id="n2_4"></a><a href="#t2_4">§4</a>.</div> + +<p><b>cum viderem</b>, etc. 'Re probata' is ablative absolute; not 'approved by +you,' but 'proved, demonstrated <i>to</i> you.' 'Since I saw that the facts +were even then not fully established to the satisfaction of all of +<i>you</i>,' (much less to those inclined to sympathize with Catilina; this +is the force of 'quidem,') 'and that, if I punished him as he deserved, +I should not, under the burden of the unpopularity of that act, be able +to attack his associates, I brought the matter to this point,' etc. The +direct form of the conditional sentence would have been 'si multavero, +non potero'; this becomes in Oratio Obliqua 'cum viderem, si multassem, +fore ut non possem' (periphrasis being necessary because 'possum' has no +future participle).</p> + +<p><b>quam vehementer</b>, ironical. <b>foris</b> is emphatic; once outside the city he +does not fear him at all, as the context shows.</p> + +<p><b>exierit</b>, subjunctive, because the whole sentence stands as the object of +'fero.'</p> + +<p><b>mihi</b>, the so-called 'Ethic' dative; 'Tongilius, I see, he has taken with +him.' The use of 'me' in the same sense is frequent in Shakespeare, as +in the phrases 'Knock me on this door,' 'he steps me to her trencher,' +etc., but is becoming obsolete in modern English.</p> + +<p><b>praetexta</b> (sc. 'toga'), the purple-edged 'toga' worn by boys up to the +age of sixteen, when they assumed the 'toga virilis,' which was plain +white.</p> + + +<p><span class="sidenote"><a name="n2_5" id="n2_5"></a><a href="#t2_5">§5</a>.</span><b>prae</b>, 'in comparison with.'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18a" id="Page_18a">[18]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Gallicanis legionibus</b>, the regular troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. +The coast district of Umbria from the Rubicon to the Aesis was known as +'ager Gallicus,' having been originally the home of the Senonian Gauls. +The praetor Q. Metellus had been ordered by the senate to levy troops in +this district and Picenum for the defence of the government.</p> + +<p><b>agresti luxuria</b>, abstract for concrete. He is thinking particularly of +the Sullan colonists. See <a href="#Page_9">Introduction p. 9</a>, and <a href="#n2_20">§20 below</a>.</p> + +<p><b>decoctoribus</b>, 'bankrupts.' <i>Decoquo</i>, lit. 'to boil down,' so to +squander one's property, become bankrupt. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. ch. 18 +'Tenesne memoria, te praetextatum decoxisse?'</p> + +<p><b>vadimonia</b>, 'bail,' i.e. security given for appearance in court when +called upon. Hence <i>vadimonia deserere</i>, 'to desert one's legal +obligations,' 'make default.'</p> + +<p><b>edictum praetoris</b>. Every praetor, on entering upon his office, published +an <i>edictum</i>, stating the rules to which he would adhere in the +administration of justice. Hence Cicero says, 'they will collapse when I +display to them the edict of the praetor,' i.e. remind them of the +penalties to which they will be liable by their non-appearance in court +to answer to their bail.</p> + +<p><b>hos</b>, strongly opposed to exercitum illum. He is not afraid of the ruined +spendthrifts who compose Catilina's army; he <i>is</i> afraid of the +conspirators left behind in the city, who have, as it were, deserted +that army. (Lentulus, Cethegus, etc. are pointed at.)</p> + +<p><b>suos milites eduxisset</b>, 'taken with him <i>as</i> his force.'</p> + +<p><b>quod quid cogitent</b>, etc., i.e. because they must have some secret force +at their back, which gives them confidence.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_6" id="n2_6"></a><a href="#t2_6">§6</a>.</div> + +<p><b>superioris noctis consilia</b>, i.e. at the meeting in Laeca's house (<a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>), +either the night before last or the last night but two. See +<a href="#Footnote_12_12">Introduction, p. 12 note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ne</b>, 'truly' (like the Greek ναί, νή), to be distinguished from the +conjunction. Used with pronouns only.</p> + +<p><b>nisi si quis</b>, 'nisi' is used like an adverb; hence the repetition of +'si.' Cf. Thuc. 1. 17 εἰ μὴ εἴ τι.</p> + +<p><b>ne patiantur</b>, 'in order that they may not permit.' Not prohibitive, +which according to Cicero's usage would require the perfect subjunctive.</p> + +<p><b>Aurelia via.</b> This was the coast road, the shortest route to Massilia, +whither Catilina pretended to be going.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_7" id="n2_7"></a><a href="#t2_7">§7</a>.</div> + +<p><b>exhausto</b> keeps up the metaphor of draining away refuse contained in +'sentina.'</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span><b>subiector</b>, 'forger,' from 'subicere' in the sense of 'substitute.'</p> + +<p><b>nepos</b>, 'spendthrift,' 'prodigal.' Cf. the bad sense sometimes attaching +to νεανίας in Greek.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_8" id="n2_8"></a><a href="#t2_8">§8</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Iam vero</b>, frequent in transitions; 'once more,' 'again.' He is passing +to a fresh aspect of Catilina's character. Cf. <a href="#t3_22">3. 22</a> and de Lege Manilia +11, where, after speaking of the military experience of Pompeius, he +goes on 'Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par inveniri?'</p> + +<p><b>fructum</b>, 'enjoyment,' 'satisfaction.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_9" id="n2_9"></a><a href="#t2_9">§9</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Nemo non modo Romae</b>, etc. Understand 'non fuit' from the second clause +after 'non modo' and see <a href="#n1_25">note on 1. 25</a> for full explanation.</p> + +<p><b>ut eius diversa studia</b>, etc., 'to help you to understand other tastes of +his in quite a different sphere of life' ('ratio,' lit. 'way,' 'method,' +'plan').</p> + +<p><b>ludo</b>, 'school,' where gladiators were trained under a fencing-master +(<i>lanista</i>).</p> + +<p><b>in scaena</b> (σκηνή), 'on the stage.' The profession of an actor was +considered degrading (<i>infamis</i>) for a Roman citizen, and was generally +left to slaves and freedmen.</p> + +<p><b>levior et nequior</b>, 'a little more frivolous and worthless' (than his +fellows).</p> + +<p><b>cum</b>, 'although.'</p> + +<p><b>instrumenta</b>, 'the instruments,' i.e. the powers of mind and body by +which a virtuous disposition makes itself felt.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_10" id="n2_10"></a><a href="#t2_10">§10</a>.</div> + +<p><b>fortunas</b>, 'estates,' as distinguished from property in money.</p> + +<p><b>obligaverunt</b>, 'mortgaged.'</p> + +<p><b>res</b>, 'money,' fides, 'credit.' This has just begun to fail them, because +in view of the break-down of their schemes, their creditors will not +trust them any longer. See on 'proximis Idibus' <a href="#n1_14">1. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>bonorum</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 1. 1</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_11" id="n2_11"></a><a href="#t2_11">§11</a>.</div> + +<p><b>propagarit</b>, 'propago' ('pro' and 'pag-' root of 'pango,' 'to fasten +down'), originally a botanical term; 'to generate by slips,' hence +generally 'to extend,' 'prolong.' Tr. 'will have prolonged the existence +of the state, not merely for a brief period, but for many generations.' +A variation for the more usual construction 'in multa saecula propagarit +rempublicam.'</p> + +<p><b>rex . . . unius</b>. Pompeius, invested with the supreme command by the +Gabinian and Manilian laws, had just crushed the pirates of Cilicia +('mari'), and brought to a close the third war against Mithridates king +of Pontus ('terra'), by the battle of Nicopolis (<span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 66).</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_12" id="n2_12"></a><a href="#t2_12">§12</a>.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20a" id="Page_20a">[20]</a></span>Having answered those who might think his measures not strong enough +(§§3-11) Cicero now (§§12-16) addresses those who might urge that he had +acted tyrannically and abused his consular authority by driving Catilina +from the city.</p> + +<p><b>exilium</b> is emphatic. They pretend that he has been unlawfully forced +into exile; whereas really, so far from going into exile, he has +voluntarily departed for the camp of his lieutenant Manlius.</p> + +<p><b>verbo</b>, 'by a mere word' (as they pretend I did in Catilina's case).</p> + +<p><b>videlicet</b> = 'videre licet,' 'it is easy to see,' 'of course.' He is +sarcastically quoting the language of his assailants; his own reply +begins at 'Hesterno die.'</p> + +<p><b>quin etiam</b> adds a still stronger testimony. 'Why, even,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>vehemens ille consul</b>, 'your violent consul.'</p> + +<p><b>quaesivi</b>, see <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>necne</b> is used in indirect disjunctive questions, 'annon' in direct.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_13" id="n2_13"></a><a href="#t2_13">§13</a>.</div> + +<p><b>homo audacissimus</b>, 'with all his audacity.'</p> + +<p><b>conscientia</b>, 'by his guilty knowledge.'</p> + +<p><b>constituisset</b>, sc. 'agendum.'</p> + +<p><b>ei</b>. See <a href="#n1_16">note on dative of the agent, 1. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ratio</b>, 'plan.'</p> + +<p><b>quo iam pridem pararet</b>, 'whither (I knew) he had long been preparing to +go.'</p> + +<p><b>secures . . . fasces</b>, etc. Catilina meant to assume all the insignia of +a consul commanding an army in the field.</p> + +<p><b>sacrarium</b>, see <a href="#n1_24">on 1. 24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>fecerat</b>, indic., because the sentence is a parenthesis added by Cicero +here for the information of his hearers. It is not a quotation from his +speech to the senate, for this would have required <i>fecisset</i>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_14" id="n2_14"></a><a href="#t2_14">§14</a>.</div> + +<p><b>credo</b>, strongly ironical.</p> + +<p><b>suo</b> is emphatic; 'in his <i>own</i> name'; (Catilina, you ask us to believe, +had nothing to do with it.)</p> + +<p><b>condicionem</b>, the external circumstances, given conditions under which a +thing must be done. Here perhaps 'task' gives the meaning best; but it +may also be rendered by 'lot,' 'position,' 'terms,' according to the +context. Cf. 'nascendi condicio' <a href="#t3_2">3. 2</a>, 'consulatus condicio' <a href="#t4_1">4.1</a> and +<a href="#t3_27">3. 27</a>.</p> + +<p><b>vi et minis</b>, hendiadys.</p> + +<p><b>tyrannum</b>. Cf. 'regie factum' <a href="#t1_30">1. 30</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_15" id="n2_15"></a><a href="#t2_15">§15</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Est mihi tanti</b>, 'I think it worth while.'</p> + +<p><b>falsae</b>, 'misdirected.'</p> + +<p><b>sane</b>, 'by all means.'</p> + +<p><b>non est iturus</b>, stronger than 'ibit,' 'he has no intention of going.'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21a" id="Page_21a">[21]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>illud</b> refers to what <i>follows</i> ('ne sit,' etc.). Cf. the use of ἐκεῖνο +in Greek.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_16" id="n2_16"></a><a href="#t2_16">§16</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Quamquam</b>, etc. 'And yet those, who keep saying that Catilina is going to +Massilia, do not really regret, so much as fear it. No one of them is +tender hearted enough to wish him to go thither rather than to Manlius.' +If their motive were really (as they pretend) disinterested pity for +Catilina, they would be glad to hear he had gone to Massilia, because +that is his only chance of escaping destruction. The truth is that they +are secret partisans of his schemes, and are afraid he may be going to +abandon them by voluntary exile.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_17" id="n2_17"></a><a href="#t2_17">§17</a>.</div> + +<p><b>sanare sibi ipsos</b>, 'to restore them to themselves,' i.e. to their right +minds.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_18" id="n2_18"></a><a href="#t2_18">§18</a>.</div> + +<p><b>possessiones</b>, of landed property exclusively ('estates'); <b>maiores</b>, i.e. +more than enough to pay their debts, if they were sold.</p> + +<p><b>dissolvi</b>, in a kind of middle sense, 'free themselves'; 'solvo' is the +technical word for payment of debts. Cf. the English 'liquidate.'</p> + +<p><b>species</b>, 'outward appearance.'</p> + +<p><b>voluntas et causa</b>, 'intentions and position.'</p> + +<p><b>tu . . . sis</b>, etc., dubitative subjunctive, implying incredulous +astonishment. 'Can you be?' 'is it possible that you are?' It is the +ordinary potential subj., ('velim,' 'I could wish,' etc.) thrown into an +interrogative form. Cf. Cic. ad Q. F. 1. 3 'Ego tibi irascerer, mi +frater?' 'I, angry with you, my brother?' and pro Sulla 44 'Tu tantam +rem ementiare?' 'You to utter such a falsehood?' Also Virg. Aen. 12. 947 +'Tunc hinc spoliis indute meorum | Eripiare mihi?' Translate here, 'You +to be luxuriously and abundantly supplied with estates and houses, +silver plate and slaves, everything in short that you can wish for, and +yet to hesitate, by sacrificing a part of your estate, to gain in +respect of credit?' For ad, 'with respect to,' cf. <a href="#t1_12">1. 12</a> 'ad severitatem +lenius.' He wishes them to sell some of their land and pay their debts +with the proceeds; this, though apparently a sacrifice, would really be +a gain, because by restoring their solvency it would improve their +credit.</p> + +<p><b>tabulas novas</b>, lit. 'clean tablets,' 'new account books'; a phrase +implying a general cancelling of all debts, which Catilina promised.</p> + +<p><b>meo beneficio</b>, etc., 'thanks to me, there shall be an issue of new +tablets, but (they shall be) those of the auctioneers.' He means that he +would propose a law, compelling those debtors who had land to sell it by +auction, and pay with the proceeds. The necessary catalogues of sale +('auctionariae tabulae') would be 'novae tabulae'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22a" id="Page_22a">[22]</a></span> in a double sense, +(1) because such a law would be a novelty; (2) because it would lead to +freedom from debt, only by legal methods, instead of arbitrary +repudiation of the creditor's claims.</p> + +<p><b>salvi</b>, 'solvent.'</p> + +<p><b>certare cum usuris</b>, etc., 'instead of matching the produce of their +estates against the interest' (on their loans). They had borrowed +largely, and tried to pay the interest on the loans with the income +derived from their land. It was a contest ('certare') between the two, +in which the interest to be paid tended constantly to outstrip their +income.</p> + +<p><b>uteremur</b>, 'we should find them.' Cf. Gk. χρῶμαι in the same sense.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_19" id="n2_19"></a><a href="#t2_19">§19</a>.</div> + +<p><b>dominationem</b>, 'tyranny,' 'despotism,' used always (like 'dominus') of +the rule of a single person.</p> + +<p><b>honores</b>, 'offices.'</p> + +<p><b>scilicet</b>, 'that is to say.'</p> + +<p><b>in bonis viris</b>, see <a href="#n1_1">note on 'bonorum' 1. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><b>maximam multitudinem</b>, if genuine, must mean 'that their number is very +great,' but the words are probably an interpolation; 'in maxima +multitudine' (to be connected with 'magnam concordiam') has been +conjectured.</p> + +<p><b>si sint adepti</b>, a very remote contingency, 'supposing they were to +obtain.'</p> + +<p><b>fugitivo alicui</b>, etc., i.e. in the event of success the real power would +be seized by the most worthless of their own party.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_20" id="n2_20"></a><a href="#t2_20">§20</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Sunt homines</b>, etc. Sulla during his dictatorship (82-80 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) rewarded +his victorious soldiers to the number of 120,000, by distributing them +in military colonies throughout Italy, assigning an allotment of land to +each. Faesulae was one of these colonies.</p> + +<p><b>universas</b>, 'taken as a whole.' Cicero is careful to speak with respect +of Sulla, because he had been the great champion of the aristocratic +party, which was now supporting the orator against Catilina. But further +on he alludes to the horror which the recollection of the proscriptions +still inspired.</p> + +<p><b>sed tamen ii sunt coloni</b>, etc. Note that 'qui . . . iactarunt' is not +consecutive. Hence tr. 'Nevertheless the men in question are colonists +who,' etc. For 'ii' which seems awkward, 'in iis' has been conjectured.</p> + +<p><b>beati</b>, here, as often, of material prosperity, 'well-to-do.'</p> + +<p><b>familiis</b>, 'establishments,' (of slaves and dependents).</p> + +<p><b>illorum temporum</b>, i.e. the reign of terror under Marius and Cinna (87, +86 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), during which many of the aristocratic leaders perished; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23a" id="Page_23a">[23]</a></span> +the period of Sulla's dictatorship, with its wholesale proscriptions of +the popular party.</p> + +<p><b>tantus</b> is adverbial; 'to such an extent.' Cf. <a href="#t1_16">1. 16</a> 'quae tibi <i>nulla</i> +videtur.'</p> + +<p><b>non modo homines</b>, etc. Understand 'non passuri esse videantur' after +'non modo,' and see note on <a href="#n1_25">1. 25</a> for explanation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_21" id="n2_21"></a><a href="#t2_21">§21</a>.</div> + +<p><b>iam pridem premuntur</b>, 'have long been overwhelmed.'</p> + +<p><b>emergunt</b>, 'get their heads above water.' Cf. Juvenal 3. 164</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Res angusta domi.'</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><b>vetere</b>, 'long-standing.'</p> + +<p><b>vadimoniis</b>, etc, alludes to the three stages of legal proceedings +against a debtor. <i>Vadimonium</i>, security given for appearance in court; +<i>iudicium</i>, the trial and legal decision; <i>proscriptio bonorum</i>, the +confiscation of the property for the benefit of the creditors.</p> + +<p><b>infitiator</b> is one who denies his legal obligations; 'lentos' is added to +point the antithesis to 'acres'; 'not so much keen soldiers as shirking +defaulters.'</p> + +<p><b>non modo</b>, sc. 'non sentiat.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_22" id="n2_22"></a><a href="#t2_22">§22</a>.</div> + +<p><b>carcer</b>. The 'Tullianum' under the Capitol was the only public prison in +Rome.</p> + +<p><b>postremum</b>, 'the last,' i.e. 'the lowest,' both in point of number and +morality.</p> + +<p><b>proprium</b>, 'Catilina's particular favourites; his special choice,—let me +say rather his most cherished and bosom friends.'</p> + +<p><b>immo vero</b>, see <a href="#n1_2">on 1. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>imberbes</b>, 'beardless,' i.e. effeminate.</p> + +<p><b>bene barbatos</b>, the wearing of a beard was contrary to the Roman custom +at this time and held to be a mark of dissoluteness.</p> + +<p><b>quorum omnis</b>, etc., 'who spend all their life's energy and sacrifice +their rest in banquets lasting until daybreak,' <b>antelucanis</b>, lit. before +dawn, i.e. prolonged till dawn.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_24" id="n2_24"></a><a href="#t2_24">§24</a>.</div> + +<p><b>cohortem praetoriam</b>, the troop employed as the general's body guard; +first organized by the younger Scipio during the siege of Numantia (133 +<span class="smcap">b.c.</span>) (Cf. <i>Praetorium</i> = the headquarters in the camp.) Out of this +grew the Praetorian Guard of the Emperors, which played such an +important part in the history of imperial Rome.</p> + +<p><b>nunc</b>, ironical, 'now' (if you think it worth while).</p> + +<p><b>eiectam</b>, 'castaway,' keeping up the metaphor contained in 'naufragorum.'</p> + +<p><b>Iam vero</b>, 'Why, already,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum</b>. Originally <i>colonia</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24a" id="Page_24a">[24]</a></span> meant a colony +whose citizens enjoyed the full Roman franchise; <i>municipium</i> a town +possessed of 'Latin rights' only. But since 89 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, when the franchise +had been extended to all Italians, the distinction had ceased to exist.</p> + +<p><b>respondebunt</b>, 'will be a match for.' Catilina's rustic strongholds +('tumuli silvestres') are contemptuously contrasted with the fortified +towns ('urbes') which were in the hands of the government.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_25" id="n2_25"></a><a href="#t2_25">§25</a>.</div> + +<p><b>urbe</b>, i.e. the capital.</p> + +<p><b>eget ille</b> is opposed to nos suppeditamur, the contrast being emphasized +by the omission of the connecting particle and the arrangement of the +words (Chiasmus).</p> + +<p><b>causas ipsas quae</b>, etc., 'simply the causes which are arrayed against +one another.'</p> + +<p><b>velimus</b>, subj. because in the apodosis 'intelligere possumus' is +equivalent to the potential subjunctive 'intelligamus.' Cf. <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a> +'satisfacere videmur, si vitemus,' and <a href="#n1_2">note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iaceant</b>. See <a href="#n2_2">on 2. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>denique aequitas</b>, etc., sums up the preceding; the four cardinal virtues +(justice, temperance, bravery, wisdom) are set against the corresponding +vices. The antithesis must be carefully kept in translation.</p> + +<p><b>bona ratio cum perdita</b>, 'upright against corrupt principles.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_26" id="n2_26"></a><a href="#t2_26">§26</a>.</div> + +<p><b>mihi</b>, dative of agent. See on <a href="#n1_16">1. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><b>gladiatores.</b> There were in Italy a number of schools (<i>ludi</i>) where +gladiators were trained. Catilina had hoped to avail himself of these, +but by decree of the senate (October 21) they had been placed under +special guard. See Introduction, page 11.</p> + +<p><b>agrum Gallicum.</b> See <a href="#n2_5">on 2. 5</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_27" id="n2_27"></a><a href="#t2_27">§27</a>.</div> + +<p><b>adeo</b> adds an emphasis, 'who indeed.'</p> + +<p><b>monitos</b>, sc. 'esse.' For the acc. and infin. construction after 'volo' +cf. <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a> 'cupio me esse clementem.'</p> + +<p><b>qui commoverit</b> is subject to <b>sentiet</b>.</p> + +<p><b>cuius</b> = 'si illius.'</p> + +<p><b>carcerem</b>, as a place of execution ('vindicem') not of detention, for +imprisonment was not employed as a punishment in the case of citizens.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n2_28" id="n2_28"></a><a href="#t2_28">§28</a>.</div> + +<p><b>togato duce et imperatore.</b> The toga was the civil dress of the +magistrate in the city, opposed to the military cloak (<i>paludamentum</i>) +worn by the general in the field. Tr. 'with me, a civil magistrate, as +your leader and general.' Cicero especially prided himself on the fact +that he defeated Catilina in his civil capacity as consul, without the +aid of an army. Cf. <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t3_23">23</a>, and the words of his own poem on the +subject, 'Cedant arma togae.'</p> + +<p><b>illud</b>, explained by ut neque, etc. Cf. <a href="#t2_15">2. 15</a>.<br /><br /><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 40%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25a" id="Page_25a">[25]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="ORATION_IIIa" id="ORATION_IIIa"></a>ORATION III.</h2> + + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_2" id="n3_2"></a><a href="#t3_2">§2</a>.</div> + +<p><b>quod salutis, etc.</b>, 'because the pleasure of safety is assured, while +our lot at birth is doubtful; because again we are not conscious of our +birth, while we can feel the delight of preservation.' <b>nascendi condicio</b> += the external circumstances, surroundings to which we are born. See <a href="#n2_14">on +2. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>illum</b>, i.e. Romulus.</p> + +<p><b>benevolentia famaque</b>, hendiadys, 'with affectionate praise.'</p> + +<p><b>templum</b> is the consecrated ground (τέμενος); <b>delubrum</b> the actual shrine +(ναός).</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_3" id="n3_3"></a><a href="#t3_3">§3</a>.</div> + +<p><b>ut</b> = 'ex quo tempore,' 'ever since.' Cf. Cic. ad Att. 1. 13. 2 'ut +Brundisio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,' and +Hor. Od. 4. 4.42.</p> + +<p><b>paucis ante diebus.</b> Really, it was nearly a month ago (Nov. 8-Dec. 3).</p> + +<p><b>cum . . . eiciebam</b>, indic. because 'cum' = 'quo tempore,' 'at the time +when.' Cf. <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a> and <a href="#n1_7">1. 7, note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>exterminari</b>, 'banished' (ex, terminus). The sense 'exterminated' is not +found in classical Latin.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_4" id="n3_4"></a><a href="#t3_4">§4</a>.</div> + +<p><b>fidem faceret</b>, 'would command confidence.'</p> + +<p><b>tumultus</b>, used exclusively of disturbances in Italy and Gaul. Cf. Cic. +Phil. 8. ch. 1 'itaque maiores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat +domesticus, tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea +nullum nominabant,' and the whole passage. On the Allobroges, see +<a href="#Page_13">Introduction, p. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ad Catilinam</b>, 'addressed to Catilina.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_5" id="n3_5"></a><a href="#t3_5">§5</a>.</div> + +<p><b>qui omnia</b>, etc., 'like men whose political sentiments were entirely +sound and excellent.' sentirent is subj. because qui is causal.</p> + +<p><b>pontem Mulvium</b>, on the Via Flaminia, two miles N. of Rome; now called +Ponte Molle.</p> + +<p><b>praefectura</b> was the name given to a provincial town governed by a +magistrate sent annually from Rome, whereas the <i>municipia</i> elected +their own magistrates.</p> + +<p><b>Reate</b> was a Sabine town, of which Cicero was <i>patronus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in reipublicae praesidio</b>, v.l. 'in republica,' 'praesidio' being then +connected with 'miseram' as dat. of complement.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_6" id="n3_6"></a><a href="#t3_6">§6</a>.</div> + +<p><b>tertia</b>, etc., i.e. between three and four a. m. The time between sunset +and sunrise was divided into four <i>vigiliae</i>.</p> + +<p><b>integris signis.</b> See <a href="#n3_10">on §10 below</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ipsi</b>, i.e. Volturcius and the Gauls.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26a" id="Page_26a">[26]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>vocavi</b>. The consul had the right of summoning citizens to his presence +(<i>ius vocationis</i>), by force if necessary (<i>ius prehensionis</i>).</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_7" id="n3_7"></a><a href="#t3_7">§7</a>.</div> + +<p><b>si nihil esset inventum</b>. Virtual Oratio Obliqua, representing their +words 'si nihil inventum erit.'</p> + +<p><b>temere</b>, 'heedlessly,' <b>i.e.</b> without due cause.</p> + +<p><b>negavi</b>, etc. 'Ut . . . deferrem' is <i>not</i> a final, but a substantival +clause, standing as the object to 'facturum,' the whole being a more +emphatic way of saying 'negavi me non delaturum esse'; 'I said that in a +danger which threatened the state, I could not but bring the facts +unprejudiced before the council of the state.' Cf. <a href="#t3_17">3. 17</a> 'commisisset ut +deprehenderentur.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_8" id="n3_8"></a><a href="#t3_8">§8</a>.</div> + +<p><b>fidem publicam dedi</b>. Lit. 'pledged him the faith of the state,' i.e. +promised him in the name of the state that he should not be prosecuted +in respect of any disclosures, <b>iussu senatus</b>, because the consul could +not do this unless authorized by the senate.</p> + +<p><b>erat</b>, indic. because an explanation added by Cicero; not part of what +Volturcius said.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_9" id="n3_9"></a><a href="#t3_9">§9</a>.</div> + +<p><b>data esse</b> (for the gender see <a href="#n3_10">note on 'deprehensa' §10</a>), to be taken, by +zeugma, with both 'iusiurandum' and 'litteras,' 'that an oath (had been +sworn) and a letter given them addressed to their nation.'</p> + +<p><b>atque ita, etc.</b> Upon the main verb 'dixerunt' depend three subordinates: +'esse praescriptum'; 'confirmasse'; 'dixisse'; each of which has in its +turn a subordinate clause depending upon it. This will be best seen by +the following scheme;</p> + +<p>Galli dixerunt:—</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>a</i>) ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio </span> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">{ ut equitatum mitterent; pedestres</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">esse praescriptum</span> +<span style="margin-left: 7.13em;">{ sibi copias non defuturas.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>b</i>) Lentulum autem sibi confirmasse</span> +<span style="margin-left: 1.7em;"> { se esse illum ... Sullam</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">ex fatis, etc.</span><span style="margin-left: 9.5em;"> { fuisse.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">(<i>c</i>) eundemque dixisse</span><span style="margin-left: 7.4em;"> { fatalem hunc esse ...</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 18.25em;">{ vicesimus.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>The reflexive pronoun refers in each case to the subject of the verb +upon which the subordinate sentence <i>immediately</i> depends.</p> + +<p><b>pedestres sibi, etc.</b> This is part of what Cassius and the others said, +depending upon some verb of 'saying' to be understood from +'praescriptum'; 'they said that these men and L. Cassius had requested +them to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible, (adding that) they +should have no lack of infantry.'</p> + +<p><b>fatis Sibyllinis</b>, the original 'libri Sibyllini' (containing prophecies +in Greek) were said to have been brought by the Sibyl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27a" id="Page_27a">[27]</a></span> of Cumae to +Tarquinius Superbus; they were kept in the Capitol and consulted in +times of difficulty. In 83 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> they were burnt and a fresh collection +of Sibylline prophecies was made, which was sifted by order of Augustus +and Tiberius. See Tac. Ann. 6. 12.</p> + +<p><b>tertium Cornelium</b>, his full name was Cornelius Lentulus Sura. On +Cinna and Sulla see <a href="#n3_24">note on 3. 24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>virginum</b>, sc. 'Vestalium.' Nothing is known of the event alluded to, but +the trial of a Vestal Virgin was always regarded as an event of great +significance.</p> + +<p><b>Capitolii incensionem.</b> The Capitol and adjacent buildings had been burnt +down <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 83.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_10" id="n3_10"></a><a href="#t3_10">§10</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Saturnalibus</b>, the festival of Saturn at the end of December. It was a +general holiday, when special license was allowed to slaves; hence a +good opportunity for a rising.</p> + +<p><b>Primo ostendimus, etc.</b> Letters were generally written with a stylus on +wax tablets; these were then put together face inwards and tied with +string, which was secured by the seal of the sender. When, as often, +they were written by slaves from dictation, the seal was the only means +of recognising the authorship, as they were not generally signed.</p> + +<p><b>cognovit</b>, 'acknowledged it.'</p> + +<p><b>recepissent</b>, 'had promised'; <i>recipio</i> = 'to take upon oneself, engage.' +<b>sibi</b>, the writer.</p> + +<p><b>quae . . . deprehensa</b>, a relative is generally neuter pl. when it +refers, as here, to two inanimate antecedents ('gladii' and 'sicae') of +different genders. So also adjectives and participles. Cf. <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a> 'data.' +They may however agree with the nearest word, as in <a href="#t3_18">3. 18</a> 'visas . . . +faces ardoremque caeli.'</p> + +<p><b>qui . . . respondisset</b>, 'although he had answered.' <b>tamen</b>, i.e. in spite +of the appearances against him.</p> + +<p><b>se semper</b>, etc., 'that he had always had a fancy for good steel +implements.' He purposely avoids using the word 'tela,' pretending that +the weapons were only part of a collection.</p> + +<p><b>conscientia</b>, 'his consciousness of guilt.' For 'abiectus' cf. <a href="#t4_3">4. 3</a> +'abiecta metu filia.'</p> + +<p><b>in eandem fere sententiam</b>, 'to much the same effect.'</p> + +<p><b>avi</b>, Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Cf. <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_11" id="n3_11"></a><a href="#t3_11">§11</a>.</div> + +<p><b>eadem ratione</b>, either with <b>litterae</b>, 'of the same tenor,' or with +leguntur, 'in the same way,' i.e. 'with the same formalities.'</p> + +<p><b>per quem</b>, the agent was Umbrenus. Cf. <a href="#n3_14">§14 below</a>.</p> + +<p><b>subito</b>, adverb, with <b>demens</b>.</p> + +<p><b>cum</b>, 'although.'</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28a" id="Page_28a">[28]</a></span><b>dicendi exercitatio</b>. Lit. 'practice in speaking,' i.e. 'fluency.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_12" id="n3_12"></a><a href="#t3_12">§12</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Quis sim</b>, etc. The general sense of the letter is similarly given by +Sallust (Cat. 44) with verbal differences.</p> + +<p><b>locum</b>, 'position.'</p> + +<p><b>etiam infimorum</b>, i.e. he was to arm the slaves.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_13" id="n3_13"></a><a href="#t3_13">§13</a>.</div> + +<p><b>cum . . . tum</b>, 'just as ... so also.' Cf. <a href="#t3_18">3. 18</a>. illa in each clause +refers to what follows. Note that 'certiora' follows 'certissima,' +showing that the latter means 'very sure,' not 'the surest possible.' +Cicero is fond of using the superlative in this sense.</p> + +<p><b>de summa re publica</b>, 'on a matter so vital to the state.' Cf. <a href="#t1_14">1. 14</a> 'ad +summam rempublicam pertinent.'</p> + +<p><b>principibus</b>, the leaders.</p> + +<p><b>sententiae.</b> See <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>senatus consultum</b>, the regular word for a decree of the senate. When +passed, it was written down, and the names of the principal supporters +appended.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_14" id="n3_14"></a><a href="#t3_14">§14</a>.</div> + +<p><b>liberata . . . sit</b>, etc. Subj. because he is quoting the substance of +the decree. <b>usus essem</b> is plup. because 'laudantur' (historic present) +is regarded as a past tense.</p> + +<p><b>viro forti, collegae meo.</b> This was C. Antonius Hybrida. He had been +associated with Catilina, but Cicero induced him to come over to the +side of the senate by giving up to him the province of Macedonia. See +<a href="#n4_23">note on 4. 23</a>.</p> + +<p><b>a suis et rei publicae</b>, etc., i.e. he had ceased to hold any +communication with them, either on his private affairs, or his public +duties.</p> + +<p><b>cum se praetura</b>, etc. Note the construction of 'abdico.' Strictly +speaking, a magistrate could not be deprived of his office except by his +own act; but resignation was practically compulsory under certain +circumstances (e.g. when the election was proved to have been obtained +by bribery). As praetor, Lentulus could not have been placed under +arrest, for the person of a magistrate was inviolable (<i>sacrosanctus</i>).</p> + +<p><b>in custodiam.</b> See <a href="#n1_19">on 1. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>de iis colonis.</b> See <a href="#n2_20">on 2. 20</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_15" id="n3_15"></a><a href="#t3_15">§15</a>.</div> + +<p><b>supplicatio</b>, i.e. a period of public prayer and thanksgiving. This was +accompanied by the ceremony called <i>lectisternium</i>, when the images of +the gods were placed on couches (<i>pulvinaria</i>) before their temples, +with banquets beside them. Here the people came to worship. Cf. <a href="#t3_23">3. 23</a> 'ad +omnia pulvinaria,' and Horace, Odes 1. 37. 2</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">'nunc Saliaribus</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ornare pulvinar Deorum</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.'</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29a" id="Page_29a">[29]</a></span>A <i>supplicatio</i> was generally a thanksgiving for victory; to the general +it was an honour only inferior to a triumph, which it often preceded. +More rarely, it was a period of national humiliation in time of +disaster. Thus a <i>supplicatio</i> was decreed at the beginning of 217 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, +and again after the defeat of Cannae. See Livy 22. 1, 23. 11.</p> + +<p><b>meo nomine</b>, 'in my name,' 'in my honour.' This was the only instance of +a <i>supplicatio</i> decreed in honour of a citizen not holding a military +command.</p> + +<p><b>interest</b> instead of 'interesse videatur,' because he means to state +positively that the difference is there, whether the comparison be made +or not. So we can say, 'If you compare, there is this difference,' +instead of the more strictly grammatical, '<i>You will find</i> that there is +this difference.' Cf. de Amic. §104 'Si illis orbatus essem, tamen +<i>affert</i> nihi aetas ipsa solatium'; where the existence of the +consolation does not depend on the need for it.</p> + +<p><b>se abdicavit</b>, 'was allowed to resign.'</p> + +<p><b>ut quae religio</b>, etc. A magistrate being 'sacrosanctus,' religious +scruples would forbid his punishment. Cicero says that owing to +Lentulus' abdication, they will not have <i>this</i> scruple to stand in +their way, though reminding them that it did not protect Glaucia. (See +<a href="#n1_4">on 1. 4</a>.) Tr. 'So that we can punish Lentulus as a private citizen +without hindrance from any religious scruple; though such scruples did +not prevent C. Marius,' etc.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_16" id="n3_16"></a><a href="#t3_16">§16</a>.</div> + +<p><b>cum pellebam</b>. See <a href="#n1_7">on 1. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><b>somnum</b>, 'the sleepiness.'</p> + +<p><b>aditus</b>, 'the means of approaching.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 4. 423</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Sola viri molles aditus et tempora noras.'</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Note the striking picture of Catilina's abilities as a leader here +given, and contrast it with Cicero's contemptuous expressions elsewhere, +esp. <a href="#t2_9">2. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><b>certos</b>, 'particular,' 'definite.'</p> + +<p><b>mandarat.</b> The pluperf. indic. is rare after <i>cum</i> even when (as here) +the connection is of time only.</p> + +<p><b>quod</b> constructed with 'obiret' as the nearest verb. 'occurreret' by +itself would require dative.</p> + +<p><b>vigilaret</b>, <b>laboraret</b> do not grammatically construct with 'quod' at all. +They are an amplification of 'obiret occurreret'; such amplification +being more commonly expressed by an adverbial clause such as 'per +vigilias et labores.' Cf. Aesch. P. V. 331</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">πάντων μετασχὼν καὶ τετολμηκὼς ἐμοί,</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30a" id="Page_30a">[30]</a></span>where καὶ τετολμηκώς is an amplification of μετασχών, and does not +construct with ἐμοί.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_17" id="n3_17"></a><a href="#t3_17">§17</a>.</div> + +<p><b>tanto ante</b>, because it was now only Dec. 3 and the Saturnalia (<a href="#t3_10">3. 10</a>) did +not begin till Dec. 17.</p> + +<p><b>commisisset ut</b>, etc. 'have made the mistake of allowing to be arrested.' +Cf. <a href="#t3_7">3. 7</a> 'negavi me facturum esse ut non deferrem.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_18" id="n3_18"></a><a href="#t3_18">§18</a>.</div> + +<p><b>cum . . . tum</b>, 'not only ... but also.' Cf. <a href="#t3_13">3. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nam ut illa</b>, etc. Cicero must here be suiting his language to his +audience; for he probably did not believe in miraculous signs. His tone +in the second and third speeches, where he is addressing the people, is +throughout less refined than in the first and fourth, where he is +speaking to the senate.</p> + +<p><b>canere</b>, 'foretell,' often used of prophetic utterances.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_19" id="n3_19"></a><a href="#t3_19">§19</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Cotta et Torquato consulibus</b>, <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 65.</p> + +<p><b>de caelo</b>, i.e. struck by lightning.</p> + +<p><b>legum aera</b>, the brazen tablets on which the laws were engraved.</p> + +<p><b>tactus</b>, etc. In the Capitoline Museum at Rome may be seen a bronze +figure of a wolf giving suck to the twins Romulus and Remus. It is just +possible that this may be the group alluded to here, as one of the legs +shows an injury such as would be caused by lightning; but it is more +probably a mediaeval copy of an ancient original.</p> + +<p><b>Etruria</b>, the original home of augury.</p> + +<p><b>adpropinquare dixerunt nisi . . . flexissent</b>. The soothsayers said +'adpropinquant, nisi flexerint,' the fut. perf. becoming plup. subj. in +Oratio Obliqua, according to rule. Not <i>adpropinquabunt</i>, because +futurity is sufficiently expressed by the word itself, = 'they are +drawing near,' 'are upon you.'</p> + +<p><b>suo numine</b>, 'by their influence.' The gods are regarded as subject to +Destiny, yet able to mitigate its decrees by their intercession. <b>prope</b> +apologizes as it were for the boldness of the expression. Cf. <a href="#t4_3">4. 3</a> ad +fin.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_20" id="n3_20"></a><a href="#t3_20">§20</a>.</div> + +<p><b>ad orientem</b>, etc. The Forum stretched S.E. from the Capitol, so that a +statue on the latter facing E. would overlook it.</p> + +<p><b>collocandum . . . locaverunt</b>, 'gave a contract for its erection'; <i>loco</i> +(lit. 'to place out') is used of the person for whom the work is done; +<i>conduco</i> of the contractor.</p> + +<p><b>superioribus consulibus</b>, those of 64 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, L. Caesar and C. Figulus.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_21" id="n3_21"></a><a href="#t3_21">§21</a>.</div> + +<p><b>praesens</b>, perhaps 'clear,' i.e. a visible evidence of the hand of the +gods; or it may be simply 'opportune.'</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31a" id="Page_31a">[31]</a></span><b>ut . . . videatur</b> is consecutive, <b>ut . . . statueretur</b>, substantival, +explanatory of <b>illud</b>, '<i>the fact</i> that the statue was being erected at +that particular moment.'</p> + +<p><b>eorum indices</b>, 'the witnesses against them.' The Temple of Concord was +on the Capitol; Cicero's house on the Palatine; so that the Forum would +have to be crossed in passing from one to the other.</p> + +<p><b>ducerentur</b> follows the mood of its main verb 'statueretur.' Otherwise as +'cum' = 'quo tempore' we should probably have had the indic. on the +analogy of <a href="#t1_7">1. 7</a> (where see <a href="#n1_7">note</a>) and other instances.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_22" id="n3_22"></a><a href="#t3_22">§22</a>.</div> + +<p><b>templis atque delubris</b>. See <a href="#n3_2">on 3. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>mentem voluntatemque</b>, 'disposition and purpose.'</p> + +<p>Some editions read 'iam vero illa Allobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab +Lentulo,' etc. For iam vero see <a href="#n2_8">on 2. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ut . . . neglegerent</b>, substantival ('the fact that') in apposition to +'id' below.</p> + +<p><b>ex civitate male pacata</b>. The limits of Transalpine Gaul were not +accurately defined at this time, and disturbances on the borders were +frequent. The Allobroges actually revolted two years later, and were +suppressed temporarily by C. Pomptinus; they shared in the universal +subjugation of Gaul by Caesar, 58-51 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>ultro</b>, 'spontaneously,' 'unsought,' because the first advances were made +by Lentulus.</p> + +<p><b>potuerint</b>, 'especially as they (were men who) might have,' etc.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_23" id="n3_23"></a><a href="#t3_23">§23</a>.</div> + +<p><b>ad omnia pulvinaria</b>. See <a href="#n3_15">on <i>supplicatio</i> 3. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><b>togati</b>. See <a href="#n2_28">on 2. 28</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_24" id="n3_24"></a><a href="#t3_24">§24</a>.</div> + +<p>The historical allusions in this section will be best explained by the +following sketch.</p> + +<p>In 88 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Sulla was consul, and had just ended the Social War. P. +Sulpicius made certain proposals in the interests of the democratic +party, one of which was to transfer the command against Mithridates of +Pontus from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched on Rome; Sulpicius, with a +few adherents, was killed; Marius, with others, escaped with difficulty. +Sulla thereupon departed for the East.</p> + +<p>In 87 Cinna, as consul, revived the schemes of Sulpicius. His colleague +Octavius drove him from the city; he collected an army, was joined by +Marius, and effected his return by force. A reign of terror followed, +during which many aristocrats were killed. Marius died in 86; Cinna was +killed in a mutiny two years later.</p> + +<p>In 82 Sulla came back from the East, defeated the younger Marius (in +alliance with the revolted Samnites), at the Colline Gate,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32a" id="Page_32a">[32]</a></span> and was +created 'dictator reipublicae constituendae.' As such he issued a +proscription list, ordering the execution of most of the democratic +leaders. Having reformed the constitution in the interest of the +optimates, he resigned his power.</p> + +<p>After his death M. Lepidus (consul 78) tried to reverse his acts, but +was expelled by his colleague Q. Catulus. He raised an army and tried, +like Cinna, to effect his return by force, but was defeated by Catulus +at the Mulvian Bridge, <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> 77; he escaped to Sardinia, where he died.</p> + +<p><b>vidistis</b>, because they had all taken place within the last twenty-five +years.</p> + +<p><b>custodem huius urbis</b>, he had saved Rome by defeating the Teutones and +Cimbri (102, 101 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>)</p> + +<p><b>redundavit</b> only suits 'sanguine,' but is applied (by zeugma) to 'acervis +corporum' as well, '(was choked) with heaps of corpses and flooded with +blood.'</p> + +<p><b>clarissimis viris</b>. Among these were L. Caesar (consul 90, and one of the +enfranchisers of the Italians) and Q. Catulus (consul 102) the colleague +of Marius in the war against the Cimbri.</p> + +<p><b>ne dici quidem, etc.</b> The victims of the Sullan proscriptions numbered +from four to five thousand.</p> + +<p><b>Q. Catulo</b>, son of the Catulus mentioned above.</p> + +<p><b>non tam ipsius</b>, i.e. it was not the fate of Lepidus himself which +excited sympathy, but of those who were involved in it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_25" id="n3_25"></a><a href="#t3_25">§25</a>.</div> + +<p>The reading in this section is uncertain, owing to interpolations having +been introduced into the original MS. The text given is Halm's +conjectural emendation; the principal variation is as follows:—</p> + +<p>'Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones <i>erant eiusmodi Quirites</i>, quae +non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rempublicam <i>pertinerent</i>; non illi +nullam esse rempublicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse principes; neque +hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [<i>Atque +illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium reipublicae +quaesivit</i>, eiusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed +internecione civium diiudicatae sint.']</p> + +<p>According to this reading, the sentence in brackets is regarded as a +gloss; i.e. an explanation added in the margin by a transcriber, which +afterwards found its way into the text.</p> + +<p><b>diiudicatae sint</b>. In consecutive sentences the perf. subj. is used in +preference to the imperf. where the <i>fact</i> of the result is emphasized. +It answers to ὥστε with indicative: the imperfect to ὥστε with +infinitive.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33a" id="Page_33a">[33]</a></span><b>tantum</b>, '<i>only</i> so much.'</p> + +<p><b>infinitae caedi restitisset</b> (resto), <b>lit</b>. 'had remained over to +bloodshed,' i.e. as the only thing left for it to destroy. Cf. Virg. +Aen. 1. 679.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae.'</span><br /> +</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_26" id="n3_26"></a><a href="#t3_26">§26</a>.</div> + +<p><b>insigne honoris</b>, 'mark of distinction,' may perhaps refer to some purely +personal honour (such as the title 'pater patriae'); <b>monimentum laudis</b>, +'memorial of renown,' to something more external (such as a statue). But +see below.</p> + +<p><b>ornamenta honoris</b>, etc. The three expressions seem to be practically +synonymous, unless 'laudis insignia' be meant to include the other two. +'Every honourable decoration, every glorious memorial, every outward +mark of distinction.'</p> + +<p><b>alentur</b>, 'will be cherished.'</p> + +<p><b>literarum monimentis</b>, 'in the records of literature,' i.e. history.</p> + +<p><b>eandemque diem</b>, etc. 'Diem' here = 'period.' He means that he has +preserved the state for an unlimited period, and that during that period +the recollection of his consulship will last; the two will go together, +hence 'eandem.' Tr. 'I feel that one and the same term—a term which I +trust will have no limit—has been extended to the safe existence of the +state and the recollection of my consulship.'</p> + +<p><b>exstitisse</b> may either depend upon 'intellego,' or (better) upon a verb +to be understood from 'memoriam'; 'and (the recollection) that there +were,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>alter</b>, i.e. Pompeius, who was extending the empire by his conquests in +the East, which added the province of Syria to the Roman dominions. +Cicero speaks with rhetorical exaggeration.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_27" id="n3_27"></a><a href="#t3_27">§27</a>.</div> + +<p><b>condicio</b>, 'circumstances,' 'position.' See <a href="#n2_14">on 2. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><b>recte</b>, 'as is just.'</p> + +<p><b>bonis</b>. See <a href="#n1_1">on 'bonorum' 1. 1</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_28" id="n3_28"></a><a href="#t3_28">§28</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Quodsi</b>, etc. Cicero's fears were realized by the motion for his +banishment (for having put Roman citizens to death without trial) +carried by Clodius, 58 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>vitae fructum</b>, 'the <i>results</i> of life.'</p> + +<p><b>honore vestro</b>, 'the honours you can bestow'; <b>gloria virtutis</b>, 'renown +won by merit.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n3_29" id="n3_29"></a><a href="#t3_29">§29</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Illud</b>, explained by 'ut . . . tuear,' etc.<br /><br /><br /></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 40%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="ORATION_IVa" id="ORATION_IVa"></a>ORATION IV.</h2> + + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_1" id="n4_1"></a><a href="#t4_1">§1</a>.</div> + +<p><b>depulsum sit</b>. Subj. because he is putting their thoughts into words.</p> + +<p><b>vestris</b>. Some editions add <i>liberis</i>.</p> + +<p><b>condicio</b>. See <a href="#n2_14">on 2. 14</a>, 'if these were the terms on which I received the +consulship.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_2" id="n4_2"></a><a href="#t4_2">§2</a>.</div> + +<p><b>in quo omnis aequitas continetur</b>, 'the home of all justice,' because the +praetor's courts were held in the Forum and adjacent buildings.</p> + +<p><b>consularibus auspiciis</b>, 'the auspices taken at the election of the +consuls.' They were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, which met in the +Campus Martius. For 'auspicia' see <a href="#n1_33">on 1. 33</a>.</p> + +<p><b>summum auxilium</b>, etc. The control of foreign relations belonged +particularly to the senate.</p> + +<p><b>ad quietem datus</b>, epithet of 'lectus' ('datus' must not be mistaken for +the main verb, which is 'fuit').</p> + +<p><b>sedea honoris</b>. Some MSS. add the explanatory words 'sella curulis.'</p> + +<p><b>multa tacui</b>. He hints at the suppression of the names of certain persons +suspected by him to be implicated. Crassus and Caesar may have been +among these. See Sall. Cat. 48, 49.</p> + +<p><b>meo quodam dolore</b>, abl. of attendant circumstances, 'at some pain to +myself.'</p> + +<p><b>templa atque delubra</b>. See <a href="#n3_2">on 3. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><b>fatale ad perniciem</b>, 'destined to the destruction of,' referring to his +belief that he was the third Cornelius who should rule over Rome (<a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>). +In the second clause 'prope' ('I may almost say') is added because the +expression might seem too arrogant without qualification. Cf. <a href="#t3_19">3. 19</a> 'nisi +di immortales <i>prope</i> fata ipsa flexissent.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_3" id="n4_3"></a><a href="#t4_3">§3</a>.</div> + +<p><b>pro eo ac mereor</b>, 'in proportion to my deserts.' Cf. 'simul ac,' 'aeque +ac,' 'aliter ac,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>consulari</b>, 'to one who has been consul,' because no higher honour +remained to be won.</p> + +<p><b>misera sapienti</b>. The Stoic philosophy, of which Cicero was an adherent, +taught that true happiness consisted in being independent of the +external accidents of life.</p> + +<p><b>ille ferreus</b>, 'a man of such iron nature.'</p> + +<p><b>fratris</b>. Q. Cicero, now praetor designatus.</p> + +<p><b>uxor</b>, Terentia; <b>filia</b>, Tullia; <b>filius</b>, Marcus, now two years old.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35a" id="Page_35a">[35]</a></span><b>gener</b>, C. Calpurnius Piso, Tullia's first husband. Not being yet a +senator he was not seated in the assembly, but standing with the crowd +at the open doors of the temple.</p> + +<p><b>sed in eam partem uti</b>, etc., 'but only in the direction (of wishing) +that,' etc.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_4" id="n4_4"></a><a href="#t4_4">§4</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Non Ti. Gracchus</b>, etc. The negatives go closely with the proper names, +and the <i>present</i> 'adducitur' is emphatic. Tr. 'It is no Ti. Gracchus, +for proposing to become tribune a second time, no C. Gracchus, for +attempting to incite the agrarian party to violence, no L. Saturninus, +for the murder of C. Memmius, that is <i>now</i> brought to trial before the +bar of your severity; you have in your hands men who,' etc. He uses the +indic. ('voluit,' 'conatus est,' etc.) instead of the subj. to emphasize +the fact that the persons named had actually committed the offences in +question; he is not simply quoting the grounds of an accusation which +might or might not have been true.</p> + +<p><b>iterum</b>, the election of the same person in successive years was illegal. +Ti. Gracchus was tribune 133 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> In attempting to secure his +re-election for the next year he fell a victim to the armed attack of +the senate.</p> + +<p><b>agrarios</b>, properly those interested in the distribution of the public +land. C. Gracchus carried on the agrarian schemes of his brother, but it +was not the most important part of his legislation. He trusted no doubt +for support to the agricultural population of Italy, but this was rather +in view of his plans for admitting them all to the franchise.</p> + +<p><b>C. Memmius</b>, a popular leader at the time of the Jugurthine War; he +changed sides, and was murdered by Saturninus and Glaucia on opposing +the latter in the consular election for 99 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>restiterunt</b> (<b>resto</b>), 'have stayed behind.'</p> + +<p><b>servitia</b>, abstract for concrete.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_5" id="n4_5"></a><a href="#t4_5">§5</a>.</div> + +<p><b>vos multis iam</b>, etc. 'You have affirmed by many proofs of your +judgment'; i.e. the senate, by the measures they had already taken, had +practically affirmed their belief in the conspirators' guilt.</p> + +<p><b>in custodiam.</b> See <a href="#n1_19">on 1. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><b>qui honos</b>, etc. Cf. <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a> and <a href="#t2_28">2. 28</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_6" id="n4_6"></a><a href="#t4_6">§6</a>.</div> + +<p>The object of <b>referre</b> is <b>de facto quid iudicetis</b>, etc.; <b>tanquam +integrum</b>, 'as though it were an open question.'</p> + +<p><b>ego magnum</b>, etc. 'I had long seen that a dangerous madness was abroad, +and that evils of an unheard-of kind were seething and stirring in the +state.'</p> + +<p><b>latius opinione</b>, 'more widely than you think.' The following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36a" id="Page_36a">[36]</a></span> sentence +should be noted, as showing that Cicero recognized that the importance +of the decision lay in the effect it would have upon Catilina's +adherents abroad.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_7" id="n4_7"></a><a href="#t4_7">§7</a>.</div> + +<p><b>sententias</b>, the technical word for the senator's formal declaration of +his vote. See <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>. Tr. 'proposals.'</p> + +<p><b>D. Silani</b>, now consul designatus.</p> + +<p><b>censet</b>, not 'thinks,' but 'gives it as his opinion,' 'votes.'</p> + +<p><b>haec</b>, i.e. all that is around us, the houses, temples, etc.</p> + +<p><b>C. Caesaris</b>, now praetor designatus.</p> + +<p><b>recordatur</b>, 'remembers.' Cicero suggests that the recollection +influenced Silanus, not that he actually mentioned the precedents.</p> + +<p><b>aut necessitatem</b>, etc. Each <i><b>aut</b></i> still further qualifies the idea of +death. So far from being a punishment, it is the common necessity of our +nature, or may even sometimes be an actual benefit.</p> + +<p><b>municipiis</b>, 'provincial towns.' See <a href="#n2_24">on 2. 24</a>.</p> + +<p><b>si velis</b>. Subj. because contingency is expressed by 'habere videtur' (= +'habeat'), 'seems to have,' 'might have.' Cf. <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a> 'satisfacere videmur +si vitemus.' The sense is: it would be unfair to order any town to +undertake the duty, and difficult to induce any to do so if they merely +asked it as a favour.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_8" id="n4_8"></a><a href="#t4_8">§8</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Adiungit</b>, sc. Caesar.</p> + +<p><b>aut per senatum</b>, etc., i.e. either by a 'senatus consultum,' or a 'lex' +passed by the Comitia.</p> + +<p><b>illi antiqui</b>, the well-known writers of old time. The order of the words +is 'illi antiqui voluerunt eius modi quaedam supplicia apud inferos +impiis constituta esse.' voluerunt, lit. 'wished,' i.e. 'would have had +us believe.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 626 'Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab +stirpe volebat.' Contrast Cicero's language here (where he is speaking +to a more intelligent audience) with that in <a href="#t3_18">3. 18-22</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ipsam</b>, 'by itself.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_9" id="n4_9"></a><a href="#t4_9">§9</a>.</div> + +<p><b>mea quid intersit</b>, 'what is for my own interest.'</p> + +<p><b>quoniam hanc</b>. 'Viam' is 'path,' 'course.' In English we may perhaps +change the metaphor, and say 'since he has taken what we agree to call +the popular <i>side</i> in politics.' The 'populares' were the opponents of +the 'optimates'; they aimed at breaking down the aristocratic rule of +the senate.</p> + +<p><b>cognitore</b>, properly one who acts for another in a law-suit, 'advocate.'</p> + +<p><b>nescio an</b>, lit. 'I hardly know whether'; so affirmatively = 'I am +disposed to think.'</p> + +<p><b>rationes</b>, 'considerations.'</p> + +<p><b>enim</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37a" id="Page_37a">[37]</a></span> used like γάρ, to introduce a narrative or discussion of a point. +'Now we have,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>obsidem</b>, 'pledge.'</p> + +<p><b>intellectum est, etc.</b> 'We understood (when we heard Caesar) how great +was the contrast between the frivolity of demagogues and the true +democratic spirit, which has the interest of the people at heart.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_10" id="n4_10"></a><a href="#t4_10">§10</a>.</div> + +<p><b>ne de capite</b>, i.e. because the senate had no legal right to decide +questions affecting the <i>caput</i> (life, or civil rights) of a citizen, +which ought to come before the Comitia Centuriata. On this question see +<a href="#NOTE_B">Introd. Note B</a>.</p> + +<p><b>nudius tertius</b>='nunc dies tertius,' 'the day before yesterday,' +according to the Roman inclusive method of reckoning.</p> + +<p><b>hoc</b>, explained by <b>quid iudicarit</b>. The order is 'hoc, quid (ille) qui . . +. decrerit de tota re et causa iudicarit, nemini dubium est.' Cicero +argues that the absent senators, by assenting to the previous measures, +have acknowledged their jurisdiction in the matter. It appears that +these measures had been unanimously adopted.</p> + +<p><b>quaesitori</b>, properly of the president of a law-court: here of Cicero, as +the conductor of the investigations. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6. 432 'Quaesitor +Minos urnam movet.'</p> + +<p><b>legem Semproniam.</b> What this was is not quite certain; but C. Gracchus +seems to have passed a law still further securing the right of citizens +to appeal to the people as against the arbitrary sentence of a +magistrate, though this was already provided by the Lex Valeria and the +Lex Porcia (see <a href="#n1_28">on 1. 28</a>). Cicero refers to the Lex Sempronia here as +being the most recent legislation on the subject, and because the fact +that summary measures were taken against its author strengthens his +argument.</p> + +<p><b>qui autem</b>, etc. On this see <a href="#NOTE_B">Introd. Note B</a>.</p> + +<p><b>iniussu</b> is a conjectural emendation for the MS. reading <i>iussu</i>, because +C. Gracchus was not put to death by order of the people; he was killed +by the agents of the consul Opimius, who professed to rely upon the +'ultimum decretum' previously passed by the senate (see <a href="#n1_4">on 1. 4</a>). Cicero +quotes it as a precedent exactly suiting the present case.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_11" id="n4_11"></a><a href="#t4_11">§11</a>.</div> + +<p><b>sive</b>, 'if on the one hand,' answered by sive below. <b>dederitis</b> is the +apodosis to the first clause, <b>exsolvet</b> to the second.</p> + +<p><b>comitem.</b> Cicero would be expected to address the people after the +meeting, to acquaint them with the senate's decision (cf. the <a href="#Oration_III">Third +Oration</a>), and according to usage he would be accompanied by the proposer +of the successful motion. Connect <b>populo</b> with <b>carum atque iucundum</b>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38a" id="Page_38a">[38]</a></span><b>populus Romanus exsolvet</b>. The reading of the MSS. here is +unintelligible; that in the text is a conjectural emendation. Other +suggestions are 'apud populum Romanum exsolvam,' 'populo Romano +exsolveritis.'</p> + +<p><b>obtinebo</b>, 'I shall maintain.' eam, sc: 'sententiam.'</p> + +<p><b>ita . . . ut</b>. A common way of emphasizing a declaration, by expressing a +wish that the welfare of the speaker may depend upon its truth. 'So may +it be mine to enjoy with you the blessings of preservation, as I am +moved,' etc. Cf. the phrase 'ita di me ament, ut,' and the formula 'So +help me God' appended to oaths in English law-courts.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_12" id="n4_12"></a><a href="#t4_12">§12</a>.</div> + +<p><b>purpuratum</b>. A name for ministers at Eastern courts, from the +magnificence of their dress; 'with Gabinius as his grand vizier.'</p> + +<p><b>qui non lenierit</b>, causal, 'in that he did not alleviate.'</p> + +<p><b>id egerunt, ut</b>, 'have made it their object to place,' etc.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_13" id="n4_13"></a><a href="#t4_13">§13</a>.</div> + +<p><b>L. Caesar</b>, consul 64 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, not to be confused with C. Julius Caesar. +<b>sororis suae virum</b>, Lentulus; <b>avum</b>, M. Fulvius Flaccus, the friend and +adherent of C. Gracchus, whose fate he shared. When the disturbance +broke out he sent his young son to treat with the consul Opimius, who +had him arrested and put to death.</p> + +<p>The following table will show the relationship:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 6.5em;">M. Fulvius Flaccus (cos. 125)</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12.5em;">|</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">———————————————</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">|</span><span style="margin-left: 15em;">|</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">M.F. Flaccus</span><span style="margin-left:10em;">Fulvia m. L.J. Caesar (cos. 90)</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">(filius)</span><span style="margin-left:15em;"> |</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">—————————————</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">|</span><span style="margin-left: 12.5em;"> |</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14em;">L.J. Caesar (cos. 64)</span><span style="margin-left: 6em;"> Julia m. (1) M. Antonius Creticus.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 31.5em;">(2) P.C. Lentulus.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><b>nudius tertius</b>. At the meeting of the senate described in the Third +Speech.</p> + +<p><b>quorum</b>, etc. 'What had they (i.e. Flaccus and C. Gracchus) done that +could compare with this' (the present conspiracy)? factum is treated as +a substantive.</p> + +<p><b>largitionis voluntas</b>, etc. 'Designs of largess were then rife in the +state, accompanied by some party rivalry.' C. Gracchus passed a law +providing the people with corn at low rates. He also transferred the +right of sitting as <i>iudices</i> in the law-courts from the senate to the +equites, and thus stirred up strife ('partium contentio') between the +two orders.</p> + +<p>Cicero purposely makes light of those measures, which had really very +important effects, in order to give point to his argument,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39a" id="Page_39a">[39]</a></span> which is—If +such comparatively moderate designs as those of C. Gracchus met with so +signal a punishment, what do the violent schemes of Catilina deserve? +Cf. <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><b>avus</b>. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, and <i>princeps senatus</i> at +the time of Gracchus' death. Cf. <a href="#t3_10">3. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ne quid</b>, etc., 'lest the majesty of the state should be in any degree +impaired.'</p> + +<p><b>Vereamini censeo</b>, lit. 'it is my opinion that you should fear' ('ut' +being omitted, as often after 'censeo'). Ironical advice, where the +contrary is really intended. 'You had better be afraid, I should think.' +Cf. the similar ironical passage in Sallust, Cat. 52 (Cato is speaking +in favour of executing the conspirators), 'Misereamini censeo—deliquere +homines adulescentuli per ambitionem—atque etiam armatos dimittatis.' +<b>multo magis</b> verendum, etc. below gives his serious opinion.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_14" id="n4_14"></a><a href="#t4_14">§14</a>.</div> + +<p>Note the distinction between <i>vereri ut</i> and <i>vereri ne</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imperium</b>, i.e. the sovereign authority of the Comitia, for which a +revolution might substitute that of a despot. Cf. 'regnantem Lentulum' +<a href="#t4_12">§12</a>.</p> + +<p><b>loci</b>, the Temple of Concord, on the Capitol.</p> + +<p><b>in qua</b> = 'talis, ut in ea,' followed by consec. subj. 'sentirent.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_15" id="n4_15"></a><a href="#t4_15">§15</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Ceteri</b>. He goes through all the classes in turn; first the knights (the +disposition of the senate being already clear); then the official +classes (the Civil Service as we might say); then the general body of +freeborn citizens; lastly, the freedmen and slaves.</p> + +<p><b>equites</b>, see <a href="#Footnote_5_5">Introd. p. 9, note</a>. As large holders of property, they +dreaded Catilina's schemes, and supported Cicero by occupying the +Capitol in arms, in order to protect the Senate.</p> + +<p><b>ita</b> . . . ut. 'Ut' has a limiting force; it shows with what reservation +the main statement is to be accepted. 'Only so far ... that.' In +English, 'who yield to you the first place in rank and wisdom, only to +rival you in patriotism.' Cf. Cic. de Off. 1. 88 'ita probanda est +mansuetudo, ut adhibeatur reipublicae causa severitas,' and Livy 23. 3 +'ita vos irae indulgere oportet, ut potiorem ira salutem habeatis.'</p> + +<p><b>ex</b>, 'after.' The ground of quarrel was the right of sitting as <i>iudices</i> +in the law-courts. Transferred from the senate to the <i>equites</i> by C. +Gracchus, it had been restored by Sulla, and was now shared between the +two and the <i>tribuni aerarii</i> (see below).</p> + +<p>Cicero's great hope for the state lay in a union between the two orders +(cf. <a href="#t4_22">§22</a> ad fin.), but that now existing was soon broken.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40a" id="Page_40a">[40]</a></span><b>tribunos aerarios</b>, probably revenue officers of some kind, but not much +is known about them.</p> + +<p><b>scribas</b>, etc., the permanent government clerks, a certain number of whom +were attached to each magistrate. On this day (Dec. 5) the quaestors for +the next year entered on their office, and the <i>scribae</i> had to draw +lots to decide which quaestor they should severally attend. This drawing +took place at the treasury, which was in the Temple of Saturn at the +west end of the Forum, in full view of the Temple of Concord. Hence tr.: +'the entire body of clerks also, who having been brought to-day by +chance to the treasury have I see been diverted from the anticipation of +the lot to thoughts of the public safety.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_16" id="n4_16"></a><a href="#t4_16">§16</a>.</div> + +<p><b>ingenuorum</b>, 'freeborn citizens,' opposed to <i>libertini</i>, who though +citizens were not freeborn.</p> + +<p><b>sit</b>, not subj. after 'cum' (which = 'not only'), but consecutive.</p> + +<p><b>operae pretium est</b>, 'it is worth while.'</p> + +<p><b>sua virtute</b>, etc., 'who by their own exertions have won the advantages +of our citizenship'; because only those would be manumitted whose +industry and energy deserved it.</p> + +<p><b>qui modo sit . . . qui non</b>, etc., the first relative clause limits the +subject ('servus'); the second is consecutive. 'There is no slave,—none +at least whose condition of servitude is bearable—who does not,' etc. +Cf. in Pisonem §45 'Nemo denique civis est, qui modo se civem esse +meminerit, qui vos non oculis fugiat.'</p> + +<p><b>voluntatis</b>, gen. after 'tantum.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_17" id="n4_17"></a><a href="#t4_17">§17</a>.</div> + +<p><b>aut fortuna miseri</b>, etc., 'so poverty-stricken or so disaffected.'</p> + +<p><b>immo vero</b> corrects the preceding. 'The greater part, nay the whole'; see +<a href="#n1_2">on 1. 2</a>. A large part of the retail trade at Rome was in the hands of +slaves.</p> + +<p><b>instrumentum</b>, 'means of trade.'</p> + +<p><b>futurum fuit</b>, 'was about to happen,' i.e. 'would have happened'; +incensis represents the protasis, 'si incensae essent.' Cf. Livy 2. 1 +'Quid enim futurum fuit, si illa plebs agitari coepta esset tribuniciis +procellis?'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_18" id="n4_18"></a><a href="#t4_18">§18</a>.</div> + +<p><b>ignem illum Vestae</b>, pointing perhaps to the Temple of Vesta in the Forum +below him.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_19" id="n4_19"></a><a href="#t4_19">§19</a>.</div> + +<p><b>in civili causa</b>, 'on a political question.'</p> + +<p><b>cogitate</b>, etc. A short form of expression combining two really distinct +indirect questions, (1) 'cogitate quantis laboribus imperium fundatum +sit,' and (2) 'cogitate ut una nox paene (imperium) delerit.' In +English, 'Think by what toil was the empire established, <i>which</i> one +night nearly destroyed.'</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41a" id="Page_41a">[41]</a></span><b>una nox</b>, the night of the arrest of the Allobroges. See pro Flacco §102 +'O nox illa, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum Galli +ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum et flammam +vocabantur.'</p> + +<p><b>non modo</b>, understand 'non possit' after confici, and see <a href="#n1_25">on 1. 25</a>.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_20" id="n4_20"></a><a href="#t4_20">§20</a>.</div> + +<p><b>sententiam</b>, sc. 'rogandam,' see <a href="#n1_9">on 1. 9</a>. The consul would not pronounce a +formal 'sententia' himself.</p> + +<p><b>Quodsi</b>, etc. Cicero's fears were realized five years later (58 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>), +when Clodius carried a motion for his banishment.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_21" id="n4_21"></a><a href="#t4_21">§21</a>.</div> + +<p><b>Scipio</b>. The elder Scipio restored the Roman supremacy in Spain during +the Second Punic War, and invaded Africa. Hannibal returned from Italy +to oppose him, and was defeated at Zama (202 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>).</p> + +<p><b>alter Africanus</b>. Cornelius Scipio (Aemilianus) Africanus, son of +Aemilius Paullus, but adopted by the elder Scipio's son. He took and +destroyed Carthage 146, Numantia 133 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>Paullus</b>. L. Aem. Paullus defeated and made prisoner Perseus king of +Macedonia at Pydna, 168 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>bis</b>. He defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (102), the Cimbri near +Vercellae on the Campus Raudius (101).</p> + +<p><b>Pompeius</b>, see <a href="#n2_11">on 2. 11</a>. Note the rhetorical exaggeration in 'eisdem +quibus solis cursus,' etc.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_22" id="n4_22"></a><a href="#t4_22">§22</a>.</div> + +<p><b>uno loco</b>, 'in one point'</p> + +<p><b>serviunt</b>, 'become slaves.'</p> + +<p><b>possis</b> is the apodosis of a conditional sentence with the protasis +suppressed. 'You would not be able (if you were to try),' i.e. 'you can +never hope to be able.'</p> + +<p><b>neque ulla</b>, etc. This hope was not realized. The immediate danger being +removed, the equites fell back into their habitual attitude of +opposition to the senate.</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_23" id="n4_23"></a><a href="#t4_23">§23</a>.</div> + +<p><b>pro imperio</b>, 'in the place of military command.' The <i>imperium</i> was the +authority vested in a general in virtue of which he controlled his army +by martial law. It belonged equally to all the higher magistrates, but +within the walls of Rome itself its exercise was restricted. Cicero was +not going to govern a province, and therefore not to command an army.</p> + +<p><b>pro provincia</b>. Sulla had ordained that each of the ten chief magistrates +(two consuls and eight praetors) should, after the expiration of his +year of office in the city, govern a province as proconsul or +propraetor. The senate decided which should be the consular provinces, +and the consuls settled between themselves (by lot or otherwise) which +each should take. The consular provinces for 62 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> were Macedonia and +Cisalpine Gaul. As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42a" id="Page_42a">[42]</a></span> Macedonia was a rich province, Cicero had given it +up to Antonius, in order to secure his support against the conspirators. +His own province would therefore in the ordinary course have been +Cisalpine Gaul. But subsequently he asked to be allowed to resign it, +and it fell to the praetor Metellus Celer. (See Ep. ad Att. 2. 1 'cum +provinciam in contione deposui,' and ad Fam. 5. 2, where writing to +Metellus Celer he says 'si hoc dicam, me tui causa praetermisisse +provinciam, tibi ipsi levior videar esse.') By resigning his province he +gave up the command of an army, and with it the chance of a triumph.</p> + +<p><b>pro clientelis</b>, etc. Provincial communities often attached themselves as +'clients' to their former governors, who became their 'patroni' and were +specially bound to look after their interests. Cicero here says that by +giving up a province he has given up the best opportunities of forming +such connections; nevertheless though confined to the city he will still +do his best in that direction. Tr. 'In the place of ties of clientship +and mutual friendship with provincials, which nevertheless by such +influence as I can exercise in the city (urbanis opibus) I strive to +acquire as zealously as I maintain them' (when acquired).</p> + +<p><b>pro meis</b>, etc. Note that 'pro' is here used in a different sense from +the foregoing; '<i>in return for</i> my zeal,' etc.</p> + +<p><b>suo solius periculo</b>. Cf. phrases like 'mea ipsius manu.' 'Solius' agrees +with the genitive of the personal pronoun to be understood from 'suo.'</p> + +<div class="sidenote"><a name="n4_24" id="n4_24"></a><a href="#t4_24">§24</a>.</div> + +<p><b>per se ipsum</b>, 'by himself'; cf. <a href="#t1_11">1. 11</a> 'per me tibi obstiti.'</p> + +<p><b>praestare</b> is 'to be responsible for,' 'guarantee,' and so, 'to execute.' +He means that he will take upon himself the sole responsibility of +carrying out the senate's decrees.<br /><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43a" id="Page_43a">[43]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.<br /><br /></h2> + + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">accusative in adverbial phrases, <a href="#t1_10">1. 10.</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ager Gallicus, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>, <a href="#t2_26">2. 26</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">agrarii, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ahala, C. Servilius, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Allobroges, <a href="#Page_13">Intr. 13</a>, <a href="#t3_4">3. 4-13</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Antonius, C., <a href="#Page_8">Intr. 8</a>, <a href="#t3_14">3. 14</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">asyndeton, <a href="#t2_1">2. 1</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">auspicia, <a href="#n1_33">1. 33 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caesar, C. Julius, <a href="#Page_8">Intr. 8</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#t4_7">4. 7-10</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caesar, L. Julius, <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">caput, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cato, M., <a href="#Page_15">Intr. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cethegus, <a href="#t3_6">3. 6-14</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cinna, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">clientelae provinciales, <a href="#t4_23">4. 23</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cognitor, <a href="#t4_9">4. 9</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">colonia, <a href="#n2_24">2. 24 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">comitium, <a href="#t1_15">1. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">condicio, <a href="#n2_14">2. 14 <i>n</i>.</a>, <a href="#t3_2">3. 2</a>, <a href="#t3_27">3. 27</a>, <a href="#t4_1">4. 1</a>, <a href="#t4_22">4. 22</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conditional sentences, special forms of, <a href="#n1_2">1. 2 <i>n</i>.</a>, <a href="#n1_19">1. 19 <i>n</i>.</a>, <a href="#t2_25">2. 25</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">consilium, <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">contio, <a href="#t4_11">4. 11</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">cum with indic., <a href="#n1_7">1. 7 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">custodia libera, <a href="#n1_19">1. 19 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dative of agent, <a href="#n1_16">1. 16 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">decoctor, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">duint, <a href="#t1_22">1. 22</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">edictum praetoris, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">eludo, <a href="#t1_1">1. 1</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">equites, <a href="#Footnote_5_5">Intr. 9 <i>n</i></a>., <a href="#t1_21">1. 21</a>, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ethic dative, <a href="#t2_4">2. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">exilium. <a href="#n1_20">1. 20 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">exterminor, <a href="#t3_3">3. 3</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">fides publica, <a href="#t3_8">3. 8</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">First conspiracy, <a href="#Page_8">Intr. 8</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Flaccus, M. Fulvius, <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gabinius, <a href="#t3_6">3. 6-14</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Glaucia, C. Servilius, <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gracchus, C., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>, <a href="#t4_13">4. 13</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gracchus, Ti., <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hendiadys, <a href="#t1_15">1. 15</a>, <a href="#t1_21">1. 21</a>, <a href="#t1_31">1. 31</a>, <a href="#t2_14">2. 14</a>, <a href="#t3_2">3. 2</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">honores, <a href="#t1_28">1. 28</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Idus, <a href="#n1_14">1. 14 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">immo vero, <a href="#t1_2">1. 2</a>, <a href="#t2_22">2. 22</a>, <a href="#t4_17">4. 17</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">imperium, <a href="#n4_23">4. 23 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">indic. in oratio obliqua, <a href="#t2_13">2. 13</a>, <a href="#t3_8">3. 8</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">inter falcarios, <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ita ut, idiomatic uses of, <a href="#t4_11">4. 11</a>, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Laeca, M., <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>, <a href="#t2_12">2. 12</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">latrocinium, <a href="#t1_23">1. 23</a>, <a href="#t1_31">1. 31</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lentulus, Cornelius, <a href="#t3_4">3. 4-16</a>, <a href="#t4_2">4. 2</a>, <a href="#t4_5">4. 5</a>, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lepidus, M., <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Porcia, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Sempronia, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n.</i></a>, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Valeria, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lex Villia Annalis, <a href="#n1_28">1. 28 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">libertini, <a href="#t4_16">4. 16</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">loco, <a href="#t3_20">3. 20</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">malleolus, <a href="#t1_32">1. 32</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Manlius, <a href="#Page_10">Intr. 10</a>, <a href="#t1_7">1. 7</a>, <a href="#t1_23">1. 23</a>, <a href="#t2_14">2. 14</a>, <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Marius, C., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Memmius, C., <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44a" id="Page_44a">[44]</a></span> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">municipium, <a href="#n2_24">2. 24 <i>n</i></a>., <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a>.</span><br /> +<br /><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">non modo, <a href="#n1_25">1. 25 <i>n</i></a>., <a href="#t2_9">2. 9</a>, <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a>, <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a>, <a href="#t4_19">4. 19</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Octavius, Cn., <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Opimius, L., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">optimates, <a href="#n1_1">1. 1 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">oxymoron, <a href="#t1_18">1. 18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Palatium, <a href="#t1_1">1. 1</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">parricida, <a href="#t1_29">1. 29</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">patres conscripti, <a href="#n1_4">1. 4 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Paullus, L. Aemilius, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pistoria, <a href="#Page_15">Intr. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pompeius, <a href="#t2_11">2. 11</a>, <a href="#t3_26">3. 26</a>, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">populares, <a href="#n4_9">4. 9 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">possessio, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praefectura, <a href="#t3_5">3. 5</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Praeneste, <a href="#t1_8">1. 8</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetexta, <a href="#t2_4">2. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetor urbanus, <a href="#n1_32">1. 32 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetor peregrinus, <a href="#n1_32">1. 32 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">praetoria cohors, <a href="#t2_24">2. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">propago, <a href="#t2_11">2. 11</a>, <a href="#t3_26">3. 26</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">proscriptio bonorum, <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">provinces (consular), <a href="#n4_23">4. 23 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pulvinar, <a href="#t3_23">3. 23</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">purpuratus, <a href="#t4_12">4. 12</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">quaesitor, <a href="#t4_10">4. 10</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">quaestio, <a href="#n1_18">1. 18 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quirites, <a href="#n2_1">2. 1 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">quisquam in affirm. sentences, <a href="#n1_6">1. 6 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rabirius, C., <a href="#Page_17">Intr. 17</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Reate, <a href="#t3_5">3. 5</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sacrarium, <a href="#t1_24">1. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">satelles, <a href="#t1_7">1. 7</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saturnalia, <a href="#t3_10">3. 10</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saturninus, L., <a href="#t1_4">1. 4</a>, <a href="#t4_4">4. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scipio Aemilianus, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scipio Africanus, <a href="#t4_21">4. 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Scipio Nasica, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">scribae, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sententia, <a href="#n1_9">1. 9 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sibylline prophecies, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Silanus, D., <a href="#t4_7">4. 7</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">socii, <a href="#n1_18">1. 18 <i>n</i></a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Spurius Maelius, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statilius, <a href="#t3_6">3. 6-14</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">subiector, <a href="#t2_7">2. 7</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">subjunctive, interrogative, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sulla, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sullan colonies, <a href="#t2_20">2. 20</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sulpicius, P., <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">supplicatio, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tabulae auctionariae, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tabulae novae, <a href="#t2_18">2. 18</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">togatus, <a href="#t2_28">2. 28</a>, <a href="#t3_15">3. 15</a>, <a href="#t3_23">3. 23</a>, <a href="#t4_5">4. 5</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tribuni aerarii, <a href="#t4_15">4. 15</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tumultus, <a href="#t3_4">3. 4</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ultimum decretum, <a href="#Page_11">Intr. 11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#t1_3">1. 3</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ut with subj. in exclamations, <a href="#t1_22">1. 22</a>, <a href="#t1_24">1. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">vadimonium, <a href="#t2_5">2. 5</a>, <a href="#t2_21">2. 21</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Via Aurelia, <a href="#t2_6">2. 6</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Volturcius, T., <a href="#t3_4">3. 4-13</a>, <a href="#t4_5">4. 5</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">zeugma, <a href="#t3_9">3. 9</a>, <a href="#t3_24">3. 24</a>.</span><br /> +<br /><br /></p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The End.</span></h4> + + +<h6>OXFORD: PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS<br /> BY HORACE HART, M.A., PRINTER TO +THE UNIVERSITY</h6> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45a" id="Page_45a">[45]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="PROPER_NAMES" id="PROPER_NAMES"></a>PROPER NAMES.<br /><br /></h2> + + +<p>This index does not contain all the proper names occurring in the +Orations; those about which information is either unnecessary or +supplied in the notes or introduction are omitted.</p> + +<p>Final <i>o</i> is long. All other long single vowels are marked, unless they +are followed by two consonants, in which case the syllable is long.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>A</b></p> + +<p><b>Allobroges</b>, <b>-um</b>, a people of Gaul dwelling south-west of the Lake of +Geneva, between the Rhone and the Isčre.</p> + +<p><b>Appenī</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> the Apennines, the mountain chain extending along the +centre of Italy.</p> + +<p><b>Apūlia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> a country on the east coast of Italy, between Calabria +and Samnium; now Puglia.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>C</b></p> + +<p><b>Caesar, C. Iulius</b>, born 102 or 100 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> Elected Pontifex Maximus in 63, +the year of Cicero's consulship. After the coalition with Pompeius and +Crassus, which is called the First Triumvirate, he became consul in 59, +and in the next year he entered on the government of the Province of +Gaul and began his conquest of the tribes hitherto independent. In 49 he +marched into Italy as the declared enemy of the Senatorial party, and in +48 overthrew its champion, Pompeius, at Pharsālus. On his return to Rome +he was made Dictator for life, and four years afterwards, on the 15th of +March, 44 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, he was murdered at a meeting of the Senate.</p> + +<p><b>Capitōlium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i>, the Capitol, one of the two summits of the +Capitoline hill and the great temple of Jupiter on it, the other summit +being called the <b>arx</b> or citadel.</p> + +<p><b>Cicero, M. Tullius</b>, born at Arpīnum of an Equestrian family, 106 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> +His first extant speech was delivered in 81. He impeached Verres in 70 +for his misgovernment in Sicily, crushed the Catilinarian conspiracy +when he was consul in 63, and in 58 went into exile on a charge of +illegal conduct in ordering the execution of the conspirators. He was +recalled in the following year. When the civil war broke out between +Caesar and Pompeius, he supported the Senatorial party, but he became +reconciled to Caesar after his victory over Pompeius at Pharsālus. After +the murder of Caesar he attacked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46a" id="Page_46a">[46]</a></span> Antonius violently in the +<i>Philippics</i>, and, being put on the list of the 'proscribed' by Augustus +and Antonius, he was murdered at Formiae by the soldiers of Antonius on +the 7th of December, 43 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>Cimber</b>, <b>-bri</b>, a <i>cognōmen</i> or additional name given by Cicero to P. +Gabīnius Cepito, one of the conspirators.</p> + +<p><b>Concordia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> harmony, concord; personified as a goddess.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>E</b></p> + +<p><b>Etrūria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> a country on the west coast of Italy, between the +Tiber and the Arno.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>F</b></p> + +<p><b>Faesulae</b>, <b>-ārum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> a city of Etrūria; now Fiesole, near +Florence.</p> + +<p><b>Faesulānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of Faesulae.</p> + +<p><b>Flaccus, M. Fulvius</b>, a supporter of C. Gracchus; killed with him 121 +<span class="smcap">b.c.</span><br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>I</b></p> + +<p><b>Iānuārius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of January.</p> + +<p><b>Īdūs</b>, <b>-uum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> the Ides, the fifteenth day of March, May, July, +October, the thirteenth of the other months.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>K</b></p> + +<p><b>Kalendae</b>, <b>-ārum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> the Calends, the first day of the month; +<b>prīdiē Kalendās</b>, the day before the Calends.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>L</b></p> + +<p><b>Lepidus, M. Aemilius</b>, (1) consul 78 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>, (2) consul 66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span><br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>M</b></p> + +<p><b>Manliānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of Manlius, the commander of Catiline's troops.</p> + +<p><b>Marius, C.</b>, born 157 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He was consul seven times. His great exploits +were the conquest of Jugurtha (106), the destruction of the Teutoni at +Aquae Sextiae (102) and of the Cimbri at Vercellae (101). In his sixth +consulship he crushed the insurrection of Sāturnīnus and Glaucia. In the +civil war against Sulla he was forced to flee from Italy, but he soon +returned, entered Rome with Cinna and massacred great numbers of the +aristocratical party opposed to him. He died in the following year, 86 +<span class="smcap">b.c.</span></p> + +<p><b>Massilia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> Marseilles, a Greek settlement near the mouth of the +Rhone, in the Roman Province (Gallia Narbōnensis).</p> + +<p><b>Massiliensēs</b>, <b>-ium</b>, the people of Massilia.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>N</b></p> + +<p><b>November</b> <i>or</i> <b>Novembris</b>, <b>-bris</b>, of November; <b>Kalendae Novembrēs</b>, the 1st +of November.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>P</b></p> + +<p><b>Penātēs</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>m.</i> the guardian gods of the State.</p> + +<p><b>Pīcēnus</b>, <b>-a,</b>, <b>-um</b>, of Pīcēnum, a district on the east coast of Italy, +north of Apūlia.</p> + +<p><b>Pompeius, Cn. Pompeius Magnus</b>, was born 106 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> When he was still quite +young, he showed great military ability in the service of Sulla<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47a" id="Page_47a">[47]</a></span> during +the war in Italy against the generals of the Marian party. In 77 he was +sent to Spain, and for five years conducted the operations against +Sertorius. In 66 he cleared the Mediterranean of the Cilician pirates, +and was appointed by the Manilian law to succeed Lucullus in the command +against Mithridātes. In 60 he made the coalition with Caesar and Crassus +called the First Triumvirate, but when the civil war broke out, he +supported the Senate against Caesar and was conquered by him at +Pharsālus, 48 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span> He fled to Egypt and was murdered there.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>R</b></p> + +<p><b>Reātīnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of Reāte, a Sabine town.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>S</b></p> + +<p><b>Sāturnālia</b>, <b>-ium</b> <i>or</i> <b>-orum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> the Festival of Saturn, +celebrated on the 17th of December and several days following.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>T</b></p> + +<p><b>Transalpīnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, that lies beyond the Alps, Transalpine.</p> + +<p><b>Tullus, L. Volcātius</b>, consul 66 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span><br /><br /></p> + + +<p><b>V</b></p> + +<p><b>Vesta</b>, <b>-ae</b>, goddess of the hearth and household.</p> + +<p><b>Vestālis</b>, <b>-e</b>, of Vesta, Vestal; especially <b>Virginēs Vestālēs</b>, the virgin +priestesses of Vesta, who kept the holy fire burning in her temple.<br /><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /><br /></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48a" id="Page_48a">[48]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="VOCABULARY" id="VOCABULARY"></a>VOCABULARY.</h2> + + +<p>Final <i>i</i> and <i>o</i> are long, if they are not marked. All other long +single vowels are marked, unless they are followed by two consonants, in +which case the syllable is necessarily long.</p> + +<p>Perfects and supines of all verbs of the third conjugation are given. +Under other verbs they are not given, unless they are irregular.</p> + +<p>An asterisk (*) prefixed to a word indicates that the word itself is not +found.<br /><br /></p> + +<p> +<b>A</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>ā</b>, <b>ab</b>, <b>abs</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> from, by.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ab-dico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reject;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>abdico mē</b> (<i>c. abl.</i>), resign.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ab-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>intr.</i> go away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ab-horreo</b>, <b>-ui</b>,——(2), <i>intr.</i> shrink from, differ from, am unconnected with, am inconsistent with.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ab-icio</b>, <b>-iēci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast away, degrade, humble;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>abiectus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, downcast, disheartened, prostrated.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>abs-condo</b>, <b>-di</b> <i>or</i> <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hide, conceal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>absens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, absent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>absolūtio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> acquittal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ab-sum</b>, <b>āfui</b>, <b>abesse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am away, am distant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>abundantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> plenty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ab-ūtor</b>, <b>-ūsus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> <i>c. abl.</i> misuse, abuse.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ac</b>, <i>see</i> <b>atque</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ac-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> come, approach.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ac-celero</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> hasten, make haste.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ac-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> happen.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ac-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> receive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ac-cūso</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reproach, blame.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ācer</b>, <b>ācris</b>, <b>ācre</b>, sharp, keen, active, vigorous, violent, severe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>acerbē</b>, <i>adv.</i> bitterly, violently.<br /> +<br /> +<b>acerbitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> harshness, pain, affliction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>acerbus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bitter, violent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>acervus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> heap.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aciēs</b>, <b>-ēi</b>, <i>f.</i> sharp edge, edge; line of battle, battle array.<br /> +<br /> +<b>acriter</b>, <i>adv.</i> keenly, energetically;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i> <b>acrius</b>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ad</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> to, at, near, with, for, with respect to.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-cubo</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>——</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> recline.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-dūco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring, bring up, lead, induce, prevail upon.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adeo</b>, <i>adv.</i> so far, so, even.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adeps</b>, <b>-ipis</b>, <i>c.</i> fat;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> corpulence.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring to, apply.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-ficio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> treat, honour, weaken, &c. (<i>varied in meaning by the abl. that qualifies it</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>adfīnis</b>, <b>-e</b>, related, associated.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-flicto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> vex, distress.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-flīgo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strike down, cast down.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span><b>ad-grego</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> gather together.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-hibeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> apply, use.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adhūc</b>, <i>adv.</i> hitherto.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-imo</b>, <b>-ēmi</b>, <b>-emptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-ipiscor</b>, <b>-eptus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> get, obtain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aditus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> means of approaching, approach, access.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-iungo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> join, add, unite.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-iuvo</b>, <b>-iūvi</b>, <b>-iūtum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> help.<br /> +<br /> +<b>administer</b>, <b>-tri</b>, <i>m.</i> assistant, helper.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-ministro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> manage, govern.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-mīror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> wonder at.<br /> +<br /> +<b>admonitus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> suggestion, request.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-nuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> nod, assent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adparātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, splendid, sumptuous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-propinquo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> approach.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-quīro</b>, <b>-sīvi</b>, <b>-sītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> get, gain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-scisco</b>, <b>-scīvi</b>, <b>-scītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> admit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-sequor</b>, <b>-secūtus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> overtake, gain, obtain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep safe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-sideo</b>, <b>-sēdi</b>, <b>-sessum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> sit, sit down.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-suēfacio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> accustom, habituate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am near, am at hand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adulescens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> youth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adulescentulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> very young man, youth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adulter</b>, <b>-eri</b>, <i>m.</i> adulterer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, full-grown.<br /> +<br /> +<b>adventus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> coming, arrival.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ad-vesperascit</b>, <b>-āvit</b>, <b>——</b>, <i>impers.</i> (3), <i>intr.</i> evening approaches.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aedēs</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> temple;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> house.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>aedificium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> building, house.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aedifico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> build.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aeger</b>, <b>-gra</b>, <b>-grum</b>, sick, ill.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aequē</b>, <i>adv.</i> equally, in like manner;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>aequē ac</b>, just as.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>aequitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> justice.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aequus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, level, equal, untroubled.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aerārium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> treasury.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aerārius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, belonging to the treasury;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tribūni aerārii</b>, paymasters.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>aerumna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> trouble, distress.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aes</b>, <b>aeris</b>, <i>n.</i> copper, bronze; money;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> bronze tablets;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>aes aliēnum</b>, debt.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>aestus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> heat.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aetās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> age.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aeternus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, eternal, endless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ager</b>, <b>-gri</b>, <i>m.</i> territory; land.<br /> +<br /> +<b>agnosco</b> (<b>ad-gnosco</b>), <b>-gnōvi</b>, <b>-gnitum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> recognize.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ago</b>, <b>ēgi</b>, <b>actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive, do, carry out;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> plead, speak.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>agrārius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of the land, agrarian;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>agrārii</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> partisans of the agrarian laws.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>agrestis</b>, <b>-e</b>, of the country, of the fields;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>agrestis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> countryman, peasant.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>aio</b>, <b>ais</b>, <b>ait</b>, <i>defect. intr.</i> say.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ālea</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> game of hazard, gambling.<br /> +<br /> +<b>āleātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> gambler.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aliēnigena</b>, <b>-ae</b>, foreign, alien.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aliēnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strange, belonging to another;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>aliēnus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> stranger.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50a" id="Page_50a">[50]</a></span><b>aliquando</b>, <i>adv.</i> at some time, now at length.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aliquanto</b>, <i>adv.</i> somewhat, a little.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aliqui</b>, <b>-qua</b>, <b>-quod</b>, <i>indef. adj.</i> some.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aliquis</b>, <b>-quid</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> some one, something.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aliquo</b>, <i>adv.</i> to some place.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aliquot</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> several, a number of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>alius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-ud</b>, other;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>alii . . . alii</b>, some ... others.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>alo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> feed, nourish, cherish, maintain, support.<br /> +<br /> +<b>altāria</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> altar.<br /> +<br /> +<b>alter</b>, <b>-era</b>, <b>-erum</b>, the other, second;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>alter . . . alter</b>, the one ... the other.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>altus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, high, lofty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>āmentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> senselessness, madness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amicio</b>, <b>-icui</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ixi</b>, <b>-ictum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> wrap, cover.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amīcitia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> friendship.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amīcus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>m.</i> friend.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ā-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lose.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> love;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>amans</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, loving, affectionate, devoted to (<i>gen.</i>).</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>amor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> love, passion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amplector</b>, <b>-plexus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> embrace, include.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amplifico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> extend, enlarge.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amplitūdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> grandeur, distinction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>amplus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, considerable, great, illustrious; handsome (<i>of words or rewards</i>); +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>neut. compar.</i> <b>amplius</b>, <i>noun</i>, more; <i>adv.</i> further, besides.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>an</b>, <i>conj.</i> or, <i>after</i> <b>utrum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ne</b>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>also used elliptically to ask a single question</i>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>angulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> corner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>anhelo</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> breathe out, exhale; pant, gasp.<br /> +<br /> +<b>anima</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f</i>. breath, life.<br /> +<br /> +<b>animadversio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> punishment, chastisement.<br /> +<br /> +<b>animadverto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> notice, observe;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> <b>animadverto in</b>, punish.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>animus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> mind, heart, feeling;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> spirit, courage.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>annus</b>, <b>-ī</b>, <i>m.</i> year.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ante</b>, <i>adv. or prep.</i> before.<br /> +<br /> +<b>anteā</b>, <i>adv.</i> before, formerly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>antelūcānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, before light, lasting till daybreak.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ante-pōno</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> prefer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>antequam</b>, <i>conj.</i> before.<br /> +<br /> +<b>antīquus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, ancient, old.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aperio</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> open.<br /> +<br /> +<b>apertē</b>, <i>adv.</i> openly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>appello</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> speak to, address.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aptus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>apud</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> near, with, among, at the house of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aqua</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> water.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aquila</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> eagle.<br /> +<br /> +<b>āra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> altar.<br /> +<br /> +<b>arbitror</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> think.<br /> +<br /> +<b>arceo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> keep away, repel.<br /> +<br /> +<b>arcesso</b>, <b>-īvi</b>, <b>-ītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> call, summon.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ardeo</b>, <b>arsi</b>, <b>arsum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> burn.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ardor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> fire, heat, brightness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>argenteus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of silver, silver.<br /> +<br /> +<b>argentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> silver, silver plate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>argūmentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> proof, evidence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>arma</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> arms.<br /> +<br /> +<b>armātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, armed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>arx</b>, <b>arcis</b>, <i>f.</i> citadel, stronghold.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51a" id="Page_51a">[51]</a></span><b>ascendo</b> (<b>ad-scendo</b>), <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> mount, climb.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aspectus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> gaze, sight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aspicio</b> (<b>ad-spicio</b>), <b>-spexi</b>, <b>-spectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> look at.<br /> +<br /> +<b>assiduē</b>, <i>adv.</i> constantly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>at</b>, <i>conj.</i> but;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> yet.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>atque</b> <i>or</i> <b>ac</b>, <i>conj.</i> and, as.<br /> +<br /> +<b>atrōcitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> savageness, cruelty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>atrox</b>, <b>-ōcis</b>, horrible, hideous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>at-tendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> direct to;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>sc.</i> <b>animum</b>, give heed to.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>at-tribuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> assign, allot.<br /> +<br /> +<b>auctiōnārius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of an auction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>auctor</b>,<b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> originator, author, proposer, doer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>auctōritās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> influence, authority, bidding.<br /> +<br /> +<b>audācia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> boldness, insolence, violence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>audax</b>, <b>-ācis</b>, bold, violent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>audeo</b>, <b>ausus sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> dare.<br /> +<br /> +<b>audio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> hear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>augeo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> increase, enlarge.<br /> +<br /> +<b>auris</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> ear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>auspicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> augury.<br /> +<br /> +<b>aut</b>, <i>conj.</i> or;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>aut . . . aut</b>, either ... or.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>autem</b>, <i>conj.</i> but.<br /> +<br /> +<b>auxilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> help.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ā-verto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> turn away;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>āversus ā</b>, opposed to.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>avus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> grandfather.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>B</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>bacchor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> revel, run wanton.<br /> +<br /> +<b>barbaria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> foreign country, barbarous country.<br /> +<br /> +<b>barbarus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foreign, barbarous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>barbātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bearded.<br /> +<br /> +<b>beātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, blessed, happy, well-to-do.<br /> +<br /> +<b>bellum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> war.<br /> +<br /> +<b>bene</b>, <i>adv.</i> well.<br /> +<br /> +<b>beneficium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> kindness, service.<br /> +<br /> +<b>benevolentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> good-will, affection.<br /> +<br /> +<b>benignitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> kindness, favour.<br /> +<br /> +<b>bibo</b>, <b>bibi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drink.<br /> +<br /> +<b>bipertīto</b>, <i>adv.</i> in two divisions.<br /> +<br /> +<b>bis</b>, <i>adv.</i> twice.<br /> +<br /> +<b>bonus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, good, honest, respectable;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>bona</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> property.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>brevis</b>, <b>-e</b>, short.<br /> +<br /> +<b>breviter</b>, <i>adv.</i> shortly.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>C</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>caedēs</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> bloodshed, murder, massacre.<br /> +<br /> +<b>caelum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> heaven, sky.<br /> +<br /> +<b>calamitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> disaster.<br /> +<br /> +<b>callidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, skilful, crafty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>campus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> plain (<i>especially the Campus Martius</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>cano</b>, <b>cecini</b>, <b>cantum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> sing, foretell.<br /> +<br /> +<b>canto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> sing.<br /> +<br /> +<b>capillus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> hair.<br /> +<br /> +<b>capio</b>, <b>cēpi</b>, <b>captum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take, hold, make, form;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>mente captus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, weakened in sense, insane.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>capitālis</b>, <b>-e</b>, belonging to the head, capital, deadly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>caput</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>n.</i> head; life, civil rights.<br /> +<br /> +<b>carcer</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>m.</i> prison.<br /> +<br /> +<b>careo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> am without, forgo.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cārus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>castra</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> camp.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52a" id="Page_52a">[52]</a></span><b>castrensis</b>, <b>-e</b>, of the camp.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cāsus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> chance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>causa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> cause, reason, question; position;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>causā</b> (<i>gen.</i>), for the purpose of.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>cēdo</b>, <b>cessi</b>, <b>cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> yield;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. dat.</i> yield to.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>celebro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> throng, celebrate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>celeriter</b>, <i>adv.</i> quickly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cēna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dinner, supper.<br /> +<br /> +<b>censeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-um</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> judge, propose, vote.<br /> +<br /> +<b>centurio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>m.</i> centurion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cerno</b>, <b>crēvi</b>, <b>crētum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> discern, perceive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>certāmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> contest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>certē</b>, <i>adv.</i> certainly, assuredly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>certo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> contend, struggle, fight, rival.<br /> +<br /> +<b>certus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, certain, sure, trustworthy;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>certiōrem facio</b>, inform.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>cervix</b>, <b>-īcis</b>, <i>f.</i> neck; <i>usually plur. in prose</i>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cēteri</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-a</b>, the rest, all other.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cibus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> food.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cinis</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>m.</i> ashes.<br /> +<br /> +<b>circum</b>, <i>adv. or prep.</i>, <i>c. acc.</i> around, about.<br /> +<br /> +<b>circum-clūdo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> shut in, hem in.<br /> +<br /> +<b>circum-do</b>, <b>-dedi</b>, <b>-datum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> put round.<br /> +<br /> +<b>circumscriptor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> cheat.<br /> +<br /> +<b>circum-sedeo</b>, <b>-sēdi</b>, <b>-sessum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> surround.<br /> +<br /> +<b>circum-spicio</b>, <b>-exi</b>, <b>-ectum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> look round, look round on, give heed to.<br /> +<br /> +<b>circum-sto</b>, <b>-steti</b>, <b>——</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> stand round.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cīvīlis</b>, <b>-e</b>, civil, political.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cīvis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> citizen.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cīvitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> state.<br /> +<br /> +<b>clam</b>, <i>adv.</i> secretly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>clāmo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> cry out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>clārus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bright, manifest, famous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>clēmens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, merciful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>clientēla</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> clientship (<i>the relation of patron and dependent at Rome</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>coepi</b>, <i>defect.</i> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> began, have begun;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>coeptus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, begun.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>coeptus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> attempt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>co-erceo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> check, restrain, repress.<br /> +<br /> +<b>coetus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> assemblage, company.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cōgitātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> thought, intent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cōgito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reflect upon, meditate, design.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cognitor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> advocate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>co-gnosco</b>, <b>-gnōvi</b>, <b>-gnitum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn, recognize, know.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cōgo</b> (<b>co-ago</b>), <b>coēgi</b>, <b>coactum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> call together, collect, compel.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cohors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> cohort (<i>one tenth of a legion</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>collēga</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>m.</i> colleague.<br /> +<br /> +<b>col-ligo</b>, <b>-lēgi</b>, <b>-lectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring together, collect.<br /> +<br /> +<b>col-loco</b>, <i>see</i> <b>con-loco</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>colōnia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> settlement, colony.<br /> +<br /> +<b>colōnus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> settler, colonist.<br /> +<br /> +<b>color</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> colour.<br /> +<br /> +<b>comes</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>c.</i> companion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cōmissātīo</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> revelling.<br /> +<br /> +<b>comitātus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> retinue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>comitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> comitium (<i>place for voting by the north-east extremity of the Forum</i>);<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> assembly, elections.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>comitor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> accompany;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>comitātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>also in pass. sense from</i> <b>comito</b>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>com-memoro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> mention, relate, declare.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53a" id="Page_53a">[53]</a></span><b>commendatio</b>, <b>-onis</b>, <i>f.</i> recommendation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-mendo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> entrust.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring together, begin, engage in; practise, perpetrate, entrust;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>committo ut</b>, bring about that, so act that.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>com-moveo</b>, <b>-mōvi</b>, <b>-mōtum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> move, stir, trouble, alarm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>commūnis</b>, <b>-e</b>, common, general.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-mūto</b> (1), change, alter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-paro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> get together, procure, acquire, contrive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-perio</b>, <b>-peri</b>, <b>-pertum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> discover, ascertain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>competītor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> rival, competitor.<br /> +<br /> +<b>complector</b>, <b>-plexus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> embrace.<br /> +<br /> +<b>complexus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> embrace.<br /> +<br /> +<b>complūrēs</b>, <b>-a</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ia</b>, several, many.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-prehendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay hold of, arrest, detect.<br /> +<br /> +<b>com-primo</b>, <b>-pressi</b>, <b>-pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> crush.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cōnātus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> attempt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> grant, yield, retire.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall, fail, collapse.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take in, imagine, conceive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-cito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> excite, arouse, stir up.<br /> +<br /> +<b>concordia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> harmony, union, unanimity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-cupisco</b>, <b>-īvi</b>, <b>-ītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> covet, strive after.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-curso</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> hurry about, run to and fro.<br /> +<br /> +<b>concursus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> gathering.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-demno</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> convict (<i>acc. and gen.</i>), condemn.<br /> +<br /> +<b>condicio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> agreement, terms, lot, task, position, circumstances.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> found, build, store.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-fercio</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>-tum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> fill full, stuff, cram.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring together, contribute,<br /> +compare, direct, put off;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with reflex. pronoun</i>, betake myself.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>confessio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> confession.<br /> +<br /> +<b>confestim</b>, <i>adv.</i> immediately.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-ficio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> finish, carry out, wear out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-fīdo</b>, <b>-fīsus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> trust, rely on;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. infin.</i> am confident that.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>con-firmo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> strengthen, increase; declare.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-fiteor</b>, <b>-fessus sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> confess, admit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-flagro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> burn, am consumed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-flīgo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> come into conflict, am opposed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-flo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> blow together, fuse; stir up, cause.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-fringo</b>, <b>-frēgi</b>, <b>-fractum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break up, bring to naught.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-grego</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> herd together, assemble.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-icio</b>, <b>-iēci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast, hurl, aim, drive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>coniectūra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> inference.<br /> +<br /> +<b>coniunctio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> union.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-iungo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> join, unite, connect.<br /> +<br /> +<b>coniunx</b>, <b>-ugis</b>, <i>c.</i> husband, wife.<br /> +<br /> +<b>coniūrātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> conspiracy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>coniūrātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> conspirator.<br /> +<br /> +<b>coniūrātus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> conspirator.<br /> +<br /> +<b>co-nīveo</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> wink, connive.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54a" id="Page_54a">[54]</a></span><b>con-loco</b> <i>or</i> <b>col-loco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> set up, place, pitch.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cōnor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> try, attempt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-rōboro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> strengthen.<br /> +<br /> +<b>conscelerātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, wicked, criminal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>conscientia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> knowledge, consciousness, knowledge of guilt, conscience.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-scrībo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> enroll.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-secro</b> (1), make sacred, consecrate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>consensio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> unanimity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-sentio</b>, <b>-sensi</b>, <b>-sensum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> agree, unite.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-sequor</b>, <b>-secūtus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> follow up, follow, catch up, attain to, learn.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep safe, save.<br /> +<br /> +<b>consilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> deliberation, purpose, intention; plan, wisdom; council.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-sōlor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> console.<br /> +<br /> +<b>conspectus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> sight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-spicio</b>, <b>-spexi</b>, <b>-spectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> observe, look at, look upon.<br /> +<br /> +<b>conspīrātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b> <i>f.</i> agreement, concord.<br /> +<br /> +<b>constanter</b>, <i>adv.</i> steadily, consistently.<br /> +<br /> +<b>constantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> firmness, steadfastness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-stituo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set, settle, appoint, ordain, establish, found.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stātum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> am consistent, last;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>con-stat</b>, <i>impers.</i> it is agreed, it is well known.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>con-stringo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bind together, bind.<br /> +<br /> +<b>consuētūdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> custom, habit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>consul</b>, <b>-ulis</b>, <i>m.</i> consul (<i>the title of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, elected annually</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>consulāris</b>, <b>-e</b>, of a consul, consular;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>consulāris</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> ex-consul, one of consular rank.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>consulātus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> consulship.<br /> +<br /> +<b>consulo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> consult;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> provide for.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>consultum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> decree, resolution.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-sūmo</b>, <b>-mpsi</b>, <b>-mptūm</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> use up, waste, spend.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-tāmino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> defile, pollute.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-temno</b>, <b>-tempsi</b>, <b>-temptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> despise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-tendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> compare, contrast.<br /> +<br /> +<b>contentio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> struggle, rivalry.<br /> +<br /> +<b>contentus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, contented.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-ticesco</b>, <b>-ticui</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> become silent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> contain, retain, enclose, repress, keep to myself.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-tingo</b>, <b>-tigi</b>, <b>-tactum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> touch, reach; befall, happen.<br /> +<br /> +<b>contio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> meeting (<i>summoned by a magistrate</i>), speech.<br /> +<br /> +<b>contionātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> haranguer, demagogue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>contrā</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> against;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> opposite, otherwise;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>contrā atque</b>, otherwise than.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>con-traho</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> draw together, cause, incur.<br /> +<br /> +<b>contrōversia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dispute, question.<br /> +<br /> +<b>contumēlia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> insult.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55a" id="Page_55a">[55]</a></span><b>con-venio</b>, <b>-vēni</b>, <b>-ventum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> come together, meet;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>con-venit</b>, <i>impers.</i> it is fitting.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>conventus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> meeting.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-verto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> turn, turn back, direct.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-vinco</b>, <b>-vīci</b>, <b>-victum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> refute, convict.<br /> +<br /> +<b>convīvium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> feast, banquet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>con-voco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> call together, assemble.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cōpia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> plenty, abundance;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> resources, troops.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>cōpiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, plentiful, well supplied.<br /> +<br /> +<b>corpus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> body.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cor-rigo</b>, <b>-rexi</b>, <b>-rectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> correct, amend.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cor-rumpo</b>, <b>-rūpi</b>, <b>-ruptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> ruin, seduce;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>corruptus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> scoundrel.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>cor-ruo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall together, fall.<br /> +<br /> +<b>corruptēla</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> corruption, seduction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>corruptor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> seducer, corruptor.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cotīdiānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, daily.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cotīdiē</b>, <i>adv.</i> daily.<br /> +<br /> +<b>crēdo</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> entrust;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> believe.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>cresco</b>, <b>crēvi</b>, <b>crētum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> grow, increase, am enlarged.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cruciātus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> torture.<br /> +<br /> +<b>crūdēlis</b>, <b>-e</b>, cruel.<br /> +<br /> +<b>crūdēlitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> cruelty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>crūdēliter</b>, <i>adv.</i> cruelly;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i> <b>crūdēlius</b>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>cruentus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bloody.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cubīle</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>n.</i> bed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>culpa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fault.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cum</b>, <i>conj.</i> when, since.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cum</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> together with, with.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cumulo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> heap up, aggravate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cunctus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, all.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cupiditās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> desire, passion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cupio</b>, <b>-īvi</b>, <b>-ītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> desire, wish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cūr</b>, <i>adv.</i> why.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cūra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> care, anxiety, task.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cūria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> senate-house.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cūro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> care for, attend to, take measures.<br /> +<br /> +<b>currus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> chariot.<br /> +<br /> +<b>cursus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> course, path.<br /> +<br /> +<b>custōdia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> watch, guard, imprisonment;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sentinel (<i>usually in plur.</i>).</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>custōdio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> guard.<br /> +<br /> +<b>custōs</b>, <b>-ōdis</b>, <i>c.</i> guardian, guard.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>D</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>damno</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> condemn.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> down from, from, concerning.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēbeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> owe;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>followed by infin.</i> am bound to, must, ought.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dēbilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, weak.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēbilito</b> (1), weaken, unnerve.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> withdraw.<br /> +<br /> +<b>decem</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> ten.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-cerno</b>, <b>-crēvi</b>, <b>-crētum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> determine, decree, resolve.<br /> +<br /> +<b>decimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, tenth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>declīnātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> bending aside, avoidance, escape.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēcoctor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> bankrupt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēdecus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> disgrace.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-dūco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring down, bring, lead away, conduct.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-fatīgo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> tire out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-fendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> protect, guard, defend.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring down, report.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-ficio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> <i>or intr.</i> desert, fail; revolt from, rebel against.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56a" id="Page_56a">[56]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-fīgo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-xum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive, plunge.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-flagro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> turn down, destroy utterly; am consumed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-icio</b>, <b>-iēci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> throw aside, cast down, force away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>deinde</b>, <i>adv.</i> next, then;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>after</i> <b>prīmum</b>, secondly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dēlecto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> please, delight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēleo</b>, <b>-ēvi</b>, <b>-ētum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> destroy, annihilate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēlicātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, luxurious, effeminate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-ligo</b>, <b>-lēgi</b>, <b>-lectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> choose.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-lubrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> shrine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēmens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, mad, maddened, distracted.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēmenter</b>, <i>adv.</i> insanely.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēmentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> madness, insanity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-migro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> depart, remove.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-minuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lessen, abate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēminūtio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> decrease, loss.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-monstro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> point out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēmum</b>, <i>adv.</i> at last.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēnique</b>, <i>adv.</i> at last, at length.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-nuntio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> give notice of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive down, drive away, remove, overthrow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-pendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pay.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-plōro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> lament.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-pōno</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay aside, put away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-posco</b>, <b>-poposci</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> demand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-prāvo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> pervert, lead astray.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-precor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> avert by prayer, avert.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-prehendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> catch, find out, detect.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-relinquo</b>, <b>-līqui</b>, <b>-lictum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> abandon, desert.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-scrībo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> copy off, arrange, map out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-sero</b>, <b>-serui</b>, <b>-sertum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> desert, abandon.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-sīderium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> want, longing.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dēsīdero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> long for, miss.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-signo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> note, appoint;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>dēsignātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, elected, elect (<i>especially of a consul</i>).</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-sino</b>, <b>-sii</b>, <b>-situm</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> stop, cease.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> cease.<br /> +<br /> +<b>despērātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> despair.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-spēro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> despair of, give up hope;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>despērātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, desperate.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-stringo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strip, unsheathe, draw.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> am wanting to, fail.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-testor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> avert by entreaty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-traho</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> withdraw, take away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>detrīmentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> damage, hurt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>deus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> god.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dē-voveo</b>, <b>-vōvi</b>, <b>-vōtum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> vow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dextera</b> <i>or</i> <b>dextra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> right-hand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> say, speak.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dictātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> dictator.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dictātūra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dictatorship.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dictito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep saying, repeat.<br /> +<br /> +<b>diēs</b>, <b>-ēi</b>, <i>c.</i> (<i>m. in plur.</i>) day, period;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>in diēs</b>, day by day, as days pass.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57a" id="Page_57a">[57]</a></span><b>difficilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, difficult.<br /> +<br /> +<b>difficultās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> difficulty, distress, distressed circumstances.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dignitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> worthiness, honour, authority.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dignus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, worthy, deserving.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dī-iūdico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> decide, determine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīlectus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> choice, levy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīligens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, careful, active.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīligenter</b>, <i>adv.</i> carefully, earnestly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīligentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> care, energy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dī-lūcescit</b>, <b>-luxit</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>impers. intr.</i> it dawns.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīmicātio</b>, <b>ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> fighting.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dī-mico</b> (1) <i>intr.</i> fight, struggle.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dī-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīreptio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> plundering.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīreptor</b>, <i>m.</i> plunderer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dī-ripio</b>, <b>-ripui</b>, <b>-reptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> plunder.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> depart.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-cerno</b>, <b>-crēvi</b>, <b>-cretum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> divide.<br /> +<br /> +<b>discessus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> departure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>disciplīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> teaching, training, practice.<br /> +<br /> +<b>disco</b>, <b>didici</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn.<br /> +<br /> +<b>di-scrībo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> distribute, assign.<br /> +<br /> +<b>discrīmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> danger.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-pertio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> distribute.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-sēmino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> spread.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dissensio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> discord, disagreement.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-sentio</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> disagree, differ.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dissimilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, unlike.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-simulo</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> hide, disguise, dissemble.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-solvo</b>, <b>-solvi</b>, <b>-solūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> unloose, release, disunite;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>dissolūtus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, remiss, negligent.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dis-tribuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> divide, distribute.<br /> +<br /> +<b>diū</b>, <i>adv.</i> for a long time, long.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dī-vello</b>, <b>-velli</b>, <b>-vulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> tear, separate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīversus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, other, different.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dīvīnitus</b>, <i>adv.</i> by divine influence, from heaven.<br /> +<br /> +<b>do</b>, <b>dedi</b>, <b>datum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> give, deliver, write (<i>a letter</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>dolor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> sorrow, grief, pang.<br /> +<br /> +<b>domesticus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, belonging to a home, family, private; intestine, civil (<i>war</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>domicilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> dwelling, home.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dominātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> tyranny, despotism.<br /> +<br /> +<b>domus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>f.</i> house;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>loc.</i> <b>domi</b>, at home;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>domi meae</b>, at my house;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>domum</b>, home.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dormio</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> sleep.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dubitātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> doubt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dubito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> doubt, hesitate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dubius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, doubtful;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sine dubio</b>, without doubt.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>dūco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lead, carry off, think, consider.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dūdum</b>, <i>adv. see</i> <b>iam dūdum</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>duint</b>, <i>older form of pres. subj. of</i> <b>do</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dulcis</b>, <b>-e</b>, sweet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dum</b>, <i>conj.</i> while, until, provided that.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dummodō</b>, <i>conj.</i> provided that, if only.<br /> +<br /> +<b>duō</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-ō</b>, two.<br /> +<br /> +<b>duodecimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, twelfth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>dux</b>, <b>ducis</b>, <i>c.</i> leader.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>E</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>ē</b> <i>or</i> <b>ex</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> from, out of, in accordance with.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58a" id="Page_58a">[58]</a></span><b>ebriōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, given to drinking, drunkard.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ecquis</b>, <b>ecquid</b>, <i>interrog. pron.</i> any one? anything?<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ecquid</b>, in any way? (<i>used as an interrog. particle</i>).</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ēdictum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> edict, proclamation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put forth, set forth, declare.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-doceo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> inform.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-duco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lead out, draw.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ef-fero</b>, <b>extuli</b>, <b>ēlātum</b>, <b>efferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring out, carry out, raise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>effrēnātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unbridled.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ef-fugio</b>, <b>-fūgi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> flee from, escape, shun, flee away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>egeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am needy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>egestās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> poverty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>egō</b>, <b>mei</b>, I.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-gredior</b>, <b>-gressus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> go out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>egregius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, excellent, eminent, great.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-icio</b>, <b>-iēci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive out, wreck.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-lābor</b>, <b>-lapsus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> slip away, drop.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-lūdo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> jeer, make sport of;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> cease to play, have full play.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-mergo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> come up, get clear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send out, allow to escape.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-morior</b>, <b>-mortuus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> die.<br /> +<br /> +<b>enim</b>, <i>conj.</i> for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>eo</b>, <i>adv.</i> to that place.<br /> +<br /> +<b>eo</b>, <b>ii</b>, <b>itum</b>, <b>īre</b>, <i>intr.</i> go.<br /> +<br /> +<b>eōdem</b>, <i>adv.</i> to the same place.<br /> +<br /> +<b>eques</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>m.</i> horseman; <i>one of the order called Equites</i>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>equitātus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> cavalry.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ergā</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> towards.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ergo</b>, <i>adv.</i> accordingly, therefore, then.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-ripio</b>, <b>-ripui</b>, <b>-reptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> snatch away, take away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>erro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> wander, mistake, am wrong.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-ructo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> vomit forth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-rumpo</b>, <b>-rūpi</b>, <b>-ruptum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> burst asunder; break forth, rush out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>et</b>, <i>conj.</i> and;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>et . . . et</b>, both ... and.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>etenim</b>, <i>conj.</i> and indeed, for indeed, truly, yet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>etiam</b>, <i>conj. or adv.</i> also, even, even yet, still.<br /> +<br /> +<b>etsi</b>, <i>conj.</i> although.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-vādo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> get away, escape.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-verto</b>, <b>-ti</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> overthrow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-vocātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> one who calls to arms, instigator.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ē-vomo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-itum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> vomit forth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ē</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-aggero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> heap up, magnify.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-animo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> deprive of life, deprive of sense<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ex-animātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dead, fainting.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-audio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> hear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> retire, withdraw.<br /> +<br /> +<b>excelsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, lofty, high;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>excelsum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> height.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall out, fall down.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> except, make exception of; catch, intercept.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-cito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> summon forth, stir up, arouse.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-clūdo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> shut out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>excursio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> sally, attack.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59a" id="Page_59a">[59]</a></span><b>ex-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>intr.</i> go out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-erceo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> practise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exercitātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> practice.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exercitus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> army.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-haurio</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-stum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> empty out, remove.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-igo</b>, <b>-ēgi</b>, <b>-actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive out, finish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exilium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> exile, banishment.<br /> +<br /> +<b>eximius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, extraordinary, signal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-istimo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> judge, suppose, think.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exitiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, destruction, deadly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> ruin, overthrow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exitus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> end.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-pōno</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set forth, explain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-prōmo</b>, <b>-mpsi</b>, <b>-mptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> show forth, display, expend.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> appear, am manifest, exist.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-solvo</b>, <b>-solvi</b>, <b>-solūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> free, release.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exspectātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> expectation, anticipation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-specto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> await, wait for, expect.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-stinguo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> quench, put out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exsul</b> <i>or</i> <b>exul</b>, <b>-ulis</b>, <i>m.</i> exile.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-sulto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> leap about, exult, revel.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-termino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> banish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>externus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foreign.<br /> +<br /> +<b>exterus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foreign.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ex-torqueo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> wrest away, force away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>extrā</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> outside.<br /> +<br /> +<b>extrēmus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, last;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ad extrēmum</b>, at last.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>F</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>facile</b>, <i>adv.</i> easily.<br /> +<br /> +<b>facinorōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, criminal, vicious.<br /> +<br /> +<b>facinus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> deed, crime, outrage.<br /> +<br /> +<b>facio</b>, <b>fēci</b>, <b>factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> do, make, bring about, perform; hold (<i>games</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>factum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> deed, act.<br /> +<br /> +<b>facultās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> opportunity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>falcārius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> scythe-maker.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fallo</b>, <b>fefelli</b>, <b>falsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> deceive, disappoint, escape notice of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>falsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, false, misdirected.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fāma</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> report, reputation, fame, character.<br /> +<br /> +<b>famēs</b>, <b>-is</b> <i>f.</i> hunger.<br /> +<br /> +<b>familia</b>, <b>-ae</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ās</b> <i>f.</i> household (<i>of slaves</i>), establishment;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>pater</b> <i>or</i> <b>māter familias</b>, master <i>or</i> mistress of a house.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>familiārissimē</b>, <i>adv.</i> most intimately, on most intimate terms.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fānum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> sanctuary.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fascis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> bundle;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> fascēs, <i>the bundles of rods enclosing an axe, carried before the highest magistrates</i>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>fātālis</b>, <b>-e</b>, destined, fated.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fateor</b>, <b>fassus sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> admit, allow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fātum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> fate, oracle.<br /> +<br /> +<b>faucēs</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> throat, jaws, entrance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fax</b>, <b>facis</b>, <i>f.</i> torch, firebrand; meteor.<br /> +<br /> +<b>febris</b>, <b>-ia</b>, <i>f.</i> fever.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fero</b>, <b>tuli</b>, <b>lātum</b>, <b>ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> lead, carry, get, bear; report, celebrate;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sententiam fero</b>, vote.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60a" id="Page_60a">[60]</a></span><b>ferramentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> steel implement.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ferreus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of iron; of iron nature.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ferrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> iron, sword.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fidēlis</b>, <b>-e</b>, faithful, loyal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fidēs</b>, <b>-ei</b>, belief, faith, credit; honesty; assurance, engagement.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fīgo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-xum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> fix.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fīlia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> daughter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fīlius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> son.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fingo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> imagine, devise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fīnis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> end, limit;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> territory.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>fīo</b>, <b>factus sum</b>, <b>fieri</b>, <i>intr.</i> happen, become, am done, am made.<br /> +<br /> +<b>firmo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> strengthen.<br /> +<br /> +<b>firmus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strong.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flāgitiōsissimē</b>, <i>adv.</i> most shamefully, most infamously.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flāgitiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, infamous, dissolute.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flāgitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> shameful deed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flāgito</b>, (1) <i>tr.</i> demand earnestly, importune for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flamma</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> flame.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flecto</b>, <b>flexi</b>, <b>flexum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bend, turn aside.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flōreo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> flourish, am prosperous, am powerful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>flōs</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> flower.<br /> +<br /> +<b>focus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> hearth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>foedus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> treaty, compact.<br /> +<br /> +<b>foedus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, hideous, shameful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>foras</b>, <i>adv.</i> out of doors (<i>with verbs of motion</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>foris</b>, <i>adv.</i> out of doors (<i>with verbs of rest</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>formīdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> fear, dread.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> chance;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>forte</b>, by chance.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>fortasse</b>, <i>adv.</i> perhaps.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fortis</b>, <b>-e</b>, brave, strong.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fortiter</b>, <i>adv.</i> bravely.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fortītūdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> courage, firmness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fortūna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fortune;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> property, possessions, estates.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>fortūnātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fortunate, happy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>forum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> market, meeting-place for business; <i>especially the</i> <b>Forum Romanum</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>frango</b>, <b>frēgi</b>, <b>fractum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fraudātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> deceit, fraud.<br /> +<br /> +<b>frequens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, crowded, in great numbers.<br /> +<br /> +<b>frequentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> numerous assembly, crowd, throng.<br /> +<br /> +<b>frequento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bring in crowds.<br /> +<br /> +<b>frētus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, relying on.<br /> +<br /> +<b>frīgus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> cold.<br /> +<br /> +<b>frons</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>f.</i> brow, forehead.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fructus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> enjoyment, produce.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fruor</b>, <b>fructus sum</b>, <i>intr. c. abl.</i> enjoy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fuga</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> banishment.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fugio</b>, <b>fūgi</b>, <b>fugitum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> flee, take flight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fugitīvus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> runaway slave.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fulgeo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> shine, am bright.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fulmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> lightning, thunderbolt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fundāmentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> foundation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fundo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> found.<br /> +<br /> +<b>funestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, deadly, fatal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>fungor</b>, <b>functus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> perform.<br /> +<br /> +<b>furiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, mad.<br /> +<br /> +<b>furo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am mad.<br /> +<br /> +<b>furor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> madness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>furtim</b>, <i>adv.</i> stealthily.<br /> +<br /> +<b>furtum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> theft.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61a" id="Page_61a">[61]</a></span><b>G</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>gāneo</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>m.</i> glutton, debauchee.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gaudium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> delight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gelidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, cold.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gener</b>, <b>-eri</b>, <i>m.</i> son-in-law.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>f.</i> clan, race, people.<br /> +<br /> +<b>genus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> class, kind.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gero</b>, <b>gessi</b>, <b>gestum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bear, carry on, administer;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>rēs gestae</b>, exploits.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>gladiātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> gladiator.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gladiātōrius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of gladiators.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gladius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> sword.<br /> +<br /> +<b>glōria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> glory, fame.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gradus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> step, degree.<br /> +<br /> +<b>grātia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> favour, thanks, gratitude;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>grātiās ago</b>, give thanks, pass a vote of thanks;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>refero grātiam</b>, show gratitude;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>grātiam habeo</b>, feel gratitude.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>grātulātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> congratulation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>grātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, pleasing, welcome.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gravis</b>, <b>-e</b>, heavy, weighty, authentic, severe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>graviter</b>, <i>adv.</i> violently.<br /> +<br /> +<b>grex</b>, <b>gregis</b>, <i>m.</i> flock, band.<br /> +<br /> +<b>gubernātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> steering, direction.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>H</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>habeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> have, hold, assemble, set on foot, render;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>pass.</i> am considered.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>habito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> live.<br /> +<br /> +<b>haereo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> cleave, cling, am fixed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>haesito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> am in doubt, am at a loss.<br /> +<br /> +<b>haruspex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>m.</i> soothsayer, diviner (<i>who foretold future events by the inspection of the entrails of victims</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>hebesco</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> grow dull.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hercule</b> <i>or</i> <b>me hercule</b>, <i>interj.</i> by Hercules.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hesternus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of yesterday.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hic</b>, <b>haec</b>, <b>hōc</b>, this.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hīc</b>, <i>adv.</i> here, thereupon, then.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hīce</b>, <b>haece</b>, <b>hōce</b>, <i>strengthened form of</i> <b>hic</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hiems</b>, <b>-emis</b>, <i>f.</i> winter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hinc</b>, <i>adv.</i> hence, for this reason;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>hinc . . . illinc</b>, on this side ... on that.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>hodiernus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of to-day, present.<br /> +<br /> +<b>homo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>c.</i> human being, man.<br /> +<br /> +<b>honestās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> honour, high character.<br /> +<br /> +<b>honestē</b>, <i>adv.</i> honourably.<br /> +<br /> +<b>honesto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> honour, grace.<br /> +<br /> +<b>honestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, honourable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>honor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> honour, sacrifice, office.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hōra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> hour.<br /> +<br /> +<b>horribilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, terrible, dreadful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hortor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> urge, advise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hospitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> mutual friendship.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hostis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> enemy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hūc</b>, <i>adv.</i> hither, to this point.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hūmānitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> kindly feeling.<br /> +<br /> +<b>hūmānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, human.<br /> +<br /> +<b>humus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>f.</i> ground;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>locat.</i> <b>humi</b>, on the ground.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>I</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>iaceo</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> lie, lie helpless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iacio</b>, <b>iēci</b>, <b>iactum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast, utter, bruit about.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iacto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> toss, hurl, vaunt;<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62a" id="Page_62a">[62]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with reflex, pron.</i> speak boastfully, make boast.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>iactus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> hurling, casting.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iam</b>, <i>adv.</i> just now, already, by this time;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>iam dūdum</b>, long since.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>idcirco</b>, <i>adv.</i> for that reason.<br /> +<br /> +<b>īdem</b>, <b>eadem</b>, <b>idem</b>, same.<br /> +<br /> +<b>igitur</b>, <i>conj.</i> therefore, accordingly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ignāvia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> cowardice.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ignis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> fire.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ignōminia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> infamy, disgrace.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ignōro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> am ignorant of, am ignorant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ignōtus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unknown.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ille</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-ud</b>, that; he, she, it.<br /> +<br /> +<b>imāgo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> image, likeness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>imberbis</b>, <b>-e</b>, beardless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>immānis</b>, <b>-e</b>, monstrous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>immānitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> enormity, heinousness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>immātūrus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, untimely, premature.<br /> +<br /> +<b>immineo</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> hang over, threaten.<br /> +<br /> +<b>immo</b>, <i>adv.</i> on the contrary, nay.<br /> +<br /> +<b>immortālis</b>, <b>-e</b>, immortal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impedio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> hinder, prevent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>im-pello</b>, <b>-puli</b>, <b>-pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive on, incite.<br /> +<br /> +<b>im-pendeo</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hang over, threaten.<br /> +<br /> +<b>imperātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> commander, general.<br /> +<br /> +<b>imperītus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, inexperienced, ignorant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>imperium</b>, <b>-ī</b>, <i>n.</i> command, sovereignty, dominion; military power, command in chief.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impero</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr. c. dat.</i> order, enjoin, command.<br /> +<br /> +<b>im-pertior</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> bestow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impetro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> get, obtain (<i>by request</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>impetus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> assault, attack.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, impious, wicked.<br /> +<br /> +<b>im-plōro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> entreat, supplicate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>importūnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unsuitable, unnatural, dangerous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>improbitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> wickedness, depravity, recklessness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>improbus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, persistent, violent, reckless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impūbēs</b>, <b>-eris</b> <i>or</i> <b>-is</b>, youthful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impudens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, shameless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impudenter</b>, <i>adv.</i> shamelessly, with assurance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impudentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> shamelessness, assurance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impudīcus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, shameless, immodest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impūnītus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unpunished.<br /> +<br /> +<b>impūrus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unclean.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> into, to, against, for;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. abl.</i> in, on.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>inānis</b>, <b>-e</b>, empty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-auro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> gild.<br /> +<br /> +<b>incendium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> fire, conflagration, burning.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-cendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set on fire, burn.<br /> +<br /> +<b>incensio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> burning.<br /> +<br /> +<b>incertus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, uncertain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-cīdo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cut.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-cido</b>, <b>-cidi</b>, <b>-cāsum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> fall.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> begin.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-clīno</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> bend, incline; am disposed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-clūdo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> shut in, lock up, confine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>incolumis</b>, <b>-e</b>, safe, uninjured, still alive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>incrēdibilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, incredible.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-crepo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-itum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> sound, make a noise, am noised abroad.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63a" id="Page_63a">[63]</a></span><b>in-cumbo</b>, <b>-cubui</b>, <b>-cubitum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> lean on, press on;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>incumbo ad</b>, devote myself to, exert myself for.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>indemnātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, uncondemned.<br /> +<br /> +<b>index</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>c.</i> informer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>indicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> information, proof.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-dico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> declare, disclose, reveal, betray.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-dīco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> proclaim, make (<i>war</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-dūco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring in, introduce, persuade;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>animum indūco</b>, resolve, determine.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>industria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> activity, energy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>tr.</i> enter on, adopt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iners</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, inactive, indolent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inertia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> inactivity, remissness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>infāmis</b>, <b>-e</b>, disreputable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inferi</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> the dead.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> put on, lay on, set, inflict.<br /> +<br /> +<b>infestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dangerous, hostile, deadly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>infimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, lowest, meanest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>infīnītus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, without limit, boundless, interminable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>infirmus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, powerless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>infitiātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> defaulter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>infitior</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> deny.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-flammo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> set on fire, inflame.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ingenium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> nature, ability.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ingens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, huge, vast.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ingenuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, free-born.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-gravesco</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> grow heavier, become worse.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-gredior</b>, <b>-gressus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> enter, enter upon, go on to, engage in.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-hio</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> open the mouth for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inhūmānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, savage, unfeeling.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-icio</b>, <b>-iēci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> throw on, cause, occasion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inimīcitia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> enmity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inimīcus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unfriendly, hostile;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>inimīcus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> enemy.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>inīquitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> unfairness, injustice.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inīquus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unfair, unjust.<br /> +<br /> +<b>initio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> consecrate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iniūria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> outrage, wrong;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>iniūriā</b>, undeservedly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>iniussū</b> (<i>only in abl. sing.</i>), <i>m.</i> without the command.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inlecebra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> attraction, allurement.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inlustris</b>, <b>-e</b>, distinguished, famous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-lustro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> illuminate, make clear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send in.<br /> +<br /> +<b>innocens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, guiltless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inopia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> want.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inquam</b>, <b>inquis</b>, <b>inquit</b>, <i>defect. intr.</i> say.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-rētio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> ensnare, entrap.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-scrībo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> write on.<br /> +<br /> +<b>insepultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unburied.<br /> +<br /> +<b>insidiae</b>, <b>-ārum</b>, <i>f. plur.</i> ambuscade, plot.<br /> +<br /> +<b>insidiātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> plotter;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with</i> <b>viae</b>, waylayer.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>insidior</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> lie in wait for, plot against.<br /> +<br /> +<b>insidiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, treacherous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>insigne</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>n.</i> mark, badge.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-simulo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> charge, allege.<br /> +<br /> +<b>insolentius</b>, <i>adv.</i> more immoderately, more haughtily.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inspērātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unhoped for.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64a" id="Page_64a">[64]</a></span><b>in-stituo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> undertake, begin.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stātum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> press on, threaten.<br /> +<br /> +<b>instrūmentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> instrument, means of trade.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-struo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> draw up, array.<br /> +<br /> +<b>integer</b>, <b>-gra</b>, <b>-grum</b>, untouched, unharmed, unbroken.<br /> +<br /> +<b>intel-lego</b> <i>or</i> <b>-ligo</b>, <b>-exi</b>, <b>-ectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn, understand, know.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-tendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-tum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> stretch out; purpose, endeavour.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inter</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> between, among, amid;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>inter sē</b>, each other.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>inter-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> intervene.<br /> +<br /> +<b>intereā</b>, <i>adv.</i> meanwhile.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inter-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>intr.</i> perish, am ruined.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inter-ficio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> kill, slay.<br /> +<br /> +<b>interim</b>, <i>adv.</i> meanwhile.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inter-imo</b>, <b>-ēmi</b>, <b>-emptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> kill, slay.<br /> +<br /> +<b>interitus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> death, ruin, destruction, annihilation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inter-necio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> massacre, annihilation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inter-rogo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> ask.<br /> +<br /> +<b>inter-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am between, differ;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>impers.</i> <b>interest</b>, it interests, it concerns (<i>with</i> <b>meā</b>, <b>tuā</b> &c.),</span> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>interventus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> coming between, intervention.<br /> +<br /> +<b>intestīnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, internal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>intimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, inmost, most secret;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>intimus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> intimate friend.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>intrā</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> within.<br /> +<br /> +<b>intrō-dūco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring in, introduce.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-tueor</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> look at.<br /> +<br /> +<b>intus</b>, <i>adv.</i> inside.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-ūro</b>, <b>-ussi</b>, <b>-ustum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> burn into.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-venio</b>, <b>-vēni</b>, <b>-ventum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> find, discover.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-vestīgo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> track out, search out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>in-veterasco</b>, <b>-āvi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> grow old, am established, am fixed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>invictus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unconquered.<br /> +<br /> +<b>invidia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> unpopularity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>invidiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, odious, unpopular.<br /> +<br /> +<b>invidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, envious.<br /> +<br /> +<b>invīto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> invite, summon.<br /> +<br /> +<b>invītus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unwilling.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ipse</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, oneself, self, very, in person.<br /> +<br /> +<b>is</b>, <b>ea</b>, <b>id</b>, that, those, such; he, she, it, they.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iste</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-ud</b>, that of yours, that; he, she, it (<i>used especially of any one or anything connected with the person addressed</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>ita</b>, <i>adv.</i> so, in such a way.<br /> +<br /> +<b>itaque</b>, <i>conj.</i> and so, accordingly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>item</b>, <i>adv.</i> in like manner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iter</b>, <b>itineris</b>, <i>n.</i> going, journey, route.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iterum</b>, <i>adv.</i> a second time.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iubeo</b>, <b>iussi</b>, <b>iussum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> order.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iūcundus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, pleasant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iudicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> judgement, legal decision, sentence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iūdico</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> judge, decide.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iugulum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> throat.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iūs</b>, <b>iūris</b>, <i>n.</i> law, right;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>iūre</b>, rightly;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>iūs iūrandum</b>, oath.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>iussū</b> (<i>only in abl. sing.</i>), <i>m.</i> order, command.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iustus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, just, righteous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>iuventūs</b>, <b>-ūtis</b>, <i>f.</i> body of youth, youth.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65a" id="Page_65a">[65]</a></span><b>L</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>labefacto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> shake, give a shock to, undermine, ruin.<br /> +<br /> +<b>labor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> toil.<br /> +<br /> +<b>labōro</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> work, exert myself.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lacesso</b>, <b>-īvi</b>, <b>-ītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> harass, attack.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lacrima</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> tear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lacto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> suck milk.<br /> +<br /> +<b>laedo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hurt, injure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>laetitia</b>,-ae, <i>f.</i> joy, pleasure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>laetor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> rejoice.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lāmentātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> mourning, wailing.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lāmentor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> mourn, bewail.<br /> +<br /> +<b>languidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dull, listless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>largītio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> largess, bribery.<br /> +<br /> +<b>largītor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> briber.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lātē</b>, <i>adv.</i> widely.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lateo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> lie hid, am hidden.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> mover, proposer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>latro</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>m.</i> brigand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>latrōcinium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> robbery, brigandage, band of brigands.<br /> +<br /> +<b>latrōcinor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> am a robber, am a bandit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>latus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> side.<br /> +<br /> +<b>laudo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> praise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>laus</b>, <b>laudis</b>, <i>f.</i> praise, honour, glory, distinction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lectīca</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> litter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lectulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> small couch, bed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lectus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> couch, bed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lēgātus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> ambassador.<br /> +<br /> +<b>legio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> legion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lego</b>, <b>lēgi</b>, <b>lectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> choose, read;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>lectus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, excellent.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>lēnio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> soften, assuage.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lēnis</b>, <b>-e</b>, gentle, merciful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lēnitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> mercy, clemency.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lēno</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>m.</i> pander, creature.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lentus,</b> <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, slow, sluggish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lepidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, charming, witty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>levis</b>, <b>-e</b>, light, frivolous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>levissimē</b>, <i>adv.</i> very lightly, in the mildest manner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>levitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> frivolity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>levo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> lighten, lessen.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lex</b>, <b>lēgis</b>, <i>f.</i> law, rule, condition.<br /> +<br /> +<b>līber</b>, <b>-era</b>, <b>-erum</b>, free;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>līberi</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> children (<i>in relation to their parents</i>).</span> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>lībero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> free, relieve.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lībertās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> freedom, liberty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lībertīnus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> freedman.<br /> +<br /> +<b>libīdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> passion, lust.<br /> +<br /> +<b>licet</b>, <b>licuit</b> <i>or</i> <b>licitum est</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> it is allowed, one may.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lingua</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> tongue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>līnum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> flax, thread.<br /> +<br /> +<b>liquefacio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> melt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>littera</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> letter (<i>of the alphabet</i>);<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> letter, dispatch, literature.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>loco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> place, contract for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>locuples</b>, <b>-ētis</b>, rich.<br /> +<br /> +<b>locus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> place, position, room.<br /> +<br /> +<b>longē</b>, <i>adv.</i> far.<br /> +<br /> +<b>longinquus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, distant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>longus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, long, tedious.<br /> +<br /> +<b>loquor</b>, <b>locūtus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> speak, say.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lubenter</b>, <i>adv.</i> gladly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lubet</b>, <b>lubuit</b> <i>or</i> <b>lubitum est</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> it pleases.<br /> +<br /> +<b>luctus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> mourning.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lūdus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> play, school;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> public games.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>lūgeo</b>, <b>luxi</b>, <b>——</b> (2) <i>tr. or intr.</i> mourn, lament.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66a" id="Page_66a">[66]</a></span><b>lūmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> light.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lupīnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of a wolf.<br /> +<br /> +<b>lux</b>, <b>lūcis</b>, <i>f.</i> light, day.<br /> +<br /> +<b>luxuria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> extravagance, excess.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>M</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>māchinātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> contriver.<br /> +<br /> +<b>māchinor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> contrive, design.<br /> +<br /> +<b>macto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> sacrifice, punish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>maeror</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> grief.<br /> +<br /> +<b>magis</b>, <i>adv.</i> more.<br /> +<br /> +<b>magistrātus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> office, magistrate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>magnificē</b>, <i>adv.</i> splendidly, gloriously.<br /> +<br /> +<b>magnitūdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> greatness, size, extent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>magnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, great;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>magno opere</b>, greatly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>māior</b>, <b>-us</b>, greater, larger, older;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>māiōrēs</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> ancestors.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>male</b>, <i>adv.</i> badly;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with adj.</i> not.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>maleficium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> wickedness, offence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>malleolus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> mallet, fire-dart.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mālo</b>, <b>mālui</b>, <b>malle</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> prefer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>malus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bad;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>malum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> evil.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>mandātum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> charge, order.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mando</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> entrust, commit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>māne</b>, <i>indecl. n.</i> morning.<br /> +<br /> +<b>maneo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> remain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>manicātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, having long sleeves.<br /> +<br /> +<b>manifestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, clear, evident;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>manifesto</b>, clearly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>māno</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> flow, get abroad.<br /> +<br /> +<b>manus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>f.</i> hand, handwriting; company, band.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mare</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>n.</i> sea.<br /> +<br /> +<b>marītus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> husband.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mātūrē</b>, <i>adv.</i> early;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i> <b>mātūrius</b>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>mātūritās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> ripeness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mātūro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> hasten, dispatch.<br /> +<br /> +<b>maximē</b>, <i>adv.</i> especially.<br /> +<br /> +<b>maximus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, greatest, very great, chief.<br /> +<br /> +<b>medicīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> remedy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mediocris</b>, <b>-e</b>, ordinary, tolerable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mediocriter</b>, <i>adv.</i> trivially, not seriously.<br /> +<br /> +<b>meditor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> purpose, intend;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>perf. partic. also pass. in sense</i>, practised.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>medius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, mid, middle.<br /> +<br /> +<b>melior</b>, <b>-us</b>, better.<br /> +<br /> +<b>memini</b>, <i>defect.</i> (3), <i>tr. or intr. c. gen.</i> remember.<br /> +<br /> +<b>memor</b>, <b>-oris</b>, mindful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>memoria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> memory.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mendīcitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> beggary.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>f.</i> mind, thought, intention, understanding, disposition.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mereor</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> deserve.<br /> +<br /> +<b>meritum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> desert, service, favour;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>merito</b>, deservedly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>metuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> fear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>metus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> fear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>meus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, my.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mīles</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>m.</i> soldier.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mīlitāris</b>, <b>-e</b>, belonging to a soldier, military.<br /> +<br /> +<b>minae</b>, <b>-ārum</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> threats.<br /> +<br /> +<b>minimē</b>, <i>adv.</i> very little, least.<br /> +<br /> +<b>minimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very little, least.<br /> +<br /> +<b>minitor</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> threaten.<br /> +<br /> +<b>minor</b>, <b>-us</b>, smaller, less;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>minus</b>, less, not.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>minuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lessen, reduce.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67a" id="Page_67a">[67]</a></span><b>misceo</b>, <b>miscui</b>, <b>mixtum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> mix, mingle, embroil.<br /> +<br /> +<b>miser</b>, <b>-era</b>, <b>-erum</b>, wretched, pitiable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>miseria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> misfortune, affliction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>misericordia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> pity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>misericors</b>, <b>-rdis</b>, tenderhearted, pitiful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>miseror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> pity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mītis</b>, <b>-e</b>, mild, gentle.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mitto</b>, <b>mīsi</b>, <b>missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send.<br /> +<br /> +<b>modō</b>, <i>adv.</i> just now, lately, only.<br /> +<br /> +<b>modus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> limit, kind, manner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>moenia</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> walls (<i>of a town</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>mōlēs</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> mass, weight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>molestē</b>, <i>adv.</i> with trouble;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>molestē fero</b>, take it ill, am vexed at.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>mōlior</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> set in motion, attempt, design.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mollis</b>, <b>-e</b>, soft, mild.<br /> +<br /> +<b>moneo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> warn, advise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>monimentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> memorial.<br /> +<br /> +<b>monstrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> evil omen, portent, monster.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mora</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> delay.<br /> +<br /> +<b>morbus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> disease.<br /> +<br /> +<b>morior</b>, <b>mortuus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> die;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>mortuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dead.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>mors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> death.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mōs, mōris</b>, <i>m.</i> custom, habit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mōtus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> movement, disturbance, trouble;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>terrae mōtus</b>, earthquake.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>moveo</b>, <b>mōvi</b>, <b>mōtum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> move, affect, alarm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mucro</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>m.</i> point, edge, sword.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mulier</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>f.</i> woman.<br /> +<br /> +<b>muliercula</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> little woman.<br /> +<br /> +<b>multitūdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> multitude, numbers.<br /> +<br /> +<b>multo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>multus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, much, many;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>multo</b>, by much.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>mūniceps</b>, <b>-cipis</b>, <i>c.</i> citizen of a <b>mūnicipium</b>, burgess.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mūnicipium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> free town.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mūnio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> fortify, defend;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>mūnītissimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strongly fortified.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>mūrus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> wall.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mūto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> change.<br /> +<br /> +<b>mūtus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, silent.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>N</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>nam</b>, <i>conj.</i> for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nanciscor</b>, <b>nanctus</b> <i>or</i> <b>nactus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> get, obtain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nascor</b>, <b>nātus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am born, begin, grow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> tribe, people.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nātūra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> nature.<br /> +<br /> +<b>naufragus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> shipwrecked man, castaway.<br /> +<br /> +<b>-ne</b>, <i>interrog. particle</i>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nē</b>, <i>conj.</i> that ... not, lest;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> not;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nē . . . quidem</b>, not either, not even.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nē</b>, <i>interj.</i> really, indeed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nec</b>, <i>see</i> <b>neque</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>necessārio</b>, <i>adv.</i> necessarily.<br /> +<br /> +<b>necessārius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> kinsman, connexion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>necesse</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> inevitable, necessary.<br /> +<br /> +<b>necessitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> necessity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>necne</b>, <i>conj.</i> or not.<br /> +<br /> +<b>neco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> kill, murder.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nefandus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, abominable, execrable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nefariē</b>, <i>adv.</i> impiously.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nefārius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, impious, wicked.<br /> +<br /> +<b>neglego</b> (<b>nec-lego</b>), <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> neglect, despise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nego</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> deny.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68a" id="Page_68a">[68]</a></span><b>negōtium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> business, trouble.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nēmo</b>, <b>nullīus</b>, <i>m.</i> no one;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>non nēmo</b>, some one.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nepos</b>, <b>-ōtis</b>, <i>m.</i> grandson, prodigal, spendthrift.<br /> +<br /> +<b>neque</b> <i>or</i> <b>nec</b>, <i>conj.</i> and not, nor;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>neque . . . neque</b>, neither ... nor.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nēquior</b>, <b>-us</b> (<i>compar. of</i> <b>nēquam</b>), more unprincipled, more worthless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nēquitia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> want of principle, remissness, negligence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nē-scio</b> (4), <i>tr. or intr.</i> do not know, am ignorant;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nescio qui</b>, some.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nex</b>, <b>necis</b>, <i>f.</i> violent death, murder.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nihil</b>, <i>indecl. n.</i> nothing;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> in nothing, not at all;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nihildum</b>, nothing yet.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nimis</b>, <i>adv.</i> too much, too.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nimius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, too much, too great;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>nimium</b>, too much, too.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nisī</b>, <i>adv. or conj.</i> except, unless.<br /> +<br /> +<b>niteo</b>, <b>——</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> glitter, glisten.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nitidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, shining, glossy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nix</b>, <b>nivis</b>, <i>f.</i> snow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nōbilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, famous, high-born.<br /> +<br /> +<b>noceo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hurt, do harm to;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nocens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> criminal.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nocturnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, nightly, by night, night.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nōlo</b>, <b>nōlui</b>, <b>nolle</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> do not wish, am unwilling.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nōmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> name.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nōminātim</b>, <i>adv.</i> by name.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nōmino</b> (1), name, call.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nōn</b>, <i>adv.</i> not.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nondum</b>, <i>adv.</i> not yet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nonnullus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, some.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nonnumquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> sometimes.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nosco</b>, <b>nōvi</b>, <b>nōtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> learn;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>nōvi</b>, know.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>noster</b>, <b>-tra</b>, <b>-trum</b>, our.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nota</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> mark, brand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>noto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> mark.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nōtus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, known.<br /> +<br /> +<b>novem</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> nine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>novus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, new;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>rēs novae</b>, revolution.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>nox</b>, <b>noctis</b>, <i>f.</i> night.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nūdius tertius</b>, <i>adv.</i> the day before yesterday.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nūdus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bare, naked.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nullus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, no, none.<br /> +<br /> +<b>num</b>, <i>interrog. particle</i>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nūmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> divinity, divine power.<br /> +<br /> +<b>numerus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> number.<br /> +<br /> +<b>numquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> never.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nunc</b>, <i>adv.</i> now.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nūper</b>, <i>adv.</i> lately.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nuptiae</b>, <b>-ārum</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> marriage.<br /> +<br /> +<b>nūtus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> nod, will.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>O</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>O!</b> <i>interj.</i> oh!<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> on account of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>,<b>-īre</b>, <i>tr.</i> come to, visit, attend to, execute, accomplish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> present, offer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-ligo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bind, lay under an obligation, render liable,<br /> +mortgage.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-lino</b>, <b>-lēvi</b>, <b>-litum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> besmear, overload;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>oblitus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, reeking.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>oblīviscor</b>, <b>-lītus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr. c. gen.</i> forget.<br /> +<br /> +<b>obscūrē</b>, <i>adv.</i> darkly, obscurely.<br /> +<br /> +<b>obscūro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> hide, cover.<br /> +<br /> +<b>obscūrus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dark, secret.<br /> +<br /> +<b>obses</b>, <b>-idis</b>, <i>c.</i> hostage.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69a" id="Page_69a">[69]</a></span><b>ob-sideo</b>, <b>-sēdi</b>, <b>-sessum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> besiege, blockade, beset, am on the look out for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>obsidio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> blockade.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hinder, oppose.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-stipesco</b>, <b>-pui</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am astounded, am stupefied.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stātum</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> hinder, oppose.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-stupefacio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> astound, arouse.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> injure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-tempero</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> obey.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hold, assert, maintain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ob-tingo</b>, <b>-tigi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> happen, befall.<br /> +<br /> +<b>occāsus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> fall.<br /> +<br /> +<b>occidens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> west.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oc-cīdo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> kill, slay, murder.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oc-clūdo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), shut.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oc-culo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hide.<br /> +<br /> +<b>occultē</b>, <i>adv.</i> secretly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oc-cupo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> seize, take possession of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oc-curro</b>, <b>-curri</b>, <b>-cursum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> meet, engage in.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oculus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> eye.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ōdi</b>, <i>defect.</i> (3), <i>tr.</i> hate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>odium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> hatred.<br /> +<br /> +<b>of-fendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strike against, light upon, displease, offend.<br /> +<br /> +<b>officium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> duty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ōmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> omen, token.<br /> +<br /> +<b>omitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pass over, leave unmentioned.<br /> +<br /> +<b>omnis</b>, <b>-e</b>, all.<br /> +<br /> +<b>opera</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> aid, service, employment;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>operae pretium</b>, worth while.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>opīnio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> expectation, belief.<br /> +<br /> +<b>opīnor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> think.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oportet</b>, <b>-uit</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), it is necessary;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. acc.</i> one ought, one must.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>op-peto</b>, <b>-īvi,-ītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> encounter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>op-pōno</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> oppose.<br /> +<br /> +<b>op-primo</b>, <b>-pressi</b>, <b>-pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put down, crush, baffle.<br /> +<br /> +*<b>ops, opis</b>, <i>f.</i> power, aid;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> power, resources, wealth.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>optimātēs</b>, <b>-ium</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> best men, good citizens.<br /> +<br /> +<b>optimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, best.<br /> +<br /> +<b>opto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> desire, pray for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>opus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> work;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>opus est</b>, there is need, it is necessary;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>magno opere</b>, greatly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ōrātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> speech, discourse, harangue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>orbis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> circle;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>orbis terrae</b> <i>or</i> <b>terrarum</b>, the circle of the earth, the world.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ordo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>m.</i> order, rank, class, body.<br /> +<br /> +<b>oriens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> east.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ornāmentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> equipment, decoration.<br /> +<br /> +<b>orno</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> equip, furnish, embellish, honour.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ōro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> beg, pray, ask.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ortus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> rising.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ōs</b>, <b>ōris</b>, <i>n.</i> mouth, face.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ostendo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> show, display.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ostento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> exhibit, display.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ōtiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, unemployed, tranquil;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>ōtiōsus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> private person, civilian.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>ōtium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> leisure, quiet, tranquillity.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>P</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>paciscor</b>, <b>pactus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> agree upon, covenant;<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70a" id="Page_70a">[70]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>perf. partic. also with passive meaning</i>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>pāco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> make peaceful, subdue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pactum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> agreement, terms, manner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>paene</b>, <i>adv.</i> nearly, almost.<br /> +<br /> +<b>paenitet</b>, <b>-uit</b>, <i>impers.</i> (2), <i>tr.</i> it repents.<br /> +<br /> +<b>palam</b>, <i>adv.</i> openly, plainly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pār</b>, <b>paris</b>, equal, like.<br /> +<br /> +<b>parco</b>, <b>peperci</b>, <b>parsum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> spare.<br /> +<br /> +<b>parens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>c.</i> parent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pāreo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> obey.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pariēs</b>, <b>-etis</b>, <i>m.</i> wall (<i>of a house</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>pario</b>, <b>peperi</b>, <b>partum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring forth, produce, gain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>paro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> prepare, collect, raise;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>paratus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, ready.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>parricīda</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>c.</i> murderer, traitor.<br /> +<br /> +<b>parricīdium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> murder, treason.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pars</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> part, division, direction, side; political party, faction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>particeps</b>, <b>-cipis</b>, sharing in (<i>gen.</i>);<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>as noun</i>, partner.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>partim</b>, <i>adv.</i> partly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>parum</b>, <i>adv.</i> too little, not enough.<br /> +<br /> +<b>parvulus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very small.<br /> +<br /> +<b>parvus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, small.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pastor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> shepherd.<br /> +<br /> +<b>patefacio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> bring to light, expose, convict.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pateo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am open, am manifest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pater</b>, <b>-tris</b>, <i>m.</i> father.<br /> +<br /> +<b>patientia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> endurance, patience, indulgence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>patior</b>, <b>passus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> suffer, allow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>patria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fatherland, country.<br /> +<br /> +<b>patricius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, patrician;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>patricius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> patrician (<i>member of the Roman nobility</i>).</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>patrimōnium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> inheritance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pauci</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-a</b>, few.<br /> +<br /> +<b>paulisper</b>, <i>adv.</i> for a short time.<br /> +<br /> +<b>paulo</b>, <i>adv.</i> a little.<br /> +<br /> +<b>paululum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> a very little.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pax</b>, <b>pācis</b>, <i>f.</i> peace, tranquillity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pecto</b>, <b>pexi</b>, <b>pexum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> comb.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pecūnia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wealth, money.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pecus</b>, <b>-udis</b>, <i>f.</i> beast.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pedester</b>, <b>-tris</b>, <b>-tre</b>, of foot-soldiers, of infantry.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pello</b>, <b>pepuli</b>, <b>pulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive, expel.<br /> +<br /> +<b>penitus</b>, <i>adv.</i> deeply, wholly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> through, by.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-cello</b>, <b>-culi</b>, <b>-culsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> beat down, smite.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> listen to, attend to.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-cutio</b>, <b>-cussi</b>, <b>-cussum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> strike.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lose, destroy;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>perditus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, desperate, abandoned, corrupt;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>perditur</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> scoundrel.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>per-dūco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lead, take.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>intr.</i> die, perish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> endure, tolerate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-ficio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> carry out, manage.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-fringo</b>, <b>-frēgi</b>, <b>-fractum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break through, shatter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-fruor</b>, <b>-fructus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> enjoy fully.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-fugium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> refuge.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71a" id="Page_71a">[71]</a></span><b>pergo</b>, <b>perrexi</b>, <b>perrectum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> proceed, go on.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-horresco</b>, <b>-rui</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> shudder, tremble;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>tr.</i> have a horror of.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>perīclitor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> make trial of, endanger; am endangered.<br /> +<br /> +<b>perīculōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, dangerous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>perīculum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> danger.<br /> +<br /> +<b>permagnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very large.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-maneo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> stay to the end, continue, persist.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> entrust.<br /> +<br /> +<b>permodestus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, bashful, obedient.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-moveo</b>, <b>-mōvi</b>, <b>-mōtum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> interest, alarm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>permultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very much; <i>plur.</i> very many.<br /> +<br /> +<b>perniciēs</b>, <b>-ēi</b>, <i>f.</i> destruction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>perniciōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, destructive, mischievous, deadly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>perpetuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, continuous, constant, lasting;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>in perpetuum</b> (<i>sc.</i> <b>tempus</b>), permanently.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>persaepe</b>, <i>adv.</i> very often.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-scrībo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> write out in full.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-sequor</b>, <b>-secūtus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pursue, attack.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-spicio</b>, <b>-spexi</b>, <b>-spectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> see clearly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-terreo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> frighten, scare.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-timesco</b>, <b>-timui</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> fear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-tineo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> reach, belong, concern.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-turbo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> trouble, disturb, agitate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>per-venio</b>, <b>-vēni</b>, <b>-ventum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> come, arrive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pestis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> plague, scourge, destruction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>petītio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> blow, thrust.<br /> +<br /> +<b>peto</b>, <b>-īvi</b>, <b>-ītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> attack, assault; demand, beg.<br /> +<br /> +<b>petulantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wantonness, impudence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pietās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> dutifulness, goodness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>placeo</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> please;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>placet</b>, <i>impers.</i> it seems right, it is determined.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>plāco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reconcile, appease.<br /> +<br /> +<b>plānē</b>, <i>adv.</i> clearly, completely.<br /> +<br /> +<b>plēnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, full.<br /> +<br /> +<b>plūrimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, very many, most.<br /> +<br /> +<b>plūs</b>, <i>adv.</i> more.<br /> +<br /> +<b>poena</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> penalty, punishment.<br /> +<br /> +<b>polliceor</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> promise, undertake.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pōno, posui, positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put, place, pitch, assign.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pons</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, <i>m.</i> bridge.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pontifex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>m.</i> high-priest, pontiff.<br /> +<br /> +<b>popīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> eating-house, tavern.<br /> +<br /> +<b>populāris</b>, <b>-e</b>, popular, friendly to the people.<br /> +<br /> +<b>populus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> people.<br /> +<br /> +<b>porta</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> gate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>possessio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> holding, possession, property, estate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>possum</b>, <b>potui</b>, <b>posse</b>, <i>intr.</i> am able, can.<br /> +<br /> +<b>post</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> after, since;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> afterwards.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>posteā</b>, <i>adv.</i> afterwards, later.<br /> +<br /> +<b>posteritās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> future time, posterity.<br /> +<br /> +<b>posterus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, future;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>posteri</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>m. plur.</i> descendants, posterity;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>in posterum</b>, for the future, in future.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72a" id="Page_72a">[72]</a></span><b>posthāc</b>, <i>adv.</i> after this, for the future.<br /> +<br /> +<b>postrēmus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, last;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>postrēmo</b>, lastly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>postulo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> ask, demand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>potens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, powerful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>potestās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> power, authority;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>potestātem facio</b>, give opportunity, give leave.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>potior</b> (4), <i>intr. c. gen. or abl.</i> get, gain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>potius</b>, <i>adv.</i> rather.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> before, in comparison with.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praebeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> offer, render, show.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praeceps</b>, <b>-cipitis</b>, headstrong.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> enjoin, give as a warning.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pracipuē</b>, <i>adv.</i> especially.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praeclārus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, famous, remarkable, signal, noble.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-curro</b>, <b>-cucurri</b>, <b>-cursum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> run before, outrun, surpass.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praedātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> robber.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-dico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> declare, extol.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-dīco</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> state beforehand, premise, proclaim.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praedium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> farm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praefectūra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> prefecture (<i>an Italian city governed by a Roman magistrate</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> hold forth, offer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send in advance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praemium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> reward.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-scrībo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr. acc. and dat.</i> order, appoint.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praesens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, present, opportune.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praesentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> presence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praesertim</b>, <i>adv.</i> especially;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>cum praesertim</b>, especially since.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-sideo</b>, <b>-sēdi</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> guard, watch.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praesidium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> guard, protection, garrison, force.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praesto</b>, <i>adv.</i> at hand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prae-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>-stitum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-stātum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> guarantee, carry out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praestōlor</b> (1), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> wait for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praeter</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> except, besides, contrary to.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praetereā</b>, <i>adv.</i> besides.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praeter-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>tr.</i> pass over, leave unmentioned.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praeter-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pass over, omit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praeterquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> besides, except.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praetexta</b> (<i>sc.</i> <b>toga</b>), <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> gown edged with purple.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praetor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> praetor (<i>a magistrate charged with the administration of justice</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>praetōrius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, belonging to a praetor or general, praetorian.<br /> +<br /> +<b>praetūra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> praetorship.<br /> +<br /> +<b>precor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> pray, pray to, beseech.<br /> +<br /> +<b>premo</b>, <b>pressi</b>, <b>pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> check, harass, crush, overwhelm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pretium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> value, worth, pay.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prīdem</b>, <i>adv.</i> long ago, long since.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prīdiē</b>, <i>adv.</i> on the day before.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prīmus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, first;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>prīmum</b>, <b>prīmo</b>, at first, firstly;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quam prīmum</b>, as soon as possible.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>princeps</b>, <b>-ipis</b>, first, chief;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>as noun</i>, chief, chief man, leader.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>principium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> beginning;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>principio</b>, at first, firstly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73a" id="Page_73a">[73]</a></span><b>prior</b>, <b>-us</b>, former, earlier, previous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pristinus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, former, early.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prīvātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, private, personal;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>prīvātus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> private citizen.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>prīvo</b> (1), rob, deprive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pro</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> for, on behalf of, in accordance with, instead of, in return for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>probo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> approve, prove.<br /> +<br /> +<b>procella</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> storm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>procul</b>, <i>adv.</i> far off.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prōcūrātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> charge, office.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prōdigium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> evil token, prodigy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prōdigus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, lavish, extravagant;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>prōdigus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> spendthrift.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>proelium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> battle.<br /> +<br /> +<b>profectio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> departure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>profecto</b>, <i>adv.</i> assuredly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring forth, bring forward, issue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-ficio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-fectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> effect, accomplish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pro-ficiscor</b>, <b>-fectus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> set out, start.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-fiteor</b>, <b>-fessus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> propose, offer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-flīgo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> overthrow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-fugio</b>, <b>-fūgi</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> flee from; flee, run away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pro-fundo</b>, <b>-fūdi</b>, <b>-fūsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> pour out, dissipate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-gredior</b>, <b>-gressus sum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> go forward, advance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pro-hibeo</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hinder, prevent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-icio</b>, <b>-iēci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cast forth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>proinde</b>, <i>adv.</i> in like manner, accordingly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-lāto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> put off, defer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>propāgo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> extend, prolong.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prope</b>, <i>adv.</i> nearly, almost.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-pōno</b>, <b>-posui</b>, <b>-positum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set before, offer, determine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>proprius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, peculiar to, characteristic of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>propter</b>, <i>prep. c. acc.</i> on account of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-pulso</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> repel, avert.<br /> +<br /> +<b>proscriptio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> proscription, confiscation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-sequor</b>, <b>-secūtus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> follow, attend.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-spicio</b>, <b>-exi</b>, <b>-ectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> see beforehand, give attention to;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> take measures for.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-sterno</b>, <b>-strāvi</b>, <b>-strātum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay low.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-sum</b>, <b>prōfui</b>, <b>prōdesse</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> benefit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-videntia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> foresight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prō-video</b>, <b>-vīdi</b>, <b>-vīsum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> foresee, prepare;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr.</i> make provision;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> provide for, guard the interests of.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>prōvincia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> province.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prōvinciālis</b>, <b>-e</b>, belonging to a province, provincial.<br /> +<br /> +<b>proximus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, nearest, next, last.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prūdens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, wise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>prūdentia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wisdom.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pruīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> frost.<br /> +<br /> +<b>publicātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> confiscation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>publicē</b>, <i>adv.</i> publicly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>publico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> confiscate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>publicus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, public;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>rēs publica</b>, state, public affairs, public interest.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>pudīcitia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> chastity, virtue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pudor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> shame, modesty, decency.<br /> +<br /> +<b>puer</b>, <b>-eri</b>, <i>m.</i> boy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pugna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> fight, battle.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74a" id="Page_74a">[74]</a></span><b>pugno</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> fight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pulcher</b>, <b>-chra</b>, <b>-chrum</b>, beautiful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pulvīnar</b>, <b>-āris</b>, <i>n.</i> couch (<i>for the images of the gods at a thanksgiving</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>punctum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> point, instant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>pūnio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>purgo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> cleanse, purify.<br /> +<br /> +<b>purpura</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> purple.<br /> +<br /> +<b>purpurātus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> officer clothed in purple, vizier.<br /> +<br /> +<b>puto</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> think.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>Q</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>quaero</b>, <b>-sīvi</b>, <b>-sītum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> seek, ask.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quaesītor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> investigator, inquisitor.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quaeso</b>, <b>quaesumus</b> (3), <i>defect. intr.</i> beg, pray.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quaestio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> investigation, commission, law-court.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quaestus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> gain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quālis</b>, <b>-e</b>, such as, as (<i>after</i> <b>tālis</b>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>quam</b>, <i>adv.</i> how, as, than;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tam . . . quam</b>, so much ... as;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>also used to strengthen superlatives</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quam diu</b>, how long? as long as.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>quamquam</b>, <i>conj.</i> although.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quando</b>, <i>adv.</i> at any time.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quantus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, how great? as great as, as (<i>after</i> <b>tantus</b>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>quapropter</b>, <i>adv.</i> for which reason.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quārē</b>, <i>adv.</i> wherefore.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quartus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fourth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>-que</b>, <i>conj.</i> and.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quemadmodum</b>, <i>adv.</i> how.<br /> +<br /> +<b>querimōnia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> complaint.<br /> +<br /> +<b>queror</b>, <b>questus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> regret, complain, bewail.<br /> +<br /> +<b>qui</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b>, <i>rel. pron.</i> who, which, that.<br /> +<br /> +<b>qui</b>, <b>quae</b>, <b>quod</b>, <i>interrog. adj.</i> which? what?<br /> +<br /> +<b>quia</b>, <i>conj.</i> because.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quīcumque</b>, <b>quaecumque</b>, <b>quodcumque</b>, whoever, whatever; every possible.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quīdam</b>, <b>quaedam</b>, <b>quoddam</b>, a certain, some.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quidem</b>, <i>adv.</i> indeed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quiēs</b>, <b>-ētis</b>, <i>f.</i> rest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quiesco</b>, <b>-ēvi</b>, <b>-ētum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> am quiet, do nothing.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quiētus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, peaceful, undisturbed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quīn</b>, <i>conj. or adv. with indic.</i> why not? <b>quīn etiam</b>, nay even;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>with subj.</i> but that, that.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>quintus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, fifth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b>, <i>interrog. pron.</i> who? what? <i>adv.</i> <b>quid</b>, why?<br /> +<br /> +<b>quis</b>, <b>quid</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> any one, anything;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quis</b>, <i>also adj.</i> any.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>quispiam</b>, <b>quaepiam</b>, <b>quodpiam</b> <i>or</i> <b>quidpiam</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> any one, anything, someone, something;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adj.</i> any, some.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>quisquam</b>, <b>quidquam</b>, <i>indef. pron.</i> any one, anything;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quisquam</b>, <i>also adj.</i> any.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>quisque</b>, <b>quaeque</b>, <b>quodque</b>, <i>or</i> (<i>as pron.</i>) <b>quidque</b>, each.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quisquis</b>, <b>quidquid</b>, whoever, whatever.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quo</b>, <i>adv.</i> whither (<i>rel. or interrog.</i>);<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>quo usque</b>, how long?</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>quoad</b>, <i>adv.</i> as long as.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quōcumque</b>, <i>adv.</i> in whatever direction.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quod</b>, <i>conj.</i> because, that.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quodsi</b>, <i>conj.</i> but if.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quondam</b>, <i>adv.</i> in old time, formerly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quoniam</b>, <i>conj.</i> since.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quoque</b>, <i>conj.</i> also, too.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quot</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> how many.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75a" id="Page_75a">[75]</a></span><b>quotiens</b>, <i>adv.</i> how often.<br /> +<br /> +<b>quotienscumque</b>, <i>adv.</i> how often soever.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>R</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>rapīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> plundering, plunder.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rapio</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-tum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> snatch, hurry away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ratio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> consideration, reflection, reason, principle; method, way.<br /> +<br /> +<b>recens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, new, fresh.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take back, receive, admit; engage, promise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-cito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> read aloud.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-co-gnosco</b>, <b>-gnōvi</b>, <b>-gnitum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> call to mind, examine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>reconciliātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> renewal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-condo</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> stow away, hide.<br /> +<br /> +<b>recordor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> remember.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-creo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> refresh, recover.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rectā</b>, <i>adv.</i> straight.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rectē</b>, <i>adv.</i> rightly, justly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>recūsātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> refusal, objection.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-cūso</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> decline, reject.<br /> +<br /> +<b>red-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>intr.</i> go back, return.<br /> +<br /> +<b>redimio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> wreathe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>red-undo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> overflow.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> bring back, bring before.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rēgiē</b>, <i>adv.</i> royally, despotically.<br /> +<br /> +<b>regio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> district.<br /> +<br /> +<b>regno</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> reign, am king.<br /> +<br /> +<b>regnum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> royal authority, sovereignty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-levo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> lift up, relieve.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rēligio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> scruple.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-linquo</b>, <b>-līqui</b>, <b>-lictum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> leave behind, leave.<br /> +<br /> +<b>reliquus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, that is left, remaining, rest of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-maneo</b>, <b>-mansi</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> stay behind.<br /> +<br /> +<b>remissio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> relaxation, mildness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-mitto</b>, <b>-mīsi</b>, <b>-missum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> send back, slacken;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>remissus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, slack, lax.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>re-moror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> hinder, delay.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-moveo</b>, B, <b>-mōtum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> remove, set aside.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-pello</b>, <b>reppuli</b>, <b>repulsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> drive back, reject, bring about rejection of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>repente</b>, <i>adv.</i> suddenly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>repentīnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sudden.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-perio</b>, <b>repperi</b>, <b>repertum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> find, discover.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-primo</b>, <b>-pressi</b>, <b>-pressum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> check, restrain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>repudio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> reject.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rēs</b>, <b>rei</b>, <i>f.</i> fact, deed, matter, thing, interest, property;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> power, administration.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>re-seco</b>, <b>-cui</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> cut away.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep back, reserve.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-sideo</b>, <b>-sēdi</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> remain, am left.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-sisto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> stop, stay behind;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>intr. c. dat.</i> resist, remain over to.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>re-spondeo</b>, <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr. c. dat.</i> answer, give an answer to, prove a match for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>responsum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> answer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-stinguo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put out, quench.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-stituo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> put back, restore.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-sto</b>, <b>-stiti</b>, <b>——</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> hold out, remain.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-ticeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> keep silence, make no answer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hold back, keep, preserve.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76a" id="Page_76a">[76]</a></span><b>re-torqueo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-tum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> turn back.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-tundo</b>, <b>rettudi</b>, <b>retūsum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> blunt, turn the edge of.<br /> +<br /> +<b>reus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> person accused, prisoner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-vertor</b>, <b>-versus sum</b> <i>or</i> <b>-verti</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> turn back, return.<br /> +<br /> +<b>re-voco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> call back, recall.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rex</b>, <b>rēgis</b>, <i>m.</i> king.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rōbur</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> strength.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rōbustus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, strong, vigorous.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rogo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> ask, introduce, propose (<i>a law</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>ruīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> downfall, ruin, disaster.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rumpo</b>, <b>rūpi</b>, <b>ruptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> break.<br /> +<br /> +<b>rusticus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, rustic, rural.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>S</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>sacer</b>, <b>-cra</b>, <b>-crum</b>, sacred;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sacra</b>, <b>-ōrum</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> rites, mysteries.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>sacrārium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> shrine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sacrōsanctus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, inviolable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>saeculum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> generation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>saepe</b>, <i>adv.</i> often.<br /> +<br /> +<b>saepio</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> fence in, surround.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sagax</b>, <b>-ācis</b>, shrewd.<br /> +<br /> +<b>salto</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> dance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>salūs</b>, <b>-ūtis</b>, <i>f.</i> safety, preservation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>salūto</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> greet, wait upon, pay a call.<br /> +<br /> +<b>salvus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, safe, preserved, solvent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sancio</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (4), <i>tr. or intr.</i> ordain, forbid under penalty.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sanctus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sacred, holy, inviolable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sānē</b>, <i>adv.</i> by all means.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sanguis</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>m.</i> blood.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sāno</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> cure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sound, healthy, wise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sapiens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, wise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>satelles</b>, <b>-itis</b>, <i>c.</i> attendant, servant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>satis</b>, <i>adv.</i> enough, quite;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>as noun</i>, enough of;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>satis facio</b> (<i>dat.</i>), satisfy, do my duty to.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>saucius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, wounded.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scaena</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> stage.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scelerātē</b>, <i>adv.</i> wickedly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scelerātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, impious, wicked;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>scelerātus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> criminal, profligate.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>scelus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> crime.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scientia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> knowledge.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scīlicet</b>, <i>adv.</i> evidently, to be sure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scio</b> (4), <i>tr. or intr.</i> know.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scortum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> harlot.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scrība</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>m.</i> notary.<br /> +<br /> +<b>scrībo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> write.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sē</b> <i>or</i> <b>sēsē</b>, <b>sui</b>, himself, herself, &c.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sē-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> go apart, withdraw.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sē-cerno</b>, <b>-crēvi</b>, <b>-crētum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> divide, separate, put on one side.<br /> +<br /> +<b>secūris</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> axe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sed</b>, <i>conj.</i>, but.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sēdēs</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> seat, abode, habitation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sēditio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> disaffection, rebellion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sēdo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> quiet, settle, stop.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sē-iungo</b>, <b>-nxi</b>, <b>-nctum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> separate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sella</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> seat, chair.<br /> +<br /> +<b>semel</b>, <i>adv.</i> once.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sēmen</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>n.</i> seed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sēminārium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> nursery-garden, school.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span><b>semper</b>, <i>adv.</i> always.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sempiternus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, perpetual, everlasting.<br /> +<br /> +<b>senātor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> senator.<br /> +<br /> +<b>senātus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> senate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>senex</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>m.</i> old man.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sensus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> feeling, consciousness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sententia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> opinion, purpose, vote; meaning, purport.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sentīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> refuse, dregs.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sentio, sensi, sensum</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> feel, see, perceive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sepelio</b>, <b>-elīvi</b>, <b>-ultum</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> bury.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sequor</b>, <b>secūtus sum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> follow, adopt, obey.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sērius</b>, <i>adv.</i> later, too late.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sermo</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>m.</i> talk, conversation, discourse.<br /> +<br /> +<b>serpo</b>, <b>-psi</b>, <b>-ptum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> creep.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sertum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> garland.<br /> +<br /> +<b>servio</b> (4), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> serve, am a slave, do service to, indulge.<br /> +<br /> +<b>servitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> slavery, body of slaves.<br /> +<br /> +<b>servitūs</b>, <b>-ūtis</b>, <i>f.</i> slavery.<br /> +<br /> +<b>servo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> keep, preserve.<br /> +<br /> +<b>servus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> slave.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sevērē</b>, <i>adv.</i> sternly, severely.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sevēritās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> strictness, sternness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sevērus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, stern, severe, strict.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sextus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sixth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>si</b>, <i>conj.</i> if.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sīc</b>, <i>adv.</i> so, thus.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sīca</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> dagger.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sīcārius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> assassin.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sīcut</b>, <i>adv.</i> just as, as.<br /> +<br /> +<b>significātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> token, intimation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>signum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> standard, seal.<br /> +<br /> +<b>silentium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> silence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sileo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> am silent about, leave unmentioned; am silent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>silvestris</b>, <b>-e</b>, woodland, rustic.<br /> +<br /> +<b>similis</b>, <b>-e</b>, like.<br /> +<br /> +<b>simul</b>, <i>adv.</i> at the same time;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>simul atque</b> (<b>ac</b>), <i>conj.</i> as soon as.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>simulacrum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> image.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sīn</b>, <i>conj.</i> if however, but if.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sine</b>, <i>prep. c. abl.</i> without.<br /> +<br /> +<b>singulāris</b>, <b>-e</b>, extraordinary, unprecedented.<br /> +<br /> +<b>singuli</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <b>-a</b>, one each, each, single.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sino</b>, <b>sīvi</b>, <b>situm</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> allow, permit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sinus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> bosom.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sitis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>f.</i> thirst.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sīve</b>, <i>conj.</i> or if;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>sīve . . . sīve</b>, whether ... or, if ... but if.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>sobrius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, sober.<br /> +<br /> +<b>societās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> association.<br /> +<br /> +<b>socius</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> comrade, partner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sodālis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> companion, associate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sōl</b>, <b>sōlis</b>, <i>m.</i> the sun.<br /> +<br /> +<b>soleo</b>, <b>-itus sum</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am wont, am accustomed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sōlitūdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> loneliness, solitude.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sollicitātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> instigation, tampering.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sollicito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> disturb, seduce, tamper with.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sollicitus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, anxious.<br /> +<br /> +<b>solum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> ground.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sōlus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, alone, only;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv.</i> <b>sōlum</b>, only.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>solvo</b>, <b>-vi</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> loosen;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>solūtus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, weak, lax.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>somnus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> sleep.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sors</b>, <b>-rtis</b>, <i>f.</i> lot.<br /> +<br /> +<b>spargo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> scatter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>speciēs</b>, <b>-ēi</b>, <i>f.</i> appearance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>speculor</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> watch, observe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>spēro</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> hope.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span><b>spēs</b>, <b>-ei</b>, <i>f.</i> hope.<br /> +<br /> +<b>spīritus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> breath.<br /> +<br /> +<b>spolio</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> rob, deprive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sponte</b>, <i>abl. f.</i> of free will, willingly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>stabilio</b> (4), <i>tr.</i> make firm, establish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>statim</b>, <i>adv.</i> immediately.<br /> +<br /> +<b>statua</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> statue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>statuo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>-ūtum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> set up, establish, settle, determine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>status</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> position, constitution.<br /> +<br /> +<b>stirps</b>, <b>-pis</b>, <i>f.</i> root, stem.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sto</b>, <b>steti</b>, <b>statum</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> stand.<br /> +<br /> +<b>studeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> strive after, aim at, desire.<br /> +<br /> +<b>studiōsus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, eager for, having a fancy for.<br /> +<br /> +<b>studium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> aim, pursuit, desire; energy, enthusiasm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>stultus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, foolish, dull.<br /> +<br /> +<b>stuprum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> debauchery.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suādeo</b>, <b>-si</b>, <b>-sum</b>, <i>intr. c. dat.</i> urge, advise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sub-eo</b>, <b>-ii</b>, <b>-itum</b>, <b>-īre</b>, <i>tr.</i> undergo, suffer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sub-icio</b>, <b>-iēci</b>, <b>-iectum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> lay under, lay near.<br /> +<br /> +<b>subiector</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> forger.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sub-igo</b>, <b>-ēgi</b>, <b>-actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> subdue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>subito</b>, <i>adv.</i> suddenly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>subsellium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> bench.<br /> +<br /> +<b>subsidium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> help, support, appliance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suc-cēdo</b>, <b>-cessi</b>, <b>-cessum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. dat.</i> come next to, succeed.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suf-fero</b>, <b>sustuli</b>, <b>sublātum</b>, <b>sufferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> undergo, bear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sum</b>, <b>fui</b>, <b>esse</b>, am.<br /> +<br /> +<b>summa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> highest place.<br /> +<br /> +<b>summus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, highest, greatest, most grave, most noble, most severe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sūmo</b>, <b>-mpsi</b>, <b>-mptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> take up, assume; inflict.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sumptuōsius</b>, <i>adv.</i> more extravagantly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sumptus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> expense, extravagance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>superior</b>, <b>-us</b>, higher, earlier, previous, former.<br /> +<br /> +<b>supero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> overcome, overpower, surpass.<br /> +<br /> +<b>super-sum</b>, <b>-fui</b>, <b>-esse</b>, <i>intr.</i> survive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suppedito</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> supply, furnish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>supplex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, suppliant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>supplicātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> service of thanksgiving.<br /> +<br /> +<b>supplicium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> punishment, penalty, chastisement.<br /> +<br /> +<b>surgo</b>, <b>surrexi</b>, <b>surrectum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> rise.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sus-cipio</b>, <b>-cēpi</b>, <b>-ceptum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> undertake, take upon me.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suspectus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, suspected.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suspīcio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> suspicion.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suspicor</b> (1), <i>tr. or intr.</i> suspect.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sus-tento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> uphold, support, bear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>sus-tineo</b>, <b>-tinui</b>, <b>-tentum</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> bear, endure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>suus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, his, her, its, their.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>T</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>tabella</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> writing-tablet;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> letter.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>taberna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> shop.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tābesco</b>, <b>-bui</b>, <b>——</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> melt, pine, languish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tabula</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> writing-tablet;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> account books;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tabulae novae</b>, cancelling of debts.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>taceo</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> am silent, say nothing;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>tr.</i> say nothing of, conceal.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>taciturnitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> silence.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span><b>tacitus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, silent.<br /> +<br /> +<b>taeter</b>, <b>-tra</b>, <b>-trum</b>, foul, hideous, abominable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tālāris</b>, <b>-e</b>, reaching to the ankle.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tālis</b>, <b>-e</b>, such.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tam</b>, <i>adv.</i> so;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tam . . . quam</b>, so much ... as.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>tamen</b>, <i>adv.</i> nevertheless, yet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tamquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> just as, as if.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tandem</b>, <i>adv.</i> at length, pray.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tango</b>, <b>tetigi</b>, <b>tactum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> touch, strike.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tantus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, so great;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tantum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> so much;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tanti</b>, of such value, worth while;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tanto</b>, by so much.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>tardissimē</b>, <i>adv.</i> very slowly, very late, latest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tarditās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> slowness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tectum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> roof, house.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tēlum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> dart, shaft, weapon.<br /> +<br /> +<b>temerē</b>, <i>adv.</i> rashly, heedlessly, for nothing.<br /> +<br /> +<b>temeritās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> rashness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>temperantia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> self-restraint, temperance.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tempestās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> storm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>templum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> consecrated ground, temple.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tempus</b>, <b>-oris</b>, <i>n.</i> time.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tendo</b>, <b>tetendi</b>, <b>tensum</b> <i>or</i> <b>tentum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> stretch out.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tenebrae</b>, <b>-ārum</b>, <i>f.</i> <i>plur.</i> darkness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>teneo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> hold, hold fast, confine;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>pass.</i> am in difficulty.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>tento</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> make an attempt on, attempt, attack, test, tempt.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tenuis</b>, <b>-e</b>, thin, poor.<br /> +<br /> +<b>termino</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bound, limit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>terminus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> limit.<br /> +<br /> +<b>terra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> earth, land, ground.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tertius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, third.<br /> +<br /> +<b>testāmentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> will.<br /> +<br /> +<b>testis</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> witness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>timeo</b>, <b>-ui</b>, <b>——</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> fear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>timidus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, timid, fearful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>timor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>m.</i> fear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>toga</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> toga (<i>gown of civil life</i>), gown.<br /> +<br /> +<b>togātus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, wearing the toga.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tolerābilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, endurable, bearable.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tolero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> bear, endure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tollo</b>, <b>sustuli</b>, <b>sublātum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> raise, remove.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tot</b>, <i>indecl. adj.</i> so many.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tōtus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, whole.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tracto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> handle, manage; <b>mē tracto</b>, behave.<br /> +<br /> +<b>trā-do</b>, <b>-didi</b>, <b>-ditum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> hand over.<br /> +<br /> +<b>transcendo</b> (<b>trans-scendo</b>), <b>-di</b>, <b>-sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> cross, pass.<br /> +<br /> +<b>trans-fero</b>, <b>-tuli</b>, <b>-lātum</b>, <b>-ferre</b>, <i>tr.</i> carry across, transfer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>trans-igo</b>, <b>-ēgi</b>, <b>-actum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> complete, dispatch.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tribūnal</b>, <b>-ālis</b>, <i>n.</i> judgement-seat.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tribūnus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> tribune;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>tribūnus pl.</b> (i.e. <b>plēbis</b>) tribune of the people, <i>thus distinguished from e.g. a military tribune</i>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>trīduum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> three days' time.<br /> +<br /> +<b>triumpho</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> triumph.<br /> +<br /> +<b>triumphus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> triumph.<br /> +<br /> +<b>trucīdo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> slaughter, butcher.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tū</b>, <b>tui</b>, thou, you;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>vosmet</b>, you yourselves.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>tuba</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> trumpet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tueor</b> (2), <i>tr.</i> gaze at; maintain, support.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tum</b>, <i>adv.</i> then;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>after</i> <b>deinde</b>, thirdly.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>tumultus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> disturbance.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span><b>tumulus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> hillock, height, stronghold.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tunc</b>, <i>adv.</i> then, at that time.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tunica</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> tunic.<br /> +<br /> +<b>turbulentus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, restless, troublesome.<br /> +<br /> +<b>turpis</b>, <b>-e</b>, base, disgraceful, shameful.<br /> +<br /> +<b>turpiter</b>, <i>adv.</i> disgracefully; <i>superl.</i> <b>turpissimē</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>turpitūdo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> baseness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tūtus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, safe; <i>adv.</i> <b>tūto</b>, in safety.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, thy, your.<br /> +<br /> +<b>tyrannus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> despot, tyrant.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>U</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>ūber</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> pap, teat.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ubī</b>, <i>adv. or conj.</i> where, when.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ubinam</b>, <i>adv.</i> where?<br /> +<br /> +<b>ulciscor</b>, <b>ultus sum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ullus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, any.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ultro</b>, <i>adv.</i> voluntarily, unasked.<br /> +<br /> +<b>umquam</b>, <i>adv.</i> ever.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūnā</b>, <i>adv.</i> at the same time, in company.<br /> +<br /> +<b>undique</b>, <i>adv.</i> on all sides.<br /> +<br /> +<b>unguentum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> unguent, perfume.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūnicē</b>, <i>adv.</i> specially, wonderfully.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūniversus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, entire, whole, general.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūnus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, one, alone.<br /> +<br /> +<b>urbānus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, of the city, in the city.<br /> +<br /> +<b>urbs</b>, <b>-bis</b>, <i>f.</i> city.<br /> +<br /> +<b>usque</b>, <i>adv.</i> all the time, continually; <b>usque ad</b>, even to.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūsūra</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> use, enjoyment, interest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>usurpo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> use, apply.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ut</b> <i>or</i> <b>uti</b>, <i>adv. or conj.</i> as, how, when;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>c. subjunct.</i> in order that, so that, that.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>uterque</b>, <b>utraque</b>, <b>utrumque</b>, each of two; <i>plur.</i> each of two sets.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūtilis</b>, <b>-e</b>, useful, expedient.<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūtilitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> advantage, interest.<br /> +<br /> +<b>utinam</b>, <i>adv.</i> would that?<br /> +<br /> +<b>ūtor</b>, <b>ūsus sum</b> (3), <i>intr. c. abl.</i> use, enjoy, experience, find.<br /> +<br /> +<b>utrum</b>, <i>interrog. adv.</i> whether (<i>but not translated in direct questions</i>).<br /> +<br /> +<b>uxor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, <i>f.</i> wife.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<b>V</b><br /> +<br /> +<b>vacillo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> totter, stagger.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vacuēfacio</b>, <b>-fēci</b>, <b>-factum</b> (3), <i>tr.</i> empty, clear, free.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vacuus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, empty, free from.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vadimōnium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> bail.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vāgīna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> sheath, scabbard.<br /> +<br /> +<b>valdē</b>, <i>adv.</i> very much, exceedingly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>valeo</b> (2), <i>intr.</i> have strength, have influence.<br /> +<br /> +<b>varietās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> difference, change.<br /> +<br /> +<b>varius</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, diverse, various.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vastātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> plundering, devastation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vastitās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> devastation.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vasto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> waste, devastate.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vātēs</b>, <b>-is</b>, <i>c.</i> soothsayer, prophet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vectīgal</b>, <b>-ālis</b>, <i>n.</i> tax, revenue.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vehemens</b>, <b>-ntis</b>, vigorous, violent, efficacious, severe.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vehementer</b>, <i>adv.</i> strongly, greatly, seriously, violently;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>compar.</i><b>vehementius</b>, <i>superl.</i> <b>vehementissimē</b>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>vēlum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> veil.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vēna</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> vein.<br /> +<br /> +<b>venēficus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> poisoner.<br /> +<br /> +<b>veneror</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> worship.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span><b>venio</b>, <b>vēni</b>, <b>ventum</b> (4), <i>intr.</i> come.<br /> +<br /> +<b>verbum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> word.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vērē</b>, <i>adv.</i> truly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vereor</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> fear.<br /> +<br /> +<b>versor</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> move, dwell, abide, am concerned.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vērus,-a,-um</b>, true;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>vērum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> truth;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adv. <b>vēro</b>, in truth, however;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>adv. or conj.</i> <b>vērum</b>, truly, but in truth, but.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>vespera</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> evening.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vester</b>, <b>-tra</b>, <b>-trum</b>, your.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vestīgium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> step, track, trace; <i>plur.</i> ruins.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vetus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, old, former.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vexātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> trouble, distress, insult.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vexo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> trouble, harass.<br /> +<br /> +<b>via</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> way, road, course.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vibro</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> brandish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vicēsimus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, twentieth.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīcīnus</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>m.</i> neighbour.<br /> +<br /> +<b>victor</b>, <b>-ōris</b>, victorious.<br /> +<br /> +<b>victōria</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> victory.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vidēlicet</b>, <i>adv.</i> clearly, evidently.<br /> +<br /> +<b>video</b>, <b>vīdi</b>, <b>vīsum</b> (2), <i>tr. or intr.</i> see, make sure;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><b>videor</b>, seem, seem right.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>vigilia</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> wakefulness, watch;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> guard, patrol.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>vigilo</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> keep awake, am watchful, am on the watch.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīlis</b>, <b>-e</b>, cheap, unimportant.<br /> +<br /> +<b>villa</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> country-house, farm.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vinco</b>, <b>vīci</b>, <b>victum</b> (3), <i>tr. or intr.</i> conquer, outweigh.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vinculum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> chain; <i>in plur.</i> prison, imprisonment.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vindex</b>, <b>-icis</b>, <i>c.</i> avenger, punisher.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vindico</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> punish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīnum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> wine.<br /> +<br /> +<b>violo</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> injure, do outrage to.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vir</b>, <b>viri</b>, <i>m.</i> man.<br /> +<br /> +<b>virgo</b>, <b>-inis</b>, <i>f.</i> maiden.<br /> +<br /> +<b>virtūs</b>, <b>-ūtis</b>, <i>f.</i> manliness, courage, goodness.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīs</b>, <b>vim</b>, <b>vi</b>, <i>f.</i> force, power;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>plur.</i> <b>vīrēs</b>, <b>-ium</b>, strength.</span><br /> +<br /> +<b>viscera</b>, <b>-um</b>, <i>n. plur.</i> inner parts, vitals.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīta</b>, <b>-ae</b>, <i>f.</i> life.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vitium</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> vice, fault.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīto</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> avoid, escape.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vituperātio</b>, <b>-ōnis</b>, <i>f.</i> blame, censure.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīvo</b>, <b>-xi</b>, <b>-ctum</b> (3), <i>intr.</i> live.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vīvus</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b>, alive.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vix</b>, <i>adv.</i> scarcely, hardly.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vixdum</b>, <i>adv.</i> scarcely yet.<br /> +<br /> +<b>voco</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> call, summon.<br /> +<br /> +<b>volito</b> (1), <i>intr.</i> fly about, flit about, flutter.<br /> +<br /> +<b>volo</b>, <b>volui</b>, <b>velle</b>, <i>tr. or intr.</i> wish.<br /> +<br /> +<b>voluntās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> wish, will, intention; good-will.<br /> +<br /> +<b>voluptās</b>, <b>-ātis</b>, <i>f.</i> pleasure, joy.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vosmet</b>, <i>see</i> <b>tu</b>.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vōtum</b>, <b>-i</b>, <i>n.</i> vow, prayer.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vox</b>, <b>vōcis</b>, <i>f.</i> voice, speech, word.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vulnero</b> (1), <i>tr.</i> wound.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vulnus</b>, <b>-eris</b>, <i>n.</i> wound.<br /> +<br /> +<b>vultus</b>, <b>-ūs</b>, <i>m.</i> countenance, features, expression.<br /> +<br /><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h5>PRINTED IN ENGLAND<br /> +AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS<br /> +</h5> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /><br /></p> + + + +<h2>THE OXFORD<br /> +ELEMENTARY READERS<br /><br /></h2> + + +<p class="center"><b>By <span class="smcap">J. 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Rice Holmes</span></b>.</p> + +<p><b>Caesar's Campaigns in Britain</b>, de Bello Gallico Commentarii Quartus +(xx-xxxviii) et Quintus, with a vocabulary by <span class="smcap">G. G. Loane</span>. Cr. 8vo, pp. +160, with five maps and illustrations. 1s. 6d.<br /><br /></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>By <span class="smcap">C. E. Freeman</span></b>.<br /></p> + +<p><b>A Greek Reader for Schools.</b> Adapted from Aesop, Theophrastus, Lucian, +Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato. Edited with introductions, +notes, and vocabularies by <span class="smcap">C. E. Freeman</span> and <span class="smcap">W. D. Lowe</span>. Cr. 8vo, pp. +146, 2s. 6d.<br /><br /></p> + + +<hr style="width: 100%;" /> +<p><br /></p> + +<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + +<p>References in the index sometimes refer to the text, sometimes to the +notes (indicated by the suffix <i>n.</i>). Many of the text-references are +clarified by explanations in the notes. This may be readily checked by +clicking on the section-number on the right hand side of the text. +(Please note that there are no notes for Oration 2 sections 23, 29 and +Oration 3 section 1.) Several references are made to two or more +sections in sequence (e.g. "3. 4-16"). In such cases the link is made to +the first section in the sequence only.</p> + +<p>Similarly in the Notes section, cross-references sometimes refer to the text, +sometimes to other notes (indicated by "see on ..." or simular +phrasing). When a specific cross-reference is to another note, the link leads +directly to the note; but if the link leads to the text, a check for a +possible note may be made by clicking on the section-number on the right +hand side of the text.</p> + +<p>In the Notes section, some words being glossed have occasionally not +been set in bold type. These have been amended.</p> + +<p>Other amendments:</p> + +<p>Notes 17: Missing single quote added before "and that, if I Punished +him".</p> + +<p>Notes p. 30: "is it" amended to "it is".</p> + +<p>Notes p. 33: period added after "Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 679".</p> + +<p>Vocabulary p. 59: "exspectation" amended to "expectation".</p> + +<p>Vocabulary p. 62: "iam iūdum" amended to "iam dūdum".</p> + +<p>Vocabulary p. 71: period added after "arrive".</p> + +<p>Vocabulary p. 77: period added after "thirst".</p> + +<p>Vocabulary p. 81: period added after "tr" in the definition of "vibro"; +also on p. 81: semicolon added after "power" in the definition of "vis".</p> + +<p>Ellipses follow LOTE rules in Latin phrases (e.g. either . . . or).</p> + +<p>B. C. has been condensed to B.C., i. e. to i.e., e. g. to e.g., and v. l. to v.l.</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cicero, Catilinarian Orations, by Cicero + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CICERO, CATILINARIAN ORATIONS *** + +***** This file should be named 39355-h.htm or 39355-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/3/5/39355/ + +Produced by A www.PGDP.net Volunteer, Margo Romberg, Riikka +Talonpoika and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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