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diff --git a/39148-h/39148-h.htm b/39148-h/39148-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7ca6814 --- /dev/null +++ b/39148-h/39148-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6279 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; + font-size: 12pt; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + font-size: 12pt; + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha +Woodroof) Hiden</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: How Justice Grew</p> +<p> Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation</p> +<p>Author: Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden</p> +<p>Release Date: March 15, 2012 [eBook #39148]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Mark C. Orton, Eric Skeet,<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h1>HOW JUSTICE GREW</h1> + +<h2>Virginia Counties: An Abstract<br /> +of Their Formation</h2> + +<h3>By<br /> +<span class="smcap">Martha W. Hiden</span><br /> +Member of Executive Board of<br /> +Virginia Historical Society</h3> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h4> +<span class="smcap">Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Williamsburg, Virginia</span><br /> +1957</h4> + +<h5> +COPYRIGHT©, 1957 BY<br /> +VIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION<br /> +CORPORATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA</h5> + +<h6>Jamestown 350th Anniversary<br /> +Historical Booklet, Number 19</h6> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>HOW JUSTICE GREW</h2> + +<h3>Virginia Counties: An Abstract<br /> +of Their Formation</h3> + +<p>In addition to their human cargo, the poultry and fruit acquired in the +West Indies, the clothing, household gear, and other possessions of the +passengers, the <i>Susan Constant</i>, <i>Godspeed</i> and <i>Discovery</i> had a large +though imponderable cargo of English laws, customs and religion. The +colonists had left England, neither driven out nor seeking escape, but +to found a new England in a new world.</p> + +<p>Though the seat of government was at "King James His +Towne," the natural curiosity to explore and the economic necessity +for means of livelihood caused settlements to spring up farther +and farther away. Despite the fact that the colonists were +in a region where rivers and numerous streams afforded easy +transportation interrupted only for short periods by ice in winter, +attendance at court in Jamestown was burdensome.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Four Corporations</span></p> + +<p>By 17 June 1617, Governor Samuel Argall had established +the four great divisions of the colony, namely: "the incorporations +and parishes of James City, Charles City, Henrico and +Kikotan" (later Elizabeth City). The Eastern Shore settlements +were not included in this division.</p> + +<p>Each of the incorporations mentioned above and the Eastern +Shore contained one or more boroughs or settlements. Eleven +of the settlements in the four incorporations were represented +by two Burgesses each, in the first General Assembly. This, the +first legislative assembly of English speaking people in the Western +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +hemisphere, convened on 30 July 1619 in the church at +Jamestown. Itself based on the English Parliament as a model, +it became the model followed by all succeeding British colonies +including Australia. The colonial assembly next in age to Virginia's +is that of Bermuda established in 1620. In the <i>Journals +of the House of Burgesses</i>, the names of the Burgesses for the +1619 Assembly are arranged by the cities and plantations they +represented. In the Journal of the second Assembly that is extant, +1623/24, for the first and only time, the plantations are +grouped under the corporations of which they were a part, except +Eastern Shore, which, as has been noted, was a separate +entity.</p> + +<p>In 1621, a charter from the Company confirmed former grants +and provided "that the Governor should call the General Assembly +once a year, and initiate the policy of the form of government, +laws, customs, manner of trial and other administration +of justice used in England." Governor Wyatt at the same time +was ordered to make arrangements for "dividing the colony into +cities, boroughs, etc., ... and to appoint proper times for administration +... and law suits." William Stith in his <i>History of +Virginia</i> states: "Inferior courts were therefore in the beginning +of the year 1621 appointed in convenient places to relieve the +Governor and Council of the vast burthen of business and to +render justice more cheap and accessible. This was the original +and foundation of our County Courts, although the country +was not yet laid off in counties."</p> + +<p>The General Assembly of 1623/24 provided "that there shall +be courts kept once a month in the corporations of Charles City +and Elizabeth City for the deciding of suits and controversies not +exceeding the value of one hundred pounds of tobacco and for +punishing of petty offenses." As a consequence of this act, the +question of the metes and bounds of these corporations, Charles +City, Henrico, Elizabeth City and James City, became important, +since suits must perforce be instituted in the court having jurisdiction +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +over that particular area. Mr. Nathaniel C. Hale, in his +interesting book on William Claiborne called <i>Virginia Venturer</i>, +shows that William Claiborne in 1621, was appointed a surveyor +for the colony and comments that heretofore boundaries of land +had been located with ungraduated mariners' compasses and +described by careless references to natural limits.</p> + +<p>Apparently the Jamestown Court with those of Charles City +and Elizabeth City was adequate for several years, but in February +1631/32 the Assembly passed an act adding five more as +follows: "for the upper parts"; "for Warwick River; for Warrosquyoake; +for Elizabeth City; for Accawmacke." Presumably, +since the order had been that the new courts were to be held +"in remote parts of the colony," the phrase "upper parts" would +mean the most western part of Henrico Corporation, and the +Elizabeth City Court would be for the south side of Hampton +Roads. This seems logical since the north side had been settled +first, was more populous and was not remote from Jamestown.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Eight Original Shires</span></p> + +<p>But the colony was growing too fast for this arrangement to +continue adequate for long. With a population of about 5,000 persons, +the time for division into shires or counties was at hand. +It may be noted that, though these units were designated as +shires in the Act of the General Assembly creating them, they +were, after that, always called counties. Their functions were +the same as those of their English prototypes, but conditions here +required two changes which will be mentioned later.</p> + +<p>The names of the four corporations, Charles City, Henrico, +James City and Elizabeth City were kept for four of the newly +created counties, but their areas were lessened. The four new +divisions were: Warwick River, later called Warwick; Warrosquyoake, +later Isle of Wight; Charles River, later changed to +York, and Accomack which embraced all the settlements on the +Eastern Shore of Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[4]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><img src="images/ill01.jpg" alt="Rapid Growth of Settlement" /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> + +<p>The tender feeling for the homeland is evidenced by the fact +that six out of the "eight original shires," as they are generally +called, bore names reminiscent of England. Henrico perpetuated +Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I whose early death made +even more difficult the first years of the Colony. Charles City +honored his brother Charles, later Charles I, who combined, to +his undoing, the charm and obstinacy of the Stuarts. Elizabeth +City and the river of the same name derive from Princess Elizabeth, +the oldest sister of Henry and Charles. She married Frederick, +for a time King of Bohemia, but later overthrown and +exiled. Though her life was bitter and tragic, her descendants +since 1714 have occupied the throne of Britain. James City was, +of course, for King James I, of whom it was said that his instructors +had given him an abundance of knowledge but had been +unable to give him sense. Warwick's name was for Robert Rich, +Earl of Warwick, leader of one of the factions of the Virginia +Company, who had founded and cared for the colony. He belonged +to the "Court Party" which wished to continue martial +law in the colony and opposed the liberal views of Sir Edwin +Sandys and the Earl of Southampton. For awhile the Sandys +faction was in control and the "Great Charter of Laws, Orders +and Privileges" brought over by Sir George Yeardley was the +expression of their views on colonial government. But the "Court +Party" prevailed in the end and the charter of the Virginia Company +was revoked in 1624. Charles River County presumably +took its name from Charles I, who was King when it was formed. +In 1642/43 when it became York, the change was made to honor +James, the second son of Charles I, who in that year was created +Duke of York. Warrosquyoake, an Indian word, was later Isle +of Wight County since some of its most prominent residents were +from the small island of that name lying off the English coast. +The Parish lying in and coterminous with Isle of Wight County +was called Newport from the largest city in the English island. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +Accomack honored the friendly tribe of Indians of that name +residing on the Eastern Shore.</p> + +<p>The bounds of these eight counties as noted in Tyler's <i>The +Cradle of the Republic</i> were as follows:</p> + +<p>Elizabeth City County extending on both sides of Hampton +Roads, on the south side to Chuckatuck Creek and on the north +side to Newport News and including a small part thereof.</p> + +<p>Warrosquyoake County, later Isle of Wight, extending on the +south side of James River from Chuckatuck Creek to Lawne's +Creek.</p> + +<p>Warwick River County extending on the north side of James +River from Elizabeth City County to Skiffe's (Keith's) Creek. +This is the only original shire from which no other county was +formed. The name was changed to Warwick County in 1643.</p> + +<p>James City County extending on both sides of James River, +on the south side from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes +Creek and on the north side from Skiffe's Creek to above Sandy +Point.</p> + +<p>Charles City County also extending on both sides of James +River, on the south side from Upper Chippokes Creek to Appomattox +River and on the north side from Sandy Point to Turkey +Island Creek.</p> + +<p>Henrico County extending from Charles City County on both +sides of James River indefinitely westward.</p> + +<p>Charles River County, later York, lay to the north of Warwick +County and adjoined Elizabeth City County on the east. +Its north and west boundaries were indefinite. The colonists +soon crossed the York River to establish plantations along its +northern bank and settled as far west as the Pamunkey River.</p> + +<p>Accomack, the eighth shire, like York County, showed the +vitality of the colonists in pushing settlements away from the +vicinity of Jamestown into uncharted wilds.</p> + +<p>The Potomac River was the dividing line between Virginia +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +and Maryland, and on the Eastern Shore the division was approximately +in line with the mouth of this river. Settling on the +Shore in 1616, the colonists moved slowly northward. The Indians +were friendly, transportation easy, climate mild, and soil +fertile. There was no impediment to growth.</p> + +<p>The population of the colony is estimated to have been around +5,000 persons in 1634 as has been noted. Six years later it had +increased about 50%, being 7,466 persons. One factor in this +growth was the unrest in England at this time which culminated +a few years later in bitter civil war.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Colonial Courts</span></p> + +<p>We have mentioned that the creation of counties with their +courts had in view to render justice more accessible to all. There +were by 1642, in the colony six kinds of courts for the administration +of justice.</p> + +<p>The first of these was the magistrate's court. In 1642, an Act +of the Assembly empowered a magistrate or justice to try a case +involving not over twenty shillings in currency or 200 pounds +of tobacco in value. In 1657/58, the amount could be as much +as 1,000 pounds of tobacco if two magistrates were present but +only 350 pounds if but one magistrate tried the case. The appeal +from the magistrate's court was to the monthly court.</p> + +<p>The next court was the parish court. In the seventeenth century +only one of these courts existed in Virginia and that only +for a short time. This was the court of Bristol Parish which most +likely sat in the old Merchants Hope Church, still standing and +still in use. The court was discontinued before the end of the +seventeenth century, and its papers passed into the custody of +the Henrico County Court. A parish court was in a way a vestigial +body, a relic of days when the authority of the church +was preeminent in both civil and ecclesiastical matters.</p> + +<p>The third recourse for justice was to the monthly court, +developed according to Stith, from the inferior court established +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +in 1621. The Governor named the first justices of a new county, +renamed justices in the old counties and filled every vacancy +as it occurred. By Act of Assembly in 1628/29, the number of +justices was to be eight, but later it was increased to ten. Four +constituted a quorum. Three other members of the bench associated +with one member of the quorum, who had a different +status from the other justices, formed a sufficient number to make +a valid court. The person whose name appeared at the head of +the list of those constituting the quorum probably served as presiding +justice; in his absence, the one named second and so on +down the list. No pay was provided for the justices.</p> + +<p>In 1642, the Assembly ordered that at least six monthly courts +be held every year and the justices were empowered to determine +when extra sessions were necessary. At the same time, another +Act of Assembly provided that Henrico should hold court on the +first day of every month; Charles City on the third; James City +on the sixth; Isle of Wight on the ninth; Upper Norfolk (later +Nansemond) on the twelfth; Elizabeth City on the eighteenth; +Warwick on the twenty-first; York on the twenty-fourth; and +Northampton, (formerly Accomack) on the twenty-eighth. The +careful spacing between these courts enabled attorneys to appear +in cases in different counties with no conflict of dates.</p> + +<p>The range of cases that could come before a monthly court +was naturally wider than could come before a magistrate. As +much as ten pounds sterling could be involved in a suit and +there was no appeal from the decision; when larger amounts +were involved, the defeated litigant could appeal to the General +Court. All questions where injury to life or limb was at stake +went before the General Court.</p> + +<p>The monthly county courts had, in a general way, a jurisdiction +resembling the combined jurisdiction of the English Chancery +Court, King's Bench, Common Pleas, Court Exchequer, +Admiralty and Ecclesiastical. The justices of the monthly courts +looked after the poor and afflicted, held special orphan courts at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +least once a year, granted probates of wills, passed on appraisements +of estates as presented to them for inspection, on inventories +and estate accounts which also were presented for their +scrutiny, and recorded conveyances of land.</p> + +<p>Recordation of land conveyances is one of the two differences +between the monthly court of a Virginia county and its British +prototype. There conveyances were private property and retained +in private ownership. Manor houses of old English estates often +had a room called the "Muniment room" where deeds, inventories, +rent rolls and such family papers, often including copies +of wills, were kept. The name derived from a Latin word meaning +to fortify or strengthen, since the deeds strengthened the +validity of ownership claimed by the holder of the land. The +other function of the monthly court in Virginia different from +the English Shire Court was the power to probate wills. In England +probate of wills was in the prerogative courts of Canterbury +and York. Probably since there was no diocesan see in Virginia, +Virginia being in the diocese of London, the monthly court offered +the most feasible place of probate.</p> + +<p>It has been noted that there was a limit to the powers of this +court and that cases which it could not hear went before the +General Court. This court was composed of the Governor and +his Council of State. It met semi-annually, 15 April and 15 +October, each term lasting at least eighteen days. The Governor +presided at these sessions. The presence of five members was +necessary for the transaction of business. The <i>Minutes of the +Council and General Court</i> are extant for the years 1622-1632 +and abstracts for the years 1670-1676. They were published in +one volume by the Virginia State Library in 1924 and are helpful +in acquiring a general picture of life in the colony in the seventeenth +century.</p> + +<p>The General Assembly was also a judicial body with power +to render decisions. At its afternoon session the 22nd day of +September 1674, a cause came before the Council and General +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> +Court which had originated in Accomack County. The Court +made no decision but ordered it "referred to the Assembly by +reason it very much concern the country." From that one would +infer that causes involving general principles were deemed proper +for discussion and decision by the Burgesses who represented +the entire colony, since all would be affected by the decision.</p> + +<p>The Court of Admiralty, the last dispenser of justice in the +colony, seems to have been established about 1697 under the +governorship of Sir Edmund Andros. Previously such matters +as would come within the province of this court had been handled +by other judicial procedures, as they were later. The instances +of piracy were not numerous enough to justify the maintenance +of a Court of Admiralty in Virginia. No records of this +court survive.</p> + +<p>It may seem we have wandered far from the formation of +counties, but since the accessibility of justice for all was a prime +consideration in their creation, it would appear well to examine +the means by which the average citizen could have his grievances +heard and decided. The importance of the county monthly court +in his life cannot be overestimated. While on business at court, +he had opportunity to see his friends, play cards, gamble, race +horses, fight, drink, "swap" horses and other livestock, attend +the muster of county militia to which he belonged, and see the +newest articles imported from England. The county court and +his parish church services were his chief contacts with the world +that lay beyond his plantation.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">"Justice Accessible to All." County Divisions Begin</span></p> + +<p>Scarcely had the eight original counties begun to function +before the expansion of population forced the erection of a new +one. In 1636 that part of Elizabeth City County lying on the +south side of Hampton Roads became a separate entity under +the name of New Norfolk, a name probably derived from the +English shire. No court records of this year survive. The next +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +year 1637, New Norfolk itself was divided into Lower Norfolk +and Upper Norfolk counties.</p> + +<p>Also in 1637, Warrosquyoake County lost its Indian name, +becoming Isle of Wight. By Act of Assembly passed in January +1639/40, the bounds between these three counties were set as +follows: Isle of Wight to begin at Lawne's Creek, thence down +the main river to Richard Hays's, formerly John Seaward's, including +the said plantation and families and from thence from +the main river into the woods southerly to the plantation of William +Nowell and Mr. Robert Pitt, with the said plantation and +families, and thence south as aforesaid. The Upper County of +New Norfolk to begin at the aforesaid plantation of Richard +Hays, from thence southerly into the woods as aforesaid, and +by the main river, from thence to extend down by the main +river unto the creek near the plantation of Francis Bullock being +the first creek to the westward of Crany Point including the +plantation of the said Francis Bullock and no ways intrenching +upon the Western Branch of Elizabeth River nor the creek thereof +which do belong to the county of Lower Norfolk. The parishes +in these counties were ordered to be coterminous with the bounds +of the counties. Upper Norfolk County kept its name only a few +years; in March 1645/46, the Assembly directed it should "be +from henceforth nominated and called county of Nansemun."</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Indian District Chickacoan Becomes Northumberland</span></p> + +<p>Whether because of the Puritan element in Nansemond or +because of Quakers resident there, who on account of their +aversion to war were of no aid against the Indians, settlement +for the first time turned away from Tidewater to the area lying +between the Rappahannock and the Potomac Rivers. Because +of its fertile soil, easy transportation and healthful climate, the +colonists patented land in this favored region in increasing numbers. +By 1645 the county of Northumberland had been formed +and organized. Although we have no Act of Assembly to establish +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> +the date of its formation, an item from a volume of <i>Maryland +Archives</i> under date of 1645 referring to Lieutenant Colonel +John Trussell of the county of Northumberland shows the +county was then functioning.</p> + +<p>The area from which Northumberland was formed had borne +the Indian name of Chickacoan. It was a border settlement with +no stable government and in need of law and order. Northumberland +extended from the Potomac to and across the Rappahannock +River and from the tip of "Northern Neck," as the territory +lying between the two rivers was called, indefinitely westward. +The name derives from the English shire, Northumberland.</p> + +<p>Population of the colony is estimated to have been about +15,000 in 1649, 500 of whom were negroes, and in 1654, 21,600 +persons. This rapid growth was due largely to the Civil War +in England which made Virginia a haven of refuge for many.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northumberland Divided</span></p> + +<p>In 1651, that portion of Northumberland lying on both sides +of the Rappahannock River was divided and a new county, called +Lancaster from the English shire of that name, was formed.</p> + +<p>Colonists were moving westward in Northumberland and the +distance to its courthouse made attendance at court difficult. In +1653, the new county of Westmoreland was set up from the +western end of Northumberland to take care of these new residents. +Its boundaries were "from Machoatoke River where Mr. +Cole lives and so upwards to the falls of the great river of Potomac +above the Necostins Town." It did not extend across the +Rappahannock River. The "Mr. Cole" referred to is probably the +Richard Cole, who in his will, directed that an elaborate tombstone +be ordered for him carrying the following inscription:</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left:20%"> +"Here lies Dick Cole a grievous sinner</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:20%">Who died shortly before dinner</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:20%">Yet hopes in Heaven to find a place</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:20%">To satiate his soul with grace."</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> + +<p>Westmoreland, destined to share with Charles City County the +distinction of being the birthplace of two Presidents of the United +States, is a beautifully situated area with famous estates on +its fertile lands. Among these should be mentioned "Stratford," +the birthplace of two Signers of the Declaration of Independence, +Richard Lee and Francis Lightfoot Lee, and of General Robert +E. Lee.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">New Tidewater Counties</span></p> + +<p>Leaving the rapidly growing Northern Neck of Virginia, we +return to the Tidewater area to see the developments there. Just +as the 1622 Massacre had retarded settlements on the south +bank of the York River, so the 1644 Massacre had delayed expansion +on the north side of the York. Although in 1648 a petition +was presented to the Assembly reciting "the great and +clamorous necessities of divers of the inhabitants occasioned +and brought upon them through the mean produce of their +labours upon barren and over-wrought grounds" and praying +leave to settle on the north side of Charles (York) and Rappahannock +Rivers, the Assembly postponed the date of such settlement +until 1 September 1649. It seems to have been about two +years later, 1651, before Gloucester County was established, and +Burgesses from the new county are first listed in April 1652.</p> + +<p>It may be mentioned that this is an early example of the cause +underlying a great deal of the migration in Virginia: "barren +and over-wrought grounds," the toll that tobacco yearly exacted +from the soil and the continuing need for new land to cultivate +in order to produce profitable crops of tobacco.</p> + +<p>Only a little later than the northward expansion of York, evidenced +by the new county of Gloucester, came its growth to the +west. In 1654, Captain Robert Abrell appeared in the Assembly +as Burgess from New Kent County. Like Gloucester, it derived +from an English shire of the same name, and was bestowed in +honor of Colonel William Claiborne of Crayford, Kent, England, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +at this date a distinguished resident of the new county. +Its bounds were "from the west side of Skimeno Creek to the +heads of Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers and down to the head +of the west side of Poropotank Creek."</p> + +<p>Expansion also had taken place on the south side of James +River directly across from Jamestown. The easterly bound of +James City across the river was Lawne's Creek established in +1634 when the county of Warrosquyoake (Isle of Wight) was +formed. The west boundary on the south side of the river was +Upper Chippokes Creek. This, too, had been set up in 1634. +Now in 1652, this area lying between these two creeks became +Surry. Though named for the English shire, the spelling of the +Virginia county has always omitted the "e" the English Surrey +uses. It is said the name was selected because Surrey in England +has the same geographical position to London as the Virginia +Surry has to Jamestown, then the seat of government.</p> + +<p>With the formation of Surry County the needs of the population +were satisfied for exactly 51 years. Not until 1703 was +another south side division needed.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Northern Neck and The Eastern Shore Divide</span></p> + +<p>Not so along the Rappahannock, for by 1656 only three years +after Westmoreland was created, a petition was presented to +the Assembly by "the inhabitants of the lower part of Lancaster +County showing their vast distance from the county courts" +and praying that a division be made. The Assembly acceded to +their wishes, ordering "the upper part of Mr. Bennett's land +known by the name of Naemhock on the south side of the +easternmost branch of Morattico Creek on the north side the +river be the lowermost bounds of the upper county; the lower +county to retain the name of Lancaster and the upper county to +be named Rappahannock County." This division followed the +bounds of two parishes previously established.</p> + +<p class="center"><img src="images/ill02.jpg" alt="King William County Courthouse" /></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill03.jpg" alt="Hanover County Courthouse" /></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill04.jpg" alt="Isle of Wight County Clerk's Office" /></p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p>The formation of Rappahannock County in 1656 ended the +list of counties formed in the decade 1650 to 1660.</p> + +<p>The next development was on the Eastern Shore. It had become +sufficiently populous to support two county governments +and in an Act of the Assembly March 1661/62 reference is +made to the two counties. The southern part of the peninsula +retained the name it had borne for twenty years, Northampton, +and the county to the north assumed the name once borne by +the entire peninsula, Accomack. The question of the boundary +line between the two divisions dragged on for twenty-five years, +being settled 22 March 1687/88. It has remained fixed. The +boundary between Virginia and Maryland also was long in dispute, +but Watkins Point at the mouth of Pocomoke River on +its north side is the western end of the line. The line across +the peninsula was set at a little north of the point.</p> + +<p>With Eastern Shore divided into two counties, no further +growth was possible and the peninsula remains two counties.</p> + +<p>The next county to be formed in the colony was Stafford, +which lies on the north side of the Rappahannock River to +the west of Westmoreland. The name is in honor of an English +shire. When formed in 1664, it was a border county with constant +fear of Indian attacks since an established Indian trail regularly +used by their hunting parties lay within its territory. Its +north and west boundaries were not well defined, but included +the area later Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Loudoun and +Alexandria (now Arlington) Counties.</p> + +<p>Middlesex County, next to be noted, was functioning as a +county in 1669 as Mr. F. W. Sydnor demonstrated in an article +in <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>, Volume 42. It +was taken from Lancaster County, being the portion that lies on +the south side of the Rappahannock River and extends to Dragon +Run, the northern boundary of Gloucester. It had been the southern +part of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster and retained the +same parish name. Christ Church was the only parish and coterminous +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +with Middlesex County. By good fortune, Christ +Church in Lancaster and Christ Church in Middlesex are still +preserved and in use. Both the Register and Vestry Book of the +latter have survived the years, the former begins in 1653 and the +latter ten years later. No Register of Christ Church Lancaster +survives, and the extant Vestry Book covers only the years 1739 +to 1786. Middlesex, never large, was, in colonial days, the home +of numerous distinguished families, among them the Wormeleys, +whose house "Rosegill" has seen many important historical +events. The name Middlesex is for the English shire, doubtless +the birthplace of many early residents of the Virginia County.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Colony Prospers Under A King and Queen and Two<br /> +New Counties Honor the Royal Family</span></p> + +<p>After Middlesex in 1669, there was a hiatus of 22 years before +a new county was created. In that period, the colony's fortunes +had been checkered, and unrest and depression had been widespread. +Troubles with the Indians, Bacon's Rebellion and economic +ills, which led to tobacco cutting, all combined to make +Virginia a gloomy place. The accession of James II brought no +improvement in England, and the time was ripe for revolution. +James II was forced to flee. He was succeeded by his daughter +Mary and her husband, who was his nephew, Prince William of +Orange. Under their rule, both England and Virginia became +more prosperous. The next new county, King and Queen, created +1691, was named in their honor. This was formed from +New Kent, "so that Pamunkey River divide the same, and so +down York River to the extent of the county, and that the part +which is now on the south side of York and Pamunkey River +be called New Kent, and the north side with Pamunkey Neck +be called and known by the name of King and Queen county." +It was enacted further "that the inhabitants of Pamunkey +Neck, that now belong to St. Peter's Parish be restored and added +to St. John's Parish from which they formerly were taken, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +that the Pamunkey River be the bounds betwixt the two parishes."</p> + +<p>About the same time Lower Norfolk became populous enough +to justify the formation of a new county. This was to begin "at +the new inlet of Little Creek and so up the said creek to the dams +between Jacob Johnson and Richard Drout and so out of the said +dams up a branch the head of which branch lyeth between the +dwelling house of William Moseley, Senr., and the new dwelling +house of Edmond Webb, and so to run from the head of the +said branch on a direct line to the dams at the head of the +Eastern branch of Elizabeth River, the which dams lie between +James Kemp and Thomas Ivy, and so down the said branch to the +mouth of a small branch or gutt that divides the land which Mr. +John Porter now lives on from the land he formerly lived on, +and so up the said small branch according to the bounds of the +said plantation where the said Porter now liveth, and from thence +to the great swamp that lieth on the east side of John Showlands +and so along the said great swamp to the North River of Currituck +and down the said North River to the mouth of Simpson's +Creek and so up the said creek to the head thereof and from +thence by a south line to the bounds of Carolina." The name of +this new division was Princess Anne honoring the second daughter +of James II by his first wife Anne Hyde, and the sister of +Queen Mary. Later Princess Anne became a very popular Queen, +Fluvanna County, the Rivanna River, the North Anna and +South Anna and the Rapidan River all being named for her. At +the same time that Princess Anne was formed, the name of Lower +Norfolk was changed to Norfolk County.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Richmond and Essex From Old Rappahannock</span></p> + +<p>Settlers had long found the Rappahannock River area attractive. +The county of this name, established in 1656, and lying on +both sides of the river, had grown steadily and its population was +sufficient to support two county governments. It was enacted that +the river be the dividing line, "that part which is now on the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +north side thereof be called and known by the name Richmond +County and that that which is now on the south side thereof be +called and known by the name of Essex County." It was further +ordered "that the records belonging to the county court of Rappahannock +before this division be kept in Essex County, that belonging +wholly to their majesties and the other to the proprietors +of the North Neck." This was a seemingly casual reference to +the grant Charles II had made to some of his supporters while +he was in exile and had confirmed on his coming to the throne; +it comprised over five million acres lying between the Potomac +and Rappahannock Rivers from their headsprings to the Chesapeake +Bay. Not until the colony became independent was the +Proprietary abolished.</p> + +<p>In 1702 another division was created. The land lying between +the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, known as Pamunkey Neck +was taken from King and Queen and became King William +County. This honored the reigning monarch, King William, +now a widower since the death of Queen Mary in 1694.</p> + +<p>King William died the same year his namesake county was +formed and his sister-in-law, Queen Anne came to the throne. +The first county formed thereafter honored her husband, the +Prince Consort, George of Denmark. The new county, Prince +George, embraced that portion of Charles City lying on the south +side of James River. The estate, "Brandon," and the third oldest +church building in Virginia known as Merchants Hope, are +within its confines.</p> + +<p>After a reign of twelve years Queen Anne died and the Elector +of Hanover ascended the throne as King George I of England. +Several years before this, the Tangier-born Alexander Spotswood +was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Virginia and took up his +residence in Williamsburg. Williamsburg had become the capital +in 1699. It was on higher land than malarial Jamestown and +a more healthful place to live.</p> + +<p>Governor Spotswood was active and eager to explore the resources +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +of the colony. One of his achievements was to lead a +group of adventurous persons to the summit of the Blue Ridge +and blaze the way for westward expansion. He also was interested +in bringing over from the German Palatinate colonists adept in +iron mining, and establishing them on the edges of older settlements. +This brought about the creation of several counties as we +shall see later.</p> + +<p>In 1721 the "Upper Inhabitants" of Richmond County because +of their great distance from the courthouse petitioned to become +a separate county. The eastern part lying below "Charles Beaver +Dams and from the head thereof by a north course to Westmoreland +County" was to retain the name Richmond and the part +above the said dams and course was to be King George County. +The name, of course, honored George I.</p> + +<p>When New Kent was formed in 1654 its western bounds were +indefinite. By 1721, however, the "Upper Inhabitants" of this +county were sufficiently numerous to petition for division on +account of their great distance from court. It was ordered that +"that part of the county lying below the Parish of St. Paul" was +to remain New Kent and the part lying in St. Paul's Parish was +to be known as Hanover County. The name again honors the +reigning monarch.</p> + +<p>Also in 1721, a third new county was formed and called Spotsylvania +for the energetic and capable Governor. Spotsylvania +was taken from Essex, and parts of King and Queen and King +William. The bounds of Spotsylvania specifically laid out in the +Act creating it were "upon Snow Creek up to the mill, thence by +a southwest line to the river, North Anna, thence up the river +as far as convenient and thence by a line to be run over the high +mountains to the river on the northwest side thereof, so as to +include the northern passage through the said mountains, thence +down the said river until it comes against the head of Rappahannock +thence, by a line to the head of Rappahannock River; and +down that river to the mouth of Snow Creek." Within the portion +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +of Spotsylvania that was taken from Essex, the Governor, some +years before, had located a group of German immigrants at a place +called Germanna on the Rapidan River.</p> + +<p>Besides the Germans, there was a group of Huguenots who +had come over a few years earlier and settled on the James River +some 20 miles above the Falls. There were also immigrants, both +from England and Scotland, who were loyal to the Stuart cause, +and its leader, James, son of James II by his second wife, Mary +of Modena. The rising of the Scotch clans in his favor in 1715 +was crushed by the battle of Preston. Many of the captured Highlanders +were deported to America and others, fearing capture, +emigrated. These three new factors in the life of the colony are +worthy of notice.</p> + +<p>In 1727/28, an Act was passed by the Assembly to take effect +the next year dividing the county of Henrico. The division was +to be "by a line on the north side James River beginning at the +mouth of Tuckahoe Creek thence up the said creek to Chumley's +Branch thence along a line of marked trees north twenty degrees +east to Hanover County and on the south side James River beginning +at the Lower Manachin Creek from thence along a line +of marked trees in a direct course to the mouth of Skinquarter +Creek on Appomattox River." The land to the east of this line +was to remain Henrico and that to the west to comprise the new +county of Goochland. Sir William Gooch had become Lieutenant +Governor of Virginia in 1727 and served 22 years. He was +probably the most popular of the colonial governors, seemingly +able to work harmoniously with the Council which was necessary +for success.</p> + +<p>At the same time that Goochland was formed another new +county came into being. This was described in the bill brought +before the House of Burgesses as "An act for erecting a new county +on the heads of Essex, King and Queen and King William +Counties and for calling the same Caroline County." The name +derives from Caroline of Anspach, Queen of George II who had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +succeeded his father, George I as King the year before. It will be +recalled that Queen Caroline gave money to Thomas Lee to aid +him in building "Stratford" when his former house had been +burned by criminals whom he, as a magistrate, had sentenced for +their misdeeds. Caroline County was not an expansion of settlements +as most of the other counties had been for it was bounded +completely by already established governments. Its creation, however, +was in line with the thesis already laid down "to make justice +accessible to all", and made court attendance more convenient +for dwellers in the northwest portions of Essex, King and Queen +and King William.</p> + +<p>Three years later, in 1731, a new county was created from +the northwest portions of Stafford and King George "above Choppawomsick +Creek on Potomac River and Deep Creek on Rappahannock +River and a southwest line to be made from the head +of the north branch of the said creek to the head of the said +Deep Run." This area was to be known as Prince William County +honoring by this title, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, +the King's brother. He was later known as "The Butcher +of Culloden" because of the ferocity of his treatment of the +Scotch Highlanders after the battle of Culloden in 1745. This +battle, so sanguinary and devastating in its effects, wiped out +the Stuart sympathizers and there were no further attempts to +depose the Hanoverian dynasty from the British throne. The +county seat is Manassas, near which were fought two battles of +the Civil War.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Brunswick and Migration Southward</span></p> + +<p>In 1720, the Assembly passed an act to be effective in 1721, +creating Spotsylvania County as has been mentioned. At the same +time, there was an act to form a county from the southern part of +Prince George County and name it Brunswick for the Duchy of +Brunswick which was then a possession of the Electorate of Hanover. +The description is as follows: that Brunswick County should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +begin "on the south side of the River Roanoke at the place where +the line lately run for ascertaining the uncontroverted bounds of +this colony towards North Carolina intersects the said river Roanoke +and to be bounded by the direction of the governor with +consent of council so as to include the southern pass." No steps +were taken for carrying out this act because of the small number +of settlers in the area, until May 1732, when it was enacted that +the earlier legislation become effective the first of January ensuing. +Setting up the county government had been made possible +by adding parts of Surry and Isle of Wight, thus increasing the +the number of tithables and lessening the amount of taxes each +would pay. The preamble to the act expresses this thought in +more precise phrase when it says "whereas by reason of the small +number of tithables in the county of Brunswick the poll taxes +must necessarily be very grievous and burthensome to them, +which by an addition of parts of the counties of Surry and Isle +of Wight would be remedied, and divers of the inhabitants of +the two last mentioned counties would thereby also be freed +from hardships and inconveniences which at present they labour +under."</p> + +<p>The reference to the line lately run "between Virginia and +North Carolina" is the famous survey made by Col. William +Byrd, Major William Mayo, John Irvine and others which forms +the subject of <i>The History of the Dividing Line</i> written by Colonel +Byrd. The Mayo River in Patrick and Henry Counties perpetuates +the name of Major Mayo, the skilled surveyor in the +party. The entire boundary was not surveyed then, in fact it +was a good many years later before it was necessary to have a +clear limit between the two colonies for the entire area.</p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill05.jpg" alt="Lancaster County Clerk's Office" /></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill06.jpg" alt="Essex County Clerk's Office" /></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill07.jpg" alt="Richmond County Clerk's Office" /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + +<p>Brunswick County began to function in 1732 and grew rapidly. The +"overwrought ground" mentioned long before had in the interval became a +more and more disturbing factor in agriculture. Tobacco was king, it +demanded new land, hence new land must be provided. In Brunswick there +was not only new land but the sort of land to raise good tobacco +profitably, a condition equally true today. Settlers from Essex, King +and Queen, Gloucester, York, Elizabeth City and other older counties +soon made their way into Brunswick. It may not be amiss to observe that +with the better living made possible by better tobacco crops a +gastronomic delicacy was developed there, a rich and succulent stew +called "Brunswick Stew" in honor of the county. So far as the writer is +aware no other county in the state has achieved similar fame.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Orange County Reaches to the Mississippi</span></p> + +<p>In 1734, an expansion to the northwest took place in the creation +of Orange County so named to honor William, Prince of +Orange, later William III of England. The City of Williamsburg, +King William and King and Queen counties had been prior +evidences of his popularity. The new division was to embrace +that part of Spotsylvania County lying in Saint Mark's Parish +"Bounden southerly by the line of Hanover County, northerly by +the grant of Lord Fairfax and westerly by the utmost limits of +Virginia." This western boundary was the Mississippi River. The +Assembly further enacted "for the encouragement of the inhabitants +already settled and which shall speedily settle on the westward +of Sherrendo (Shenandoah) River" that "all who had +established themselves by 1st January 1734/35 should be free of +country, county and parish levies for the next three years."</p> + +<p>Part of this expansion was due to the natural increase of population, +the allure of new settlements where there was greater +opportunity for advancement of fortunes, and part to the tide of +immigration. Years of warfare in Germany had left ruined communities +along the Rhenish Palatinate. For these people, Rotterdam +was the most convenient port of embarkation and Philadelphia +was often their port of debarkation. Following in the +steps of John Van Metre, Adam Miller, Jacob Stover and Jost +Hite who had come to the Valley of Virginia between 1725 and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +1731, many immigrants, finding land cheaper in Virginia, left +Pennsylvania and took up residence in Virginia.</p> + +<p>In 1735, the act of the Assembly passed the year before for +creating the new county of Amelia became effective. By this act, +it was ordered that "the said county of Prince George and that +part of the parish of Bristol which lies in the same be divided +from the mouth of Namozain Creek up the same to the main, or +John Hamlin's, fork of the said creek, thence up the south or +lowest branch thereof to White Oak Hunting Path and thence +by a south course to strike Nottoway River." The land below these +courses retained the name of Prince George. The land lying +above these courses bounded "southerly by the Great Nottoway +River including part of the county of Brunswick and parish of +Saint Andrew as far as to take the ridges between Roanoke and +Appomattox Rivers and thence along those ridges to the great +mountains westerly by the said mountains and northerly by the +southern boundaries of Goochland and Henrico Counties" became +Amelia County and Raleigh Parish. The name was in honor +of the youngest daughter of George II.</p> + +<p>By 1738, people living across the Blue Ridge Mountains found +them a barrier to frequent attendance at Orange County Court. +For their convenience, a division was ordered. "All that territory +and tract of land at present deemed to be a part of the county of +Orange lying on the northwest side of the said mountains (Blue +Ridge) extending from thence northerly, westerly and southerly +beyond the said mountains to the utmost limits of Virginia" shall +be "separated from the rest of the said county and erected into +two distinct counties and parishes; to be divided by a line to be +run from the head spring of Hedgman River to the head spring +by the River Potomac." "That part of the said territory lying to +the northeast of the said line beyond the top of the said Blue +Ridge shall be one distinct county, to be called and known by +the name of the county of Frederick and parish of Frederick. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +And that the rest of the said territory lying on the other side of +the said line beyond the top of the said Blue Ridge shall be one +other distinct county and parish to be called by the name of the +county of Augusta and parish of Augusta." The counties thus +created honored Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George +II, and his wife, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales. +Frederick predeceased his father and it was Frederick's son who +became George III.</p> + +<p>The Assembly had repeated with reference to Augusta and +Frederick Counties its action in the case of Brunswick; namely: +created counties before they were financially able to function. +Not until 1743 did Frederick have sufficient tithables to begin +to hold court, and it was two years later before Augusta set up +her county organization.</p> + +<p>In 1742, it was enacted that Prince William County be divided. +The bounds of this county were set as follows: "all that +part thereof lying on the south side of Occoquan and Bull Run +and from the heads of the main branch of Bull Run by a straight +course to the Thoroughfare of the Blue Ridge of Mountains +known by the name of Ashby's Gap or Bent." Hamilton was the +parish for Prince William County. That portion of Prince William +which had, in 1732, been placed in Truro Parish became +the new county of Fairfax. The name was, of course, in honor +of Lord Fairfax, the Proprietor of the Northern Neck Grant.</p> + +<p>Pohick, one of the churches in Truro Parish, is still standing +and in use. General George Washington, who lived at nearby +"Mount Vernon," George Mason of "Gunston Hall" and Lord +Fairfax of "Greenway Court" were vestrymen; and planned for +the erection of this present building in 1769.</p> + +<p>In the same year that Fairfax was formed in the northern part +of the colony, Hanover County in the middle section was divided. +The Act ordered "all that tract of land now deemed to be a part +of the said county of Hanover lying above a straight course to be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +run from the mouth of Little Rockey Creek on the River Northanna +south, twenty degrees west until it intersects the line of +Goochland County" should become a distinct county and known +by the name of Louisa County. The name honored a daughter +of George II, as Amelia had done a few years earlier.</p> + +<p>Two years later the first of the eight counties eventually cut +from Goochland was created and given the name Albemarle. This +was in honor of William Anne Keppel, second Earl of Albemarle, +Governor-General of the Colony, 1737-1754. Like most +of the Governors-General, he did not come to Virginia, but the +Lieutenant Governor as his deputy, performed the duties of his +office.</p> + +<p>The bounds of Albemarle were to be divided from Goochland +on the west "by a line run from the point of fork of James River +north, thirty degrees east to the Louisa County line, and from +the said point of fork a direct course to Brooks mill and from +thence the same course continued to Appomattox River." "The +point of fork" is the junction of the Rivanna with the James. It +will be noted by the reference to the Appomattox River that Albemarle +extended across James River just as Goochland did. "Monticello" +the beloved home of Thomas Jefferson, is in Albemarle +County, and in architecture and planning is another example +of the amazing versatility of his genius.</p> + +<p>In 1746, the settlements in Brunswick County had grown to +such an extent that a new division was required. The line was +ordered "to be run from the county line where it crosses Roanoke +River below the place called the Horse Ford to strike Nottoway +River at the south." The territory above this line was to be called +Lunenburg County. This title, anglicized from the German form, +Luneburg, was chosen since the Duchy of Luneburg, like that +of Brunswick, belonged to the Electorate of Hanover. Lunenburg +embraced a vast acreage stretching from the rolling country where +bright tobacco came to perfection as far west as the mountains +and on the south to the North Carolina boundary.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cumberland, Culpeper, Southampton and Chesterfield +Created, 1749</span></p> + +<p>The western portion of Goochland lying on both sides of the +James had, in 1744, been taken to form the new county of Albemarle; +now, five years later, the southeast portion of Goochland +was made into the new county of Cumberland. The name was +further honor for the Duke of Cumberland, "The Butcher of +Culloden." The growth in this locality had been hastened by the +arrival of numerous Huguenot families seeking asylum from persecution +in France. Manakintown was the name of their settlement. +The name is perpetuated in a newly erected Episcopal +church not far from the site of the settlement where the Agee, +Fourqurean, Legrand, Michaux, Guerrant, Flournoy and other +families worship now, as they have done for some 250 years.</p> + +<p>In the same year that Cumberland was formed, a new county +was taken from Orange and named Culpeper, presumably in +honor of Lord Culpeper, Governor of Virginia 1680-1683, a +compliment to Lord Fairfax "who had inherited from him the +ownership of the Northern Neck." Culpeper lay on the south side +of the Rappahannock and north of the Conway River commonly +called the fork of the Rappahannock River. The fork of the Rappahannock +was the area between the Rappahannock River and +its tributary, the Conway, now called the Rapidan. "Horseshoe +Farm" is in Culpeper County and takes its name from the bend +or horseshoe made by the Rapidan within which it is situated. +While the residence is modern, the farm is of colonial times and +was once owned by Governor Spotswood. It was from this house +that, in 1741, he went to Annapolis, Maryland expecting to sail +with an expedition to join Admiral Vernon and attack Cartagena +in the Spanish Main. He died unexpectedly in Annapolis but, +strangely enough, considering his prominence, his burial place +is unknown.</p> + +<p>Besides Culpeper and Cumberland, a third county, Southampton, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +was formed in 1749. This was taken from that portion +of Isle of Wight's territory that lay west of Blackwater River. +The name is said to honor, tho belatedly, Henry Wriothesley, +second Earl of Southampton, friend of Shakespeare and a leading +member of the Virginia Company of London. The City of +Hampton and Hampton River honor the same person. Southampton +is one of the cotton-raising counties of Virginia, and in +the fall the fields of cotton are a beautiful sight.</p> + +<p>Still a fourth county was formed in 1749 and that was Chesterfield. +This, as was the case with the other three, represented no +great expansion, but was in line with the thesis long before laid +down—"to make justice accessible to all." Chesterfield is that +part of Henrico that lay on the south side of James River. Again +we go to England for the reason for this name and learn that it +honors Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth Earl of Chesterfield, the +celebrated Lord Chesterfield. Though we think of him primarily +as the epitome of good manners, courtesy and tact, his political +career was important too. His services in Parliament, his lord +lieutenancy of Ireland, his achievements on different embassies, +and as Secretary of State were of value to his country. In Chesterfield +County are the sites of the earliest iron works in the colony +and of the projected college just beginning to operate when the +1622 Massacre destroyed everything.</p> + +<p>In 1752, two new divisions were made. One of these was Halifax, +the first of the nine counties that were destined to be carved +out of the vast expanse of Lunenburg County. The bounds of +Halifax were "all that part thereof lying on the south side of +Black-Water Creek and Staunton river, from the said Black-Water +creek to the confluence of the said river with the river +Dan and from thence to Aaron's creek to the county line." The +parish of Antrim coterminous with the county was established +when the county was created. The name Halifax honors George +Montagu Dunk, the second Earl of Halifax "who was First Lord +of the Board of Trade about that time and as such greatly interested +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +himself in the trade of the colonies." Halifax, Nova Scotia +is a further memorial to Lord Halifax.</p> + +<p>The other county created in 1752 was Dinwiddie, taken from +the southern portion of Prince George. Its bounds began at the +lower side "of the run which falls into Appomattox river between +the town of Blanford and Bollings point warehouses to the outermost +line of the glebe land and by a south course and by the +said outermost line of the glebe land to Surry County." The name +honored Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia +1751-58. He held office during the troubled period of the French +and Indian Wars, in which George Washington, as a Colonel in +the Virginia Militia, participated.</p> + +<p>In 1754 that part of Amelia County divided "by a line to run +from Ward's ford on Appomattox River to the mouth of Sail's +creek on Nottoway river and all that part of the said county +which lies on the upper side of the said line shall be one distinct +county and called and known by the name of Prince Edward." +The name was in honor of a younger brother of King George III, +Prince Edward, Duke of Gloucester. This Prince was one of the +two brothers of George III, whose marriages to commoners led +to the passage of the famous Royal Marriage Act in 1772. Its +well-known provisions are that no descendant of King George +III may marry when under 25 years of age without consent of +the reigning monarch or, if over that age, without a consenting +Act of Parliament. Prince Edward Street in Fredericksburg is +also named for this Prince as the city itself is for his father.</p> + +<p>Also in 1754, a second county was created from Lunenburg +and called Bedford. It comprised the area lying on the upper +side of Falling-river from its mouth "up the said river to the +fork, thence up that fork running by John Beard's to the head, +thence by a line to be run from the head thereof north, twenty +degrees east to the line dividing the said county from the county +of Albemarle." It should be remembered that at this time both +the present Buckingham and Appomattox were a part of Albemarle +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +County. The new county honored "John Russell the fourth +Duke of Bedford who was Secretary of State of Great Britain +February 13th 1748 to June 26th 1757." The parish, coterminous +with the county and created at the same time, also honored the +Duke, being called Russell.</p> + +<p>Another expansion at this time also on the south side of James +River was the formation of Sussex from Surry County. Sussex +lies to the south of Seacock Swamp on the line dividing Surry +"from the county of Southampton, thence a straight course to +Blackwater at the mouth of Coppohawk and up Blackwater to +the line dividing" Surry from the county of Prince George. Sussex +took its name from the English shire. Albemarle Parish formed +in 1739 had included the area now made into Sussex, and, in +addition, a small portion of Surry. It was enacted that the portion +in Surry be added to Southwark Parish, and Albemarle +Parish be made coterminous with Sussex.</p> + +<p>The fourth county formed in 1754 was Hampshire named for +the English shire. It is now in West Virginia. Since, however, +its creation affected the bounds of two already established Virginia +Counties, the Act of Assembly for its bounds is cited: +"Whereas part of the county and parish of Augusta lies within +the bounds of the territory or tract of land called the Northern +Neck belong to the right honorable Thomas, Lord Fairfax, Baron +of Cameron and it will be more convenient if the dividing line +between the said territory and the other part of this colony be +established as the line of the said county and that part of the +said county be added to the county and parish of Frederick," it +was enacted therefore that the part of Augusta above mentioned +be added to Frederick which should then be divided into two +counties and "all that part thereof lying to the westward of the +ridge of mountains commonly called and known by the name of +the Great North or Cape Capon mountains and Warin spring +mountain extending to Potomac river be one distinct county and +called and known by the name of Hampshire." When Augusta +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +and Frederick were authorized in 1738, the western bounds of +the Northern Neck Grant had not been surveyed. This was done +in 1747, and the above Act changed the previous limits of Augusta +so that the entire county would not be a part of the proprietary.</p> + +<p>The name of the next new county reflected current happenings. +For about six years, 1754-1760, the colony was actively +participating in the struggle to crush French power in America. +The Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in America was, +for a time, John Campbell, fourth Earl of Loudoun. His conduct +of the war was severely criticized, and he was recalled in +December 1757. He was, for almost two years, titular "Governor +and Captain-General of Virginia," though his deputy Lieutenant-Governor +Robert Dinwiddie performed all the duties of the office. +Loudoun, the new county named for the Earl, was formed +from Fairfax County in 1757. It included "all that part thereof +lying above Difficult Run which falls into Potomac river and +by a line to be run from the head of the said run or straight +course to the mouth of Rocky run." The part "thereof below the +said run and course" retained its status as a distinct county and +the name of Fairfax.</p> + +<p>In 1759, the inhabitants of Prince William County complained +of many inconveniences "by reason of the great extent +thereof and their remote situation from the courthouse." Mindful +that justice be accessible to all, the Assembly enacted that +Prince William be divided and "all that part of the said county +that lies above a line to be run from the head of Bull Run and +along the top of Bull run mountains to Chapman's mill, in Broad +run thoroughfare, from thence by a direct line till it intersects +the nearest part of the line dividing Stafford and Prince William +Counties" be known as Fauquier. This again honors an English +official but in this case a very popular one, Francis Fauquier, +who, in 1758, succeeded Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant Governor +of Virginia. He served the colony for nearly ten years, +dying in Williamsburg on 3 March 1768 "after a tedious illness +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +which he bore with the greatest patience and fortitude." Among +the eulogies in prose to his memory, the following verse may be +noted:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 20%">If ever virtue lost a friend sincere</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 20%">If ever sorrow claimed Virginia's tear</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 20%">If ever death a noble conquest made</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 20%">'Twas when Fauquier the debt of nature paid."</span> +</p> + +<p>With tobacco as the medium of exchange and as the most +valuable export, the economic base was too small for the large +superstructure erected on it. The taxes, fees, and commissions +on exported tobacco were numerous and onerous, the net return +to the planter often did not cover the goods he had ordered and +his debt to his London agent increased. It was British policy +that her colonies should send her raw materials and buy from +her manufactured articles, thus giving her merchants a double +advantage and placing the colonists at double disadvantage. During +the 1750's, the colony had been put to such great expense +in prosecuting the French and Indian War that for the first time +an issue of paper money was required. Economic conditions grew +worse throughout the colony.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">"Westward-Ho" Twenty-Six New Counties, 1750-1770</span></p> + +<p>The unceasing westward trek of settlers continued. In 1750-60, +eight counties were formed, between 1760-1770, eighteen new +divisions occurred, which evidences the great growth of population.</p> + +<p>Albemarle was the next county to be divided. In 1761, it was +enacted that the portion "of the said county which lies on the +south side of the Fluvanna river" [old name for the James River +above Richmond] "shall be one distinct county and called and +known by the name of Buckingham." By the same legislation, +"that other part of the said county which lies on the north side +of the Fluvanna river shall be divided from the confluence of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +Rockfish river with the Fluvanna by Rockfish river to the mouth +of Green creek and thence a straight line to the house of Thomas +Bell to the Blue mountains, and all that part which lies above +Rockfish river and the lines aforesaid" shall be called Amherst +County. Amherst Parish at the same time was formed from Saint +Anne's Parish and made coterminous with the county of Amherst. +Several years earlier, Tillotson Parish had been formed +from Saint Anne's to take care of the residents of Amherst who +lived on the south side of James River. It was now made coterminous +with the county of Buckingham.</p> + +<p>The name Buckingham is probably for the Duke of Buckingham. +Amherst derives its name from "the hero of Ticonderoga, +Major-General Sir Jeffrey Amherst, the most successful as well +as the most popular of all the English Colonial Governors-General." +He was titular Governor-General of Virginia 1759-1768 +while Francis Fauquier performed the duties of the office.</p> + +<p>Four years passed, and two more divisions were made in the +western portion of Lunenburg. The part of Lunenburg comprised +in the parish of Cornwall became Charlotte County and +the portion in the parish of St. James became Mecklenburg.</p> + +<p>These counties were named, as is the city of Charlottesville, +after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who became Queen of +England on her marriage to King George III.</p> + +<p>We next find in 1767 that Halifax has grown to the point +of division and a new county, Pittsylvania, has been taken from +its western portion. Pittsylvania lay on the upper or western +side "of a line to be run across the mouth of Strait Stone creek on +Staunton river to the country line, near the mouth of the country +line creek on Dan river." At the same time, Antrim, which was +the parish for Halifax, was divided and the part lying in Pittsylvania +became Camden. Pittsylvania honored "Sir William Pitt, +Earl of Chatham, the celebrated English statesman" whose sympathy +with them had endeared him to the colonists. A statue +of him in Westmoreland county, Virginia and another in Charleston, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +South Carolina are further expressions of the affection felt +for him.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Botetourt, 1770 Honors a Popular Colonial Governor</span></p> + +<p>The next county was, in the main, a rearrangement of already +settled territory bearing always in mind that easy access to justice +was the purpose of every division. The new county, Botetourt, +was formed from Augusta in 1770 and lay on the south side of a +dividing "line beginning at the Blue Ridge, running north fifty-five +degrees west, to the confluence of Mary's creek, or the south +river, with the north branch of James River, thence up the same +to the mouth of Carr's creek, thence up the said creek to the +mountain, thence north, fifty-five degrees west as far as the courts +of the two counties shall extend it." The phrase to note in the +above is: "as far as the courts of the two counties shall extend +it," in other words, there was no limit to the western boundary. +The name Botetourt was for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt, +Governor of Virginia 1768-1770. He died in Williamsburg +in October 1770, lamented and beloved for his interest in +the colony and the College of William and Mary. The House +of Burgesses voted a sum of money to have a statue of him made +in London to stand in the old Capitol building. The statue still +exists, one of the most treasured possessions of the College of +William and Mary, and adorns its campus.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Frederick Subdivided</span></p> + +<p>Two years later, the county of Frederick had a division on +both its eastern and northern ends. It was enacted by the Assembly +that the territory of Frederick be divided into three distinct +counties: "on the north by a line beginning in the line that +divides the counties of Frederick and Loudoun one mile and +an half northward of the corner in Williams' gap that at present +divides the parishes of Frederick and Norborne thence westward +with a line exactly parallel to the line that now divides the said +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +parishes of Frederick and Norborne till it intersects the line of +Hampshire county; thence with the Hampshire line to the corner +dividing the parishes of Frederick and Beckford; thence with +the lines dividing the said parishes of Frederick and Beckford +east southeast to the south eastwardly bank of Cedar creek, thence +binding on the same to its confluence with the river Shenandoah; +thence across the said river east to the easterly bank of +the same; thence down the said river and binding on the same to +the mouth of Passage creek; and thence with a right line to the +line of Culpeper, at the intersection of the road leading through +Chester's gap; thence with the Culpeper, Fauquier, and Loudoun +lines to the beginning." This area, so described, was to remain +Frederick County. "All that part of the county which lies between +the first mentioned line running from the said beginning +in the line of Loudoun county and Potomac river shall be ... +known by the name of Berkeley county." The remainder of what +had been Frederick now became Dunmore County. There had +been three parishes in Frederick; of these Frederick remained +in the county, while Norborne appropriately became the parish +for Berkeley and Beckford for Dunmore.</p> + +<p>Berkeley County named for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt, +later became a part of West Virginia. It was further evidence +of this governor's popularity, Botetourt County having +previously been named for him.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dunmore Renamed Shenandoah</span></p> + +<p>Dunmore honored the new Governor, John Murray, Earl of +Dunmore, who succeeded Lord Botetourt. His popularity was +short lived, and his tyrannical acts, when he attempted to keep +the colony loyal to the crown, so enraged the people that he was +forced to take refuge with his family on a British warship. In +1777, still smarting over his behavior, the Assembly changed +the name of the county to Shenandoah for the beautiful river +that flows through it; the change to take effect February 1, 1778.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fincastle Reaches to the Ohio River</span></p> + +<p>In 1772, the county of Fincastle was formed from the western +portion of Botetourt. It is an evidence of rapidly growing settlements +when for the first time mention is made of "inhabitants +and settlers on the waters of Holston and New rivers." The +territory of Fincastle was "within a line to run up the east side +of New river to the mouth of Culberson's creek, thence a direct +line to the Catawba road where it crosses the dividing ridge between +the north fork of Roanoke and the waters of New river, +thence with the top of the ridge to the bent where it turns eastwardly, +thence a south course crossing Little river to the top of +the Blue Ridge of mountains." The reason for the name Fincastle +seems uncertain; one version has it as being for George, Lord +Fincastle, Lord Dunmore's son, and the other that it was for the +town of Fincastle established in 1772 and so named for Lord +Botetourt's home in England.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Virginia Counties Extended to the Ohio River +and Include Kentucky</span></p> + +<p>Fincastle County was an expansion of Augusta to the west +but an expansion to the northwest had been in progress since +before 1754. In that year, Governor Dinwiddie ordered a fort +built on the present site of Pittsburgh and issued a proclamation +offering land in the area to those who would enlist as soldiers +for the French and Indian War. The French captured the fort +and named it Fort Duquesne. This outpost of great strategic +importance fell to the English in 1758 and was renamed Fort +Pitt. The area was under Virginia jurisdiction and called the +district of West Augusta being considered a part of Augusta +County. "County courts were held at Pittsburgh under Virginia +jurisdiction and the great section of country from the Alleghany +mountains northwest to the Ohio came to be called West Augusta. +It was represented under this name in the Conventions of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +1775 and 1776. In October 1776, the district of West Augusta +was divided into the counties of Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia. +A portion of this territory, including Pittsburgh, was +claimed by Pennsylvania and there was much disorder and some +bloodshed between the officers and adherents of the two Colonies. +In 1779, commissioners from Virginia and Pennsylvania +finally settled the line and Pittsburgh and the adjoining area +were surrendered to Pennsylvania." The above is the concise +account, by the late W. G. Stanard, in an early volume of the +<i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>, of an almost forgotten +episode in western development. It explains why in the +Augusta County records in Staunton, Virginia are found deeds +for land now in Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>The bounds of these three new counties, Ohio, Yohogania and +Monongalia are set forth in detail in the Act of Assembly creating +them, but are not quoted here since they neither adjoin nor +are a part of the Commonwealth of Virginia now.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Kentucky a Virginia County, 1776</span></p> + +<p>The next division of a county occurred in this same year 1776, +and was further expansion toward the beckoning west; this division +was not to take effect until January first, 1777. Fincastle +became extinct as a county, its territory becoming Kentucky, +Washington and Montgomery Counties. The Act of Assembly +recites that the part of Fincastle lying "to the south and westward +of a line beginning on the Ohio at the mouth of Great +Sandy creek and running up the same and the main, or north-easterly, +branch thereof to the Great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland +Mountain, thence south westerly along the said mountain +to the line of North Carolina shall be one distinct county and +called and known by the name of Kentucky; and all that part +of the said county of Fincastle included in the lines beginning +at the Cumberland Mountain where the line of Kentucky county +intersects the North Carolina line, thence east along the said +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +Carolina line to the top of Iron mountain, thence along the same +easterly to the source of the south fork of Holstein river, thence +northwardly along the highest part of the high lands, ridges and +mountains that divide the waters of the Tennessee from those +of the Great Kanawha, to the most easterly source of Clinch +river, thence westwardly along the top of the mountains that +divide the waters of Clinch river from those of the Great Kanawha +and Sandy Creek to the line of Kentucky county thence +along the same to the beginning" shall be known "by the name +of Washington; and all the residue of the said county of Fincastle +shall be" known as Montgomery.</p> + +<p>It is said that Washington County is the first place or area +named for General Washington in the United States. It is also +the first time the words Kentucky and Tennessee occur in a +county division and show the scope of western settlements. Montgomery +County was named for General Richard Montgomery, +a Revolutionary officer, who fell 31 December 1775, while trying +unsuccessfully to scale the city walls and capture Quebec from +the English.</p> + +<p>The next formation was a division of Pittsylvania County in +1777, ten years after its creation. The new county lay on the +west side of "a line beginning at the mouth of Blackwater on +Staunton river and running parallel with the line of Halifax +county till it strikes the country line." The name Henry honored +Patrick Henry, the famous orator of the Revolution and first +Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He purchased a +large acreage in Henry County but resided in nearby Campbell +County.</p> + +<p>Also, in 1777, Albemarle was divided "by a line beginning at +the most western point in the line of Louisa County and running +thence directly to the lower edge of Stott's ferry on the Fluvanna +river and that part which lies south eastward of the said line +together with the islands in the Fluvanna river adjacent thereto +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +shall be called by the name of Fluvanna county." The county +was named for the river and the river was so called in honor of +Queen Anne whose name is borne by four other Virginia rivers. +Fluvanna, used for most of the eighteenth century, was the title +given the James River above its falls at Richmond. Tobacco and +other merchandise was taken in bateaux down this river to Richmond.</p> + +<p>Both Henry and Fluvanna Counties had been formed mostly +because of natural increase in population rather than of any +tide of immigration. The creation of Powhatan County in 1777 +was of the same type. This county embraced the portion of +Cumberland lying on the south side of James River and in +Southam Parish, which was the eastern end of Cumberland and +adjoined Chesterfield County. The name Powhatan honored +the celebrated Indian chieftain.</p> + +<p>In 1778, the vast sprawling territory of Augusta underwent +changes. One was an addition to Hampshire County of the territory +on the north of "a line beginning at the north side of the +North Mountain opposite to the upper end of Sweedland Hill +and running a direct course so as to strike the mouth of Seneca +creek on the north fork of the south branch of Potomac river +and the same course to be continued to the Allegheny mountain, +thence along the said mountain" to the county line. "The +residue of the county and parish of Augusta" was divided by a +line beginning "at the South Mountain and running thence +by Benjamin Yardley's plantation so as to strike the north river +below James Byrd's house thence up the said river to the mouth +of Naked creek, thence leaving the river a direct course so as +to cross the said river at the mouth of Cunningham's branch +in the upper end of Silas Hart's land to the foot of North Mountain, +thence fifty-five degrees west to the Allegheny mountain +and with the same to the line of Hampshire"; all the portion +north eastward of this line was to be called Rockingham. It is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +supposed the name of this county honors the Marquis of Rockingham, +Prime Minister of England in 1765-66 when the unpopular +Stamp Act was repealed.</p> + +<p>In the same Act of Assembly, 1778, by which Rockingham was +created Greenbrier County, now in West Virginia, was formed +from Montgomery and Botetourt Counties to the west of "a line +beginning on the top of the ridge which divides the Eastern +from the Western Waters, where the line between Augusta and +Botetourt crosses the same, and running thence the same course +continued north fifty-five degrees west to the Ohio, thence beginning +at the said ridge at the said lines of Botetourt and Augusta, +running along the top of the said ridge, passing the Sweet +Springs to the top of Peter's mountain, thence along the said +mountain to the line of Montgomery county, thence along the +same mountain to the Kanawha or New river, thence down the +said river to the Ohio." Greenbrier County takes its name from +its principal river. It is the anglicized version of the French word +"ronce" for brier or bramble and "verte" for green. The town +Ronceverte, situated on the river, keeps the French word.</p> + +<p>At the same time Rockbridge County was formed from parts +of Botetourt and Augusta. It was bounded "by a line beginning +in the top of the Blue Ridge near Steele's mill and running +thence north fifty-five degrees west passing the said mill and +crossing the North mountain to the top and the mountain dividing +the waters of the Calf Pasture from the waters of the Cow +Pasture and thence along the said mountain crossing Panther's +gap to the line that divides the counties of Augusta and Botetourt." +The remainder of Botetourt shall be divided "by a line +to begin at Audley Paul's and running thence south fifty-five +degrees east crossing James river, to the top of the Blue Ridge, +thence along the same crossing James river, to the beginning of +the aforesaid line dividing Augusta county; then beginning again +at the said Audley Paul's, and running north fifty-five degrees +west till the said course shall intersect a line to be run south +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +forty-five degrees west from the place where the above line dividing +Augusta terminated."</p> + +<p>The enabling acts setting forth the bounds for the counties +when created have been quoted fully, both for the information +they contain and for the comprehensive geographical knowledge +they reveal. They show painstaking surveys and study to achieve +accuracy under the handicap of lack of roads and bridges. In +addition to technical knowledge, the surveyor needed a sturdy +physique to withstand the daily hardships that were part of his +routine work.</p> + +<p>Rockbridge, the name of the new county whose bounds have +been described, commemorated the unique scenic wonder within +its confines known as Natural Bridge. This is a span of stone +215 feet high over Cedar Creek. Once a trail passed over it +and now a modern highway. It has been known and visited since +1770.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">West of the Ohio and to the Mississippi. Illinois +County Formed</span></p> + +<p>Illinois, the last county to be formed in the decade 1770 to +1780 was an area on the western side of the Ohio River which +had been a part of Augusta County. In the preamble to the Act +creating this county, the Assembly noted with satisfaction that +"by a successful expedition carried on by the Virginia militia on +the western side of the Ohio river several of the British posts +within the territory of this commonwealth in the country adjacent +to the river Mississippi have been reduced." This, of course, was +a reference to George Rogers Clark whose exploits secured the +Mississippi Valley area for Virginia and the United States. Illinois +County was a part of the large territory given by Virginia to +the nation in 1783.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Kentucky County Divided</span></p> + +<p>The next event was the division of the unwieldy county of +Kentucky into three parts; Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln, with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +the towns of Louisville, Lexington and Harrodsburg for their +respective county seats. Jefferson County was so named to honor +Thomas Jefferson, and was the first honor of this sort accorded +him. Fayette was for the beloved ally, the Marquis de la Fayette +and Lincoln for General Benjamin Lincoln of the Revolution. +When compelled to surrender Charleston, South Carolina to the +British, he had endured the humiliation of giving up his sword +to Sir Henry Clinton. In return, when Yorktown was captured +and Lord Cornwallis required to yield his sword, General Lincoln +was awarded the distinction of receiving it. Cornwallis, however, +did not appear in person, and it was his aide who handed the +sword to General Lincoln. From these three counties was formed +the present Commonwealth of Kentucky.</p> + +<p>A division of Brunswick in the south eastern part of the state +took place now and Greensville County came into being. This +lay to the east of a line beginning "two miles above Chapman's +ford on Meherrin river and running a due south course to the +boundary line between this state and North Carolina and from +the station aforesaid by another line due north to Nottoway +river." The name selected for this county commemorated General +Nathanael Greene of the Revolution who marched into this +area on his return from the Battle of Guilford Court House.</p> + +<p>In 1782, occurred a division of Bedford County. The eastern +end was cut from the whole and named for General William +Campbell, the hero of King's Mountain, one of the decisive battles +of the Revolution. Campbell lies to the east of a line beginning +"at the mouth of Judy's creek on James river, thence to +Thompson's mill on Buffalo creek, thence to the mouth of Back +creek on Goose creek thence the same course continued to Staunton +river." Staunton is the name given the Roanoke River as it +passes through Bedford, Campbell, Charlotte and Halifax Counties. +In Mecklenburg, it resumes its original name of Roanoke +and so continues into Albemarle Sound.</p> + +<p>The next development was Harrison, taken from Monongalia +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +County. Neither is now a Virginia county, but it is mentioned +since it honors Benjamin Harrison, one of the seven Virginia +Signers of the Declaration of Independence who also completed +in 1784, the year the county was formed, a three year term as +Governor of the Commonwealth.</p> + +<p>In the next year, a new county, Nelson, now in Kentucky, +was created. This, too, honored a former Governor and Signer +of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Nelson. It was his +home in Yorktown that Lord Cornwallis used as his headquarters +during the siege and battle.</p> + +<p>In 1786, Franklin was formed out of "that part of the county +of Bedford lying south of Staunton river together with so much +of the county of Henry lying north of a line to be run from the +head of Shooting creek to the west end of Turkeycock mountain, +thence along the top of the mountain to intersect the dividing +line between the counties of Henry and Pittsylvania, thence +along that line to the mouth of Blackwater river." The reason +for this name is obvious: all America honored the achievements +of Benjamin Franklin.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Deed of Cession. Virginia Gives the Northwest Territory</span></p> + +<p>The tempo of western expansion had increased to such an extent +that four counties were formed in 1786. One of these, Hardy, +lies now in West Virginia as does its parent county of Hampshire. +It might be well to explain now, even though out of chronological +sequence, the genesis of West Virginia. In May 1861 +when Governor Letcher called out the Virginia militia, many +persons living beyond the Alleghanies throughout that section +of Virginia bordering on Ohio and Pennsylvania were not in +sympathy with his action. The residents of some forty counties +held a convention and were almost unanimous in their desire to +break away from Virginia and form a new state. A constitution +was framed which was ratified by the people in May 1862. The +following year, 1863, West Virginia became a state of the Union +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +and at one blow, Virginia lost a third of her territory. The loss +of the rich coal fields and other natural resources of West Virginia +impoverished the Old Dominion more severely and made +"Reconstruction Days" longer and more difficult than they might +otherwise have been.</p> + +<p>Returning to Hardy County, we learn that it was named for +Samuel Hardy formerly of Isle of Wight County "one of the +number who signed the Deed of Cession which transferred the +Northwest Territory to the General Government."</p> + +<p>Virginia's claim to territory was of long standing, her charters +of 1609 and 1612 giving her dominion to the Pacific Ocean, +but no exploration beyond the Mississippi had been attempted. +Her claim of dominion to the Mississippi, however, was of more +substantial character. In 1778 with a picked force of 180 Virginia +riflemen, George Rogers Clark captured the great Northwest +Territory from the English "in one of the most amazing +exploits in American history." This territory Virginia organized +as "the county of Illinois." "But for Clark's conquest the treaty +of 1783 might well have fixed the nation's western boundary +at the Alleghanies instead of at the Mississippi." Almost all the +Ohio Valley and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan were included +in this voluntary gift that Virginia made in 1783 to the weak +confederated colonies. In 1785 Congress passed a Land Ordinance +providing for the sale of this land. "Thus this cession provided +the infant republic with its only sure source of revenue" since +at that time "Congress had neither the power to impose nor the +machinery to collect any taxes."</p> + +<p>The other three counties formed in 1786 lie now in Kentucky +which, in 1792, was "organized as a state out of Virginia territory +with her consent." These divisions are Mercer and Madison, +created out of Lincoln, and Bourbon out of Fayette. Mercer +honored General Hugh Mercer of the Revolution; Madison, +James Madison, later known as the "Father of the Constitution," +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +and Bourbon, the French reigning family, particularly Louis +XVI who had given aid in the Revolution.</p> + +<p>The next county, Russell, was taken from Washington. Its +bounds are: "all that part of the said county lying within a line +to be run along the Clinch mountain to the Carolina line; thence +with that line to the Cumberland mountain, and the extent of +country between the Cumberland mountain, Clinch mountain +and the line of Montgomery county shall be one distinct county +and called and known by the name of Russell." The name was +selected as a tribute to General William Russell "who distinguished +himself at the Battle of King's mountain." Russell remains +a Virginia county.</p> + +<p>Five westward expansions now occur in quick succession. In +1787, from Harrison was formed Randolph County named for +Edmund Randolph, first Attorney General of the Commonwealth +and a member of the Continental Congress. Both Harrison and +Randolph are in West Virginia. Pendleton, also now in West +Virginia, was formed in 1788 from portions of Hardy, Augusta, +and Rockingham counties. It is named for Edmund Pendleton, +President of the Virginia Convention of 1775.</p> + +<p>The next year two new Kentucky counties were formed; Mason +from Bourbon and Woodford from Fayette. The former took +its name from George Mason of "Gunston Hall," author of the +Bill of Rights and the latter from General William Woodford, +a native of Caroline County, Virginia who rendered distinguished +service in the Revolution and later moved to Kentucky.</p> + +<p>At the same time, a new county destined to be in West Virginia +was formed from Greenbrier and part of Montgomery counties +and given the name of Kanawha from the river.</p> + +<p>The only one of the counties formed in 1789 that is now in +Virginia is Nottoway. This was comprised of that part of Amelia +County "lying south of a line to begin at a place called Wells +bridge on Namozene creek which divides the said county from +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +the county of Dinwiddie, thence running through the said county +of Amelia so as to strike the line of Prince Edward county five +miles west of a place called Ward's ford on Appomattox river." +Nottoway is an Indian word meaning "a snake, that is, an enemy." +Nottoway River derives its name from the Indian tribe and the +county honors both.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">1790-1800 Expansion in the First Decade After +the Revolution</span></p> + +<p>The next year a county was cut from Montgomery and named +Wythe. It lies to the "south-west of a line beginning on the Henry +line at the head of Big Reedy Island, from thence to the waggon +ford on Peck creek, thence to the clover bottom on Blue Stone, +thence to the Kanawha county line." The name is for George +Wythe, eminent jurist and a Signer of the Declaration of Independence. +Elected in 1779 to the Chair of Law and Police, recently +established at the College of William and Mary, he "became +the first occupant of a chair of law in America, and the +second in the English speaking world." The first chair of law +established in England was at Oxford University, and Sir William +Blackstone was the first professor.</p> + +<p>The year 1791 saw the formation of three counties, all of them +rearrangement of lines in established communities rather than +expansion into new territory. The first was the division of Henry +into two counties: "all that part of the said county lying west +of a line beginning on the line dividing the counties of Henry +and Franklin one mile above where it crosses Town creek, a +branch of Smith's river, thence a parallel line with Pittsylvania +line to the country line shall be one distinct county and called +and known by the name of Patrick." The name, of course, was +the given name of the great orator, and since Henry County +bore his surname, the new division took his given name. It is +a county of beautiful mountains with panoramic views. The +Fairy Stone State Park is within its borders. On Fairy Stone +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +Mountain and in the streams at its base are found tiny stones +shaped like crosses. The story is that the gentle fairy folk when +they heard of our Lord's Crucifixion wept profusely and their +tears turned to stone crosses as they fell, a lasting memorial of +their grief.</p> + +<p>The next county, formed in 1791, was Bath. Its bounds are +thus described: "All those parts of the counties of Augusta, Botetourt +and Greenbrier within the following bounds, to wit: beginning +at the west corner of Pendleton county, thence to the +top of the ridge dividing the headwaters of the South branch +from those of Jackson's river, thence a straight line to the lower +end of John Redman's plantation on the Cow-pasture river, thence +to the top of the ridge that divides the waters of the Cow-pasture +from those of the Calf-pasture thence along the same as far as +the ridge that divides Hamilton's creek from Mill creek, thence +to the Mill mountain, and with the same to the north corner of +the line of Rockbridge county, thence along the said mountain +crossing the line of Botetourt county to the ridge that divides +the waters of Pad's creek from those of Simpson's creek, thence +along the said ridge to the Cow-pasture river, thence crossing +the said river a direct course and crossing Jackson's river at the +mouth of Dunlap's creek, thence up the same as far as the narrows +above the plantation of David Tate, Senr., so as to leave +the inhabitants of the said creek in Botetourt county, thence a +direct course to the top of the Allegany mountain where the +road from the Warm Springs to Greenbrier court house crosses +the said mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain +opposite the headwaters of Anthony's creek, thence a direct course +crossing Greenbrier river to the end of the Droop mountain, +thence up the same to the great Greenbrier mountain thence +along the said mountain to the line of Randolph county thence +with the same along the said mountain dividing the waters of +Monongalia and Cheat from those of Greenbrier river, and +thence to its beginning shall form one distinct county."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<p>The above is quoted in full since the names used are still in +use, and it is possible to judge from them the extent of the county. +Warm Springs is still in Bath, but Narrows is in Giles County, +and Alleghany County lies between Bath and Giles.</p> + +<p>The name Bath derives from the medical springs within its +boundaries, which for many years during the summer months +were visited by persons from as far south as Louisiana. Families +drove up in their carriages and stayed for months to enjoy the +curative effects of the waters and bracing mountain air.</p> + +<p>The third county formed in 1791 was Mathews which was +taken from Gloucester. It lies "to the eastward of a line to begin +at the mouth of North river, thence up the meanders thereof +to the mill, thence up the eastern branch of the millpond to +the head of Muddy creek thence down the said creek to Piankatank +river." The name is said to be in honor of a Major Thomas +Mathews of the Revolution who afterwards was prominent in +the legislature representing the Borough of Norfolk in the House +of Delegates from 1785 to 1791.</p> + +<p>In 1793, there were also three counties formed. One of these, +Grayson, was taken from Wythe as follows: "Beginning in the +Washington line where it joins the Iron Mountain, thence along +the said mountain to a spur of the same that forms Ewing mountain, +keeping the ridge that divides the waters of Cripple and +Bush creeks to the top of the said mountain, thence a straight +course to the Popular Camp mountain by Rose's mill thence to the +mouth of Greasy creek thence a straight course to the Montgomery +line." Grayson took its name from Colonel William Grayson, an +officer in the Revolution, member of the Continental Congress +and one of the first two senators elected from Virginia after the +adoption of the Constitution to serve in the Congress of the United +States. Unfortunately his tenure of office was short; he died 12 +March 1790.</p> + +<p>Also in 1793, Russell County was divided and all that part +"which lies westwardly of a line beginning on the top of Clinch +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +mountain, one mile eastwardly of big Maukason gap, thence a +direct course to the mouth of Stock creek thence up the same to +Powell's mountain, thence due north to the Kentucky boundary +shall form one distinct county and be called and known by the +name of Lee." The name honored General Henry Lee who was +Governor of Virginia 1791-1794. He is more often called "Light +Horse Harry Lee" from the fact that he commanded, during the +Revolution, light horse cavalry. He was the father of General +Robert E. Lee. Lee is the county farthest to the west and adjoins +Tennessee and Kentucky.</p> + +<p>Also in 1793, the county of Madison was formed from Culpeper. +Its bounds were within a line "Beginning at the mouth +of Robinson river thence up the same to the mouth of Crooked +run, thence up the said run to the mountain road where Tennant's +church formerly stood, thence a straight course to the head +of Hugh's river in the Blue Ridge, thence the same course continued +to the top of the ridge and to the line of Shenandoah county, +thence westwardly on the top of the ridge with the lines of +the counties of Shenandoah and Rockingham to the line of +Orange county to the beginning." One may wonder that the name +Madison was used again, but at this date the earlier Madison +County lay in Kentucky. When in 1792 Kentucky achieved statehood, +it was composed of nine counties formerly in Virginia; +namely: Fayette, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Mercer, Nelson, +Bourbon, Mason and Woodford.</p> + +<p>Four years after Madison County, Virginia was formed, Brooke +was cut from Ohio County. This name was for Robert Brooke, +Governor of Virginia 1794 to 1796. He was a grandson of the +Robert Brooke who, in 1716, accompanied Governor Spotswood +on the famous expedition across the Blue Ridge Mountains. Both +Brooke and Ohio are now in West Virginia.</p> + +<p>In 1798, Wood was established from Harrison County. It is +named for James Wood, Governor of Virginia 1796 to 1799, and +son of Colonel James Wood, an early settler in the Valley of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +Virginia, and founder of the city of Winchester. Wood and Harrison +are also West Virginia counties.</p> + +<p>The next county created, also destined to lie in West Virginia, +was Monroe. This was formed from Greenbrier County and +named to honor James Monroe. Born, like General Washington, +in Westmoreland County, he had a long political career culminating +in the Presidency of the United States. The creed he expounded, +called the "Monroe Doctrine", is still followed by our +government.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The New Century Brings Six New Counties</span> 1800-1810</p> + +<p>As the new century, 1800, came in, Tazewell was formed from +Wythe and Russell counties. Its bounds were all that part of the +aforesaid counties "beginning on the Kanawha line and running +with the line which divides Montgomery and Wythe counties to +where the said line crosses the top of Brushy mountain, thence +along the top of the said mountain to its junction with the Garden +mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to the +Clinch mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to +the head of Cove creek, a branch of the Maiden Spring fork of +Clinch river; thence a straight line to Mann's gap in Kent's ridge; +thence north forty-five degrees west, to the line which divides the +state of Kentucky from that of Virginia; thence along said line to +the Kanawha line and with said line to the place of beginning." +The name honored Henry Tazewell, United States senator from +Virginia 1794-1799.</p> + +<p>In 1801, Virginia made a second attempt to honor Thomas +Jefferson by naming the new county taken from Berkeley in his +honor. The Jefferson County formed in 1780 was, in 1801, a part +of Kentucky and this new county was destined to fall in West +Virginia; hence no county within the present confines of the +state honors this great Virginian.</p> + +<p>Harper's Ferry, situated in Jefferson County at the confluence +of the Shenandoah with the Potomac River, is as well known +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +for the beauty of its location as for being the site of John Brown's +Raid, the prelude to civil warfare. Incidentally it may be noted +that the Shenandoah afforded an outlet to market for the produce +of the Valley of Virginia since boats could pass down its waters +into the Potomac and thus to Chesapeake Bay.</p> + +<p>In 1804, the new county of Mason was formed from Kanawha. +It was bounded as follows: "beginning at the mouth of Little +Guyandotte River running from thence to the northwest corner +of a survey of 1437-1/2 acres made for Thomas Lewis in Teaze's +valley near the house of Joshua Morris, from thence to the mouth +of Little Hurricane creek, thence crossing the Kanawha river and +taking a dividing ridge between Eighteen Mile and Pocatallico +creeks to the end thereof, thence pursuing a northeast direction +till it intersects the Wood County line to the Ohio, thence down +the Ohio to the beginning."</p> + +<p>Within this county lies Point Pleasant, scene of the famous +battle.</p> + +<p>This was the second time that Virginia had attempted to pay +honor to George Mason of "Gunston Hall", author of the Bill +of Rights. The earlier Mason County formed in 1789 became +a part of Kentucky three years later, and the later Mason was +destined to lie in West Virginia. George Mason, Thomas Jefferson +and the Marquis de la Fayette are not represented in the list of +Virginia counties.</p> + +<p>The county of Giles formed in 1806 was created from portions +of Montgomery, Monroe and Tazewell counties, and is now a +border county between Virginia and West Virginia. Its boundaries +are thus described: "Beginning at the end of Gauley mountain on +New River, where the counties of Greenbrier and Kanawha intersect, +thence up the river with the Greenbrier and Montgomery +lines to the intersection of Monroe line; thence with the Monroe +and Montgomery line to the upper end of Pine's plantation; +thence a straight line to the mouth of Rich creek, leaving the +plantation of Hugh Caperton on the right; thence with the Monroe +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +line to the intersection of Botetourt County line and with +the Botetourt and Montgomery lines to the top of Gap mountain; +thence along the top of the said mountain to New River crossing +the same to the end of Walker's creek mountain; thence along +the top of the said mountain to the intersection of Wythe county +line; thence northwestwardly with said line to the intersection of +Tazewell line, and with the Tazewell and Montgomery line to +the top of Wolf creek mountain; thence along Wolf creek mountain +to a path leading from the Round Bottom to Harman's mill +about three miles below the mouth of Clear Fork of Wolf creek; +thence a straight line to the mouth of Militin's fork; thence a +direct line to the head of Crane creek on the top of the Flat-top +mountain; thence a direct line to the three forks of Guyandotte +river; thence down said river until it intersects Kanawha county +line; thence with said line to the beginning."</p> + +<p>Mountain Lake is situated in Giles County, and is a well-known +summer resort. It is also of interest for the wide range of +plant life found in its vicinity. Members of the University of Virginia's +Biological Department maintain a field station there and +in the summer study the wide variety of plants growing nearby.</p> + +<p>Giles County was named in honor of William B. Giles who +in 1800 was prominent in Virginia politics. He later served as +Governor 1827-1830.</p> + +<p>In 1808 Amherst County was divided according to its parish +lines, the western or upper part of the county which lay in Lexington +Parish retained the name of Amherst, and the lower or +more eastern part took the name of Nelson. This as will be recalled +was the second attempt to honor Governor Thomas Nelson, +whose Yorktown home still holds buried in its eastern wall two +cannon balls, grim mementoes of the battle of Yorktown.</p> + +<p>Virginia has believed in honoring the men who have held the +gubernatorial office, nineteen having been thus commemorated, +and Cabell County formed in 1809 carried on the tradition. It +honored William H. Cabell, who served from 1805 until 1808 +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +when he was chosen judge of the General Court. It later fell +into West Virginia, and lies along the Ohio River.</p> + + +<p class="center">1810-1820, <span class="smcap">Development Continues, Five New Counties</span></p> + +<p>In 1814, a Virginia county was formed from parts of Lee, +Russell and Washington and named Scott. This name was selected +because of General Winfield Scott, a native of Virginia +who achieved fame because of his successes in the War of 1812. +Later in the Mexican War he decisively defeated the Mexicans +at Chapultepec, entering Mexico City as conqueror. As a result +of this war some 850,000 square miles became United States +territory.</p> + +<p>The bounds of Scott County are as follows: "Beginning at the +head of Reedy creek where the wagon road crosses the same in +the county of Washington thence down the Tennessee line to +the south fork of Clinch river thence northward passing the Flag +Pond to the top of Powell's mountain in Lee County and along it +to the county of Russell and with it to the Kentucky line, thence +along Cumberland mountain to the head of Guese's river thence +down the Clinch mountain thence to the western end of Samuel +Hensley's plantation and thence to the beginning."</p> + +<p>"The wagon road" mentioned in the above description is most +likely the so-called "Wilderness Road" over which many west +bound settlers laboriously toiled. The other route west that was +often used was north to the present Pittsburgh and down the +Ohio river. Powell's Mountain and the river of that name commemorate +Ambrose Powell of Culpeper County, one of the earliest +explorers of Kentucky who accompanied Doctor Thomas Walker +there in 1749. In Scott County is the Natural Tunnel, a rare +formation through which the trains of the Southern Railway +Company pass regularly en route to Tennessee.</p> + +<p>Tyler, the next county established, lies now in the northwestern +part of West Virginia along the Ohio River but commemorates +a Tidewater Virginian, John Tyler, Sr. He was born at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +"Greenway" Charles City County and served as Governor 1808-1811. +His fame has been somewhat obscured by that of his son, +John Tyler, junior, President of the United States.</p> + +<p>The next county formed, Lewis, which was cut from Harrison, +also lay later in West Virginia in the north central area. It derived +its name from a heroic soldier, Colonel Charles Lewis who +was killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Point Pleasant, +situated near the confluence of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio +River was the scene of a day-long bloody battle between the +Virginia troops and Indian warriors led by Cornstalk and Logan. +General Andrew Lewis, brother of Colonel Charles, was the +commanding officer. The battle was hardly decisive and General +Lewis wished to follow and annihilate the fleeing enemy. Lord +Dunmore, in command of another detachment which arrived +later, forbade this and allowed the Indians to escape. This may +have been one of the reasons that influenced the Indians throughout +the Revolution to espouse the British cause.</p> + +<p>The establishment of Lewis County in 1816 was followed two +years later by that of another county, Preston, formed from Monongalia, +lying in the northeast corner of West Virginia, and +adjoining Pennsylvania and Maryland. Preston County honored +James Patton Preston, Governor of Virginia 1816-1819.</p> + +<p>Parts of Greenbrier, Kanawha and Randolph were made into +the new county of Nicholas in the same year that Preston was +organized. Nicholas lies to the east of Charleston, the capital of +West Virginia. Its name derives from Wilson Cary Nicholas, +Governor of Virginia 1814-1816, and predecessor of Governor +Preston.</p> + + +<p class="center">1820-1830 <span class="smcap">Transportation and Communications Improve,<br /> +Four New Counties</span></p> + +<p>The next county to be created was taken from Hampshire +and Berkeley and represented a northern rather than a western +expansion. It received the name Morgan from General Daniel +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +Morgan, one of the outstanding generals of the Revolution who +defeated Colonel Tarleton in the Battle of the Cowpens.</p> + +<p>The bounds of Morgan County are thus set forth: "Beginning +at the mouth of Cherry's Run at the river Potomac in the county +of Berkeley, thence up the middle of said Run to its source, thence +due west to the top of Sleepy Creek Mountain, thence along the +top of said mountain to the line that separates the counties of +Frederick and Berkeley, thence with the said line to the county +of Hampshire, thence a direct line until it strikes the river Potomac +opposite Mitchell's Rock and thence by the river Potomac +to the beginning."</p> + +<p>Pocahontas County created in 1821, a year after Morgan had +been formed, and likewise a West Virginia county, lies in the +southeastern section of the state opposite the Virginia county +of Alleghany. Its name was a long delayed tribute to the fine character +and achievements of the Indian maid Pocahontas. She both +aided the settlers at Jamestown with gifts of sorely needed food, +and by her marriage to John Rolfe secured eight years of peace +for them. This period was vital to their survival.</p> + +<p>Pocahontas lies in a mountainous region rich in bituminous +coal deposits, so much so that Pocahontas coal is known everywhere. +The description of the county's bounds notes the lines of +Greenbrier, Bath, Randolph and Pendleton counties and "Randolph +court House." This is the first mention of a courthouse anywhere +in this area.</p> + +<p>After discussing eight counties now in West Virginia, we come +to a Virginia county, Alleghany, formed in 1822 from Botetourt, +Bath and Monroe counties. It is the name the Delaware Indians +gave both the Ohio and the Alleghany rivers, but its origin is uncertain. +Presumably, the mountains took their name from the +river. Within the bounds of Alleghany County the Jackson and +the Cow-pasture rivers unite to form the James River, the longest +river in the state and the most important in its early history.</p> + +<p>Its bounds were thus described: "beginning at the top of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +middle of Potts' mountain, where the road leading from Fincastle +to the Sweet Springs crosses the same; thence with said road to the +top of Peter's mountain; thence a straight line to the Greenbrier +county line on the top of the Alleghany mountain so as to pass +between the Sweet and Red springs; thence with the top of the +Alleghany or Greenbrier line to a certain point so that a straight +line drawn thence to include in the new county Captain Henry +Massie's plantation in the Falling Spring Valley may also include +Archibald Morriss's plantation on Jackson's river in said +new county; thence a straight line from the said Massie's across +the Cow-pasture river immediately below William Griffin's on +said river to the Rockbridge county line; thence with said line to +a point in the Rockbridge and Botetourt line so that a line drawn +from thence will pass at or near the junction of Jackson's and +Cow-pasture rivers to the nearest part of the Rich Patch mountain; +and this line to be so run as to leave the house and yard +of Captain John Jordan in the county of Botetourt; thence with +the highest points of the said Rich Patch mountain next to Craig's +creek so as to include the inhabitants of the Rich Patch in said +new county, to a point at which it unites with Potts' mountain, +thence with the top of the said mountain to the beginning."</p> + +<p>In 1824 the county of Logan was formed from portions of Giles, +Cabell, Tazewell and Kanawha counties. It lay in the southwestern +part of the present West Virginia not far from the Kentucky +line. The name derives from the Mingo Indian chieftain +whose famous speech preserved by Thomas Jefferson was long a +popular selection for young would-be orators.</p> + + +<p class="center">1830-1840 <span class="smcap">Large Increase in Population Necessitates<br /> +Fourteen New Counties</span></p> + +<p>For seven years, there was no further expansion until in 1831 +when the Virginia county of Floyd was formed. This was taken +from that part of Montgomery County adjacent to the counties +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +of Franklin, Patrick and Grayson. The name is in honor of John +Floyd, Governor of Virginia 1830-1834. It is a beautiful county +of high mountains, fertile valleys and good blue-grass pasture land.</p> + +<p>Its bounds were thus prescribed: "Beginning at the widow +Litterell's, thence a straight line to John Thrasher's; thence a +straight line to John Cooper's old place; thence a straight line to +where the Waggon road crosses the Laurel ridge; from thence +along the highest part of said ridge to Little river; and down the +same to Mack's mountain; and with the same to the Grayson +line and with the same to the Patrick line and with the same to +the Franklin line and with the same to the line of Montgomery +and Franklin, opposite the widow Litterell's; from thence a +straight line to the beginning."</p> + +<p>In addition to Floyd, Fayette County was also formed in 1831. +This county, the second attempt Virginia had made to honor +the Marquis de la Fayette, fell later into West Virginia. Taken +from parts of Logan, Greenbrier, Nicholas and Kanawha, Fayette +lies in the southeastern part of the state, and is traversed by the +New River.</p> + +<p>The lengthy description of its bounds notes several streams +besides the New River; namely: Lick creek, Meadow river, Mill +creek, Gauley river, Twenty Mile creek, Kanawha river, Guyandotte +and Cole (Coal) river. For the first time we find mention +of a turnpike, "the Kanawha turnpike." In the decade 1820-1830, +a great interest in highways developed, and turnpikes and toll +roads became numerous. In Virginia a well-known toll road ran +through the Valley of Virginia called "the Valley Pike." National +highway Route Number 11 largely follows its path.</p> + +<p>The third county created in 1831 also is now a West Virginia +county, Jackson. Formed from Mason, Kanawha and Wood, +Jackson lies in the western part of the state along the Ohio River +south of Parkersburg. It was named for General Andrew Jackson, +then in his first term as President of the United States. A song +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +popular at that time carried these two lines complimenting his +exploits:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10%">"Glory be to Jackson for the Battle of New Orleans</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10%">For there he gave the enemy the hot butter-beans"</span></p> + + +<p>referring to his victory over the British in the battle of that name.</p> + +<p>We come back to Virginia now and discuss the fourth county +created in 1831. Formed from Shenandoah and Rockingham +counties, it lies in the Valley of Virginia with the famed Luray +Cavern within its borders. It was named in honor of John Page, +Governor of Virginia 1802-1805.</p> + +<p>Its bounds are as follows: "Beginning at a point in the line of +the counties of Rockingham and Orange on the top of the Blue +Ridge opposite to the headwaters of Naked creek in the county +of Rockingham; thence a straight line to the headwaters of said +creek; thence with the meanderings of said creek to its junction +with the South river; thence down the bed of said river to the +upper end of Michael Shuler's island; thence a straight line to +the mouth of Shuler's run; thence with the main branch of said +run to its source; thence a straight line to the top of the Massanutten +mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to its +termination near Daniel Clem's; thence to the top of the eastern +Fort mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to a point +opposite to the mouth of Cunningham's run in the county of +Shenandoah; thence a straight line to the mouth of said run; +thence with the said run to its source; thence to a point in a direct +line to the top of the Blue Ridge in the line of the two counties +of Shenandoah and Culpeper; and thence with the top of the +Blue Ridge to the beginning."</p> + +<p>From Washington and Wythe in 1832 was established the +new county of Smyth situated in the southwestern section of +Virginia and extending to the North Carolina line. The name +derives from General Alexander Smyth of Wythe County, Inspector +General of the Army in 1812 and Member of Congress +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +1817-1825, 1827-1830. A portrait of him by Saint Memin is in +the Corcoran Art Gallery.</p> + +<p>The bounds of the county are set forth as follows: "Beginning +on the main stage road at a bridge in a hollow at a point where +the spring branch of Phillip Griever deceased crosses the same; +thence a direct line, passing equidistant between Preston's and +King's salt wells to the line of Russell county; and from the said +point on the main stage road aforesaid where the said spring +branch crosses the same running south twenty-five degrees east +to the southern boundary of Washington county; and beginning +on the main stage coach road leading by Abingdon and Wythe +courthouse, ten miles by the said road dividing Washington +and Wythe counties; running thence northwest to the northern +boundary of Wythe county and southeast to the southern boundary +of Wythe county. The said line through Wythe county running +precisely parallel with the line aforesaid through Washington +County."</p> + +<p>In the above we note the great development that had taken +place in this section, a "stagecoach road" and two towns, Abingdon +and Wythe Courthouse, being mentioned for the first time. +A road over which a heavy stagecoach could travel was a big +advance over the bridle paths and "rolling roads" of the preceding +century.</p> + +<p>In 1833, Rappahannock also a Virginia county, was established. +This was taken from Culpeper County and named for the river +which traverses it, and which, likely took its name from the Indian +tribe living along its banks. The settlers first called this river +Pembroke in honor of William Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke +and brother-in-law of the famous Sir Philip Sydney. The Earl +was a member of the Virginia Company of London and invested +four hundred pounds sterling in the enterprise.</p> + +<p>The bounds of Rappahannock County were as follows: "Beginning +at the corner of Madison and Culpeper counties upon +the top of the Blue Ridge of mountains and running thence with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +the line of said counties to the point where it is intersected by +Hugh's river above the junction of Hugh's and Hazel's rivers; +thence with Hugh's river to the junction of the aforesaid rivers; +thence to a bend in the river near a point called the Giant's castle; +thence to Horner's mill upon the Fauquier and Culpeper line; +thence with said line to the corner of the aforesaid counties upon +the top of the Blue Ridge, thence with said mountain to the +beginning."</p> + +<p>The next county established in this continuous effort to make +due processes of law and order accessible to all lies now in the +northern tip of West Virginia. It is called Marshall, honoring +John Marshall who died in 1835, the year of the county's creation. +John Marshall's career and achievements are too well known to +be recounted here; suffice it to say that in his lengthy tenure as +its Chief Justice he gave plan, directive and purpose to the Supreme +Court of the United States.</p> + +<p>The bounds of Marshall County were set forth as being "all +that part of the lower end of the county of Ohio lying south +of a line beginning on the Ohio river at a stone to be fixed on +the bank of said river, one half mile above the mouth of Buggs' +run; thence a direct line to the northern boundary of the town of +West Union and thence continuing the same course to the Pennsylvania +line."</p> + +<p>In 1836 Braxton, also at present a West Virginia county, was +created from portions of Lewis and Nicholas counties. Its name +honors Carter Braxton, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, +the last one of the Virginia signers to receive this distinction.</p> + +<p>The description of its bounds though long is of interest because +of the number of place names used and is therefore quoted: +"beginning at Salt Works road at the head of Barbecue run and +running thence with the dividing ridge of the Kanawha and +Monongalia waters to the head of the Fall run; thence along the +leading ridge to the forks of the Little Kanawha; thence up the +right hand fork to its head; thence with the dividing ridge between +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +Kanawha, Buchanan and Elk waters, to the corner of +Randolph and Nicholas county line; thence with the said line to +the top of the Point mountain above the Fork lick; thence along +the top of the Point mountain to the end thereof; thence a straight +line to Joseph Priam's (so as to include Joseph Priam's lands +within the boundary of the new county); thence a straight line +to the top of the ridge between Big and Little Birch rivers, and +down said ridge to the mouth of Little Birch river; thence a +straight line to the mouth of the Rock-camp fork of Big Buffalo +(above Young's Bottoms); thence down the same to its mouth, +crossing Elk river; thence to the Lewis and Kanawha county +line at a point where a straight line to the mouth of the Long +Shoal run will include Jacob Shock on Steer creek within the +boundary of the new county; thence up the said Long Shoal +run to the top of the ridge between the Sand fork and Little +Kanawha; thence with the dividing ridge to the head of the left +hand fork of the Three lick fork of Oil creek; thence to its mouth; +thence to the main fork of Oil creek; thence up the Clover lick +fork to the beginning."</p> + +<p>From almost the center of the present state of West Virginia, +we now return to Virginia and note the creation from Frederick +of the new county of Clarke. Braxton, Clarke and Warren were +all established in the year 1836. Clarke, though incorrectly +spelled pays honor to that native of Albemarle County who won +the Northwest Territory for the Continental Congress, George +Rogers Clark. The county, cut from the eastern part of Frederick, +adjoins Jefferson, Loudoun and Fauquier.</p> + +<p>Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning at the point in the Blue +Ridge where the line dividing the counties of Jefferson and +Loudoun meets the line dividing the counties of Frederick and +Loudoun, thence with the line dividing the counties of Jefferson +and Frederick to the middle of the Opequon creek; thence up +the middle of the Opequon to the mouth of Wright's branch; +thence up that stream to the mouth of Nations Spring run; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +thence a direct line until it reaches Colin Leach's corner, next +to major Seth Mason's land on the road to Nineveh; thence eastwardly +by a direct line, passing south of the buildings and curtilages +of doctor James Hay and James M. Hite, to a point on the +Shenandoah river, at the mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run, on the +north side of the Shenandoah river; thence from the mouth of +said run a straight line to the nearest top of the Blue Ridge of +mountains; and thence on the eastern boundary of Frederick +county to the beginning."</p> + +<p>Curtilage, used for the first time in any description, is a law +term denoting the fenced-in area adjoining a dwelling house or +a courtyard. The term often used now is dependencies.</p> + +<p>Warren, the third county created in 1836, lies over the Blue +Ridge from and a little to the south of Clarke. Its territory was +taken from those portions of Shenandoah and Frederick counties +that adjoined "the counties of Rappahannock and Fauquier in +the southern part thereof." The name honors the brave soldier +Major General Joseph Warren who fell in the Battle of Bunker +Hill.</p> + +<p>The bounds of Warren County which mention some places +noted in Clarke County's bounds are as follows: "Beginning at +the top of the Blue Ridge where the counties of Shenandoah +and Page corner on the Rappahannock county line; thence west +with the Page line to the top of the southeast Fort mountain; +thence north with the top of said mountain to its termination +at the mouth of Powel's fort; thence a straight line from the +top of said mountain to the nearest top of the Three top mountain; +thence with the top of said mountain to the high peak opposite +Strasburg; thence a straight line to Hoffman's ford across +the north branch of Shenandoah river; thence down the bed of +said river to the mouth of Cedar creek on the north side of said +river; thence up said creek to where the Winchester and Staunton +stage road crosses said creek; thence a straight line to Zion +meeting-house in Frederick county; thence with the main +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +road leading towards the White post until it reaches Colin +Leache's corner, a point on said road; then eastwardly by a direct +line passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor James +Hay and James M. Hite; to a point on Burden's March run; +thence by a direct line to a point on the Shenandoah river at +the mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run on the north side of the Shenandoah +river; thence from the mouth of said run a straight line +to the nearest top of the Blue Ridge; thence a southwest course +with the top of said Blue Ridge to the beginning."</p> + +<p>The next year, 1837, Mercer, now in West Virginia but adjoining +Giles County, Virginia, was formed. The Act authorizing +its creation is as follows: "All that part of the counties of Giles +and Tazewell contained within the following boundary lines ... +shall form one distinct and new county and be called and known +by the name of Mercer county in memory of general Hugh +Mercer who fell at Princeton." Appropriately the county seat of +Mercer County is Princeton.</p> + +<p>In 1838 the Virginia counties of Greene and Roanoke were +set up.</p> + +<p>The Act for the former county is as follows: "So much of +the county of Orange as it lies next to and adjoining the counties +of Madison, Rockingham and Albemarle and west of a line beginning +at Cave's old mill (now James Jackson's) on the Madison +county line and running thence a straight line to where Whitelow's +mill run intersects the Albemarle county line shall form +one distinct and new county and be called and known by the +name of Greene county in memory of general Nathaniel Greene +who served his country in the revolutionary war."</p> + +<p>It may be mentioned that this is the second county in Virginia +honoring General Greene. The correct spelling for his first name +is Nathanael.</p> + +<p>In Greene County lies Swift Run Gap. This is the gap in +the Blue Ridge mountains over which in September 1715, Governor +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +Spotswood led his adventurous band into the beautiful +Valley of Virginia. Westward expansion began at this date.</p> + +<p>The second county created in 1838 was Roanoke composed +of that portion of Botetourt lying next to the southwestern parts +of Montgomery, Franklin and Bedford. Roanoke was the name +applied by the early colonists to the shell-beads of different colors +used by the Indians as a medium of exchange. The river had +long been known as Roanoke, hence it seems likely that the +county took its name from the river.</p> + +<p>Roanoke County is thus bounded: "beginning at a point on +the Blue ridge which divides the counties of Bedford and Botetourt, +thence northwest to the house now the residence of John +Bonsack on Glade creek so as to include the said Bonsack in the +new county, thence a line to the house of Thomas Barnes including +said Barnes in the county, and so as to leave John W. +Thompson in the county of Botetourt, thence a straight line +crossing the Catawba Valley at a point one mile due north of +Mrs. Garwood's; thence crossing Craig's creek (passing the house +of John Spessard on Craig's creek so as to leave the said Spessard +in the old county) to the top of the mountain which divides the +waters of Craig's creek and Sinking creek, thence westwardly +along the top of the mountain to the point where the lines of +Botetourt, Montgomery and Giles counties meet, thence with +the line which divided the county of Botetourt from the county +of Montgomery to the point at which the said line joins the +Bedford line, thence with the Bedford line to the beginning."</p> + +<p>In this same area in the following year the county of Pulaski +was created from the western end of Montgomery and the eastern +end of Wythe. Its name honored the Polish patriot Count Casimir +Pulaski who, exiled from his homeland, came to America and +joined General Washington's army. He participated in important +engagements and finally fell on 11 October 1779 unsuccessfully +defending Savannah, Georgia.</p> + +<p>The bounds of Pulaski County are thus set forth: "beginning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +at a line dividing the county of Giles from Montgomery on New +river, thence with same line to the head of a hollow above Hiram +Davis's on Little Walker's creek; thence to a point on the main +road between the lands of John T. Sayers and Harvey Shepherd +including the plantation of David G. Shepherd, thence to the +mouth of Pine run on New river, thence to the Grayson county +line; including Sally King's plantation on Reed island; thence +with the Grayson line to the Floyd line, and with the same to +the mouth of Indian creek on Little river, and with the same including +the farm of Creed Taylor to New river, and with the +same to the beginning."</p> + + +<p class="center">1840-1850 <span class="smcap">Flood Tide, Sixteen New Counties</span></p> + +<p>Three years elapsed before another county was needed and +it was not until 1842 that the county of Marion was formed from +the southern part of Monongalia and the northern part of Harrison. +The name given it was "in honor to and in memory of general +Francis Marion who served his country in the war of the +revolution." This county now lies in West Virginia.</p> + +<p>Also in 1842, a new county in the southwestern area of Virginia +was formed from Grayson. It was thus bounded: "beginning on +the North Carolina line at or near Fisher's peak and running +thence a straight line across the said county of Grayson (so as to +cross Chestnut creek near the ford at major James Anderson's) +to the line of Wythe county thence along said Wythe line to the +line of Pulaski county thence along said Pulaski line to line of +Floyd county, thence along said Floyd line to the line of Patrick; +thence along the said Patrick line to the North Carolina line +thence along said North Carolina line to the point of beginning +... and be called and known by the name of Carroll in memory +of Charles Carroll of Carrollton." Charles Carroll, one of the +Maryland Signers of the Declaration of Independence, had been +the last survivor of this noble group, dying in 1832 at the age of +95 years.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> + +<p>The third county created in 1842, Wayne, taken from the +western part of Cabell lay along the Ohio river and is now in +West Virginia. This new division was to "be called and known +by the name of Wayne county in memory and in honor of general +Anthony Wayne."</p> + +<p>Two counties destined to be in West Virginia were set up in +1843. The first of these was Ritchie in the western part of the +state created from portions of Lewis, Harrison and Wood. The +name honors Thomas Ritchie, "founder and long the able editor +of the <i>Richmond Enquirer</i> and 'father of democracy' in Virginia."</p> + +<p>The other county, Barbour, lying in the northeastern part of +the state was established from areas of Harrison, Lewis and Randolph. +The description of its bounds besides mentioning the +usual rivers and ridges names also several persons which always +draws the reader's interest. Some of these are: "Rueben Davisson's +farm," "the old farm now occupied by Samuel Bartlett," +"William Bean's," "Samuel Black's residence" and "the widow +Corley's corner tree."</p> + +<p>The name of the county was "in honour to and in memory of +Philip Barbour of Virginia." Appropriately the county seat is +Philippi. Judge Barbour, a native of Orange County, Virginia, +where his home "Frascati" still stands, achieved distinction as a +Judge of the Supreme Court. He had died the year before the +county was formed.</p> + +<p>Taylor County, also in the northeastern part of West Virginia +was formed in 1844 from sections of Harrison, Barbour and +Marion. Its bounds mention "the residence of Anderson Corbin," +"the residence of James M'Daniell," "the residence of Joseph +Bailey," "the farm of John H. Woodford" and others.</p> + +<p>The name of the county honors General Zachary Taylor, +twelfth President of the United States, a native of Orange County, +Virginia. He had a distinguished military career, serving in +the Black Hawk, Seminole and Mexican Wars.</p> + +<p>The determination on the part of Virginia's General Assembly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> +to render justice more easy and accessible to all its citizens was +as strong in 1845 when parts of Lewis and Kanawha counties +became Gilmer County as it had been two centuries earlier. It +was the unifying purpose in all development.</p> + +<p>The name Gilmer takes us to Albemarle County, Virginia, +where Thomas Walker Gilmer, elected Governor of Virginia in +1840, was born. He was grandson of Doctor Thomas Walker of +"Castle Hill," Albemarle County who was the first to explore +Southwest Virginia and Kentucky.</p> + +<p>At the same time that Gilmer was formed, the county which +lies to the north of it was established. Both are now in West +Virginia. The bounds of Doddridge County, as noted in the +Act of Assembly creating it, list several waterways including +Hughes's and Monongahela rivers but the most interesting land +mark named is "the Northwestern turnpike road at tollgate number +eleven." This shows steadily advancing development in transportation, +for earlier there had been references to wagon roads, +then to stagecoach roads and now to a turnpike with the regular +tollgates to provide funds for maintenance.</p> + +<p>The name honors the memory of Philip Doddridge of Brooke +County, who was a prominent member of the Virginia Constitutional +Convention of 1829-30. He was an advocate of the +wishes of the western portion of the state to have representation +based upon white population exclusively. This motion failed +and a compromise constitution was agreed upon. Philip Doddridge +died in Washington, D. C. in 1832 while serving as a +member of Congress.</p> + +<p>After discussing six counties now in West Virginia, we come +now to the county of Appomattox formed in 1845 from portions +of Buckingham, Prince Edward, Charlotte and Campbell. The +name derives from the river which traverses the county.</p> + +<p>Its bounds are thus defined: "Beginning at the mouth of +David's creek on James river; thence a straight line to the head +of Holleway creek; thence down the same as it meanders to Appomattox +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +river; thence down the same to the Cutbanks; thence +a straight line to the mouth of Cabin branch on Vaughan's +creek; thence up the said creek to its head; thence a straight +line to Merryman's or Land's; thence along the public road leading +by M'Kinney's old store to the fork of the Lynchburg road +about a mile north of the Red house; thence a straight line to +the old mill formerly owned by William Harvey; thence along +the Lynchburg road to the mill formerly owned by Samuel +Branch, esquire, on Falling river; thence up the said river to +the mouth of Reedy creek; thence a straight line to Hunter's +old tavern (now Glovers); thence a straight line to Sterling C. +Anderson's; thence a straight line to the mouth of Scott's branch +about a mile before the mouth of Joshua's creek on James river; +and thence down the said river to the beginning."</p> + +<p>In 1846, in the northwestern portion of the present state of +West Virginia, the new county of Wetzel was set up from Tyler. +The following landowners are named as living within its bounds: +"James Peden (or Paden), Richard Anchrom and Rueben Martin, +esquire." The county was so called "in honor of Louis Wetzel, +the distinguished frontiersman and Indian scout, the Boone of +Northwestern Virginia."</p> + +<p>As if feeling this action a little unfair, the Assembly next +year, when a new county was to be created, named it Boone +"in honor to and in memory of Daniel Boone the well known +pioneer of the western frontier settlements." Boone was taken +from parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Logan counties and lies +south of Charleston, the state capital.</p> + +<p>In this same year, the county of Alexandria was added to +Virginia's jurisdiction. The Assembly enacted "That the territory +comprising the county of Alexandria in the District of Columbia +heretofore ceded by this commonwealth to the United States and +by an act of congress approved on the ninth day of July eighteen +hundred and forty-six retroceded to this commonwealth, and +by it accepted, is hereby declared to be an integral portion of this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +commonwealth and the citizens thereof are hereby declared to +be subject to all the provisions, and entitled to all the benefits, +rights and privileges of the bill of rights and constitution of this +commonwealth."</p> + +<p>In 1791, to aid in establishing the Federal City, as Washington +was sometimes called, Virginia gave to the United States certain +land taken from Fairfax County to form a part of the District +of Columbia. In the Act quoted above it has been seen that the +United States retroceded to Virginia that part of the District of +Columbia which comprised the county of Alexandria. The name +in 1920 was changed to Arlington.</p> + +<p>Across the state from Alexandria the new county of Highland +came into being in 1847, being taken from parts of Pendleton +and Bath. Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning where the +North river gap road crosses the Augusta county line, and running +thence to the top of Jackson's mountain so as to leave Jacob +Hiver's mansion house in Pendleton county; thence to Andrew +Fleisher's so as to include his mansion house in the new county; +thence to the highlands between the Dry run and Crab bottom; +and thence along the top of the High Knob; thence north sixty-five +degrees west to Pocahontas county line; thence along said +county line to the plum orchard on the top of the Alleghany +mountains; thence to Adam Stephenson's mansion house on Jackson's +river in Bath county so as to include Thomas Campbell's +mansion house on Back creek and also said Adam Stephenson's in +the new county; thence to Andrew H. Byrd's mansion house on +the Cow-pasture river so as to include the same in the new county, +and so as to leave the dwelling house of William M'Clintick, +jr. in Bath county; thence south sixty-five degrees east to the +Augusta county line and thence with said line to the beginning."</p> + +<p>The name of the county is derived from its exceptionally high +altitude, and the name of its county seat, Monterey, reflects the +popular interest felt in the victory General Taylor had just won +over the Mexicans at the Battle of Monterey.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> + +<p>After the formation of Highland County five counties destined +to lie in West Virginia were established. The first of these, +Hancock, created in 1848 out of Brooke, lies in the extreme +northern tip of the present state between the Ohio river and +the Pennsylvania state line. Its name honors the first Signer of +the Declaration of Independence, whose distinguished signature +is familiar through countless reproductions.</p> + +<p>In this same year from portions of Jackson and Wood counties +was formed Wirt. This is in the northwestern area of the state +not far from Parkersburg. In the description of bounds, only +three land owners are named, John Stephens, junior, John P. +Thomasson and William Goff.</p> + +<p>The name of the county honored the distinguished lawyer, +William Wirt, who had died a few years before. He had served +as Attorney General of the United States from 1817 to 1829 +and had been a candidate for the Presidency on the Anti-Masonic +ticket in 1832. He is best remembered for his life of Patrick +Henry.</p> + +<p>The third county created in 1848 was Putnam, composed of +parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Mason counties, and lying to the +west of the city of Charleston. Its name recalls a hero of the +Revolutionary War, General Israel Putnam who distinguished +himself at the Battle of Bunker Hill and became a popular hero.</p> + + +<p class="center">1850-1860 <span class="smcap">Ebbing Tide, Twelve Counties</span></p> + +<p>The year 1850 saw the formation of two more counties now +in West Virginia. The first one, Raleigh, was taken from the +southern part of Fayette. In its bounds, the lands of Isaac Sonners +and Jackson Jarrell, and the New, Coal, and Guyandotte rivers +are noted. The name was "in memory of Sir Walter Raleigh who +made the earliest effort to colonize Virginia." It is pleasant to +see that Virginia finally recognized her debt to this valiant soul, +even though it was tardily done, for he died in 1618.</p> + +<p>A few days after Raleigh became a county, the Virginia Assembly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +enacted that the county of Wyoming be erected out of +the county of Logan. Wyoming lies in the southern central portion +of West Virginia. The reason for the name is obscure, whether +it was for the beautiful Wyoming Valley in north central +Pennsylvania watered by the Susquehanna River, or for the +brutal massacre of its inhabitants on 4 July 1778 by a British +and Indian force is unknown.</p> + +<p>Half of the nineteenth century has passed and our narrative +has only a few more years to chronicle. In 1851, three counties +were formed. One of these, Craig, remained in Virginia. It was +taken from parts of Botetourt, Roanoke, Giles and Monroe.</p> + +<p>Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning on the top of the +Middle mountain at the corner of Monroe and Alleghany counties, +near Achilles Dews, and running with the Alleghany line +to the top of Peters' mountain; thence westward along the top +of said mountain to a point nearby opposite to the house of +Boston Rowan; thence crossing Potts' creek to a point one fourth +of a mile below said Rowan's so as to leave said Rowan's in the +county of Monroe; thence a southwestern direction to the top +of Potts' mountain, so as to leave Armentrout, Fridley and Rose +in Monroe; thence westward along the top of said mountain to +a point opposite Colonel R. M. Hutchinson's on John's creek, +and thence a straight line including said Hutchinson in the new +county, and crossing Sinking creek valley to William Niday's, +including said Niday in the new county, to the Montgomery line; +thence eastward with the Montgomery line to the corner of Roanoke +and Montgomery; thence with the Roanoke line to the top +of Brush mountain; thence eastward along said mountain, crossing +the Cove branch where John Carper formerly lived; thence +along the same range of mountains passing near Lilburn Doss's, +crossing Stone Coal gap; thence along the same range of mountains, +crossing Price's turnpike road to a point opposite Daniel +Sizer's; thence a northwestern direction crossing Craig's creek +above said Sizer's to a point one mile from Craig's creek on the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> +ridge; thence to Andrew Persinger's on Barber's creek; thence +to the Alleghany line and with the same to the beginning."</p> + +<p>The name of the county honored Robert Craig, member of +Congress from Virginia 1829-1834, 1835-1841.</p> + +<p>In the same month in which Craig was set up, the new county +of Upshur was created from parts of Randolph, Barbour and +Lewis, all now in West Virginia. The starting point in the description +of its bounds reads as follows: "Beginning at a rock or milestone +on the Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike road ten miles +east of Weston in Lewis County." This shows that transportation +had developed sufficiently to connect places on the Ohio +River with other sections of Virginia.</p> + +<p>Upshur County took its name from Abel P. Upshur whom +President Tyler appointed Secretary of State to succeed Daniel +Webster. Upshur was killed 28 February 1844 by the explosion +of a new type of cannon which was being tested on the U.S.S. +<i>Princeton</i>.</p> + +<p>Also in March 1851, from the counties of Tyler, Wood and +Ritchie the new county of Pleasants was established. This lies +in the area around Parkersburg in the northwestern part of +West Virginia, along the Ohio River. The name honored the +memory of James Pleasants, Governor of Virginia, 1822 to 1825, +member of a family long resident and prominent in the state.</p> + +<p>Five years passed and in the interval population had increased +to such an extent in the western part of Virginia that four county +governments had to be set up to take care of legal needs. One +of these, Wise, formed from portions of Lee, Scott and Russell +counties, remains in Virginia. The name honored Henry A. +Wise, Governor of Virginia 1856-1860.</p> + +<p>The bounds of the county were as follows: "Beginning at the +break of Cumberland mountain on the Kentucky and Virginia +line where the Pound fork of Sandy breaks through the Cumberland +mountain; thence up the Pound fork to the mouth of Crane's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +nest, a water of said Pound fork; thence with the dividing ridge +between the waters of Crane's nest and McLure's, to William +Taylor's farm, including said Taylor's farm in the new county; +thence a straight line to the mouth of Lick creek; thence down +Clinch river to the mouth of Guest's river; thence up Guest's +river one mile; thence a straight line to the Camp rock south +of the High Knob; thence a straight line to the Pole fence on +Little Powell's mountain, on the line dividing Scott and Lee +counties; thence with said county line to the head of Stock creek +including the farm of Zachariah N. Wells in the said county; +thence a straight line to the Cedar gap near Powell's river; thence +a straight line to the dividing ridge between the waters of Crab +orchard and Pigeon fork; thence with said dividing ridge to the +Kentucky line and thence with the Kentucky line to the beginning."</p> + +<p>In the Act creating the county it was ordered that the "said +seat of justice shall be known as Gladesville," but the present +county seat is called Wise.</p> + +<p>As has been said, Wise was the only one of the four counties +erected in 1856 that remains in Virginia. The next county formed +was Calhoun taken from the lower portion of Gilmer County +beginning at the West Fork of the Little Kanawha River. The +name derives from the great South Carolina statesman who succeeded +Abel P. Upshur as Secretary of State and was long outstanding +in politics.</p> + +<p>At the same time that Calhoun became an entity, parts of the +counties of Kanawha, Jackson, and Gilmer lying a little to the +west of Calhoun became Roane County. The description of its +bounds is startling when it mentions "the Ravenswood and California +turnpike in Jackson county," but later we learn that California +is a town in Jackson County.</p> + +<p>With regard to Roane County, "its name and that of its seat +of justice, Spencer, commemorate that of him [Spencer Roane +]<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +whose life and public services added lustre to the annals of Virginia +jurisprudence." Spencer Roane was "judge of the Supreme +Bench 1794 to 1822."</p> + +<p>The next county was Tucker formed out of the northeastern +portion of Randolph County and adjoining also the counties of +Hardy, Preston and Pendleton. The county seat appropriately +bore the name of Saint George. The county was "named in +honor of Saint George Tucker the eminent Virginia jurist while +the seat of justice derives its name from Saint George Tucker +who was Clerk of the House of Delegates at the time the county +was formed."</p> + +<p>Two years later in 1858, three more counties were established, +one of which, Buchanan, was destined to remain in Virginia, +and the other two in West Virginia.</p> + +<p>McDowell, one of the two, was taken from the northwest portion +of Tazewell County and remains a border county between +the two states, "The ridge between Abb's Valley and Sandy" +is one of the bounding lines noted in the description; it recalls +the Indian Massacre that occurred in that Valley and the many +stories related about it.</p> + +<p>The name of the county honors James McDowell, elected +Governor of Virginia in 1843 and serving until 1846.</p> + +<p>Clay County formed also in 1858 was created out of the southern +part of Braxton County and the northern part of Nicholas. +Among the property owners whose lands were mentioned as +within its bounds, were Thomas Jarvis, jr., James Rogers, Charles +Ruffner, who with others owned a twelve thousand acre tract +"(near the farm of William Nichol, Sr.)," Strother B. Grose and +Abraham Dilly.</p> + +<p>The county was so named in honor of Henry Clay, the great +Kentucky statesman who had died only a few years before its +formation.</p> + +<p>The Virginia county established in 1858 from parts of Tazewell +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +and Russell was Buchanan, named for James Buchanan, +President of the United States 1857-1861.</p> + +<p>Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning at the state line between +Kentucky and Virginia and with said line to its intersection +with the line of Wise county, to the top of the dividing ridge +between the waters of Sandy and Clinch and with said ridge +eastwardly to the head of Dismal, a branch of the Lavica fork +of Sandy river; then with the dividing ridge between the waters +of Dismal and the waters of the Dry fork of Sandy and with the +ridge between the waters of the Lavica fork and the Dry fork +to the ridge between Knox creek and Bull creek to Tug river +and down Tug river to the beginning."</p> + + +<p class="center">1860-1870 <span class="smcap">Recession, Two Counties</span></p> + +<p>In 1860, an Act was passed to create the new county of Webster +from portions of the counties of Nicholas, Braxton and Randolph, +all to be later in West Virginia. The name honored Daniel +Webster, the prominent statesman who had died only a few years +previously.</p> + +<p>In March 1861, the new county of Bland, taken from portions +of Giles, Wythe and Tazewell and named for Richard Bland +of Revolutionary War fame came into being. Its bounds are thus +set forth: "beginning at the top of Walker's Little mountain +at the line between Wythe and Pulaski and running northwards +with said line of Pulaski, to the top of Walker's Big mountain; +thence eastward along the top of said last mentioned mountain +to a point opposite the mouth of Kimberling creek; thence by a +line northward passing through the mouth of said Kimberling +creek to a point on the top of the mountain which lies south of +Wolf creek, three miles east of the present county line between +Giles and Tazewell counties; thence to a point on the top of +East river mountain two miles east of the present county line +between Giles and Tazewell so as to include the homestead of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +Madison Allen and his lands adjoining thereto; thence with the +top of the said East River mountain westward to a point two +miles west of George Steel's house on Clear fork; thence across +and by a line as near as may be at right angles to the course of +the valley between to the top of Rich mountain and westward +along the top of said Rich mountain so far as to include the settlement +of Wolf creek, thence across the top of Garden mountain; +thence along the top of Garden mountain to a point through +which the line between Wythe and Smyth would pass if prolonged; +thence by said prolonged line to the said line between +Wythe and Smyth and by the last mentioned line to the top of +Walker's Big mountain; thence eastward with the top of said +Walker's Big mountain to a point opposite the headwaters of +Walker's Little creek; thence across to the top of Walker's Little +mountain, thence to the top of said mountain eastward to the +beginning."</p> + +<p>Hardly was the ink dry on the Act quoted above when war +precluded further settlements and expansion. Not for nearly +twenty years would another and the last county be established.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Finis—One County</span></p> + +<p>In March 1880, out of the counties of Russell, Wise, and +Buchanan was formed the new county of Dickenson, named +for a prominent member of the Readjuster Party, then dominant +in Virginia.</p> + +<p>Its bounds noted in great detail are as follows: "beginning +at Osborn's gap in Cumberland mountain on the state line; +thence a straight line to the top of George's Fork mountain at +a point where the road crosses said mountain; thence with the +top of the mountain to the head of Lick branch, a tributary of +Crane's nest creek; thence a straight line to the mouth of Birchfield +creek; thence up Crane's Nest creek to the mouth of Lion's +fork; thence up said creek to the forks of said branch; thence +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +up the Fork spur to the top of Crane's Nest bridge; thence a +straight line to Sandy Ridge meeting-house in the county of Wise +on the top of Sandy Ridge; thence with the top of Sandy ridge +to the James Porter farm at the head of Nancy's ridge; thence a +straight line to Trammel gap on Sandy ridge, thence with the +top of Sandy ridge with a line of Russell county to the James +P. Kiser farm, thence a straight line to Henry Kiser's farm on +the top of Sandy ridge at the Russell county line; thence with +the Russell county line to James Rasnaker's farm, including said +farm in the new county; thence down the Cany ridge to the +mouth of Cany creek; thence down Indian creek to its mouth; +including J. H. Duly's farm; thence down Russell's fork of Sandy +river to the mouth of Panpan creek, including Andrew Owen's +dwelling house; thence a straight line to the mouth of Greenbrier +creek, a tributary of Prater creek; thence a straight line +to the Big meadow gap; thence down a branch to Gressy creek; +thence down said creek to the mouth of Russell's fork of Sandy +river; thence down said river to the state line of Virginia and +Kentucky; thence with the state line to the beginning."</p> + +<p>The formation of Dickenson County in 1880 completed all +the local organizations authorized by the Virginia Assembly from +1634 up to the present, though in many counties minor changes +in bounds have been enacted from time to time.</p> + +<p>We have seen the little feeble settlements along the James +River extend like a rising tide now east, now south, now north +and finally with great impetus to the west. Each settlement as +it was established proceeded to put into effect the concepts of +law and order as practiced at Jamestown, and handed down from +father to son. The principle of representative constitutional government +as evidenced in the first General Assembly of 1619 may +be called the sacred fire each settlement took with it and carefully +tended. It was the one thing all shared whether they lived by the +James River or high on the Blue Ridge. A settlement, a county, +a state, each one must have law, order, ready justice, representative +<span class="pagenum">[78]</span> +government. That is the theme underlying the development +of Virginia which we have traced step by step. It is the theme +underlying the development of our nation. Every American is +a debtor to Jamestown for his heritage of representative constitutional +government.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[79]</span></p> + + +<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> + + +<blockquote><p><i>Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia</i>, 1808-1880.</p> + +<p>Daniel, J. R. V., <i>A Hornbook of Virginia History</i>, Richmond, 1950.</p> + +<p>Hening, William Waller, <i>The Statutes at Large</i>, Being <i>a +Collection of All the Laws of Virginia</i>, 1619-1792, Richmond, +1809-1823, 13 Vols.</p> + +<p>Robinson, Morgan P., <i>Virginia Counties, Bulletin of the Virginia State +Library</i>, Vol. 9, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1916.</p> + +<p>Shepherd, Samuel, <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 1793-1806. Continuation of +Hening.</p> + +<p>Richmond 1835-1836. 3 Vols.</p> + +<p>Stith, William. <i>History of First Discovery and Settlement of +Virginia.</i> +Williamsburg, 1747.</p> + +<p>Tyler, Lyon G., <i>Cradle of the Republic.</i> 2 ed. Richmond, 1900.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[81]</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>KEY TO CHARTS</h2> + +<table style="margin-left: 30%; font-size: 10pt; line-height:9pt;" summary="Key to charts"> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">No.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Accawmack, 1634 (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Accomack, 1663</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Albemarle</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Alexandria (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Alleghany</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amelia</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amherst</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Appomattox</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Arlington</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Augusta</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9, 10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Barbour (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bath</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bedford</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Berkeley (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Boone (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Botetourt</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10, 11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bourbon (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Braxton (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brooke (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Brunswick</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Buchanan</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Buckingham</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cabell (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Calhoun (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Campbell</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Caroline</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Carroll</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Charles City</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Charles River (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Charlotte</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chesterfield</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clarke</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clay (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Craig</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Culpeper</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cumberland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Diskenson</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dinwiddie</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Doddridge (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dunmore (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Elizbeth City (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Essex</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fairfax</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fauquier</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fayette, 1780 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fayette, 1831 (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fincastle (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Floyd</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fluvanna</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Franklin</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Frederick</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Giles</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gilmer (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gloucester</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Goochland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Grayson</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Greenbrier (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Greene</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Greensville</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Halifax</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hampshire (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hancock (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hanover</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hardy (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Harrison (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Henrico</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Henry</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Highland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Illinois (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Isle of Wight</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Jackson (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>James City</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Jefferson, 1789 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Jefferson, 1801 (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kanawha (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kentucky (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>King and Queen</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>King George</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>King William</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lancaster</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lee</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lewis (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lincoln (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Logan (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Loudoun</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Louisa</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lower Norfolk (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lunenburg</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>McDowell (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Madison, 1786 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Madison, 1793</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Marshall (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Marion (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mason, 1789 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mason, 1804</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mathews</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mecklenburg</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mercer, 1786 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mercer, 1837 (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Middlesex</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Monongalia (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Monroe (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Montgomery</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Morgan (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nansemond</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nelson, 1785 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nelson, 1808</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New Kent</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New Norfolk (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nicholas (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Norfolk</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Northampton</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Northumberland (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nottoway</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ohio (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr><tr> +<td>Orange</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Page</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Patrick</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pendleton (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pittsylvania</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pleasants (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pocahontas (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Powhatan</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Preston (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Prince Edward</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Prince George</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Prince William</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Princess Anne</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pulaski</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Putnam (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Raleigh (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Randolph (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rappahannock, 1656 (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rappahannock, 1833</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Richmond</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ritchie (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Roane (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Roanoke</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rockbridge</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rockingham</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Russell</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Scott</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shenandoah</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Smyth</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Southampton</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Spotsylvania</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stafford</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Surry</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sussex</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Taylor (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tazewell</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tucker (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tyler (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Upper Norfolk (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Upshir (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Warren</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Warrosquyoake (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Warwick (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Warwick River (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Washington</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wayne (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Westmoreland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Werzel (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wirt (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wise</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wood (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Woodford (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wyoming (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Wythe</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Yohogania (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>York</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum">[83]</span></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill08.jpg" alt="Charts 1 and 2" /></p> +<p><span class="pagenum">[84]</span></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill09.jpg" alt="Charts 3 - 8" /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[85]</span></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill10.jpg" alt="Chart 9" /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[86]</span></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill11.jpg" alt="Chart 10" /></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[87]</span></p> + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill12.jpg" alt="Chart 11" /></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[89]</span></p> + + + + +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-left: 20%"> + Aaron's creek, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Abb's valley, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Abingdon, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Abrell, Robert, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> + <br /> + Accomack (Accawmack) county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Accomack Indians, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <br /> + Admiralty, Courts of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, admiralty</a><br /> + <br /> + Agee family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Albemarle, William Anne Keppel, 2d Earl of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Albemarle county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Albemarle parish, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Albemarle sound, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Alexandria county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Alleghany county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Allegheny mountains, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Allegheny river, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Allen, Madison, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Amelia, Princess, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Amelia county, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Amherst county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Amherst parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Anchrom, Richard, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Anderson, James, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sterling C., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Andros, Sir Edmund, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> + <br /> + Annapolis, Md., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Anne, Queen, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Anthony's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Antrim parish, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Appomattox county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Appomattox river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Argall, Sir Samuel, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> + <br /> + Arlington county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Armentrout, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Ashby's gap (or bent), <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Augusta county, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Augusta parish, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Back creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Bacon's Rebellion, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Bailey, Joseph, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Barbecue run, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Barber's creek, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Barbour, Philip, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Barbour county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Barnes, Thomas, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Bartlett, Samuel, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Bath county, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Bean, William, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Beard, John, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Beckford parish, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Bedford county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Bell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Bennett (Mr.), <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Berkeley county, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Bever, Charles, dams of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> + <br /> + Big Birch river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Big Buffalo river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Big Meadow gap, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Big Reedy island, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Birchfield creek, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Black, Samuel, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Blackstone, Sir William, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Blackwater river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Bland, Richard, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Bland county, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Blanford, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Blue mountains, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Blue Ridge mountains, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Blue Stone river, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Bollings point, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Bonsack, John, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[90]</span><br /> + Boone, Daniel, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Boone county, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Botetourt county, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Bourbon, family of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + Bourbon county, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Branch, Samuel, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Brandon, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Braxton, Carter, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Braxton county, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Bristol parish, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Broad run, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Brooke, Robert (Governor of Virginia), <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert (Surveyor, Knight of Golden Horse Shoe), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Brooke county, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Brook's mill, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Brown, John, raid of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Brunswick, Duchy of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Brunswick county, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Brunswick stew, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Brush mountain, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Brushy mountain, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Buchanan, James, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Buchanan county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Buchanan river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Buckingham, Duke of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Buckingham county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Buffalo creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Bugg's run, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Bull creek, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Bull run, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Bull Run mountains, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Bullock, Francis, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Bunker Hill, Battle of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Burden's March run, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Bush creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Byrd, Andrew H., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonel William, 2nd, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Cabell, William H., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Cabell county, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Cabin branch, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Calf-pasture river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Calhoun, John Caldwell, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Calhoun county, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + California, West Va., <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Camden parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Camp rock, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Campbell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Campbell county, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Canterbury, England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> + <br /> + Cany creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Cany ridge, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Cape Capon mountains, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Caperton, Hugh, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Caroline of Anspach (Queen of George II), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Caroline county, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + Carper, John, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Carroll, Charles, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Carroll county, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Carrollton, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Carr's creek, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + <br /> + Cartagena, Colombia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Castle Hill, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Catawba road, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Catawba valley, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Cave's old mill, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Cedar creek, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Cedar gap, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Chancery courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, chancery</a><br /> + <br /> + Chapman's ford, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Chapman's mill, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Chapultepec, Mexico, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Charles I, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Charles II, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Charles City corporation, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <br /> + Charles City county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Charles river, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> + <br /> + Charles River county,<a name="Charles" id="Charles"></a> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#York">York county</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Charleston, S. C., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Charleston, West Va., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen of George III), <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[91]</span><br /> + Charlotte county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Charlottesville, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Charters of Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Cheat river, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Cherry's run, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Chesapeake bay, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Chesterfield, Philip D. Stanhope, 4th Earl of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Chesterfield county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Chester's gap, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Chestnut creek, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Chickacoan, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Choppawomsick creek, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Christ Church parish, Lancaster county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Christ Church parish, Middlesex county, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Chuckatuck creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <br /> + Chumley's branch, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Cities (political division), <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> + <br /> + Claiborne, William, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Clark, George Rogers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Clarke county, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Clay county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Clear fork, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Clem, Daniel, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Clinch, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Clinch mountain, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Clinch river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Clinton, Henry, Sir, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Clover Lick fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Coal (Cole) river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Cole, Richard, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Cole (Coal) river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + College, at Henrico, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Common Pleas courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, common pleas</a><br /> + <br /> + Compasses, mariners', <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <br /> + Convention, 1775 and 1776, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Conway river, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Cooper, John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Coppohawk river, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Corbin, Anderson, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Corley (Mrs.), <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Cornstalk (Indian), <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Cornwall parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Cornwallis, Charles, 2nd Earl, 1st Marquis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Corporations, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> + <br /> + Cotton, in Southampton county, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Council, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Minutes</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Counties (political division), <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">division of Colony into, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></span><br /> + <br /> + County courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, county</a><br /> + <br /> + "Court Party", <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + <a name="Courts" id="Courts"></a>Courts, admiralty, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">chancery, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">common pleas, in England 8</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">county, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ecclesiastical, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">general court, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">inferior, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">king's bench, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">magistrate's or justice, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">monthly, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">of exchequer, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">parish, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">prerogative, in England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Cove branch, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Cove creek, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Cow-pasture river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Cowpens, Battle of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Crab bottom, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Crab orchard, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Craig, Robert, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Craig county, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Craig's creek, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Crane creek, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Crane's nest bridge, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Crane's nest creek, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Crane's nest river, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Crany point, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Crayford, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> + <br /> + Cripple creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Crooked run, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Crosses in Fairy Stone Park, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Culberson's creek, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Culloden, Battle of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[92]</span><br /> + Culpeper county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Cumberland county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Cumberland mountains, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Cunningham's branch, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Cunningham's run, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Currituck, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Cutbanks, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Dan river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + David's creek, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Davis, Hiram, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Davisson, Rueben, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Deep creek, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Deep run, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Delaware Indians, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Dews, Achilles, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Dickenson, William J., <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Dickenson county, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Difficult run, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Dilly, Abraham, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Dinwiddie, Robert, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Dinwiddie county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Discovery, (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> + <br /> + Dismal branch, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + District of Columbia, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Doddridge, Philip, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Doddridge county, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Doss, Lilburn, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Dragon run, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Droop mountain, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Drout, Richard, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Dry fork, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Dry run, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Duly, J. H., <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Dunlap's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Dunmore county, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + East river mountain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Eastern branch, Elizabeth river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Eastern Shore, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Eastern waters, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Ecclesiastical courts, <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, ecclesiastical</a><br /> + <br /> + Edward, Duke of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Eighteen Mile creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Elizabeth City corporation,<a name="Elizabeth" id="Elizabeth"></a><a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <br /> + Elizabeth City county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Elizabeth river, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Elk river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + England, civil war in, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">immigrants from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">names for Virginia counties from, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">unrest in, fosters immigration, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Essex county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Ewing mountain, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Fairfax, Thomas, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>th Lord of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Fairfax county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Fairy Stone mountain, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Fairy Stone State Park, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Fall run, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Falling river, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Falling Spring valley, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Falls of James river, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Fauntleroy's mill run, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Fauquier, Francis, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Fauquier county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Fayette county, Ky., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Fayette county, West Va., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Federal City, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Fincastle, Lord, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Fincastle, England, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Fincastle county, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Fisher's peak, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Flag pond, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Flat-top mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Fleisher, Andrew, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Flourmoy family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Floyd, John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Floyd county, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Fluvanna county, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Fluvanna river, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Fork lick, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Fork spur, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Fort Duquesne, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Fort mountain, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Fort Pitt, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[93]</span><br /> + Fourqurean family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + France, Huguenot settlers from, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Franklin county, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Frascati, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Frederick, King of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Frederick county, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Frederick parish, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + French and Indian war, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Fridley, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Gap mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Garden mountain, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Garwood (Mrs.), <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Gauley mountain, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Gauley river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + General courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, general</a><br /> + <br /> + George I, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + George II, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + George III, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + George, Consort of Queen Anne, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + George's Fork mountain, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Germanna, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Germany, immigrants from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Giant's castle, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Giles, William B., <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Giles county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Gilmer, Thomas Walker, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Gilmer county, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Glade creek, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Gladesville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Gloucester county, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Gloucester county, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> + <br /> + Glovers' tavern, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Godspeed (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> + <br /> + Goff, William, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Gooch, Sir William, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Goochland county, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Goose creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Grayson, William, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Grayson county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Greasy creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Great Kanawha river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Great Laurel ridge, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Great North mountains, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Great Nottoway river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Great Sandy creek, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Green creek, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenbrier county, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenbrier Court House, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenbrier creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenbrier mountain, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenbrier river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Greene, Nathanael, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Greene county, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Greensville county, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenway, Charles City, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenway Court, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Gressy creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Griever, Philip, spring branch of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Griffin, William, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Grose, Strother B., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Guerrant family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Guese's river, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Guest's river, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Guilford Court House, N. C., Battle of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Gunston Hall, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Guyandotte river, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Haies, Richard, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Hale, Nathaniel C. <i>Virginia Venturer</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <br /> + Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Halifax, Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Halifax county, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Hamilton parish, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Hamilton's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Hamlin's fork, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Hampshire county, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Hampshire county, England, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Hampton, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Hampton river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Hampton Roads, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> + <br /> + Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Hancock county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[94]</span><br /> + Hanover county, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Hardy, Samuel, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Hardy county, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Harman's mill, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Harper's Ferry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Harrison, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Harrison, county, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Harrodsburg, Ky., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Hart, Silas, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Harvey, William, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Hay, James, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Hays, Richard, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Hazel's river, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Hedgman river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Henrico corporation, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <br /> + Henrico county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Henry, Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Henry county, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Hensley, Samuel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + High Knob, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Highland county, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Hite, James M., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jost, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Hiver, Jacob, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Hoffman's ford, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Holleway creek, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Holstein river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Holston river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> + <br /> + Horner's mill, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Horse ford, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Horseshoe farm, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Hughes's river, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Hugh's river, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Huguenots in Virginia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Hunter's old tavern, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Hutchinson, R. M., <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Hyde, Anne, wife of James II, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Illinois county, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Immigration, to Virginia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Indian creek, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Indians, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Iron mining and works, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Iron mountain, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Irvine, John, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + <br /> + Isle of Wight county,<a name="Isle" id="Isle"></a><a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Isle of Wight Island, England, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Ivy, Thomas, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Jackson county, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Jackson's mountain, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Jackson's river, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + James I, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + James II, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + James, son of James II, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + James City corporation, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <br /> + James City county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + James river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + James river falls, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Jamestown, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Jarrell, Jackson, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Jarvis, Thomas, Jr., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Jefferson county, Ky., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Jefferson county, West Va., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + John's creek, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Johnson, Jacob, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Jordan, John, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Joshua's creek, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Judicial system, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> + <br /> + Judy's creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Kanawha county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Kanawha river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Kanawha turnpike, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Kemp, James, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Kent, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> + <br /> + Kent's ridge, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Kentucky, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Kentucky county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[95]</span><br /> + Kikotan (Kiccowtan, Kigwohtan, Kikotank, Kecoughtan), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#Elizabeth">Elizabeth City corporation</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Kimberling creek, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + King, Sally, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + King and Queen county, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + King George county, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + King William county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + King's bench courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, king's bench</a><br /> + <br /> + King's Mountain, Battle of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + King's salt wells, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Kiser, Henry, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James P., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Knox creek, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Lafayette, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Lancaster county, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Lancaster county, England, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Land grants, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> + <br /> + Land Ordinance, 1785, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Land's, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Laurel ridge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Lavica fork, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Lawne's creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Lee, Francis Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, "Light Horse Harry", <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Henry, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert E., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Lee county, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Legislative assembly, first, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> + <br /> + Legrand family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Letcher, John, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Lewis, Andrew, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Lewis county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Lexington, Ky., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Lexington parish, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Lick branch, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Lick creek, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Lincoln, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Lincoln county, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Lion's fork, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Litterell, Mrs., <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Little Birch river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Little creek, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Little Guyandotte river, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Little Hurricane creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Little Kanawha river, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Little Powell's mountain, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Little river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Little Rockey creek, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Little Walker's creek, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Logan (Indian chief), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Logan county, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + London, England, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + London, Diocese of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> + <br /> + Long Shoal run, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Loudoun county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Louis XVI, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + Louisa, daughter of George II, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Louisa county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Louisville, Ky., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Lower Manachin creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Lower Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Luneburg, Duchy of, Germany, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Lunenburg county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Luray cavern, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Lynchburg road, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + M'Clintick, William, Jr., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + M'Daniell, James, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + McDowell, James, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + McDowell county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Machoatoke river, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + M'Kinney's store, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Mack's mountain, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + McLure (McClure) river, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Madison, James, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Madison county, Ky., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Madison county, Va., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Magistrate courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, magistrate's</a><br /> + <br /> + Maiden Spring fork, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Manakintown, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Manassas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Mann's gap, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Marion, Francis, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[96]</span><br /> + Marion county, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Marshall, John, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Marshall county, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Martin, Rueben, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Mary II, Queen, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Mary of Modena, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Maryland, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + <i>Maryland Archives</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Mary's creek, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + <br /> + Mason, George, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seth, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Mason county, Ky., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Mason county, West Va., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Massacres, 1622, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1644, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1778, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Abb's valley, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Massanutten mountain, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Massie, Henry, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Mathews, Thomas, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Mathews county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Mattaponi (Mattopony) river, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Maukason gap, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Mayo, William, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + <br /> + Mayo river, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + <br /> + Meadow river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Mecklenburg county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Meherrin river, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Mercer, Hugh, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Mercer county, Ky., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Mercer county, West Va., <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Merchants Hope Church, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Merryman's, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Mexico City, Mexico, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Michaux family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Middle Mountain, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Middlesex county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Middlesex county, England, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Militin's fork, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Mill creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Mill mountain, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Miller, Adam, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Mississippi river, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Mississippi valley, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + <br /> + Mitchell's rock, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Monongahela (Monongalia) river, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Monongalia county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Monroe county, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Monroe doctrine, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Monterey, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Monterey, Battle of, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Montgomery, Richard, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Montgomery county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Monthly courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, monthly</a><br /> + <br /> + Monticello, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Morattico creek, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Morgan, Daniel, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Morgan county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Morris, Joshua, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Morriss, Archibald, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Moseley, William, Sr., <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Mountain Lake, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Muddy creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Naemhock, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Naked creek, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Namozene (Namozain) creek, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + Nancy's ridge, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Nansemond (Nansimum) county, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Narrows, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Nations Spring run, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Natural bridge, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + <br /> + Natural tunnel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Necostins town, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Nelson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Nelson county, Ky., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Nelson county, Va., <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + New Kent county, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> + <br /> + New Kent county, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> + <br /> + New Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + New Orleans, Battle of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + New river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Newport, England, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Newport News, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <br /> + Newport parish, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Nichol, William, Sr., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Nicholas, Wilson Cary, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[97]</span><br /> + Nicholas county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Niday, William, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Nineveh, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Norborne parish, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Norfolk borough, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Norfolk county, England, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> + <br /> + North Anna river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + North Carolina, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + North mountain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + North river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + North River Gap road, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Northampton county, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Northern Neck, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Northumberland county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Northumberland county, England, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Northwest territory, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Northwestern turnpike, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Nottoway county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Nottoway Indians, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Nottoway river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Nowell, William, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Occoquan river, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Ohio, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Ohio county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Ohio river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Ohio valley, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Oil creek, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Opequon creek, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Orange county, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Osborn's gap, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Owen, Andrew, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Pacific ocean, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Pad's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Page, John, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Page county, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Pamunkey neck, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Pamunkey river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Panpan creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Panther's gap, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Parkersburg, West Va., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Passage creek, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Patrick county, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Paul, Audley, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Peck creek, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Peden (Paden), James, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Pembroke, William Herbert, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>rd, Earl of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Pembroke river, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Pendleton, Edmund, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + Pendleton county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Persinger, Andrew, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Peter's mountain, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Philadelphia, Pa., <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Philippi, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Piankatank river, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Pigeon fork, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Pine run, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Pine's plantation, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Piracy, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> + <br /> + Pitt, Robert, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Earl of Chatham, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Pittsburgh, Pa., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Pittsylvania county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Pleasants, James, Jr., <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Pleasants county, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Pocahontas county, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Pocatallico creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Pocomoke river, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Pohick church, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Point mountain, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Point Pleasant, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Point Pleasant, Battle of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Popular Camp mountain, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Population, 1634, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1640, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1649, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1654, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Poropotank creek, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Porter, James, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Potomac river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Potowoc river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[98]</span><br /> + Potts' creek, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Potts' mountain, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Pound fork, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Powell, Ambrose, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Powell's mountain, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Powell's river, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Powell's fort, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Powhatan, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Powhatan county, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Prater creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Preston, James Patton, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Preston, Battle of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Preston county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Preston's and King's salt wells, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Priam, Joseph, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Price's turnpike, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Prince Edward county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Prince Edward street, Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Prince George county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Prince William county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Princess Anne county, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Princeton, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Princeton (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Pulaski, Count Casimir, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Pulaski county, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Puritans, in Nansemond county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Putnam, Israel, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Putnam county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Quakers, in Nansemond county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Raleigh, Walter, Sir, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Raleigh county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Raleigh parish, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Randolph, Edmund, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + Randolph county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Randolph Court House, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Rapidan river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Rappahannock county (1656-1692), <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Rappahannock county (1833), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Rappahannock Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Rappahannock river, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Rasnaker, James, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Ravenswood and California turnpike, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Reconstruction, in Virginia 44<br /> + <br /> + Red house, Appomattox county, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Red springs, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Redman, John, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Reed island, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Reedy creek, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Representative government, origin of, in U. S., <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Rich, Robert, Sir, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Rich creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Rich mountain, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Rich Patch mountain, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Richmond, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Richmond county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> + <br /> + <i>Richmond Enquirer</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Ritchie, Thomas, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Ritchie county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Rivanna river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> + <br /> + Roane, Spencer, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Roane county, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Roanoke (Indian money), <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Roanoke county, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Roanoke river, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Robinson river, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Rock-camp fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Rockbridge county, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Rockfish river, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Rockingham, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Rockingham county, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Rocky run, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Rogers, James, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Rolfe, John, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Ronceverte, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Rose, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Rosegill, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Rose's mill, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Rotterdam, Holland, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Round bottom, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Rowan, Boston, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Royal Marriage Act, 1772, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Ruffner, Charles, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Russell, William, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + Russell county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[99]</span><br /> + Russell parish, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Russell's fork, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Sail's creek, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + St. Andrew's parish (Brunswick county), <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + St. Anne's parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Saint George, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + St. James parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + St. John's parish (New Kent county), <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + St. Mark's parish, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + St. Memin, Julien F. de, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + St. Paul's parish (New Kent county), <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> + <br /> + St. Peter's parish (New Kent county), <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Salt works road, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Sand fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Sandy creek, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Sandy Point, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <br /> + Sandy ridge, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Sandy river, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Sandys, Edwin, Sir, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Savannah, Ga., <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Sayers, John T., <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Scotland, immigrants from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Scott, Winfield, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Scott county, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Scott's branch, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Seacock swamp, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Seaward, John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Seneca creek, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Shenandoah county, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Shenandoah (Sherrendo) river, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Shenandoah valley, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Shepherd, David G., <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harvey, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Shires, (political division), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Shock, Jacob, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Shooting creek, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Showlands, John, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Shuler's island, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Shuler's run, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Simpson's creek, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Sinking creek, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Sinking creek valley, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Sizer, Daniel, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Skiffe's (Keith's) creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <br /> + Skimeno (Skimino) creek, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Skinquarter creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Sleepy creek mountain, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Smith's river, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Smyth, Alexander, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Smyth county, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Snow creek, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> + <br /> + Sonners, Isaac, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + South Anna river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + South branch, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + South mountain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + South river, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Southam parish, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2d Earl of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> + <br /> + Southampton county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Southwark parish, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Spencer, West Va., <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Spessard, John, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Spotswood, Alexander, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Spotsylvania county, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Stafford county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Stafford county, England, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Stanard, William Glover, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Staunton, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Staunton river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Steel, George, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Steele's mill, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Steer creek, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Stephens, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Stephenson, Adam, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Stith, William. <i>History of Virginia</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> + <br /> + Stock creek, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Stone Coal gap, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Stott's ferry, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Stover, Jacob, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Strait Stone creek, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Strasburg, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Stratford Hall, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Surrey county, England, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Surry county, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Surveyors of land, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> + <br /> + Susan Constant (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> + <br /> + Susquehanna river, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[100]</span><br /> + Sussex county, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Sussex county, England, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Sweedland hill, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Sweet Springs, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Swift Run gap, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Sydney (or Sidney), Philip, Sir, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Sydnor, F. W., <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Tarleton, Banastre, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> + <br /> + Tate, David, Sr., <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Taylor, Creed, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zachary, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Taylor county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Tazewell, Henry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Tazewell county, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Teaze's valley, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Tennant's church, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Tennessee, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Tennessee river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Thomasson, John P., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Thompson, John W., <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Thompson's mill, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Thrasher, John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Three Lick fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Three Top mountain, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Ticonderoga, N. Y., <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Tidewater, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> + <br /> + Tillotson parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + Tobacco, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a medium in court cases, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a medium of exchange, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">effect of, upon Virginia migration, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Brunswick county, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Lunenburg county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">taxes, fees, etc. on, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Town creek, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Trammel gap, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> + <br /> + Treaty of 1783, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Truro parish, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Trussell, John, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> + <br /> + Tuckahoe creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Tucker, St. George (Clerk of House of Delegates), <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. George (Jurist), <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Tucker county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Tug river, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Turkey Island creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <br /> + Turkeycock mountain, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> + <br /> + Twenty Mile creek, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Tyler, John, (President of U. S.), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, (Governor of Virginia), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lyon G. <i>Cradle of the Republic</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Tyler county, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Upper Chippokes creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Upper Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>,11<br /> + <br /> + Upshur, Abel P., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Upshur county, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Valley of Virginia, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Valley pike, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Van Metre, John, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Vaughan's creek, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Vernon, Edward, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> + <br /> + Virginia, boundary dispute with Maryland, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ceding of territory in 1781, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charter of 1609, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charter of 1612, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">division into counties, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">divided into political divisions, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">economic conditions, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">emigration to, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">fight against French power, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">formation of West Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">land cheap in, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">loss of coal fields, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">loss of territory, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1634, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1640, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1649, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1654, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">territorial claim, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">unrest in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">wills probated in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Virginia, unrest in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Virginia, University of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Virginia company, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <span class="pagenum">[101]</span><br /> + Virginia militia, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> + <br /> + Virginia State Library. <i>Minutes of Council and General Court</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Walker, Thomas, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> + <br /> + Walker's Big mountain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Walker's Creek mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Walker's Little creek, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Walker's Little mountain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Ward's ford, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Warm Spring mountain, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> + <br /> + Warm Springs, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Warren, Joseph, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Warren county, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Warrosquyoake county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#Isle">Isle of Wight county</a>.</span><br /> + <br /> + Warwick (Warrick), Robert Rich, Earl of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Warwick county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> + <br /> + Warwick River county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> + <br /> + Washington, George, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> + <br /> + Washington, D. C., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Washington county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + Watkins' point, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Wayne, Anthony, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Wayne county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <br /> + Webb, Edmond, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Webster county, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Wells, Zachariah N., <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Wells bridge, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> + <br /> + West Augusta district, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + West fork, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + West Union, West Va., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + West Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> + <br /> + Western branch, Elizabeth river, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> + <br /> + Western waters, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Westmoreland county, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Weston, West Va., <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Wetzel, Louis, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Wetzel county, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + White Oak hunting path, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + White Post, Clarke county, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Whitelow's mill run, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Wilderness road, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + William III, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + William and Mary College, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Williams' gap, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + <br /> + Williamsburg, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + <br /> + Wills, Probating of, in England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Winchester, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Winchester and Staunton stage road, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Wirt, William, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Wirt county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Wise, Henry A., <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Wise, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Wise county, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Wolf creek, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Wolf Creek mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Wood, James, (Governor of Virginia), <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, (Colonel), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Wood county, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Woodford, John H., <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> + <br /> + Woodford county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> + <br /> + Wormeley family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Wright's branch, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + Wyatt, Francis, Sir, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> + <br /> + Wyoming county, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Wyoming Valley, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Wythe, George, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Wythe county, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + Wythe Court House, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Yardley, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Yeardley, George, Sir, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + Yohogania county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + York, Duke of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> + <br /> + York, England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> + <br /> + York county, <a name="York" id="York"></a><a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#Charles">Charles River county</a></span><br /> + <br /> + York river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Yorktown, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> + <br /> + Young's bottoms, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Zion meeting-house, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +</div> + + +<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/map.png" alt="Map" /></p> + +<p> </p> +<hr style="width: 60%" /> +<p> </p> + +<h3>Transcriber's note:</h3> +<p>(1) All apparent typographical errors, misspellings and + punctuation errors have been corrected without comment.<br /> +<br /> +(2) In some instances, "cowpasture" was so spelled; these +have now been hyphenated to conform with "calf-pasture".<br /> +<br /> +(3) "Boroughs" and "Settlements" have been deleted from +the index, as neither is in the text.<br /> +<br /> +(4) "Federal City" has been linked directly in the index, +as it is not mentioned under "Washington D.C.".<br /> +<br /> +(5) Research indicates that the copyright on this book +was not renewed.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 39148-h.txt or 39148-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/1/4/39148">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/1/4/39148</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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