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diff --git a/39141-h/39141-h.htm b/39141-h/39141-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb614ef --- /dev/null +++ b/39141-h/39141-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8251 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers, by Silvio Bedini</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold; + text-align: center;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:smaller; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + </style> +<link rel="coverpage" href="images/icover.jpg" /> + + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments and +Their Makers, by Silvio A. Bedini + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers + +Author: Silvio A. Bedini + +Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39141] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Hunter Monroe, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1>EARLY AMERICAN<br /> +SCIENTIFIC<br /> +INSTRUMENTS</h1> + +<p class="center"><i>and Their Makers</i></p> + +<p class="center">SILVIO A. BEDINI</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img src="images/icover.jpg" width="320" height="456" alt="cover" title="cover" /> +</div><hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;"> +<img src="images/inside_cover.jpg" width="1024" height="776" alt="inside cover" title="inside cover" /> +</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center">SMITHSONIAN +INSTITUTION</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 210px;"> +<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="210" height="206" alt="shield" title="shield" /> +</div> +<p class="center">UNITED STATES +NATIONAL MUSEUM +BULLETIN 231</p> + +<p class="center">WASHINGTON, D.C.</p> + +<p class="center">1964</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p class="center">Publications of the United States National Museum</p> + + +<p>The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum include two +series, <i>Proceedings of the United States National Museum</i> and <i>United States National +Museum Bulletin</i>.</p> + +<p>In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with +the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts +in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies +of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and +to specialists and others interested in the various subjects.</p> + +<p>The <i>Proceedings</i>, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate +form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with +the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Bulletin</i> series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, +separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) +and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. <i>Bulletins</i> are +either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since +1902 papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published +in the <i>Bulletin</i> series under the heading <i>Contributions from the United States +National Herbarium</i>.</p> + +<pre> + <span class="smcap">Frank A. Taylor</span>, + <i>Director, United States National Museum</i>. +</pre> + +<p class="center">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office +Washington, D.C., 20402—Price $1.00 (Paper Cover)</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 314px;"> +<img src="images/i004.jpg" width="314" height="395" alt="Frontispiece" title="Frontispiece" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Frontispiece.—"Washington as a Surveyor." Engraving reproduced from +Washington Irving's Life of George Washington (New York: 1857, vol. 1).</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1>EARLY AMERICAN<br /> +SCIENTIFIC<br /> +INSTRUMENTS</h1> + +<p class="center"><i>and Their Makers</i></p> + +<p class="center">SILVIO A. BEDINI</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Curator of Mechanical +and Civil Engineering</i></p> + +<p class="center">MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY</p> + +<p class="center">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</p> + +<p class="center">WASHINGTON, 1964</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii"></a></span></p> + + + +<p class="center">Contents +</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="toc"> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">Page</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" >Acknowledgments</td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Preface</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The Tools of Science</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Philosophical and Practical Instruments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Need for Instruments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Colonial Training in Instrument Making</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The Mathematical Practitioners</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Rittenhouse Brothers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Andrew Ellicott</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Owen Biddle</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Benjamin Banneker</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Joel Baily</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Reverend John Prince</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Amasa Holcomb</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Instruments of Metal</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Native American Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">New Hampshire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Vermont</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Massachusetts</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Rhode Island</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Connecticut</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Ohio</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">New York</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">New Jersey</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Delaware</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Maryland and Virginia</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Pennsylvania</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Instruments of Wood</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Use of Wood</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Surviving Instruments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Compass Cards</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Trade Signs</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Joseph Halsy</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">James Halsy II</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Williams</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Dupee</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jere Clough</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Andrew Newell</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Aaron Breed</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Charles Thacher</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Benjamin King Hagger</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Benjamin Warren</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Daniel Burnap</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Thomas Salter Bowles</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The New Era</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The National Collection</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Appendix</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Surviving Wooden Surveying Compasses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mathematical Practitioners and Instrument Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Bibliography</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Index</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="Acknowledgments" id="Acknowledgments"></a>Acknowledgments</h2> + + +<p>The writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to the +various compilations relating to clockmakers and instruments which +have been consulted in the preparation of this work, and which +have provided an invaluable basis for it.</p> + +<p>He is especially grateful for the generous and interested assistance +of the many who have cooperated in making this work possible. +Particular credit must be given to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the +Bostonian Society; Mrs. Mary W. Phillips of the Department of +Science and Technology of the U.S. National Museum; Prof. +Derek J. de Solla Price, Avalon Professor of the History of Science +at Yale University; Mr. Stephen T. Riley, Director of the Massachusetts +Historical Society; and Mr. Charles E. Smart of Troy, +New York.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="Preface" id="Preface"></a>Preface</h2> + + +<p>Within recent years fairly exhaustive studies have been made on +many aspects of American science and technology. For example, +there have been numerous works relating to clocks and clockmakers, +so that the collector and horological student have a number of +useful sources on which to rely. More recently there has been a +series of publications on the development of American tools and +their makers. Until now, however, no systematic study has been +attempted of the scientific instruments used in the United States +from its colonial beginnings. While several useful regional lists +of instrument makers in early America have been compiled from +advertisements in contemporary newspapers and published as +short articles, these, however, are fragmentary, and are inadequate +to the need for documentation in this field.</p> + +<p>With the rapidly growing interest in the history of science, it +becomes necessary to have a more complete background for the +student and the historian alike. It is desirable to have a more +comprehensive picture of the work of the scientific practitioners of +the earlier periods of American scientific development, and of their +tools. At the same time it is essential to have a history of the +development and distribution and use of scientific instruments by +others than the practitioners and teachers. The role of the instrument +maker in the American Colonies was an important one—as +it was in each epoch of the history of science in Europe—and it +deserves to be reported.</p> + +<p>To make a comprehensive study of American scientific instruments +and instrument makers in the American Colonies is no +simple matter, partly because of an indifference to the subject in +the past, and partly because of the great volume of sources that +must be sifted to accomplish it. Such a project would require +an organized search of all published reference works relating to the +field and associated topics, of all contemporary newspapers for +advertisements and notices, of civil records filed in state and community +archives, of business account-books and records that have +been preserved, and of business directories of the period under +consideration. In addition, such a study would require the compilation +of an inventory of all surviving instruments in private and +public collections, and a correlation of all the data that could be +assembled from these sources.</p> + +<p>The present study attempts only in part to accomplish this aim, +being no more than a preliminary compilation of the scientific +instruments known to have been used during the first two centuries +of American colonial existence. It merely attempts to assemble +all the data that is presently available in scattered sources, and +to organize it in a usable form for the student and historian of +American science. A supplement relating to 19th-century instruments +and instrument makers is in progress.</p> + +<p>The most that is hoped for the present work is that it will be +of temporary assistance, serving to bring forth additional information +on the subject from sources not previously available or known.</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span><i>February 1, 1964</i> S.A.B.<br /><br /></span> +<span><br /></span> +</div></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>EARLY AMERICAN<br /> +SCIENTIFIC<br /> +INSTRUMENTS</h1> + +<p class="center"><i>and Their Makers</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2><i>The Tools of Science</i></h2> + + +<h3>Philosophical and Practical Instruments</h3> + +<p>Development of the sciences in the American Colonies was +critically dependent upon the available tools—scientific instruments—and +the men who made and used them. These tools may +be separated into two groups. The first group consists of philosophical +instruments and scientific teaching apparatus produced +and employed for experimentation and teaching in educational +institutions. The second includes the so-called "mathematical +instruments" of practical use, which were employed by mathematical +practitioners and laymen alike for the mensural and nautical +needs of the Colonies. It is particularly with this second +group that the present study is concerned.</p> + +<p>It has been generally assumed that scientific instruments, as well +as the instrument makers, of the first two centuries of American +colonization were imported from England, and that the movement +declined by the beginning of the 19th century with the development +of skilled native craftsmen.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> This assumption is basically true for +those instruments grouped under philosophical and scientific apparatus +for experimentation and teaching. Almost all of these items +were in fact imported from England and France until well into the +19th century.</p> + +<p>Likewise, the very earliest examples of mathematical instruments +for surveying and navigation in the Colonies were imported with +the settlers from England. It was not long after the establishment +of the first settlements, however, that the settlers, and later the +first generation of native Americans, began to produce their own +instruments. Records derived from historical archives and from +the instruments themselves reveal that a considerable number of +the instruments available and used in the Colonies before 1800 +were of native production. Apparently, relatively few instrument +makers immigrated to the American continent before the end of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +Revolutionary War. Later, with the beginning of the 19th century, +makers of and dealers in instruments in England and France +became aware of the growing new market, and emigrated in numbers +to establish shops in the major cities of commerce in the +United States.</p> + +<p>Quite possibly the few instrument makers trained in England +who immigrated to the Colonies in the early epoch of Colonial +development may have in turn trained others in their communities, +although no evidence has yet been found. Perhaps more data on +this aspect of the subject will eventually come to light.</p> + +<p>There is reason to believe that a few mathematical practitioners +and instrument makers lived and worked in the New England +colonies as early as the first century of colonization.</p> + +<p>The evidence, frankly meager, consists of two items. The first +is a reference relating to James Halsie of Boston. In a land deed +made out to him in 1674 he was referred to as a "Mathematician."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +Halsie was listed as a freeman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony +in 1690. He apparently was the forbear of the several members of +the Halsy family of instrument makers of Boston of the 18th +century, mentioned later in this study. It is uncertain whether the +use of the term "mathematician" in this connection meant an +artisan, but if not it may be inferred that Halsie was a practitioner.</p> + +<p>The second piece of evidence is even more slender; it consists of +an inscription upon a dialing rule (fig. 1) for making sundials and +charts. The instrument is of cast brass, 20-7/16 inches long and +1-11/16 inches wide. The date "1674" is inscribed on the rule together +with the name of its original owner, "Arthur Willis." The instrument +almost certainly was produced by the school of Henry +Sutton, the notable English instrument maker who worked in +Threadneedle Street in London from about 1637 through 1665. +The name and date inscriptions are consistent and contemporary +with the workmanship of the rule, and were probably inscribed by +the maker for the original owner. It is conceivable that Arthur +Willis was an Englishman and that the rule was brought into this +country even in relatively recent times. However, it is claimed +that the rule was owned and used by Nathaniel Footes, surveyor +of Springfield, Massachusetts. Nathaniel Footes, believed to have +been originally from Salem, subsequently moved from Springfield +to Wethersfield, Conn. The instrument was later owned and used<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5-6]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a></span> +in Connecticut not later than the early 19th century<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> by the forbears +of Mr. Newton C. Brainard of Hartford, Connecticut. If +records relating to Willis as a resident of the New England colonies +can be recovered, it may then be possible to establish whether he +worked in the Colonies as a mathematical practitioner in the 17th +century. His name is included on a tentative basis.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img src="images/i017.jpg" width="320" height="935" alt="Figure 1" title="Figure 1" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 1.—Dialing rule made of brass and inscribed with the name "Arthur +Willis" and the date "1674." Allegedly used by Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of +Springfield, Massachusetts. Photo courtesy Newton C. Brainard, Hartford, +Connecticut, and the Connecticut Historical Society.</div> + + +<h3>The Need for Instruments</h3> + +<p>The production and use of scientific instruments in the American +Colonies reflected colonial development in education and in territorial +and economic expansion, and closely paralleled the same +development in England, where the first mathematical practitioners +were the teachers of navigational and commercial arithmetic +and the surveyors employed in the redistribution of land +following the dissolution of the monasteries. As the communities +became established and the settlers gained a foothold on the soil, +their attention naturally turned to improving their lot by expanding +the land under cultivation and by trading their products for other +needs. The growth of the communities became increasingly rapid +from the end of the 17th century, and the land expansion closely +paralleled the development of trade. The educational institutions +placed greater emphasis on the sciences as their curriculums +developed. Particularly there was a greater preoccupation with +the sciences on the part of the layman because of the need for +knowledge of surveying and navigation.</p> + +<p>The colonial school curriculum was accordingly designed from +the practical point of view to emphasize practical mathematics, and +there was an increasing demand for instruction in all aspects of the +subject. One of the earliest advertisements of this nature appeared +in <i>The Boston Gazette</i> in March 1719. In the issue of February 19 +to March 7 the advertisement stated that:</p> + +<blockquote><p>This day Mr. Samuel Grainger opens his school at the House formerly +Sir Charles Hobby's, where will be taught Grammar Writing after a free and +easy manner in all the usual Hands, Arithmetick in a concise and Practical +Method, Merchants Accompts, and the Mathematicks.</p> + +<p>He hopes that more thinking People will in no wise be discouraged from +sending their children thither, on the account of the reports newly reviv'd, +because these dancing Phaenomena's were never seen nor heard of in School +Hours.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +The advertisement was further amplified in its second appearance, +in the issue of March 21-22, 1719:</p> + +<blockquote><p>At the house formerly Sir Charles Hobby's are taught grammar, writing, +after a free & easy manner in all hands usually practiced, Arithmetick Vulgar +and Decimal in a concise and Practical Method, Merchants Accompts, +Geometry, Algebra, Mensuration, Geography, Trigonometry, Astronomy, +Navigation and other parts of the Mathematicks, with the use of the Globes +and other Mathematical Instruments, by Samuel Grainger.</p> + +<p>They whose business won't permit 'em to attend the usual School Hours, +shall be carefully attended and Instructed in the Evenings.</p></blockquote> + +<p>R. F. Seybold<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> has noted that: "In advertisements of 1753 +and 1754, John Lewis, of New York City, announced 'What is +called a New Method of Navigation, is an excellent Method of +Trigonometry here particularly applied to Navigation; But it is +of great use in all kinds of measuring and in solving many Arithmetical +Questions.' James Cosgrove, of Philadelphia, in 1755, +taught 'geometry, trigonometry, and their application in surveying, +navigation, etc.,' and Alexander Power, in 1766, 'With +their Application to Surveying, Navigation, Geography, and +Astronomy'." These subjects were featured also in the evening +schools of the colonial period, maintained by private schoolmasters +in some of the larger communities for the education of those who +could not attend school in the daytime.</p> + +<p>According to Seybold, surveying and navigation were the most +popular mathematical subjects taught. Some explanation is to be +derived from the statement by Schoen<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> that: "In the days when +the 'bounds' of great wilderness tracts were being marked off by +deep-cut blazes in the trees along a line, a knowledge of land surveying +was a useful skill, and many a boy learned its elements by +following the 'boundsgoer' in his work of 'running the line.' And +those who did not actually take part in running the line must have +attended many a gay springtime 'processioning' when neighbors +made a festive occasion out of 'perambulating the bounds'." "Vague +land grants and inaccurate surveys," he adds, "made the subject +of boundary lines a prime issue in the everyday life of colonial +homes."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p><p>At the same time there was interest in the other aspects of the +mathematical sciences. As early as 1743, for instance, a Harvard +mathematician named Nathan Prince advertised in Boston that +if he were given "suitable Encouragement" he would establish a +school to teach "Geography and Astronomy, With the Use of the +Globes, and the several kinds of Projecting the Sphere" among +other things.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> A decade later, Theophilus Grew, professor in the +academy at Philadelphia which has become the University of Pennsylvania, +published a treatise on globes, with the title:</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>The Description</i> and <i>Use</i> of the <i>Globes</i>, Celestial and Terrestrial; With +Variety for <i>Examples</i> for the Learner's <i>Exercises</i>: Intended for the Use of +Such Persons as would attain to the Knowledge of those <i>Instruments</i>; But +Chiefly designed for the <i>Instruction</i> of the young <i>Gentlemen</i> at the <i>Academy</i> in +Philadelphia. To which is added Rules for working all the Cases in Plain +and Spherical Triangles without a Scheme. By <i>Theophilus Grew</i>, Mathematical +Professor. Germantown, Printed by Christopher Sower, 1753.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>Thus, the need for practical mathematical instruments for the +surveyor and navigator became critical in proportion to the need +for men to make and use them, and it is not surprising to discover +that the majority of the instruments produced and advertised by +early American makers were for surveying, with nautical instruments +in second place. Generally, the surveyors were not professionals; +they were farmers, tradesmen, or craftsmen with a sound +knowledge of basic arithmetic and occasionally with some advanced +study of the subject as taught in the evening schools. The surveying +of provincial and intercolonial boundaries required greater +skill, however, as well as a knowledge of astronomy, and this work +was relegated to the scientific men of the period.</p> + +<p>As the increasing preoccupation with subdivision of land and with +surveying led to a greater demand for suitable instruments, it was +the skilled craftsmen of the community, such as the clockmaker +and the silversmith, that were called upon to produce them. +Superb examples also were produced by the advanced scientific +men, or "mathematical practitioners," of the period.</p> + + +<h3>Colonial Training in Instrument Making</h3> + +<p>One may well ask, where did these native craftsmen acquire the +knowledge that enabled them to produce so skillfully the accurate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 9-10]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a></span> +and often delicate mathematical instruments? There were a +number of possible sources for this knowledge. The first source +lies in England, where some of these craftsmen could have studied +or served apprenticeships. After completing their apprenticeship +with English mathematical practitioners, they may have immigrated +to the Colonies and taught the craft to others. This seems +to be entirely plausible, and was probably true, for example, of +Thomas Harland the clockmaker, Anthony Lamb, and perhaps +several others. However, these were the exceptions instead of the +rule, since a biographical study of the instrument makers in general +reveals that they were for the most part native to America. It is +not likely that the one or two isolated practitioners that had been +trained in England could have taught so many others who worked +in the same epoch.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img src="images/i021.jpg" width="320" height="434" alt="Figure 2" title="Figure 2" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 2.—Title page of The Surveyor by Aaron Rathborne, published in London +in 1616. The book was one of the sources of information for American makers +of mathematical instruments.</div> + +<p>Another source for this knowledge of instrument making was +probably the reference works on the subject that had been published +in England and in France. As an example, Nicolas Bion's +<i>Traitè de la Construction et des Principaux Usages des Instruments +de Mathematique</i>, which had been first published in 1686, was +translated into English by Edmund Stone in 1723, and went into +several English editions. Copies of this work in English undoubtedly +found their way to America soon after publication. Other +popular works were Aaron Rathbone's <i>The Surveyor</i>, which +appeared in London in 1616 (see fig. 2); William Leybourn's <i>The +Compleat Surveyor</i>, in 1653; and George Atwell's <i>Faithfull Surveyour</i>, +in 1662. Other works popular in the Colonies were R. Norwood's +<i>Epitome, or The Doctrine of Triangles</i> (London, 1659) and J. Love's +<i>Geodasia, or the Art of Surveying</i> (London, 1688).</p> + +<p>These works undoubtedly inspired similar publications in America, +for many books on surveying and navigation appeared there +before the beginning of the 19th century. Chief among them +were S. Moore's <i>An Accurate System of Surveying</i> (Litchfield, Conn., +1796), Z. Jess's <i>A Compendious System of Practical Surveying</i> +(Wilmington, 1799), Abel Flint's <i>Surveying</i> (Hartford, 1804), and +J. Day's <i>Principles of Navigation and Surveying</i> (New Haven, 1817).</p> + +<p>The published works were unquestionably responsible for much +of the training in the making of mathematical instruments in +America, although no documentary evidence has yet been recovered +to prove it.</p> + +<p>Another important influence on early American instrument-making +which must be noted was that of the clockmaker as an +artisan. A comprehensive study of surviving instruments and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +related records has revealed that only a few of the many clockmakers +working in the American Colonies in the 18th century made +mathematical instruments. Yet, a large proportion of the surviving +surveying and nautical instruments produced before 1800 were +the work of clockmakers. Classic among these must be noted the +instruments produced by the brothers David and Benjamin Rittenhouse +(see p. 15 and figs. 3 and 4), as well as the fine surveying +instruments made by four separate members of the Chandlee +family, whose clockmaking traditions began early in the 17th century +(see p. 54).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img src="images/i023.jpg" width="320" height="311" alt="Figure 3" title="Figure 3" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 3.—Transit telescope made by David Rittenhouse and used by him for +the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. Brass, 33-1/2-in. tube on a 25-in. +axis, with an aperture of 1-3/4 in. and a focal length of 32 in. Photo courtesy +the American Philosophical Society.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i024.jpg" width="320" height="392" alt="Figure 4" title="Figure 4" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 4.—Surveying compass marked "Potts and Rittenhouse." Believed to be +the work of David Rittenhouse in partnership with Thomas Potts. Photo +courtesy the American Philosophical Society.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<p>Finally, one must not overlook the fact that examples of English +and other European instruments were available in the Colonies, +and that at least some of the early colonial makers undoubtedly +copied them. It is apparent from some surviving early American +instruments that the materials, designs, dimensions, and details of +European prototypes had been deliberately copied. It is possible +to see in public collections, for instance, a Davis quadrant of English +manufacture exhibited beside a later example, signed by a New +England maker, which comes extraordinarily close to duplicating +it in every feature.</p> + +<p>As with the presumed influence of published works, the practice +of copying imported instruments cannot be documented, but it +must have been engaged in by many of the unschooled New England +instrument makers. By this means some may even have +profited to the degree that they became professional craftsmen +without benefit of formal apprenticeship.</p> + +<p>Yet it is remarkable that although numerous instruments were +produced by native artisans, in addition to the substantial number +which were imported before the end of the 18th century, relatively +few specimens have survived in public collections as well as in +private hands. Despite the exhaustive combing of attics and barns +throughout the country by dealers in antiques and by avid collectors +during the past several decades, the number of surviving +instruments now known is incredibly small in comparison with the +numbers known to have been made locally or imported before the +beginning of the 19th century. Since instruments are not items +which would ordinarily be deliberately discarded or destroyed, or +melted down for the recovery of the metal, this small percentage +of survival presents a puzzle which has not been resolved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i026.jpg" width="320" height="386" alt="Figure 5" title="Figure 5" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 5.—David Rittenhouse. Engraving from portrait by Charles Wilson Peale.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="The_Mathematical_Practitioners" id="The_Mathematical_Practitioners"></a><i>The Mathematical Practitioners</i></h2> + + +<h3>The Rittenhouse Brothers</h3> + +<p>Notable among the American practitioners was David Rittenhouse +(1732-1796) of Norristown and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, +who was established as a clockmaker and surveyor in Philadelphia +by 1749. He surveyed the boundary between Pennsylvania and +Delaware in 1763 with instruments of his own design and construction. +Six years later, in 1769, he successfully calculated the +transit of Venus and later observed that planet with astronomical +instruments he had constructed himself. In the following year, +1770, he built the first American astronomical observatory, in +Philadelphia. Two orreries that he designed and built—at the +University of Pennsylvania and at Princeton University—survive +as outstanding examples of American craftsmanship.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Several of +his surveying and astronomical instruments are exhibited in the +collections of the U.S. National Museum. David Rittenhouse +is credited with being the originator of a declination arc on the +surveying compass, a feature to be copied by a number of later +instrument makers.</p> + +<p>David's brother, Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820), served +in the Revolution and was wounded at Brandywine. He superintended +the Government's gunlock factory at Philadelphia in +1778 and achieved recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying +instruments (see fig. 8).<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> During one period of his career he worked +in partnership with his brother David. An interesting advertisement +appeared in the May 14, 1785, issue of <i>The Pennsylvania +Packet</i>:</p> + +<blockquote><p>WANTED, An ingenious Lad not exceeding 14 years of age, of a reputable +family, as an Apprentice to learn the Art and Mistery of making Clocks and +Surveying Instruments. Any lad inclining to go an apprentice to the above +Trade, the terms on which he will be taken may [be] known by enquiring of +Mr. David Rittenhouse, in Philadelphia, or at the subscriber's house in +Worcester township, Montgomery county. Benjamin Rittenhouse.</p></blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i028.jpg" width="320" height="433" alt="Figure 6" title="Figure 6" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 6.—Astronomical clock made by David Rittenhouse +for his observatory at Norristown, Pa., and used by him for the +observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. Unembellished +pine case 83-1/2 in. high, 13-1/4 in. wide at the waist with a +silvered brass dial 10-5/8 in. diameter. Photo courtesy the +American Philosophical Society.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i029.jpg" width="320" height="250" alt="Figure 7" title="Figure 7" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 7.—Orrery built by David Rittenhouse for the University +of Pennsylvania. The center section shows the +motions of the planets and their satellites and the right-hand +section the eclipses of the Sun and Moon. The case, +considered to be an outstanding example of colonial cabinet-work, +was made by John Folwell.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i029b.jpg" width="320" height="132" alt="Figure 8" title="Figure 8" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 8.—Brass surveying compass inscribed "Made by +Benjamin Rittenhouse, 1787." Photo courtesy Ohio State +Museum, Columbus, Ohio.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17-18]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i030.jpg" width="320" height="413" alt="Figure 9" title="Figure 9" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 9.—Portrait of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) by unknown artist.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>Andrew Ellicott</h3> + +<p>A name closely associated with that of the Rittenhouse brothers +was that of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) of Solebury, Pennsylvania, +and Ellicotts Mills, Maryland. Andrew was the son of Joseph +Ellicott, the clockmaker and pioneer industrialist who founded +Ellicotts Mills. Although a Quaker, Andrew (fig. 9) served in +the Revolution, and he became one of the most distinguished +engineers of the new republic. He worked as a clockmaker and +instrument maker from 1774 to 1780. In 1784 he ran the boundary +between Virginia and Pennsylvania and in the following year he +was a member of the survey that continued Mason and Dixon's +line. In 1785 and 1786 he served on the Pennsylvania commissions +that surveyed the western and northern boundaries of the state, +and in 1789 he served on the commission that fixed the boundary +between New York and Pennsylvania. Between 1791 and 1793 he +surveyed the site of the city of Washington, D.C., and redrew +L'Enfant's plan for the city.</p> + +<p>In early 1793 Ellicott was appointed commissioner by the +Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the project of viewing and +locating a road from Reading to Presque Isle, now Erie. It was +an extremely difficult undertaking, but Ellicott completed the +work by the autumn of 1796, including laying out the towns of +Erie, Warren, and Franklin.</p> + +<p>In May 1796 Ellicott was commissioned by President Washington +to survey and mark the boundary line between the United States +and the Spanish Province of Florida in accordance with the +provisions of the Pinkney-Godoy Treaty of October 27, 1795. +This line was to begin at the point where the 31st parallel of north +latitude intersected the Mississippi River, and to proceed thence +along that parallel eastward to the Appalachicola River for about +400 miles.</p> + +<p>In 1801 Ellicott was offered the position of surveyor general of +the United States by President Jefferson. Ellicott declined, but +subsequently accepted the secretaryship of the land office of +Pennsylvania, a post he held until 1808.</p> + +<p>In 1811 Ellicott became commissioner to represent Georgia in +locating the Georgia-North Carolina boundary, a project on which +he was engaged for the major part of the following year.</p> + +<p>In 1815 President Madison appointed Ellicott professor of +mathematics at West Point, with the rank of major. This is an +appointment he kept until his death in 1820. It was interrupted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 20-21]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a></span> +in 1817 when the Government required his services as astronomer +to locate a portion of the United States-Canadian boundary in +accordance with the fifth article of the Treaty of Ghent.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i032.jpg" width="320" height="452" alt="Figure 10" title="Figure 10" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 10.—Transit and equal-altitude instrument (left) made by Ellicott in 1789 +and used by him in the survey of the boundary between the United States and +Florida and in other surveys. USNM 152080. <br /> +<br /> +Figure 11.—Zenith sector with focal length of 6 ft., made by David Rittenhouse +and revised by Andrew Ellicott. Described in <i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> +(Philadelphia, 1803). USNM 152078.</div> + + <p>Ellicott was a member of a number of learned societies, including +the American Philosophical Society, the Society for the Promotion +of Useful Arts of Albany, and of the National Institute of France.</p> + +<p>Ellicott constructed a number of instruments for surveying and +astronomical observation, and he designed and used others that +were produced by his friend David Rittenhouse<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> (see figs. 10, 11). +Of particular interest in connection with Ellicott's career as a +clockmaker and instrument maker are two advertisements that +appeared in the Baltimore newspapers. The first one was in the +<i>Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser on April 7, 1778</i>:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Ellicott's Upper Mills, April 4, 1778. Wanted, a person acquainted with the +Clock-Making business, and able to work by directions. Such a person will +meet with good encouragement by applying to Andrew Ellicott, sen.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The second advertisement, in the same vein, appeared in the May +16, 1780, issue of the <i>Maryland Journal</i>:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Good Encouragement will be given to either Clock or Mathematical instrument +makers, by the subscriber, living in Baltimore-Town. Andrew Ellicott.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>Owen Biddle</h3> + +<p>Another mathematical practitioner associated with David Rittenhouse +in his observations of the transit of Venus was Owen +Biddle (1737-1799) of the North Ward, Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>In early life Biddle was an apothecary and a clock- and watch-maker. +In his shop "next door to Roberts warehouse" he sold +clock and watch parts and tools. From 1764 to 1770 he advertised +himself as "Clockmaker, and scientist, statesman and patriot." +As a Quaker, he participated actively in civic and patriotic affairs +of Philadelphia. During the American Revolution, in spite of his +religious affiliation, he fought for the defense of the Colonies and +was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Forage. Evidencing sincere +repentance, he was permitted to rejoin the Society of Friends.</p> + +<p>In 1769 Biddle took an active part in the preparations made by +the American Philosophical Society for the observation of the +transit of Venus. With Joel Baily he was sent to Cape Henlopen, +Delaware, with a large reflecting telescope borrowed from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +Library Company. The expedition was described in the <i>Transactions +of the American Philosophical Society</i> in 1771 in an article entitled +"An Account of the Transit of Venus, over the Sun's Disk, as +observed near Cape Henlopen, on Delaware Bay, June 3rd, 1769 +by Owen Biddle, Joel Baily and (Richard Thomas) Drawn by +Owen Biddle." In addition to his trade in clocks and watches, +Biddle also made mathematical instruments and was well known +in his native city as a merchant, inventor, and ironmaster.</p> + + +<h3>Benjamin Banneker</h3> + +<p>A name that is too often ignored in the history of science in colonial +America is that of a free Negro, Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806) +of Baltimore. A farmer by occupation, Banneker was the +son of a native African slave and a free mulatto woman. In his +spare time he attended the school of a Quaker farmer; the only +book he owned was the Bible. When he was a young man he acquired +a watch from a trader, and from it he developed his love of +science and instruments. Although he had never seen a clock, he +constructed one based on drawings he made from the watch. +Banneker was called upon to assist in the construction of the mills +for the Ellicotts, and it was natural that his clock, which was the +marvel of the Negro settlement, should come to the attention of +Joseph Ellicott. Ellicott became interested in Banneker's thirst +for knowledge and allowed him the use of his tools, scientific instruments, +and technical books. Among the books were Mayer's +<i>Tables</i>, James Ferguson's <i>Astronomy</i>, and Leadbeater's <i>Lunar +Tables</i>. Banneker absorbed these and other works that he borrowed +and went on to explore the wonderful new world they opened +up for him. He pursued astronomical studies, and within three +years he began to make calculations (fig. 12) for an almanac. After +completing the calculations for the year 1791, he went on to produce +a set of calculations for 1792. During this period he mastered +the use of surveying instruments and made a firsthand study of +tides in the region. His great opportunity came when Andrew +Ellicott was chosen to make a survey for the city of Washington +and hired Banneker as an assistant. While thus employed, Banneker +completed his almanac and gave it to George Ellicott, +Andrew's cousin, as a subject of possible interest. Apparently +George Ellicott turned it over to the Honorable James McHenry +of Baltimore, who in turned submitted it to the Philadelphia firm +of Goddard & Angell, who published it (fig. 13). Banneker mailed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23-24]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a></span> +a copy of his <i>Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia +And Maryland Almanac and Ephemeris For the Year of Our +Lord, 1792</i> to Thomas Jefferson, who was so impressed with it +that he forwarded it to the Marquis de Condorcet, secretary of the +French Academy of Sciences. After his work with Ellicott had +been completed, Banneker retired to his farm to produce almanacs +annually until 1802. When he died in 1806 he was eulogized before +the French Academy by the Marquis de Condorcet, and William +Pitt placed his name in the records of the English Parliament.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i035.jpg" width="320" height="472" alt="Figure 12" title="Figure 12" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 12.—Letter from Benjamin Banneker to George Ellicott dated October +13, 1789, regarding astronomical data for the compilation of Banneker's +almanac. Photo courtesy Maryland Historical Society.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i037.jpg" width="320" height="472" alt="Figure 13" title="Figure 13" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 13.—Title page of one of Banneker's almanacs. The portrait of Banneker +was made by Timothy Woods in 1793 for the publisher and reproduced by +woodcut. Banneker's first almanac was published in Philadelphia in 1792.</div> + +<h3>Joel Baily</h3> + +<p>Still another 18th-century practitioner was Joel Baily (1732-1797), +a Quaker of West Bradford, Pennsylvania. In addition to +his trade as a clockmaker and gunsmith, Baily achieved local +eminence as an astronomer, mathematician, and surveyor.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<p>In 1764, at the time that Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon +established their headquarters near his farm, Baily was the local +surveyor. Obtaining employment with the expedition, he worked +with Mason and Dixon until the completion of their survey in 1768. +Baily was subsequently employed by Mason and Dixon to build +pine frames for carrying the 20-foot rods to be used in the second +measurement of courses from the Stargazers' Stone southward.</p> + +<p>In 1769 Baily was appointed by the American Philosophical +Society to work with Owen Biddle in setting up the station at Cape +Henlopen for observation of the transit of Venus. In 1770 he +again worked with Biddle in taking the courses and distances from +the New Castle Court House to the State House Observatory in +Philadelphia for determining the latitude and longitude of each. +In the same year Baily was elected a member of the American +Philosophical Society.</p> + + +<h3>Reverend John Prince</h3> + +<p>Another noteworthy mathematical practitioner of the period was +the Reverend John Prince (1751-1836) of Salem, Massachusetts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25-26]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a></span> +The son of a hatter and mechanic, Prince studied natural philosophy +under John Winthrop at Harvard and received his B.A. +degree in 1776. He was a student of divinity under Samuel +Williams and was ordained in 1779 at the First Church in Salem. +Although an amateur of the sciences, Prince became a skilled +maker of scientific instruments. He made, sold, and repaired +instruments for the use of numerous colleges, schools, and academies, +including Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Harvard, Union, +Amherst, and Williams. Among other accomplishments, he +effected "improvements" on the lucernal microscope and the air +pump.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + + + +<h3>Amasa Holcomb</h3> + +<p>Although he was born in the 18th century, Amasa Holcomb +(1787-1875) properly belongs to a later period. An astronomer +and telescope maker of Southwick, Massachusetts, Holcomb +became a surveyor in 1808. An autobiographical sketch noted +that "he manufactured about this time a good many sets of surveyors +instruments—compasses, chains, scales, protractors and dividers, +some for his pupils and some for others."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Instruments_of_Metal" id="Instruments_of_Metal"></a>Instruments of Metal</h2> + + +<h3>Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</h3> + +<p>According to present evidence, only a few makers of metal +instruments emigrated from England to the Colonies before the +beginning of the Revolutionary War. A slightly larger number +emigrated after the war had ended. In almost every instance, the +immigrant instrument makers settled in the major cities, which +were the shipping centers of the new country. The reason is +obvious: in these cities there was the greatest demand for nautical +and other instruments.</p> + +<p>One of the earliest immigrant instrument makers arrived in +Boston in 1739. According to an advertisement that appeared in +<i>The Boston Gazette</i> in the issue of July 16-23, 1739, there had</p> + +<blockquote><p>Arriv'd here by Capt. <i>Gerry</i> from <i>London</i> John Dabney, junr. who serv'd his +time to Mr. Jonathan Sisson, Mathematical Instrument Maker to his Royal +Highness, the Prince of Wales. Makes and sells all sorts of Mathematical +Instruments, in Silver, Brass, or Ivory, at Reasonable Rates, at Mr. Rowland +Houghton's Shop the north side of the Town Huse in Boston.</p> + +<p>N.B. Said Dabney, sets Loadstones to a greater Perfection than any +heretofore.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Dabney's master, Jonathan Sisson (1694-1749) originally of +Lincolnshire, with a shop in the Strand, London, was a well-known +maker of optical and mathematical instruments in the early decades +of the 18th century. He was particularly noted for the exact +division of scales, and examples of his work are to be found in the +major collections.</p> + +<p>Dabney's name appeared again several years later, in the Supplement +to the <i>Boston Evening Post</i> for December 12, 1743, and +again in the <i>Boston Evening Post</i> for December 19 of the same year, +with the following advertisement:</p> + +<blockquote><p>To be shown by John Dabney, Mathematical Instrument maker, in Milk +Street, Boston, on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday Evenings, from five to +eight o'clock, for the Entertainment of the Curious, the Magic Lanthorn +an Optick Machine, which exhibits a great Number of wonderful and surprising +Figures, prodigious large, and vivid, at Half a Crown each, Old Tenor.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + +<p>In New York City, one of the earliest immigrant instrument +makers was Charles Walpole, who established a shop at a corner in +Wall Street, according to a notice in the May 26, 1746, issue of the +<i>New York Evening Post</i>. The announcement stated that Walpole +was a "citizen of London" and that at his shop "all sorts of Mathematical +Instruments, whether in silver or brass, are made and +mended...."</p> + +<p>In the May 21, 1753, issue of <i>The New York Gazette or The +Weekly Post Boy</i> there was an announcement by the widow of +Balthaser Sommer who lived on Pot-Baker's Hill in Smith Street +in New York City and who advertised herself as a "grinder of +all sorts of optic glasses, spying glasses, of all lengths, spectacles, +reading glasses for near-sighted people or others; also spying glasses +of 3 feet long which are to set on a common Walking-Cane and +yet be carried as a Pocket-Book."</p> + +<p>John Benson emigrated from Birmingham, England, and established +a lapidary and optical store in May 1793 at 12 Princess +Street in New York, where he produced miniatures, lockets, +rings, glasses, "as well as Spectacles, single reading and burning +glasses, and where he also polished scratch'd glasses." In July 1797 +he moved to 106 Pearl Street where he sold green goggles, thermometers, +and opera and spy glasses, in addition to an assortment of +jewelry. In September 1798 he was established at a new location, +147 Pearl Street, "At the sign of The Green Spectacles" where he +specialized in optical goods. He featured for rent or sale a "Portable +Camera Obscura" for the use of artists in drawing landscapes. +His advertisements chronicled each change in location in the issues +of <i>The New York Daily Advertiser</i>.</p> + +<p>A craftsman whose name is well known in scientific circles was +Anthony Lamb, who advertised in 1753 as a mathematical instrument +maker living on Hunter's Key, New York. He claimed that +he could furnish</p> + +<blockquote><p>Godfrey's newly invented quadrant, for taking the latitude or other altitudes +at sea; hydrometers for trying the exact strength of spirits, large surveying +instruments in a more curious manner than usual; which may be used in any +weather without exception, small ditto which may be fixed on the end of a +walking stick, and lengthened to a commodious height, gauging instruments +as now in use, according to an act of assembly with all other mathematical +instruments for sea or land, by wholesale or retail at reasonable rates.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>Lamb had served an apprenticeship with Henry Carter, a +mathematical instrument maker in London. In July 1724 he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +became an accomplice of Jack Sheppard, a notorious burglar, and +was arrested and sentenced to the gallows in 1724. As he was +awaiting execution on the gallows at Tyburn, his sentence was +commuted to transportation to Virginia for a period of seven +years, inasmuch as this was his first offence. After he had completed +his term of seven years in Virginia he moved to Philadelphia, +where he opened a shop as an instrument maker and a private +school for teaching technical subjects. The curriculum included +surveying, navigation, and mathematics. Although his enterprises +prospered, he moved to New York. There he married a +Miss Ham and established himself in a respectable position. +Lamb's first advertisement in New York appeared on January 23, +1749. He died on December 11, 1784, at the age of 81, and two +days later he was eulogized in <i>The New York Packet</i> where he was +mentioned as "a steady friend to the liberties of America."</p> + +<p>John Lamb (1735-1800), Anthony's son, learned and practiced +his father's craft for a time and worked as a partner in the firm of +A. Lamb & Son. He subsequently became a wine and sugar +merchant, achieved considerable wealth, married well, and was +accepted by the gentry of the city. He was a firm patriot and from +1765 he was active as the leader of the Sons of Liberty. He +served in several major engagements in the American Revolution +and in 1783 was brevetted a brigadier-general.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>The immigrant instrument makers were not confined to those +working in glass, however. One of the earlier immigrant craftsmen +was Charles Blundy, a London watchmaker who established +himself on Church Street in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1753. +He notified the public that in addition to watches he sold thermometers +of all sizes and types. Presumably his merchandise +was imported from England.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> He was absent from the city between +1753 and 1760 but returned and continued in business in +the latter year.</p> + +<p>Another pre-Revolution immigrant was Thomas Harland (1735-1807), +a clock maker who settled in Norwich, Connecticut, in +1773. It is claimed that he sailed from England on one of the +ships carrying the tea destroyed by the Boston Tea Party. Over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +the course of the years his business prospered to such a degree +that he hired from ten to twelve apprentices at one time. Some +of the leading American 18th-century clockmakers served apprenticeships +with Harland. In 1802 his newspaper notice stated that +he had for sale "Surveyors Compasses, with agate centre needles; +chains and Protractors ..."<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>A most interesting instrument that has recently come to light +is a brass sundial made in Philadelphia in 1764. The dial, about +10-1/2 inches in diameter, is signed by the maker, "Daniel Jay +Philad<sup>a</sup>. fecit." It is dated 1764 and inscribed with the name +of the person for whom it was made, "James Pemberton." In the +center is "Lat. 40," which coincides with the latitude for Philadelphia. +The style of the dial is very much in the English tradition +of the period, indicating that Jay was probably an emigrant trained +in England.</p> + + +<h3>Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</h3> + +<p>A large proportion of the English craftsmen who came to the +American Colonies after the Revolution settled in Philadelphia, +There was John Gould for instance, a mathematical instrument +maker from London who had opened a shop at 47 Water Street +by 1794. He sold nautical, surveying, and optical instruments +as well as mirrors, presumably all imported from England. He +moved to 70 South Front Street "At the Sign of the Quadrant" +in 1796. He was succeeded in business in 1798 by Thomas Whitney, +another emigrant from London. Whitney made and sold instruments +(see fig. 85) in Gould's former shop, and featured also a +vast array of department store merchandise. John Whitney, +who may have been his son, was listed at the same address in +the Philadelphia directory of 1801 as a "Mathematical Instrument +Maker and Optician."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>In the Philadelphia directory and register for 1821 Thomas +Whitney advertised that he</p> + +<blockquote><p>... presents his sincere thanks to his friends and the public and respectfully +soliciting the continuation of their favors, wishes to inform them that +he has devoted his attention principally to the making of surveying com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>passes +for 16 years past, and has made 500 of them; the good qualities of +which are well known to many surveyors, in at least 16 of the States and +Territories of the Union ... [he also makes] many other instruments, +protractors, gunner's Calibers and quadrants, etc.</p></blockquote> + +<p>George Evans was another instrument maker who arrived from +London after the end of the Revolution. He established himself +in a shop at 33 North Front Street in 1796, where he sold imported +instruments as well as stationery, Bibles, and cloth. He died in +1798.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> + +<p>Thomas Dring, who migrated from England, settled in Westtown +Township of Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he was first +noted in the tax records of 1786. He married Hanna Griffith, a +native of the region, and their son, Jeptha Dring, subsequently +was mentioned as a carpenter by trade, and a vagrant by inclination, +who could quote Shakespeare from memory. According +to local legend, Dring raised money from a number of townspeople +for the purpose of purchasing clocks for them in England. He +set sail for his homeland in about 1798 and never returned.</p> + +<p>Although the tax records for 1796 described Dring as an +"Optician" he was also a clockmaker and maker of scientific +instruments. At least three of his tall-case clocks have survived, +and a stick type of barometer which he made for Edward and +Hannah Hicks in 1796. The instrument is now in the collection +of the Chester County Historical Society. It measures 39 inches +in height, and is signed on the thermometer dial <span class="smcap">THOMAS DRING</span>/West +Chester. This instrument (fig. 14) is one of the very rare +barometers produced in America in the 18th century.</p> + +<p>Another craftsman who emigrated from England was Robert +Clark, who opened a shop at 5-1/2 Church Street in Charleston, +South Carolina, in 1785. In that year he announced himself as a</p> + +<blockquote><p>Math., Optical and Philosophical Instruments maker and Clockmaker +from London ... As the Advertiser has lately had an opportunity of +working and receiving instruction under the first masters in the above +branches in Great Britain, flatters himself that he shall give satisfaction to +those who may be pleased to favor him with their orders ... for Surveyors +compasses, Quadrants, Telescopes, Microscopes, Spirit Levels, etc.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>W. Fosbrook was another craftsman originally from London. +He was a cutler and maker of surgical instruments, with a shop in +Beekman's Slip in New York City in 1786 or earlier. He specialized +in leg irons and rupture trusses, and he made instruments and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32-33]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a></span> +files for setting the teeth as well as standard items for surgeons.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i044.jpg" width="80" height="417" alt="Figure 14" title="Figure 14" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 14.—Barometer made in 1796 by Thomas +Dring of West Chester, Pa., for Edward and +Hannah Hicks. Photo courtesy the Chester +County Historical Society.</div> + +<p>Several immigrant instrument makers established themselves +in Philadelphia during the same period. John Denegan (or +Donegan), stated to have been "late from Italy," moved his shop +in March 1787 to the corner of Race and Fourth Streets at "the +sign of the Seven Stars".<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> There he made barometers and thermometers +as well as glasses for philosophical experiments. It +seems too much of a coincidence that in October 1787 an instrument +maker named Joseph Donegany established a shop at 54 +Smith Street in New York City,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> where—according to an advertisement +in the October 17, 1787, issue of <i>The New York Daily +Advertiser</i>—he made "thermometers, barometers and sold hydrostatic +Bubbles and hygrometers for proving spirits, and also ... +glasses for experimental purposes." It is probable that Denegan +and Donegany were one and the same; since Denegan was stated +to have been of Italian origin, the name may originally have been +"De Negani."</p> + +<p>Joseph Gatty advertised himself as an "Artist from Italy" with +a shop at 341 Pearl Street in New York City where he "made and +sold every simple and compound form of barometer and thermometer +as well as curious Hygrometers for assaying spirits which show +the actual strength with the greatest precision and are not liable to +be corroded, in addition to several new Philosophical Instruments +of his own invention, and all types of artificial fireworks."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> By +1796 Gatty (or Gatti?) had moved to Philadelphia where he had a +shop at 79 South Front Street and advertised the same items that +had appeared in his advertisements in New York. The Philadelphia +directory for 1800 listed Gatty as a "Weather Glass Maker."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + + +<h3>Native American Makers</h3> + +<p>Comparatively speaking, the greater proportion of the early +American instrument makers were native born. Among these +were to be found a substantial number of artisans trained as +clockmakers who subsequently produced scientific instruments to +meet the surveying and nautical needs of their communities.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +Together with the other craftsmen throughout the colonies who +established and advertised themselves specifically as instrument +makers, they produced a large number of the mathematical +instruments used in the American Colonies in the 18th century. +A careful study of their regional distribution reveals that most +of them were concentrated in the major coastal cities of commerce.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i046.jpg" width="320" height="247" alt="Figure 15" title="Figure 15" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 15.—James Wilson, first American maker of globes. From a sketch by +John Ross Dix in Ballou's Pictorial Drawing Room Companion (Boston, 1857), +vol. 12, p. 156.</div> + + +<h4><i>New Hampshire</i></h4> + +<p>Among the artisans who combined clockmaking with instrument +making before the beginning of the 19th century was Benjamin C. +Gilman (1763-1835) of Exeter, New Hampshire. He made mathematical +instruments and clocks in addition to working as a silversmith, +clockmaker, and hydraulic engineer.</p> + + +<h4><i>Vermont</i></h4> + +<p>A New England instrument maker who had a most unusual +career was James Wilson (1763-1855) of Bradford, Vermont. He +was a native of Francestown, New Hampshire, where he was born +in a log cabin and brought up on a farm. In 1796 he purchased +his own farm, at Bradford.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i047.jpg" width="320" height="352" alt="Figure 16" title="Figure 16" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 16.—Globe made by James Wilson (1763-1855) of Bradford, Vermont. +Diameter is 13 in. Photo courtesy Houghton Library, Harvard University.</div> + + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<p>When a young man of 36 he saw a pair of globes at Dartmouth +College in neighboring Hanover and tried to duplicate them. He +made balls of wood turned from solid blocks, covered them with +paper, and finished them off with lines and drawings. He later +improved this method by coating the wooden balls thickly with +layers of paper pasted together. He then cut the globes into +hemispheres, removed the wooden molds, and joined the paper +shells to make the globes.</p> + +<p>Wilson next proceeded to procure copper plates of the necessary +sizes for his globes, and he projected his maps on them in sections. +He received a few lessons in engraving from Amos Doolittle of +New Haven, but he was otherwise completely self-taught.</p> + +<p>Wilson exhibited the first edition of his globes in Boston in 1814. +They created a sensation, and many persons asked to see the maker, +but Wilson was reluctant to come forward because of his coarse +clothing and rustic manners. He was greatly encouraged, however, +by the public interest in his work, and he continued to make +globes in Bradford (see fig. 16). In about 1815 Wilson and his +three sons, all of whom were as ingenious as the father, formed a +company to manufacture globes in Albany. There they produced +terrestrial and celestial globes, the latter showing as many as 5,000 +stars. Wilson produced a new set of plates in 1826 and made +globes in several sizes. Even after he had reached the age of 83 +years he constructed an excellent planetarium, engraving the large +copperplate himself.</p> + +<p>Wilson was married three times and was the father of 14 children. +He died at the age of 92 in March 1855 at Bradford.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + + +<h4><i>Massachusetts</i></h4> + +<p>A surprisingly small number of the Massachusetts craftsmen +working before the end of the 18th century produced scientific +instruments. Among the very earliest were several members of +the King family of Salem. Daniel King (1704-1790) was born in +Salem on November 17, 1704. At the time of his death Rev. +William Bentley spoke of him as a "maker of Mathematical Instruments" +and a "teacher of Mathematics."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i049.jpg" width="320" height="305" alt="Figure 17" title="Figure 17" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 17.—Brass surveying compass made by Stephen Greenleaf (fl. 1745) of +Boston. Photo courtesy New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.</div> + +<p>Following Daniel's death, his business in instruments was +inherited by his son Benjamin King (1740-1804), of Salem. Benjamin +specialized in producing nautical instruments, and several +of his Davis quadrants have survived in public collections. When +he died on December 26, 1804, Reverend Bentley wrote that King +was " ... a Mathematical Instrument maker, in that branch which +immediately regarded practical navigation by quadrant and +compass. He supported a very good character through life & +was much esteemed."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> + +<p>Another of the very early mathematical instrument makers in +Massachusetts was Stephen Greenleaf (see fig. 17), who kept a shop +on Queen Street opposite the prison in Boston where</p> + +<blockquote><p>He makes and Mends all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, as Theodolites, +Spirit Levels, Semicircles, Circumferences, and Protractors, Horizontal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +and Equinoctial Sun Dials, Azimuth and Amplitude Compasses, Elliptical +and Triangular Compasses, and all sorts of Common Compasses ... N.B. +He sets Load Stones on Silver or Brass, after the best manner.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>Jonathan Dakin worked as a mathematical balance-maker "at +the Sign of the Hand & Beam, opposite to Dr. Colman's Meeting +House" where he made a variety of scale beams in 1745.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>An interesting advertisement by Rowland Houghton appeared +in the January 17-24, 1737, issue of the <i>Boston Gazette</i>. Houghton +announced that he had "lately improv'd on his new Theodolite, +by which the Art of Surveying is rendered more plain & easy than +heretofore." Houghton was active in the political scene in Boston, +as evidenced by the fact that in various issues of the <i>Boston +Gazette</i> for January and February 1739 he is listed variously as +"Commissioner," "Proprietors' Clerk" and as "Collector."</p> + +<p>Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803), was born at Cambridge, +where he married Mary I'ams in 1757. He maintained a shop +where he combined the business of mathematical instrument +maker and ivory turner, and also imported hardware. After the +Revolution, he engaged in dentistry, specializing in making artificial +teeth and in the manufacture of "umbrilloes." Paul Revere +apparently did printing for him on five different occasions between +1762 and 1774, and in about 1771 engraved his trade card, which +read:</p> + +<blockquote><p>ISAAC GREENWOOD, Ivory Turner Next door to Doctor John Clark's +at the North End Boston. Turns all sorts of work in Ivory, Silver, Brass, +Iron, Horn, Wood, etc. Such as Billiard Balls, Tea Boards, Scallop<sup>d</sup> and +Plain Salvers, Decanters ...<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>Isaac's father, Isaac Greenwood, Sr., was "Professor of Mathematicks +and Natural and Experimental Philosophy" at Harvard. +In the <i>Boston Gazette</i> for February 19-26, 1728, there appeared +the following notice of his installation:</p> + +<blockquote><p>On the 13th of this Month at Ten in the Morning, The Honorable & Reverend +Overseers of the College at Cambridge, met the Corporation in the +College Hall, to Inaugurate Mr. Isaac Greenwood into the Office of Professor +of the Mathematicks, and Natural and Experimental Philosophy, lately +founded by that great and living Benefactor to this Society, Mr. Thomas +Hollis of London Merchant. The Rev. President being detain'd by illness,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +Mr. Flint the Senior Fellow perform'd the part of Moderator, began with +Prayer, and then Pronounc'd a Latin Oration proper to the Occasion: Mr. +Wiggleworth Divinity Professor, read the Founders Instructions. Mr. +Greenwood took the Oaths and made the Declarations required in them: +and pronounc'd a Latin Oration. The Rev. Mr. Appleton Pray'd: and +Singing part of the 104 Psalm concluded the Solemnity. After which the +Overseers & Corporation repair'd to the Library; till the Publick Dinner in +the Hall was ready, where all the Gentlemen Spectators of the Solemnity +were hansomely Entertained.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Greenwood continued to teach privately for a decade. In various +issues of <i>The Boston Gazette</i> of 1738 and 1739 he featured an advertisement, +the text of which always stated:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Such as are desirous of learning any Part of Practical or Theoretical +Mathematics may be taught by Isaac Greenwood, A.M. &c. in Clark's Square, +near the North Meeting House, where Attendance will be given between the +Hours of 9 and 12 in the Forenoon, and 2 and 5 in the Afternoons.</p> + +<p>N.B. Instructions may also be had in any Branch of Natural Philosophy, +when there is a sufficient Number to attend.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>John Bailey II (1752-1823) of Hanover and Lynn, Massachusetts +worked as a clockmaker from about 1770. His father, +John Bailey I, and his brothers Calvin and Lebbeus also were +clockmakers. Bailey married Mary Hall of Berwick, Maine, +and settled in Hanover where he made scientific instruments and +clocks. A brass surveying compass in the collection of the New +York Historical Society is inscribed "<span class="smcap">J. BAILEY HANOVER</span> 1804."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<p>Undoubtedly the best known instrument maker in Massachusetts +was Joseph Pope (1750-1826), of Boston, who was described +by contemporaries as the "local mathematician, watch-maker and +mechanical genius." In 1787 he completed the construction of a +gear-driven orrery displaying the motions of the solar system in +a horizontal plane with eccentric and inclined orbits. At each +of the twelve corners were mounted cast bronze figures, claimed +to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze +by Paul Revere. Although the instrument was made for Harvard, +the university lacked funds for its purchase. Accordingly, it held +a public lottery which realized a substantial sum in excess of +the £450.3.0 paid to Pope, and the orrery was delivered in De<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>cember +1788.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> The orrery (fig. 18) has survived and is part of +the collection of historical scientific instruments at Harvard +University.</p> + +<p>According to a statement in the <i>Boston Gazette</i> for February 16, +1789, an apparatus for displaying planets in their proper orbits +by means of wires was made and exhibited in Boston by Bartholomew +Burges.</p> + +<p>Mention must also be made of several members of the Folger +family of Nantucket, Massachusetts. Peter Folger (1617-1690), +founder of the American branch of the family, emigrated from +Norfolk, England, in 1635 and occupied himself in Nantucket as +blacksmith, schoolmaster, watchmaker, and surveyor. He was +a grandfather of Benjamin Franklin. Another notable descendant +was Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), professor of astronomy and +director of the observatory at Vassar College.</p> + +<p>The best known member of the family was Walter Folger, Jr. +(1765-1849), a self-taught clockmaker and watchmaker with great +interest in the sciences. A telescope that he produced about 1818 +was considered to be the finest in the country at that time. His +greatest achievement was a tall case astronomical clock that he +devised and constructed; it was completed in 1790 and is considered +to be the most complicated domestic clock on record.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> +Folger also produced quadrants and compasses, and made astronomical +observations. His observations of the solar eclipse of +September 17, 1811, were published in 1815 in <i>Memoirs of the +Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>.</p> + +<p>Probably one of the most significant of the surviving early +American scientific instruments is a pair of gunners' calipers made +and used by <span class="smcap">PAUL REVERE</span> (1735-1818) of Boston. The calipers +are made of incised brass, measuring 7 inches in length and 1-3/4 +inches in width. They are signed on the reverse side with the +name "Revere" in the style of script signature used by this +maker in many of his engravings. The design of the instrument +is substantially different from that which is commonly found in +English, French, and German gunners' calipers of the period, and +was probably Revere's own. (See figs. 19, 20.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i053.jpg" width="320" height="329" alt="Figure 18" title="Figure 18" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 18.—Orrery by Joseph Pope completed in 1787 for Harvard University. +Engraved plates and bronze figures were made by Paul Revere. The orrery +is 6-1/2 ft. in diameter and 6-1/2 ft. high. The twelve figures at the corners are +said to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze by +Paul Revere. Photo courtesy Harvard University.</div> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is believed that these calipers, which are preserved in the +collection of the Bostonian Society in Boston, were probably used +by Revere in 1775-1776. This was the period during which he +was in charge of ordnance repairs for the Continental Army, and +involved in various ventures for the manufacture of gunpowder +and the casting of cannon. There is no evidence of other scientific +instruments made by Revere, lending some weight to the belief +that these calipers were made for his own use.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i054.jpg" width="320" height="451" alt="Figure 19" title="Figure 19" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 19.—Brass gunnery calipers +made and probably used by Paul +Revere (1735-1818). The calipers are +7 in. long and 1-3/4 in. wide.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i054b.jpg" width="320" height="459" alt="Figure 20" title="Figure 20" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 20.—Reverse side of gunnery +calipers, showing the inscribed signature. +Photos courtesy the Bostonian +Society, Boston, Mass.</div> + +<p>Other Massachusetts instrument makers include Gideon Fairman +(1774-1827) of Newburyport who was a partner of William Hooker +in the firm of Hooker & Fairman, which dealt in mathematical +instruments before 1810.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> Fairman later moved to Philadelphia,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +where he was associated with the engraving firm of Draper, +Murray & Fairman.</p> + +<p>At the end of the 18th century Samuel Emery was making +mathematical instruments in Salem, at the same time that John +Jayne was engaged in the same work in that community.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> + +<p>John Potter of Brookfield, Massachusetts, produced surveying +instruments in the last quarter of the 18th century. A graphometer +signed with his name and dated 1785 is in the collection +of the firm of W. & L. E. Gurley in Troy, New York.</p> + + +<h4><i>Rhode Island</i></h4> + +<p>One of the earliest and most important of the instrument makers +of Rhode Island was Benjamin King (1707-1786), of Newport. +He was the son of Capt. Samuel King of Salem, Massachusetts, +where he was born and baptized on March 13, 1707. He was a +brother of Daniel King of Salem. Benjamin eventually moved +to Newport, where he married Mary Hagger in July 1742. They +had four children: Benjamin, Mehitable, Samuel, and Mary. +He established himself as a respectable businessman in the community, +and in 1759 or 1760 he became the senior partner in the +importing and retailing firm of King & Hagger, "near the sign +of Mr. Pitt," dealing in general merchandise, mathematical and +nautical instruments, and stationery. William Hagger was +probably the junior partner, and may have been King's brother-in-law. +King began making his own instruments for sale, surviving +examples dated as early as 1762. The partnership was +dissolved early in the 1760's. In 1766 Benjamin King was +importing, making, and selling quadrants and other instruments +"At the Sign of the Mathematical Instruments" next to the +Golden Eagle on Thames Street. His son Samuel King occupied +the same premises, where he dealt in paints and artists supplies.</p> + +<p>When the British occupied Newport, King moved to North +Kingstown, but he returned after the British vacated the city. +He was 79 when he died in 1786, and his son Samuel King succeeded +him in business.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> + +<p>William Guyse Hagger (c. 1744-1830?), born in Newport, is believed +to have been the son of William Hagar and Mary Knowlton. +He was a quadrant maker (see fig. 21). In 1774 he headed a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +household that consisted of his wife, five children, and a colored servant. +Whether it was he or his father who was the partner of Benjamin +King cannot be determined with certainty. When Newport was +occupied by the British, Hagger moved to Cranston, where he +joined the Pawtuxet Rangers and served as a sentinel at Pawtuxet +Fort in 1778. No members of the Hagger family appear in the +1790 census of Newport, but a William Hager is reported as having +died in Boston in 1830 at the age of 82. It seems likely from the +age and dates that it was William Hagger the elder who worked as +a partner in the firm of King & Hagger, which was established in +1759 or 1760.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i056.jpg" width="320" height="239" alt="Figure 21" title="Figure 21" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 21.—Davis quadrant or backstaff made and signed by William Guyse +Hagger of Newport, Rhode Island, about 1760-1770. USNM 319029.</div> + +<p>Another instrument maker of Rhode Island was William Hamlin +(1772-1869). He had established himself in Providence by the +beginning of the 19th century in the manufacturing and repairing +of mathematical and nautical instruments, for which there was an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +active market in that city. Hamlin was one of the first engravers +in America and the first in Rhode Island. He designed and engraved +banknotes for many banks in the State and for other institutions. +At the same time he carried on a general trade in the +sale of musical instruments. Hamlin moved his shop several times, +but from 1847 until his death he worked at "The Sign of the +Quadrant" (see fig. 22) at 131 South Water Street. He was +equally interested in optics and astronomy, and it has been claimed +that he constructed the first telescope in America. It is well +established that he worked for many years to perfect a reflecting +telescope for his own use.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> + +<p>Instruments were made also by Paul Pease, who may have been +the husband of the daughter of Nathaniel Folger of Nantucket. +This Elizabeth Folger Pease, wife of a Paul Pease, was born in 1720 +and died in 1795. Little is known about Pease except for the name +"Paul Pease 1750" inscribed on a quadrant in the collection of the +Rhode Island Historical Society.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + + +<h4><i>Connecticut</i></h4> + +<p>The clockmakers who worked in Connecticut during the span +of the 18th century numbered almost a hundred. Yet only a half +dozen appear on record to have made or sold instruments in addition +to clocks. Among these were several members of the Doolittle +family, including Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800) of New Haven. +In 1763 he advertised that he sold surveying compasses in addition +to clocks, watches, bar iron, and chocolate.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> His son Isaac +Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821), also of New Haven, established a shop +of his own, which he advertised in 1781 as having</p> + +<blockquote><p>Compasses of all kinds, both for sea and land, surveyors scales, and protractors, +gauging rods, walking sticks, silver and plated buttons, turned upon +horn; also clocks and watches made and repaired ...<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>Although not very active as a clockmaker, Isaac Jr. appears to +have specialized more in the production of surveying and nautical +instruments. He took over his father's business just before the +latter's death, and in 1799 he advertised<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i058.jpg" width="320" height="520" alt="Figure 22" title="Figure 22" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 22.—Trade cards of William Hamlin (1772-1869), engraver and instrument +maker of Providence, Rhode Island. In collection of Rhode Island +Historical Society, Providence.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>The subscriber having commenced business at the shop lately occupied +by Mr. Isaac Doolittle, in Chapel Street, where he repairs watches, makes +and repairs Surveyors Compasses and Chains, Brass Amplitude, plain brass +and common Ship's Compasses, Gauging Rods, Quadrants, repair'd &c. +every favor gratefully received by the public's humble servant, Isaac Doolittle, +jun.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Enos Doolittle (1751-1806), a nephew of Isaac Doolittle, Sr., +made, sold, cleaned, and repaired clocks and surveying and marine +compasses from 1772 through 1788 at his shop in Hartford. He +also sold these items through agents in Saybrook and Middleton.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> + +<p>One of the best known of the Connecticut clockmakers was +Peregrine White (1747-1834), of Woodstock. White was a +descendant of the first Pilgrim child, and a native of Boston. +After serving an apprenticeship, he worked as a clockmaker +and silversmith in Boston. He was accused of forging silver +spoons and left the city to settle in Woodstock. He established +his own shop west of Muddy Brook Village.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> In addition to +fine tall-case clocks, for which he was noted, White also produced +surveying compasses, one of which is in the collection of the U.S. +National Museum (fig. 23). A similar specimen in Old Sturbridge +Village is reputed to have been used for surveying the town +of Southbridge, Mass.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824), of Mansfield and Litchfield, inserted +a notice in a newspaper in 1808 to notify the public that he +and his son Truman Hanks, in partnership, had "surveyors compasses +upon the Rittenhouse improved plan" in addition to such +other commodities as brass cannon, bells from their own foundry, +clocks, goldsmith's items, and stocking looms.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> + +<p>Ziba Blakslee (1768-1834), of Newton, worked as a clockmaker, +goldsmith, and bell founder and he advertised that he made and +sold surveying instruments.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> + +<p>In New Haven, Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble organized the +firm of Sibley & Marble and advertised that in addition to repairing +swords and cutlasses, clocks and watches, they also repaired +mathematical and surgical instruments.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48-49]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i060.jpg" width="320" height="474" alt="Figure 23" title="Figure 23" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 23.—Brass surveying compass made about 1790 by Peregrine White +(1747-1834) of Woodstock, Connecticut. USNM 388993.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a></span></p> + +<p>One of the instrument makers of New England who has remained +relatively unknown was Benjamin Platt (1757-1833), who was +born in Danbury, Connecticut, on January 3, 1757.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> He married +Adah Fairchild of the same city in 1776, and it is believed that he +must have completed his apprenticeship by that date inasmuch as +apprentices usually were not allowed to marry.</p> + +<p>It is not known how long Platt worked in his native city, but by +1780 he had moved to Litchfield, where he worked in gold, silver, +and brass. He became established as a clockmaker and produced +tall case clocks and other types. In 1787 he was in New Milford, a +town adjacent to Danbury, where he produced surveying compasses +(see fig. 24). Three years later, in 1790, he was at Milford, where +he invented a "Compass for measuring distance in hilly country." +In 1793 he returned to New Milford, where he made a clock to +order for Eli Todd, and by 1800 he had moved to Lanesboro, +Massachusetts.</p> + + +<h4><i>Ohio</i></h4> + +<p>Benjamin Platt was the migratory type. In 1817 he migrated +from Lanesboro to Columbus, Ohio. His son, Augustus Platt +(1793-1886), also made mathematical instruments (see fig. 25) in +Columbus. In 1809 a grandson, named William Augustus Platt +was born. When the child's mother died, Benjamin and Adah +Platt adopted the boy, and when he came of age he went into the +watchmaking trade. William Platt married Fanny Hayes, sister +of President Hayes.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> His shop was listed in the 1843 city directory; +it was the first jewelry and clock and watch store in the +community.</p> + +<p>An interesting account of instrument making in Ohio is found +in the report of a missionary, John Heckewelder. He mentioned +the brothers Joseph and Francois Devacht who worked as watchmakers +and instrument makers in Gallipolis, Ohio. Writing in +1792, Heckewelder stated that "the most interesting shops of +the Workmen [in Gallipolis] were those of the Goldsmiths and +Watchmakers. They showed us work on watches, compasses, +sundials finer than I have ever beheld."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50-51]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i062.jpg" width="320" height="569" alt="Figure 24a" title="Figure 24a" /> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i063.jpg" width="320" height="157" alt="Figure 24" title="Figure 24" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 24.—Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin Platt (1757-1833) of +New Milford, Connecticut, about 1795-1800. Shown in original wooden +case and separately (opposite page). Photos courtesy Ohio State Museum.</div> + + +<h4><i>New York</i></h4> + +<p>There were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments +in New York City before the end of the 18th century. Perhaps +the earliest was John Bailey, who moved from Fredericksburg, +Virginia, to Fishkill, New York, in 1778. He was a cutler by trade, +and he made and sold surgical instruments.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> + +<p>"Bulmain & Dennies" at 59 Water Street in New York were the +appointed agents to sell the "Perpetual Log or Distance Clock to +find a ship's way at sea." The device had been patented in the +United States, and one of the instruments was displayed at the bar +of the Tontine Coffee House, according to an advertisement in the +July 23, 1799, issue of the <i>New York Gazette and General Advertiser</i>.</p> + +<p>H. Caritat, at 153 Broadway in New York, imported and sold +"The Planispherical Planetarium." This item was described in an +advertisement<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> as "a graphic representation of the earth, in twelve +particular positions during its revolutionary course around the sun, +as also of the Moon's revolution around the earth, together with +literal description of parts and motions, etc." The advertisement +also stated that Caritat sold "Carey's newly improved Terrestrial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52-53]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a></span> +and Celestial Globes which omitted the Constellary Configurations."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i064.jpg" width="320" height="336" alt="Figure 25" title="Figure 25" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 25.—Surveying theodolite made by Augustus Platt (1793-1886) of Columbus, +Ohio, in the early 19th century. Photo courtesy Ohio State Museum.</div> + +<p>In 1785 M. Morris of New York City made and sold his own +invention of a "Nautical Protractor for the price of One Dollar." +In an advertisement in <i>The Independent Journal or the General +Advertiser</i> of May 25, 1785, he explained that the device was for +use in the construction of globular maps and Mercator charts. +He also made another protractor for attaching to the end of a ruler +for measuring distances on charts. He planned to publish a +treatise on the subject of his inventions.</p> + +<p>James Youle, a cutler and mechanician with a shop located first +on Fly Street and then at 64 Water Street "at the Sign of the Cross-Knives +and Gun," sold a large variety of cutlery and hardware +for gun repair. He also made surgical instruments. He died in +February 1786 at the age of 46 as the result of an injury to his chest +from a breaking grindstone while working in his shop. He was +survived by a widow and nine children and was succeeded in business +by his son John Youle.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> + + +<h4><i>New Jersey</i></h4> + +<p>One of the few instrument makers known to have worked in +New Jersey was Aaron Miller of "Elizabeth-town." He was first +noted in the New York newspapers in 1748 when he notified the +public that, in addition to clocks, he made compasses, chains for +surveyors, and church bells, for which he maintained his own +foundry. When he died in 1771 he left all his tools to a son-in-law, +Isaac Brokaw.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p> + +<p>Another craftsman who is entitled to being included as an +instrument maker was Richard Wistar. When Casper Wistar +died in 1752, his son Richard succeeded him as owner of the famous +glass works. In addition to window glass and glassware, Richard +Wistar also produced such special products as retorts for use in +chemistry and "electerizing globes and tubes," as well as bottles +for Leyden jars that Benjamin Franklin had urged him to attempt +in the early 1750's.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> +<p><i>Delaware</i></p> + +<p>George Crow (ca. 1725-1771/72) of Wilmington, Delaware, +was apparently well established as a clockmaker in the community +by the time of his marriage in 1746 to Mary Laudonet. They had +four children, and Crow's two sons followed his trade. George +Crow was active in civic affairs, and in addition to clocks, he +produced surveying compasses, several of which have survived.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p> + + +<h4><i>Maryland and Virginia</i></h4> + +<p>Brief mention has already been made of the Chandlee family of +clockmakers and instrument makers of the 18th century. The +founder of the line and first of interest was Benjamin Chandlee, Sr., +who migrated in 1702 from Ireland to Philadelphia, where he was +apprenticed to Abel Cottey, clockmaker, and eventually married +his daughter. His son Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791), +worked as a clockmaker in Nottingham, Maryland, where he +produced instruments as well as clocks. A fine example of a brass +surveying compass—inscribed with his name, and which is believed +to have been made for the Gilpin family in about 1761—is on +exhibition in the Chester County Historical Society. He had four +sons, and a few years before his death he established the firm of +Chandlee & Sons, the name of which was changed to Ellis Chandlee +& Brothers a year before he died.</p> + +<p>The oldest of Benjamin Jr.'s four sons was Goldsmith Chandlee +(c.1746-1821). After serving an apprenticeship with his father, +Goldsmith moved to Virginia and worked near Stephensburg (now +Stephens City). He eventually established himself at Winchester +and built a brass foundry and a shop where he produced clocks, +surveying compasses, sundials, apothecary and money scales, +surgical instruments, compasses, telescopes, and other items in +metal. Numerous examples of his clocks and instruments have +survived. Their fine quality attests to the claim that he was one of +the foremost craftsmen of the 18th century. Several of his surveying +compasses exist in modern collections. An instrument (fig. 26) +that he made about 1794 for a surveyor named Robert Lyle is in +the writer's collection; an almost identical instrument that Chandlee +made for Lawrence Augustine Washington, George Washington's +nephew, is exhibited in the library at Mount Vernon, +Virginia.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i067.jpg" width="320" height="311" alt="Figure 26" title="Figure 26" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 26.—The label of Goldsmith Chandlee. In the collection of Ohio Historical +Society, Ohio State Museum.</div> + +<p>Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816) also was apprenticed to his father, +and he worked with his brothers in the shop. He established the +firm of Ellis Chandlee & Brothers, in 1790, shortly before his +father's death. The firm was dissolved in 1797 when the youngest +brother, John Chandlee, left the firm. Ellis continued in partnership +with his other brother, Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813), until +about 1804, producing clocks, surveying instruments, and other +metal articles. Their products were signed "Ellis and Isaac +Chandlee, Nottingham," or, in the case of a surveying compass in +the collection of the Chester County Historical Society, "E. & I. +Chandlee, Nottingham." Isaac Chandlee also produced clocks +and instruments under his own name only, for there are a number +of surviving clocks and surveying compasses signed in such manner +(see fig. 28).<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i068.jpg" width="320" height="377" alt="Figure 27" title="Figure 27" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 27.—Brass surveying compass with outkeeper made by Goldsmith Chandlee +(c. 1746-1821) of Winchester, Virginia, for Robert Lyle. Over-all length, 14-1/2 +in.; diameter, 7 in. Instrument, in original wooden case, bears ink signature of +Robert Lyle. In collection of the writer.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> + +<p>One of the most important craftsmen of Maryland was Frederick +A. Heisely (1759-1839). A native of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, +he served an apprenticeship there with John Hoff, the master clockmaker, +from 1777 to 1783. Heisely served in the Revolution. In +1783, presumably upon the completion of his apprenticeship, he +married Catherine Hoff, the clockmaker's daughter. He moved to +Frederick, Maryland, where he established his own clockmaking +shop and where he specialized in making mathematical instruments. +A tower clock made in Frederick is in the collection of the U.S. +National Museum. Heisely returned to Lancaster to become +Hoff's partner, and worked with him until 1802. He then moved +his shop to Harrisburg and worked there until 1820. He moved +once more, this time to Pittsburgh where he advertised himself as +a "Clock, Watch and Instrument Maker," with a shop at No. 6 +St. Clair Street.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i069.jpg" width="320" height="209" alt="Figure 28" title="Figure 28" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 28.—Brass surveying compass made by Goldsmith Chandlee for Laurence +Augustine Washington in about 1795. In the library at Mount Vernon. +Photo courtesy the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union.</div> + +<p>George Heisely (1789-1880), Frederick's son, who was born at +Frederick, Maryland, achieved note in his own right as a maker of +clocks and instruments. He worked at Second and Walnut<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +Streets in Harrisburg. He is credited with being the person who +selected the melody of "To Anacreon in Heaven" for "The Star-Spangled +Banner," while he was serving as a member of the Pennsylvania +State Militia.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + + +<h4><i>Pennsylvania</i></h4> + +<p>A number of instrument makers worked in Philadelphia, which +was one of the important shipping centers during the 18th century +and consequently one of the important markets for nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Probably the earliest Philadelphia instrument maker of record +was Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749) who was born in Bristol Township. +After serving an apprenticeship, Godfrey developed his +own business as a glazier and plumber. He is stated to have done +the major part of the glazing of the State House in 1732, as well +as similar work on Christ Church. He also worked for Andrew +Hamilton and for James Logan.</p> + +<p>Godfrey had a natural inclination and interest in science and +mathematics, which may have been further encouraged by his +friendship with Benjamin Franklin, who resided in the same +house. Godfrey was also a fellow member of Franklin's Junto.</p> + +<p>In 1730 Godfrey invented an improved backstaff or Davis +quadrant, and loaned the instrument to Joshua Fisher to be used +in the latter's survey of Delaware Bay. It is claimed that the +location of Cape Henlopen was established on Fisher's map (published +in London in 1756) by means of Godfrey's instrument. +James Logan became interested in the improved backstaff invented +by Godfrey and at Logan's request, the instrument was +taken on a voyage to the West Indies by a Captain Wright for the +purpose of testing it.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p> + +<p>At the same time Logan sent a description of the instrument +to London to the Royal Astronomer, Edmund Halley. No acknowledgment +was made, and in 1734 Logan sent a second description +to Sir Hans Sloane and to Peter Collison for forwarding to the +Royal Society. The arrival of this description coincided with +the submission of the description of a similar instrument to the +Society by its vice president, James Hadley. The Royal Society +decided in favor of both inventors, and Godfrey was awarded the +equivalent of 200 pounds in household furniture.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i071.jpg" width="320" height="133" alt="Figure 29" title="Figure 29" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 29.—Brass surveying compass made by Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813) of +Nottingham, Maryland. Photo courtesy Ohio State Museum.</div> + +<p>Godfrey is often confused with his son, also named Thomas +Godfrey (1736-1763), who worked as a watchmaker in Philadelphia, +and subsequently became active in literary arts.</p> + +<p>Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798) was an instrument +maker with a shop on South Front Street in Philadelphia. As early +as 1756 he worked for most of the merchant shippers of the port, +supplying them with a considerable number of sand glasses that +ranged from the quarter-minute to the two-hour varieties. Although +he made his own mathematical instruments, it is likely +that he imported the sand glasses. According to Customs House +clearances of 1789, he had imported from London on the ship +<i>Pigou</i> "three cases of merchandise" valued at £160/17/6 with a +duty of $32.19, which may have included sand glasses.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p> + +<p>When Condy retired in 1792 he was succeeded in business by +Thomas Biggs at the same address. Biggs had originally served +an apprenticeship with Condy, and then fought for the American +cause in the Revolution for five years. Following the termination +of his military service he had engaged in instrument making in +New York for eight years before returning to Philadelphia, his +native city. Biggs prospered and his advertisements continued +until early in 1795.</p> + +<p>Thomas Pryor made instruments in a shop on Chestnut Street +in 1778, but he evidently retired from business in the 1790's because +the city directory of 1795 listed him merely as "gentleman." +He is reported to have been one of those who, from the State +House Yard, witnessed the transit of Venus.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p><p>Among the early makers of mathematical instruments in Philadelphia +was William Dean (?-1797), who is believed to have been +working in that city as early as 1778. His name first appears in +local directories in June 1792, where his shop address was listed as +No. 43 South Front Street. Later he advertised that he made and +sold "Surveying instruments—Telescopes, Sextants, Quadrants—and +every article requisite for navigation, surveying, levelling, +&c...."</p> + +<p>According to details which were noted in his last will, which was +dated June 1, 1797, and filed and proved in the following month, +Dean's death appears to have been preceded by a long illness. +He designated his two sisters as his executrices, and the fact +that his will specified the appointment of a Mr. Thomas Yardley, +Jr., as guardian of his three children indicates that he may have +been a widower at the time of his death.</p> + +<p>A surveying compass by this maker was recently brought to +light in, the Clark County Historical Society, Springfield, Ohio, +by Dr. Donald A. Hutzlar of the Ohio State Museum. The +instrument is a plain compass in brass without levels, 13-1/2 inches +in length, and with a 5-inch needle. The dial is marked "<span class="smcap">DEAN +PHILAD</span><sup>a</sup>." The wooden cover for the instrument is marked +with the names of previous owners and dates, as follows:</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 2em;"> +Jno. C. Symes, Aug. 10, 1778<br /> +I. Ludlow, 1791<br /> +Henry Donnel, July 24, 1794<br /> +Jonathan Donnel, 1796<br /> +John Dyherty<br /> +Thomas J. Kizer, 1838<br /> +David J. Kizer, '78.<br /> +</p> + +<p>A description of this instrument in "<i>The History of Clark County, +Ohio</i>" by A. P. Steele, published in 1881 by the W. H. Beers Co. +of Chicago, adds considerably to its interest as a historical record +of American scientific instruments and their use: "Col. Thomas +Kizer, the veteran surveyor, has in his possession a compass +made by Dean of Philadelphia; this instrument was owned and +used by his father, David Kizer, who obtained it from John +Dougherty about 1813; Dougherty got it from Jonathan Donnel. +This relic is marked I. Ludlow, 1791; Henry Donnel, 1794; J. +Donnel, 1796, John Dougherty, 1799; these marks are rudely +scratched upon the cover of the instrument, and bear every evidence +of being genuine; there is no doubt but that this old compass +was used in making the first surveys in this county, or that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +is the identical instrument used by John Dougherty, in laying +off Demint's first plat of Springfield, and by Jonathan Donnel +on the survey of 'New Boston.'" It is to be noted that some +discrepancies exist in the listing of names and dates of the previous +owners between Steele's <i>History</i> and those which actually appear +on the cover of the instrument. Steele apparently made the +changes he deemed necessary in his account of the instrument.</p> + +<p>Between 1791 and 1795 the same address was also occupied +by a cooper named Michael Davenport, and from 1797 to 1801 by +"the Widow Davenport," presumably widow of Michael. From +1802 to 1804 the same address is listed for William Davenport, +"Mathematical Instrument Maker," apprentice to William +Dean, and believed to be the son of Michael. During the next +ten years Davenport's address was 45 South Front Street, and +then, to 1820, was 25 South Front Street.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> Several brass surveying +compasses bearing his name have survived.</p> + +<p>Another maker of mathematical instruments about whom +nothing further is known is Charles Taws, who was listed in this +manner in the Philadelphia directory of 1795.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i073.jpg" width="320" height="139" alt="Figure 30" title="Figure 30" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 30.—Brass surveying compass marked "F. Heisely Fred:*town." In +collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State Museum.</div> + +<p>The making of instruments in glass appears to have been a +specialized business in the Colonies, because those who worked in +this field do not appear to have produced instruments in other +materials. One of these makers of glass instruments—specifically +barometers, thermometers and "Glass Bubbles to prove spirits, +of different kinds"—was Alloysius Ketterer. He maintained a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +shop in the house of a Charles Kugler at "the sign of the Seven +Stars," corner of Race and Fourth Streets in Philadelphia, in +1789. He moved to another address in Race Street in 1790 and +was eventually succeeded in business by Martin Fisher, who +increased the number of types of glass instruments made and +sold at the shop.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<p>Henry Voight (1738-1814) was a man with a varied career. Of +German ancestry, he was trained as a clock-and watchmaker, and +he was a skilled mechanic. He operated a wire mill in Reading, +Pennsylvania, in 1780 and moved shortly thereafter to Philadelphia, +where he established a clockmaker's shop on Second Street. He +became a close friend of the inventor John Fitch in about 1786, and +in the following year he became a shareholder in Fitch's company +for producing steamboats. In 1792 he entered into a short-lived +partnership with Fitch to manufacture steam engines. In 1793 +he invented a process for making steel from bar iron. In the same +year President Washington appointed Voight to the position of +chief coiner of the Philadelphia Mint, and he continued in that +position until his death in 1814. He was closely associated with +David Rittenhouse, Andrew Ellicott, Edward Duffield, and others.</p> + +<p>Although there is no record of Voight's career as an instrument +maker, there is nevertheless some evidence that he worked in that +field. In the collection of the U.S. National Museum there is a +brass equal-altitude telescope (fig. 31) made about 1790, that is +signed "Henry Voigt." His name was spelled "Voigt" and +"Voight" interchangeably.</p> + +<p>Henry's son Thomas Voight worked as a clockmaker on North +Seventh Street in Philadelphia around 1811. He was the maker of +a tall case clock, ordered by Thomas Jefferson, that Jefferson's +daughter presented in 1826 to her father's physician, Dr. Dunglison, +for settlement of medical services.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> + +<p>There were several instrument makers in provincial Pennsylvania, +but the majority of such craftsmen worked in Philadelphia. +Dr. Christopher Witt (1675-1765), an emigrant from England, +worked in Germantown from about 1710 to 1765. He was well +known locally as a medical doctor, scientist, "hexmeister", clockmaker, +and teacher. It is traditionally claimed that he produced +mathematical instruments in addition to timepieces. He described +the great comet of 1743 and built his own 8-foot telescope. One of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +his apprentices may have been Christopher Sower (1693-1740), of +Germantown and Philadelphia, who achieved renown as a doctor, +farmer, author, printer, papermaker, and clockmaker. He also +produced mathematical instruments.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p> + +<p>George Wall, Jr., of Bucks County, was the author of a pamphlet +on the subject of "a newly invented Surveying Instrument, called +the Trigonometer." The instrument was described and illustrated +in the pamphlet, which was published in Philadelphia in 1788. +Washington's own copy, bearing the inscription "To the President +of the United States from the Author" is in the collection of the +Boston Athenaeum.</p> + +<p>George Ford of Lancaster maintained a shop on West King +Street, probably from the end of the 18th century until 1840. +There he made tall case and other clocks, surveying compasses, +and other instruments for the retail trade. However, he "did not +push the business of Watchmaking and Clockmaking so hard, for +the manufacture of nautical instruments and surveyors instruments +was a more important part of his business."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> Upon his +death in 1842 he was succeeded by his son George Ford II.</p> + +<p>Thomas Mendenhall repaired clocks and mathematical instruments +in a shop on King and Queen Streets in the borough of +Lancaster in 1775.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> + +<p>John Wood of Philadelphia was a wholesale supplier of parts for +clockmakers and watchmakers. According to a notice in the May +7, 1790, issue of <i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, he had "pocket compasses, +steel magnets, Surveying compass needles, surveyors chains, etc." +Since no mention was made of making or mending instruments, it +is probable that Wood was merely importer and wholesaler.</p> + +<p>Another instrument maker of Philadelphia about whom little +is known is Bryan Gilmur, who worked at the close of the 18th +century making instruments and, possibly, clocks.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> + +<p>James Jacks (also listed as James Jack) first worked as clockmaker +and watchmaker in Charleston, South Carolina, in the +1780's; he later moved to Philadelphia where he maintained a shop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +on Market Street where he sold a variety of instruments. In the +June 5, 1797, issue of <i>The Federal Gazette</i> he announced that, in +addition to jewelry, clocks and watches, he "also had for sale +mathematical instruments in cases very compleat; Surveyors Compasses +and Theodolites; ship's Quadrants; Fishing Rods and Reels; +Billiard Balls and sheet ivory; silver and plated coach, chaise and +chair Whips."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i076.jpg" width="320" height="429" alt="Figure 31" title="Figure 31" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 31.—Equal altitude telescope, 17 in. long, made and signed by Henry +Voight (1738-1814) of Philadelphia. USNM 311772.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Instruments_of_Wood" id="Instruments_of_Wood"></a><i>Instruments of Wood</i></h2> + +<h3>The Use of Wood</h3> + + +<p>An interesting fact concerning the instruments produced by +18th-century craftsmen is the relatively high incidence of instruments +constructed of wood instead of brass or other metals. A +significant reference to this use of wood is found in Alexander +Hamilton's "Report on the Subject of Manufactures," published +in 1821,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> which refers to such items of wood as "Ships, cabinet-wares +and turnery, wool and cotton cards, and other machinery +for manufactures and husbandry, mathematical instruments," ... +and "coopers' wares of every kind."</p> + +<p>Most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying +compass, possibly the instrument most needed and produced +in America. Recorded in public and private collections are +31 known examples of such compasses made of wood, a rather +large number. Furthermore, a substantial number of these were +being produced simultaneously by skilled craftsmen who at the +same time were making similar instruments in brass.</p> + +<p>Finally, from a study of the surviving examples of wooden +surveying compasses comes the interesting and perhaps significant +fact that all the known makers were from New England. The +towns and cities in which they worked were Boston and Plymouth +in Massachusetts, Windsor and New Milford in Connecticut, and +Walpole and Portsmouth in New Hampshire. A careful study of +the advertisements and works of the instrument makers in the other +large cities of the Colonies, such as New York, Baltimore, and +Philadelphia, reveals no examples of wooden scientific instruments. +Excluded, of course, are those instruments normally made of wood, +such as the octant and the mariners quadrant.</p> + +<p>Two possible exceptions are instrument makers of New York +City. The first is James Ham, a maker of mathematical instruments +"at the house wherein the Widow Ratsey lately lived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +near the Old Dutch Church on Smith Street" who advertised in +the May 27, 1754, issue of <i>The New York Mercury</i> that he made +and sold</p> + +<blockquote><p>mathematical instruments in wood, brass, or ivory, theodolites, circumferentors, +sectors, parallel rules, protractors, plain scales, and dividers, the +late instrument called an Octant, Davis' quadrants, gauging rods, sliding and +gunter's scales, amplitude wood box and hanging and pocket compasses, surveying +chains, japanned telescopes, dice and dice boxes, mariners compasses +and kalenders, etc.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>Ham subsequently moved his business to Philadelphia where he +first advertised in 1764, stating that he worked at the sign of +"Hadley's Quadrant" at Front and Water Streets in Philadelphia +and sold all forms of instruments in silver, brass, and ivory as well +as "large brass pocket dials, fitted to the latitude of Philadelphia." +In 1780 his son James Ham, Jr., advertised from the same address +as a maker of mathematical instruments, specializing in "Hadley +and Davis Quadrants."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> + +<p>The second exception is William Hinton, who advertised in <i>The +New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury</i> of May 4, 1772, as +follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>WILLIAM HINTON, Mathematical Instrument Maker, at Hadley's +Quadrant, facing the East Side of the New Coffee House, Makes and sells +all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass, Ivory or Wood, +viz. Hadley's Quadrants, Davis's do. Crostaf's Nocturnals, Gunters Scales, +Plotting do. Cases of Instruments, Surveyors Chains, Dividers with and +without Points, Protractors, paralelled Rulers, Rods for Guaging, Amplitude, +hanging and common Wood Compasses, Pocket do. three Foot Telescopes, +Pocket do. Backgammon Tables, Dice and Dice Boxes, Billiard Balls and +Tacks, Violin Bows and Bridges; with a Variety of other Articles too tedious +to mention: And as he is a young Beginner, he flatters himself, he shall meet +with Encouragement; and all those who please to favour him with their +Custom, may depend upon having their Work done in the neatest and best +Manner, and at reasonable Rates.</p></blockquote> + +<p>It is mentioned that both Ham and Hinton worked in wood in +addition to other materials, but it appears very likely that the +use of wood referred specifically to those instruments normally +made of wood, such as quadrants and octants, and not to other +instruments.</p> + +<p>Any attempt to relate the making of wooden scientific instruments +with the production of wooden clocks in New England has +no conclusive result, yet there appears to be some relationship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +between the two. Wooden clocks were made as early as the 17th +century in Germany and Holland, and they were known in England +in the early 18th century. In the Colonies the wooden clock was +first produced in Connecticut, and the earliest type was associated +with Hartford County. This form was quite common in East +Hartford in 1761, and its first production may have had some +association with Ebenezer Parmele (1690-1777), since an association +between Parmele and all of the earliest makers of wooden clocks +can be traced.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> Little is known about Parmele. His father was +a cabinetmaker in Guilford, Connecticut, and Ebenezer practiced +the same craft, in addition to being a boat builder. He was a +man of means, held various town offices, and served as town +treasurer. For a while he operated a cargo sloop on Long Island +Sound. In 1726 he built the first tower clock in Connecticut for +the Guilford meeting house. He was a versatile worker in wood, +and it is believed that he served an apprenticeship in New York +City with a Dutch clockmaker from 1705 to 1710, where he may +have learned to make wooden clocks.</p> + +<p>This early type of wooden clock is associated with Benjamin +Cheney (1725-1815), a clockmaker of East Hartford. The early +or "Cheney" type of wooden clock was produced in Connecticut +as late as 1812. A later form of the wooden movement began to +appear about 1790, and was probably introduced by Gideon +Roberts (1749-1813) of Bristol. Roberts had lived in the Wyoming +Valley of Pennsylvania before 1790, and it is conjectured that he +became familiar with the wooden clocks produced by the German +settlers of that region.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> + +<p>It is not surprising that the wooden clock had its colonial origins +in Connecticut, so completely was it adaptable to the pioneer +conditions in that colony. The materials were the abundant +native woods-cherry, apple, oak, and laurel. The parts were +made with simple carpenter tools and a wooden foot lathe, using +the methods of the cabinetmaker. Although it has been suggested +that some relationship may have existed between the +makers of wooden instruments in England, and the makers of +wooden clocks and scientific instruments in the New England +Colonies,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> a careful study has failed to reveal any connection,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +and there appears to be little if any parallel between the two +groups. Basically, the use of wood for making some mathematical +instruments in New England resulted from the native +familiarity with this material, which was also employed to a considerable +degree for the construction of domestic and agricultural +implements, and from the fact that many of the early clockmakers +had been trained as or by cabinet makers, carpenters, and even +dish turners. Random examples of a few of the more prominent +clockmakers are Joseph Hopkins, a wood turner; Chauncey +Jerome, who had been apprenticed to a wood turner; and Silas +Hoadley, who had worked with a cabinet maker.</p> + +<p>Perhaps a basis for the prevalence of wood in these trades is to +be found in the lines from a familiar poem:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The Yankee boy, before he's sent to school,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Knows well the mystery of that magic tool,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The Pocket knife.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a><br /></span> +</div></div> + + + +<p>But, from the technical point of view, it should be noted that those +craftsmen who produced clocks and instruments and did not have +their own brass foundries probably found that a good piece of +straight-grained hardwood was as stable for holding its dimensions +with the grain as a piece of brass. Shrinkage was at right +angles to the grain; hence, for fixed linear stability wood was as +good as brass. For rigidity per unit weight, wood was better +than brass; and for availability and ease of working, wood was +superior to brass.</p> + +<p>It has often been ventured that wooden clocks were first produced +in Connecticut, because of the scarcity of brass for this +purpose during the years between the beginning of the Revolution +to the end of the War of 1812. The claim is made that brass was +not being produced in the Colonies and that it was imported exclusively +from England during this period. Certainly, the wholesale +price index of metal and metal products shows a steady increase +during this period, and a considerable jump during the +period of the War of 1812, making brass an extremely expensive +material. This may explain why the makers of clocks and instruments +who made and sold brass clocks and instruments were +producing the same products at the same time in wood which, +as we have seen, was both plentiful and a satisfactory substitute.</p> + +<p>It can be surmised, therefore, that surveying instruments, as +well as instruments for other purposes, were produced in both brass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +and wood simultaneously by many of the New England makers +in order to provide suitable instruments in a flexible price range +to meet the demands of the trade. Whereas today modern manufacturing +methods make it possible to produce instruments in a +wide variety, both in quality and price, to suit the needs and capabilities +of every prospective purchaser, the production facilities of +the 18th century were much more limited. The constant factor of +skilled hand labor was costly. Metal was expensive. As evidenced +in the records of Daniel Burnap, for instance, it was possible +to produce surveying compasses in brass in two grades, presumably +one more elaborate than the other. Yet Burnap's prices +ranged between six pounds and four pounds for the metal instruments, +making them still well out of reach of many of the would-be +surveyors. Accordingly, Burnap—and presumably numerous +other instrument makers of the period—produced from wood an +economy model that sold for not more than two pounds, thus +placing the item within the reach of the nonprofessional surveyor.</p> + +<p>This theory is supported amply by the discovery that several +of the instrument makers who worked in brass also made instruments +of wood during the same periods. In addition to the evidence +in the records of Daniel Burnap, there are the surviving +surveying instruments in brass and wood made by Samuel Thaxter, +Thomas Greenough, and John Dupee, leaving little if any +doubt that the reason for producing surveying compasses and similar +items of wood during the 18th century was to satisfy the need +for reasonably accurate yet inexpensive instruments.</p> + + +<h3>Surviving Instruments</h3> + +<p>The fact that the surviving examples of the wooden instruments +were produced only in New England seems to indicate merely +that the New England instrument makers were more familiar with +the use of wood as a material, and had greater facility in working +with it.</p> + +<p>Undoubtedly other instruments produced by the 18th-century +American makers have survived in addition to those already found. +Quite likely examples of these wooden instruments still remain hidden +in unexplored attics and other repositories. Yet, if the few +thus far discovered is any criterion, the number ultimately recoverable +will probably be but a fraction of the great number produced +by the 18th-century makers during the half century or more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +in which they worked. Even allowing for those probably destroyed +in the natural course of events, one cannot help but wonder what +has happened to the remainder.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i082.jpg" width="320" height="296" alt="Figure 32" title="Figure 32" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 32.—Wooden graphometer used by Rev. Eleazar Wheelock (1711-1779) +about 1769 for surveying the area of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New +Hampshire. The hardwood block is covered with a brass plate with brass +sighting bars mounted on a swivel and a spirit level under a brass strip on edge +of instrument. The instrument is 8-5/8 in. long, 4-5/8 in. wide, and 7/16 in. thick. +In collection of Dartmouth College Museum.</div> + +<p>A list of the surviving wooden instruments is given in the Appendix +(p. 153). Many of these wooden instruments bear signatures +or other marks that permit identification of their makers, but a +number of specimens have been found that are not signed. In +most instances they show evidence of professional workmanship, +and they may have been the work of known craftsmen. One or +two examples are obviously homemade by unskilled amateur +practitioners.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i083.jpg" width="320" height="457" alt="Figure 33" title="Figure 33" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 33.—Wooden surveying instrument, maker not known. Compass dial is +of metal, painted green, with degrees marked to 90° with metal punches +and the letter "N" to designate the north point. The instrument is 12 in. +long; diameter is 8 in. In collection of Dartmouth College Museum.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> + +<p>Several unsigned wooden instruments of professional quality are +in the collection of the Dartmouth College Museum. Of particular +interest is a semicircumferentor (fig. 32) that belonged to the +Reverend Eleazar Wheelock (1711-1779) who founded Moor's +Indian Charity School at Lebanon, Connecticut, which subsequently +developed into Dartmouth College. It is claimed that it was +with this instrument that the area of the college was surveyed when +it moved to Hanover, N.H. The instrument is actually a graphometer +consisting of a block of hard wood faced with a brass plate +with a trough compass; it is tentatively dated about 1769. The +identity of the maker is unknown, but it may have been the product +of Hagger, who made a similar instrument, illustrated here, or it +may have been produced by any one of the other makers noted. +The type of instrument is an old one. It is described in John +Love's <i>Geodaesia, Or the Art of Surveying and Measuring Land</i>, +published in London in 1688. Abel Flint<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> also commented on this +semicircle as being sometime used, as well as the plane table and +perambulator—</p> + +<blockquote><p>... but of these instruments very little [use] is made in New England; and they +are not often to be met with. For general practice none will be found more +useful than a common chain and a compass upon Rittenhouse's construction.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Another of the unusual wooden surveying instruments in the +collection of the Dartmouth College Museum is a wooden surveying +compass (fig. 33) in which the sighting bars appear relatively close +to the dial. A metal plate, painted green, is stamped with the +degrees marked to 90°. A single N for the north point is stamped +into it, presumably with steel punches. The instrument is relatively +primitive, and is sufficiently different from the other examples +noted to merit mention. There is no maker's name, nor any +clue to the date or place or period of origin.</p> + +<p>An unsigned semicircumferentor made of wood is owned by +Mr. Roleigh Lee Stubbs of Charleston, West Virginia. The +instrument measures 3-3/4 in. by 7-1/2 in. by 1 in., and there are sighting +bars 3 in. high on a swinging brass bar pinned at the center of the +base. It has a trough compass, and the gradations around the edge +of the semicircle are marked with tiny brass pins. The date +"1784" is stamped into the wood with the same type of figures as +appear in the degree markings, probably with small steel punches.</p> + +<p>A surveying compass of the conventional type, also made of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +wood, is in The Farmer's Museum at Cooperstown, New York. +The wood is ash or oak, 12-3/4 in. long and 6-1/2 in. in diameter, with +the sighting bars 5 in. high. The compass card consists of cut-out +printed letters pasted upon a printed compass rose, and the fleur-de-lis +at North is inked-in by hand. This may be a homemade +replacement of the original card. The instrument is believed to +date between 1760-1775.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i085.jpg" width="320" height="168" alt="Figure 34" title="Figure 34" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 34.—18th-century semicircumferentor. Inscribed brass plate is mounted +on a mahogany block; brass sighting bars are mounted on a swivelling bar. +The trough compass is on a silvered dial. In collection of the writer.</div> + +<p>Of equal interest is a large semicircumferentor made by an +unknown American instrument maker in the second half of the +18th century. The instrument (fig. 34) consists of a plate of +hammered brass attached to a quarter circle block of mahogany, +with a glass covered trough compass within a silvered opening, and +the gradations stamped into the brass. The brass sighting bars +are attached to a swivelling bar that can be fixed in place with a +set screw underneath the block. The instrument, which is in the +collection of the writer, is not signed with a maker's name. Its +workmanship is excellent, and professional.</p> + +<p>On the basis of a comparison of these instruments with those +produced by known professional makers, it becomes apparent that +all of them were made professionally. The possibility that some +of these wooden surveying compasses may have been produced by +the farmer or local surveyor for his own use is extremely unlikely. +Homemade instruments such as those described below were unquestionably +the exception instead of the rule.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i086.jpg" width="320" height="493" alt="Figure 35" title="Figure 35" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 35.—Homemade wooden surveying compass carved from block of maple +entirely with a jackknife; painted in red. In collection of Preston R. Bassett, +Ridgefield, Connecticut.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 74-75]</a></span></p> + +<p>An exception to this generalization, and an extremely fine +example of the whittler's art, is a surveying compass (fig. 35) in +the collection of Mr. Preston R. Bassett of Ridgefield, Connecticut. +This is a comparatively small instrument made of maple; the body +was painted red. It is carved entirely by means of a jackknife, +and the sighting bars are also whittled to shape and mortised +permanently into the frame. A lid covering the dial is carved from +soft pine. The compass dial is handdrawn in black ink, and the +North point is painted in the form of a decorative fleur-de-lis in +red and green. A homemade ring of pewter surrounds the compass +rose at needle level. This is graduated in degrees, with every 10° +marked, stamped with steel punches. The ring is set into the base +by means of wooden pegs. The steel needle is nicely cut, and it is +probably the only part purchased by the maker.</p> + +<p>This is unquestionably a homemade instrument produced by +a skillful whittler early in the 18th century.</p> + + +<h4>Compass Cards</h4> + +<p>A fact that becomes apparent in a comparison of the surviving +examples of wooden surveying compasses made in New England +is the similarity of the compass cards used by makers in the seaport +cities (see fig. 36). The compass card in each of these instances +is the type designed for a mariner's compass, bearing a star of 32 +rays to mark the 32 points of the heavens. The North point is +designated with an elaborate fleur-de-lis, and the East is emphasized +with scrollwork. These are features which were not designed primarily +for land surveying. Presumably, these makers had a quantity +of engraved or printed compass cards that they used in both marine +and land surveying compasses. This is true in the case of the +compasses made by James and Joseph Halsy, Greenough, Clough, +Warren, Thaxter, Dupee, Breed, and Bowles. On the other hand, +the dial of Huntington's compass was painted directly on the +wood, and the semicircumferentors do not utilize the marine +compass card. Obviously these makers resorted to this practice +for reasons of economy—to reduce costs of engraving and printing, +and using the same card for both types of instruments that they +produced.</p> + + +<h4>Trade Signs</h4> + +<p>An interesting sidelight in the study of the makers of scientific +instruments is the advertising they used, particularly the design<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +of their signboards. The most popular symbol appears to have +been the quadrant, as the phrase "At the Sign of the Quadrant" +is found repeatedly in advertising in several of the seaport cities +of the 18th century.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i088.jpg" width="320" height="206" alt="Figure 36" title="Figure 36" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 36.—Unsigned wooden surveying compass, with an interesting example +of a mariner's compass card.</div> + +<p>In Providence, William Hamlin used the designation in the +first part of the 19th century, while Philadelphian John Gould +featured the sign at the end of the 18th century. During an even +earlier period, William Hinton designated his address to be "At +Hadley's Quadrant" in New York City. Both Gould and Hinton +were English, which may have had some bearing on their selection +of the quadrant as a symbol of their merchandise.</p> + +<p>Other signboards were as colorful, such as Jonathan Dakin's +"Sign of the Hand and Beam," James Youle's "Sign of the Cross-Knives +and Gun," and Charles Kugler's house in Philadelphia +with its "Sign of the Seven Stars" (that is, Great Bear), which +housed the shops of several instrument makers.</p> + +<p>The two most interesting and significant of the instrument +makers' trade signs were those advertising the shop of Samuel +Thaxter. The first of these was the carved wooden figure of +"The Little Admiral," which was a favorite landmark at No. 1 +Long Wharf in Boston for almost a century and a half. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 77-78]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a></span> +the handiwork of John Skillin, the 18th-century woodcarver of +Boston, upon whose death on January 24, 1800, the <i>Chronicle</i> +commented that "he was for many years the most eminent of his +profession." John Skillin and his brother Simeon worked in +Boston from about 1777 and produced most of the figureheads +that issued from that port during that period, as well as a number +of other notable ornamental wooden figures.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i089.jpg" width="320" height="676" alt="Figure 37" title="Figure 37" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 37.—"The Little Admiral," trade sign used for almost a century and a +half in Boston, first by William Williams and later by Samuel Thaxter. Reputed +to have been carved by John Skillin of Boston. In collection of the +Bostonian Society.</div> + +<p>According to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society, +the figure of "The Little Admiral" (fig. 37) had been carved for +William Williams, who brought it with him to Boston from +Marblehead in 1770 when he established his shop. The figure +was installed in front of the Crown Coffee House, and Williams's +shop was thereafter designated by this symbol. The trade sign +survived through the years of the Revolutionary War. When +the original building of the Coffee House was burned, the carving +was saved and installed on the new building erected in its place. +In an account of Boston landmarks, Porter<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> related the figure +to the Admiral Vernon Tavern at the eastern corner of Merchants +Row. He was proved to have been in error, however, since the +trade sign of that public-house was a portrait bust of Admiral +Vernon and the place was known as the Vernon Head Tavern for +half a century, even after the end of the Revolution.</p> + +<p>When Samuel Thaxter purchased the business from Williams's +estate he acquired the figure as well, and he moved it to each new +location for his shop. The figure of "The Little Admiral" continued +to designate the firm even after Thaxter's death, until the +firm finally went out of existence at the beginning of the 20th +century. When the old store was torn down in 1901, the figure was +preserved, presumably by the last owner's family. In 1916 it was +acquired for the Bostonian Society by several of its members, and +the figure has been preserved in the Society's Council Chamber +since that time.</p> + +<p>The other interesting trade sign utilized by Samuel Thaxter is +a carved figure of Father Time that is credited to John Skillin +(see fig. 38). The figure is believed to have been commissioned +by Thaxter during the last decade of the 18th century and installed +by him in the interior of his shop. It is an important example +of the American woodcarver's art, and is equivalent to the best +work of the Skillin brothers.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i091.jpg" width="320" height="461" alt="Figure 38" title="Figure 38" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 38.—"Father Time" trade sign used by Samuel Thaxter in his shop in +18th and 19th centuries. Made of wood, it was carved by John Skillin of +Boston. In collection of the Bostonian Society.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>The Makers</h3> + +<p>Surprisingly, the names of the craftsmen who produced wooden +instruments are not noted among the instrument makers. With +only one or two exceptions, their names are hitherto unknown in +the history of American science, and for that reason it has been +considered advisable to present all available information that could +be accumulated about them.</p> + + +<h4><i>Joseph Halsy</i></h4> + +<p>The earliest known maker of wooden scientific instruments of +Boston was Joseph Halsy. He appears to have been one of the +sons of the James Halsie I, who was mentioned in a land deed of +1674 as a mathematician.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> The land records indicate that James I +was the father of several children, including Rebecca, a spinster; +John Halsey, a mariner who died before 1716; Sarah, who later +became Mrs. Dorsan; another daughter, name unknown, who +became the wife of a Joseph Gilbert and the mother of two daughters +and a son who inherited her share of her father's estate; +Nathaniel Halsie; and probably Joseph Halsy. James Halsie I +appears to have owned property consisting of land, a wooden house, +and wharves on the North End, on North Street between Sun +Court and Fleet Street.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> + +<p>The date of birth of Joseph Halsy of Boston has not been found, +but mention is made of the fact that on January 29, 1697, he was +married to Elizabeth Eldridge, the daughter of a mariner named +Joseph Eldridge, and that five children resulted from the marriage, +three sons and two daughters.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> One son, Joseph, died in infancy +and a daughter, Elizabeth, died at an early age.</p> + +<p>On February 26, 1704/5 Halsy purchased from Rebecca Halsey, +the spinster daughter of James, her share in the house and land +of her late father on North Street between Sun Court and Fleet +Street.</p> + +<p>On April 19, 1714, Halsy and his wife deeded a house and land +on North End, at the corner of Hanover and Salutation Streets, +to a shipwright named Joseph Hood. Two years later, on March 2, +1716, he purchased from Jane, his sister-in-law, who was the widow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +of the mariner John Halsy, her share of the house and land of +James Halsie, being the same property on North Street. On +March 27 of the same year he purchased the share in the same +property belonging to Sarah Dorsan, his widowed sister. In +August 1719 he was forced to mortgage some of the property to +a merchant named John Frizell, but the mortgage was cancelled +in 1741.</p> + +<p>Halsy was married for a second time on January 10, 1731, to +Mrs. Anna Lloyd, a widow.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i093.jpg" width="320" height="213" alt="Figure 39" title="Figure 39" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 39.—Wooden surveying compass "Made and sold by Joseph Halsy, Boston, +New England." The instrument, made of maple, is 11 in. long and has a diameter +of 5-3/4 in. In the collection of New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.</div> + +<p>During the 1730's, Halsy continued to buy out the heirs of +James Halsie. On March 6, 1730, he acquired the share of Mary +Gilbert, a granddaughter, and on the same date he purchased from +the James Halsey heirs their inheritance "part to land, wharf, +house, shop and buildings on North Street." Other heirs remained, +for in June 9, 1732, he bought out the share of Marty Partridge, +another granddaughter, and on June 27 the share of Joseph Gilbert, +Jr., a grandson. In October 1740 he was forced to mortgage as +security to James Bowdoin a house and land on the southwest +side of North Street, but this was cancelled when on August 26, +1751, Joseph Halsey and his wife, Anna, deeded to James Noble +the land, wooden house, and wharves near Fish Street on North +Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street, which apparently was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +formerly the property of James Halsey that Joseph had acquired +with so much trouble over a period of 40 years.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> + +<p>The following advertisement relating to instruments sold by +Halsy appeared in the issues of <i>The Boston Gazette</i> for the months +of September and October 1738:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Made and sold by Joseph Halsey jun. Hadley's New Invented Quadrant or +Octant the best and exacted Instrument for taking the Latitude or Other +Altitudes at Sea, as ever yet Invented.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></blockquote> + +<p>The last dated record relating to Joseph Halsy which has been +found is a letter dated February 3, 1762, that he wrote to Robert +Treat Paine concerning legal matters.</p> + +<p>Only one complete instrument produced by Joseph Halsy appears +to have survived—an especially fine wooden surveyors compass +(fig. 39) in the collection of the New Hampshire Historical Society. +It is made of maple. The compass card, probably the most interesting +of any found in the wooden instruments, is hand-colored in +black, blue, red, and gold. A fleur-de-lis marks the North point, +and triangular pointers indicate the other compass directions. +Inside the pointers are crudely painted female figures representing +the seven arts: NW, Grammar; W, Logick; SW, Geometry; S, +Arithmetick; SE, Astronomy; E, Rhetorick; and NE, Musick. +Within a medallion at the center of the compass card is depicted +a sailing vessel at sea; surrounding the medallion is a riband +inscribed "Made and Sold by <span class="smcap">Joseph Halsy</span> Boston—New +England."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> + +<p>Another, but much less elaborate, compass card used by Joseph +Halsy, is an engraved example (fig. 40) found glued in Thomas +Paine's own manuscript copy of Charles Morton's <i>Compendium +Physicae</i>, which is preserved in the collection of the Massachusetts +Historical Society.</p> + +<p>John Halsy (fl. 1700-1750), also a mathematical instrument +maker, had a shop on Green Street, in Boston, according to the +Record Commissioner's "Report of the City of Boston." He was +married on December 10, 1700, by the Reverend Cotton Mather. +He probably was a brother of Joseph Halsy who worked in the +same period.</p> + +<p>John Halsy subsequently abandoned his instrument-making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 83-84]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a></span> +business to become a pirate. He went out to Madagascar, where +it is reported that he died in his own bed. He was buried with +the rites of the Church of England in his own watermelon patch.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i095.jpg" width="320" height="457" alt="Figure 40" title="Figure 40" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 40.—Compass card of Joseph Halsy found glued into Thomas Paine's +personal copy of Charles Morton's Compendium Physicae. In collection of +Massachusetts Historical Society.</div> + + +<h4><i>James Halsy II</i></h4> + +<p>James Halsy II (1695-1767), a mathematical instrument maker, +was born in Boston on April 10, 1695, the son of Nathaniel and +Hannah (Gross) Halsie. The parents had been married by the +Reverend Cotton Mather in June 1693.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> In 1716 young James +Halsy was a member of the Artillery Company, and by 1720 he +had the rating of 4th sergeant. He held town offices and was one +of the founders of the New Brick Church of Boston. On May 30, +1717, he married Anna Gutridge (Goodrich). Ten years later, on +September 22, 1727, he bought a house and land on North Bennett +and Tileston Streets from Hugh Hall, a merchant; at the same time +he deeded to Hall some land and a house adjacent to the latter +on the southwest side of Green Street. On January 5, 1837, he +deeded to his aunt(?), a single woman named Huldah Gross, a +house and land on Ann Street that he had inherited from Thomas +Gross, his grandfather. Several more real estate negotiations were +recorded in the course of the next few years. In October 1740 he +purchased a house and land on the north side of North Bennet +Street from John Endicott; in January 1741 land on the east side +of North Bennett Street; and in November 1748 half of the house +and land of Edward Pell, adjacent to Huldah Gross, on Cross +Street; finally, in October 1753, he purchased land on Tileston and +North Bennett Streets from John Grant.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p> + +<p>Halsy died on January 2, 1767, at the age of 72. In his will +dated May 1, 1766, and probated January 2, 1767, by which his +wife Anna was the executrix of his estate, he left her the income +of his real and personal estate. He apparently was survived by +three daughters and a son, also named James Halsy. He divided +his real estate in Boston amongst his daughters, and to his son he +left land in New Hampshire.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p> + +<p>The only known surviving instrument bearing James Halsy's +name is a wooden surveying compass (fig. 41) in the collection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +of the Peabody Museum in Salem. The engraved compass card +is quite similar to the one used by Thomas Greenough. In the +central medallion is an elaborate royal crown, and in the circle +around the medallion is inscribed "Made and Sold by <span class="smcap">James +Halsy</span> near Ye Draw Bridge in Boston."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i097.jpg" width="320" height="143" alt="Figure 41" title="Figure 41" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 41.—Wooden surveying compass made by James Halsy (1695-1767) of +Boston. The instrument is 11 in. long. In collection of East India Marine +Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.</div> + + +<h4><i>Thomas Greenough</i></h4> + +<p>Contemporary with James Halsy II was Thomas Greenough +(1710-1785), who was born in Boston in 1710, the son of John and +Elizabeth (Gross) Greenough. His father was a shipwright in +the North End of Boston, and one of Thomas's brothers, Newman +Greenough, became a sailmaker. Thomas also had a sister named +Jerusha, who later figured in his real estate negotiations.</p> + +<p>The earliest known record relating to Greenough is of his marriage +in 1734 to Martha Clarke, daughter of William and Sarah +Clarke of Boston. Nine children resulted from this marriage over +the course of the next 16 years; four of these were sons. On +January 27 of the year of his marriage he purchased a house on the +northwest side of North Street, between Mill Creek and Union +Street, from John White and Nathaniel Roberts. On August 1, +1736, Greenough purchased the house and land of his father-in-law, +William Clarke, on the south side of Portland Street. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +October 28 he mortgaged to his mother his house on Ann Street +(which appears to have been the house he had purchased on +North Street), and at the same time he deeded to his brother +Newman all his right and title in his father's estate at the North +End. Greenough was only 24 at the time of his marriage, and he +apparently became involved in real estate, by choice or by necessity, +to a considerable degree.</p> + +<p>Greenough, in 1744, was a member of a militia company in +Boston,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> and three years later, in 1747, he was listed as third +sergeant. He was a firm patriot, held a town office, and was a +founder and deacon of the New Brick Church in Boston.</p> + +<p>Greenough had a substantial interest in the holdings of his late +father-in-law. For example, on August 11, 1744, he and his wife +deeded to a merchant named James Pitts the seawall, or new wharf, +"before the Town of Boston in the front and rear lying to the northward +of King Street Pier, North Wharf and flats of James Bowdoin," +all of which was part of the estate of his deceased father-in-law +that apparently had been inherited by his wife. In the +following year, on November 1, 1745, he purchased a house and +land on Portland Street from his widowed mother-in-law and then +on March 31, 1746, he and his wife deeded the same house and land +to a merchant named Stephen Hall. Numerous other negotiations +of the same nature are on record.</p> + +<p>At some time between 1748 and 1750 Greenough's first wife, +Martha, died, and in 1750 he married Sarah Stoddard. Three +more children, all sons, resulted from this second marriage. His +real estate negotiations continued full pace during the second +marriage as during the first.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> + +<p>Greenough's second wife preceded him in death, and Greenough +died in 1785 at the age of 75. His will, probated on August 23, +1785, had been made on May 21, 1782;<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> it contained some interesting +bequests:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Executors: my two sons, David S. and William Greenough. Legatees: +to the children of my son Thomas, deceased, Rachel, Ann, and Sally Greenough, +£13.6.8 each. To their sister Betty £5. To the children of my son +John deceased, 200 acres of land. I also give his eldest son John my silver can, +fellow to the one I gave his father. To his sons Wm. and David, and to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +daughters, Sarah, Abigail, and Mehitible £5 each and the house they live +in. My daughter, Sarah Edwards, £10 and a silver chafing dish. My +daughter Martha Stone all my lands in the County of York, Cape Porpoise, +and Wells, and my silver salver, and her son Thomas £5 and a silver porringer. +My daughter Elizabeth Brooks £10 and a silver tea pot. My +daughter Mary Savage £40 and to her son Thomas one silver porringer. +To the children of my daughter Jerusha, deceased, Martha Clark Lepear and +Sally Lepear each of them, £50, and a pair of salt shovels, and a pepper box, +silver. All the rest of my estate to my two sons, David Stoddard Greenough, +and Wm. Greenough. The late Shute Shrimpton Yeoman, Esq., left an +estate to my late spouse Sarah, and to her children, in the Island of Antigua. +In case my son David should have a legal possession of same, and Wm. no +part, in that case I give my son David £100 and sundry pieces as per schedule +amount to £63.11.3. All the rest of my estate to my son, William Greenough.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Of particular interest with relation to Greenough's business in +instruments is the following advertisement that appeared on +May 11, 1742, in <i>The Boston Gazette</i>:</p> + +<blockquote><p>To be sold by Capt. Cyprian Southack at his House near the Orange Tree +and at Mr. Tho. Greenough's Mathematical Instrument Maker near the +Draw Bridge, said Southack's Char[t]s of the Coast from Sandy Point of +New York to Canso.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Invaluable for this study are Thomas Greenough's manuscript +accounts that have survived in the collections of the Massachusetts +Historical Society. The following itemized entries are selected +from Greenough's business accounts over a period of two decades +to provide data on the prices current in the second half of the 18th +century for new instruments and for repairing others:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="prices"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Thomas James Gruchy:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" > </td><td align="left">1754, April 27:</td><td align="left">1 Compass for the Schooner <i>Sea Flour</i></td><td align="right">£0.8.0.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1758, Nov. 28:</td><td align="left">1 Spyglass</td><td align="right">£1.13.8.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1759, Jan. 25:</td><td align="left">Mending 3 Compasses for the Schooner <i>Susanna</i></td><td align="right">£0.6.0.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Nathaniel Bethune:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1760, August:</td><td align="left">A gauging rod</td><td align="right">£0.6.0.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mending a telescope</td><td align="right">£0.3.0.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain McAndrew Mirick of Nantucket:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1772, March 21:</td><td align="left">For 2 compasses, 1 leaded</td><td align="right">£0.16.8.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain Roberson Crockett:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1773, April:</td><td align="left">For mending 2 Compasses</td><td align="right">£0.6.2.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">For mending 1 Hanging Compass</td><td align="right">£0.3.2.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain Reworth of the Brig <i>Fortune</i>:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1774, March 30:</td><td align="left">For mending 2 compasses & Glasses</td><td align="right">£0.7.0.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain Thomas Godfrey:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1774, April 7:</td><td align="left">For 1 Telescope</td><td align="right">£0.8.0.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> + +<p>Other documents in the same collection indicate that Greenough's +business interests were substantial and not limited merely to the +construction of instruments. On July 31, 1769, Greenough's name +appeared on the Boston Citizens' Non-Importation Agreement. +Subsequently, on December 14, 1774, there is Greenough's signed +receipt, with the amount left blank, stating that he had "REC'D. +of Capt. Thomas Godfrey the Sum of —— in full for my Negro +man Cuffes Shair in the Whaling Voige ——."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i100.jpg" width="320" height="198" alt="Figure 42" title="Figure 42" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 42.—Brass surveying compass made by Thomas Greenough (1710-1785) +of Boston. Compass face is mounted on main blade with two copper rivets. +Screws for vanes and tripod mounting are hand cut, with wing nut ends. Sighting +bars are 1/16 in. wide and 5-1/4 in. high; over-all length is 11-7/8 in. and diameter +is 5-1/4 in. Owned by Greenough family of Boston. Photo courtesy of Dr. +Thomas Greenough.</div> + +<p>Greenough apparently was succeeded in business by his son +William Greenough. Mr. Lawrence B. Romaine of Middleboro, +Massachusetts, in 1939 described a wooden surveying compass +with its own hand-whittled tripod made of oak which bore a +compass card inscribed "Made by William Greenough, Boston,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +N.E."<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The compass was protected by a pine cover that fitted +closely between the sights. The present location of this instrument +is not known, but it appears to be the only known example by +William Greenough made of wood.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i101.jpg" width="320" height="217" alt="Figure 43" title="Figure 43" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 43.—Wooden surveying compass, made and sold by Thomas Greenough. +The instrument is made of gumwood and has a paper compass card; it is 13-1/4 +in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In collection of Franklin Institute, +Philadelphia.</div> + +<p>In the Greenough family at the present time is a brass surveying +compass (fig. 42) of fine quality and of the period before or during +the American Revolution. The dial is finely engraved with a +Tudor rose at its center, and around it is the inscription "<span class="smcap">Thomas +Greenough Boston</span> Fecit." The compass face is mounted +to the main blade with two copper rivets. The holding screws +for the vane and tripod mounting are rather crudely hand cut +with wing-nut ends.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 291px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i102.jpg" width="291" height="202" alt="Figure 44" title="Figure 44" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 44.—Wooden surveying compass made and sold by Thomas Greenough. +Made of hickory, it is 11 in. long and has a diameter of 5-1/2 in. Compass card +is of paper. Allegedly, this compass was used by Joseph Frye for surveying +his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine, in 1762. Loaned to the U.S. +National Museum by Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey. USNM +315001.</div> + +<p>Five other surveying compasses made by Thomas Greenough +are known, and all are made of wood: the one in the Franklin +Institute is made of gum (fig. 43), one in Old Sturbridge is made of +maple, one in the Bucks County Historical collection at the Mercer +Museum is made of cherry, one owned by this writer is made of +basswood, and one on loan to the U.S. National Museum from +Mr. Laurits C. Eichner is made of hickory (fig. 44).</p> + +<p>The compass at the Mercer Museum forms part of the surveyor's +gear used to lay out the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts. The +example in hickory on loan to the U.S. National Museum, as is +usually the case with the compass cards of the Thomas Greenough +instruments, has the central ring printed in gilt, and the inscription +has turned black, making the inscription almost illegible. This +specimen was owned by Joseph Frye, who was given a land grant in +what is now Fryeburg, Maine, in 1762. He allegedly used this +compass for surveying that land. In 1783 he assembled a manu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>script +book of tables (see fig. 45) for use in surveying for his son +Joseph Frye, Jr. This manuscript also is part of the loan to the +U.S. National Museum.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i103.jpg" width="320" height="373" alt="Figure 45" title="Figure 45" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 45.—Pages from a booklet of "Tables Useful in Surveying Land, Made +and presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November 18, A.D. +1783." Loaned to the U.S. National Museum by Laurits C. Eichner of +Clifton, N.J. USNM 315062.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i104.jpg" width="320" height="337" alt="Figure 46" title="Figure 46" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 46.—Compass card from a wooden surveying compass "Made by Thomas +Greenough, Boston, New England." In collection of the writer.</div> + +<p>The compass card in each of these five instruments is identical, +designed for use in the mariner's compass (see fig. 46). A gentleman +in the dress of about 1740 stands on the shore using a Davis +quadrant. Offshore in the harbor is a schooner of the 1750 period. +Minor features of the scene are touched up in red, presumably +printed, since they are consistent in all of the cards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><i>William Williams</i></h4> + +<p>Although not one of the earliest instrument makers in Boston, +but certainly one of the more significant, was William Williams +(1737/8-1792). He was the son of Capt. John Williams, a shopkeeper +who died on March 22, 1748, at the age of 41, and who was +buried in King's Chapel Burial Ground.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p> + +<p>William Williams was born in 1737 or 1738. He was ten years +of age when his father died, and he had two brothers and two +sisters. His father left a substantial estate of £6,575, of which +£4,544/9/4 was for the inventory of the shop merchandise. One of +the appraisers for his estate, Jotham Maverick, married the +widowed Mrs. Williams less than a year later, on January 20, +1748/9.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p> + +<p>In 1770 William Williams established himself as a mathematical +instrument maker and clockmaker at No. 1 Long Wharf, at the +Crown Coffee House, as it was then known. The shop was located +on the corner of State and Chatham Streets, on premises owned +by Robert Shillcock.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i105.jpg" width="320" height="179" alt="Figure 47" title="Figure 47" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 47.—Quadrant, showing signature of Thomas Greenough. Photo courtesy +Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p><p>Williams may have worked as an instrument maker in Marblehead +before returning to his native Boston. According to Felt,<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> +an instrument maker named William Williams at Marblehead +advertised in the Salem newspapers in the early 1770's. However, +in 1768 Williams was producing instruments from an address in +King Street, Boston. (See figure 48.) An advertisement inserted +by Williams appeared in the March 12, 1770, issue of <i>The Boston +Gazette</i>. It was this same issue that reported the Boston Massacre. +One of the victims was Williams' step-brother Samuel Maverick, +the son of his stepfather Jotham Maverick by a first marriage.</p> + +<p>In 1773 Williams married Joyce Shillcock, the daughter of +his landlord. During the Revolutionary War, Williams saw +active service as a private in Captain Mills' company, of Col. +Jeduthan Baldwin's regiment of artificers, during the years 1777-1779. +In 1780 he served in Captain Pattin's company of General +Knox's artillery, which was stationed at West Point.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> + +<p>With the conclusion of the war Williams returned to the craft of +instrument-making in his shop, at No. 1 Long Wharf. In 1782 +his wife, Joyce, inherited the property from her mother, the +widow Hannah Shillcock, following the latter's death in that +year. In the following May it is recorded that Williams purchased +the warehouse and land on the north side of State Street from +Benjamin Brown, a trader. By a separate deed, he and his wife +released to Brown the warehouse and land which had been the +property of his father-in-law in exchange for a clear title to one-half +share of the store and land under it "which is next to the +street called King Street." On February 7, 1784, he bought a +share of the lower division at Long Wharf, No. 7, from Arnold +Welles. On May 17 of the same year he succeeded in buying out +Brown's half share of the lower division of Long Wharf at Nos. +1 and 7, and at the same time he deeded to Brown one-half +share of No. 7 Long Wharf, together with all its dockage and +wharfage. Finally, on January 20, 1785, Williams and his wife +deeded to Brown all rights to land of No. 7 Long Wharf, reserving +for himself his rights in the flats, wharfage, and dockage.</p> + +<p>On March 23, 1787, Williams deeded to Joseph Helyer, a +blockmaker, the store and land under same, and half the wharfage +properly belonging to Lot No. 1. On October 20 of the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 95-96]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a></span> +year he sold to Brown a part or share of No. 7 Long Wharf, and +on March 24, 1788, he purchased land with a wooden store at +State Street and Long Wharf from Benjamin Brown. On June +26 he bought the land and store of Joseph Helyer on the north +side of Long Wharf.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i107.jpg" width="320" height="373" alt="Figure 48" title="Figure 48" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 48.—Advertisement of William Williams in The Boston Gazette, March 12, +1770. Photo courtesy Harvard University Library.</div> + +<p>Williams engaged in only two more transactions before his +death. On March 28, 1790, he mortgaged to Joseph Greene, a +merchant, the land with wooden store at the head of Long Wharf +on the northeast side of State Street; this mortgage was cancelled +on May 29, 1793. On October 1, 1791, he deeded to Benjamin +Brown a one-half share or 1/48th of all the dockage and wharfage +of Long Wharf that appertained to one-half of Lot No. 1, which +he had previously purchased from Welles as noted, as well as +1/48th of the proprietor's purchase of Gordon's lands and buildings +adjoining the Wharf.</p> + +<p>Williams died on January 15, 1792, at age 44. The administrator +of his estate was a merchant named Abraham Quincy. By order +of the Supreme Court, in order to settle his estate, Williams' +store building at No. 1 Long Wharf was ordered sold at public +auction. Although on the site of the Crown Coffee House, it +was a new building erected in 1780 after the Coffee House had +burned. The purchaser appears to have been John Osborn, a +merchant, because on May 10, 1793, Quincy, Williams' administrator, +deeded to Osborn the land with wooden store at Long +Wharf on State Street.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p> + +<p>The only instrument made by Williams which appears to have +survived is a Davis backstaff (fig. 49) marked "By Wm. Williams, +King Street, Boston, for Malachi Allen, 1768"; this instrument is +now in the collection of the Peabody Museum in Salem, Massachusetts. +It is to be noted from this inscription that this instrument +was an early example of Williams' work, produced at the age of +20, prior to the opening of his shop at the Crown Coffee House.</p> + +<p>In 1770, when Williams opened his shop, the carved sign of +"The Little Admiral" (fig. 37) was installed in front of the Crown +Coffee House, and Williams' establishment was thereafter designated +by this symbol.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p> + +<p>In his shop at No. 1 Long Wharf, Williams exercised his crafts +of instrument-and clockmaking, and he made and sold a large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +assortment of instruments, as well as time glasses which measured +from one quarter minute to two hours.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i109.jpg" width="320" height="155" alt="Figure 49" title="Figure 49" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 49.—Detail of wooden Davis quadrant inscribed "Made by William +Williams in King Street Boston" for "Malachi Allen 1768." In collection of +East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.</div> + +<p>The name of Williams appears also in the Day Books of Paul +Revere. Under date of April 16, 1792, there is the following entry:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Mr. William Williams Dr<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To Engravg plate for hatt bills 0-18-0<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To 2 hund prints 0-6-0.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>From June 24, 1792, to January 28, 1797, Revere entered 12 +charges against Williams for 8,500 hat bills for the total amount +of £14/15/0.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p> + + +<h4><i>Samuel Thaxter</i></h4> + +<p>Closely associated with the name of William Williams is that +of another instrument maker of Boston, Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842). +Thaxter was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, on December +13, 1769, the son of Samuel and Bathsheba (Lincoln) +Thaxter. His father, who had been born in Hingham in 1744, +was married on December 27, 1768, and he became the father of six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +children, of whom Samuel was the eldest. Samuel Thaxter, Sr., +was apparently a man of means, for he is listed as a "Gentleman" +and a loyal subject of King George. He resided on North Street in +Hingham, near Ship Street. He died on the island of Campobello +at the age of 44 years on May 27, 1788.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p> + +<p>Samuel Thaxter, as well as several generations of his family +before him, was born in the old Thomas Thaxter mansion that was +built by the settler of that name in 1652. During the Revolution +Samuel's father, Maj. Samuel Thaxter, concealed Tories from the +Committee of Safety in a blind passage with a secret door in the old +house. From there he smuggled them to Boston. At the massacre +of Fort William, Major Thaxter was one of those captured by the +Indians. While tied to a tree, he saw two French officers, and +demanded whether this was the treatment they gave to commissioned +officers. They allowed him to go free and he dragged himself +to Fort Edward. Meanwhile, his comrades had reported him +missing in action, and Dr. Gay preached his funeral sermon in +Hingham shortly before Thaxter's return. The old Thaxter +mansion was torn down in 1864.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p> + +<p>Young Samuel Thaxter moved from Hingham to Boston, where +he is first heard of in 1792. On June 14, 1792, Thaxter married +Polly Helyer, the niece of William Williams.</p> + +<p>Within a month after the sale of Williams' property at public +auction, Thaxter acquired the instrument-making business. Apparently +the new owner of the premises required the business +to move, and Thaxter established himself at No. 9 Butler's Row. +A month after the Williams auction Thaxter announced his new +location in an advertisement (fig. 50) in <i>The Columbia Centinel</i> of +May 22, 1793.</p> + +<p>Thaxter's new location was a wooden store structure, on the +north side of Butler's Row that was owned by Andrew Hall and +Eunice Fitch in 1798. It was in the rear of the north side of State +Street, running from Merchants Row to the water.</p> + +<p>By 1796 Thaxter had moved from this location to No. 49 State +Street, on the north side opposite to Broad Street, a brick store +owned by Joseph Lovering & Sons, tallow chandlers. He continued +to do business at this address until 1815, when he moved to +27 State Street, on the opposite side of the street. The new loca<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>tion +was in a brick dwelling, opposite Merchants Row, that was +owned by Joseph Clough, a housewright.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i111.jpg" width="320" height="207" alt="Figure 50" title="Figure 50" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 50.—Advertisement of Samuel Thaxter in The Columbia Centinel, May 22, +1793. Photo courtesy Harvard University Library.</div> + +<p>In about 1825 Thaxter moved his business once more, to 125 +State Street, the east corner of Broad Street. This building was +occupied by Charles Stimpson, Jr., a stationer who was one of the +publishers of the <i>Boston Annual Advertiser</i>, which was annexed to +the Boston Directory of 1826. The building was owned by +Jonathan Phillips, the first mayor of Boston. In the cellar of the +building was a victualler named Augustus Adams.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p> + +<p>The dominating feature of Thaxter's shop from the time it was +opened was the carved figure of "The Little Admiral," the trade +sign first used by Williams.</p> + +<p>The firm of Samuel Thaxter eventually became Samuel Thaxter +& Son, and it continued with that name until past the middle of the +19th century. Samuel Thaxter died in April 1842 at the age of +72 years. The entry for the firm in the 1843 City Directory listed +S. T. Cushing as the new owner. From the initials, it seems likely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 100-101]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a></span> that his full name was Samuel Thaxter Cushing, and that he was +the grandson of the original Samuel Thaxter. S. T. Cushing continued +to be listed as the owner of the firm until 1899, when he was +succeeded by A. T. Cushing, presumably a son of the former. +The old store was finally demolished in 1901.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> Comparison of a +photograph of the building just before its demolition with a copy of +Thaxter's trade card (fig. 51) of the mid-19th century shows that +the building underwent little change in the period. The "Little +Admiral" is barely visible in both views.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i112.jpg" width="320" height="521" alt="Figure 51" title="Figure 51" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 51.—19th-century trade card in collection of the Bostonian Society.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i113.jpg" width="320" height="303" alt="Figure 52" title="Figure 52" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 52.—Mahogany surveying compass made by Samuel Thaxter of Boston. +Length, 13 in.; diameter, 7-1/2 in. Wooden frame slides off to permit removal +of glass and adjustment of needle. Sighting bars are of boxwood. In collection +of the writer.</div> + +<p>In 1796, shortly after his marriage, Thaxter made his home on</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p><p>Fish Street (now North Street), but in 1800 he was living at 54 +Middle Street (Hanover Street). By 1807 he had moved to a new +home on Fleet Street. His last home address, at the time of his +death, was 41 Pinckney Street.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i114.jpg" width="320" height="323" alt="Figure 53" title="Figure 53" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 53.—Compass card from earlier form of wooden surveying compass made +by Samuel Thaxter of Boston. From an instrument in the collection of the +writer.</div> + +<p>In the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society there +is a receipted bill (fig. 55) from Samuel Thaxter dated July 1, 1801, +to Sam Brown, for touching up and repairing nine compasses for +the French corvelle <i>Berceau</i>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i115.jpg" width="320" height="464" alt="Figure 54" title="Figure 54" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 54.—Brass surveying compass made and sold by S. Thaxter & Son, +Boston, in late 18th or early 19th century. Over-all length, 14 in.; diameter of +dial, 6 in.; length of needle, 5-1/8 in.; height of sighting bars, 6-1/2 in. In collection +of the writer.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i116.jpg" width="320" height="301" alt="Figure 55" title="Figure 55" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 55.—Receipted bill from Samuel Thaxter to Sam Brown, Boston, August 4, +1801. In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society.</div> + + +<h4><i>John Dupee</i></h4> + +<p>John Dupee of Boston apparently was another instrument maker +of the pre-Revolutionary period actively engaged in producing +wooden surveying compasses. Three wooden instruments with +his compass card exist in private and public collections. The +instruments are quite similar: the wood in each case is walnut or +applewood, with an engraved paper mariner's compass card; a +schooner at sea is figured within the central medallion, and inscribed +within the riband enclosing it are the words "Made and +Sold by <span class="smcap">John Dupee</span> Ye North Side of Swing Bridge Boston New +Eng." One of the instruments is owned by the South Natick +[Massachusetts] Historical Society; a second example is in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +collection of the Bostonian Society; and a third is owned by a +private collector.</p> + +<p>There is no record of a maker of scientific instruments or clocks +by the name of Dupee, although the name John Dupee occurs in +the city records of Boston during the early decades of the 18th +century. An advertisement in the February 9, 1761, issue of +<i>The Boston Gazette</i> states that</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Isaac Dupee</span>, Carver, Advertises his Customers and others, that since the +late Fire (on Dock Square) he has opened a shop the North side of the Swing-Bridge, +opposite to <i>Thomas Tyler's</i>, Esq.; where Business will be carried on +as usual with Fidelity and Dispatch.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The natural assumption would be that the three instruments +were produced in Isaac Dupee's shop after 1761, perhaps by the +carver's son. The use of an engraved compass card indicates that +the instruments were not unique, and that a number of others were +produced or contemplated. On the other hand, it is likely that +the maker produced other types of instruments utilizing such a +card, such as mariner's compasses.</p> + + +<h4><i>Jere Clough</i></h4> + +<p>Another instrument maker, presumably of Boston, is Jere Clough. +The only instrument bearing his name known at present is a surveying +compass (fig. 56), made of wood, in the Streeter Collection +of Weights and Measures at Yale University. Clough's name does +not appear on any of the lists of instrument makers or clockmakers, +yet it is a name that is fairly prevalent in Boston. In 1741, for +instance, one Joseph Clough of Boston was a maker of bellows.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +He produced bellows of all types—for furnaces, refiners, blacksmiths, +braziers, and goldsmiths.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i117.jpg" width="320" height="122" alt="Figure 56" title="Figure 56" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 56.—Wooden instrument made by Jere Clough. In Streeter Collection of +Weights and Measures, Yale University.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i118.jpg" width="320" height="165" alt="Figure 57" title="Figure 57" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 57.—Wooden surveying compass made by Andrew Newell (1749-1798) of +Boston. It is made of mahogany, is 11-1/2 in. long, and has a diameter of 5 in. +The engraved compass card is signed by Nathaniel Hurd, goldsmith, silversmith, +and engraver of Boston. In collection of Yale University Art Gallery.</div> + + +<h4><i>Andrew Newell</i></h4> + +<p>An instrument of considerable significance is another wooden +surveyor's compass, in the collection of the Yale University Art +Gallery. This compass (fig. 57) is made of rich brown San Domingo +mahogany with sighting bars of boxwood. A mariner's card, +set into the opening with a metal vernier scale, is in the usual form +of the mariner's compass card of the 18th century; it is executed +as a line engraving. A ship and the Boston harbor lighthouse are +featured in the central medallion. On a riband encircling the +medallion is the inscription "Made by <span class="smcap">ANDW. NEWELL</span> East End +of the <span class="smcap">MARKET BOSTON</span>," Engraved in script at the southern +tip of the star is the signature "N. Hurd Sct."</p> + +<p>Relatively little is known about Andrew Newell (1749-1798) +except that he was a maker of mathematical instruments. An +entry in the first Boston directory, in 1789, listed "Andrew Newell, +instrument maker, 61 State Street." The directory of 1796 mentioned +Newell as having a shop on the "East side of the Market," +the address that appears on the surveying compass.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> +<p>Two years later the Boston directory listed Andrew Newell and +Son, and in 1800 the listing included only the name of Joseph +Newell, who may have been the son. Another mathematical +instrument maker named Charles Newell may have been another +son of Andrew Newell; his name does not appear in the city +Directory until in the 19th century. An instrument with the +signature "Newell & Son, Makers, East End of Faneuil Hall, +Boston" is in the collection of the Bostonian Society.</p> + +<p>An important feature of the Newell instrument is the fact +that the engraver of the compass card was Nathaniel Hurd (1729-1777), +the peer of goldsmiths and engravers of the colonial period. +This compass card is a previously unrecorded example of Hurd's +work, and constitutes a work of art, making the compass a historic +scientific instrument.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> The compass was presented to the Yale +University Art Gallery by a Yale alumnus, Mr. Henry G. Schiff +of New York City. No other examples have thus far been found.</p> + + +<h4><i>Aaron Breed</i></h4> + +<p>Aaron Breed (1791-1861) is a relatively unknown maker of +mathematical instruments who worked in Boston into the 19th +century. He specialized in nautical, mathematical and optical +instruments, with an address at 173 Broad Street, and another +at No. 2 Rowe's Wharf, "At the Sign of the Quadrant." Breed +made surveying instruments in brass and in wood. A brass instrument +is in the Henry Ford Museum, and a wooden instrument is in +the collection of Old Sturbridge Village. The latter is fashioned +from walnut with an engraved compass card inscribed "Aaron +Breed Boston."</p> + + +<h4><i>Charles Thacher</i></h4> + +<p>The name of Charles Thacher appears on the compass card of a +wooden surveying compass (fig. 58) in the collection of the Mariners' +Museum, Norfolk, Virginia. No record of this maker has been +found, but the engraved compass card indicates that he probably +worked in New England.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i120.jpg" width="320" height="469" alt="Figure 58" title="Figure 58" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 58.—Wooden surveying compass made by Charles Thacher. It is made +of cherry or maple; sighting bars are of oak. Over-all length, 13-5/8 in. Photos +courtesy Mariners Museum, Newport News, Virginia.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><i>Benjamin King Hagger</i></h4> + +<p>Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) was the scion of two well-known +families of instrument makers in New England, so it is not +surprising that he worked in the same craft.</p> + +<p>It is believed that Hagger was born in Newport, Rhode Island, +about 1769, the son of William Guyse Hagger and of a sister of +Benjamin King. Although his father made instruments—at first +in partnership with Benjamin King, and then working alone—in +Newport at least as late as 1776, the family appears to have moved +after the Revolution. William Guyse Hagger's name did not +appear in the 1790 census of Newport, and it is presumed that he +moved with his family to Boston.</p> + +<p>Benjamin King Hagger was listed in the first city directory of +Boston in 1789 as "a mathematical instrument maker" with an +address on Ann Street; he was only 20 years of age at this time.</p> + +<p>On November 10, 1793, Benjamin King Hagger, "mathematical +instrument maker," purchased land with buildings on Prince Street +near Snow Hill Street from one Peter Greene. Two years later, +on December 1, 1795, Hagger, now listed simply as a "merchant," +purchased a brick house, a wooden house, and a shed with land +from William Ballard, a tailor of Framingham and an heir of +Samuel Ballard. The property was located on the east side of +North Street, south of Mill Creek. At the time of purchase, +Hagger mortgaged the property to Ballard, and also mortgaged to +him the house and land previously purchased from Greene.</p> + +<p>Hagger was listed as a ship chandler in the following year when +on March 24, 1796, he deeded part of his land on Prince Street +to William and George Hillman, minors.</p> + +<p>On June 22, 1796, three months later, Hagger, now listed as +"mathematical instrument maker, and ship-chandler" deeded to a +mariner named Thomas Wallis a house and land that formed part +of his original purchase near Copp's Hill from Peter Greene. Then +on July 21, 1796, he purchased from William Ballard all his right +to the brick house and land on North Street (Ann Street), at the +same time mortgaging the property to William Ballard, Jr., of +Framingham. This mortgage was cancelled on April 11, 1798.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p> + +<p>These negotiations took place before marriage. A report of the +Record Commissioners of Boston, states that "William King +Hagger of Boston and Mehitable Ballard of Framingham were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +married October 6, 1796." The entry appears to be in error because +the marriage intentions had read "Benjamin King Hagger." It is +presumed that Mehitable was the daughter of William Ballard, +the tailor of Framingham, from whom Hagger had bought his +house on Ann Street, south of Mill Creek.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> + +<p>Benjamin King Hagger is listed in the city directory of Boston +for 1798 as a "mathematical instrument maker" on Ann Street. +This, however, is the last listing for his name in Boston, as his +name does not appear in the 1803 or subsequent directories.</p> + +<p>Shortly after 1798 Hagger appears to have left Boston together +with his wife, and it is probable that he established himself as an +instrument maker in another Massachusetts community, at present +unknown. In about 1816 Hagger moved with his family to Baltimore +and continued his instrument-making business.</p> + +<p>The records of the 1850 Federal census of Baltimore indicate +that two of Hagger's sons, John W. and William G. Hagger, had +been born in 1800 and 1806 respectively, in Massachusetts, presumably +in the community to which Hagger had moved from +Boston before moving once more to Baltimore.</p> + +<p>According to Matchett's Baltimore directory for 1824, Hagger +was a "mathematical and optical instrument maker" with a shop +at 57 South Street. His advertisement in the directory stated +that he</p> + +<blockquote><p>Respectfully acquaints his fellow citizens that he executes all orders in the +line of his business with punctuality and confidently professes to give satisfaction +to his employers, from the experience of a regular apprenticeship and +37 years practice.</p></blockquote> + +<p>This indicates that Hagger completed his apprenticeship in 1787, +when he was 18, and since then had been established in his own business +or had worked for another as a journeyman instrument maker. +His first advertisement in the Boston directory appeared in 1789, +wherein his shop was listed as being on Ann Street.</p> + +<p>Hagger died in Baltimore on November 8, 1834, at the age of +65, after a residence of 18 years in that city.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p> + +<p>Thus far only one instrument by Hagger has been found—a +wooden surveying instrument or semicircumferentor (fig. 59). It +is in the possession of the writer.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i123.jpg" width="320" height="160" alt="Figure 59" title="Figure 59" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 59.—Wooden graphometer made by Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) of Boston and Baltimore. Made of yellow +birch, with the name and gradations and lines incised into the wood by means of tiny punches, and filled. Trough compass; +sighting bars mounted on a swivelling brass bar; collapsible tripod made of maple. In collection of the writer.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><i>Benjamin Warren</i></h4> + + +<p>Production of wooden surveying compasses was not limited to +Boston. Another instrument maker who produced them was Benjamin +Warren (c. 1740-?) of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The name +of Benjamin Warren was a fairly common one in Plymouth, being a +name handed down in the family from father to son for at least +five generations before 1800. The first Benjamin Warren at Plymouth +was married in 1697, and his son Benjamin (2) was born in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +1698. Benjamin (2) was married in due course, and his son Benjamin +(3) was born in 1740. The third Benjamin was the father +of Benjamin (4), who was born in 1766. In 1789 Benjamin (4) +married Sarah Young, the daughter of Daniel Young, and their +son Benjamin (5) was born in 1792. The Benjamin Warren who +operated the shop in Plymouth probably was Benjamin Warren (3), +who was then about 45 years of age.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p> + +<p>A search of <i>The Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser</i> has +revealed several advertisements and notices (fig. 60) about Benjamin +Warren from which some information can be derived about +the man and his business during this period. The first known +notice dated March 19, 1785, probably is the most important one. +Later in the same year, on August 16, 1785, Warren published the +following notice:</p> + +<blockquote><p>WHEREAS on Friday Morning of the 5th inst. eloped from the House of the +subscriber, <i>Inholder</i> in Plymouth, JOHN MOREY, of NORTON, of tall +stature, & round shoulder'd. Had on when he absconded, a shabby claret +coloured coat, adorned with patches, and a pair of dirty smoak'd coloured +breeches; without knee-buckles; and an old flopped hatt, defaced with grease.</p> + +<p>As he appeared to be an enterprising genius, without abilities, politeness or +honesty, and went off in an abrupt and clandestine manner; a reward of <i>Sixpence</i> +will be paid, to any person or persons, who will persuade or induce the +said Morey to make his appearance once more to the subscriber.</p></blockquote> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i124.jpg" width="320" height="586" alt="Figure 60" title="Figure 60" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 60.—An advertisement of Benjamin Warren in The Plymouth Journal & +Massachusetts Advertiser. Photos courtesy The American Antiquarian Society, +Worcester, Massachusetts.</div> + +<p>It is obvious that Warren was not considerably concerned about +the return of John Morey, for the reward offered was scarcely +conducive to obtain the public's cooperation. Warren's first +ventures with public sales must have been successful, for early in +the next year, in the issue of January 3, 1786, he announced that</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Benjamin Warren</i>,</p> + +<blockquote><p>PROPOSES to open a convenient AUCTION-ROOM, over the Shop he now +trades in, next week. Any Gentlemen that will furnish him with goods of any +kind for Public or Private sale, on Commission, shall be served with fidelity, +and the smallest favours in that way gratefully acknowledged.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The next notice of the auction-room appeared on February 21, +1786, when the newspaper advertised that</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><i>To-morrow</i><br /> +will be SOLD, by<br /> +Public Vendue,<br /> +At<br /> +WARREN'S<br /> +Auction Room,<br /> +<br /> +A VARIETY of articles, <i>viz</i>. Nails, Bar Lead, Glass<br /> +Pewter, Buttons, Buckles, Chairs, Stands, &c., &c., &c.<br /> +<br /> +*** The SALE to begin at 10 o'Clock, A.M.</p> + +<p>No other notices of public sales appeared in the <i>Journal</i> for the +next several months. The last notice of this period was another +announcement of a sale, which was published in the issue of May +30, 1786:</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Publick Vendue</i>,<br /> +<br /> +<i>At</i> WARREN's Auction Room, in PLYMOUTH:<br /> +at Ten o'clock this morning. WILL<br /> +be Sold, a quantity of bar lead, boxes of glass,<br /> +6 × 8. English Shovels and Tongs, bridle-Bits,<br /> +and a variety of other articles of Hard-Ware.<br /> +Also, a few Anvils at private sale.</p> + +<p>Only one instrument signed by Warren is known to survive; +it is a wooden surveying compass (fig. 61) in the Streeter Collection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +of Weights and Measures at Yale University. The instrument, +which appears to have been made from walnut, has a compass +card with the following inscription around the central medallion: +"Made and sold by <span class="smcap">BENJAMIN WARREN</span> Plymouth New Eng<sup>d</sup>."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i126.jpg" width="320" height="138" alt="Figure 61" title="Figure 61" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 61.—Wooden surveying compass made by Benjamin Warren (c. 1740-c. 1800) +of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and detail of the compass card. The +compass, made of cherry wood, is 12 in. long and has a diameter of 6 in. In +Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i127.jpg" width="320" height="322" alt="Figure 62" title="Figure 62" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 62.—Detail of card, Warren surveying compass shown in figure 61.</div> + +<p>The medallion (fig. 62) encloses a harbor scene with a brigantine +of the 1740 period off a promontory on which is prominently +situated a lighthouse with a smaller building partly visible at the +left. The lighthouse is unusual in construction in that it features +twin towers rising from a large rectangular wooden building.</p> + +<p>As far as can be determined from available records, the only +lighthouse in America of this period having such construction was +the noted Gurnet Light, which was built at the tip of Duxbury +Beach in Plymouth Bay in 1768. D. Alan Stevenson<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> relates that +the Governor's Council of Massachusetts, when it decided in 1768<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +to erect the Gurnet Lighthouse at Plymouth, adopted a novel plan +to distinguish it from other American lighthouses. "This consisted +of double lights set horizontally in the same structure. A timber +house built at a cost of £660, 30' long and 20' high, had a lanthorn +at each end to contain two four-wick lamps.</p> + +<p>"In 1802 fire destroyed the house but the merchants of the +town promptly subscribed to replace it by temporary lights, as the +Government had no immediate funds at its disposal. An Act of +Congress of 1802 allotted $2500 for building another set of twin +lights and reimbursing the merchants for their expenditure.</p> + +<p>"Though the idea of twin lights at Plymouth seemed an excellent +distinction from a single navigation light shown at Barnstable +harbor in the vicinity, they proved not entirely advantageous and +a sea captain blamed them for causing his shipwreck. He had +seen the light from only one tower and identified it with confidence +as the Barnstable light; apparently, from a particular direction +one tower hid the other. But local prejudice in favor of retaining +the twin lights as a distinction prevailed until 1924 when, at last, +opposition ceased to the recommendation which the Lighthouse +Board expressed frequently that a single light would be preferable."</p> + +<p>It seems quite likely that the compass card bears one of the very +few surviving contemporary representations of the first Gurnet +Light in Plymouth Bay. A search of the archives of the historical +societies in Plymouth, Boston, and Worcester and the files of the +U.S. National Archives has failed to reveal any illustration of +this famous lighthouse.</p> + +<p>Quite by coincidence, the name of Benjamin Warren was discovered +among the entries of the day books of Paul Revere, the +famous patriot, silversmith, and engraver. The entry<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> (fig. 63) +appears as follows:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1786 March 13. Benjm Warren Dr. Plimouth<br /></span> +<span class="i0">To printing one hundred Compass Cards 0-18-0.<br /></span> +</div></div> + + +<p>Whether the compass card on the Warren instrument was +produced by Revere is difficult to determine. Authorities on +Revere's engravings agree that it could have been engraved by +Revere but are unable to state it positively. It has been suggested +that the entry in Revere's day book indicates that he merely +printed the compass cards for Warren and that he did not engrave +a plate. The charge for the work bears out this supposition; and +furthermore, Revere's bills seemed to make a definite distinction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +between the engraving of plates and actual prints. Whether or +not Revere was responsible for making the original engraving remains +to be determined, but it is very probable that he printed +the compass card of the instrument in the Streeter Collection of +Weights and Measures at Yale.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i129.jpg" width="320" height="223" alt="Figure 63" title="Figure 63" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 63.—Page from the "day books" of Paul Revere with entry for the printing +of compass cards for Benjamin Warren of Plymouth. In collection of +Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.</div> + + +<h4><i>Daniel Burnap</i></h4> + +<p>One of the best known and most respected names among Connecticut +clockmakers is that of Daniel Burnap (1759-1838) of +East Windsor. Burnap was born in Coventry in 1759 and served +an apprenticeship with Thomas Harland, clockmaker of Norwich. +In about 1780 Burnap opened his own establishment, where he +combined the crafts of clockmaking, cabinetmaking, and engraving +of brass, in all of which he was greatly skilled. One of his apprentices +was Eli Terry, who later achieved fame in the craft in his +own right.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></p> + +<p>Burnap's business included clients in Windsor, Hartford, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +Coventry, as well as some of the leading merchants and cabinetmakers +of the nearby cities and towns. Although clockmaking +was the primary business in which Burnap engaged, he also had a +large trade for his surveying instruments, silver spoons, gold beads, +harness and saddlery hardware, and shoe buckles.</p> + +<p>Burnap prospered, and in about 1800 he moved back to his +native town, Coventry. There he purchased a large farm and +erected a shop and a sawmill, and in due course became the leading +citizen of the community. He died in 1838, leaving a valuable +technological record in the completeness of his journals and +account books. A study of the entries of his day books and +ledgers (see fig. 64) reveals that Burnap did a substantial amount +of business in surveying compasses, chains, and protractors. +Among his shop equipment after his death there was found an +unfinished protractor, but no examples of his instruments are +known except for a compass dial, inscribed with his name, that +was discovered recently in the collection of a midwestern historical +society.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p> + +<p>It is significant to note that Burnap made instruments of varying +quality. For instance, he charged three different prices for his +surveyor's compasses. The highest-priced compasses cost £6; +they were made of brass, and were of the more elaborate conventional +type used by surveyors. A few examples that appeared in +his records cost £4; these also were made of brass, but probably +were of a simpler form. Several entries list surveying compasses +priced at £2 and £2/8. One of these was made for Capt. Solomon +Dewie (1750-1813) in September 1790 for £2/8. At the same time, +Burnap charged him £0/1/6 for touching the needle of another +compass.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> The entries in Burnap's account books do not state +that these inexpensive compasses were constructed of wood, but +it seems to be sufficiently conclusive that they were.</p> + + +<h4><i>Gurdon Huntington</i></h4> + +<p>Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804) was not primarily a maker +of scientific instruments, but he was established as a goldsmith +and clockmaker. He was born in Windham, Connecticut, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119-120]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a></span> +April 30, 1763, the son of Hezekiah and Submit (Murdock) Huntington.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i131.jpg" width="320" height="448" alt="Figure 64" title="Figure 64" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 64.—Entry in the manuscript ledgers of Daniel Burnap (1759-1838) of +East Windsor and Coventry, Connecticut, for sale of surveying compass in +1790. Reproduced from the Burnap shop records in the collection of Connecticut +Historical Society, Hartford.</div> + +<p>The Huntington family was one of the most important in Connecticut +colonial history. Gurdon's father, Hezekiah, was in +service during the Revolutionary War, going to Boston as a +major with the first troops raised in Connecticut. When in Boston +he witnessed the miserable condition of the arms then in the +hands of the soldiers. Major Huntington went immediately to +Philadelphia, where Congress was in session, and proposed to +the Congress that he would return to his home in Windham and +that there he would open a manufactory for repairing muskets +and other arms. He claimed to have been the first man to have +made a gun in the Colonies.</p> + +<p>Gurdon was too young to have served in the Revolution, but +he undoubtedly worked in his father's gun manufactory as a +boy. In due course he learned the trades of goldsmith and clockmaker +and established his own shop in Windham, which, according +to an advertisement (fig. 65) in <i>The Connecticut Gazette</i> of June +11, 1784, was "a few rods north of Major Ebenezer Backus' store."</p> + +<p>On Christmas Day, 1785, Gurdon was married in New London +to Temperance Williams of Groton. In 1789 their first child, +Marvin, was born, and in October of the same year the Huntingtons +moved from Windham to Walpole, New Hampshire. No reason +can be found for the move, other than the possibility that Gurdon +might have anticipated greater opportunity in the new community. +There he applied himself to his trade as goldsmith and clockmaker, +but apparently he was not very successful. His family +grew, and by the time of his death there were eight children. +Possibly in an effort to supplement his income, Huntington served +as postmaster of the community. In about 1797, seven or eight +years after he had moved to Walpole, his father and mother +joined him there, and it is believed that Major Hezekiah may have +worked as a gunsmith during that period. Eventually the senior +Huntington returned to Windham, Connecticut, where he died +in 1807.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile Gurdon Huntington struggled on until his death +on July 26, 1804. He died insolvent, which created a considerable +problem in view of the large family he left behind him. Huntington's +estate was administered by Asa Sibley, a clockmaker in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +Walpole. Sibley had moved to Walpole from his home in Woodstock, +Connecticut, in the 1790's and he remained there until +1808, when he again returned to Woodstock. Gurdon Huntington's +widow removed to Bloomfield, Ohio, with her children, and +she died there on May 25, 1823. Most of her children settled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +in Bloomfield, but several of them moved to New Hartford, New +York.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i133.jpg" width="320" height="395" alt="Figure 65" title="Figure 65" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 65.—Advertisement of Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804) in The Connecticut +Gazette, June 11, 1784. In collection of Connecticut Historical Society, +Hartford.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i134.jpg" width="320" height="328" alt="Figure 66" title="Figure 66" /> +</div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i135.jpg" width="320" height="320" alt="Figure 66b" title="Figure 66b" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 66.—Views of wooden surveying compass made by Gurdon Huntington, +clockmaker in Walpole, New Hampshire, between 1789-1804. Made of cherry +with folding brass sighting bars, the instrument is 14 in. long and 5-1/2 in. wide. +In collection of the writer.</div> + +<p>Several examples of Huntington's clocks are known to exist in +private collections in the United States. However, only one +example of his scientific instruments appears to have survived. +This is a surveying compass (fig. 66) made of wood, with brass +sighting bars and a painted dial under glass with a steel needle. +The dial is inscribed "<span class="smcap">G. HUNTINGTON/WALPOLE</span>." The instrument, +which is in the collection of the writer, is made of cherry wood, +with a riveted ball-and-socket joint of brass for insertion on a tripod.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + + + +<h4><i>Jedidiah Baldwin</i></h4> + +<p>Jedidiah Baldwin (fl. 1790's) was another early New England +clock and instrument maker, but little is known of his early life. +He was a brother of Jabes Baldwin (c. 1777-1829), who worked as +a clockmaker in Salem and Boston after serving an apprenticeship +with Thomas Harland in Norwich, Connecticut.</p> + +<p>Jedidiah Baldwin also served an apprenticeship with Harland. +In 1791 he was working in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a +member of the firm of Stiles and Baldwin, and from 1792 to 1794 +he was a member of the firm of Stiles and Storrs, in partnership +with Nathan Storrs.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> In about 1794 Baldwin moved to Hanover,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +New Hampshire, where he became the local postmaster, and where +Dartmouth College records his death.</p> + +<p>Only one existing instrument is known to have been made by +Baldwin; it is a wooden surveying compass with a brass dial +having two scales, one for degrees and one for eight divisions +per 90°. The dial is inscribed "<span class="smcap">JED BALDWIN/HANOVER</span>." According +to its present owner, Mr. Worth Shampeny of Rochester, +Vermont, the compass was used for surveying in Vermont during +the early 1800's.</p> + +<p>Another Jedidiah Baldwin worked as a clockmaker in Morrisville, +New York, from 1818-1820 and then in Fairfield, New York; +he appears also in the city directory of Rochester, New York, as a +clockmaker during the years 1834-1844. He may have been a son +or grandson of the first Jedidiah, or a nephew.</p> + + +<h4><i>Thomas Salter Bowles</i></h4> + +<p>Thomas Salter Bowles (c. 1765-?) is another elusive New England +instrument maker about whom little information is available. +He is believed to have been the son of Deacon Samuel and Hannah +(Salter) Bowles, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, probably +between 1765 and 1770. His father was born in 1739; his mother, +who was the daughter of Captain Titus Salter, was born in 1748 +and died in 1831.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> Deacon Bowles was clerk of the Brick Market +in Portsmouth from 1801 to the time of his death, November 3, +1802. There is a minimum of information available from church +and city records in the community, but it is believed that he was +a member of one of the offshoots of the established Puritan Church, +and hence he would not appear in its records. He kept the lower +school in the Brick School House on State Street for a number of +years.</p> + +<p>It is believed that the Bowles family first came to Portsmouth +during the few years immediately before the beginning of the +Revolutionary War. It is known that a Thomas Bowles and a +Samuel Bowles both signed the Association Test on August 14, +1776, promising to oppose the hostile proceedings of the British +fleets and armies. Furthermore, one of the principal taxpayers in +Portsmouth in 1770 was a firm named Griffith and Bowles, which +paid £17 in taxes in 1770. The name of the Bowles who formed +part of this firm is not known, but it was either Samuel or the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +Thomas Bowles. The other partner was Nathaniel S. Griffith, a +watchmaker. It is possible that a tradition of instrument making +existed in the Bowles family even then.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> + +<p>On file in the office of the City Clerk in Portsmouth are two +certificates of marriage made out by Thomas Salter Bowles. The +first is for his marriage to Hannah Ham, a ceremony performed on +September 21, 1809, by Joseph Walton, one of the pastors of a +church dissenting from the Puritan regime. Hannah was the +daughter of William Ham, a brother of Supply Ham (1788-1862), +a noted local clockmaker. Bowles may have served an apprenticeship +in that shop before he married Hannah. Two other members +of the Ham family—George Ham and Henry H. Ham—worked as +watchmakers in Portsmouth in the same period.</p> + +<p>A search of the cemeteries has indicated that Hannah Ham +Bowles died in 1811, age 20. She is buried with her infant son in +North Cemetery.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> + +<p>Thomas Bowles's second marriage certificate in Portsmouth is +for his marriage on September 29, 1813—two years after Hannah's +death—to Abiah Emerly Bradley of Haverhill, Massachusetts.</p> + +<p>Little is known about the work of Bowles as an instrument maker +except through a few of his instruments. He is listed in the first +Portsmouth directory, of 1821, as a "mathematical instrument +maker" with a place of business on Daniel Street; his home was +given as Austin Street in Portsmouth. He did not appear in the +city's directories of 1827 and 1834. It is assumed that he may have +left Portsmouth in the interim, possibly to settle in his wife's home +town of Haverhill.</p> + +<p>Three instruments signed by Bowles have survived, and all show +signs of considerable wear. They are surveying compasses made +of walnut, having maple sighting bars and a silvered brass vernier +set under the glass. Two examples, one in the Streeter Collection +of Weights and Measures at Yale University and one owned +by this writer are almost identical in size, form, and details. The +only variation is that the Yale example (fig. 67) has a bubble level +under a brass strip set into one end, an item lacking in the other +example (fig. 68).</p> + +<p>The compass card, made from a line engraving, is identical in +each of the three examples. A floriated fleur-de-lis on the North<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +point has a compass and square at its base, and the name <span class="smcap">T. S. +BOWLES</span> is on a riband over it. Adorning the East point is an +American eagle bearing a shield with stars and stripes and clutching +arrows in one claw and a laurel twig in the other. In a ring within +the central medallion is inscribed (see fig. 68), "* <span class="smcap">T. S. BOWLES</span> * +<span class="smcap">PORTSMOUTH, N.H.</span> *"</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i138.jpg" width="320" height="147" alt="Figure 67" title="Figure 67" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 67.—Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas Salter Bowles of +Portsmouth, New Hampshire. With spirit level. Made of birch, the compass +is 13 in. long and has a diameter of 6 in. In the Streeter Collection of +Weights and Measures, Yale University.</div > + +<p>The most interesting of the three instruments was acquired by +the Dartmouth Museum as part of a collection of the late Frank C. +Churchill, an inspector in the Indian Service. The instrument (fig. +69) is a quarter circle with a compass in its center and sighting bars +mounted on a swinging arm that reads the angle of the brass +scale on the arc by means of a vernier. It is mounted on a wooden +tripod with the customary ball-and-socket joint, which permits it +to be placed on a vertical plane. A built-in plumb bob at the side +helps to establish the vertical.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p> + +<p>Interesting features of this instrument are two inscriptions engraved +on the brass strip on the top of the dial. One states that +it was "<span class="smcap">INVENTED BY P. MERRILL ESQ.</span>" and the other relates that +it was "<span class="smcap">MADE BY JOHN KENNARD NEWMARKET</span>." No information +about P. Merrill has been found, and it is presumed that it was he +who conceived the idea of combining the various elements into a +single instrument and that it was made under his direction by +Kennard.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i139.jpg" width="320" height="555" alt="Figure 68" title="Figure 68" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 68.—Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas Salter Bowles (1765/70-post +1821) of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Made of walnut, it is 12 in. +long and has a diameter of 5-3/8 in. With walnut sighting bars. In collection +of writer.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i140.jpg" width="320" height="509" alt="walnut bars" title="walnut bars" /> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i141.jpg" width="320" height="175" alt="Figure 69" title="Figure 69" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 69.—Wooden surveying instrument inscribed "Invented by P. Merrill, +Esq." and "Made by John Kennard, Newmarket." Made of walnut, 7-3/4 in. long; +in its original pine case, with cover. The compass card and dial (see opposite) +were made by Thomas Salter Bowles of Portsmouth. In Frank C. Churchill +Collection, Dartmouth College Museum, Hanover, New Hampshire.</div> + +<p>Some data on Kennard is available in a history of Newfields +(formerly Newmarket) by Reverend Fitts. John Kennard was +born in Kittery, Maine, in 1782. He learned the trade of clockmaker +in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, presumably working with +the members of the Ham family or others. On July 3, 1806, he +married Sarah Ewer. He lived for various periods in Nashua and +Concord before moving to Newfields in 1812. He lived in the +Palmer house (which was burned in September 1899), and he kept +a store in the little community and also served as its postmaster +from 1822 to 1824. The post office was the only public office in +the town until the cotton mills were built on the Lamprey River +in 1823. Kennard later built and occupied the Kennard house on +Piscassic Street, which was subsequently owned by Jeremiah Towle +and has since been burned. In December 1830 he established an +iron foundry together with Temple Paul and the Drake family, +but in 1834 he sold his interest to Amos Paul and others. He was +the father of six children and he died in 1861. During his lifetime +he had specialized in making tall case and banjo clocks.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="The_New_Era" id="The_New_Era"></a><i>The New Era</i></h2> + + +<p>The beginning of the 19th century saw increased trading and +shipping resulting from the economic development of the new +republic, and the westward surge brought increased preoccupation +with the settlement of communities and the development of land +areas. As a consequence, the demand for instruments likewise +increased.</p> + +<p>Whereas during the 18th century and until some time after the +end of the Revolutionary War probably not more than a dozen +instrument makers and dealers are known to have emigrated from +England or elsewhere to make their homes and careers in the +American Colonies, the beginning of the 19th century saw substantial +numbers of English and French instrument makers and +dealers immigrate to the United States, to establish shops in the +major centers of trade.</p> + +<p>And whereas the names of scarcely a hundred mathematical-instrument +makers who worked in the American Colonies during +the 18th century are known today, the names of hundreds of +similar 19th-century craftsmen and dealers are to be found.</p> + +<p>As Derek Price<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> has so cogently stated: "For scientific instrument +makers, one need only examine the nineteenth century city +directories of Boston, Philadelphia and New York to find hundreds +of names of craftsmen and firms. It is, to be sure, an antiquarian +research, for one does not expect to find great discoveries coming +from these people. But just as in Europe, it is a populous trade, +influential in the growth of science and highly effective in spreading +and intensifying the itch for ingenious instruments and devices. +It is by these men that the basic skills of the Industrial Revolution +were populated...." By such means did American science and +technology come of age.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="The_National_Collection" id="The_National_Collection"></a><i>The National Collection</i></h2> + +<p class="center"><i>Early American Scientific Instruments and Related Materials<br /> +in the United States National Museum,<br /> +Listed by Makers and Users</i></p> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Adams, George</span>; Fleet Street, London. +(See Ellicott, Andrew; Surveying Instrument.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bardin</span>, W. & T. M.; 16 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London. +(See Priestley, Joseph: Globes.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bennet</span>, N. (fl. 1777); Middleboro, Mass., or Middleboro, Pa. +<i>Alidade</i>, plane table, scale 7-7/8 in. radius, compass 5-3/8 in. long. +Brass scale and sights with compass in wooden box. Instrument +inscribed "N. Bennet—Middlebor 1777." Although the name of +this instrument maker does not appear on list of English or American +makers, it is believed that he was American. USNM 319076.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ellicott, Andrew</span> (1754-1820); Baltimore, Md. +<i>Instrument Box</i> for astronomical instruments. Made of rosewood, +with a hinged top, green felt underlining, brass lock, size 3 in. by +3 in. by 11 in. Owned and used by Andrew Ellicott for storage +and transportation of small astronomical equipment.</p> + +<p>Gift of John E. Reynolds, Ellicott's great-grandson, of Meadville, +Pa., in 1932. USNM 310418.</p> + +<p><i>Journal</i> and <i>Astronomical Notebook</i>, manuscript written by Andrew +Ellicott while locating the U.S. boundary line between the United +States and the Spanish territory of Florida, 1797-1801. Contains +day-by-day entries of experiences, field notes, and calculations +made by Ellicott. The major part of the manuscript was published +in <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i>.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> Bound volume with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132-134]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a></span> +brown leather covers, end opening, marked "And. Ellicott," 6-1/2 in. +by 8 in. by 2 in. First page has signature "Andrew Ellicott 1788."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i144.jpg" width="640" height="274" alt="Figure 70" title="Figure 70" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 70.—Pages from manuscript "Journal and Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417) written by Andrew Ellicott while +locating the boundary between the United States and the Spanish territory of Florida. These pages relate to the observations +made in 1799 at the cord of the guide line on Mobile River for determining the latitude.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i145.jpg" width="640" height="340" alt="Figure 71" title="Figure 71" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 71.—Folding plate from Andrew Ellicott's "Journal and Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417), relating the results +of observations made in February 1800 with the large and small sectors for determining Ellicott's position on St. Mary's River.</div> + +<p>Formerly the property of Ellicott's eldest daughter, Jane Judith +Ellicott, from whom it passed to her youngest son, William Reynolds. +It was inherited by the latter's son, John Reynolds of Meadville, +Pa., who presented it as a gift to the U.S. National Museum +in 1932. USNM 310417. <span class="smcap" >Figures</span> 70, 71.</p> + +<p><i>Pocket Slate</i> 7-1/4 in. long and 4 in. wide, with wooden frame 7-1/4 in. +long and 4 in. wide. Slate 5-3/4 in. long and 2-1/2 in. wide. Part of +field equipment used by Ellicott.</p> + +<p>Gift of Charles Ellicott of Dansville, N.Y., in 1960. USNM +318292.</p> + +<p><i>Quadrant</i> of brass made and used by Ellicott. Quadrant has a +radius of 12 in., is on a stand 17 in. high, and has the original lenses. +Simple construction with easy adjustment, accomplished by means +of two plumb lines. A tangent screw for slow motions was designed +and added in 1885 by Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Ellicott's grandson. +Instrument was made by Ellicott about 1790 and was used in running +the southern boundary of the United States in 1796 and 1800, +and on other surveys.</p> + +<p>Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. +USNM 152081. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 72.</p> + +<p><i>Surveying Instrument</i>, with brass disk 10-1/2 in. in diameter laid off +in degrees, minutes, and seconds with vernier points. Two telescopes, +one fixed and the other revolving. The instrument is +mounted on a tripod or Jacob's staff by means of a socket on the +underside. Complete with original painted pine case. The name +of the maker, "G. Adams London," is engraved on the dial.</p> + +<p>George Adams (1704-1773) was mathematical instrument +maker to King George III. After serving an apprenticeship from +1718, he made instruments for the East India Company in 1735 +and 1736, and established a shop at "Tycho Brahe's Head" at the +corner of Raquet Court, Fleet Street. He specialized in terrestrial +and celestial globes and microscopes. Following his death he was +succeeded in business by his son George Adams the Younger +(1750-1795), who also served as mathematical-instrument maker +to the king.</p> + +<p>This instrument is believed by the donor to have been used by +either Andrew Ellicott or by his son-in-law David Bates Douglass.</p> + +<p>Gift of Charles B. Curtis of Litchfield, Conn., in 1945. USNM +312932.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i147.jpg" width="320" height="426" alt="Figure 72" title="Figure 72" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 72.—Brass quadrant made by Andrew Ellicott about 1790 and used for +running the southern boundary of the United States about 1796 and 1800, +and on later surveys. USNM 152081.</div> + +<p><i>Telescope</i>, consisting of a brass tube 3-1/2 in. long with an aperture +of 2-3/4 in.; on its original brass tripod, with a serviceable altazimuth +mounting. Late 18th century. Made by "W. & S. Jones/135 +Holborn/London."</p> + +<p>The firm of "W. & S. Jones" was a partnership of two brothers, +Samuel and William Jones, opticians, who worked at 30 Lower +Holborn and at 135 Holborn in London, from 1793. They bought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +the copyright to the books of George Adams, and subsequently +largely carried on the original business of the Adams instrument +makers.</p> + +<p>In <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> its author describes this instrument +as the first of "Two Acromatic Telescopes for Taking +signals, with sliding tubes, one of them drew out to upwards +of 4 feet, and the other to about 15 inches, the latter for its length +is remarkably good, it shows the satellites of Jupiter very +distinctly."</p> + +<p>Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1899. +USNM 152082. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 73.</p> + +<p><i>Telescope</i>, draw type, made of brass with acromatic lens, length 11 +in. Incomplete, and maker not known. The second of the instruments +described in <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> as an acromatic +telescope. Used for taking signals, with sliding tubes, which +draw out to about 15 in. It was considered to be remarkably +good for its length, and showed the satellites of Jupiter very +distinctly.</p> + +<p>Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. +USNM 152085.</p> + +<p><i>Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument</i>, made entirely of brass, +with original lens now broken. The instrument is described by +Ellicott in the following extract from <i>The Journal of Andrew +Ellicott</i>:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Preparatory to beginning the ten mile square [of Washington] a Meridian was +traced at Jones' Point on the West of the Potomac. From this Meridian an +angle of 45 degrees was laid off North Westerly and a straight line continued +in that direction ten miles.... From the termination of this second line a +third making a right angle with it was carried South-Easterly ten miles: +and from the beginning on Jones' Point a fourth was carried ten miles to the +termination of the third. These lines were measured with a chain which +was examined and corrected daily, and plumbed whenever the ground was +uneven, and traced with a transit and equal altitude instrument which I constructed +and executed in 1789 and used in running the Western boundary of +the State of New York. This instrument was similar to that described by +Le Monnier in his preface to the French "Histoire Celeste." ... All the +lines in this city in which I have been concerned were traced with the same +instrument which I used on the lines of the ten mile square but as the Northern +part was not finished when I left that place, I cannot pretend to say what +method has since been pursued.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. +USNM 152080. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 10.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i149.jpg" width="320" height="221" alt="Figure 73" title="Figure 73" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 73.—Telescope used by Andrew Ellicott for his survey of the boundary +between the United States and the Spanish territory of Florida. The instrument +is signed "W. & S. Jones, 135 Holborn, London." USNM 152082.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ellis, Orange Warner</span> (18th century). +<i>Theodolite</i>, about 1780, brass; horizontal circle 5 in., vertical circle +5 in., telescope 7-1/2 in., compass 3 in.; spirit level set into compass +card; spirit level attached to telescope; fixed vertical circle; unsigned. +Used by Orange Warner Ellis about 1780 in the surveying +of the boundary between the United States and Canada, the area +which is now Vermont.</p> + +<p>Acquired from Miss Mary N. Ellis of Chicago, Ill., in 1929. +USNM 309596. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 74.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Frye, Joseph</span> (fl. 1762-1783), Fryeburg, Maine. +<i>Manuscript Booklet</i> of "Tables Useful in Surveying Land, made and +presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November +18, A. D. 1783." Size 6-1/4 in. by 3-7/8 in., 16 pages, paper covers, +marked "Fryeburg Joseph Frye AD MDCCLXXXIII."</p> + +<p>Loan from Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey, in 1957. +USNM 315062. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 45.</p> + +<p>(See Greenough, Thomas, for surveying compass used by Joseph +Frye.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i150.jpg" width="320" height="326" alt="Figure 74" title="Figure 74" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 74.—Theodolite used by Orange Warner Ellis about 1780 for surveying +boundary between the United States and Canada in the area which is now +Vermont. USNM 309596.</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greenough, Thomas</span> (1710-1785), Boston, Mass. +<i>Surveying Compass</i>, made of hickory with engraved paper compass +card. Over-all length 11 ft.; dial 5-1/2 in. in diameter. Central +medallion on card depicts man along shoreline using a Davis +quadrant with a schooner offshore, with touches of red. Inscribed +in gilt in band around central medallion: "Made and Sold by +<span class="smcap">THOMAS GREENOUGH</span>, Boston, New Eng." Used by Joseph Frye +in 1762 for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, +Maine. Loan from Laurits C. Eichner, Clifton, N.J., in 1957. +USNM 315001. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 44. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + +<p>(See also, Frye, Joseph, manuscript booklet of "Tables Useful +for Surveying Land ... ")</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hagger, William Guyse</span>, (C. 1748?-1830?), Newport, R.I. +<i>Backstaff</i>, or <i>Davis Quadrant</i>, about 1760-1770, made of dark wood +with scales and sights of boxwood, 25 in. long, 14 in. wide at large +arc and 5 in. wide at small arc. Inscribed as follows: "W<sup>m</sup> G. +Hagger Newp<sup>t</sup> R. Island/For M<sup>r</sup>——." The name of the original +owner has been blocked out by the insertion of a piece of ivory. +This quadrant was acquired from Mrs. Carola Paine of Bethel, +Conn., in 1961. USNM 319029. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 59.</p> + +<p>Davis quadrants signed by Hagger are in the Comstock Memorial +Collection of the Rhode Island Historical Society (dated +1776); in the Shepley Library in Providence, R.I. (dated 1768); +and in the Peabody Museum at Salem, Mass. (dated 1775).</p> + +<p>Also in the U.S. National Museum is an unsigned quadrant +(USNM 178975) that is almost identical in detail to the one signed +by Hagger. It is the gift of A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. +Another almost identical instrument, in the collection of the Franklin +Institute, is signed "C. Elliott, New London, 1764"; it differs +from the other two only in that a lens is combined in the middle +sight.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Holbecher, John</span>, (fl. 1738). +<i>Backstaff</i>, or <i>Davis Quadrant</i>, of dark wood with boxwood scales and +vanes. Length 25-1/2 in.; large arc 15 in. Inscribed "Made by +John Holbecher/ For Capt. Joseph Swan—1738."</p> + +<p>Holbecher is not listed as an English or American instrument +maker, but it is believed that the instrument is American.</p> + +<p>Acquired from Bern C. Ritchie & Co., Chicago, Ill., in 1960. +USNM 318439.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Johnson, John</span>, Surveyor, 1818. +(See Rittenhouse & Evans, surveying compass.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jones, W. & S.</span>, 135 Holborn, London. +(See Ellicott, Andrew, telescope.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pierce, Abner</span>, (c. 1790). +<i>Surveying Compass</i> with Jacob's staff. Made of brass; 12 in. long; +5 in. in diameter; with needle lift. Jacob's staff 4 ft. high and with +wood shaft about 1-1/2 in.; brass head. Unsigned. Used about +1790 by Abner Pierce, who built Pierce's Mill in Rock Creek, +District of Columbia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> + +<p>Gift of Mrs. Francis D. Shoemaker of Washington, D.C., in +1930. USNM 309826.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Priestley, Joseph</span> (1733-1804), Northumberland, Pa.</p> + +<p><i>Chemical Apparatus</i> that formed part of the laboratory of Joseph +Priestley at his home. It includes the following specimens: +3 chemical retorts, 6 bell jars, 1 gas collecting flask, 6 flasks, +4 funnels, 23 miscellaneous metal and glass objects, and 1 eudiometer. +A special exhibition of some of this chemical apparatus +was held in the U.S. National Museum in 1958 (see fig. 69).</p> + +<p> +Gift of Miss Frances D. Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in +1958. USNM 315341-315358. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 75.<br /> +</p> + +<p><i>Globes</i>, one terrestrial (fig. 76) and one celestial (fig. 77), that formed +part of the equipment used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. The terrestrial +globe, of 26 in. diameter, has a Sheraton mahogany tripod stand +and is inscribed—</p> + +<blockquote><p>To the Rt. Honorable/Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B./President of the Royal +Society/containing all the latest Discoveries and Communications from +the most/correct surveys to the year 1798/by Capt. Cook and more recent +Navigators. Engraved upon an accurate degree by Mr. Arrowsmith,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 141-142]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a></span> +Geographer/Respectfully Dedicated/by his most obedient servant/W. & +T. M. Bardin/Manufactured and Sold Wholesale and Retail by W. & T. M. +Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet Street, London.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i152.jpg" width="640" height="446" alt="Figure 75" title="Figure 75" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 75.—Special exhibition of chemical laboratory apparatus used by +Dr. Joseph Priestley. USNM 315341-351358.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i153.jpg" width="320" height="521" alt="Figure 76" title="Figure 76" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 76.—Terrestrial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin of London and used +by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 26 in. USNM 53253.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i155.jpg" width="320" height="551" alt="Figure 77" title="Figure 77" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 77.—Celestial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin of London and used by +Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 23 in. USNM 53254.</div> + + +<p>The celestial globe, also with a Sheraton mahogany tripod +stand, has a diameter of 23 in. and is inscribed—</p> + +<blockquote><p>To the Rev./Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S./Astronomer Royal/This +New British Celestial Globe/containing the positions of nearly 6,000 stars, +clusters, nebulae, Planetary Nebulae/& correctly computed & laid down +for the year 1800 from the latest observations and discoveries by Dr. Maskelyne, +Dr. Herschel, the Rev. Mr. Wollaston, etc., etc./Is respectfully dedicated +by his most obedient hmbl Servants W. & T. M. Bardin, Manufactured and +sold Wholesale & Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet +Street, London.</p></blockquote> + +<p> +Gifts of Mrs. Eliza R. Lyon of Williamsport, Pa., in 1893. +USNM 53253, 53254. <span class="smcap">Figures</span> 76, 77.<br /> +</p> + +<p><i>Orrery</i>, mounted on three legs 31 in. high, round top 22-1/2 in. in +diameter. The planets shown are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, +Jupiter, and Saturn. The base is not original. Maker not known; +English, 18th century.</p> + +<p> +Gift of Miss Frances Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. +USNM 315353. <span class="smcap">Figures</span> 76, 77.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rittenhouse, Benjamin</span> (1740-c. 1820).</p> + +<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, about 1796, of brass, 13-1/2 in. long over-all and +6-1/2 in. diameter. Supported on a tripod by means of a ball-and-socket +joint and screw-tightening device. The name "A. Ellicott" +is inscribed on one arm outside the bezel of the dial, and the name +"B. Rittenhouse" is inscribed on the other arm. The number "10" +is marked on the reverse of this instrument, which is listed in the +<i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> as Item 9: "A Surveying Compass made +by Mr. Benjamin Rittenhouse upon the newest and most approved +plans."</p> + +<p> +Gift of Henry B. Douglass of Newton, N.J., in 1934. USNM +310815. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 78.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rittenhouse, David</span> (1732-1796), Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, brass, over-all length 14 in., diameter 6-1/2 in., +silvered dial marked with eight-pointed star indicating the cardinal +and intermediate points, glazed. Inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia." +Fitted with a ball-and-socket joint for mounting on a +tripod, and complete with wooden field case.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i156.jpg" width="320" height="180" alt="Figure 78" title="Figure 78" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 78.—Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin Rittenhouse for Andrew +Ellicott and inscribed with both names. The instrument is described in Journal +of Andrew Ellicott (Philadelphia, 1803). USNM 310815.</div> + +<p>Stated to have been used by General Washington for laying out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 143-144]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a></span> +the estate of Mount Vernon, according to family manuscripts. It +was made by David Rittenhouse and presented by him to General +Washington, who subsequently gave it to Capt. Samuel Duvall.</p> + +<p>A manuscript consisting of 14 letters relating to the surveying +compass is filed in the U.S. National Museum (USNM 92542). +The letters were written in 1851 and 1852 by George Washington +Parke Custis, Anthony Kimmel, and other Washington descendants.</p> + +<p>Gift of Anthony Kimmel to the U.S. Government, and transferred +to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92538. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 79.</p> + +<p><i>Zenith Sector</i> for measuring the angle between a star at its zenith +and the vertical. Made of brass, with focal length of 6 ft. and an +aperture of 2-1/2 in. The original lens was made in London about +1780. The instrument was made in the old pattern with brass +tube and mountings and a wooden supporting post. The tube is +suspended by trunnions at the top and swings against a graduated +arc extending north and south for measuring zenith distances in +the meridian. It is adjusted in the vertical by a plumb line whose +errors are eliminated by reversing the whole mounting about the +supporting post. Constructed principally by David Rittenhouse, +with some modifications by Andrew Ellicott.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i157.jpg" width="320" height="167" alt="Figure 79" title="Figure 79" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 79.—Surveying compass made by David Rittenhouse for Gen. George +Washington, inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia." This instrument was +used by Washington in making a complete survey of his estate at Mount +Vernon, 1796-1799. The survey was assisted by Capt. Samuel Duval, surveyor +of Frederick County, Maryland. Washington gave the instrument to Captain +Duval, from whom it descended to the Hon. Anthony Kimmel, who donated +it to the U.S. National Museum. USNM 92538.</div> + +<p>In the <i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> its author referred to this +sector as follows:</p> + +<blockquote><p>The boundary line to the North of Pennsylvania was fixed by Dr. Rittenhouse +and Captain Holland in the year 1774 and completed in 1786 and 1787. +We commenced operations by running a guide line west from the point mentioned +on the Delaware 20-1/4 miles and there corrected by the following +Zenith distances taken at its West termination by a most excellent sector constructed +and executed by Dr. Rittenhouse.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The zenith sector is again mentioned in the appendix of the +<i>Journal</i>: "One Zenith Sector of nearly six feet radius similar to +the one made by Mr. [George] Graham for Dr. Bradley and Mr. +Molyneux, with which the aberrations of the stars and mutation +of the earth's axis were discovered, and the quantities determined."</p> + +<p>Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM +152078. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 11.</p> + +<p><i>Zenith Sector</i>, made of brass, original lens broken. Constructed +by David Rittenhouse with some additions made by Andrew +Ellicott. In The <i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> the instrument is +described as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +Zenith Sector of 19 inches radius to be used when the utmost accuracy +was not necessary, and where the transportation of the large one could not +be effected without great expense and difficulty. These instruments were +principally executed by my late worthy and ingenious friend, Mr. Rittenhouse, +except some additions which I have made myself. The plumb lines of both +Sectors are suspended from a notch above the axis of the instruments in the +manner described by the Rev. Dr. Maskelyne, the present Astronomer +Royal at Greenwich, in the introduction to the first volume of his Astronomical +Observations. A particular description of those instruments is rendered +unnecessary by being accurately done in a number of scientific works, particularly +by M. de Maupertius in his account of the measurement of a degree +of the meridian under the Arctic Circle—The Sector is of all instruments +the best calculated for measuring zenith distances which come within its arc. +The large one above mentioned [large Zenith Sector] extends to 5 degrees +North, and South of the Zenith. Stars when so near the Zenith are insensibly +affected by the different refractive powers of the Atmosphere arising from +its different degrees of density. Add to this that the error of the visual axis +is completely corrected by taking the Zenith distances of the stars with the +plane, or face of the instrument both East and West. USNM 152079. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 80.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rittenhouse & Evans</span>, Philadelphia, Pa., 18th century.</p> + +<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, about 1780, made of brass, overall length +13-3/4 in., diameter of dial 5-1/4 in., silvered bubble level, vernier on +alidade. The glazed dial, engraved "Rittenhouse & Evans," is +fitted with a brass cover.</p> + +<p>This instrument was made during a brief partnership between +David Rittenhouse and David Evans, a clock- and watchmaker of +Philadelphia and Baltimore. It was one of several owned and +used by John Johnson in 1818 for surveying the boundaries +between Canada and Maine.</p> + +<p>The survey, made in compliance with the Treaty of Ghent, is +described in <i>The Collections of the Maine Historical Society</i> (Portland: +Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, 1881, vol. 8, p. 20):</p> + +<blockquote><p>Thomas Barclay, of whom we have heard more than once before, as a +Commissioner under the treaty, on the part of Great Britain, and Cornelius P. +Van Ness, on the part of the United States, were appointed Commissioners to +ascertain and run the line. An actual survey was arranged, and surveyors +appointed, to wit: Charles Turner, Jr., on the part of the United States, and +Colin Campbell on the part of Great Britain. About twenty miles of the +line was surveyed, then the work was discontinued, never to be resumed; but +an exploring survey was commenced by Colonel Bouchette, on the part of +Great Britain, and John Johnson, on the part of the United States. These +gentlemen made an exploring line in 1817, extending ninety-nine miles from +the monument at the head of the river St. Croix, and made separate reports of +their doings. In 1818 Mr. Johnson, with Mr. Odell, who had taken the place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147-148]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a></span> +of Col. Bouchette, finished running the exploring line to the Beaver or Metis +River....</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i159.jpg" width="320" height="711" alt="Figure 80" title="Figure 80" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 80.—Zenith sector, with a radius of 19 in., constructed by David Rittenhouse +for Andrew Ellicott. USNM 152079.</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i160.jpg" width="320" height="196" alt="Figure 81" title="Figure 81" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 81.—Brass surveying compass marked "Rittenhouse & Evans," about +1780. Over-all length, 13-3/4 in.; diameter of dial, 5-1/4 in. This instrument, +made about 1780, was owned and used by John Johnson in 1818 for surveying +the boundaries between Canada and Maine. USNM 309543.</div> + +<p>Gift of John Johnson Allen of Burlington, Vt., in 1927. USNM +309543. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 81.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thompson</span>, Captain <span class="smcap">Samuel Rowland</span> (18th century); Lewes, Del. +<i>Octant</i> made of dark wood and with lignum vitae; brass fittings. +This harbormaster's instrument, used by Captain Thompson during +the second half of the 18th century, is without numerical designations +on the arc. The eighth part of a circle is connected to an apex +by two side pieces with a swinging arm hinged at the apex, with a +blade at its end that moves along a checkered scale on the arc.</p> + +<p>Gift of George Andrews Thompson of Baltimore, Md., in 1926. +USNM 308473.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Voight, Henry</span> (1738-1814), Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p><i>Equal Altitude Telescope</i> of brass, 17 in. long, on wooden tripod +about 46 in. high. Objective lens is missing. Signed "Henry +Voigt." Made about 1790 and used for determining meridian +lines and time observation of the sun's noon transit. This form of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +instrument was originally invented about 1716 by Roger Cotes, +professor of astronomy at Cambridge, as a simple instrument for +the determination of time.</p> + +<p>Deposited in the U.S. National Museum by the Smithsonian +Institution in 1939. USNM 311772. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 31.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Washington, General George</span> (1732-1799), Mount Vernon, Va.</p> + +<p><i>Compass Sundial</i> described by the donor as having been presented +to Gen. George Washington by General Braddock on the retreat +through Paris Gap, Fairfax County, Va. Gift of Samuel Keese +in 1902. USNM 9842.</p> + +<p><i>Field Glass</i>, brass tube in three sections, length closed 9 in., opened +22-1/2 in. Diameter of object lens 1-3/4 in., of ocular lens 1-1/8 in. With +original case of russet leather, which is 9-1/2 in. long and 2-1/2 in. in +diameter. Maker not known. Stated to have been used by +Washington during the Revolutionary War at the campaign of +Valley Forge.</p> + +<p>According to related correspondence, when not in use the +instrument was carried by the General's body servant, Billy Lee. +The General presented the field glass to Major Lawrence Lewis, +his favorite nephew, in 1799, the last year of his life.</p> + +<p>Purchased by the U.S. Government from the Lewis heirs in 1878 +and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM +92424, 92425. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 82.</p> + +<p><i>Spyglass or Telescope</i>, made of wood, 9-sided, wrapped throughout +with twine, 62 in. long. Brass mountings for object and ocular +lenses made by "Cole, Fleet Street, London." Diameter of object +lens 2-3/4 in., diameter of ocular lens 1 in.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i161.jpg" width="320" height="89" alt="Figure 82" title="Figure 82" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 82.—Brass field glass in case of russet leather, stated to have been used +by General George Washington at Valley Forge. USNM 92424, 92425.</div> + +<p>The maker, Benjamin Cole (1725-1813), was the third generation +of instrument makers of the same name. Other instruments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +by this maker are in the National Maritime Museum and the +Whipple Museum, Cambridge.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i162.jpg" width="320" height="41" alt="Figure 83" title="Figure 83" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 83.—Telescope, 62 in. long, made of wood wrapped with twine. It was +made by Benjamin Cole of London and was owned and used by Gen. George +Washington at Mount Vernon. USNM 92423.</div> + +<p>This telescope, used by General Washington at Mount Vernon, +"was kept behind the hall door and his favorite amusement was to +look out over the river with it." According to Mrs. Lewis, the +General used it to observe life on the river and especially to discover +guests approaching Mount Vernon, as many of their visitors +arrived by boat. Benjamin Latrobe, the architect, on a visit to +Mount Vernon made an amusing sketch of his host looking +anxiously up the stream for some belated dinner guests.</p> + +<p>Part of the collection purchased from the Lewis heirs in 1878 by +the U.S. Government and transferred to the U.S. National Museum +in 1883. USNM 92423. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 83.</p> + +<p><i>Survey of Land</i>, drawn and documented by George Washington +on April 2, 1751 for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va. +Paper, 12 in. wide by 7-3/4 in. high.</p> + +<p>This survey was made by Washington when he was 19 years of +age, and it is believed to be the only such document relating to +his earliest period as a surveyor. Washington was licensed as a +surveyor by the President and Masters of William and Mary +College in 1749. On July 20th of the same year he was appointed +surveyor in Culpepper County, Va., by Governor Dinwiddie.</p> + +<p>Acquired in 1961. USNM 238367. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 84.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">White, Peregrine</span> (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.</p> + +<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, about 1790, made of brass, complete with +original case, tripod, and gunter's chain. The instrument measures +12-1/4 in. overall. The dial, with a diameter of 5-5/8 in. and a pewter +vernier ring, is inscribed "<span class="smcap">PEREGRINE WHITE</span>/Woodstock." Tripod +is 57-1/2 in. long and has walnut legs and a brass universal socket +joint. Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood.</p> + +<p>USNM 388993. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 23.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i163.jpg" width="640" height="405" alt="Figure 84" title="Figure 84" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 84.—Survey of land drawn and documented by George Washington for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va., in +1751. Size: 12 in. wide, 7-3/4 in. high. USNM 238367.</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Whitney, Thomas</span> (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia, Pa.</p> + +<p><i>Pocket Compass</i> of brass encased in brassbound mahogany box with +separate carrying case. Paper dial is inscribed "T. Whitney/ +Phil<sup>a</sup>." Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and Clark +Expedition to the Pacific Coast in 1803-1806. USNM 38366. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 85.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"> +<img class="p2" src="images/i164.jpg" width="320" height="357" alt="Figure 85" title="Figure 85" /> +</div> +<div class="caption">Figure 85.—Pocket compass made and signed by Thomas Whitney of Philadelphia. +With original carrying case. Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and +Clark expedition to the Pacific Coast, 1803-1806. USNM 38366.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Appendix" id="Appendix"></a>Appendix</h2> + +<h3>SURVIVING WOODEN SURVEYING COMPASSES</h3> + +<p class="center">(Asterisk denotes information unavailable)</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="compasses"> + +<tr><td align="left"><i>Collection</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Type of wood</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Length (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Width (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Height of bars (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Length of needle (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Maker and period</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">Preston R. Bassett </td><td align="left">Maple </td><td align="left">9 </td><td align="left">5 </td><td align="left">3-1/4 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bucks County Historical Society </td><td align="left">Cherry </td><td align="left">11 </td><td align="left">5-1/2 </td><td align="left">6-5/8 </td><td align="left">2-3/8 </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bostonian Society </td><td align="left">Apple or walnut </td><td align="left">13-7/8 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">4-3/4 </td><td align="left">John Dupee of Boston (after 1761)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dartmouth College Museum </td><td align="left">Walnut </td><td align="left">7-3/4 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles of Portsmouth, N.H. (c. 1765-1821)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">12 </td><td align="left">8 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">8-3/8 </td><td align="left">4-5/8 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">L. C. Eichner (U.S. National Museum) </td><td align="left">Hickory </td><td align="left">11 </td><td align="left">5-1/2 </td><td align="left">3 </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Farmer's Museum </td><td align="left">Oak </td><td align="left">12-3/4 </td><td align="left">6-1/2 </td><td align="left">5 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Franklin Institute </td><td align="left">Gum </td><td align="left">13-3/4 </td><td align="left">5-3/4 </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">5 </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mariner's Museum </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Charles Thacher (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Old Sturbridge </td><td align="left">Maple </td><td align="left">13 </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Maple </td><td align="left">11-5/8 </td><td align="left">5-7/8 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Walnut </td><td align="left">18 </td><td align="left">8 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Aaron Breed of Boston (1791-1861)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New Hampshire Historical Society </td><td align="left">Maple </td><td align="left">11 </td><td align="left">5-3/4 </td><td align="left">2-1/2 </td><td align="left">4-5/8 </td><td align="left">Joseph Halsy of Boston (fl. 1697-1762)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N. Parker<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> </td><td align="left">Walnut </td><td align="left">13-1/2 </td><td align="left">4-7/8 </td><td align="left">5 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">John Dupee of Boston (after 1761)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peabody Museum </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">11 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">3 </td><td align="left">James Halsy II of Boston (1695-1767)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Worth Shampeny </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin of Hanover, N.H. (c. 1777-1829)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">South Natick Historical Society </td><td align="left">Apple or walnut </td><td align="left">13-16 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">4-7/8 </td><td align="left">John Dupee of Boston (after 1761)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Streeter Coll., Yale University </td><td align="left">Birch </td><td align="left">13 </td><td align="left">6 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles of Portsmouth, N.H. (c.1765-1821)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Cherry </td><td align="left">11-5/6 </td><td align="left">6 </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Jere Clough of Boston (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Cherry </td><td align="left">12 </td><td align="left">6 </td><td align="left">3-1/2 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Benjamin Warren of Plymouth, Mass. (fl. 1740-1790)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Roleigh L. Stubbs </td><td align="left">Cherry </td><td align="left">7-1/2 </td><td align="left">3-3/4 </td><td align="left">3 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Silvio A. Bedini </td><td align="left">Walnut </td><td align="left">12 </td><td align="left">5-3/8 </td><td align="left">5 </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles of Portsmouth, N.H. (c. 1765-1821)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Pine </td><td align="left">5-3/4 </td><td align="left">3-1/2 </td><td align="left">2-1/2 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Mahogany </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Basswood </td><td align="left">12 </td><td align="left">5-3/4 </td><td align="left">2-3/4 </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Birch </td><td align="left">18 </td><td align="left">7-1/2 </td><td align="left">7-1/2 </td><td align="left">6 </td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter of Boston (1769-1842)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Mahogany </td><td align="left">13 </td><td align="left">7-1/4 </td><td align="left">4-1/4 </td><td align="left">6 </td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter of Boston (1769-1842)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Yellow birch </td><td align="left">8-1/4 </td><td align="left">4 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">4-1/4 </td><td align="left">Benjamin K. Hagger of Boston and Baltimore (c. 1769-1834)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Cherry </td><td align="left">14 </td><td align="left">5-1/2 </td><td align="left">6-3/8 </td><td align="left">4-3/4 </td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington of Windham, Conn. and Walpole, N.H. (1763-1804)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Yale Gallery of Fine Art </td><td align="left">Mahogany </td><td align="left">11-1/2 </td><td align="left">5 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Andrew Newell of Boston (1749-c. 1798)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"></td></tr> + +</table></div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND +INSTRUMENT MAKERS</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>Alphabetical List</i></p> + + +<p class="center">(Asterisk denotes information unavailable.)</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="makers"> +<tr><td align="left"><i> Name</i> </td><td align="left"><i> Period</i> </td><td align="left"><i> Place</i> </td><td align="left"><i> Types of instruments</i> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bailey, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1778 </td><td align="left">Fishkill, N. Y. </td><td align="left">Surveying; surgical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bailey, John, II </td><td align="left">1752-1823 </td><td align="left">Hanover and Lynn, Mass. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Baily, Joel (practitioner) </td><td align="left">1732-1797 </td><td align="left">West Bradford, Pa. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Baldwin, Jedidiah </td><td align="left">c. 1777-1829 </td><td align="left">Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass.; Hanover, N. H. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Banneker, Benjamin (practitioner) </td><td align="left">c. 1734-1806 </td><td align="left">Baltimore </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Benson, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1793-1797 </td><td align="left">* </td><td align="left">Optical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Biddle, Owen (practitioner) </td><td align="left">1737-1799 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Biggs, Thomas </td><td align="left">fl. 1792-1795 </td><td align="left">New York and Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Blakslee, Ziba </td><td align="left">1768-1834 </td><td align="left">Newtown, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Blundy, Charles </td><td align="left">fl. 1753 </td><td align="left">Charleston, S. C. </td><td align="left">Thermometric; watches </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bowles, Thomas S. </td><td align="left">c. 1765-1821 </td><td align="left">Portsmouth, N. H. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Breed, Aaron </td><td align="left">1791-1861 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brokaw, Isaac </td><td align="left">fl. 1771 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">* </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bulmain & Dennies </td><td align="left">fl. 1799 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Burges, Bartholomew </td><td align="left">fl. 1789 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Scientific </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Burnap, Daniel </td><td align="left">1759-1838 </td><td align="left">East Windsor and Coventry, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caritat, H. </td><td align="left">fl. 1799 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Astronomical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr. </td><td align="left">1723-1791 </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandlee & Bros. </td><td align="left">fl. 1790-1791 </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md. </td><td align="left">Clocks; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Ellis </td><td align="left">1755-1816 </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Ellis & Bros. </td><td align="left">fl. 1791-1797 </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md. </td><td align="left">Clocks; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Goldsmith </td><td align="left">c. 1751-1821 </td><td align="left">Winchester, Va. </td><td align="left">Surveying; astronomical; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Isaac </td><td align="left">1760-1813 </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clark, Robert </td><td align="left">fl. 1785 </td><td align="left">Charleston, S.C. </td><td align="left">Nautical; surveying optical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Clough, Jere </td><td align="left">18th century </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Condy, Benjamin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> </td><td align="left">fl. 1756-1798, d. 1798 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical; sand glasses </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Crow, George </td><td align="left">c. 1726-1772 </td><td align="left">Wilmington, Del. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dabney, John, Jr. </td><td align="left">fl. 1739 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dakin, Jonathan </td><td align="left">fl. 1745 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical; balances </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Davenport, William </td><td align="left">1778-1829 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dean, William </td><td align="left">(?-1797) </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Devacht, Joseph and Francois </td><td align="left">fl. 1792 </td><td align="left">Gallipolis, Ohio </td><td align="left">Watches; compasses; sundials </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Donegan (or Denegan), John </td><td align="left">fl. 1787 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Glass; philosophical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Donegany, John (see Donegan) </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Doolittle, Enos clocks </td><td align="left">1751-1806 </td><td align="left">Hartford, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical; </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Doolittle, Isaac </td><td align="left">1721-1800 </td><td align="left">New Haven, Conn. </td><td align="left">Clocks; scientific </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Doolittle, Isaac, Jr. </td><td align="left">1759-1821 </td><td align="left">New Haven, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Dupee, John </td><td align="left">fl. after 1761 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ellicott, Andrew (also practitioner) </td><td align="left">1754-1820 </td><td align="left">Baltimore </td><td align="left">Surveying; astronomical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Emery, Samuel </td><td align="left">1787-1882 </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass. </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Evans, George </td><td align="left">fl. 1796; d. 1798 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fairman, Gideon (See Hooker and Fairman) </td><td align="left">1774-1827 </td><td align="left">Newburyport, Mass. </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fisher, Martin </td><td align="left">fl. 1790 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Glass </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Folger, Peter (practitioner?) </td><td align="left">1617-1690 </td><td align="left">Nantucket </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Folger, Walter, Jr. surveying </td><td align="left">1765-1849 </td><td align="left">Nantucket </td><td align="left">Astronomical; Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ford, George </td><td align="left">fl. late 18th century to 1842 </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa. </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ford, George, II </td><td align="left">fl. 1842 </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa. </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fosbrook, W. </td><td align="left">fl. 1786 or earlier </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Surgical; dental </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gatty, Joseph </td><td align="left">fl. 1794 </td><td align="left">New York and Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Glass; philosophical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gilman, Benjamin C. </td><td align="left">1763-1835 </td><td align="left">Exeter, N.H. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gilmur, Bryan </td><td align="left">fl. end of 18th century </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Godfrey, Thomas </td><td align="left">1704-1749 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Improved reflecting backstaff </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gould, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1794 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Nautical; surgical; optical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grainger, Samuel (practitioner) </td><td align="left">fl. 1719 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Greenleaf, Stephen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> </td><td align="left">1704-1795 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Greenough, Thomas </td><td align="left">1710-1785 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying; nautical; astronomical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Greenough, William </td><td align="left">fl. 1785 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Greenwood, Isaac, Sr. (practitioner) </td><td align="left">fl. 1726 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Greenwood, Isaac, Jr. </td><td align="left">1730-1803 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grew, Theophilus (practitioner) </td><td align="left">fl. 1753 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hagger, Benjamin King </td><td align="left">c. 1769-1834 </td><td align="left">Boston and Baltimore </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hagger, William Guyse </td><td align="left">c. 1744-1830? </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I. </td><td align="left">Nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Halsie, James, I (practitioner) </td><td align="left">fl. 1674 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Halsy, James, II </td><td align="left">1695-1767 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Halsy, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1700 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Halsy, Joseph </td><td align="left">fl. 1697-1762 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ham, James </td><td align="left">fl. 1754-1764 </td><td align="left">New York and Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ham, James, Jr. </td><td align="left">fl. 1780 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hamlin, William </td><td align="left">1772-1869 </td><td align="left">Providence, R. I. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical; astronomical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hanks, Benjamin </td><td align="left">1755-1824 </td><td align="left">Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hanks, Truman </td><td align="left">fl. 1808 </td><td align="left">Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Harland, Thomas </td><td align="left">1735-1807 </td><td align="left">Norwich, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Heisely, Frederick A. </td><td align="left">1759-1839 </td><td align="left">Frederick, Md.; Lancaster, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Heisely, George </td><td align="left">1789-1880 </td><td align="left">Harrisburg, Pa. </td><td align="left">Clocks; mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hinton, William </td><td align="left">fl. 1772 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hoff, George </td><td align="left">1740-1816 </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa. </td><td align="left">Clocks; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Holcomb, Amasa (also practitioner) </td><td align="left">1787-1875 </td><td align="left">Southwick, Mass. </td><td align="left">Surveying; astronomical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hooker & Fairman (William Hooker and Gideon Fairman) </td><td align="left">before 1810 </td><td align="left">Newburyport, Mass. </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Houghton, Rowland </td><td align="left">c. 1678-1744 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Huntington, Gurdon </td><td align="left">1763-1804 </td><td align="left">Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H. </td><td align="left">Surveying and other; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jacks, James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> </td><td align="left">fl. 1780's </td><td align="left">Charleston, S.C. surveying </td><td align="left">Mathematical; </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jayne, John </td><td align="left">late 18th century </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass. </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Kennard, John </td><td align="left">1782-1861 </td><td align="left">Newmarket, N.H. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ketterer, Alloysius </td><td align="left">fl. 1789 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Glass </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">King & Hagger (Benjamin King and William Guyse Hagger) </td><td align="left">1759 or 1760 until early 1760's </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">King, Benjamin </td><td align="left">1707-1786 </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">King, Benjamin </td><td align="left">1740-1804 </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass. </td><td align="left">Nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">King, Daniel </td><td align="left">1704-1790 </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass. </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">King, Samuel </td><td align="left">1748-1819 </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I. </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lamb, A. & Son </td><td align="left">1780's </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lamb, Anthony </td><td align="left">1703-1784 </td><td align="left">England; Virginia; Philadelphia; New York; Hunter's Key, N.Y. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lamb, John </td><td align="left">1735-1800 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mendenhall, Thomas </td><td align="left">fl. 1775 </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Miller, Aaron </td><td align="left">fl. 1748-1771 </td><td align="left">Elizabethtown, N.J. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks; compasses </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Morris, M. </td><td align="left">fl. 1785 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Protractors </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Newell, Andrew </td><td align="left">1749-1798 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical; compasses </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Newell, Joseph </td><td align="left">fl. 1800-1813 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pease, Paul </td><td align="left">fl. 1750 </td><td align="left">Probably Rhode Island </td><td align="left">Quadrant </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Platt, Augustus </td><td align="left">1793-1886 </td><td align="left">Columbus, Ohio </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Platt, Benjamin </td><td align="left">1757-1833 </td><td align="left">Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford, Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio </td><td align="left">Compasses; surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pope, Joseph </td><td align="left">1750-1826 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Scientific; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Potter, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1746-1818 </td><td align="left">Brookfield, Mass. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Potts, W. L. </td><td align="left">late 18th century </td><td align="left">Bucks County, Pa. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Prince, John (practitioner) </td><td align="left">1751-1836 </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass. </td><td align="left">Scientific </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Prince, Nathan (practitioner) </td><td align="left">fl. 1743 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pryor, Thomas </td><td align="left">fl. 1778 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Revere, Paul </td><td align="left">1735-1818 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Gunnery </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rittenhouse, Benjamin </td><td align="left">1740-c.1820 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Astronomical; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rittenhouse, David (practitioner) </td><td align="left">1732-1796 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia and Norriton, Pa. </td><td align="left">Astronomical; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rittenhouse & Evans </td><td align="left">fl. 1770's </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sibley & Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble) </td><td align="left">late 18th century </td><td align="left">New Haven, Conn. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks; watches </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Smith, Cordial </td><td align="left">fl. 1775 </td><td align="left">Connecticut </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sommer, widow Balthaser </td><td align="left">fl. 1753 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Optical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sower, Christopher </td><td align="left">c. 1724-1740 </td><td align="left">Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stiles & Baldwin (Jedidiah Baldwin) </td><td align="left">fl. 1791 </td><td align="left">Northampton, Mass. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stiles & Storrs (Nathan Storrs and Jedidiah Baldwin) </td><td align="left">fl. 1792 </td><td align="left">Northampton, Mass. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taws, Charles </td><td align="left">fl. 1795 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thacher, Charles </td><td align="left">18th century </td><td align="left">Probably Boston </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thaxter, Samuel </td><td align="left">1769-1842 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Nautical; mathematical surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Voight, Henry </td><td align="left">1738-1814 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Astronomical; clocks; watches </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wall, George, Jr. </td><td align="left">fl. 1788 </td><td align="left">Bucks County, Pa. </td><td align="left">Surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Walpole, Charles </td><td align="left">fl. 1746 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Mathematical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Warren, Benjamin </td><td align="left">fl. 1740-1790 </td><td align="left">Plymouth, Mass. </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">White, Peregrine </td><td align="left">1747-1834 </td><td align="left">Woodstock, Conn. </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Whitney, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1801 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical; optical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Whitney, Thomas </td><td align="left">fl. 1798-1823 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Mathematical; optical; surveying </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Williams, William </td><td align="left">1737 or 1738-1792 </td><td align="left">Boston </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Willis, Arthur (practitioner) </td><td align="left">fl. 1674 </td><td align="left">Possibly Massachusetts </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wilson, James </td><td align="left">1763-1855 </td><td align="left">Bradford, Vt. </td><td align="left">Globes </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wistar, Richard </td><td align="left">fl. 1752 </td><td align="left">Wistarburg, N.J. </td><td align="left">Glass </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Witt, Christopher (practitioner) </td><td align="left">fl. 1710-1765 </td><td align="left">Germantown, Pa. </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wood, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1790 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia </td><td align="left">Compasses </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Youle, James </td><td align="left">1740-1786 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Surgical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Youle, John </td><td align="left">fl. 1786 </td><td align="left">New York </td><td align="left">Surgical </td></tr> + +</table></div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="MATHEMATICAL_PRACTITIONERS_AND" id="MATHEMATICAL_PRACTITIONERS_AND"></a>MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND +INSTRUMENT MAKERS</h2> + +<p class="center"><i>Geographical Listing</i></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="geographical"> +<tr><td colspan="2">CONNECTICUT </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Coventry: </td><td align="left">Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Danbury: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> East Windsor: </td><td align="left">Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Hartford: </td><td align="left">Enos Doolittle (1751-1806); surveying and navigational instruments, compasses, and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Litchfield: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Mansfield: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> New Haven: </td><td align="left">Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800); clocks and scientific instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Sibley & Marble (late 18th century); clocks and mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> New Milford: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Newtown: </td><td align="left">Ziba Blakeslee (1768-1834); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Norwich: </td><td align="left">Thomas Harland (1735-1807); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Windham: </td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying and other instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Woodstock: </td><td align="left">Peregrine White (1747-1834); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> ----: </td><td align="left">Smith, Cordial (fl. 1775); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">DELAWARE </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Wilmington: </td><td align="left">George Crow (c. 1726-1772); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">MARYLAND </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Baltimore: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806), practitioner. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820), practitioner; surveying and astronomical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Frederick: </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Nottingham: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791); clocks and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791); clocks and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Ellis Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797); clocks and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">MASSACHUSETTS </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Boston: </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c. 1777-1829); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Aaron Breed (1791-1861); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Bartholomew Burges (fl. 1789); scientific instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Jere Clough (18th century); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Dabney, Jr. (fl. 1739); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Jonathan Dakin (fl. 1745); mathematical instruments and balances. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Dupee (fl. after 1761); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Samuel Grainger (fl. 1719), practitioner. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Stephen Greenleaf (1704-1795); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough (1710-1785); mathematical, surveying, astronomical, and nautical </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">William Greenough (fl. 1785); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Isaac Greenwood, Sr. (c.1725-1750), practitioner. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">James Halsie I (fl. 1674), practitioner. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">James Halsy II (1695-1767); mathematical and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Halsy (fl. 1700); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Joseph Halsy (fl. 1697-1762); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Rowland Houghton (1678-1744); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Andrew Newell (1749-1798); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Joseph Newell (fl. 1800-1813); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Joseph Pope (1750-1826); scientific instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Nathan Prince (fl. 1743), practitioner; scientific instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Paul Revere (1735-1818); gunnery instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Charles Thacher (18th century); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842); surveying, nautical, and mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">William Williams (1737/8-1792); mathematical and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Brookfield: </td><td align="left">John Potter (1746-1818); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Hanover: </td><td align="left">John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Lanesboro: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments, clocks, and compasses. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Lynn: </td><td align="left">John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Nantucket: </td><td align="left">Peter Folger (1617-1690), practitioner(?). </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Walter Folger (1765-1849), practitioner; clocks and astronomical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Newburyport: </td><td align="left">Gideon Fairman (1774-1827); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Hooker & Fairman (before 1810); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Northampton: </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Stiles & Baldwin (fl.1791); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Stiles & Storrs (fl.1792); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Plymouth: </td><td align="left">Benjamin Warren (fl.1740-1790); surveying and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Salem: </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Samuel Emery (1787-1882); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Jayne (late 18th century); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin King (1740-1804); nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Daniel King (1704-1790); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Prince (1751-1836), practitioner; scientific instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Southwick: </td><td align="left">Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875); surveying and mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">NEW HAMPSHIRE </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Exeter: </td><td align="left">Benjamin C. Gilman (1763-1835); mathematical instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Hanover: </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Newmarket: </td><td align="left">John Kennard (1782-1861); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Portsmouth: </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles (c.1765-1821); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Walpole: </td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying and other instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">NEW JERSEY </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Elizabeth: </td><td align="left">Aaron Miller (fl. 1748-1771); surveying instruments, clocks, and compasses. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Wistarburg: </td><td align="left">Richard Wistar (fl. 1752); glass and thermometric instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">NEW YORK </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Fishkill: </td><td align="left">John Bailey (fl. 1778); surveying and surgical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> New York: </td><td align="left">Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799); nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">H. Caritat (fl. 1799); astronomical prints. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Donegan (fl. 1787); barometers, thermometers, and philosophical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">W. Fosbrook (fl. 1786); surgical and dental instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers and philosophical instruments. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">William Hinton (fl. 1772); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">A. Lamb & Son (fl. late 18th century); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Lamb (1735-1800); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">M. Morris (fl. 1785); protractors. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Widow Balthaser Sommer (fl. 1753); optical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Charles Walpole (fl. 1746); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">James Youle (1740-1786); surgical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Youle (fl. 1786); surgical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">OHIO </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Columbus: </td><td align="left">Augustus Platt (1793-1886); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Gallipolis: </td><td align="left">Joseph (fl. 1792) and Francois Devacht; watches, compasses, and sundials. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">PENNSYLVANIA </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Bucks County: </td><td align="left">W. L. Potts (late 18th century); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">George Wall, Jr. (fl. 1788); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Germantown: </td><td align="left">Christopher Sower (c. 1724-1740); mathematical instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Christopher Witt (fl. 1710-1765); mathematical instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Harrisburg: </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">George Heisely (1789-1880); clocks and mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Lancaster: </td><td align="left">George Ford (late 18th century to 1842); surveying and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">George Ford II (fl. 1842); surveying and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">George Hoff (1740-1816); clocks, surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Thomas Mendenhall (fl. 1775); mathematical instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Norristown: </td><td align="left">David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner; astronomical and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Philadelphia: </td><td align="left">Owen Biddle (1737-1799), practitioner. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792-1795); surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Isaac Brokaw (fl. 1771). </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756, d. 1798); mathematical instruments and sand glasses. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">William Davenport (1778-1829); surveying and mathematical instruments. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">William Dean (?-1797); surveying and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">George Evans (fl. 1796, d. 1798); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Martin Fisher (fl. 1790); glass instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers, and philosophical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Bryan Gilmur (end of 18th century); mathematical instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749); improved reflecting backstaff. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Gould (fl. 1794); nautical, surveying, and optical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Theophilus Grew (fl. 1753), practitioner. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">James Ham, Jr. (fl. 1780); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Alloysius Ketterer (fl. 1789); glass instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Thomas Pryor (fl. 1778); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820); surveying and astronomical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner; astronomical and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Christopher Sower [Sauer] (c. 1724-1740); mathematical instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Charles Taws (fl. 1795); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Henry Voight (1738-1814); clocks, watches, and astronomical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Whitney (fl. 1801); mathematical and optical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Thomas Whitney (fl. 1798-1823); mathematical and optical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">John Wood (fl. 1790); compasses. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Pittsburgh: </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> West Bradford: </td><td align="left">Joel Baily (1732-1797), practitioner. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">RHODE ISLAND </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Newport: </td><td align="left">William G. Hagger (c.1744-1830?); quadrants. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">King & Hagger (1759/60); mathematical and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Benjamin King (1707-1786); mathematical and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Samuel King (1748-1819); mathematical instrument. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Paul Pease (fl. 1750); quadrants. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Providence: </td><td align="left">William Hamlin (1772-1869); mathematical, astronomical, and nautical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">SOUTH CAROLINA </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Charleston: </td><td align="left">Charles Blundy (fl. 1753); thermometric instruments. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Robert Clark (fl. 1785); nautical, surveying, and optical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">James Jacks (fl. 1780's); mathematical and surveying instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">VERMONT </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Bradford: </td><td align="left">James Wilson (1763-1855); globes. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">VIRGINIA </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> Winchester: </td><td align="left">Goldsmith Chandlee (c.1746-1821); surveying and astronomical instruments and clocks. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments. </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h3>TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR MAKERS</h3> + +<p class="center"><i>(Categories based on specific designations noted in advertisements)</i></p> + + +<p class="center">ASTRONOMICAL</p> + +<p>Caritat, H. (fl. 1799), New York.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made surveying +instruments and clocks.</p> + +<p>Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Folger, Walter, Jr. (1765-1849), Nantucket, Mass.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical, +surveying, and nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical +and nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>Holcomb, Amasa (1787-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c.1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia and Norristown, Pa.; also +made surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Voight, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made clocks and watches.</p> + + +<p class="center">GLASS AND THERMOMETRIC</p> + +<p>Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made watches.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> + +<p>Donegan, Joseph (fl. 1787), New York and Philadelphia; also made +philosophical instruments.</p> + +<p>Fisher, Martin (fl. 1790), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Gatty, Joseph (fl. 1794), New York and Philadelphia; also made +philosophical instruments.</p> + +<p>Ketterer, Alloysius (fl. 1789), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Wistar, Richard (fl. 1752), Wistarburg, N.J.</p> + + +<p class="center">HOROLOGICAL</p> + +<p>Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made thermometric +instruments.</p> + +<p>Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Benjamin (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Goldsmith (1751-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made astronomical +and surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Crow, George (c.1726-1772), Philadelphia; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>DeVacht, Joseph and Francois (fl. 1792), Gallipolis, Ohio; also made +compasses and sundials.</p> + +<p>Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying and +nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made scientific +instruments.</p> + +<p>Doolittle, Isaac Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Gilmur, Bryan (fl. end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made +mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md.; also made +mathematical and surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Hoff, George (1740-1816), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also +made surveying and other instruments.</p> + +<p>Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabethtown, N.J.; also made compasses +and surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio; also made compasses and +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Pope, Joseph (1750-1826), Boston; also made scientific instruments.</p> + +<p>Sibley & Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble) (late 18th century), +New Haven, Conn.; also made mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.; +also made mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Voigt, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made astronomical +instruments.</p> + +<p>White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Witt, Christopher (practitioner) (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also +made mathematical instruments.</p> + + +<p class="center">MATHEMATICAL (GENERAL)</p> + +<p>Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Dabney, John, Jr. (fl. 1739), Boston.</p> + +<p>Dakin, Jonathan (fl. 1745), Boston; also made balances.</p> + +<p>Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Emery, Samuel (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.</p> + +<p>Evans, George (fl. 1796, d. 1798), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.</p> + +<p>Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Gilmur, Bryan (end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Greenleaf, Stephen (fl. 1745), Boston.</p> + +<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made surveying, +astronomical, and nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>Greenwood, Isaac, Jr. (1730-1803), Boston.</p> + +<p>Hagger, Benjamin K. (c.1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Halsy, John (fl. 1700), Boston.</p> + +<p>Ham, James (fl. 1754-1764), New York and Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made nautical and +astronomical instruments.</p> + +<p>Heisely, Frederick (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster, +Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Hinton, William (fl. 1772), New York.</p> + +<p>Hooker & Fairman (before 1810), Newburyport, Mass.</p> + +<p>Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.</p> + +<p>King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.</p> + +<p>King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.</p> + +<p>Lamb, A. & Son (1780's), New York.</p> + +<p>Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and +Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made surveying and nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made nautical and surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made compasses and surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Pryor, Thomas (fl. 1778), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Revere, Paul (1735-1818), Boston, Mass.</p> + +<p>Sibley & Marble (late 18th century), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks +and watches.</p> + +<p>Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.; +also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Taws, Charles (fl. 1795), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made surveying and nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Walpole, Charles (fl. 1746), New York.</p> + +<p>Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made optical instruments.</p> + +<p>Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made optical and +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Witt, Christopher (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also made clocks.</p> + + +<p class="center">NAUTICAL</p> + +<p>Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799), New York.</p> + +<p>Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying and +optical instruments.</p> + +<p>Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-92, d. 1798), Philadelphia; also made +mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +and surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments, directional compasses and clocks.</p> + +<p>Emery, Samuel (1787-1882), Salem, Mass.</p> + +<p>Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Godfrey, Thomas (1704-1749), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made surveying and optical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Hagger, William G. (c.1744-1830?), Newport, R.I.</p> + +<p>Ham, James (fl. 1754-64), New York and Philadelphia; also made +mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made +mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>King, Benjamin (1740-1804), Salem, Mass.</p> + +<p>King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and +Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made surveying and mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Pease, Paul (fl. 1750), probably Rhode Island.</p> + +<p>Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made mathematical and +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made surveying +instruments.</p> + +<p>Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + + +<p class="center">OPTICAL</p> + +<p>Benson, John (fl. 1793-1797).</p> + +<p>Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Sommer, Widow Balthaser (fl. 1753), New York.</p> + +<p>Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +and surveying instruments.</p> + + +<p class="center">SURGICAL</p> + +<p>Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surveying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +instruments.</p> + +<p>Fosbrook, W. (fl. 1786), New York; also made dental instruments.</p> + +<p>Youle, James (1740-1786), New York.</p> + +<p>Youle, John (fl. 1786), New York.</p> + + +<p class="center">SURVEYING</p> + +<p>Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surgical instruments.</p> + +<p>Bailey, John, II (1752-1823), Hanover and Lynn, Mass.</p> + +<p>Baldwin, Jedidiah (c. 1777-1829), Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass., +and Hanover, N.H.</p> + +<p>Biggs, Thomas (fl. 1792-1795), New York and Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Blakeslee, Ziba (1768-1834), Newtown, Conn.</p> + +<p>Bowles, Thomas S. (c. 1765-1821?), Portsmouth, N.H.</p> + +<p>Breed, Aaron (late 18th to mid-19th centuries), Boston.</p> + +<p>Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made +clocks.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr. (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Ellis & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797), Nottingham, Md.; also made +clocks.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made clocks and +sundials.</p> + +<p>Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and +optical instruments.</p> + +<p>Clough, Jere (18th century), Boston.</p> + +<p>Crow, George (fl. 1754-1772), Wilmington, Del.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made nautical +instruments and clocks.</p> + +<p>Doolittle, Isaac, Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Dupee, John (after 1761), Boston.</p> + +<p>Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made astronomical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made +nautical instruments.</p> + +<p>Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made nautical and optical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston, also made nautical and +mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Greenough, William (fl. 1785), Boston.</p> + +<p>Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Halsy, Joseph (fl. 1697-1762), Boston.</p> + +<p>Hagger, Benjamin K. (c. 1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made +mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Hanks, Benjamin (1755-1824), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.</p> + +<p>Hanks, Truman (fl. 1808), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.</p> + +<p>Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster, +Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks and +mathematical instruments.</p> + +<p>Holcomb, Amasa (1785-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made astronomical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +instruments.</p> + +<p>Houghton, Rowland (c. 1678-1744), Boston.</p> + +<p>Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also +made clocks and other scientific instruments.</p> + +<p>Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical and nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), New York; also made mathematical and nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made mathematical and nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabeth, N.J.; also made clocks and +directional compasses.</p> + +<p>Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments +and directional compasses.</p> + +<p>Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made mathematical and +surveying instruments.</p> + +<p>Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford, +Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; and Columbus, Ohio; also made directional +compasses and clocks.</p> + +<p>Potter, John (fl. 1785), Brookfield, Mass.</p> + +<p>Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c. 1820), Philadelphia; also made +astronomical instruments.</p> + +<p>Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia; also made astronomical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Rittenhouse & Evans (fl. 1770's), Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>Stiles & Baldwin (fl. 1791), Northampton, Mass.</p> + +<p>Stiles & Storrs (fl. 1792), Northampton, Mass.</p> + +<p>Thacher, Charles, probably Boston.</p> + +<p>Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made nautical and mathematical +instruments.</p> + +<p>Wall, George Jr. (fl. 1788), Bucks County, Pa.</p> + +<p>Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made nautical +instruments.</p> + +<p>White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made clocks.</p> + +<p>Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +and optical instruments.</p> + +<p>Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical +instruments.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Bibliography_of_Published_Sources" id="Bibliography_of_Published_Sources"></a>Bibliography of Published Sources</h2> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Adams, George</span>. <i>Mathematical and geographical essays</i>. London, 1791.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Abbott, Katherine M</span>. <i>Old paths and legends of New England</i>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Babb, Maurice J</span>. David Rittenhouse. <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (July 1932), vol. 56, no. 223, pp. 193-224.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Barton, William</span>. <i>Memoirs of the life of David Rittenhouse, L.L.D., F.R.S</i>. Philadelphia, 1813.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Bedini, Silvio A</span>: A compass card by Paul Revere (?). <i>Yale Library Gazette</i> (July 1962), vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 36-38.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Bedini, Silvio A</span>. <i>Ridgefield in review</i>. New Haven: Walker-Rackliffe Co., 1958.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Bentley, William</span>. <i>The diary of William Bentley, D.D.</i> Salem, Mass., 1905.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Bion, Nicolas</span>. <i>Traitè de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathematiques</i>. Paris, 1709. Transl. Edmund Stone, London, 1724.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Branch, W. J. V.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Brook-Williams</span>, Capt. E. <i>A short history of navigation</i>. Annapolis, Md.: Weems System of Navigation, 1942.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Brewster, Charles W</span>. <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i>. Ser. 1. Portsmouth, N.H.: L. W. Brewster, 1859.<br /><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">——. <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i>. Ser. 2. Portsmouth, N.H.: L. W. Brewster, 1869.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Bridenbaugh, Carl</span>. <i>The colonial craftsman</i>. New York: N.Y. 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Some early Philadelphia instrument makers. <i>The +Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1927), vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 289-308.<br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">——. The first orreries in America. <i>Journal of the Franklin Institute</i> (1940), vol. 229, pp. 81-99.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Gottesman, Rita</span>, <i>The arts and crafts in New York, 1726-1776</i>. New York: N. Y. Historical Society, 1938.<br /><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">——. <i>The arts and crafts in New York, 1777-1799</i>. New York: N. Y. Historical Society, 1954.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Greenwood, Isaac J</span>. <i>The Greenwood family.</i> Privately printed, 1934.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Hamilton, Alexander</span>. <i>Official reports on publick credit, a national bank, manufactures and a mint.</i> Philadelphia: Wm. 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Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society, 1929.</span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Rathborne, Aaron</span>. <i>The surveyor; in four bookes</i>. London: W. Standsby, 1616.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Rayner, W. H.</span> <i>From Columbus' compass to the first transit. Civil Engineering</i> +(1939), vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 661-664.<br /> +<br /> +Report of the Committee on the Rooms. <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian Society</i> (1917), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 14-16.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span><span class="smcap">Savage, James</span>. <i>A genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of New England.</i> 2 vols. Boston, 1860.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Schoen, H. H</span>. The making of maps and charts. In <i>Ninth Yearbook of the Council for Social Studies.</i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Seybold, R. F</span>. The evening school in colonial America. <i>University of Illinois Bureau of Educational Research</i>, Bulletin 31. 1925.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Steele, A. P</span>. <i>The history of Clark County, Ohio.</i> Chicago: W. H. Beers Co., 1881.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Stevenson, D. Alan</span>. <i>The world's lighthouses before 1820.</i> London: Oxford University Press, 1959.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Stretch, Carolyn Wood</span>. Early colonial clockmakers in Philadelphia. <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (July 1932), vol. 56, no. 223, p. 666.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Struik, Dirk J</span>. <i>Yankee science in the making.</i> Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1948.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Taylor, E. G. R.</span> <i>The mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1954.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Thompson, Sylvanus</span>. The rose of the winds. <i>Proceedings of the British Academy, 1913-14, 10th Annual Conference</i>, pp. 179-211.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Upham, C. W</span>. Memoir of the Reverend John Prince. <i>American Journal of Science</i> (1837), vol. 31, pp. 201-222.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Whittlesey, C</span>. Origin of the American system of land surveys. <i>Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies</i> (July 1883), vol. 3.<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Wienberger, Bernard W</span>. <i>Introduction to the history of dentistry.</i> St. Louis: Mosby Co., 1948.<br /> +</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Derek J. de Solla Price</span>, <i>Science Since Babylon</i> (New Haven: Yale University +Press, 1961), pp. 62-64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <span class="smcap">James Savage</span>, <i>A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England</i> +(Boston, 1860), vol. 2, p. 341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>The Chronicle</i> (Early American Industries Association), March 1936, vol. 1, +no. 16, p. 8; and personal correspondence with Mr. William L. Warren, Connecticut +Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <span class="smcap">R. F. Seybold</span>, "The Evening School in Colonial America," <i>Bureau of Educational +Research, Bulletin 31</i> (University of Illinois, 1925), p. 28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <span class="smcap">H. H. Schoen</span>, "The Making of Maps and Charts," <i>Ninth Yearbook of the +Council for the Social Studies</i> (Cambridge, 1938), p. 83; also <span class="smcap">Edmond R. Kiely</span>, +<i>Surveying Instruments: Their History and Classroom Use</i> (New York: Teachers +College, Columbia University, 1947), pp. 239-250.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Brooke Hindle</span>, <i>The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America 1735-1789</i> +(Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1956), pp. 337-338.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <span class="smcap">LeRoy E. Kimball</span>, "James Wilson of Vermont, America's First Globe +Maker," <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i> (April 1938), p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hindle</span>, op. cit. (footnote 6).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <span class="smcap">George H. Eckhardt</span>, <i>Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers</i> (New York: +Devin-Adair Co., 1955), p. 190.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Catherine Van C. Mathews</span>, <i>Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters</i> (New +York, 1908).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John H. B. Latrobe</span>, "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker," <i>Maryland Colonization +Journal</i> (Baltimore, May 1845); <span class="smcap">Philip LePhillips</span>, "The Negro, Benjamin +Benneker," <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society</i> (1916), vol. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Arthur E. James</span>, <i>Chester County Clocks and Their Makers</i> (West Chester, +Pa.: Chester Historical Society, 1947), pp. 29-39; <i>Transactions of the American +Philosophical Society</i>, ser. I, vol. 1, pp. 85-97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Dirk J. Struik</span>, <i>Yankee Science in the Making</i> (Boston: Little Brown & Co., +1948), pp. 47, 70-71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Robert P. Multhauf</span>, ed., "Holcomb, Fitz, and Peate; Three 19th Century +American Telescope Makers" (paper 26 in <i>Contributions from the Museum of +History and Technology</i>, U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228, Washington, 1962), +p. 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>New York Gazette, Revived in the Weekly Post-Boy</i>, January 23, 1749.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Carl Bridenbaugh</span>, <i>The Colonial Craftsman</i> (New York: New York University +Press, 1950), pp. 160-161; <span class="smcap">Isaac Q. Leake</span>, <i>Memoir of the Life and Times +of General John Lamb</i> (Albany: Munsell, 1850); <span class="smcap">Silvio A. Bedini</span>, <i>Ridgefield in +Review</i> (New Haven: Walker-Rackliffe, 1958), pp. 71, 84.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Alfred Coxe Prime</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and South +Carolina, 1786-1800</i> (The Walpole Society, 1929), p. 230.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Penrose R. Hoopes</span>, <i>Connecticut Clockmakers of the Eighteenth Century</i> +(New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1930), p. 86; <i>The Norwich Courier</i>, February 10, +1802.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Harrold E. Gillingham</span>, "Some Early Philadelphia Instrument Makers," +<i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1927), vol. 51, no. 3, p. +303-305.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Ibid., p. 304.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Charleston Evening Gazette</i>, July 24, 1785; <span class="smcap">Prime</span>, op. cit. (footnote 17), p. 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rita S. Gottesman</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1777-1799</i> (New York: +New York Historical Society, 1954), pp. 220-221.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>The Pennsylvania Evening Herald</i>, March 17, 1787.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gottesman</span>, op cit. (footnote 22), pp. 311-312.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>The Diary, or Evening Register</i>, November 3, 1794.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 26), p. 306.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Edwin Valentine Mitchell</span>, <i>The Romance of New England Antiques</i> (New +York: A. A. Wyn, 1950), pp. 257-160; <span class="smcap">Kimball</span> op. cit. (footnote 7).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <span class="smcap">William Bentley</span>, <i>Diary of William Bentley, D. D.</i> (Salem, Mass.: 1905), +vol. 1, p. 182, vol. 2, p. 414.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Ibid., vol. 3, p. 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Boston Gazette</i>, June 18, 1745.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Ibid., November 12, 1745.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Clarence S. Brigham</span>, <i>Paul Revere's Engravings</i> (Worcester, Mass.: American +Antiquarian Society, 1954), p. 118; <span class="smcap">Bernard W. Wienberger</span>, <i>Introduction to +the History of Dentistry</i> (St. Louis, Mosby Co., 1948), 2 vols., vol. 2, pp. 119-134; +<span class="smcap">Isaac J. Greenwood</span>, <i>The Greenwood Family</i>, 1934, pp. 68-78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Boston Gazette</i>, November 6-13 and November 20-27, 1738, March 26-April 2 +and April 2-9, 1739.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Brooks Palmer</span>, <i>The Book of American Clocks</i> (New York: Macmillan Co., +1950), pp. 141-142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Massachusetts Magazine</i> (1789), vol. 1, pp. 36, 37; <i>Boston Gazette</i>, January 12, +1789; <span class="smcap">I. Bernard Cohen</span>, <i>Some Early Tools of American Science</i>, (Cambridge: +Harvard University Press, 1950), pp. 6465, 157; <span class="smcap">Harrold E. Gillingham</span>, +"The First Orreries In America," <i>Journal of the Franklin Institute</i> (1940), vol. +229, pp. 92-97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Will Gardner</span>, <i>The Clock that Talks and What It Tells</i> (Nantucket Whaling +Museum, 1954), pp. 34-40, 97, 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 190.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Joseph B. Felt</span>, <i>Annals of Salem</i> (Salem, Mass.: Ives, 1827), vol. 2, p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Howard M. Chapin</span>, "Davis Quadrants," <i>Antiques</i> (November 1927), vol. 12, +no. 5, pp. 397-399; also <span class="smcap">Rufus King</span>, <i>Pedigree of King of Lynn</i> (Salem, Mass., +1891).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Chapin</span>, op. cit. (footnote 39), pp. 398-399.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gladys R. Lane</span>, "Rhode Island's Earliest Engraver," <i>Antiques</i> (March +1925), pp. 133-137.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Chapin</span>, op. cit. (footnote 39), p. 399.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 70-72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>The Connecticut Journal</i>, June 7, 1781.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Ibid., May 22, 1799.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>The Connecticut Courant</i>, December 15, 1772, and October 22, 1787; <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, +op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 66-70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 18), p. 122.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 79-83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Penrose R. Hoopes</span>, <i>Early Clockmaking in Connecticut</i> (New Haven: Yale +University Press, 1934), pp. 8-9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <span class="smcap">William McCabe</span>, "Benjamin Platt of New Fairfield, Connecticut," <i>Timepieces +Quarterly</i> (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-28.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>New York Packet</i>, May 14, 1778.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gottesman</span>, op. cit. (footnote 22), p. 270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>New York Packet</i>, February 3, 1785, and February 27, 1786, and <i>New York +Daily Advertiser</i>, February 8, 1787.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>The New York Gazette Revived in The Weekly Post-Boy</i>, January 4, 1748.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Bridenbaugh</span> op. cit. (footnote 16), p. 63; <span class="smcap">Frederick W. Hunter</span>, <i>Stiegel +Glass</i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), pp. 157-161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Henry C. Conrad</span>, "Old Delaware Clockmakers," <i>The Historical and Biographical +Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware</i> (1897), vol. 3, chap. 20, +pp. 4-34.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Edward E. Chandlee</span>, <i>Six Quaker Clockmakers</i> (Philadelphia: Historical +Society of Pennsylvania, 1943), pp. 70, 193, 212, 220-223.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> "Frederick A. Heisely, Watch and Clockmaker and His Recorded Years, +1759-1839," <i>Timepieces Quarterly</i> (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hindle</span>, op. cit. (footnote 6), pp. 22, 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 293-294.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Ibid., p. 303; <i>Royal Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, April 19, 1778.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 19), p. 302.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 305-306.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Eckhardt</span>, op. cit. (footnote 9), p. 195; <span class="smcap">George Evans</span>, <i>Illustrated History +of the United States Mint</i> (Philadelphia: Evans, 1890), p. 114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Carolyn Wood Stretch</span>, "Early Colonial Clockmakers in Philadelphia," +<i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i> (July 1932), vol. 56, pp. 225, 235; <span class="smcap">Eckhardt</span>, op. cit. +(footnote 9), pp. 18, 24, 198.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <span class="smcap">D. F. Magee</span>, "Grandfather's Clocks: Their Making and Their Makers in +Lancaster County," Papers read before the Lancaster (Pa.) Historical Society, +1917, pp. 63-77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Prime</span>, op. cit. (footnote 17), p. 260.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span>, <i>Official Reports on Publick Credit, A National Bank, +Manufactures and a Mint</i> (Philadelphia: Wm. McKean, 1821), pp. 208-209.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rita Gottesman</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776</i> (New York: +New York Historical Society, 1938), p. 307.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 35), p. 295.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 50), p. 3; and <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 24), +pp. 101-103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 106-107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <span class="smcap">E. G. R. Taylor</span>, <i>The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England</i> +(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), pp. 185-292.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John Pierpont</span>, "Whittling, A Yankee Portrait."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Abel Flint</span>, <i>System of Geometry and Trigonometry together with a Treatise of +Surveying</i> (Hartford: Olive D. Cooke, 1804), p. 86.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian Society</i> +(1917), no. 1, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Savage</span>, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> "James Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Savage</span>, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> "Joseph Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Boston Gazette</i>, September 18-25, October 2-9, and October 16-23, 1738.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Description courtesy of Mr. Philip N. Guyol, director, New Hampshire Historical +Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Savage</span>, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341; "Joseph Halsy," in Thwing +Catalogue, and "Cotton Mather" in Record of Marriages, Massachusetts Historical +Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Land deeds listed in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Massachusetts Historical Society, Inventory L.450, S.P.R. 92.505.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Description courtesy of Mr. M. V. Brewington, Peabody Museum, Salem, +Mass.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Called the "r r Co.," which has not been further identified but is believed to +have been one of the many militia companies that were formed in Boston during +this period.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> "Thomas Greenough," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical +Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> M.S. identified as Folio 495, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>The Chronicle</i> (Early American Industries Association), December 1939, +vol. 2, no. 12, p. 96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Description courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough, Cooperstown, N. Y.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Robert P. Multhauf</span>, "Early Instruments in the History of Surveying: +Their Use and Invention," <i>Surveying and Mapping</i> (October-December 1958), +pp. 401, 403.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian +Society</i> (1917), no. 1, p. 14.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Ibid., p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Felt</span>, op. cit. (footnote 38), p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> "William Williams," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Land record data from Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian +Society</i> (1917), no. 1, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Brigham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 32), p. 121.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>History of Hingham</i> [Massachusetts], Hingham [n. d.], vol. 3, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Katherine M. Abbott</span>, <i>Old Paths and Legends of New England</i> (New York: +G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909), pp. 341-342.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian Society</i> loc. cit. (footnote 103).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Photograph and records in the collection of the Bostonian Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Land records, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <span class="smcap">George Francis Dow</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts in New England 1704-1775</i> +(Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927), p. 256.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John M. Phillips</span>, "An Unrecorded Engraving by Nathaniel Hurd," <i>Bulletin +of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University</i> (June 1936), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 26-27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Land records on Benjamin King Hagger listed in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts +Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Marriage Document no. 101, Report of the Record Commissioners of Boston, +p. 298.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <i>The Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser</i>, November 9, 1834.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Silvio A. Bedini</span>, "A Compass Card by Paul Revere (?)", <i>Yale Library +Gazette</i> (July 1962), no. 2. pp. 36-38; <span class="smcap">William T. Davis</span>, <i>Ancient Landmarks of +Plymouth</i> (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1883).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <span class="smcap">D. Alan Stevenson</span>, <i>The World's Lighthouses before 1820</i> (London: Oxford +University Press, 1959), p. 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Paul Revere</span>, <i>Day Books</i>, MS., Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 50), pp. 7-8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Information from Mr. C. E. Smart, of W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, New York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Penrose R. Hoopes</span>, <i>Shop Records of Daniel Burnap, Clockmaker</i>, (Hartford: +Connecticut Historical Society, 1958), pp. 63-66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 92-93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association</i> (Hartford, Conn., 1915), +Index no. 1.3.4.4.2.4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 143.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Correspondence with Mr. Ray Brighton, Portsmouth, N. H.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Charles W. Brewster</span>, <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i> (Portsmouth, N. H.: +L. W. Brewster, 1859, 1873), ser. 1, pp. 165, 329.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Charles W. Brewster</span>, <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i> (Portsmouth, N. H.: +L. W. Brewster, 1869), ser. 2, pp. 27, 90, 93, 136, 233, 263, 277, 316, 322, 367.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Information from Prof. Alfred F. Whiting, Dartmouth College Museum.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rev. James Hill Fitts</span>, <i>History of Newfields, New Hampshire, 1638-1911</i>, +(Concord: Rumford Press, 1912).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Price</span>, op. cit. (footnote 1), p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> The full title is <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott, Late Commissioner on behalf of +the United States During Part of the Year 1796, the Years 1797, 1798, 1799 and Part +of the Year 1800 For Determining the Boundary Between the United States and the +Possessions of His Catholic Majesty in America.</i> It was published by Budd and +Barton for Thomas Dobson at "the Stone House, No. 41 South Second Street" +in Philadelphia in 1803.</p></div> + +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Index" id="Index"></a>Index</h2> + +<p> +Abbott, Katherine M., <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, Augustus, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, George, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Allen, John Johnson, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +almanac, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +American Antiquarian Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +American Philosophical Society, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Amherst College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Annals of Salem</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Antiques</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +apparatus, scientific teaching, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +astronomical observatory, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Atwell, George, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +backstaff, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Backus, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Bailey, Calvin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Bailey, John, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John II, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lebbeus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Baily, Joel, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Baldwin, Jabes, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jedidiah, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeduthan, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ballard, Mehitable, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Baltimore American & Commercial Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Banks, Sir Joseph, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Banneker, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Barclay, Thomas, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Bardin, W. & T. M., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +barometer, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Bassett, Preston R., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Bedini, Silvio A., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Banneker's</i> ... <i>Almanac and Ephemeris</i>, <i>For</i> ... <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Bennet, N., <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Benson, John, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Bentley, William, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Bethune, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Biddle, Owen, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Biggs, Thomas, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Bion, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Blakslee, Ziba, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Blundy, Charles, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Boston Annual Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Boston Evening Post</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Boston Gazette, The</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Bostonian Society, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Bouchette, Col., <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +boundsgoer, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowdoin, James, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Bowles, Hannah, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Salter, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Braddock, Gen., <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Bradley, Abiah Emerly, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Brainard, Newton C., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Breed, Aaron, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Brewington, M. V., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Brewster, Charles W., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Bridenbaugh, Carl, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Brigham, Clarence S., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Brighton, Ray, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Brokaw, Isaac, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sam, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Brown University, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Bucks County Historical Society, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Bulmain & Dennies, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Burges, Bartholomew, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Burnap, Daniel, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Cabot, Mrs. H. Ropes, ix<br /> +<br /> +camera obscura, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a>[Pg 178]</span>Campbell, Colin, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Cape Henlopen, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Carey, W., <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Caritat, H., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Henry, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, Sr., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward E., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellis, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellis, & Bros., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goldsmith, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chandlee & Bros. [John and Isaac Chandlee], <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Chandlee [Benjamin, Jr.] & Sons, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Chapin, Howard M., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Charleston Evening Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Cheney, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Chester County Historical Society, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chronicle</i> [E.A.I.A.], <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Churchill, Frank C., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Clark, Robert, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Clark County Historical Society, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Clarke, Martha, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +clockmaker, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Clough, Jere, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Joseph, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Cohen, I. Bernard, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Cole, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Collison, Peter, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Columbia Centinel</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +compass, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +compass card, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +<br /> +Comstock Memorial Collection, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Condorcet, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Condy, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Connecticut Courant</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Connecticut Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Connecticut Historical Society, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Connecticut Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Conrad, Henry C., <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Cosgrove, James, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Cotes, Roger, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Crittenden, A. R., <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Crockett, Roberson, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Crow, George, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Curtis, Charles B., <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Cushing, A. T., <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. T., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Custis, George Washington Parke, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Dabney, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Dakin, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Dartmouth College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Museum, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Davenport, Michael, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Davis, William T., <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis quadrant, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Day, J., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Dean, William, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Denegan, John, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +De Negani, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Devacht, Francois, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dewie, Captain Solomon, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +dialing rule, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Diary, or Evening Register</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Dinwiddie, Gov., <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Dix, John Ross, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Dixon, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Donegan, [or Denegan] John, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Donegany, Joseph, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Donnel, Henry, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Doolittle, Amos, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enos, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Jr., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dorsan, Sarah Halsy, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Dougherty, John, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Bates, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry B., <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dow, George Francis, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Draper, Murray & Fairman, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Dring, Jeptha, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a>[Pg 179]</span>Duffield, Edward, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Dunglison, Dr., <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Dupee, Isaac, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Duvall, Samuel, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Dyherty, John, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Early American Industries Association, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +Eckhardt, George H., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Eichner, Laurits C., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Eldridge, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ellicott, Andrew, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane Judith, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ellicotts Mills, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Ellis, Mary N., <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orange Warner, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Emery, Samuel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Endicott, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +equal altitude instrument, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Evans, David, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ewer, Sarah, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairchild, Adah, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairman, Gideon, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>(see also Hooker and Fairman)<br /> +<br /> +Farmer's Museum, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Felt, Joseph B., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferguson, James, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Fisher, Joshua, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fitch, Eunice, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fitts, Rev. James Hill, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Flint, Abel, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Folger, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter, Jr., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Folwell, John, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Footes, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Ford, George, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, II, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fosbrook, W., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Franklin Institute, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Frizell, John, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Frye, Joseph, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, Jr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fryeburg, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Gardner, Will, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Gatty, Joseph, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Gerry, Capt., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilbert, Joseph, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gillingham, Harold E., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilman, Benjamin C., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilmur, Bryan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilpin family, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +glass and thermometric instruments, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +globes, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Goddard & Angell, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Godfrey, Thomas, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Godfrey's quadrant, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Gottesman, Rita S., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Gould, John, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Graham, George, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Grainger, Samuel, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Greene, Joseph, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Greenleaf, Stephen, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Greenough, David, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jerusha, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newman, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, Dr., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Greenwood, Dr. & Mrs. Arthur, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Jr., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Sr., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Grew, Theophilus, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Griffith, Nathaniel S., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Griffith & Bowles, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Gross, Huldah, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Gruchy, Thomas James, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a>[Pg 180]</span>gunnery calipers, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Gurley, W. & L. E., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Gurnet lighthouse, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +Gutridge, Anna, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Guyol, Philip N., <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Hadley, James, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Hadley quadrant, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Hagger, Benjamin King, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John W., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Guyse, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William King, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hall, Andrew, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Halley, Edmond, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Halsie, Hannah, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, I, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Halsy, Anna, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, II, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ham, George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, Jr., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Supply, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Hamlin, William, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Hanks, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Harland, Thomas, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Harvard University, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Hayes, Fanny, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rutherford B., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Heckewelder, John, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Heisely, Frederick A., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Helyer, Joseph, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polly, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Henry Ford Museum, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Hicks, Edward, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hillman, George, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hindle, Brooke, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Hinton, William, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Historical Society of Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoadley, Silas, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Hobby, Sir Charles, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoff, Catherine, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Holbecher, John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Holcomb, Amasa, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Holland, Captain, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Hood, Joseph, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Hooker, William, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Hooker & Fairman [William Hooker and Gideon Fairman], <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoopes, Penrose R., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Hopkins, Joseph, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Houghton, Rowland, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Houghton Library, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Hunter, Frederick W., <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Huntington, Gurdon, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hezekiah, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Submit, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hurd, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Hutzlar, Dr. Donald A., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +hydrometer, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +hygrometer, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Independent Journal, or The General Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Irving, Washington, iv<br /> +<br /> +Jacks, James, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +James, Arthur E., <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Jay, Daniel, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Jayne, John, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Jerome, Chauncey, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Jess, Z., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, Samuel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. & S., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a>[Pg 181]</span><i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +Keese, Samuel, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Kennard, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Ketterer, Alloysius, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Kiely, Edmond R., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Kimball, LeRoy E., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Kimmel, Anthony, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br /> +<br /> +King, Benjamin, I, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> <a href="#Page_158">158</a> <a href="#Page_162">162</a> <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mehitable, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +King & Hagger [Benjamin King and William Guyse Hagger], <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Kizer, David J., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas J., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Knowlton, Mary, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Kugler, Charles, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Lamb, A., & Son, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthony, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lane, Gladys R., <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Latrobe, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John H. B., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Laudonet, Mary, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Leadbeater, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Leake, Isaac Q., <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Billy, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +LePhillips, Philip, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Lewis, John, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Leybourn, William, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Library Company of Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>22<br /> +<br /> +Lloyd, Anna, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +loadstones, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Loftan, Thomas, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +Logan, James, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Love, J., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Lovering & Sons, Joseph, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> +<br /> +Ludlow, I., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Lyle, Robert, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> +<br /> +Lyon, Mrs. Eliza R., <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Madison, James, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Magee, D. F., <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +magic lantern, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +magnets, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +maps, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Mariner's Museum, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Maryland Historical Society, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Maskelyne, Nevil, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Charles, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason-Dixon Line, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Massachusetts Historical Society, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Massachusetts Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Matchett's Baltimore Directory</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Mather, Rev. Cotton, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Mathews, Catherine Van C., <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Maupertius, de, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Maverick, Jotham, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mayer's <i>Tables</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +McCabe, William, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +McHenry, James, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Mendenhall, Thomas, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer Museum, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Merrill, P., Esq., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Miller, Aaron, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Mirick, McAndrew, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, Edwin Valentine, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Moore, S., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Moor's Indian Charity School, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Morey, John, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Morris, M., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Morton, Charles, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br /> +<br /> +Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Nantucket, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +National Maritime Museum, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Newell, Andrew, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br /> +<br /> +New Hampshire Historical Society, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a>[Pg 182]</span><i>New York Daily Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>New York Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +New York Historical Society, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>New York Mercury</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>New York Packet</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Noble, James, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Norwich Courier</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Norwood, R., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Odell, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Ohio Historical Society, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Ohio State Museum, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Old Sturbridge, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +optical instruments, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +orrery, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Osborn, John, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Paine, Robert Treat, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Palmer, Brooks, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Parker, N., <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Parmele, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Partridge, Marty, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Paul, Amos, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Peabody Museum, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Peale, Charles Wilson, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Pease, Elizabeth Folger, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pell, Edward, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Pemberton, James, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Pennsylvania Evening Herald</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, The, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +Pennsylvania, University of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +perpetual log, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Phillips, John M., <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Mary W., ix</span><br /> +<br /> +Pierce, Abner, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Pierpont, John, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Pitt, William, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Pitts, James, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +planetarium, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +planisphere, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Platt, Adah, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Augustus, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Pope, Joseph, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Potter, John, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Potts, Thomas, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. L., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Power, Alexander, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Price, Derek J. de Solla, ix, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Priestley, Frances D., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Joseph, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Prime, Alfred Coxe, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Prince, John, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathan, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Princeton University, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +Pryor, Thomas, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Quincy, Abraham, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Rathborne, Aaron, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Ratsey, Widow, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Reynolds, John E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Reworth, Captain, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Rhode Island Historical Society, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Riley, Stephen T., ix<br /> +<br /> +Ritchie & Co., Bern C., <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Rittenhouse, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rittenhouse & Evans [David Rittenhouse & David Evans], <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Roberts, Gideon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Romaine, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Royal Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Royal Society of London, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Rutgers University, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Salter, Titus, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +sand glasses, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Savage, James, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Schiff, Henry G., <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Schoen, H. H., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Seybold, R. F., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Shampeny, Worth, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Shepley Library, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Sheppard, Jack, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Shillcock, Hannah, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joyce, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a>[Pg 183]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shoemaker, Mrs. Francis D., <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Shrimpton, Shute, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Sibley, Asa, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Sibley & Marble [Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble], <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun, At the, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Sign of "Hadley's Quadrant," At the, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Sign of the Hand & Beam, At the, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Sign of the Mathematical Instruments, At the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Sign of the Quadrant, At the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Sign of the Seven Stars, At the, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Sission, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Skillin, John, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simeon, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sloane, Sir Hans, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Smart, C. E., ix, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Cordial, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts of Albany, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Solebury, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Sommer, Widow Balthaser, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +South Natick Historical Society, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Sower, Christopher, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Stargazers' Stone, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Steele, A.P., <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Stevenson, D. Alan, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +<br /> +Stiles & Storrs [Nathan Storrs and Jedidiah Baldwin], <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Stiles & Baldwin [Jedidiah Baldwin], <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Stimpson, Charles Jr., <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Stoddard, Sarah, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Stone, Edmund, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Storrs, Nathan, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures [Yale University], <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Stretch, Carolyn Wood, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Struik, Dirk J., <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Stubbs, Roleigh L. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +sundial, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +surgical instruments, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Sutton, Henry, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Swan, Joseph, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Symes, Jno. C., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Taws, Charles, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, E. G. R., <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +telescope, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Terry, Eli, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Thacher, Charles, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Thaxter, Bathsheba, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, Sr., <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Thaxter & Son, S., <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +theodolite, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +thermometer, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Richard, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, George Andrews, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Rowland, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></span><br /> +<br /> +"Thwing Catalogue," <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +Todd, Eli, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Towle, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +trade cards, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +trade signs, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see also under Sign)</span><br /> +<br /> +transit of Venus, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Turner, Charles Jr., <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Tyler, Thomas, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Union College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +United States National Archives, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +United States National Museum, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br /> +<br /> +Van Ness, Cornelius P., <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Vassar College, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Voight, Henry, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Wall, George, Jr., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Wallis, Thomas, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br /> +<br /> +Walpole, Charles, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a>[Pg 184]</span>Walton, Joseph, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Warren, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William L., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Washington, George, iv, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence Augustine, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> +<br /> +weather glass, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Welles, Arnold, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Wienberger, Bernard W., <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Wheelock, Rev. Eleazar, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Whipple Museum, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +White, John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peregrine, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Whiting, Alfred F., <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Whitney, John, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +William & Mary College, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams, John, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marvin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temperance, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Williams College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Willis, Arthur, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Wilson, James, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Winthrop, John, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Wistar, Casper, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Wistar, Richard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Witt, Christopher, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Wollaston, Rev., <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Wood, John, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Woods, Timothy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Wright, Captain, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Yale University, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Art Gallery, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Yardley, Thomas, Jr., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Youle, James, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Young, Daniel, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br /> +<br /> +zenith sector, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +</p> + +<div class="transnote"> +<h2>Transcriber's Notes</h2> + +<p>Transcriber's Notes: Clear punctuation errors such as missing periods at +the ends of sentences have been silently corrected. Hyphenation has not +been standardized, for instance, Elizabeth-town, watch-maker, and +over-all. The spelling of proper names has not been standardized, for +instance, Blakslee and Blakeslee, Appalachicola and Apalachicola.</p> + + +<p>Figure 7 caption - "make" replaced with "made"</p> + +<p>Page 38 - "Eliptical" replaced with "Elliptical"</p> + +<p>Page 38 - "Guaging" replaced with "Gauging"</p> + +<p>Page 98 - "Samue" replaced with "Samuel"</p> + +<p>Page 146 - "worth" replaced with "worthy"</p> + +<p>Page 146 - "Federick" replaced with "Frederick"</p> + +<p>Page 162 - "Philadephia" replaced with "Philadelphia"</p> + +<p>Page 162 - "Ephermeris" replaced with "Ephemeris"</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments +and Their Makers, by Silvio A. 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