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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments and
+Their Makers, by Silvio A. Bedini
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers
+
+Author: Silvio A. Bedini
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39141]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Hunter Monroe, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    SMITHSONIAN
+    INSTITUTION
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    UNITED STATES
+    NATIONAL MUSEUM
+    BULLETIN 231
+
+    WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+    1964
+
+
+
+
+Publications of the United States National Museum
+
+
+The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum include
+two series, _Proceedings of the United States National Museum_ and
+_United States National Museum Bulletin_.
+
+In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing
+with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly
+acquired facts in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history,
+and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries
+and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in
+the various subjects.
+
+The _Proceedings_, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in
+separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo
+in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table
+of contents of the volume.
+
+In the _Bulletin_ series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear
+longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in
+several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related
+subjects. _Bulletins_ are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on
+the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the
+botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the
+_Bulletin_ series under the heading _Contributions from the United
+States National Herbarium_.
+
+    FRANK A. TAYLOR,
+    _Director, United States National Museum_.
+
+  For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
+  U.S. Government Printing Office
+  Washington, D.C., 20402--Price $1.00 (Paper Cover)
+
+[Illustration: Frontispiece.--"Washington as a Surveyor." Engraving
+reproduced from Washington Irving's _Life of George Washington_ (New
+York: 1857, vol. 1).]
+
+
+
+
+    EARLY AMERICAN
+    SCIENTIFIC
+    INSTRUMENTS
+
+    _and Their Makers_
+
+    SILVIO A. BEDINI
+
+    _Curator of Mechanical
+    and Civil Engineering_
+
+    MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
+
+    SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+    WASHINGTON, 1964
+
+
+
+
+    Contents
+
+
+                                                        Page
+
+  Acknowledgments                                         ix
+
+  Preface                                                 xi
+
+  THE TOOLS OF SCIENCE                                     3
+      Philosophical and Practical Instruments              3
+      The Need for Instruments                             6
+      Colonial Training in Instrument Making               8
+
+  THE MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS                          15
+      The Rittenhouse Brothers                            15
+      Andrew Ellicott                                     19
+      Owen Biddle                                         21
+      Benjamin Banneker                                   22
+      Joel Baily                                          24
+      Reverend John Prince                                24
+      Amasa Holcomb                                       26
+
+  INSTRUMENTS OF METAL                                    27
+      Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers                  27
+      Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers                 30
+      Native American Makers                              33
+          New Hampshire                                   34
+          Vermont                                         34
+          Massachusetts                                   36
+          Rhode Island                                    43
+          Connecticut                                     45
+          Ohio                                            49
+          New York                                        51
+          New Jersey                                      53
+          Delaware                                        54
+          Maryland and Virginia                           54
+          Pennsylvania                                    58
+
+  INSTRUMENTS OF WOOD                                     65
+      The Use of Wood                                     65
+      Surviving Instruments                               69
+          Compass Cards                                   75
+          Trade Signs                                     75
+      The Makers                                          80
+          Joseph Halsy                                    80
+          James Halsy II                                  84
+          Thomas Greenough                                85
+          William Williams                                93
+          Samuel Thaxter                                  97
+          John Dupee                                     104
+          Jere Clough                                    105
+          Andrew Newell                                  106
+          Aaron Breed                                    107
+          Charles Thacher                                107
+          Benjamin King Hagger                           109
+          Benjamin Warren                                112
+          Daniel Burnap                                  117
+          Gurdon Huntington                              118
+          Jedidiah Baldwin                               123
+          Thomas Salter Bowles                           124
+
+  THE NEW ERA                                            130
+
+  THE NATIONAL COLLECTION                                131
+
+  Appendix                                               153
+      Surviving Wooden Surveying Compasses               153
+      Mathematical Practitioners and
+        Instrument Makers                                155
+
+  Bibliography                                           172
+
+  Index                                                  177
+
+
+
+
+Acknowledgments
+
+
+The writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to the various
+compilations relating to clockmakers and instruments which have been
+consulted in the preparation of this work, and which have provided an
+invaluable basis for it.
+
+He is especially grateful for the generous and interested assistance of
+the many who have cooperated in making this work possible. Particular
+credit must be given to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society;
+Mrs. Mary W. Phillips of the Department of Science and Technology of the
+U.S. National Museum; Prof. Derek J. de Solla Price, Avalon Professor of
+the History of Science at Yale University; Mr. Stephen T. Riley,
+Director of the Massachusetts Historical Society; and Mr. Charles E.
+Smart of Troy, New York.
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+Within recent years fairly exhaustive studies have been made on many
+aspects of American science and technology. For example, there have been
+numerous works relating to clocks and clockmakers, so that the collector
+and horological student have a number of useful sources on which to
+rely. More recently there has been a series of publications on the
+development of American tools and their makers. Until now, however, no
+systematic study has been attempted of the scientific instruments used
+in the United States from its colonial beginnings. While several useful
+regional lists of instrument makers in early America have been compiled
+from advertisements in contemporary newspapers and published as short
+articles, these, however, are fragmentary, and are inadequate to the
+need for documentation in this field.
+
+With the rapidly growing interest in the history of science, it becomes
+necessary to have a more complete background for the student and the
+historian alike. It is desirable to have a more comprehensive picture of
+the work of the scientific practitioners of the earlier periods of
+American scientific development, and of their tools. At the same time it
+is essential to have a history of the development and distribution and
+use of scientific instruments by others than the practitioners and
+teachers. The role of the instrument maker in the American Colonies was
+an important one--as it was in each epoch of the history of science in
+Europe--and it deserves to be reported.
+
+To make a comprehensive study of American scientific instruments and
+instrument makers in the American Colonies is no simple matter, partly
+because of an indifference to the subject in the past, and partly
+because of the great volume of sources that must be sifted to accomplish
+it. Such a project would require an organized search of all published
+reference works relating to the field and associated topics, of all
+contemporary newspapers for advertisements and notices, of civil records
+filed in state and community archives, of business account-books and
+records that have been preserved, and of business directories of the
+period under consideration. In addition, such a study would require the
+compilation of an inventory of all surviving instruments in private and
+public collections, and a correlation of all the data that could be
+assembled from these sources.
+
+The present study attempts only in part to accomplish this aim, being no
+more than a preliminary compilation of the scientific instruments known
+to have been used during the first two centuries of American colonial
+existence. It merely attempts to assemble all the data that is presently
+available in scattered sources, and to organize it in a usable form for
+the student and historian of American science. A supplement relating to
+19th-century instruments and instrument makers is in progress.
+
+The most that is hoped for the present work is that it will be of
+temporary assistance, serving to bring forth additional information on
+the subject from sources not previously available or known.
+
+    _February 1, 1964_  S.A.B.
+
+    EARLY AMERICAN
+    SCIENTIFIC
+    INSTRUMENTS
+
+    _and Their Makers_
+
+
+
+
+_The Tools of Science_
+
+
+Philosophical and Practical Instruments
+
+Development of the sciences in the American Colonies was critically
+dependent upon the available tools--scientific instruments--and the men
+who made and used them. These tools may be separated into two groups.
+The first group consists of philosophical instruments and scientific
+teaching apparatus produced and employed for experimentation and
+teaching in educational institutions. The second includes the so-called
+"mathematical instruments" of practical use, which were employed by
+mathematical practitioners and laymen alike for the mensural and
+nautical needs of the Colonies. It is particularly with this second
+group that the present study is concerned.
+
+It has been generally assumed that scientific instruments, as well as
+the instrument makers, of the first two centuries of American
+colonization were imported from England, and that the movement declined
+by the beginning of the 19th century with the development of skilled
+native craftsmen.[1] This assumption is basically true for those
+instruments grouped under philosophical and scientific apparatus for
+experimentation and teaching. Almost all of these items were in fact
+imported from England and France until well into the 19th century.
+
+Likewise, the very earliest examples of mathematical instruments for
+surveying and navigation in the Colonies were imported with the settlers
+from England. It was not long after the establishment of the first
+settlements, however, that the settlers, and later the first generation
+of native Americans, began to produce their own instruments. Records
+derived from historical archives and from the instruments themselves
+reveal that a considerable number of the instruments available and used
+in the Colonies before 1800 were of native production. Apparently,
+relatively few instrument makers immigrated to the American continent
+before the end of the Revolutionary War. Later, with the beginning of
+the 19th century, makers of and dealers in instruments in England and
+France became aware of the growing new market, and emigrated in numbers
+to establish shops in the major cities of commerce in the United States.
+
+Quite possibly the few instrument makers trained in England who
+immigrated to the Colonies in the early epoch of Colonial development
+may have in turn trained others in their communities, although no
+evidence has yet been found. Perhaps more data on this aspect of the
+subject will eventually come to light.
+
+There is reason to believe that a few mathematical practitioners and
+instrument makers lived and worked in the New England colonies as early
+as the first century of colonization.
+
+The evidence, frankly meager, consists of two items. The first is a
+reference relating to James Halsie of Boston. In a land deed made out to
+him in 1674 he was referred to as a "Mathematician."[2] Halsie was
+listed as a freeman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690. He
+apparently was the forbear of the several members of the Halsy family of
+instrument makers of Boston of the 18th century, mentioned later in this
+study. It is uncertain whether the use of the term "mathematician" in
+this connection meant an artisan, but if not it may be inferred that
+Halsie was a practitioner.
+
+The second piece of evidence is even more slender; it consists of an
+inscription upon a dialing rule (fig. 1) for making sundials and charts.
+The instrument is of cast brass, 20-7/16 inches long and 1-11/16 inches
+wide. The date "1674" is inscribed on the rule together with the name of
+its original owner, "Arthur Willis." The instrument almost certainly was
+produced by the school of Henry Sutton, the notable English instrument
+maker who worked in Threadneedle Street in London from about 1637
+through 1665. The name and date inscriptions are consistent and
+contemporary with the workmanship of the rule, and were probably
+inscribed by the maker for the original owner. It is conceivable that
+Arthur Willis was an Englishman and that the rule was brought into this
+country even in relatively recent times. However, it is claimed that the
+rule was owned and used by Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of Springfield,
+Massachusetts. Nathaniel Footes, believed to have been originally from
+Salem, subsequently moved from Springfield to Wethersfield, Conn. The
+instrument was later owned and used in Connecticut not later than the
+early 19th century[3] by the forbears of Mr. Newton C. Brainard of
+Hartford, Connecticut. If records relating to Willis as a resident of
+the New England colonies can be recovered, it may then be possible to
+establish whether he worked in the Colonies as a mathematical
+practitioner in the 17th century. His name is included on a tentative
+basis.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--Dialing rule made of brass and inscribed with
+the name "Arthur Willis" and the date "1674." Allegedly used by
+Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of Springfield, Massachusetts. Photo courtesy
+Newton C. Brainard, Hartford, Connecticut, and the Connecticut
+Historical Society.]
+
+
+The Need for Instruments
+
+The production and use of scientific instruments in the American
+Colonies reflected colonial development in education and in territorial
+and economic expansion, and closely paralleled the same development in
+England, where the first mathematical practitioners were the teachers of
+navigational and commercial arithmetic and the surveyors employed in the
+redistribution of land following the dissolution of the monasteries. As
+the communities became established and the settlers gained a foothold on
+the soil, their attention naturally turned to improving their lot by
+expanding the land under cultivation and by trading their products for
+other needs. The growth of the communities became increasingly rapid
+from the end of the 17th century, and the land expansion closely
+paralleled the development of trade. The educational institutions placed
+greater emphasis on the sciences as their curriculums developed.
+Particularly there was a greater preoccupation with the sciences on the
+part of the layman because of the need for knowledge of surveying and
+navigation.
+
+The colonial school curriculum was accordingly designed from the
+practical point of view to emphasize practical mathematics, and there
+was an increasing demand for instruction in all aspects of the subject.
+One of the earliest advertisements of this nature appeared in _The
+Boston Gazette_ in March 1719. In the issue of February 19 to March 7
+the advertisement stated that:
+
+     This day Mr. Samuel Grainger opens his school at the House formerly
+     Sir Charles Hobby's, where will be taught Grammar Writing after a
+     free and easy manner in all the usual Hands, Arithmetick in a
+     concise and Practical Method, Merchants Accompts, and the
+     Mathematicks.
+
+     He hopes that more thinking People will in no wise be discouraged
+     from sending their children thither, on the account of the reports
+     newly reviv'd, because these dancing Phaenomena's were never seen
+     nor heard of in School Hours.
+
+The advertisement was further amplified in its second appearance, in the
+issue of March 21-22, 1719:
+
+     At the house formerly Sir Charles Hobby's are taught grammar,
+     writing, after a free & easy manner in all hands usually practiced,
+     Arithmetick Vulgar and Decimal in a concise and Practical Method,
+     Merchants Accompts, Geometry, Algebra, Mensuration, Geography,
+     Trigonometry, Astronomy, Navigation and other parts of the
+     Mathematicks, with the use of the Globes and other Mathematical
+     Instruments, by Samuel Grainger.
+
+     They whose business won't permit 'em to attend the usual School
+     Hours, shall be carefully attended and Instructed in the Evenings.
+
+R. F. Seybold[4] has noted that: "In advertisements of 1753 and 1754,
+John Lewis, of New York City, announced 'What is called a New Method of
+Navigation, is an excellent Method of Trigonometry here particularly
+applied to Navigation; But it is of great use in all kinds of measuring
+and in solving many Arithmetical Questions.' James Cosgrove, of
+Philadelphia, in 1755, taught 'geometry, trigonometry, and their
+application in surveying, navigation, etc.,' and Alexander Power, in
+1766, 'With their Application to Surveying, Navigation, Geography, and
+Astronomy'." These subjects were featured also in the evening schools of
+the colonial period, maintained by private schoolmasters in some of the
+larger communities for the education of those who could not attend
+school in the daytime.
+
+According to Seybold, surveying and navigation were the most popular
+mathematical subjects taught. Some explanation is to be derived from the
+statement by Schoen[5] that: "In the days when the 'bounds' of great
+wilderness tracts were being marked off by deep-cut blazes in the trees
+along a line, a knowledge of land surveying was a useful skill, and many
+a boy learned its elements by following the 'boundsgoer' in his work of
+'running the line.' And those who did not actually take part in running
+the line must have attended many a gay springtime 'processioning' when
+neighbors made a festive occasion out of 'perambulating the bounds'."
+"Vague land grants and inaccurate surveys," he adds, "made the subject
+of boundary lines a prime issue in the everyday life of colonial homes."
+
+At the same time there was interest in the other aspects of the
+mathematical sciences. As early as 1743, for instance, a Harvard
+mathematician named Nathan Prince advertised in Boston that if he were
+given "suitable Encouragement" he would establish a school to teach
+"Geography and Astronomy, With the Use of the Globes, and the several
+kinds of Projecting the Sphere" among other things.[6] A decade later,
+Theophilus Grew, professor in the academy at Philadelphia which has
+become the University of Pennsylvania, published a treatise on globes,
+with the title:
+
+     _The Description_ and _Use_ of the _Globes_, Celestial and
+     Terrestrial; With Variety for _Examples_ for the Learner's
+     _Exercises_: Intended for the Use of Such Persons as would attain
+     to the Knowledge of those _Instruments_; But Chiefly designed for
+     the _Instruction_ of the young _Gentlemen_ at the _Academy_ in
+     Philadelphia. To which is added Rules for working all the Cases in
+     Plain and Spherical Triangles without a Scheme. By _Theophilus
+     Grew_, Mathematical Professor. Germantown, Printed by Christopher
+     Sower, 1753.[7]
+
+Thus, the need for practical mathematical instruments for the surveyor
+and navigator became critical in proportion to the need for men to make
+and use them, and it is not surprising to discover that the majority of
+the instruments produced and advertised by early American makers were
+for surveying, with nautical instruments in second place. Generally, the
+surveyors were not professionals; they were farmers, tradesmen, or
+craftsmen with a sound knowledge of basic arithmetic and occasionally
+with some advanced study of the subject as taught in the evening
+schools. The surveying of provincial and intercolonial boundaries
+required greater skill, however, as well as a knowledge of astronomy,
+and this work was relegated to the scientific men of the period.
+
+As the increasing preoccupation with subdivision of land and with
+surveying led to a greater demand for suitable instruments, it was the
+skilled craftsmen of the community, such as the clockmaker and the
+silversmith, that were called upon to produce them. Superb examples also
+were produced by the advanced scientific men, or "mathematical
+practitioners," of the period.
+
+
+Colonial Training in Instrument Making
+
+One may well ask, where did these native craftsmen acquire the knowledge
+that enabled them to produce so skillfully the accurate and often
+delicate mathematical instruments? There were a number of possible
+sources for this knowledge. The first source lies in England, where some
+of these craftsmen could have studied or served apprenticeships. After
+completing their apprenticeship with English mathematical practitioners,
+they may have immigrated to the Colonies and taught the craft to others.
+This seems to be entirely plausible, and was probably true, for example,
+of Thomas Harland the clockmaker, Anthony Lamb, and perhaps several
+others. However, these were the exceptions instead of the rule, since a
+biographical study of the instrument makers in general reveals that they
+were for the most part native to America. It is not likely that the one
+or two isolated practitioners that had been trained in England could
+have taught so many others who worked in the same epoch.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--Title page of _The Surveyor_ by Aaron
+Rathborne, published in London in 1616. The book was one of the sources
+of information for American makers of mathematical instruments.]
+
+Another source for this knowledge of instrument making was probably the
+reference works on the subject that had been published in England and in
+France. As an example, Nicolas Bion's _Traitè de la Construction et des
+Principaux Usages des Instruments de Mathematique_, which had been first
+published in 1686, was translated into English by Edmund Stone in 1723,
+and went into several English editions. Copies of this work in English
+undoubtedly found their way to America soon after publication. Other
+popular works were Aaron Rathbone's _The Surveyor_, which appeared in
+London in 1616 (see fig. 2); William Leybourn's _The Compleat Surveyor_,
+in 1653; and George Atwell's _Faithfull Surveyour_, in 1662. Other works
+popular in the Colonies were R. Norwood's _Epitome, or The Doctrine of
+Triangles_ (London, 1659) and J. Love's _Geodasia, or the Art of
+Surveying_ (London, 1688).
+
+These works undoubtedly inspired similar publications in America, for
+many books on surveying and navigation appeared there before the
+beginning of the 19th century. Chief among them were S. Moore's _An
+Accurate System of Surveying_ (Litchfield, Conn., 1796), Z. Jess's _A
+Compendious System of Practical Surveying_ (Wilmington, 1799), Abel
+Flint's _Surveying_ (Hartford, 1804), and J. Day's _Principles of
+Navigation and Surveying_ (New Haven, 1817).
+
+The published works were unquestionably responsible for much of the
+training in the making of mathematical instruments in America, although
+no documentary evidence has yet been recovered to prove it.
+
+Another important influence on early American instrument-making which
+must be noted was that of the clockmaker as an artisan. A comprehensive
+study of surviving instruments and related records has revealed that
+only a few of the many clockmakers working in the American Colonies in
+the 18th century made mathematical instruments. Yet, a large proportion
+of the surviving surveying and nautical instruments produced before 1800
+were the work of clockmakers. Classic among these must be noted the
+instruments produced by the brothers David and Benjamin Rittenhouse (see
+p. 15 and figs. 3 and 4), as well as the fine surveying instruments made
+by four separate members of the Chandlee family, whose clockmaking
+traditions began early in the 17th century (see p. 54).
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--Transit telescope made by David Rittenhouse
+and used by him for the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769.
+Brass, 33-1/2-in. tube on a 25-in. axis, with an aperture of 1-3/4 in.
+and a focal length of 32 in. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical
+Society.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.--Surveying compass marked "Potts and
+Rittenhouse." Believed to be the work of David Rittenhouse in
+partnership with Thomas Potts. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical
+Society.]
+
+Finally, one must not overlook the fact that examples of English and
+other European instruments were available in the Colonies, and that at
+least some of the early colonial makers undoubtedly copied them. It is
+apparent from some surviving early American instruments that the
+materials, designs, dimensions, and details of European prototypes had
+been deliberately copied. It is possible to see in public collections,
+for instance, a Davis quadrant of English manufacture exhibited beside a
+later example, signed by a New England maker, which comes
+extraordinarily close to duplicating it in every feature.
+
+As with the presumed influence of published works, the practice of
+copying imported instruments cannot be documented, but it must have been
+engaged in by many of the unschooled New England instrument makers. By
+this means some may even have profited to the degree that they became
+professional craftsmen without benefit of formal apprenticeship.
+
+Yet it is remarkable that although numerous instruments were produced by
+native artisans, in addition to the substantial number which were
+imported before the end of the 18th century, relatively few specimens
+have survived in public collections as well as in private hands. Despite
+the exhaustive combing of attics and barns throughout the country by
+dealers in antiques and by avid collectors during the past several
+decades, the number of surviving instruments now known is incredibly
+small in comparison with the numbers known to have been made locally or
+imported before the beginning of the 19th century. Since instruments are
+not items which would ordinarily be deliberately discarded or destroyed,
+or melted down for the recovery of the metal, this small percentage of
+survival presents a puzzle which has not been resolved.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.--David Rittenhouse. Engraving from portrait by
+Charles Wilson Peale.]
+
+
+
+
+_The Mathematical Practitioners_
+
+
+The Rittenhouse Brothers
+
+Notable among the American practitioners was David Rittenhouse
+(1732-1796) of Norristown and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who was
+established as a clockmaker and surveyor in Philadelphia by 1749. He
+surveyed the boundary between Pennsylvania and Delaware in 1763 with
+instruments of his own design and construction. Six years later, in
+1769, he successfully calculated the transit of Venus and later
+observed that planet with astronomical instruments he had constructed
+himself. In the following year, 1770, he built the first American
+astronomical observatory, in Philadelphia. Two orreries that he designed
+and built--at the University of Pennsylvania and at Princeton
+University--survive as outstanding examples of American craftsmanship.[8]
+Several of his surveying and astronomical instruments are exhibited in the
+collections of the U.S. National Museum. David Rittenhouse is credited
+with being the originator of a declination arc on the surveying compass,
+a feature to be copied by a number of later instrument makers.
+
+David's brother, Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820), served in the
+Revolution and was wounded at Brandywine. He superintended the
+Government's gunlock factory at Philadelphia in 1778 and achieved
+recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying instruments (see fig.
+8).[9] During one period of his career he worked in partnership with his
+brother David. An interesting advertisement appeared in the May 14,
+1785, issue of _The Pennsylvania Packet_:
+
+     WANTED, An ingenious Lad not exceeding 14 years of age, of a
+     reputable family, as an Apprentice to learn the Art and Mistery of
+     making Clocks and Surveying Instruments. Any lad inclining to go an
+     apprentice to the above Trade, the terms on which he will be taken
+     may [be] known by enquiring of Mr. David Rittenhouse, in
+     Philadelphia, or at the subscriber's house in Worcester township,
+     Montgomery county. Benjamin Rittenhouse.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.--Astronomical clock made by David Rittenhouse
+for his observatory at Norristown, Pa., and used by him for the
+observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. Unembellished pine case
+83-1/2 in. high, 13-1/4 in. wide at the waist with a silvered brass dial
+10-5/8 in. diameter. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical Society.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.--Orrery built by David Rittenhouse for the
+University of Pennsylvania. The center section shows the motions of the
+planets and their satellites and the right-hand section the eclipses of
+the Sun and Moon. The case, considered to be an outstanding example of
+colonial cabinet-work, was made by John Folwell.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.--Brass surveying compass inscribed "Made by
+Benjamin Rittenhouse, 1787." Photo courtesy Ohio State Museum, Columbus,
+Ohio.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.--Portrait of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) by
+unknown artist.]
+
+
+Andrew Ellicott
+
+A name closely associated with that of the Rittenhouse brothers was that
+of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) of Solebury, Pennsylvania, and Ellicotts
+Mills, Maryland. Andrew was the son of Joseph Ellicott, the clockmaker
+and pioneer industrialist who founded Ellicotts Mills. Although a
+Quaker, Andrew (fig. 9) served in the Revolution, and he became one of
+the most distinguished engineers of the new republic. He worked as a
+clockmaker and instrument maker from 1774 to 1780. In 1784 he ran the
+boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania and in the following year he
+was a member of the survey that continued Mason and Dixon's line. In
+1785 and 1786 he served on the Pennsylvania commissions that surveyed
+the western and northern boundaries of the state, and in 1789 he served
+on the commission that fixed the boundary between New York and
+Pennsylvania. Between 1791 and 1793 he surveyed the site of the city of
+Washington, D.C., and redrew L'Enfant's plan for the city.
+
+In early 1793 Ellicott was appointed commissioner by the Commonwealth of
+Pennsylvania for the project of viewing and locating a road from Reading
+to Presque Isle, now Erie. It was an extremely difficult undertaking,
+but Ellicott completed the work by the autumn of 1796, including laying
+out the towns of Erie, Warren, and Franklin.
+
+In May 1796 Ellicott was commissioned by President Washington to survey
+and mark the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish
+Province of Florida in accordance with the provisions of the
+Pinkney-Godoy Treaty of October 27, 1795. This line was to begin at the
+point where the 31st parallel of north latitude intersected the
+Mississippi River, and to proceed thence along that parallel eastward to
+the Appalachicola River for about 400 miles.
+
+In 1801 Ellicott was offered the position of surveyor general of the
+United States by President Jefferson. Ellicott declined, but
+subsequently accepted the secretaryship of the land office of
+Pennsylvania, a post he held until 1808.
+
+In 1811 Ellicott became commissioner to represent Georgia in locating
+the Georgia-North Carolina boundary, a project on which he was engaged
+for the major part of the following year.
+
+In 1815 President Madison appointed Ellicott professor of mathematics at
+West Point, with the rank of major. This is an appointment he kept until
+his death in 1820. It was interrupted in 1817 when the Government
+required his services as astronomer to locate a portion of the United
+States-Canadian boundary in accordance with the fifth article of the
+Treaty of Ghent.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.--Transit and equal-altitude instrument (left)
+made by Ellicott in 1789 and used by him in the survey of the boundary
+between the United States and Florida and in other surveys. USNM
+152080.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.--Zenith sector with focal length of 6 ft.,
+made by David Rittenhouse and revised by Andrew Ellicott. Described in
+_Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ (Philadelphia, 1803). USNM 152078.]
+
+Ellicott was a member of a number of learned societies, including the
+American Philosophical Society, the Society for the Promotion of Useful
+Arts of Albany, and of the National Institute of France.
+
+Ellicott constructed a number of instruments for surveying and
+astronomical observation, and he designed and used others that were
+produced by his friend David Rittenhouse[10] (see figs. 10, 11). Of
+particular interest in connection with Ellicott's career as a clockmaker
+and instrument maker are two advertisements that appeared in the
+Baltimore newspapers. The first one was in the _Maryland Journal and
+Baltimore Daily Advertiser on April 7, 1778_:
+
+     Ellicott's Upper Mills, April 4, 1778. Wanted, a person acquainted
+     with the Clock-Making business, and able to work by directions.
+     Such a person will meet with good encouragement by applying to
+     Andrew Ellicott, sen.
+
+The second advertisement, in the same vein, appeared in the May 16,
+1780, issue of the _Maryland Journal_:
+
+     Good Encouragement will be given to either Clock or Mathematical
+     instrument makers, by the subscriber, living in Baltimore-Town.
+     Andrew Ellicott.
+
+
+Owen Biddle
+
+Another mathematical practitioner associated with David Rittenhouse in
+his observations of the transit of Venus was Owen Biddle (1737-1799) of
+the North Ward, Philadelphia.
+
+In early life Biddle was an apothecary and a clock and watchmaker. In
+his shop "next door to Roberts warehouse" he sold clock and watch parts
+and tools. From 1764 to 1770 he advertised himself as "Clockmaker, and
+scientist, statesman and patriot." As a Quaker, he participated actively
+in civic and patriotic affairs of Philadelphia. During the American
+Revolution, in spite of his religious affiliation, he fought for the
+defense of the Colonies and was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Forage.
+Evidencing sincere repentance, he was permitted to rejoin the Society of
+Friends.
+
+In 1769 Biddle took an active part in the preparations made by the
+American Philosophical Society for the observation of the transit of
+Venus. With Joel Baily he was sent to Cape Henlopen, Delaware, with a
+large reflecting telescope borrowed from the Library Company. The
+expedition was described in the _Transactions of the American
+Philosophical Society_ in 1771 in an article entitled "An Account of the
+Transit of Venus, over the Sun's Disk, as observed near Cape Henlopen,
+on Delaware Bay, June 3rd, 1769 by Owen Biddle, Joel Baily and (Richard
+Thomas) Drawn by Owen Biddle." In addition to his trade in clocks and
+watches, Biddle also made mathematical instruments and was well known in
+his native city as a merchant, inventor, and ironmaster.
+
+
+Benjamin Banneker
+
+A name that is too often ignored in the history of science in colonial
+America is that of a free Negro, Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806) of
+Baltimore. A farmer by occupation, Banneker was the son of a native
+African slave and a free mulatto woman. In his spare time he attended
+the school of a Quaker farmer; the only book he owned was the Bible.
+When he was a young man he acquired a watch from a trader, and from it
+he developed his love of science and instruments. Although he had never
+seen a clock, he constructed one based on drawings he made from the
+watch. Banneker was called upon to assist in the construction of the
+mills for the Ellicotts, and it was natural that his clock, which was
+the marvel of the Negro settlement, should come to the attention of
+Joseph Ellicott. Ellicott became interested in Banneker's thirst for
+knowledge and allowed him the use of his tools, scientific instruments,
+and technical books. Among the books were Mayer's _Tables_, James
+Ferguson's _Astronomy_, and Leadbeater's _Lunar Tables_. Banneker
+absorbed these and other works that he borrowed and went on to explore
+the wonderful new world they opened up for him. He pursued astronomical
+studies, and within three years he began to make calculations (fig. 12)
+for an almanac. After completing the calculations for the year 1791, he
+went on to produce a set of calculations for 1792. During this period he
+mastered the use of surveying instruments and made a firsthand study of
+tides in the region. His great opportunity came when Andrew Ellicott was
+chosen to make a survey for the city of Washington and hired Banneker as
+an assistant. While thus employed, Banneker completed his almanac and
+gave it to George Ellicott, Andrew's cousin, as a subject of possible
+interest. Apparently George Ellicott turned it over to the Honorable
+James McHenry of Baltimore, who in turned submitted it to the
+Philadelphia firm of Goddard & Angell, who published it (fig. 13).
+Banneker mailed a copy of his _Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania,
+Delaware, Virginia And Maryland Almanac and Ephemeris For the Year of
+Our Lord, 1792_ to Thomas Jefferson, who was so impressed with it that
+he forwarded it to the Marquis de Condorcet, secretary of the French
+Academy of Sciences. After his work with Ellicott had been completed,
+Banneker retired to his farm to produce almanacs annually until 1802.
+When he died in 1806 he was eulogized before the French Academy by the
+Marquis de Condorcet, and William Pitt placed his name in the records of
+the English Parliament.[11]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.--Letter from Benjamin Banneker to George
+Ellicott dated October 13, 1789, regarding astronomical data for the
+compilation of Banneker's almanac. Photo courtesy Maryland Historical
+Society.]
+
+
+Joel Baily
+
+Still another 18th-century practitioner was Joel Baily (1732-1797), a
+Quaker of West Bradford, Pennsylvania. In addition to his trade as a
+clockmaker and gunsmith, Baily achieved local eminence as an astronomer,
+mathematician, and surveyor.[12]
+
+In 1764, at the time that Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon established
+their headquarters near his farm, Baily was the local surveyor.
+Obtaining employment with the expedition, he worked with Mason and Dixon
+until the completion of their survey in 1768. Baily was subsequently
+employed by Mason and Dixon to build pine frames for carrying the
+20-foot rods to be used in the second measurement of courses from the
+Stargazers' Stone southward.
+
+In 1769 Baily was appointed by the American Philosophical Society to
+work with Owen Biddle in setting up the station at Cape Henlopen for
+observation of the transit of Venus. In 1770 he again worked with Biddle
+in taking the courses and distances from the New Castle Court House to
+the State House Observatory in Philadelphia for determining the latitude
+and longitude of each. In the same year Baily was elected a member of
+the American Philosophical Society.
+
+
+Reverend John Prince
+
+Another noteworthy mathematical practitioner of the period was the
+Reverend John Prince (1751-1836) of Salem, Massachusetts. The son of a
+hatter and mechanic, Prince studied natural philosophy under John
+Winthrop at Harvard and received his B.A. degree in 1776. He was a
+student of divinity under Samuel Williams and was ordained in 1779 at
+the First Church in Salem. Although an amateur of the sciences, Prince
+became a skilled maker of scientific instruments. He made, sold, and
+repaired instruments for the use of numerous colleges, schools, and
+academies, including Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Harvard, Union, Amherst,
+and Williams. Among other accomplishments, he effected "improvements" on
+the lucernal microscope and the air pump.[13]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.--Title page of one of Banneker's almanacs. The
+portrait of Banneker was made by Timothy Woods in 1793 for the publisher
+and reproduced by woodcut. Banneker's first almanac was published in
+Philadelphia in 1792.]
+
+
+Amasa Holcomb
+
+Although he was born in the 18th century, Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875)
+properly belongs to a later period. An astronomer and telescope maker of
+Southwick, Massachusetts, Holcomb became a surveyor in 1808. An
+autobiographical sketch noted that "he manufactured about this time a
+good many sets of surveyors instruments--compasses, chains, scales,
+protractors and dividers, some for his pupils and some for others."[14]
+
+
+
+
+Instruments of Metal
+
+
+Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers
+
+According to present evidence, only a few makers of metal instruments
+emigrated from England to the Colonies before the beginning of the
+Revolutionary War. A slightly larger number emigrated after the war had
+ended. In almost every instance, the immigrant instrument makers settled
+in the major cities, which were the shipping centers of the new country.
+The reason is obvious: in these cities there was the greatest demand for
+nautical and other instruments.
+
+One of the earliest immigrant instrument makers arrived in Boston in
+1739. According to an advertisement that appeared in _The Boston
+Gazette_ in the issue of July 16-23, 1739, there had
+
+     Arriv'd here by Capt. _Gerry_ from _London_ John Dabney, junr. who
+     serv'd his time to Mr. Jonathan Sisson, Mathematical Instrument
+     Maker to his Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales. Makes and sells
+     all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass, or Ivory,
+     at Reasonable Rates, at Mr. Rowland Houghton's Shop the north side
+     of the Town Huse in Boston.
+
+     N.B. Said Dabney, sets Loadstones to a greater Perfection than any
+     heretofore.
+
+Dabney's master, Jonathan Sisson (1694-1749) originally of Lincolnshire,
+with a shop in the Strand, London, was a well-known maker of optical and
+mathematical instruments in the early decades of the 18th century. He
+was particularly noted for the exact division of scales, and examples of
+his work are to be found in the major collections.
+
+Dabney's name appeared again several years later, in the Supplement to
+the _Boston Evening Post_ for December 12, 1743, and again in the
+_Boston Evening Post_ for December 19 of the same year, with the
+following advertisement:
+
+     To be shown by John Dabney, Mathematical Instrument maker, in Milk
+     Street, Boston, on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday Evenings, from five
+     to eight o'clock, for the Entertainment of the Curious, the Magic
+     Lanthorn an Optick Machine, which exhibits a great Number of
+     wonderful and surprising Figures, prodigious large, and vivid, at
+     Half a Crown each, Old Tenor.
+
+In New York City, one of the earliest immigrant instrument makers was
+Charles Walpole, who established a shop at a corner in Wall Street,
+according to a notice in the May 26, 1746, issue of the _New York
+Evening Post_. The announcement stated that Walpole was a "citizen of
+London" and that at his shop "all sorts of Mathematical Instruments,
+whether in silver or brass, are made and mended...."
+
+In the May 21, 1753, issue of _The New York Gazette or The Weekly Post
+Boy_ there was an announcement by the widow of Balthaser Sommer who
+lived on Pot-Baker's Hill in Smith Street in New York City and who
+advertised herself as a "grinder of all sorts of optic glasses, spying
+glasses, of all lengths, spectacles, reading glasses for near-sighted
+people or others; also spying glasses of 3 feet long which are to set on
+a common Walking-Cane and yet be carried as a Pocket-Book."
+
+John Benson emigrated from Birmingham, England, and established a
+lapidary and optical store in May 1793 at 12 Princess Street in New
+York, where he produced miniatures, lockets, rings, glasses, "as well as
+Spectacles, single reading and burning glasses, and where he also
+polished scratch'd glasses." In July 1797 he moved to 106 Pearl Street
+where he sold green goggles, thermometers, and opera and spy glasses, in
+addition to an assortment of jewelry. In September 1798 he was
+established at a new location, 147 Pearl Street, "At the sign of The
+Green Spectacles" where he specialized in optical goods. He featured for
+rent or sale a "Portable Camera Obscura" for the use of artists in
+drawing landscapes. His advertisements chronicled each change in
+location in the issues of _The New York Daily Advertiser_.
+
+A craftsman whose name is well known in scientific circles was Anthony
+Lamb, who advertised in 1753 as a mathematical instrument maker living
+on Hunter's Key, New York. He claimed that he could furnish
+
+     Godfrey's newly invented quadrant, for taking the latitude or other
+     altitudes at sea; hydrometers for trying the exact strength of
+     spirits, large surveying instruments in a more curious manner than
+     usual; which may be used in any weather without exception, small
+     ditto which may be fixed on the end of a walking stick, and
+     lengthened to a commodious height, gauging instruments as now in
+     use, according to an act of assembly with all other mathematical
+     instruments for sea or land, by wholesale or retail at reasonable
+     rates.[15]
+
+Lamb had served an apprenticeship with Henry Carter, a mathematical
+instrument maker in London. In July 1724 he became an accomplice of
+Jack Sheppard, a notorious burglar, and was arrested and sentenced to
+the gallows in 1724. As he was awaiting execution on the gallows at
+Tyburn, his sentence was commuted to transportation to Virginia for a
+period of seven years, inasmuch as this was his first offence. After he
+had completed his term of seven years in Virginia he moved to
+Philadelphia, where he opened a shop as an instrument maker and a
+private school for teaching technical subjects. The curriculum included
+surveying, navigation, and mathematics. Although his enterprises
+prospered, he moved to New York. There he married a Miss Ham and
+established himself in a respectable position. Lamb's first
+advertisement in New York appeared on January 23, 1749. He died on
+December 11, 1784, at the age of 81, and two days later he was eulogized
+in _The New York Packet_ where he was mentioned as "a steady friend to
+the liberties of America."
+
+John Lamb (1735-1800), Anthony's son, learned and practiced his father's
+craft for a time and worked as a partner in the firm of A. Lamb & Son.
+He subsequently became a wine and sugar merchant, achieved considerable
+wealth, married well, and was accepted by the gentry of the city. He was
+a firm patriot and from 1765 he was active as the leader of the Sons of
+Liberty. He served in several major engagements in the American
+Revolution and in 1783 was brevetted a brigadier-general.[16]
+
+The immigrant instrument makers were not confined to those working in
+glass, however. One of the earlier immigrant craftsmen was Charles
+Blundy, a London watchmaker who established himself on Church Street in
+Charleston, South Carolina, in 1753. He notified the public that in
+addition to watches he sold thermometers of all sizes and types.
+Presumably his merchandise was imported from England.[17] He was absent
+from the city between 1753 and 1760 but returned and continued in
+business in the latter year.
+
+Another pre-Revolution immigrant was Thomas Harland (1735-1807), a clock
+maker who settled in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1773. It is claimed that
+he sailed from England on one of the ships carrying the tea destroyed by
+the Boston Tea Party. Over the course of the years his business
+prospered to such a degree that he hired from ten to twelve apprentices
+at one time. Some of the leading American 18th-century clockmakers
+served apprenticeships with Harland. In 1802 his newspaper notice stated
+that he had for sale "Surveyors Compasses, with agate centre needles;
+chains and Protractors ..."[18]
+
+A most interesting instrument that has recently come to light is a brass
+sundial made in Philadelphia in 1764. The dial, about 10-1/2 inches in
+diameter, is signed by the maker, "Daniel Jay Philad^a. fecit." It is
+dated 1764 and inscribed with the name of the person for whom it was
+made, "James Pemberton." In the center is "Lat. 40," which coincides
+with the latitude for Philadelphia. The style of the dial is very much
+in the English tradition of the period, indicating that Jay was probably
+an emigrant trained in England.
+
+
+Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers
+
+A large proportion of the English craftsmen who came to the American
+Colonies after the Revolution settled in Philadelphia, There was John
+Gould for instance, a mathematical instrument maker from London who had
+opened a shop at 47 Water Street by 1794. He sold nautical, surveying,
+and optical instruments as well as mirrors, presumably all imported from
+England. He moved to 70 South Front Street "At the Sign of the Quadrant"
+in 1796. He was succeeded in business in 1798 by Thomas Whitney, another
+emigrant from London. Whitney made and sold instruments (see fig. 85) in
+Gould's former shop, and featured also a vast array of department store
+merchandise. John Whitney, who may have been his son, was listed at the
+same address in the Philadelphia directory of 1801 as a "Mathematical
+Instrument Maker and Optician."[19]
+
+In the Philadelphia directory and register for 1821 Thomas Whitney
+advertised that he
+
+     ... presents his sincere thanks to his friends and the public and
+     respectfully soliciting the continuation of their favors, wishes to
+     inform them that he has devoted his attention principally to the
+     making of surveying compasses for 16 years past, and has made 500
+     of them; the good qualities of which are well known to many
+     surveyors, in at least 16 of the States and Territories of the
+     Union ... [he also makes] many other instruments, protractors,
+     gunner's Calibers and quadrants, etc.
+
+George Evans was another instrument maker who arrived from London after
+the end of the Revolution. He established himself in a shop at 33 North
+Front Street in 1796, where he sold imported instruments as well as
+stationery, Bibles, and cloth. He died in 1798.[20]
+
+Thomas Dring, who migrated from England, settled in Westtown Township of
+Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he was first noted in the tax
+records of 1786. He married Hanna Griffith, a native of the region, and
+their son, Jeptha Dring, subsequently was mentioned as a carpenter by
+trade, and a vagrant by inclination, who could quote Shakespeare from
+memory. According to local legend, Dring raised money from a number of
+townspeople for the purpose of purchasing clocks for them in England. He
+set sail for his homeland in about 1798 and never returned.
+
+Although the tax records for 1796 described Dring as an "Optician" he
+was also a clockmaker and maker of scientific instruments. At least
+three of his tall-case clocks have survived, and a stick type of
+barometer which he made for Edward and Hannah Hicks in 1796. The
+instrument is now in the collection of the Chester County Historical
+Society. It measures 39 inches in height, and is signed on the
+thermometer dial THOMAS DRING/West Chester. This instrument (fig. 14) is
+one of the very rare barometers produced in America in the 18th century.
+
+Another craftsman who emigrated from England was Robert Clark, who
+opened a shop at 5-1/2 Church Street in Charleston, South Carolina, in
+1785. In that year he announced himself as a
+
+     Math., Optical and Philosophical Instruments maker and Clockmaker
+     from London ... As the Advertiser has lately had an opportunity of
+     working and receiving instruction under the first masters in the
+     above branches in Great Britain, flatters himself that he shall
+     give satisfaction to those who may be pleased to favor him with
+     their orders ... for Surveyors compasses, Quadrants, Telescopes,
+     Microscopes, Spirit Levels, etc.[21]
+
+W. Fosbrook was another craftsman originally from London. He was a
+cutler and maker of surgical instruments, with a shop in Beekman's Slip
+in New York City in 1786 or earlier. He specialized in leg irons and
+rupture trusses, and he made instruments and files for setting the
+teeth as well as standard items for surgeons.[22]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.--Barometer made in 1796 by Thomas Dring of
+West Chester, Pa., for Edward and Hannah Hicks. Photo courtesy the
+Chester County Historical Society.]
+
+Several immigrant instrument makers established themselves in
+Philadelphia during the same period. John Denegan (or Donegan), stated
+to have been "late from Italy," moved his shop in March 1787 to the
+corner of Race and Fourth Streets at "the sign of the Seven Stars".[23]
+There he made barometers and thermometers as well as glasses for
+philosophical experiments. It seems too much of a coincidence that in
+October 1787 an instrument maker named Joseph Donegany established a
+shop at 54 Smith Street in New York City,[24] where--according to an
+advertisement in the October 17, 1787, issue of _The New York Daily
+Advertiser_--he made "thermometers, barometers and sold hydrostatic
+Bubbles and hygrometers for proving spirits, and also ... glasses for
+experimental purposes." It is probable that Denegan and Donegany were
+one and the same; since Denegan was stated to have been of Italian
+origin, the name may originally have been "De Negani."
+
+Joseph Gatty advertised himself as an "Artist from Italy" with a shop at
+341 Pearl Street in New York City where he "made and sold every simple
+and compound form of barometer and thermometer as well as curious
+Hygrometers for assaying spirits which show the actual strength with the
+greatest precision and are not liable to be corroded, in addition to
+several new Philosophical Instruments of his own invention, and all
+types of artificial fireworks."[25] By 1796 Gatty (or Gatti?) had moved
+to Philadelphia where he had a shop at 79 South Front Street and
+advertised the same items that had appeared in his advertisements in New
+York. The Philadelphia directory for 1800 listed Gatty as a "Weather
+Glass Maker."[26]
+
+
+Native American Makers
+
+Comparatively speaking, the greater proportion of the early American
+instrument makers were native born. Among these were to be found a
+substantial number of artisans trained as clockmakers who subsequently
+produced scientific instruments to meet the surveying and nautical needs
+of their communities. Together with the other craftsmen throughout the
+colonies who established and advertised themselves specifically as
+instrument makers, they produced a large number of the mathematical
+instruments used in the American Colonies in the 18th century. A careful
+study of their regional distribution reveals that most of them were
+concentrated in the major coastal cities of commerce.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.--James Wilson, first American maker of globes.
+From a sketch by John Ross Dix in _Ballou's Pictorial Drawing Room
+Companion_ (Boston, 1857), vol. 12, p. 156.]
+
+
+_New Hampshire_
+
+Among the artisans who combined clockmaking with instrument making
+before the beginning of the 19th century was Benjamin C. Gilman
+(1763-1835) of Exeter, New Hampshire. He made mathematical instruments
+and clocks in addition to working as a silversmith, clockmaker, and
+hydraulic engineer.
+
+
+_Vermont_
+
+A New England instrument maker who had a most unusual career was James
+Wilson (1763-1855) of Bradford, Vermont. He was a native of Francestown,
+New Hampshire, where he was born in a log cabin and brought up on a
+farm. In 1796 he purchased his own farm, at Bradford.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.--Globe made by James Wilson (1763-1855) of
+Bradford, Vermont. Diameter is 13 in. Photo courtesy Houghton Library,
+Harvard University.]
+
+When a young man of 36 he saw a pair of globes at Dartmouth College in
+neighboring Hanover and tried to duplicate them. He made balls of wood
+turned from solid blocks, covered them with paper, and finished them off
+with lines and drawings. He later improved this method by coating the
+wooden balls thickly with layers of paper pasted together. He then cut
+the globes into hemispheres, removed the wooden molds, and joined the
+paper shells to make the globes.
+
+Wilson next proceeded to procure copper plates of the necessary sizes
+for his globes, and he projected his maps on them in sections. He
+received a few lessons in engraving from Amos Doolittle of New Haven,
+but he was otherwise completely self-taught.
+
+Wilson exhibited the first edition of his globes in Boston in 1814. They
+created a sensation, and many persons asked to see the maker, but Wilson
+was reluctant to come forward because of his coarse clothing and rustic
+manners. He was greatly encouraged, however, by the public interest in
+his work, and he continued to make globes in Bradford (see fig. 16). In
+about 1815 Wilson and his three sons, all of whom were as ingenious as
+the father, formed a company to manufacture globes in Albany. There they
+produced terrestrial and celestial globes, the latter showing as many as
+5,000 stars. Wilson produced a new set of plates in 1826 and made globes
+in several sizes. Even after he had reached the age of 83 years he
+constructed an excellent planetarium, engraving the large copperplate
+himself.
+
+Wilson was married three times and was the father of 14 children. He
+died at the age of 92 in March 1855 at Bradford.[27]
+
+
+_Massachusetts_
+
+A surprisingly small number of the Massachusetts craftsmen working
+before the end of the 18th century produced scientific instruments.
+Among the very earliest were several members of the King family of
+Salem. Daniel King (1704-1790) was born in Salem on November 17, 1704.
+At the time of his death Rev. William Bentley spoke of him as a "maker
+of Mathematical Instruments" and a "teacher of Mathematics."[28]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.--Brass surveying compass made by Stephen
+Greenleaf (fl. 1745) of Boston. Photo courtesy New Hampshire Historical
+Society, Concord.]
+
+Following Daniel's death, his business in instruments was inherited by
+his son Benjamin King (1740-1804), of Salem. Benjamin specialized in
+producing nautical instruments, and several of his Davis quadrants have
+survived in public collections. When he died on December 26, 1804,
+Reverend Bentley wrote that King was "... a Mathematical Instrument
+maker, in that branch which immediately regarded practical navigation by
+quadrant and compass. He supported a very good character through life &
+was much esteemed."[29]
+
+Another of the very early mathematical instrument makers in
+Massachusetts was Stephen Greenleaf (see fig. 17), who kept a shop on
+Queen Street opposite the prison in Boston where
+
+     He makes and Mends all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, as
+     Theodolites, Spirit Levels, Semicircles, Circumferences, and
+     Protractors, Horizontal and Equinoctial Sun Dials, Azimuth and
+     Amplitude Compasses, Elliptical and Triangular Compasses, and all
+     sorts of Common Compasses ... N.B. He sets Load Stones on Silver or
+     Brass, after the best manner.[30]
+
+Jonathan Dakin worked as a mathematical balance-maker "at the Sign of
+the Hand & Beam, opposite to Dr. Colman's Meeting House" where he made a
+variety of scale beams in 1745.[31]
+
+An interesting advertisement by Rowland Houghton appeared in the January
+17-24, 1737, issue of the _Boston Gazette_. Houghton announced that he
+had "lately improv'd on his new Theodolite, by which the Art of
+Surveying is rendered more plain & easy than heretofore." Houghton was
+active in the political scene in Boston, as evidenced by the fact that
+in various issues of the _Boston Gazette_ for January and February 1739
+he is listed variously as "Commissioner," "Proprietors' Clerk" and as
+"Collector."
+
+Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803), was born at Cambridge, where he
+married Mary I'ams in 1757. He maintained a shop where he combined the
+business of mathematical instrument maker and ivory turner, and also
+imported hardware. After the Revolution, he engaged in dentistry,
+specializing in making artificial teeth and in the manufacture of
+"umbrilloes." Paul Revere apparently did printing for him on five
+different occasions between 1762 and 1774, and in about 1771 engraved
+his trade card, which read:
+
+     ISAAC GREENWOOD, Ivory Turner Next door to Doctor John Clark's at
+     the North End Boston. Turns all sorts of work in Ivory, Silver,
+     Brass, Iron, Horn, Wood, etc. Such as Billiard Balls, Tea Boards,
+     Scallop^d and Plain Salvers, Decanters ...[32]
+
+Isaac's father, Isaac Greenwood, Sr., was "Professor of Mathematicks and
+Natural and Experimental Philosophy" at Harvard. In the _Boston Gazette_
+for February 19-26, 1728, there appeared the following notice of his
+installation:
+
+     On the 13th of this Month at Ten in the Morning, The Honorable &
+     Reverend Overseers of the College at Cambridge, met the Corporation
+     in the College Hall, to Inaugurate Mr. Isaac Greenwood into the
+     Office of Professor of the Mathematicks, and Natural and
+     Experimental Philosophy, lately founded by that great and living
+     Benefactor to this Society, Mr. Thomas Hollis of London Merchant.
+     The Rev. President being detain'd by illness, Mr. Flint the Senior
+     Fellow perform'd the part of Moderator, began with Prayer, and then
+     Pronounc'd a Latin Oration proper to the Occasion: Mr. Wiggleworth
+     Divinity Professor, read the Founders Instructions. Mr. Greenwood
+     took the Oaths and made the Declarations required in them: and
+     pronounc'd a Latin Oration. The Rev. Mr. Appleton Pray'd: and
+     Singing part of the 104 Psalm concluded the Solemnity. After which
+     the Overseers & Corporation repair'd to the Library; till the
+     Publick Dinner in the Hall was ready, where all the Gentlemen
+     Spectators of the Solemnity were hansomely Entertained.
+
+Greenwood continued to teach privately for a decade. In various issues
+of _The Boston Gazette_ of 1738 and 1739 he featured an advertisement,
+the text of which always stated:
+
+     Such as are desirous of learning any Part of Practical or
+     Theoretical Mathematics may be taught by Isaac Greenwood, A.M. &c.
+     in Clark's Square, near the North Meeting House, where Attendance
+     will be given between the Hours of 9 and 12 in the Forenoon, and 2
+     and 5 in the Afternoons.
+
+     N.B. Instructions may also be had in any Branch of Natural
+     Philosophy, when there is a sufficient Number to attend.[33]
+
+John Bailey II (1752-1823) of Hanover and Lynn, Massachusetts worked as
+a clockmaker from about 1770. His father, John Bailey I, and his
+brothers Calvin and Lebbeus also were clockmakers. Bailey married Mary
+Hall of Berwick, Maine, and settled in Hanover where he made scientific
+instruments and clocks. A brass surveying compass in the collection of
+the New York Historical Society is inscribed "J. BAILEY HANOVER
+1804."[34]
+
+Undoubtedly the best known instrument maker in Massachusetts was Joseph
+Pope (1750-1826), of Boston, who was described by contemporaries as the
+"local mathematician, watch-maker and mechanical genius." In 1787 he
+completed the construction of a gear-driven orrery displaying the
+motions of the solar system in a horizontal plane with eccentric and
+inclined orbits. At each of the twelve corners were mounted cast bronze
+figures, claimed to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast
+in bronze by Paul Revere. Although the instrument was made for Harvard,
+the university lacked funds for its purchase. Accordingly, it held a
+public lottery which realized a substantial sum in excess of the
+£450.3.0 paid to Pope, and the orrery was delivered in December
+1788.[35] The orrery (fig. 18) has survived and is part of the
+collection of historical scientific instruments at Harvard University.
+
+According to a statement in the _Boston Gazette_ for February 16, 1789,
+an apparatus for displaying planets in their proper orbits by means of
+wires was made and exhibited in Boston by Bartholomew Burges.
+
+Mention must also be made of several members of the Folger family of
+Nantucket, Massachusetts. Peter Folger (1617-1690), founder of the
+American branch of the family, emigrated from Norfolk, England, in 1635
+and occupied himself in Nantucket as blacksmith, schoolmaster,
+watchmaker, and surveyor. He was a grandfather of Benjamin Franklin.
+Another notable descendant was Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), professor of
+astronomy and director of the observatory at Vassar College.
+
+The best known member of the family was Walter Folger, Jr. (1765-1849),
+a self-taught clockmaker and watchmaker with great interest in the
+sciences. A telescope that he produced about 1818 was considered to be
+the finest in the country at that time. His greatest achievement was a
+tall case astronomical clock that he devised and constructed; it was
+completed in 1790 and is considered to be the most complicated domestic
+clock on record.[36] Folger also produced quadrants and compasses, and
+made astronomical observations. His observations of the solar eclipse of
+September 17, 1811, were published in 1815 in _Memoirs of the Academy of
+Arts and Sciences_.
+
+Probably one of the most significant of the surviving early American
+scientific instruments is a pair of gunners' calipers made and used by
+PAUL REVERE (1735-1818) of Boston. The calipers are made of incised
+brass, measuring 7 inches in length and 1-3/4 inches in width. They are
+signed on the reverse side with the name "Revere" in the style of script
+signature used by this maker in many of his engravings. The design of
+the instrument is substantially different from that which is commonly
+found in English, French, and German gunners' calipers of the period,
+and was probably Revere's own. (See figs. 19, 20.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18.--Orrery by Joseph Pope completed in 1787 for
+Harvard University. Engraved plates and bronze figures were made by Paul
+Revere. The orrery is 6-1/2 ft. in diameter and 6-1/2 ft. high. The
+twelve figures at the corners are said to have been carved in wood by
+Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze by Paul Revere. Photo courtesy Harvard
+University.]
+
+It is believed that these calipers, which are preserved in the
+collection of the Bostonian Society in Boston, were probably used by
+Revere in 1775-1776. This was the period during which he was in charge
+of ordnance repairs for the Continental Army, and involved in various
+ventures for the manufacture of gunpowder and the casting of cannon.
+There is no evidence of other scientific instruments made by Revere,
+lending some weight to the belief that these calipers were made for his
+own use.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 19.--Brass gunnery calipers made and probably used
+by Paul Revere (1735-1818). The calipers are 7 in. long and 1-3/4 in.
+wide.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 20.--Reverse side of gunnery calipers, showing the
+inscribed signature. Photos courtesy the Bostonian Society, Boston,
+Mass.]
+
+Other Massachusetts instrument makers include Gideon Fairman (1774-1827)
+of Newburyport who was a partner of William Hooker in the firm of Hooker
+& Fairman, which dealt in mathematical instruments before 1810.[37]
+Fairman later moved to Philadelphia, where he was associated with the
+engraving firm of Draper, Murray & Fairman.
+
+At the end of the 18th century Samuel Emery was making mathematical
+instruments in Salem, at the same time that John Jayne was engaged in
+the same work in that community.[38]
+
+John Potter of Brookfield, Massachusetts, produced surveying instruments
+in the last quarter of the 18th century. A graphometer signed with his
+name and dated 1785 is in the collection of the firm of W. & L. E.
+Gurley in Troy, New York.
+
+
+_Rhode Island_
+
+One of the earliest and most important of the instrument makers of Rhode
+Island was Benjamin King (1707-1786), of Newport. He was the son of
+Capt. Samuel King of Salem, Massachusetts, where he was born and
+baptized on March 13, 1707. He was a brother of Daniel King of Salem.
+Benjamin eventually moved to Newport, where he married Mary Hagger in
+July 1742. They had four children: Benjamin, Mehitable, Samuel, and
+Mary. He established himself as a respectable businessman in the
+community, and in 1759 or 1760 he became the senior partner in the
+importing and retailing firm of King & Hagger, "near the sign of Mr.
+Pitt," dealing in general merchandise, mathematical and nautical
+instruments, and stationery. William Hagger was probably the junior
+partner, and may have been King's brother-in-law. King began making his
+own instruments for sale, surviving examples dated as early as 1762. The
+partnership was dissolved early in the 1760's. In 1766 Benjamin King was
+importing, making, and selling quadrants and other instruments "At the
+Sign of the Mathematical Instruments" next to the Golden Eagle on Thames
+Street. His son Samuel King occupied the same premises, where he dealt
+in paints and artists supplies.
+
+When the British occupied Newport, King moved to North Kingstown, but he
+returned after the British vacated the city. He was 79 when he died in
+1786, and his son Samuel King succeeded him in business.[39]
+
+William Guyse Hagger (c. 1744-1830?), born in Newport, is believed to
+have been the son of William Hagar and Mary Knowlton. He was a quadrant
+maker (see fig. 21). In 1774 he headed a household that consisted of
+his wife, five children, and a colored servant. Whether it was he or his
+father who was the partner of Benjamin King cannot be determined with
+certainty. When Newport was occupied by the British, Hagger moved to
+Cranston, where he joined the Pawtuxet Rangers and served as a sentinel
+at Pawtuxet Fort in 1778. No members of the Hagger family appear in the
+1790 census of Newport, but a William Hager is reported as having died
+in Boston in 1830 at the age of 82. It seems likely from the age and
+dates that it was William Hagger the elder who worked as a partner in
+the firm of King & Hagger, which was established in 1759 or 1760.[40]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 21.--Davis quadrant or backstaff made and signed
+by William Guyse Hagger of Newport, Rhode Island, about 1760-1770. USNM
+319029.]
+
+Another instrument maker of Rhode Island was William Hamlin (1772-1869).
+He had established himself in Providence by the beginning of the 19th
+century in the manufacturing and repairing of mathematical and nautical
+instruments, for which there was an active market in that city. Hamlin
+was one of the first engravers in America and the first in Rhode Island.
+He designed and engraved banknotes for many banks in the State and for
+other institutions. At the same time he carried on a general trade in
+the sale of musical instruments. Hamlin moved his shop several times,
+but from 1847 until his death he worked at "The Sign of the Quadrant"
+(see fig. 22) at 131 South Water Street. He was equally interested in
+optics and astronomy, and it has been claimed that he constructed the
+first telescope in America. It is well established that he worked for
+many years to perfect a reflecting telescope for his own use.[41]
+
+Instruments were made also by Paul Pease, who may have been the husband
+of the daughter of Nathaniel Folger of Nantucket. This Elizabeth Folger
+Pease, wife of a Paul Pease, was born in 1720 and died in 1795. Little
+is known about Pease except for the name "Paul Pease 1750" inscribed on
+a quadrant in the collection of the Rhode Island Historical Society.[42]
+
+
+_Connecticut_
+
+The clockmakers who worked in Connecticut during the span of the 18th
+century numbered almost a hundred. Yet only a half dozen appear on
+record to have made or sold instruments in addition to clocks. Among
+these were several members of the Doolittle family, including Isaac
+Doolittle (1721-1800) of New Haven. In 1763 he advertised that he sold
+surveying compasses in addition to clocks, watches, bar iron, and
+chocolate.[43] His son Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821), also of New
+Haven, established a shop of his own, which he advertised in 1781 as
+having
+
+     Compasses of all kinds, both for sea and land, surveyors scales,
+     and protractors, gauging rods, walking sticks, silver and plated
+     buttons, turned upon horn; also clocks and watches made and
+     repaired ...[44]
+
+Although not very active as a clockmaker, Isaac Jr. appears to have
+specialized more in the production of surveying and nautical
+instruments. He took over his father's business just before the latter's
+death, and in 1799 he advertised[45]:
+
+[Illustration: Figure 22.--Trade cards of William Hamlin (1772-1869),
+engraver and instrument maker of Providence, Rhode Island. In collection
+of Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence.]
+
+     The subscriber having commenced business at the shop lately
+     occupied by Mr. Isaac Doolittle, in Chapel Street, where he repairs
+     watches, makes and repairs Surveyors Compasses and Chains, Brass
+     Amplitude, plain brass and common Ship's Compasses, Gauging Rods,
+     Quadrants, repair'd &c. every favor gratefully received by the
+     public's humble servant, Isaac Doolittle, jun.
+
+Enos Doolittle (1751-1806), a nephew of Isaac Doolittle, Sr., made,
+sold, cleaned, and repaired clocks and surveying and marine compasses
+from 1772 through 1788 at his shop in Hartford. He also sold these items
+through agents in Saybrook and Middleton.[46]
+
+One of the best known of the Connecticut clockmakers was Peregrine White
+(1747-1834), of Woodstock. White was a descendant of the first Pilgrim
+child, and a native of Boston. After serving an apprenticeship, he
+worked as a clockmaker and silversmith in Boston. He was accused of
+forging silver spoons and left the city to settle in Woodstock. He
+established his own shop west of Muddy Brook Village.[47] In addition to
+fine tall-case clocks, for which he was noted, White also produced
+surveying compasses, one of which is in the collection of the U.S.
+National Museum (fig. 23). A similar specimen in Old Sturbridge Village
+is reputed to have been used for surveying the town of Southbridge,
+Mass.
+
+Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824), of Mansfield and Litchfield, inserted a
+notice in a newspaper in 1808 to notify the public that he and his son
+Truman Hanks, in partnership, had "surveyors compasses upon the
+Rittenhouse improved plan" in addition to such other commodities as
+brass cannon, bells from their own foundry, clocks, goldsmith's items,
+and stocking looms.[48]
+
+Ziba Blakslee (1768-1834), of Newton, worked as a clockmaker, goldsmith,
+and bell founder and he advertised that he made and sold surveying
+instruments.[49]
+
+In New Haven, Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble organized the firm of
+Sibley & Marble and advertised that in addition to repairing swords and
+cutlasses, clocks and watches, they also repaired mathematical and
+surgical instruments.[50]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 23.--Brass surveying compass made about 1790 by
+Peregrine White (1747-1834) of Woodstock, Connecticut. USNM 388993.]
+
+One of the instrument makers of New England who has remained relatively
+unknown was Benjamin Platt (1757-1833), who was born in Danbury,
+Connecticut, on January 3, 1757.[51] He married Adah Fairchild of the
+same city in 1776, and it is believed that he must have completed his
+apprenticeship by that date inasmuch as apprentices usually were not
+allowed to marry.
+
+It is not known how long Platt worked in his native city, but by 1780 he
+had moved to Litchfield, where he worked in gold, silver, and brass. He
+became established as a clockmaker and produced tall case clocks and
+other types. In 1787 he was in New Milford, a town adjacent to Danbury,
+where he produced surveying compasses (see fig. 24). Three years later,
+in 1790, he was at Milford, where he invented a "Compass for measuring
+distance in hilly country." In 1793 he returned to New Milford, where he
+made a clock to order for Eli Todd, and by 1800 he had moved to
+Lanesboro, Massachusetts.
+
+
+_Ohio_
+
+Benjamin Platt was the migratory type. In 1817 he migrated from
+Lanesboro to Columbus, Ohio. His son, Augustus Platt (1793-1886), also
+made mathematical instruments (see fig. 25) in Columbus. In 1809 a
+grandson, named William Augustus Platt was born. When the child's mother
+died, Benjamin and Adah Platt adopted the boy, and when he came of age
+he went into the watchmaking trade. William Platt married Fanny Hayes,
+sister of President Hayes.[52] His shop was listed in the 1843 city
+directory; it was the first jewelry and clock and watch store in the
+community.
+
+An interesting account of instrument making in Ohio is found in the
+report of a missionary, John Heckewelder. He mentioned the brothers
+Joseph and Francois Devacht who worked as watchmakers and instrument
+makers in Gallipolis, Ohio. Writing in 1792, Heckewelder stated that
+"the most interesting shops of the Workmen [in Gallipolis] were those of
+the Goldsmiths and Watchmakers. They showed us work on watches,
+compasses, sundials finer than I have ever beheld."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 24.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin
+Platt (1757-1833) of New Milford, Connecticut, about 1795-1800. Shown in
+original wooden case and separately (opposite page). Photos courtesy
+Ohio State Museum.]
+
+
+_New York_
+
+There were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments in New York
+City before the end of the 18th century. Perhaps the earliest was John
+Bailey, who moved from Fredericksburg, Virginia, to Fishkill, New York,
+in 1778. He was a cutler by trade, and he made and sold surgical
+instruments.[53]
+
+"Bulmain & Dennies" at 59 Water Street in New York were the appointed
+agents to sell the "Perpetual Log or Distance Clock to find a ship's way
+at sea." The device had been patented in the United States, and one of
+the instruments was displayed at the bar of the Tontine Coffee House,
+according to an advertisement in the July 23, 1799, issue of the _New
+York Gazette and General Advertiser_.
+
+H. Caritat, at 153 Broadway in New York, imported and sold "The
+Planispherical Planetarium." This item was described in an
+advertisement[54] as "a graphic representation of the earth, in twelve
+particular positions during its revolutionary course around the sun, as
+also of the Moon's revolution around the earth, together with literal
+description of parts and motions, etc." The advertisement also stated
+that Caritat sold "Carey's newly improved Terrestrial and Celestial
+Globes which omitted the Constellary Configurations."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 25.--Surveying theodolite made by Augustus Platt
+(1793-1886) of Columbus, Ohio, in the early 19th century. Photo courtesy
+Ohio State Museum.]
+
+In 1785 M. Morris of New York City made and sold his own invention of a
+"Nautical Protractor for the price of One Dollar." In an advertisement
+in _The Independent Journal or the General Advertiser_ of May 25, 1785,
+he explained that the device was for use in the construction of globular
+maps and Mercator charts. He also made another protractor for attaching
+to the end of a ruler for measuring distances on charts. He planned to
+publish a treatise on the subject of his inventions.
+
+James Youle, a cutler and mechanician with a shop located first on Fly
+Street and then at 64 Water Street "at the Sign of the Cross-Knives and
+Gun," sold a large variety of cutlery and hardware for gun repair. He
+also made surgical instruments. He died in February 1786 at the age of
+46 as the result of an injury to his chest from a breaking grindstone
+while working in his shop. He was survived by a widow and nine children
+and was succeeded in business by his son John Youle.[55]
+
+
+_New Jersey_
+
+One of the few instrument makers known to have worked in New Jersey was
+Aaron Miller of "Elizabeth-town." He was first noted in the New York
+newspapers in 1748 when he notified the public that, in addition to
+clocks, he made compasses, chains for surveyors, and church bells, for
+which he maintained his own foundry. When he died in 1771 he left all
+his tools to a son-in-law, Isaac Brokaw.[56]
+
+Another craftsman who is entitled to being included as an instrument
+maker was Richard Wistar. When Casper Wistar died in 1752, his son
+Richard succeeded him as owner of the famous glass works. In addition to
+window glass and glassware, Richard Wistar also produced such special
+products as retorts for use in chemistry and "electerizing globes and
+tubes," as well as bottles for Leyden jars that Benjamin Franklin had
+urged him to attempt in the early 1750's.[57]
+
+
+_Delaware_
+
+George Crow (ca. 1725-1771/72) of Wilmington, Delaware, was apparently
+well established as a clockmaker in the community by the time of his
+marriage in 1746 to Mary Laudonet. They had four children, and Crow's
+two sons followed his trade. George Crow was active in civic affairs,
+and in addition to clocks, he produced surveying compasses, several of
+which have survived.[58]
+
+
+_Maryland and Virginia_
+
+Brief mention has already been made of the Chandlee family of
+clockmakers and instrument makers of the 18th century. The founder of
+the line and first of interest was Benjamin Chandlee, Sr., who migrated
+in 1702 from Ireland to Philadelphia, where he was apprenticed to Abel
+Cottey, clockmaker, and eventually married his daughter. His son
+Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791), worked as a clockmaker in
+Nottingham, Maryland, where he produced instruments as well as clocks. A
+fine example of a brass surveying compass--inscribed with his name, and
+which is believed to have been made for the Gilpin family in about
+1761--is on exhibition in the Chester County Historical Society. He had
+four sons, and a few years before his death he established the firm of
+Chandlee & Sons, the name of which was changed to Ellis Chandlee &
+Brothers a year before he died.
+
+The oldest of Benjamin Jr.'s four sons was Goldsmith Chandlee
+(c.1746-1821). After serving an apprenticeship with his father,
+Goldsmith moved to Virginia and worked near Stephensburg (now Stephens
+City). He eventually established himself at Winchester and built a brass
+foundry and a shop where he produced clocks, surveying compasses,
+sundials, apothecary and money scales, surgical instruments, compasses,
+telescopes, and other items in metal. Numerous examples of his clocks
+and instruments have survived. Their fine quality attests to the claim
+that he was one of the foremost craftsmen of the 18th century. Several
+of his surveying compasses exist in modern collections. An instrument
+(fig. 26) that he made about 1794 for a surveyor named Robert Lyle is in
+the writer's collection; an almost identical instrument that Chandlee
+made for Lawrence Augustine Washington, George Washington's nephew, is
+exhibited in the library at Mount Vernon, Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 26.--The label of Goldsmith Chandlee. In the
+collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State Museum.]
+
+Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816) also was apprenticed to his father, and he
+worked with his brothers in the shop. He established the firm of Ellis
+Chandlee & Brothers, in 1790, shortly before his father's death. The
+firm was dissolved in 1797 when the youngest brother, John Chandlee,
+left the firm. Ellis continued in partnership with his other brother,
+Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813), until about 1804, producing clocks,
+surveying instruments, and other metal articles. Their products were
+signed "Ellis and Isaac Chandlee, Nottingham," or, in the case of a
+surveying compass in the collection of the Chester County Historical
+Society, "E. & I. Chandlee, Nottingham." Isaac Chandlee also produced
+clocks and instruments under his own name only, for there are a number
+of surviving clocks and surveying compasses signed in such manner (see
+fig. 28).[59]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 27.--Brass surveying compass with outkeeper made
+by Goldsmith Chandlee (c. 1746-1821) of Winchester, Virginia, for Robert
+Lyle. Over-all length, 14-1/2 in.; diameter, 7 in. Instrument, in
+original wooden case, bears ink signature of Robert Lyle. In collection
+of the writer.]
+
+One of the most important craftsmen of Maryland was Frederick A. Heisely
+(1759-1839). A native of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he served an
+apprenticeship there with John Hoff, the master clockmaker, from 1777 to
+1783. Heisely served in the Revolution. In 1783, presumably upon the
+completion of his apprenticeship, he married Catherine Hoff, the
+clockmaker's daughter. He moved to Frederick, Maryland, where he
+established his own clockmaking shop and where he specialized in making
+mathematical instruments. A tower clock made in Frederick is in the
+collection of the U.S. National Museum. Heisely returned to Lancaster to
+become Hoff's partner, and worked with him until 1802. He then moved his
+shop to Harrisburg and worked there until 1820. He moved once more, this
+time to Pittsburgh where he advertised himself as a "Clock, Watch and
+Instrument Maker," with a shop at No. 6 St. Clair Street.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 28.--Brass surveying compass made by Goldsmith
+Chandlee for Laurence Augustine Washington in about 1795. In the library
+at Mount Vernon. Photo courtesy the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of
+the Union.]
+
+George Heisely (1789-1880), Frederick's son, who was born at Frederick,
+Maryland, achieved note in his own right as a maker of clocks and
+instruments. He worked at Second and Walnut Streets in Harrisburg. He
+is credited with being the person who selected the melody of "To
+Anacreon in Heaven" for "The Star-Spangled Banner," while he was serving
+as a member of the Pennsylvania State Militia.[60]
+
+
+_Pennsylvania_
+
+A number of instrument makers worked in Philadelphia, which was one of
+the important shipping centers during the 18th century and consequently
+one of the important markets for nautical instruments.
+
+Probably the earliest Philadelphia instrument maker of record was Thomas
+Godfrey (1704-1749) who was born in Bristol Township. After serving an
+apprenticeship, Godfrey developed his own business as a glazier and
+plumber. He is stated to have done the major part of the glazing of the
+State House in 1732, as well as similar work on Christ Church. He also
+worked for Andrew Hamilton and for James Logan.
+
+Godfrey had a natural inclination and interest in science and
+mathematics, which may have been further encouraged by his friendship
+with Benjamin Franklin, who resided in the same house. Godfrey was also
+a fellow member of Franklin's Junto.
+
+In 1730 Godfrey invented an improved backstaff or Davis quadrant, and
+loaned the instrument to Joshua Fisher to be used in the latter's survey
+of Delaware Bay. It is claimed that the location of Cape Henlopen was
+established on Fisher's map (published in London in 1756) by means of
+Godfrey's instrument. James Logan became interested in the improved
+backstaff invented by Godfrey and at Logan's request, the instrument was
+taken on a voyage to the West Indies by a Captain Wright for the purpose
+of testing it.[61]
+
+At the same time Logan sent a description of the instrument to London to
+the Royal Astronomer, Edmund Halley. No acknowledgment was made, and in
+1734 Logan sent a second description to Sir Hans Sloane and to Peter
+Collison for forwarding to the Royal Society. The arrival of this
+description coincided with the submission of the description of a
+similar instrument to the Society by its vice president, James Hadley.
+The Royal Society decided in favor of both inventors, and Godfrey was
+awarded the equivalent of 200 pounds in household furniture.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 29.--Brass surveying compass made by Isaac
+Chandlee (1760-1813) of Nottingham, Maryland. Photo courtesy Ohio State
+Museum.]
+
+Godfrey is often confused with his son, also named Thomas Godfrey
+(1736-1763), who worked as a watchmaker in Philadelphia, and
+subsequently became active in literary arts.
+
+Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798) was an instrument maker with a
+shop on South Front Street in Philadelphia. As early as 1756 he worked
+for most of the merchant shippers of the port, supplying them with a
+considerable number of sand glasses that ranged from the quarter-minute
+to the two-hour varieties. Although he made his own mathematical
+instruments, it is likely that he imported the sand glasses. According
+to Customs House clearances of 1789, he had imported from London on the
+ship _Pigou_ "three cases of merchandise" valued at £160/17/6 with a
+duty of $32.19, which may have included sand glasses.[62]
+
+When Condy retired in 1792 he was succeeded in business by Thomas Biggs
+at the same address. Biggs had originally served an apprenticeship with
+Condy, and then fought for the American cause in the Revolution for five
+years. Following the termination of his military service he had engaged
+in instrument making in New York for eight years before returning to
+Philadelphia, his native city. Biggs prospered and his advertisements
+continued until early in 1795.
+
+Thomas Pryor made instruments in a shop on Chestnut Street in 1778, but
+he evidently retired from business in the 1790's because the city
+directory of 1795 listed him merely as "gentleman." He is reported to
+have been one of those who, from the State House Yard, witnessed the
+transit of Venus.[63]
+
+Among the early makers of mathematical instruments in Philadelphia
+was William Dean (?-1797), who is believed to have been working in that
+city as early as 1778. His name first appears in local directories in
+June 1792, where his shop address was listed as No. 43 South Front
+Street. Later he advertised that he made and sold "Surveying
+instruments--Telescopes, Sextants, Quadrants--and every article
+requisite for navigation, surveying, levelling, &c...."
+
+According to details which were noted in his last will, which was dated
+June 1, 1797, and filed and proved in the following month, Dean's death
+appears to have been preceded by a long illness. He designated his two
+sisters as his executrices, and the fact that his will specified the
+appointment of a Mr. Thomas Yardley, Jr., as guardian of his three
+children indicates that he may have been a widower at the time of his
+death.
+
+A surveying compass by this maker was recently brought to light in, the
+Clark County Historical Society, Springfield, Ohio, by Dr. Donald A.
+Hutzlar of the Ohio State Museum. The instrument is a plain compass in
+brass without levels, 13-1/2 inches in length, and with a 5-inch needle.
+The dial is marked "DEAN PHILAD^a." The wooden cover for the instrument
+is marked with the names of previous owners and dates, as follows:
+
+    Jno. C. Symes, Aug. 10, 1778
+    I. Ludlow, 1791
+    Henry Donnel, July 24, 1794
+    Jonathan Donnel, 1796
+    John Dyherty
+    Thomas J. Kizer, 1838
+    David J. Kizer, '78.
+
+A description of this instrument in "_The History of Clark County,
+Ohio_" by A. P. Steele, published in 1881 by the W. H. Beers Co. of
+Chicago, adds considerably to its interest as a historical record of
+American scientific instruments and their use: "Col. Thomas Kizer, the
+veteran surveyor, has in his possession a compass made by Dean of
+Philadelphia; this instrument was owned and used by his father, David
+Kizer, who obtained it from John Dougherty about 1813; Dougherty got it
+from Jonathan Donnel. This relic is marked I. Ludlow, 1791; Henry
+Donnel, 1794; J. Donnel, 1796, John Dougherty, 1799; these marks are
+rudely scratched upon the cover of the instrument, and bear every
+evidence of being genuine; there is no doubt but that this old compass
+was used in making the first surveys in this county, or that it is the
+identical instrument used by John Dougherty, in laying off Demint's
+first plat of Springfield, and by Jonathan Donnel on the survey of 'New
+Boston.'" It is to be noted that some discrepancies exist in the listing
+of names and dates of the previous owners between Steele's _History_ and
+those which actually appear on the cover of the instrument. Steele
+apparently made the changes he deemed necessary in his account of the
+instrument.
+
+Between 1791 and 1795 the same address was also occupied by a cooper
+named Michael Davenport, and from 1797 to 1801 by "the Widow Davenport,"
+presumably widow of Michael. From 1802 to 1804 the same address is
+listed for William Davenport, "Mathematical Instrument Maker,"
+apprentice to William Dean, and believed to be the son of Michael.
+During the next ten years Davenport's address was 45 South Front Street,
+and then, to 1820, was 25 South Front Street.[64] Several brass
+surveying compasses bearing his name have survived.
+
+Another maker of mathematical instruments about whom nothing further is
+known is Charles Taws, who was listed in this manner in the Philadelphia
+directory of 1795.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 30.--Brass surveying compass marked "F. Heisely
+Fred:*town." In collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State
+Museum.]
+
+The making of instruments in glass appears to have been a specialized
+business in the Colonies, because those who worked in this field do not
+appear to have produced instruments in other materials. One of these
+makers of glass instruments--specifically barometers, thermometers and
+"Glass Bubbles to prove spirits, of different kinds"--was Alloysius
+Ketterer. He maintained a shop in the house of a Charles Kugler at "the
+sign of the Seven Stars," corner of Race and Fourth Streets in
+Philadelphia, in 1789. He moved to another address in Race Street in
+1790 and was eventually succeeded in business by Martin Fisher, who
+increased the number of types of glass instruments made and sold at the
+shop.[65]
+
+Henry Voight (1738-1814) was a man with a varied career. Of German
+ancestry, he was trained as a clock-and watchmaker, and he was a skilled
+mechanic. He operated a wire mill in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1780 and
+moved shortly thereafter to Philadelphia, where he established a
+clockmaker's shop on Second Street. He became a close friend of the
+inventor John Fitch in about 1786, and in the following year he became a
+shareholder in Fitch's company for producing steamboats. In 1792 he
+entered into a short-lived partnership with Fitch to manufacture steam
+engines. In 1793 he invented a process for making steel from bar iron.
+In the same year President Washington appointed Voight to the position
+of chief coiner of the Philadelphia Mint, and he continued in that
+position until his death in 1814. He was closely associated with David
+Rittenhouse, Andrew Ellicott, Edward Duffield, and others.
+
+Although there is no record of Voight's career as an instrument maker,
+there is nevertheless some evidence that he worked in that field. In the
+collection of the U.S. National Museum there is a brass equal-altitude
+telescope (fig. 31) made about 1790, that is signed "Henry Voigt." His
+name was spelled "Voigt" and "Voight" interchangeably.
+
+Henry's son Thomas Voight worked as a clockmaker on North Seventh Street
+in Philadelphia around 1811. He was the maker of a tall case clock,
+ordered by Thomas Jefferson, that Jefferson's daughter presented in 1826
+to her father's physician, Dr. Dunglison, for settlement of medical
+services.[66]
+
+There were several instrument makers in provincial Pennsylvania, but the
+majority of such craftsmen worked in Philadelphia. Dr. Christopher Witt
+(1675-1765), an emigrant from England, worked in Germantown from about
+1710 to 1765. He was well known locally as a medical doctor, scientist,
+"hexmeister", clockmaker, and teacher. It is traditionally claimed that
+he produced mathematical instruments in addition to timepieces. He
+described the great comet of 1743 and built his own 8-foot telescope.
+One of his apprentices may have been Christopher Sower (1693-1740), of
+Germantown and Philadelphia, who achieved renown as a doctor, farmer,
+author, printer, papermaker, and clockmaker. He also produced
+mathematical instruments.[67]
+
+George Wall, Jr., of Bucks County, was the author of a pamphlet on the
+subject of "a newly invented Surveying Instrument, called the
+Trigonometer." The instrument was described and illustrated in the
+pamphlet, which was published in Philadelphia in 1788. Washington's own
+copy, bearing the inscription "To the President of the United States
+from the Author" is in the collection of the Boston Athenaeum.
+
+George Ford of Lancaster maintained a shop on West King Street, probably
+from the end of the 18th century until 1840. There he made tall case and
+other clocks, surveying compasses, and other instruments for the retail
+trade. However, he "did not push the business of Watchmaking and
+Clockmaking so hard, for the manufacture of nautical instruments and
+surveyors instruments was a more important part of his business."[68]
+Upon his death in 1842 he was succeeded by his son George Ford II.
+
+Thomas Mendenhall repaired clocks and mathematical instruments in a shop
+on King and Queen Streets in the borough of Lancaster in 1775.[69]
+
+John Wood of Philadelphia was a wholesale supplier of parts for
+clockmakers and watchmakers. According to a notice in the May 7, 1790,
+issue of _Pennsylvania Packet_, he had "pocket compasses, steel magnets,
+Surveying compass needles, surveyors chains, etc." Since no mention was
+made of making or mending instruments, it is probable that Wood was
+merely importer and wholesaler.
+
+Another instrument maker of Philadelphia about whom little is known is
+Bryan Gilmur, who worked at the close of the 18th century making
+instruments and, possibly, clocks.[70]
+
+James Jacks (also listed as James Jack) first worked as clockmaker and
+watchmaker in Charleston, South Carolina, in the 1780's; he later moved
+to Philadelphia where he maintained a shop on Market Street where he
+sold a variety of instruments. In the June 5, 1797, issue of _The
+Federal Gazette_ he announced that, in addition to jewelry, clocks and
+watches, he "also had for sale mathematical instruments in cases very
+compleat; Surveyors Compasses and Theodolites; ship's Quadrants; Fishing
+Rods and Reels; Billiard Balls and sheet ivory; silver and plated coach,
+chaise and chair Whips."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 31.--Equal altitude telescope, 17 in. long, made
+and signed by Henry Voight (1738-1814) of Philadelphia. USNM 311772.]
+
+
+
+
+_Instruments of Wood_
+
+
+The Use of Wood
+
+An interesting fact concerning the instruments produced by 18th-century
+craftsmen is the relatively high incidence of instruments constructed of
+wood instead of brass or other metals. A significant reference to this
+use of wood is found in Alexander Hamilton's "Report on the Subject of
+Manufactures," published in 1821,[71] which refers to such items of wood
+as "Ships, cabinet-wares and turnery, wool and cotton cards, and other
+machinery for manufactures and husbandry, mathematical instruments," ...
+and "coopers' wares of every kind."
+
+Most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying compass,
+possibly the instrument most needed and produced in America. Recorded in
+public and private collections are 31 known examples of such compasses
+made of wood, a rather large number. Furthermore, a substantial number
+of these were being produced simultaneously by skilled craftsmen who at
+the same time were making similar instruments in brass.
+
+Finally, from a study of the surviving examples of wooden surveying
+compasses comes the interesting and perhaps significant fact that all
+the known makers were from New England. The towns and cities in which
+they worked were Boston and Plymouth in Massachusetts, Windsor and New
+Milford in Connecticut, and Walpole and Portsmouth in New Hampshire. A
+careful study of the advertisements and works of the instrument makers
+in the other large cities of the Colonies, such as New York, Baltimore,
+and Philadelphia, reveals no examples of wooden scientific instruments.
+Excluded, of course, are those instruments normally made of wood, such
+as the octant and the mariners quadrant.
+
+Two possible exceptions are instrument makers of New York City. The
+first is James Ham, a maker of mathematical instruments "at the house
+wherein the Widow Ratsey lately lived near the Old Dutch Church on
+Smith Street" who advertised in the May 27, 1754, issue of _The New York
+Mercury_ that he made and sold
+
+     mathematical instruments in wood, brass, or ivory, theodolites,
+     circumferentors, sectors, parallel rules, protractors, plain
+     scales, and dividers, the late instrument called an Octant, Davis'
+     quadrants, gauging rods, sliding and gunter's scales, amplitude
+     wood box and hanging and pocket compasses, surveying chains,
+     japanned telescopes, dice and dice boxes, mariners compasses and
+     kalenders, etc.[72]
+
+Ham subsequently moved his business to Philadelphia where he first
+advertised in 1764, stating that he worked at the sign of "Hadley's
+Quadrant" at Front and Water Streets in Philadelphia and sold all forms
+of instruments in silver, brass, and ivory as well as "large brass
+pocket dials, fitted to the latitude of Philadelphia." In 1780 his son
+James Ham, Jr., advertised from the same address as a maker of
+mathematical instruments, specializing in "Hadley and Davis
+Quadrants."[73]
+
+The second exception is William Hinton, who advertised in _The New York
+Gazette and the Weekly Mercury_ of May 4, 1772, as follows:
+
+     WILLIAM HINTON, Mathematical Instrument Maker, at Hadley's
+     Quadrant, facing the East Side of the New Coffee House, Makes and
+     sells all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass,
+     Ivory or Wood, viz. Hadley's Quadrants, Davis's do. Crostaf's
+     Nocturnals, Gunters Scales, Plotting do. Cases of Instruments,
+     Surveyors Chains, Dividers with and without Points, Protractors,
+     paralelled Rulers, Rods for Guaging, Amplitude, hanging and common
+     Wood Compasses, Pocket do. three Foot Telescopes, Pocket do.
+     Backgammon Tables, Dice and Dice Boxes, Billiard Balls and Tacks,
+     Violin Bows and Bridges; with a Variety of other Articles too
+     tedious to mention: And as he is a young Beginner, he flatters
+     himself, he shall meet with Encouragement; and all those who please
+     to favour him with their Custom, may depend upon having their Work
+     done in the neatest and best Manner, and at reasonable Rates.
+
+It is mentioned that both Ham and Hinton worked in wood in addition to
+other materials, but it appears very likely that the use of wood
+referred specifically to those instruments normally made of wood, such
+as quadrants and octants, and not to other instruments.
+
+Any attempt to relate the making of wooden scientific instruments with
+the production of wooden clocks in New England has no conclusive result,
+yet there appears to be some relationship between the two. Wooden
+clocks were made as early as the 17th century in Germany and Holland,
+and they were known in England in the early 18th century. In the
+Colonies the wooden clock was first produced in Connecticut, and the
+earliest type was associated with Hartford County. This form was quite
+common in East Hartford in 1761, and its first production may have had
+some association with Ebenezer Parmele (1690-1777), since an association
+between Parmele and all of the earliest makers of wooden clocks can be
+traced.[74] Little is known about Parmele. His father was a cabinetmaker
+in Guilford, Connecticut, and Ebenezer practiced the same craft, in
+addition to being a boat builder. He was a man of means, held various
+town offices, and served as town treasurer. For a while he operated a
+cargo sloop on Long Island Sound. In 1726 he built the first tower clock
+in Connecticut for the Guilford meeting house. He was a versatile worker
+in wood, and it is believed that he served an apprenticeship in New York
+City with a Dutch clockmaker from 1705 to 1710, where he may have
+learned to make wooden clocks.
+
+This early type of wooden clock is associated with Benjamin Cheney
+(1725-1815), a clockmaker of East Hartford. The early or "Cheney" type
+of wooden clock was produced in Connecticut as late as 1812. A later
+form of the wooden movement began to appear about 1790, and was probably
+introduced by Gideon Roberts (1749-1813) of Bristol. Roberts had lived
+in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania before 1790, and it is conjectured
+that he became familiar with the wooden clocks produced by the German
+settlers of that region.[75]
+
+It is not surprising that the wooden clock had its colonial origins in
+Connecticut, so completely was it adaptable to the pioneer conditions in
+that colony. The materials were the abundant native woods-cherry, apple,
+oak, and laurel. The parts were made with simple carpenter tools and a
+wooden foot lathe, using the methods of the cabinetmaker. Although it
+has been suggested that some relationship may have existed between the
+makers of wooden instruments in England, and the makers of wooden clocks
+and scientific instruments in the New England Colonies,[76] a careful
+study has failed to reveal any connection, and there appears to be
+little if any parallel between the two groups. Basically, the use of
+wood for making some mathematical instruments in New England resulted
+from the native familiarity with this material, which was also employed
+to a considerable degree for the construction of domestic and
+agricultural implements, and from the fact that many of the early
+clockmakers had been trained as or by cabinet makers, carpenters, and
+even dish turners. Random examples of a few of the more prominent
+clockmakers are Joseph Hopkins, a wood turner; Chauncey Jerome, who had
+been apprenticed to a wood turner; and Silas Hoadley, who had worked
+with a cabinet maker.
+
+Perhaps a basis for the prevalence of wood in these trades is to be
+found in the lines from a familiar poem:
+
+    The Yankee boy, before he's sent to school,
+    Knows well the mystery of that magic tool,
+    The Pocket knife.[77]
+
+But, from the technical point of view, it should be noted that those
+craftsmen who produced clocks and instruments and did not have their own
+brass foundries probably found that a good piece of straight-grained
+hardwood was as stable for holding its dimensions with the grain as a
+piece of brass. Shrinkage was at right angles to the grain; hence, for
+fixed linear stability wood was as good as brass. For rigidity per unit
+weight, wood was better than brass; and for availability and ease of
+working, wood was superior to brass.
+
+It has often been ventured that wooden clocks were first produced in
+Connecticut, because of the scarcity of brass for this purpose during
+the years between the beginning of the Revolution to the end of the War
+of 1812. The claim is made that brass was not being produced in the
+Colonies and that it was imported exclusively from England during this
+period. Certainly, the wholesale price index of metal and metal products
+shows a steady increase during this period, and a considerable jump
+during the period of the War of 1812, making brass an extremely
+expensive material. This may explain why the makers of clocks and
+instruments who made and sold brass clocks and instruments were
+producing the same products at the same time in wood which, as we have
+seen, was both plentiful and a satisfactory substitute.
+
+It can be surmised, therefore, that surveying instruments, as well as
+instruments for other purposes, were produced in both brass and wood
+simultaneously by many of the New England makers in order to provide
+suitable instruments in a flexible price range to meet the demands of
+the trade. Whereas today modern manufacturing methods make it possible
+to produce instruments in a wide variety, both in quality and price, to
+suit the needs and capabilities of every prospective purchaser, the
+production facilities of the 18th century were much more limited. The
+constant factor of skilled hand labor was costly. Metal was expensive.
+As evidenced in the records of Daniel Burnap, for instance, it was
+possible to produce surveying compasses in brass in two grades,
+presumably one more elaborate than the other. Yet Burnap's prices ranged
+between six pounds and four pounds for the metal instruments, making
+them still well out of reach of many of the would-be surveyors.
+Accordingly, Burnap--and presumably numerous other instrument makers of
+the period--produced from wood an economy model that sold for not more
+than two pounds, thus placing the item within the reach of the
+nonprofessional surveyor.
+
+This theory is supported amply by the discovery that several of the
+instrument makers who worked in brass also made instruments of wood
+during the same periods. In addition to the evidence in the records of
+Daniel Burnap, there are the surviving surveying instruments in brass
+and wood made by Samuel Thaxter, Thomas Greenough, and John Dupee,
+leaving little if any doubt that the reason for producing surveying
+compasses and similar items of wood during the 18th century was to
+satisfy the need for reasonably accurate yet inexpensive instruments.
+
+
+Surviving Instruments
+
+The fact that the surviving examples of the wooden instruments were
+produced only in New England seems to indicate merely that the New
+England instrument makers were more familiar with the use of wood as a
+material, and had greater facility in working with it.
+
+Undoubtedly other instruments produced by the 18th-century American
+makers have survived in addition to those already found. Quite likely
+examples of these wooden instruments still remain hidden in unexplored
+attics and other repositories. Yet, if the few thus far discovered is
+any criterion, the number ultimately recoverable will probably be but a
+fraction of the great number produced by the 18th-century makers during
+the half century or more in which they worked. Even allowing for those
+probably destroyed in the natural course of events, one cannot help but
+wonder what has happened to the remainder.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 32.--Wooden graphometer used by Rev. Eleazar
+Wheelock (1711-1779) about 1769 for surveying the area of Dartmouth
+College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The hardwood block is covered with a
+brass plate with brass sighting bars mounted on a swivel and a spirit
+level under a brass strip on edge of instrument. The instrument is 8-5/8
+in. long, 4-5/8 in. wide, and 7/16 in. thick. In collection of Dartmouth
+College Museum.]
+
+A list of the surviving wooden instruments is given in the Appendix (p.
+153). Many of these wooden instruments bear signatures or other marks
+that permit identification of their makers, but a number of specimens
+have been found that are not signed. In most instances they show
+evidence of professional workmanship, and they may have been the work of
+known craftsmen. One or two examples are obviously homemade by unskilled
+amateur practitioners.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 33.--Wooden surveying instrument, maker not known.
+Compass dial is of metal, painted green, with degrees marked to 90° with
+metal punches and the letter "N" to designate the north point. The
+instrument is 12 in. long; diameter is 8 in. In collection of Dartmouth
+College Museum.]
+
+Several unsigned wooden instruments of professional quality are in the
+collection of the Dartmouth College Museum. Of particular interest is a
+semicircumferentor (fig. 32) that belonged to the Reverend Eleazar
+Wheelock (1711-1779) who founded Moor's Indian Charity School at
+Lebanon, Connecticut, which subsequently developed into Dartmouth
+College. It is claimed that it was with this instrument that the area of
+the college was surveyed when it moved to Hanover, N.H. The instrument
+is actually a graphometer consisting of a block of hard wood faced with
+a brass plate with a trough compass; it is tentatively dated about 1769.
+The identity of the maker is unknown, but it may have been the product
+of Hagger, who made a similar instrument, illustrated here, or it may
+have been produced by any one of the other makers noted. The type of
+instrument is an old one. It is described in John Love's _Geodaesia, Or
+the Art of Surveying and Measuring Land_, published in London in 1688.
+Abel Flint[78] also commented on this semicircle as being sometime used,
+as well as the plane table and perambulator--
+
+     ... but of these instruments very little [use] is made in New
+     England; and they are not often to be met with. For general
+     practice none will be found more useful than a common chain and a
+     compass upon Rittenhouse's construction.
+
+Another of the unusual wooden surveying instruments in the collection of
+the Dartmouth College Museum is a wooden surveying compass (fig. 33) in
+which the sighting bars appear relatively close to the dial. A metal
+plate, painted green, is stamped with the degrees marked to 90°. A
+single N for the north point is stamped into it, presumably with steel
+punches. The instrument is relatively primitive, and is sufficiently
+different from the other examples noted to merit mention. There is no
+maker's name, nor any clue to the date or place or period of origin.
+
+An unsigned semicircumferentor made of wood is owned by Mr. Roleigh Lee
+Stubbs of Charleston, West Virginia. The instrument measures 3-3/4 in.
+by 7-1/2 in. by 1 in., and there are sighting bars 3 in. high on a
+swinging brass bar pinned at the center of the base. It has a trough
+compass, and the gradations around the edge of the semicircle are marked
+with tiny brass pins. The date "1784" is stamped into the wood with the
+same type of figures as appear in the degree markings, probably with
+small steel punches.
+
+A surveying compass of the conventional type, also made of wood, is in
+The Farmer's Museum at Cooperstown, New York. The wood is ash or oak,
+12-3/4 in. long and 6-1/2 in. in diameter, with the sighting bars 5 in.
+high. The compass card consists of cut-out printed letters pasted upon a
+printed compass rose, and the fleur-de-lis at North is inked-in by hand.
+This may be a homemade replacement of the original card. The instrument
+is believed to date between 1760-1775.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 34.--18th-century semicircumferentor. Inscribed
+brass plate is mounted on a mahogany block; brass sighting bars are
+mounted on a swivelling bar. The trough compass is on a silvered dial.
+In collection of the writer.]
+
+Of equal interest is a large semicircumferentor made by an unknown
+American instrument maker in the second half of the 18th century. The
+instrument (fig. 34) consists of a plate of hammered brass attached to a
+quarter circle block of mahogany, with a glass covered trough compass
+within a silvered opening, and the gradations stamped into the brass.
+The brass sighting bars are attached to a swivelling bar that can be
+fixed in place with a set screw underneath the block. The instrument,
+which is in the collection of the writer, is not signed with a maker's
+name. Its workmanship is excellent, and professional.
+
+On the basis of a comparison of these instruments with those produced by
+known professional makers, it becomes apparent that all of them were
+made professionally. The possibility that some of these wooden surveying
+compasses may have been produced by the farmer or local surveyor for his
+own use is extremely unlikely. Homemade instruments such as those
+described below were unquestionably the exception instead of the
+rule.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 35.--Homemade wooden surveying compass carved from
+block of maple entirely with a jackknife; painted in red. In collection
+of Preston R. Bassett, Ridgefield, Connecticut.]
+
+An exception to this generalization, and an extremely fine example of
+the whittler's art, is a surveying compass (fig. 35) in the collection
+of Mr. Preston R. Bassett of Ridgefield, Connecticut. This is a
+comparatively small instrument made of maple; the body was painted red.
+It is carved entirely by means of a jackknife, and the sighting bars are
+also whittled to shape and mortised permanently into the frame. A lid
+covering the dial is carved from soft pine. The compass dial is
+handdrawn in black ink, and the North point is painted in the form of a
+decorative fleur-de-lis in red and green. A homemade ring of pewter
+surrounds the compass rose at needle level. This is graduated in
+degrees, with every 10° marked, stamped with steel punches. The ring is
+set into the base by means of wooden pegs. The steel needle is nicely
+cut, and it is probably the only part purchased by the maker.
+
+This is unquestionably a homemade instrument produced by a skillful
+whittler early in the 18th century.
+
+
+Compass Cards
+
+A fact that becomes apparent in a comparison of the surviving examples
+of wooden surveying compasses made in New England is the similarity of
+the compass cards used by makers in the seaport cities (see fig. 36).
+The compass card in each of these instances is the type designed for a
+mariner's compass, bearing a star of 32 rays to mark the 32 points of
+the heavens. The North point is designated with an elaborate
+fleur-de-lis, and the East is emphasized with scrollwork. These are
+features which were not designed primarily for land surveying.
+Presumably, these makers had a quantity of engraved or printed compass
+cards that they used in both marine and land surveying compasses. This
+is true in the case of the compasses made by James and Joseph Halsy,
+Greenough, Clough, Warren, Thaxter, Dupee, Breed, and Bowles. On the
+other hand, the dial of Huntington's compass was painted directly on the
+wood, and the semicircumferentors do not utilize the marine compass
+card. Obviously these makers resorted to this practice for reasons of
+economy--to reduce costs of engraving and printing, and using the same
+card for both types of instruments that they produced.
+
+
+Trade Signs
+
+An interesting sidelight in the study of the makers of scientific
+instruments is the advertising they used, particularly the design of
+their signboards. The most popular symbol appears to have been the
+quadrant, as the phrase "At the Sign of the Quadrant" is found
+repeatedly in advertising in several of the seaport cities of the 18th
+century.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 36.--Unsigned wooden surveying compass, with an
+interesting example of a mariner's compass card.]
+
+In Providence, William Hamlin used the designation in the first part of
+the 19th century, while Philadelphian John Gould featured the sign at
+the end of the 18th century. During an even earlier period, William
+Hinton designated his address to be "At Hadley's Quadrant" in New York
+City. Both Gould and Hinton were English, which may have had some
+bearing on their selection of the quadrant as a symbol of their
+merchandise.
+
+Other signboards were as colorful, such as Jonathan Dakin's "Sign of the
+Hand and Beam," James Youle's "Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun," and
+Charles Kugler's house in Philadelphia with its "Sign of the Seven
+Stars" (that is, Great Bear), which housed the shops of several
+instrument makers.
+
+The two most interesting and significant of the instrument makers' trade
+signs were those advertising the shop of Samuel Thaxter. The first of
+these was the carved wooden figure of "The Little Admiral," which was a
+favorite landmark at No. 1 Long Wharf in Boston for almost a century and
+a half. It was the handiwork of John Skillin, the 18th-century
+woodcarver of Boston, upon whose death on January 24, 1800, the
+_Chronicle_ commented that "he was for many years the most eminent of
+his profession." John Skillin and his brother Simeon worked in Boston
+from about 1777 and produced most of the figureheads that issued from
+that port during that period, as well as a number of other notable
+ornamental wooden figures.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 37.--"The Little Admiral," trade sign used for
+almost a century and a half in Boston, first by William Williams and
+later by Samuel Thaxter. Reputed to have been carved by John Skillin of
+Boston. In collection of the Bostonian Society.]
+
+According to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society, the figure of
+"The Little Admiral" (fig. 37) had been carved for William Williams, who
+brought it with him to Boston from Marblehead in 1770 when he
+established his shop. The figure was installed in front of the Crown
+Coffee House, and Williams's shop was thereafter designated by this
+symbol. The trade sign survived through the years of the Revolutionary
+War. When the original building of the Coffee House was burned, the
+carving was saved and installed on the new building erected in its
+place. In an account of Boston landmarks, Porter[79] related the figure
+to the Admiral Vernon Tavern at the eastern corner of Merchants Row. He
+was proved to have been in error, however, since the trade sign of that
+public-house was a portrait bust of Admiral Vernon and the place was
+known as the Vernon Head Tavern for half a century, even after the end
+of the Revolution.
+
+When Samuel Thaxter purchased the business from Williams's estate he
+acquired the figure as well, and he moved it to each new location for
+his shop. The figure of "The Little Admiral" continued to designate the
+firm even after Thaxter's death, until the firm finally went out of
+existence at the beginning of the 20th century. When the old store was
+torn down in 1901, the figure was preserved, presumably by the last
+owner's family. In 1916 it was acquired for the Bostonian Society by
+several of its members, and the figure has been preserved in the
+Society's Council Chamber since that time.
+
+The other interesting trade sign utilized by Samuel Thaxter is a carved
+figure of Father Time that is credited to John Skillin (see fig. 38).
+The figure is believed to have been commissioned by Thaxter during the
+last decade of the 18th century and installed by him in the interior of
+his shop. It is an important example of the American woodcarver's art,
+and is equivalent to the best work of the Skillin brothers.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 38.--"Father Time" trade sign used by Samuel
+Thaxter in his shop in 18th and 19th centuries. Made of wood, it was
+carved by John Skillin of Boston. In collection of the Bostonian
+Society.]
+
+
+The Makers
+
+Surprisingly, the names of the craftsmen who produced wooden instruments
+are not noted among the instrument makers. With only one or two
+exceptions, their names are hitherto unknown in the history of American
+science, and for that reason it has been considered advisable to present
+all available information that could be accumulated about them.
+
+
+_Joseph Halsy_
+
+The earliest known maker of wooden scientific instruments of Boston was
+Joseph Halsy. He appears to have been one of the sons of the James
+Halsie I, who was mentioned in a land deed of 1674 as a mathematician.[80]
+The land records indicate that James I was the father of several
+children, including Rebecca, a spinster; John Halsey, a mariner who died
+before 1716; Sarah, who later became Mrs. Dorsan; another daughter, name
+unknown, who became the wife of a Joseph Gilbert and the mother of two
+daughters and a son who inherited her share of her father's estate;
+Nathaniel Halsie; and probably Joseph Halsy. James Halsie I appears to
+have owned property consisting of land, a wooden house, and wharves on
+the North End, on North Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street.[81]
+
+The date of birth of Joseph Halsy of Boston has not been found, but
+mention is made of the fact that on January 29, 1697, he was married to
+Elizabeth Eldridge, the daughter of a mariner named Joseph Eldridge, and
+that five children resulted from the marriage, three sons and two
+daughters.[82] One son, Joseph, died in infancy and a daughter,
+Elizabeth, died at an early age.
+
+On February 26, 1704/5 Halsy purchased from Rebecca Halsey, the spinster
+daughter of James, her share in the house and land of her late father on
+North Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street.
+
+On April 19, 1714, Halsy and his wife deeded a house and land on North
+End, at the corner of Hanover and Salutation Streets, to a shipwright
+named Joseph Hood. Two years later, on March 2, 1716, he purchased from
+Jane, his sister-in-law, who was the widow of the mariner John Halsy,
+her share of the house and land of James Halsie, being the same property
+on North Street. On March 27 of the same year he purchased the share in
+the same property belonging to Sarah Dorsan, his widowed sister. In
+August 1719 he was forced to mortgage some of the property to a merchant
+named John Frizell, but the mortgage was cancelled in 1741.
+
+Halsy was married for a second time on January 10, 1731, to Mrs. Anna
+Lloyd, a widow.[83]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 39.--Wooden surveying compass "Made and sold by
+Joseph Halsy, Boston, New England." The instrument, made of maple, is 11
+in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In the collection of New
+Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.]
+
+During the 1730's, Halsy continued to buy out the heirs of James Halsie.
+On March 6, 1730, he acquired the share of Mary Gilbert, a
+granddaughter, and on the same date he purchased from the James Halsey
+heirs their inheritance "part to land, wharf, house, shop and buildings
+on North Street." Other heirs remained, for in June 9, 1732, he bought
+out the share of Marty Partridge, another granddaughter, and on June 27
+the share of Joseph Gilbert, Jr., a grandson. In October 1740 he was
+forced to mortgage as security to James Bowdoin a house and land on the
+southwest side of North Street, but this was cancelled when on August
+26, 1751, Joseph Halsey and his wife, Anna, deeded to James Noble the
+land, wooden house, and wharves near Fish Street on North Street between
+Sun Court and Fleet Street, which apparently was formerly the property
+of James Halsey that Joseph had acquired with so much trouble over a
+period of 40 years.[84]
+
+The following advertisement relating to instruments sold by Halsy
+appeared in the issues of _The Boston Gazette_ for the months of
+September and October 1738:
+
+     Made and sold by Joseph Halsey jun. Hadley's New Invented Quadrant
+     or Octant the best and exacted Instrument for taking the Latitude
+     or Other Altitudes at Sea, as ever yet Invented.[85]
+
+The last dated record relating to Joseph Halsy which has been found is a
+letter dated February 3, 1762, that he wrote to Robert Treat Paine
+concerning legal matters.
+
+Only one complete instrument produced by Joseph Halsy appears to have
+survived--an especially fine wooden surveyors compass (fig. 39) in the
+collection of the New Hampshire Historical Society. It is made of maple.
+The compass card, probably the most interesting of any found in the
+wooden instruments, is hand-colored in black, blue, red, and gold. A
+fleur-de-lis marks the North point, and triangular pointers indicate the
+other compass directions. Inside the pointers are crudely painted female
+figures representing the seven arts: NW, Grammar; W, Logick; SW,
+Geometry; S, Arithmetick; SE, Astronomy; E, Rhetorick; and NE, Musick.
+Within a medallion at the center of the compass card is depicted a
+sailing vessel at sea; surrounding the medallion is a riband inscribed
+"Made and Sold by JOSEPH HALSY Boston--New England."[86]
+
+Another, but much less elaborate, compass card used by Joseph Halsy, is
+an engraved example (fig. 40) found glued in Thomas Paine's own
+manuscript copy of Charles Morton's _Compendium Physicae_, which is
+preserved in the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+John Halsy (fl. 1700-1750), also a mathematical instrument maker, had a
+shop on Green Street, in Boston, according to the Record Commissioner's
+"Report of the City of Boston." He was married on December 10, 1700, by
+the Reverend Cotton Mather. He probably was a brother of Joseph Halsy
+who worked in the same period.
+
+John Halsy subsequently abandoned his instrument-making business to
+become a pirate. He went out to Madagascar, where it is reported that he
+died in his own bed. He was buried with the rites of the Church of
+England in his own watermelon patch.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 40.--Compass card of Joseph Halsy found glued into
+Thomas Paine's personal copy of Charles Morton's _Compendium Physicae_.
+In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society.]
+
+
+_James Halsy II_
+
+James Halsy II (1695-1767), a mathematical instrument maker, was born in
+Boston on April 10, 1695, the son of Nathaniel and Hannah (Gross)
+Halsie. The parents had been married by the Reverend Cotton Mather in
+June 1693.[87] In 1716 young James Halsy was a member of the Artillery
+Company, and by 1720 he had the rating of 4th sergeant. He held town
+offices and was one of the founders of the New Brick Church of Boston.
+On May 30, 1717, he married Anna Gutridge (Goodrich). Ten years later,
+on September 22, 1727, he bought a house and land on North Bennett and
+Tileston Streets from Hugh Hall, a merchant; at the same time he deeded
+to Hall some land and a house adjacent to the latter on the southwest
+side of Green Street. On January 5, 1837, he deeded to his aunt(?), a
+single woman named Huldah Gross, a house and land on Ann Street that he
+had inherited from Thomas Gross, his grandfather. Several more real
+estate negotiations were recorded in the course of the next few years.
+In October 1740 he purchased a house and land on the north side of North
+Bennet Street from John Endicott; in January 1741 land on the east side
+of North Bennett Street; and in November 1748 half of the house and land
+of Edward Pell, adjacent to Huldah Gross, on Cross Street; finally, in
+October 1753, he purchased land on Tileston and North Bennett Streets
+from John Grant.[88]
+
+Halsy died on January 2, 1767, at the age of 72. In his will dated May
+1, 1766, and probated January 2, 1767, by which his wife Anna was the
+executrix of his estate, he left her the income of his real and personal
+estate. He apparently was survived by three daughters and a son, also
+named James Halsy. He divided his real estate in Boston amongst his
+daughters, and to his son he left land in New Hampshire.[89]
+
+The only known surviving instrument bearing James Halsy's name is a
+wooden surveying compass (fig. 41) in the collection of the Peabody
+Museum in Salem. The engraved compass card is quite similar to the one
+used by Thomas Greenough. In the central medallion is an elaborate royal
+crown, and in the circle around the medallion is inscribed "Made and
+Sold by JAMES HALSY near Ye Draw Bridge in Boston."[90]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 41.--Wooden surveying compass made by James Halsy
+(1695-1767) of Boston. The instrument is 11 in. long. In collection of
+East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+_Thomas Greenough_
+
+Contemporary with James Halsy II was Thomas Greenough (1710-1785), who
+was born in Boston in 1710, the son of John and Elizabeth (Gross)
+Greenough. His father was a shipwright in the North End of Boston, and
+one of Thomas's brothers, Newman Greenough, became a sailmaker. Thomas
+also had a sister named Jerusha, who later figured in his real estate
+negotiations.
+
+The earliest known record relating to Greenough is of his marriage in
+1734 to Martha Clarke, daughter of William and Sarah Clarke of Boston.
+Nine children resulted from this marriage over the course of the next 16
+years; four of these were sons. On January 27 of the year of his
+marriage he purchased a house on the northwest side of North Street,
+between Mill Creek and Union Street, from John White and Nathaniel
+Roberts. On August 1, 1736, Greenough purchased the house and land of
+his father-in-law, William Clarke, on the south side of Portland Street.
+On October 28 he mortgaged to his mother his house on Ann Street (which
+appears to have been the house he had purchased on North Street), and at
+the same time he deeded to his brother Newman all his right and title in
+his father's estate at the North End. Greenough was only 24 at the time
+of his marriage, and he apparently became involved in real estate, by
+choice or by necessity, to a considerable degree.
+
+Greenough, in 1744, was a member of a militia company in Boston,[91] and
+three years later, in 1747, he was listed as third sergeant. He was a
+firm patriot, held a town office, and was a founder and deacon of the
+New Brick Church in Boston.
+
+Greenough had a substantial interest in the holdings of his late
+father-in-law. For example, on August 11, 1744, he and his wife deeded
+to a merchant named James Pitts the seawall, or new wharf, "before the
+Town of Boston in the front and rear lying to the northward of King
+Street Pier, North Wharf and flats of James Bowdoin," all of which was
+part of the estate of his deceased father-in-law that apparently had
+been inherited by his wife. In the following year, on November 1, 1745,
+he purchased a house and land on Portland Street from his widowed
+mother-in-law and then on March 31, 1746, he and his wife deeded the
+same house and land to a merchant named Stephen Hall. Numerous other
+negotiations of the same nature are on record.
+
+At some time between 1748 and 1750 Greenough's first wife, Martha, died,
+and in 1750 he married Sarah Stoddard. Three more children, all sons,
+resulted from this second marriage. His real estate negotiations
+continued full pace during the second marriage as during the first.[92]
+
+Greenough's second wife preceded him in death, and Greenough died in
+1785 at the age of 75. His will, probated on August 23, 1785, had been
+made on May 21, 1782;[93] it contained some interesting bequests:
+
+     Executors: my two sons, David S. and William Greenough. Legatees:
+     to the children of my son Thomas, deceased, Rachel, Ann, and Sally
+     Greenough, £13.6.8 each. To their sister Betty £5. To the children
+     of my son John deceased, 200 acres of land. I also give his eldest
+     son John my silver can, fellow to the one I gave his father. To his
+     sons Wm. and David, and to his daughters, Sarah, Abigail, and
+     Mehitible £5 each and the house they live in. My daughter, Sarah
+     Edwards, £10 and a silver chafing dish. My daughter Martha Stone
+     all my lands in the County of York, Cape Porpoise, and Wells, and
+     my silver salver, and her son Thomas £5 and a silver porringer. My
+     daughter Elizabeth Brooks £10 and a silver tea pot. My daughter
+     Mary Savage £40 and to her son Thomas one silver porringer. To the
+     children of my daughter Jerusha, deceased, Martha Clark Lepear and
+     Sally Lepear each of them, £50, and a pair of salt shovels, and a
+     pepper box, silver. All the rest of my estate to my two sons, David
+     Stoddard Greenough, and Wm. Greenough. The late Shute Shrimpton
+     Yeoman, Esq., left an estate to my late spouse Sarah, and to her
+     children, in the Island of Antigua. In case my son David should
+     have a legal possession of same, and Wm. no part, in that case I
+     give my son David £100 and sundry pieces as per schedule amount to
+     £63.11.3. All the rest of my estate to my son, William Greenough.
+
+Of particular interest with relation to Greenough's business in
+instruments is the following advertisement that appeared on May 11,
+1742, in _The Boston Gazette_:
+
+     To be sold by Capt. Cyprian Southack at his House near the Orange
+     Tree and at Mr. Tho. Greenough's Mathematical Instrument Maker near
+     the Draw Bridge, said Southack's Char[t]s of the Coast from Sandy
+     Point of New York to Canso.
+
+Invaluable for this study are Thomas Greenough's manuscript accounts
+that have survived in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical
+Society. The following itemized entries are selected from Greenough's
+business accounts over a period of two decades to provide data on the
+prices current in the second half of the 18th century for new
+instruments and for repairing others:
+
+      In Account with Thomas James Gruchy:
+          1754, April 27: 1 Compass for the Schooner _Sea Flour_  £0.8.0.
+          1758, Nov. 28:  1 Spyglass                             £1.13.8.
+          1759, Jan. 25:  Mending 3 Compasses for the Schooner
+                            _Susanna_                             £0.6.0.
+
+      In Account with Nathaniel Bethune:
+          1760, August: A gauging rod                             £0.6.0.
+                    Mending a telescope                           £0.3.0.
+
+      In Account with Captain McAndrew Mirick of Nantucket:
+           1772, March 21: For 2 compasses, 1 leaded             £0.16.8.
+
+      In Account with Captain Roberson Crockett:
+          1773, April: For mending 2 Compasses                    £0.6.2.
+                       For mending 1 Hanging Compass              £0.3.2.
+
+      In Account with Captain Reworth of the Brig _Fortune_:
+          1774, March 30: For mending 2 compasses & Glasses       £0.7.0.
+
+      In Account with Captain Thomas Godfrey:
+          1774, April 7: For 1 Telescope                          £0.8.0.
+
+Other documents in the same collection indicate that Greenough's
+business interests were substantial and not limited merely to the
+construction of instruments. On July 31, 1769, Greenough's name appeared
+on the Boston Citizens' Non-Importation Agreement. Subsequently, on
+December 14, 1774, there is Greenough's signed receipt, with the amount
+left blank, stating that he had "REC'D. of Capt. Thomas Godfrey the Sum
+of ---- in full for my Negro man Cuffes Shair in the Whaling Voige
+----."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 42.--Brass surveying compass made by Thomas
+Greenough (1710-1785) of Boston. Compass face is mounted on main blade
+with two copper rivets. Screws for vanes and tripod mounting are hand
+cut, with wing nut ends. Sighting bars are 1/16 in. wide and 5-1/4 in.
+high; over-all length is 11-7/8 in. and diameter is 5-1/4 in. Owned by
+Greenough family of Boston. Photo courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough.]
+
+Greenough apparently was succeeded in business by his son William
+Greenough. Mr. Lawrence B. Romaine of Middleboro, Massachusetts, in 1939
+described a wooden surveying compass with its own hand-whittled tripod
+made of oak which bore a compass card inscribed "Made by William
+Greenough, Boston, N.E."[94] The compass was protected by a pine cover
+that fitted closely between the sights. The present location of this
+instrument is not known, but it appears to be the only known example by
+William Greenough made of wood.[95]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 43.--Wooden surveying compass, made and sold by
+Thomas Greenough. The instrument is made of gumwood and has a paper
+compass card; it is 13-1/4 in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In
+collection of Franklin Institute, Philadelphia.]
+
+In the Greenough family at the present time is a brass surveying compass
+(fig. 42) of fine quality and of the period before or during the
+American Revolution. The dial is finely engraved with a Tudor rose at
+its center, and around it is the inscription "THOMAS GREENOUGH BOSTON
+Fecit." The compass face is mounted to the main blade with two copper
+rivets. The holding screws for the vane and tripod mounting are rather
+crudely hand cut with wing-nut ends.[96]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 44.--Wooden surveying compass made and sold by
+Thomas Greenough. Made of hickory, it is 11 in. long and has a diameter
+of 5-1/2 in. Compass card is of paper. Allegedly, this compass was used
+by Joseph Frye for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg,
+Maine, in 1762. Loaned to the U.S. National Museum by Laurits C. Eichner
+of Clifton, New Jersey. USNM 315001.]
+
+Five other surveying compasses made by Thomas Greenough are known, and
+all are made of wood: the one in the Franklin Institute is made of gum
+(fig. 43), one in Old Sturbridge is made of maple, one in the Bucks
+County Historical collection at the Mercer Museum is made of cherry, one
+owned by this writer is made of basswood, and one on loan to the U.S.
+National Museum from Mr. Laurits C. Eichner is made of hickory (fig.
+44).
+
+The compass at the Mercer Museum forms part of the surveyor's gear used
+to lay out the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts. The example in hickory
+on loan to the U.S. National Museum, as is usually the case with the
+compass cards of the Thomas Greenough instruments, has the central ring
+printed in gilt, and the inscription has turned black, making the
+inscription almost illegible. This specimen was owned by Joseph Frye,
+who was given a land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine, in 1762. He
+allegedly used this compass for surveying that land. In 1783 he
+assembled a manuscript book of tables (see fig. 45) for use in
+surveying for his son Joseph Frye, Jr. This manuscript also is part of
+the loan to the U.S. National Museum.[97]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 45.--Pages from a booklet of "Tables Useful in
+Surveying Land, Made and presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph
+Frye, Jr., November 18, A.D. 1783." Loaned to the U.S. National Museum
+by Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, N.J. USNM 315062.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 46.--Compass card from a wooden surveying compass
+"Made by Thomas Greenough, Boston, New England." In collection of the
+writer.]
+
+The compass card in each of these five instruments is identical,
+designed for use in the mariner's compass (see fig. 46). A gentleman in
+the dress of about 1740 stands on the shore using a Davis quadrant.
+Offshore in the harbor is a schooner of the 1750 period. Minor features
+of the scene are touched up in red, presumably printed, since they are
+consistent in all of the cards.
+
+
+_William Williams_
+
+Although not one of the earliest instrument makers in Boston, but
+certainly one of the more significant, was William Williams
+(1737/8-1792). He was the son of Capt. John Williams, a shopkeeper who
+died on March 22, 1748, at the age of 41, and who was buried in King's
+Chapel Burial Ground.[98]
+
+William Williams was born in 1737 or 1738. He was ten years of age when
+his father died, and he had two brothers and two sisters. His father
+left a substantial estate of £6,575, of which £4,544/9/4 was for the
+inventory of the shop merchandise. One of the appraisers for his estate,
+Jotham Maverick, married the widowed Mrs. Williams less than a year
+later, on January 20, 1748/9.[99]
+
+In 1770 William Williams established himself as a mathematical
+instrument maker and clockmaker at No. 1 Long Wharf, at the Crown Coffee
+House, as it was then known. The shop was located on the corner of State
+and Chatham Streets, on premises owned by Robert Shillcock.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 47.--Quadrant, showing signature of Thomas
+Greenough. Photo courtesy Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.]
+
+Williams may have worked as an instrument maker in Marblehead before
+returning to his native Boston. According to Felt,[100] an instrument
+maker named William Williams at Marblehead advertised in the Salem
+newspapers in the early 1770's. However, in 1768 Williams was producing
+instruments from an address in King Street, Boston. (See figure 48.) An
+advertisement inserted by Williams appeared in the March 12, 1770, issue
+of _The Boston Gazette_. It was this same issue that reported the Boston
+Massacre. One of the victims was Williams' step-brother Samuel Maverick,
+the son of his stepfather Jotham Maverick by a first marriage.
+
+In 1773 Williams married Joyce Shillcock, the daughter of his landlord.
+During the Revolutionary War, Williams saw active service as a private
+in Captain Mills' company, of Col. Jeduthan Baldwin's regiment of
+artificers, during the years 1777-1779. In 1780 he served in Captain
+Pattin's company of General Knox's artillery, which was stationed at
+West Point.[101]
+
+With the conclusion of the war Williams returned to the craft of
+instrument-making in his shop, at No. 1 Long Wharf. In 1782 his wife,
+Joyce, inherited the property from her mother, the widow Hannah
+Shillcock, following the latter's death in that year. In the following
+May it is recorded that Williams purchased the warehouse and land on the
+north side of State Street from Benjamin Brown, a trader. By a separate
+deed, he and his wife released to Brown the warehouse and land which had
+been the property of his father-in-law in exchange for a clear title to
+one-half share of the store and land under it "which is next to the
+street called King Street." On February 7, 1784, he bought a share of
+the lower division at Long Wharf, No. 7, from Arnold Welles. On May 17
+of the same year he succeeded in buying out Brown's half share of the
+lower division of Long Wharf at Nos. 1 and 7, and at the same time he
+deeded to Brown one-half share of No. 7 Long Wharf, together with all
+its dockage and wharfage. Finally, on January 20, 1785, Williams and his
+wife deeded to Brown all rights to land of No. 7 Long Wharf, reserving
+for himself his rights in the flats, wharfage, and dockage.
+
+On March 23, 1787, Williams deeded to Joseph Helyer, a blockmaker, the
+store and land under same, and half the wharfage properly belonging to
+Lot No. 1. On October 20 of the same year he sold to Brown a part or
+share of No. 7 Long Wharf, and on March 24, 1788, he purchased land with
+a wooden store at State Street and Long Wharf from Benjamin Brown. On
+June 26 he bought the land and store of Joseph Helyer on the north side
+of Long Wharf.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 48.--Advertisement of William Williams in _The
+Boston Gazette_, March 12, 1770. Photo courtesy Harvard University
+Library.]
+
+Williams engaged in only two more transactions before his death. On
+March 28, 1790, he mortgaged to Joseph Greene, a merchant, the land with
+wooden store at the head of Long Wharf on the northeast side of State
+Street; this mortgage was cancelled on May 29, 1793. On October 1, 1791,
+he deeded to Benjamin Brown a one-half share or 1/48th of all the
+dockage and wharfage of Long Wharf that appertained to one-half of Lot
+No. 1, which he had previously purchased from Welles as noted, as well
+as 1/48th of the proprietor's purchase of Gordon's lands and buildings
+adjoining the Wharf.
+
+Williams died on January 15, 1792, at age 44. The administrator of his
+estate was a merchant named Abraham Quincy. By order of the Supreme
+Court, in order to settle his estate, Williams' store building at No. 1
+Long Wharf was ordered sold at public auction. Although on the site of
+the Crown Coffee House, it was a new building erected in 1780 after the
+Coffee House had burned. The purchaser appears to have been John Osborn,
+a merchant, because on May 10, 1793, Quincy, Williams' administrator,
+deeded to Osborn the land with wooden store at Long Wharf on State
+Street.[102]
+
+The only instrument made by Williams which appears to have survived is a
+Davis backstaff (fig. 49) marked "By Wm. Williams, King Street, Boston,
+for Malachi Allen, 1768"; this instrument is now in the collection of
+the Peabody Museum in Salem, Massachusetts. It is to be noted from this
+inscription that this instrument was an early example of Williams' work,
+produced at the age of 20, prior to the opening of his shop at the Crown
+Coffee House.
+
+In 1770, when Williams opened his shop, the carved sign of "The Little
+Admiral" (fig. 37) was installed in front of the Crown Coffee House, and
+Williams' establishment was thereafter designated by this symbol.[103]
+
+In his shop at No. 1 Long Wharf, Williams exercised his crafts of
+instrument-and clockmaking, and he made and sold a large assortment of
+instruments, as well as time glasses which measured from one quarter
+minute to two hours.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 49.--Detail of wooden Davis quadrant inscribed
+"Made by William Williams in King Street Boston" for "Malachi Allen
+1768." In collection of East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+The name of Williams appears also in the Day Books of Paul Revere. Under
+date of April 16, 1792, there is the following entry:
+
+    Mr. William Williams Dr
+    To Engravg plate for hatt bills 0-18-0
+    To 2 hund prints 0-6-0.
+
+From June 24, 1792, to January 28, 1797, Revere entered 12 charges
+against Williams for 8,500 hat bills for the total amount of
+£14/15/0.[104]
+
+
+_Samuel Thaxter_
+
+Closely associated with the name of William Williams is that of another
+instrument maker of Boston, Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842). Thaxter was born
+in Hingham, Massachusetts, on December 13, 1769, the son of Samuel and
+Bathsheba (Lincoln) Thaxter. His father, who had been born in Hingham in
+1744, was married on December 27, 1768, and he became the father of six
+children, of whom Samuel was the eldest. Samuel Thaxter, Sr., was
+apparently a man of means, for he is listed as a "Gentleman" and a loyal
+subject of King George. He resided on North Street in Hingham, near Ship
+Street. He died on the island of Campobello at the age of 44 years on
+May 27, 1788.[105]
+
+Samuel Thaxter, as well as several generations of his family before him,
+was born in the old Thomas Thaxter mansion that was built by the settler
+of that name in 1652. During the Revolution Samuel's father, Maj. Samuel
+Thaxter, concealed Tories from the Committee of Safety in a blind
+passage with a secret door in the old house. From there he smuggled them
+to Boston. At the massacre of Fort William, Major Thaxter was one of
+those captured by the Indians. While tied to a tree, he saw two French
+officers, and demanded whether this was the treatment they gave to
+commissioned officers. They allowed him to go free and he dragged
+himself to Fort Edward. Meanwhile, his comrades had reported him missing
+in action, and Dr. Gay preached his funeral sermon in Hingham shortly
+before Thaxter's return. The old Thaxter mansion was torn down in
+1864.[106]
+
+Young Samuel Thaxter moved from Hingham to Boston, where he is first
+heard of in 1792. On June 14, 1792, Thaxter married Polly Helyer, the
+niece of William Williams.
+
+Within a month after the sale of Williams' property at public auction,
+Thaxter acquired the instrument-making business. Apparently the new
+owner of the premises required the business to move, and Thaxter
+established himself at No. 9 Butler's Row. A month after the Williams
+auction Thaxter announced his new location in an advertisement (fig. 50)
+in _The Columbia Centinel_ of May 22, 1793.
+
+Thaxter's new location was a wooden store structure, on the north side
+of Butler's Row that was owned by Andrew Hall and Eunice Fitch in 1798.
+It was in the rear of the north side of State Street, running from
+Merchants Row to the water.
+
+By 1796 Thaxter had moved from this location to No. 49 State Street, on
+the north side opposite to Broad Street, a brick store owned by Joseph
+Lovering & Sons, tallow chandlers. He continued to do business at this
+address until 1815, when he moved to 27 State Street, on the opposite
+side of the street. The new location was in a brick dwelling, opposite
+Merchants Row, that was owned by Joseph Clough, a housewright.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 50.--Advertisement of Samuel Thaxter in _The
+Columbia Centinel_, May 22, 1793. Photo courtesy Harvard University
+Library.]
+
+In about 1825 Thaxter moved his business once more, to 125 State Street,
+the east corner of Broad Street. This building was occupied by Charles
+Stimpson, Jr., a stationer who was one of the publishers of the _Boston
+Annual Advertiser_, which was annexed to the Boston Directory of 1826.
+The building was owned by Jonathan Phillips, the first mayor of Boston.
+In the cellar of the building was a victualler named Augustus
+Adams.[107]
+
+The dominating feature of Thaxter's shop from the time it was opened was
+the carved figure of "The Little Admiral," the trade sign first used by
+Williams.
+
+The firm of Samuel Thaxter eventually became Samuel Thaxter & Son, and
+it continued with that name until past the middle of the 19th century.
+Samuel Thaxter died in April 1842 at the age of 72 years. The entry for
+the firm in the 1843 City Directory listed S. T. Cushing as the new
+owner. From the initials, it seems likely that his full name was
+Samuel Thaxter Cushing, and that he was the grandson of the original
+Samuel Thaxter. S. T. Cushing continued to be listed as the owner of the
+firm until 1899, when he was succeeded by A. T. Cushing, presumably a
+son of the former. The old store was finally demolished in 1901.[108]
+Comparison of a photograph of the building just before its demolition
+with a copy of Thaxter's trade card (fig. 51) of the mid-19th century
+shows that the building underwent little change in the period. The
+"Little Admiral" is barely visible in both views.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 51.--19th-century trade card in collection of the
+Bostonian Society.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 52.--Mahogany surveying compass made by Samuel
+Thaxter of Boston. Length, 13 in.; diameter, 7-1/2 in. Wooden frame
+slides off to permit removal of glass and adjustment of needle. Sighting
+bars are of boxwood. In collection of the writer.]
+
+In 1796, shortly after his marriage, Thaxter made his home on
+
+Fish Street (now North Street), but in 1800 he was living at 54 Middle
+Street (Hanover Street). By 1807 he had moved to a new home on Fleet
+Street. His last home address, at the time of his death, was 41 Pinckney
+Street.[109]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 53.--Compass card from earlier form of wooden
+surveying compass made by Samuel Thaxter of Boston. From an instrument
+in the collection of the writer.]
+
+In the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society there is a
+receipted bill (fig. 55) from Samuel Thaxter dated July 1, 1801, to Sam
+Brown, for touching up and repairing nine compasses for the French
+corvelle _Berceau_.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 54.--Brass surveying compass made and sold by S.
+Thaxter & Son, Boston, in late 18th or early 19th century. Over-all
+length, 14 in.; diameter of dial, 6 in.; length of needle, 5-1/8 in.;
+height of sighting bars, 6-1/2 in. In collection of the writer.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 55.--Receipted bill from Samuel Thaxter to Sam
+Brown, Boston, August 4, 1801. In collection of Massachusetts Historical
+Society.]
+
+
+_John Dupee_
+
+John Dupee of Boston apparently was another instrument maker of the
+pre-Revolutionary period actively engaged in producing wooden surveying
+compasses. Three wooden instruments with his compass card exist in
+private and public collections. The instruments are quite similar: the
+wood in each case is walnut or applewood, with an engraved paper
+mariner's compass card; a schooner at sea is figured within the central
+medallion, and inscribed within the riband enclosing it are the words
+"Made and Sold by JOHN DUPEE Ye North Side of Swing Bridge Boston New
+Eng." One of the instruments is owned by the South Natick
+[Massachusetts] Historical Society; a second example is in the
+collection of the Bostonian Society; and a third is owned by a private
+collector.
+
+There is no record of a maker of scientific instruments or clocks by the
+name of Dupee, although the name John Dupee occurs in the city records
+of Boston during the early decades of the 18th century. An advertisement
+in the February 9, 1761, issue of _The Boston Gazette_ states that
+
+     ISAAC DUPEE, Carver, Advertises his Customers and others, that
+     since the late Fire (on Dock Square) he has opened a shop the North
+     side of the Swing-Bridge, opposite to _Thomas Tyler's_, Esq.; where
+     Business will be carried on as usual with Fidelity and Dispatch.
+
+The natural assumption would be that the three instruments were produced
+in Isaac Dupee's shop after 1761, perhaps by the carver's son. The use
+of an engraved compass card indicates that the instruments were not
+unique, and that a number of others were produced or contemplated. On
+the other hand, it is likely that the maker produced other types of
+instruments utilizing such a card, such as mariner's compasses.
+
+
+_Jere Clough_
+
+Another instrument maker, presumably of Boston, is Jere Clough. The only
+instrument bearing his name known at present is a surveying compass
+(fig. 56), made of wood, in the Streeter Collection of Weights and
+Measures at Yale University. Clough's name does not appear on any of the
+lists of instrument makers or clockmakers, yet it is a name that is
+fairly prevalent in Boston. In 1741, for instance, one Joseph Clough of
+Boston was a maker of bellows. He produced bellows of all types--for
+furnaces, refiners, blacksmiths, braziers, and goldsmiths.[110]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 56.--Wooden instrument made by Jere Clough. In
+Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 57.--Wooden surveying compass made by Andrew
+Newell (1749-1798) of Boston. It is made of mahogany, is 11-1/2 in.
+long, and has a diameter of 5 in. The engraved compass card is signed by
+Nathaniel Hurd, goldsmith, silversmith, and engraver of Boston. In
+collection of Yale University Art Gallery.]
+
+
+_Andrew Newell_
+
+An instrument of considerable significance is another wooden surveyor's
+compass, in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery. This
+compass (fig. 57) is made of rich brown San Domingo mahogany with
+sighting bars of boxwood. A mariner's card, set into the opening with a
+metal vernier scale, is in the usual form of the mariner's compass card
+of the 18th century; it is executed as a line engraving. A ship and the
+Boston harbor lighthouse are featured in the central medallion. On a
+riband encircling the medallion is the inscription "Made by ANDW. NEWELL
+East End of the MARKET BOSTON," Engraved in script at the southern tip
+of the star is the signature "N. Hurd Sct."
+
+Relatively little is known about Andrew Newell (1749-1798) except that
+he was a maker of mathematical instruments. An entry in the first Boston
+directory, in 1789, listed "Andrew Newell, instrument maker, 61 State
+Street." The directory of 1796 mentioned Newell as having a shop on the
+"East side of the Market," the address that appears on the surveying
+compass.
+
+Two years later the Boston directory listed Andrew Newell and Son, and
+in 1800 the listing included only the name of Joseph Newell, who may
+have been the son. Another mathematical instrument maker named Charles
+Newell may have been another son of Andrew Newell; his name does not
+appear in the city Directory until in the 19th century. An instrument
+with the signature "Newell & Son, Makers, East End of Faneuil Hall,
+Boston" is in the collection of the Bostonian Society.
+
+An important feature of the Newell instrument is the fact that the
+engraver of the compass card was Nathaniel Hurd (1729-1777), the peer of
+goldsmiths and engravers of the colonial period. This compass card is a
+previously unrecorded example of Hurd's work, and constitutes a work of
+art, making the compass a historic scientific instrument.[111] The
+compass was presented to the Yale University Art Gallery by a Yale
+alumnus, Mr. Henry G. Schiff of New York City. No other examples have
+thus far been found.
+
+
+_Aaron Breed_
+
+Aaron Breed (1791-1861) is a relatively unknown maker of mathematical
+instruments who worked in Boston into the 19th century. He specialized
+in nautical, mathematical and optical instruments, with an address at
+173 Broad Street, and another at No. 2 Rowe's Wharf, "At the Sign of the
+Quadrant." Breed made surveying instruments in brass and in wood. A
+brass instrument is in the Henry Ford Museum, and a wooden instrument is
+in the collection of Old Sturbridge Village. The latter is fashioned
+from walnut with an engraved compass card inscribed "Aaron Breed
+Boston."
+
+
+_Charles Thacher_
+
+The name of Charles Thacher appears on the compass card of a wooden
+surveying compass (fig. 58) in the collection of the Mariners' Museum,
+Norfolk, Virginia. No record of this maker has been found, but the
+engraved compass card indicates that he probably worked in New England.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 58.--Wooden surveying compass made by Charles
+Thacher. It is made of cherry or maple; sighting bars are of oak.
+Over-all length, 13-5/8 in. Photos courtesy Mariners Museum, Newport
+News, Virginia.]
+
+
+_Benjamin King Hagger_
+
+Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) was the scion of two well-known
+families of instrument makers in New England, so it is not surprising
+that he worked in the same craft.
+
+It is believed that Hagger was born in Newport, Rhode Island, about
+1769, the son of William Guyse Hagger and of a sister of Benjamin King.
+Although his father made instruments--at first in partnership with
+Benjamin King, and then working alone--in Newport at least as late as
+1776, the family appears to have moved after the Revolution. William
+Guyse Hagger's name did not appear in the 1790 census of Newport, and it
+is presumed that he moved with his family to Boston.
+
+Benjamin King Hagger was listed in the first city directory of Boston in
+1789 as "a mathematical instrument maker" with an address on Ann Street;
+he was only 20 years of age at this time.
+
+On November 10, 1793, Benjamin King Hagger, "mathematical instrument
+maker," purchased land with buildings on Prince Street near Snow Hill
+Street from one Peter Greene. Two years later, on December 1, 1795,
+Hagger, now listed simply as a "merchant," purchased a brick house, a
+wooden house, and a shed with land from William Ballard, a tailor of
+Framingham and an heir of Samuel Ballard. The property was located on
+the east side of North Street, south of Mill Creek. At the time of
+purchase, Hagger mortgaged the property to Ballard, and also mortgaged
+to him the house and land previously purchased from Greene.
+
+Hagger was listed as a ship chandler in the following year when on March
+24, 1796, he deeded part of his land on Prince Street to William and
+George Hillman, minors.
+
+On June 22, 1796, three months later, Hagger, now listed as
+"mathematical instrument maker, and ship-chandler" deeded to a mariner
+named Thomas Wallis a house and land that formed part of his original
+purchase near Copp's Hill from Peter Greene. Then on July 21, 1796, he
+purchased from William Ballard all his right to the brick house and land
+on North Street (Ann Street), at the same time mortgaging the property
+to William Ballard, Jr., of Framingham. This mortgage was cancelled on
+April 11, 1798.[112]
+
+These negotiations took place before marriage. A report of the Record
+Commissioners of Boston, states that "William King Hagger of Boston and
+Mehitable Ballard of Framingham were married October 6, 1796." The
+entry appears to be in error because the marriage intentions had read
+"Benjamin King Hagger." It is presumed that Mehitable was the daughter
+of William Ballard, the tailor of Framingham, from whom Hagger had
+bought his house on Ann Street, south of Mill Creek.[113]
+
+Benjamin King Hagger is listed in the city directory of Boston for 1798
+as a "mathematical instrument maker" on Ann Street. This, however, is
+the last listing for his name in Boston, as his name does not appear in
+the 1803 or subsequent directories.
+
+Shortly after 1798 Hagger appears to have left Boston together with his
+wife, and it is probable that he established himself as an instrument
+maker in another Massachusetts community, at present unknown. In about
+1816 Hagger moved with his family to Baltimore and continued his
+instrument-making business.
+
+The records of the 1850 Federal census of Baltimore indicate that two of
+Hagger's sons, John W. and William G. Hagger, had been born in 1800 and
+1806 respectively, in Massachusetts, presumably in the community to
+which Hagger had moved from Boston before moving once more to Baltimore.
+
+According to Matchett's Baltimore directory for 1824, Hagger was a
+"mathematical and optical instrument maker" with a shop at 57 South
+Street. His advertisement in the directory stated that he
+
+     Respectfully acquaints his fellow citizens that he executes all
+     orders in the line of his business with punctuality and confidently
+     professes to give satisfaction to his employers, from the
+     experience of a regular apprenticeship and 37 years practice.
+
+This indicates that Hagger completed his apprenticeship in 1787, when he
+was 18, and since then had been established in his own business or had
+worked for another as a journeyman instrument maker. His first
+advertisement in the Boston directory appeared in 1789, wherein his shop
+was listed as being on Ann Street.
+
+Hagger died in Baltimore on November 8, 1834, at the age of 65, after a
+residence of 18 years in that city.[114]
+
+Thus far only one instrument by Hagger has been found--a wooden
+surveying instrument or semicircumferentor (fig. 59). It is in the
+possession of the writer.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 59.--Wooden graphometer made by Benjamin King
+Hagger (c. 1769-1834) of Boston and Baltimore. Made of yellow birch,
+with the name and gradations and lines incised into the wood by means of
+tiny punches, and filled. Trough compass; sighting bars mounted on a
+swivelling brass bar; collapsible tripod made of maple. In collection of
+the writer.]
+
+
+_Benjamin Warren_
+
+[Illustration: Figure 60.--An advertisement of Benjamin Warren in _The
+Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_. Photos courtesy The
+American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.]
+
+Production of wooden surveying compasses was not limited to Boston.
+Another instrument maker who produced them was Benjamin Warren (c.
+1740-?) of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The name of Benjamin Warren was a
+fairly common one in Plymouth, being a name handed down in the family
+from father to son for at least five generations before 1800. The first
+Benjamin Warren at Plymouth was married in 1697, and his son Benjamin
+(2) was born in 1698. Benjamin (2) was married in due course, and his
+son Benjamin (3) was born in 1740. The third Benjamin was the father of
+Benjamin (4), who was born in 1766. In 1789 Benjamin (4) married Sarah
+Young, the daughter of Daniel Young, and their son Benjamin (5) was born
+in 1792. The Benjamin Warren who operated the shop in Plymouth probably
+was Benjamin Warren (3), who was then about 45 years of age.[115]
+
+A search of _The Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_ has
+revealed several advertisements and notices (fig. 60) about Benjamin
+Warren from which some information can be derived about the man and his
+business during this period. The first known notice dated March 19,
+1785, probably is the most important one. Later in the same year, on
+August 16, 1785, Warren published the following notice:
+
+     WHEREAS on Friday Morning of the 5th inst. eloped from the House of
+     the subscriber, _Inholder_ in Plymouth, JOHN MOREY, of NORTON, of
+     tall stature, & round shoulder'd. Had on when he absconded, a
+     shabby claret coloured coat, adorned with patches, and a pair of
+     dirty smoak'd coloured breeches; without knee-buckles; and an old
+     flopped hatt, defaced with grease.
+
+     As he appeared to be an enterprising genius, without abilities,
+     politeness or honesty, and went off in an abrupt and clandestine
+     manner; a reward of _Sixpence_ will be paid, to any person or
+     persons, who will persuade or induce the said Morey to make his
+     appearance once more to the subscriber.
+
+It is obvious that Warren was not considerably concerned about the
+return of John Morey, for the reward offered was scarcely conducive to
+obtain the public's cooperation. Warren's first ventures with public
+sales must have been successful, for early in the next year, in the
+issue of January 3, 1786, he announced that
+
+     _Benjamin Warren_,
+
+     PROPOSES to open a convenient AUCTION-ROOM, over the Shop he now
+     trades in, next week. Any Gentlemen that will furnish him with
+     goods of any kind for Public or Private sale, on Commission, shall
+     be served with fidelity, and the smallest favours in that way
+     gratefully acknowledged.
+
+The next notice of the auction-room appeared on February 21, 1786, when
+the newspaper advertised that
+
+     _To-morrow_ will be SOLD, by Public Vendue, At WARREN'S Auction
+     Room,
+
+     A VARIETY of articles, _viz_. Nails, Bar Lead, Glass Pewter,
+     Buttons, Buckles, Chairs, Stands, &c, &c, &c.
+
+     *** The SALE to begin at 10 o'Clock, A.M.
+
+No other notices of public sales appeared in the _Journal_ for the next
+several months. The last notice of this period was another announcement
+of a sale, which was published in the issue of May 30, 1786:
+
+     _Publick Vendue_,
+
+     _At_ WARREN's Auction Room, in PLYMOUTH: at Ten o'clock this
+     morning. WILL be Sold, a quantity of bar lead, boxes of glass, 6 ×
+     8. English Shovels and Tongs, bridle-Bits, and a variety of other
+     articles of Hard-Ware. Also, a few Anvils at private sale.
+
+Only one instrument signed by Warren is known to survive; it is a wooden
+surveying compass (fig. 61) in the Streeter Collection of Weights and
+Measures at Yale University. The instrument, which appears to have been
+made from walnut, has a compass card with the following inscription
+around the central medallion: "Made and sold by BENJAMIN WARREN Plymouth
+New Eng^d."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 61.--Wooden surveying compass made by Benjamin
+Warren (c. 1740-c. 1800) of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and detail of the
+compass card. The compass, made of cherry wood, is 12 in. long and has a
+diameter of 6 in. In Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale
+University.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 62.--Detail of card, Warren surveying compass
+shown in figure 61.]
+
+The medallion (fig. 62) encloses a harbor scene with a brigantine of the
+1740 period off a promontory on which is prominently situated a
+lighthouse with a smaller building partly visible at the left. The
+lighthouse is unusual in construction in that it features twin towers
+rising from a large rectangular wooden building.
+
+As far as can be determined from available records, the only lighthouse
+in America of this period having such construction was the noted Gurnet
+Light, which was built at the tip of Duxbury Beach in Plymouth Bay in
+1768. D. Alan Stevenson[116] relates that the Governor's Council of
+Massachusetts, when it decided in 1768 to erect the Gurnet Lighthouse
+at Plymouth, adopted a novel plan to distinguish it from other American
+lighthouses. "This consisted of double lights set horizontally in the
+same structure. A timber house built at a cost of £660, 30' long and 20'
+high, had a lanthorn at each end to contain two four-wick lamps.
+
+"In 1802 fire destroyed the house but the merchants of the town promptly
+subscribed to replace it by temporary lights, as the Government had no
+immediate funds at its disposal. An Act of Congress of 1802 allotted
+$2500 for building another set of twin lights and reimbursing the
+merchants for their expenditure.
+
+"Though the idea of twin lights at Plymouth seemed an excellent
+distinction from a single navigation light shown at Barnstable harbor in
+the vicinity, they proved not entirely advantageous and a sea captain
+blamed them for causing his shipwreck. He had seen the light from only
+one tower and identified it with confidence as the Barnstable light;
+apparently, from a particular direction one tower hid the other. But
+local prejudice in favor of retaining the twin lights as a distinction
+prevailed until 1924 when, at last, opposition ceased to the
+recommendation which the Lighthouse Board expressed frequently that a
+single light would be preferable."
+
+It seems quite likely that the compass card bears one of the very few
+surviving contemporary representations of the first Gurnet Light in
+Plymouth Bay. A search of the archives of the historical societies in
+Plymouth, Boston, and Worcester and the files of the U.S. National
+Archives has failed to reveal any illustration of this famous
+lighthouse.
+
+Quite by coincidence, the name of Benjamin Warren was discovered among
+the entries of the day books of Paul Revere, the famous patriot,
+silversmith, and engraver. The entry[117] (fig. 63) appears as follows:
+
+    1786 March 13. Benjm Warren Dr. Plimouth
+    To printing one hundred Compass Cards 0-18-0.
+
+Whether the compass card on the Warren instrument was produced by Revere
+is difficult to determine. Authorities on Revere's engravings agree that
+it could have been engraved by Revere but are unable to state it
+positively. It has been suggested that the entry in Revere's day book
+indicates that he merely printed the compass cards for Warren and that
+he did not engrave a plate. The charge for the work bears out this
+supposition; and furthermore, Revere's bills seemed to make a definite
+distinction between the engraving of plates and actual prints. Whether
+or not Revere was responsible for making the original engraving remains
+to be determined, but it is very probable that he printed the compass
+card of the instrument in the Streeter Collection of Weights and
+Measures at Yale.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 63.--Page from the "day books" of Paul Revere with
+entry for the printing of compass cards for Benjamin Warren of Plymouth.
+In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.]
+
+
+_Daniel Burnap_
+
+One of the best known and most respected names among Connecticut
+clockmakers is that of Daniel Burnap (1759-1838) of East Windsor. Burnap
+was born in Coventry in 1759 and served an apprenticeship with Thomas
+Harland, clockmaker of Norwich. In about 1780 Burnap opened his own
+establishment, where he combined the crafts of clockmaking,
+cabinetmaking, and engraving of brass, in all of which he was greatly
+skilled. One of his apprentices was Eli Terry, who later achieved fame
+in the craft in his own right.[118]
+
+Burnap's business included clients in Windsor, Hartford, and Coventry,
+as well as some of the leading merchants and cabinetmakers of the nearby
+cities and towns. Although clockmaking was the primary business in which
+Burnap engaged, he also had a large trade for his surveying instruments,
+silver spoons, gold beads, harness and saddlery hardware, and shoe
+buckles.
+
+Burnap prospered, and in about 1800 he moved back to his native town,
+Coventry. There he purchased a large farm and erected a shop and a
+sawmill, and in due course became the leading citizen of the community.
+He died in 1838, leaving a valuable technological record in the
+completeness of his journals and account books. A study of the entries
+of his day books and ledgers (see fig. 64) reveals that Burnap did a
+substantial amount of business in surveying compasses, chains, and
+protractors. Among his shop equipment after his death there was found an
+unfinished protractor, but no examples of his instruments are known
+except for a compass dial, inscribed with his name, that was discovered
+recently in the collection of a midwestern historical society.[119]
+
+It is significant to note that Burnap made instruments of varying
+quality. For instance, he charged three different prices for his
+surveyor's compasses. The highest-priced compasses cost £6; they were
+made of brass, and were of the more elaborate conventional type used by
+surveyors. A few examples that appeared in his records cost £4; these
+also were made of brass, but probably were of a simpler form. Several
+entries list surveying compasses priced at £2 and £2/8. One of these was
+made for Capt. Solomon Dewie (1750-1813) in September 1790 for £2/8. At
+the same time, Burnap charged him £0/1/6 for touching the needle of
+another compass.[120] The entries in Burnap's account books do not state
+that these inexpensive compasses were constructed of wood, but it seems
+to be sufficiently conclusive that they were.
+
+
+_Gurdon Huntington_
+
+Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804) was not primarily a maker of scientific
+instruments, but he was established as a goldsmith and clockmaker. He
+was born in Windham, Connecticut, on April 30, 1763, the son of
+Hezekiah and Submit (Murdock) Huntington.[121]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 64.--Entry in the manuscript ledgers of Daniel
+Burnap (1759-1838) of East Windsor and Coventry, Connecticut, for sale
+of surveying compass in 1790. Reproduced from the Burnap shop records in
+the collection of Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.]
+
+The Huntington family was one of the most important in Connecticut
+colonial history. Gurdon's father, Hezekiah, was in service during the
+Revolutionary War, going to Boston as a major with the first troops
+raised in Connecticut. When in Boston he witnessed the miserable
+condition of the arms then in the hands of the soldiers. Major
+Huntington went immediately to Philadelphia, where Congress was in
+session, and proposed to the Congress that he would return to his home
+in Windham and that there he would open a manufactory for repairing
+muskets and other arms. He claimed to have been the first man to have
+made a gun in the Colonies.
+
+Gurdon was too young to have served in the Revolution, but he
+undoubtedly worked in his father's gun manufactory as a boy. In due
+course he learned the trades of goldsmith and clockmaker and established
+his own shop in Windham, which, according to an advertisement (fig. 65)
+in _The Connecticut Gazette_ of June 11, 1784, was "a few rods north of
+Major Ebenezer Backus' store."
+
+On Christmas Day, 1785, Gurdon was married in New London to Temperance
+Williams of Groton. In 1789 their first child, Marvin, was born, and in
+October of the same year the Huntingtons moved from Windham to Walpole,
+New Hampshire. No reason can be found for the move, other than the
+possibility that Gurdon might have anticipated greater opportunity in
+the new community. There he applied himself to his trade as goldsmith
+and clockmaker, but apparently he was not very successful. His family
+grew, and by the time of his death there were eight children. Possibly
+in an effort to supplement his income, Huntington served as postmaster
+of the community. In about 1797, seven or eight years after he had moved
+to Walpole, his father and mother joined him there, and it is believed
+that Major Hezekiah may have worked as a gunsmith during that period.
+Eventually the senior Huntington returned to Windham, Connecticut, where
+he died in 1807.[122]
+
+Meanwhile Gurdon Huntington struggled on until his death on July 26,
+1804. He died insolvent, which created a considerable problem in view of
+the large family he left behind him. Huntington's estate was
+administered by Asa Sibley, a clockmaker in Walpole. Sibley had moved
+to Walpole from his home in Woodstock, Connecticut, in the 1790's and he
+remained there until 1808, when he again returned to Woodstock. Gurdon
+Huntington's widow removed to Bloomfield, Ohio, with her children, and
+she died there on May 25, 1823. Most of her children settled in
+Bloomfield, but several of them moved to New Hartford, New York.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 65.--Advertisement of Gurdon Huntington
+(1763-1804) in _The Connecticut Gazette_, June 11, 1784. In collection
+of Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 66.--Views of wooden surveying compass made by
+Gurdon Huntington, clockmaker in Walpole, New Hampshire, between
+1789-1804. Made of cherry with folding brass sighting bars, the
+instrument is 14 in. long and 5-1/2 in. wide. In collection of the
+writer.]
+
+Several examples of Huntington's clocks are known to exist in private
+collections in the United States. However, only one example of his
+scientific instruments appears to have survived. This is a surveying
+compass (fig. 66) made of wood, with brass sighting bars and a painted
+dial under glass with a steel needle. The dial is inscribed "G.
+HUNTINGTON/WALPOLE." The instrument, which is in the collection of the
+writer, is made of cherry wood, with a riveted ball-and-socket joint of
+brass for insertion on a tripod.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+_Jedidiah Baldwin_
+
+Jedidiah Baldwin (fl. 1790's) was another early New England clock and
+instrument maker, but little is known of his early life. He was a
+brother of Jabes Baldwin (c. 1777-1829), who worked as a clockmaker in
+Salem and Boston after serving an apprenticeship with Thomas Harland in
+Norwich, Connecticut.
+
+Jedidiah Baldwin also served an apprenticeship with Harland. In 1791 he
+was working in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a member of the firm of
+Stiles and Baldwin, and from 1792 to 1794 he was a member of the firm of
+Stiles and Storrs, in partnership with Nathan Storrs.[123] In about 1794
+Baldwin moved to Hanover, New Hampshire, where he became the local
+postmaster, and where Dartmouth College records his death.
+
+Only one existing instrument is known to have been made by Baldwin; it
+is a wooden surveying compass with a brass dial having two scales, one
+for degrees and one for eight divisions per 90°. The dial is inscribed
+"JED BALDWIN/HANOVER." According to its present owner, Mr. Worth
+Shampeny of Rochester, Vermont, the compass was used for surveying in
+Vermont during the early 1800's.
+
+Another Jedidiah Baldwin worked as a clockmaker in Morrisville, New
+York, from 1818-1820 and then in Fairfield, New York; he appears also in
+the city directory of Rochester, New York, as a clockmaker during the
+years 1834-1844. He may have been a son or grandson of the first
+Jedidiah, or a nephew.
+
+
+_Thomas Salter Bowles_
+
+Thomas Salter Bowles (c. 1765-?) is another elusive New England
+instrument maker about whom little information is available. He is
+believed to have been the son of Deacon Samuel and Hannah (Salter)
+Bowles, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, probably between 1765 and
+1770. His father was born in 1739; his mother, who was the daughter of
+Captain Titus Salter, was born in 1748 and died in 1831.[124] Deacon
+Bowles was clerk of the Brick Market in Portsmouth from 1801 to the time
+of his death, November 3, 1802. There is a minimum of information
+available from church and city records in the community, but it is
+believed that he was a member of one of the offshoots of the established
+Puritan Church, and hence he would not appear in its records. He kept
+the lower school in the Brick School House on State Street for a number
+of years.
+
+It is believed that the Bowles family first came to Portsmouth during
+the few years immediately before the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
+It is known that a Thomas Bowles and a Samuel Bowles both signed the
+Association Test on August 14, 1776, promising to oppose the hostile
+proceedings of the British fleets and armies. Furthermore, one of the
+principal taxpayers in Portsmouth in 1770 was a firm named Griffith and
+Bowles, which paid £17 in taxes in 1770. The name of the Bowles who
+formed part of this firm is not known, but it was either Samuel or the
+first Thomas Bowles. The other partner was Nathaniel S. Griffith, a
+watchmaker. It is possible that a tradition of instrument making existed
+in the Bowles family even then.[125]
+
+On file in the office of the City Clerk in Portsmouth are two
+certificates of marriage made out by Thomas Salter Bowles. The first is
+for his marriage to Hannah Ham, a ceremony performed on September 21,
+1809, by Joseph Walton, one of the pastors of a church dissenting from
+the Puritan regime. Hannah was the daughter of William Ham, a brother of
+Supply Ham (1788-1862), a noted local clockmaker. Bowles may have served
+an apprenticeship in that shop before he married Hannah. Two other
+members of the Ham family--George Ham and Henry H. Ham--worked as
+watchmakers in Portsmouth in the same period.
+
+A search of the cemeteries has indicated that Hannah Ham Bowles died in
+1811, age 20. She is buried with her infant son in North Cemetery.[126]
+
+Thomas Bowles's second marriage certificate in Portsmouth is for his
+marriage on September 29, 1813--two years after Hannah's death--to Abiah
+Emerly Bradley of Haverhill, Massachusetts.
+
+Little is known about the work of Bowles as an instrument maker except
+through a few of his instruments. He is listed in the first Portsmouth
+directory, of 1821, as a "mathematical instrument maker" with a place of
+business on Daniel Street; his home was given as Austin Street in
+Portsmouth. He did not appear in the city's directories of 1827 and
+1834. It is assumed that he may have left Portsmouth in the interim,
+possibly to settle in his wife's home town of Haverhill.
+
+Three instruments signed by Bowles have survived, and all show signs of
+considerable wear. They are surveying compasses made of walnut, having
+maple sighting bars and a silvered brass vernier set under the glass.
+Two examples, one in the Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures at
+Yale University and one owned by this writer are almost identical in
+size, form, and details. The only variation is that the Yale example
+(fig. 67) has a bubble level under a brass strip set into one end, an
+item lacking in the other example (fig. 68).
+
+The compass card, made from a line engraving, is identical in each of
+the three examples. A floriated fleur-de-lis on the North point has a
+compass and square at its base, and the name T. S. BOWLES is on a riband
+over it. Adorning the East point is an American eagle bearing a shield
+with stars and stripes and clutching arrows in one claw and a laurel
+twig in the other. In a ring within the central medallion is inscribed
+(see fig. 68), "* T. S. BOWLES * PORTSMOUTH, N.H. *"
+
+[Illustration: Figure 67.--Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas
+Salter Bowles of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. With spirit level. Made of
+birch, the compass is 13 in. long and has a diameter of 6 in. In the
+Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.]
+
+The most interesting of the three instruments was acquired by the
+Dartmouth Museum as part of a collection of the late Frank C. Churchill,
+an inspector in the Indian Service. The instrument (fig. 69) is a
+quarter circle with a compass in its center and sighting bars mounted on
+a swinging arm that reads the angle of the brass scale on the arc by
+means of a vernier. It is mounted on a wooden tripod with the customary
+ball-and-socket joint, which permits it to be placed on a vertical
+plane. A built-in plumb bob at the side helps to establish the
+vertical.[127]
+
+Interesting features of this instrument are two inscriptions engraved on
+the brass strip on the top of the dial. One states that it was "INVENTED
+BY P. MERRILL ESQ." and the other relates that it was "MADE BY JOHN
+KENNARD NEWMARKET." No information about P. Merrill has been found, and
+it is presumed that it was he who conceived the idea of combining the
+various elements into a single instrument and that it was made under his
+direction by Kennard.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 68.--Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas
+Salter Bowles (1765/70-post 1821) of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Made of
+walnut, it is 12 in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/8 in. With walnut
+sighting bars. In collection of writer.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 69.--Wooden surveying instrument inscribed
+"Invented by P. Merrill, Esq." and "Made by John Kennard, Newmarket."
+Made of walnut, 7-3/4 in. long; in its original pine case, with cover.
+The compass card and dial (see opposite) were made by Thomas Salter
+Bowles of Portsmouth. In Frank C. Churchill Collection, Dartmouth
+College Museum, Hanover, New Hampshire.]
+
+Some data on Kennard is available in a history of Newfields (formerly
+Newmarket) by Reverend Fitts. John Kennard was born in Kittery, Maine,
+in 1782. He learned the trade of clockmaker in Portsmouth, New
+Hampshire, presumably working with the members of the Ham family or
+others. On July 3, 1806, he married Sarah Ewer. He lived for various
+periods in Nashua and Concord before moving to Newfields in 1812. He
+lived in the Palmer house (which was burned in September 1899), and he
+kept a store in the little community and also served as its postmaster
+from 1822 to 1824. The post office was the only public office in the
+town until the cotton mills were built on the Lamprey River in 1823.
+Kennard later built and occupied the Kennard house on Piscassic Street,
+which was subsequently owned by Jeremiah Towle and has since been
+burned. In December 1830 he established an iron foundry together with
+Temple Paul and the Drake family, but in 1834 he sold his interest to
+Amos Paul and others. He was the father of six children and he died in
+1861. During his lifetime he had specialized in making tall case and
+banjo clocks.[128]
+
+
+
+
+_The New Era_
+
+
+The beginning of the 19th century saw increased trading and shipping
+resulting from the economic development of the new republic, and the
+westward surge brought increased preoccupation with the settlement of
+communities and the development of land areas. As a consequence, the
+demand for instruments likewise increased.
+
+Whereas during the 18th century and until some time after the end of the
+Revolutionary War probably not more than a dozen instrument makers and
+dealers are known to have emigrated from England or elsewhere to make
+their homes and careers in the American Colonies, the beginning of the
+19th century saw substantial numbers of English and French instrument
+makers and dealers immigrate to the United States, to establish shops in
+the major centers of trade.
+
+And whereas the names of scarcely a hundred mathematical-instrument
+makers who worked in the American Colonies during the 18th century are
+known today, the names of hundreds of similar 19th-century craftsmen and
+dealers are to be found.
+
+As Derek Price[129] has so cogently stated: "For scientific instrument
+makers, one need only examine the nineteenth century city directories of
+Boston, Philadelphia and New York to find hundreds of names of craftsmen
+and firms. It is, to be sure, an antiquarian research, for one does not
+expect to find great discoveries coming from these people. But just as
+in Europe, it is a populous trade, influential in the growth of science
+and highly effective in spreading and intensifying the itch for
+ingenious instruments and devices. It is by these men that the basic
+skills of the Industrial Revolution were populated...." By such means
+did American science and technology come of age.
+
+
+
+
+_The National Collection_
+
+_Early American Scientific Instruments and Related Materials in the
+United States National Museum, Listed by Makers and Users_
+
+
+ADAMS, GEORGE; Fleet Street, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew; Surveying
+Instrument.)
+
+BARDIN, W. & T. M.; 16 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London. (See
+Priestley, Joseph: Globes.)
+
+BENNET, N. (fl. 1777); Middleboro, Mass., or Middleboro, Pa. _Alidade_,
+plane table, scale 7-7/8 in. radius, compass 5-3/8 in. long. Brass scale
+and sights with compass in wooden box. Instrument inscribed "N.
+Bennet--Middlebor 1777." Although the name of this instrument maker does
+not appear on list of English or American makers, it is believed that he
+was American. USNM 319076.
+
+ELLICOTT, ANDREW (1754-1820); Baltimore, Md. _Instrument Box_ for
+astronomical instruments. Made of rosewood, with a hinged top, green
+felt underlining, brass lock, size 3 in. by 3 in. by 11 in. Owned and
+used by Andrew Ellicott for storage and transportation of small
+astronomical equipment.
+
+Gift of John E. Reynolds, Ellicott's great-grandson, of Meadville, Pa.,
+in 1932. USNM 310418.
+
+_Journal_ and _Astronomical Notebook_, manuscript written by Andrew
+Ellicott while locating the U.S. boundary line between the United States
+and the Spanish territory of Florida, 1797-1801. Contains day-by-day
+entries of experiences, field notes, and calculations made by Ellicott.
+The major part of the manuscript was published in _The Journal of Andrew
+Ellicott_.[130] Bound volume with brown leather covers, end opening,
+marked "And. Ellicott," 6-1/2 in. by 8 in. by 2 in. First page has
+signature "Andrew Ellicott 1788."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 70.--Pages from manuscript "Journal and
+Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417) written by Andrew Ellicott while
+locating the boundary between the United States and the Spanish
+territory of Florida. These pages relate to the observations made in
+1799 at the cord of the guide line on Mobile River for determining the
+latitude.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 71.--Folding plate from Andrew Ellicott's "Journal
+and Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417), relating the results of
+observations made in February 1800 with the large and small sectors for
+determining Ellicott's position on St. Mary's River.]
+
+Formerly the property of Ellicott's eldest daughter, Jane Judith
+Ellicott, from whom it passed to her youngest son, William Reynolds. It
+was inherited by the latter's son, John Reynolds of Meadville, Pa., who
+presented it as a gift to the U.S. National Museum in 1932. USNM 310417.
+FIGURES 70, 71.
+
+_Pocket Slate_ 7-1/4 in. long and 4 in. wide, with wooden frame 7-1/4
+in. long and 4 in. wide. Slate 5-3/4 in. long and 2-1/2 in. wide. Part
+of field equipment used by Ellicott.
+
+Gift of Charles Ellicott of Dansville, N.Y., in 1960. USNM 318292.
+
+_Quadrant_ of brass made and used by Ellicott. Quadrant has a radius of
+12 in., is on a stand 17 in. high, and has the original lenses. Simple
+construction with easy adjustment, accomplished by means of two plumb
+lines. A tangent screw for slow motions was designed and added in 1885
+by Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Ellicott's grandson. Instrument was made by
+Ellicott about 1790 and was used in running the southern boundary of the
+United States in 1796 and 1800, and on other surveys.
+
+Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM
+152081. FIGURE 72.
+
+_Surveying Instrument_, with brass disk 10-1/2 in. in diameter laid off
+in degrees, minutes, and seconds with vernier points. Two telescopes,
+one fixed and the other revolving. The instrument is mounted on a tripod
+or Jacob's staff by means of a socket on the underside. Complete with
+original painted pine case. The name of the maker, "G. Adams London," is
+engraved on the dial.
+
+George Adams (1704-1773) was mathematical instrument maker to King
+George III. After serving an apprenticeship from 1718, he made
+instruments for the East India Company in 1735 and 1736, and established
+a shop at "Tycho Brahe's Head" at the corner of Raquet Court, Fleet
+Street. He specialized in terrestrial and celestial globes and
+microscopes. Following his death he was succeeded in business by his son
+George Adams the Younger (1750-1795), who also served as
+mathematical-instrument maker to the king.
+
+This instrument is believed by the donor to have been used by either
+Andrew Ellicott or by his son-in-law David Bates Douglass.
+
+Gift of Charles B. Curtis of Litchfield, Conn., in 1945. USNM 312932.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 72.--Brass quadrant made by Andrew Ellicott about
+1790 and used for running the southern boundary of the United States
+about 1796 and 1800, and on later surveys. USNM 152081.]
+
+_Telescope_, consisting of a brass tube 3-1/2 in. long with an aperture
+of 2-3/4 in.; on its original brass tripod, with a serviceable
+altazimuth mounting. Late 18th century. Made by "W. & S. Jones/135
+Holborn/London."
+
+The firm of "W. & S. Jones" was a partnership of two brothers, Samuel
+and William Jones, opticians, who worked at 30 Lower Holborn and at 135
+Holborn in London, from 1793. They bought the copyright to the books of
+George Adams, and subsequently largely carried on the original business
+of the Adams instrument makers.
+
+In _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author describes this instrument
+as the first of "Two Acromatic Telescopes for Taking signals, with
+sliding tubes, one of them drew out to upwards of 4 feet, and the other
+to about 15 inches, the latter for its length is remarkably good, it
+shows the satellites of Jupiter very distinctly."
+
+Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1899. USNM
+152082. FIGURE 73.
+
+_Telescope_, draw type, made of brass with acromatic lens, length 11 in.
+Incomplete, and maker not known. The second of the instruments described
+in _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ as an acromatic telescope. Used for
+taking signals, with sliding tubes, which draw out to about 15 in. It
+was considered to be remarkably good for its length, and showed the
+satellites of Jupiter very distinctly.
+
+Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM
+152085.
+
+_Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument_, made entirely of brass, with
+original lens now broken. The instrument is described by Ellicott in the
+following extract from _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_:
+
+     Preparatory to beginning the ten mile square [of Washington] a
+     Meridian was traced at Jones' Point on the West of the Potomac.
+     From this Meridian an angle of 45 degrees was laid off North
+     Westerly and a straight line continued in that direction ten
+     miles.... From the termination of this second line a third making a
+     right angle with it was carried South-Easterly ten miles: and from
+     the beginning on Jones' Point a fourth was carried ten miles to the
+     termination of the third. These lines were measured with a chain
+     which was examined and corrected daily, and plumbed whenever the
+     ground was uneven, and traced with a transit and equal altitude
+     instrument which I constructed and executed in 1789 and used in
+     running the Western boundary of the State of New York. This
+     instrument was similar to that described by Le Monnier in his
+     preface to the French "Histoire Celeste." ... All the lines in this
+     city in which I have been concerned were traced with the same
+     instrument which I used on the lines of the ten mile square but as
+     the Northern part was not finished when I left that place, I cannot
+     pretend to say what method has since been pursued.
+
+Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM
+152080. FIGURE 10.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 73.--Telescope used by Andrew Ellicott for his
+survey of the boundary between the United States and the Spanish
+territory of Florida. The instrument is signed "W. & S. Jones, 135
+Holborn, London." USNM 152082.]
+
+ELLIS, ORANGE WARNER (18th century). _Theodolite_, about 1780, brass;
+horizontal circle 5 in., vertical circle 5 in., telescope 7-1/2 in.,
+compass 3 in.; spirit level set into compass card; spirit level attached
+to telescope; fixed vertical circle; unsigned. Used by Orange Warner
+Ellis about 1780 in the surveying of the boundary between the United
+States and Canada, the area which is now Vermont.
+
+Acquired from Miss Mary N. Ellis of Chicago, Ill., in 1929. USNM 309596.
+FIGURE 74.
+
+FRYE, JOSEPH (fl. 1762-1783), Fryeburg, Maine. _Manuscript Booklet_ of
+"Tables Useful in Surveying Land, made and presented by Joseph Frye to
+his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November 18, A. D. 1783." Size 6-1/4 in. by
+3-7/8 in., 16 pages, paper covers, marked "Fryeburg Joseph Frye AD
+MDCCLXXXIII."
+
+Loan from Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey, in 1957. USNM
+315062. FIGURE 45.
+
+(See Greenough, Thomas, for surveying compass used by Joseph Frye.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 74.--Theodolite used by Orange Warner Ellis about
+1780 for surveying boundary between the United States and Canada in the
+area which is now Vermont. USNM 309596.]
+
+GREENOUGH, THOMAS (1710-1785), Boston, Mass. _Surveying Compass_, made
+of hickory with engraved paper compass card. Over-all length 11 ft.;
+dial 5-1/2 in. in diameter. Central medallion on card depicts man along
+shoreline using a Davis quadrant with a schooner offshore, with touches
+of red. Inscribed in gilt in band around central medallion: "Made and
+Sold by THOMAS GREENOUGH, Boston, New Eng." Used by Joseph Frye in 1762
+for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine. Loan from
+Laurits C. Eichner, Clifton, N.J., in 1957. USNM 315001. FIGURE 44.
+
+(See also, Frye, Joseph, manuscript booklet of "Tables Useful for
+Surveying Land ...")
+
+HAGGER, WILLIAM GUYSE, (C. 1748?-1830?), Newport, R.I. _Backstaff_, or
+_Davis Quadrant_, about 1760-1770, made of dark wood with scales and
+sights of boxwood, 25 in. long, 14 in. wide at large arc and 5 in. wide
+at small arc. Inscribed as follows: "W^m G. Hagger Newp^t R. Island/For
+M^r----." The name of the original owner has been blocked out by the
+insertion of a piece of ivory. This quadrant was acquired from Mrs.
+Carola Paine of Bethel, Conn., in 1961. USNM 319029. FIGURE 59.
+
+Davis quadrants signed by Hagger are in the Comstock Memorial Collection
+of the Rhode Island Historical Society (dated 1776); in the Shepley
+Library in Providence, R.I. (dated 1768); and in the Peabody Museum at
+Salem, Mass. (dated 1775).
+
+Also in the U.S. National Museum is an unsigned quadrant (USNM 178975)
+that is almost identical in detail to the one signed by Hagger. It is
+the gift of A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. Another almost identical
+instrument, in the collection of the Franklin Institute, is signed "C.
+Elliott, New London, 1764"; it differs from the other two only in that a
+lens is combined in the middle sight.
+
+HOLBECHER, JOHN, (fl. 1738). _Backstaff_, or _Davis Quadrant_, of dark
+wood with boxwood scales and vanes. Length 25-1/2 in.; large arc 15 in.
+Inscribed "Made by John Holbecher/ For Capt. Joseph Swan--1738."
+
+Holbecher is not listed as an English or American instrument maker, but
+it is believed that the instrument is American.
+
+Acquired from Bern C. Ritchie & Co., Chicago, Ill., in 1960. USNM
+318439.
+
+JOHNSON, JOHN, Surveyor, 1818. (See Rittenhouse & Evans, surveying
+compass.)
+
+JONES, W. & S., 135 Holborn, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew, telescope.)
+
+PIERCE, ABNER, (c. 1790). _Surveying Compass_ with Jacob's staff. Made
+of brass; 12 in. long; 5 in. in diameter; with needle lift. Jacob's
+staff 4 ft. high and with wood shaft about 1-1/2 in.; brass head.
+Unsigned. Used about 1790 by Abner Pierce, who built Pierce's Mill in
+Rock Creek, District of Columbia.
+
+Gift of Mrs. Francis D. Shoemaker of Washington, D.C., in 1930. USNM
+309826.
+
+PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804), Northumberland, Pa.
+
+_Chemical Apparatus_ that formed part of the laboratory of Joseph
+Priestley at his home. It includes the following specimens: 3 chemical
+retorts, 6 bell jars, 1 gas collecting flask, 6 flasks, 4 funnels, 23
+miscellaneous metal and glass objects, and 1 eudiometer. A special
+exhibition of some of this chemical apparatus was held in the U.S.
+National Museum in 1958 (see fig. 69).
+
+Gift of Miss Frances D. Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM
+315341-315358. FIGURE 75.
+
+_Globes_, one terrestrial (fig. 76) and one celestial (fig. 77), that
+formed part of the equipment used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. The
+terrestrial globe, of 26 in. diameter, has a Sheraton mahogany tripod
+stand and is inscribed--
+
+     To the Rt. Honorable/Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B./President of the
+     Royal Society/containing all the latest Discoveries and
+     Communications from the most/correct surveys to the year 1798/by
+     Capt. Cook and more recent Navigators. Engraved upon an accurate
+     degree by Mr. Arrowsmith, Geographer/Respectfully Dedicated/by
+     his most obedient servant/W. & T. M. Bardin/Manufactured and Sold
+     Wholesale and Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet
+     Street, London.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 75.--Special exhibition of chemical laboratory
+apparatus used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. USNM 315341-351358.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 76.--Terrestrial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin
+of London and used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 26 in. USNM
+53253.]
+
+The celestial globe, also with a Sheraton mahogany tripod stand, has a
+diameter of 23 in. and is inscribed--
+
+     To the Rev./Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S./Astronomer Royal/This
+     New British Celestial Globe/containing the positions of nearly
+     6,000 stars, clusters, nebulae, Planetary Nebulae/& correctly
+     computed & laid down for the year 1800 from the latest observations
+     and discoveries by Dr. Maskelyne, Dr. Herschel, the Rev. Mr.
+     Wollaston, etc., etc./Is respectfully dedicated by his most
+     obedient hmbl Servants W. & T. M. Bardin, Manufactured and sold
+     Wholesale & Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet
+     Street, London.
+
+Gifts of Mrs. Eliza R. Lyon of Williamsport, Pa., in 1893. USNM 53253,
+53254. FIGURES 76, 77.
+
+_Orrery_, mounted on three legs 31 in. high, round top 22-1/2 in. in
+diameter. The planets shown are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter,
+and Saturn. The base is not original. Maker not known; English, 18th
+century.
+
+Gift of Miss Frances Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM
+315353. FIGURES 76, 77.
+
+RITTENHOUSE, BENJAMIN (1740-c. 1820).
+
+_Surveying Compass_, about 1796, of brass, 13-1/2 in. long over-all and
+6-1/2 in. diameter. Supported on a tripod by means of a ball-and-socket
+joint and screw-tightening device. The name "A. Ellicott" is inscribed
+on one arm outside the bezel of the dial, and the name "B. Rittenhouse"
+is inscribed on the other arm. The number "10" is marked on the reverse
+of this instrument, which is listed in the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_
+as Item 9: "A Surveying Compass made by Mr. Benjamin Rittenhouse upon
+the newest and most approved plans."
+
+Gift of Henry B. Douglass of Newton, N.J., in 1934. USNM 310815. FIGURE
+78.
+
+RITTENHOUSE, DAVID (1732-1796), Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+_Surveying Compass_, brass, over-all length 14 in., diameter 6-1/2 in.,
+silvered dial marked with eight-pointed star indicating the cardinal and
+intermediate points, glazed. Inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia."
+Fitted with a ball-and-socket joint for mounting on a tripod, and
+complete with wooden field case.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 77.--Celestial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin of
+London and used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 23 in. USNM 53254.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 78.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin
+Rittenhouse for Andrew Ellicott and inscribed with both names. The
+instrument is described in _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ (Philadelphia,
+1803). USNM 310815.]
+
+Stated to have been used by General Washington for laying out the
+estate of Mount Vernon, according to family manuscripts. It was made by
+David Rittenhouse and presented by him to General Washington, who
+subsequently gave it to Capt. Samuel Duvall.
+
+A manuscript consisting of 14 letters relating to the surveying compass
+is filed in the U.S. National Museum (USNM 92542). The letters were
+written in 1851 and 1852 by George Washington Parke Custis, Anthony
+Kimmel, and other Washington descendants.
+
+Gift of Anthony Kimmel to the U.S. Government, and transferred to the
+U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92538. FIGURE 79.
+
+_Zenith Sector_ for measuring the angle between a star at its zenith and
+the vertical. Made of brass, with focal length of 6 ft. and an aperture
+of 2-1/2 in. The original lens was made in London about 1780. The
+instrument was made in the old pattern with brass tube and mountings and
+a wooden supporting post. The tube is suspended by trunnions at the top
+and swings against a graduated arc extending north and south for
+measuring zenith distances in the meridian. It is adjusted in the
+vertical by a plumb line whose errors are eliminated by reversing the
+whole mounting about the supporting post. Constructed principally by
+David Rittenhouse, with some modifications by Andrew Ellicott.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 79.--Surveying compass made by David Rittenhouse
+for Gen. George Washington, inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia." This
+instrument was used by Washington in making a complete survey of his
+estate at Mount Vernon, 1796-1799. The survey was assisted by Capt.
+Samuel Duval, surveyor of Frederick County, Maryland. Washington gave
+the instrument to Captain Duval, from whom it descended to the Hon.
+Anthony Kimmel, who donated it to the U.S. National Museum. USNM 92538.]
+
+In the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author referred to this sector
+as follows:
+
+     The boundary line to the North of Pennsylvania was fixed by Dr.
+     Rittenhouse and Captain Holland in the year 1774 and completed in
+     1786 and 1787. We commenced operations by running a guide line west
+     from the point mentioned on the Delaware 20-1/4 miles and there
+     corrected by the following Zenith distances taken at its West
+     termination by a most excellent sector constructed and executed by
+     Dr. Rittenhouse.
+
+The zenith sector is again mentioned in the appendix of the _Journal_:
+"One Zenith Sector of nearly six feet radius similar to the one made by
+Mr. [George] Graham for Dr. Bradley and Mr. Molyneux, with which the
+aberrations of the stars and mutation of the earth's axis were
+discovered, and the quantities determined."
+
+Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM 152078.
+FIGURE 11.
+
+_Zenith Sector_, made of brass, original lens broken. Constructed by
+David Rittenhouse with some additions made by Andrew Ellicott. In The
+_Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ the instrument is described as a Zenith
+Sector of 19 inches radius to be used when the utmost accuracy was not
+necessary, and where the transportation of the large one could not be
+effected without great expense and difficulty. These instruments were
+principally executed by my late worthy and ingenious friend, Mr.
+Rittenhouse, except some additions which I have made myself. The plumb
+lines of both Sectors are suspended from a notch above the axis of the
+instruments in the manner described by the Rev. Dr. Maskelyne, the
+present Astronomer Royal at Greenwich, in the introduction to the first
+volume of his Astronomical Observations. A particular description of
+those instruments is rendered unnecessary by being accurately done in a
+number of scientific works, particularly by M. de Maupertius in his
+account of the measurement of a degree of the meridian under the Arctic
+Circle--The Sector is of all instruments the best calculated for
+measuring zenith distances which come within its arc. The large one
+above mentioned [large Zenith Sector] extends to 5 degrees North, and
+South of the Zenith. Stars when so near the Zenith are insensibly
+affected by the different refractive powers of the Atmosphere arising
+from its different degrees of density. Add to this that the error of the
+visual axis is completely corrected by taking the Zenith distances of
+the stars with the plane, or face of the instrument both East and West.
+
+USNM 152079. FIGURE 80.
+
+RITTENHOUSE & EVANS, Philadelphia, Pa., 18th century.
+
+_Surveying Compass_, about 1780, made of brass, overall length 13-3/4
+in., diameter of dial 5-1/4 in., silvered bubble level, vernier on
+alidade. The glazed dial, engraved "Rittenhouse & Evans," is fitted with
+a brass cover.
+
+This instrument was made during a brief partnership between David
+Rittenhouse and David Evans, a clock- and watchmaker of Philadelphia and
+Baltimore. It was one of several owned and used by John Johnson in 1818
+for surveying the boundaries between Canada and Maine.
+
+The survey, made in compliance with the Treaty of Ghent, is described in
+_The Collections of the Maine Historical Society_ (Portland: Hoyt, Fogg
+& Donham, 1881, vol. 8, p. 20):
+
+     Thomas Barclay, of whom we have heard more than once before, as a
+     Commissioner under the treaty, on the part of Great Britain, and
+     Cornelius P. Van Ness, on the part of the United States, were
+     appointed Commissioners to ascertain and run the line. An actual
+     survey was arranged, and surveyors appointed, to wit: Charles
+     Turner, Jr., on the part of the United States, and Colin Campbell
+     on the part of Great Britain. About twenty miles of the line was
+     surveyed, then the work was discontinued, never to be resumed; but
+     an exploring survey was commenced by Colonel Bouchette, on the part
+     of Great Britain, and John Johnson, on the part of the United
+     States. These gentlemen made an exploring line in 1817, extending
+     ninety-nine miles from the monument at the head of the river St.
+     Croix, and made separate reports of their doings. In 1818 Mr.
+     Johnson, with Mr. Odell, who had taken the place of Col.
+     Bouchette, finished running the exploring line to the Beaver or
+     Metis River....
+
+[Illustration: Figure 80.--Zenith sector, with a radius of 19 in.,
+constructed by David Rittenhouse for Andrew Ellicott. USNM 152079.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 81.--Brass surveying compass marked "Rittenhouse &
+Evans," about 1780. Over-all length, 13-3/4 in.; diameter of dial, 5-1/4
+in. This instrument, made about 1780, was owned and used by John Johnson
+in 1818 for surveying the boundaries between Canada and Maine. USNM
+309543.]
+
+Gift of John Johnson Allen of Burlington, Vt., in 1927. USNM 309543.
+FIGURE 81.
+
+THOMPSON, Captain SAMUEL ROWLAND (18th century); Lewes, Del. _Octant_
+made of dark wood and with lignum vitae; brass fittings. This
+harbormaster's instrument, used by Captain Thompson during the second
+half of the 18th century, is without numerical designations on the arc.
+The eighth part of a circle is connected to an apex by two side pieces
+with a swinging arm hinged at the apex, with a blade at its end that
+moves along a checkered scale on the arc.
+
+Gift of George Andrews Thompson of Baltimore, Md., in 1926. USNM 308473.
+
+VOIGHT, HENRY (1738-1814), Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+_Equal Altitude Telescope_ of brass, 17 in. long, on wooden tripod about
+46 in. high. Objective lens is missing. Signed "Henry Voigt." Made about
+1790 and used for determining meridian lines and time observation of the
+sun's noon transit. This form of instrument was originally invented
+about 1716 by Roger Cotes, professor of astronomy at Cambridge, as a
+simple instrument for the determination of time.
+
+Deposited in the U.S. National Museum by the Smithsonian Institution in
+1939. USNM 311772. FIGURE 31.
+
+WASHINGTON, GENERAL GEORGE (1732-1799), Mount Vernon, Va.
+
+_Compass Sundial_ described by the donor as having been presented to
+Gen. George Washington by General Braddock on the retreat through Paris
+Gap, Fairfax County, Va. Gift of Samuel Keese in 1902. USNM 9842.
+
+_Field Glass_, brass tube in three sections, length closed 9 in., opened
+22-1/2 in. Diameter of object lens 1-3/4 in., of ocular lens 1-1/8 in.
+With original case of russet leather, which is 9-1/2 in. long and 2-1/2
+in. in diameter. Maker not known. Stated to have been used by Washington
+during the Revolutionary War at the campaign of Valley Forge.
+
+According to related correspondence, when not in use the instrument was
+carried by the General's body servant, Billy Lee. The General presented
+the field glass to Major Lawrence Lewis, his favorite nephew, in 1799,
+the last year of his life.
+
+Purchased by the U.S. Government from the Lewis heirs in 1878 and
+transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92424, 92425.
+FIGURE 82.
+
+_Spyglass or Telescope_, made of wood, 9-sided, wrapped throughout with
+twine, 62 in. long. Brass mountings for object and ocular lenses made by
+"Cole, Fleet Street, London." Diameter of object lens 2-3/4 in.,
+diameter of ocular lens 1 in.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 82.--Brass field glass in case of russet leather,
+stated to have been used by General George Washington at Valley Forge.
+USNM 92424, 92425.]
+
+The maker, Benjamin Cole (1725-1813), was the third generation of
+instrument makers of the same name. Other instruments by this maker are
+in the National Maritime Museum and the Whipple Museum, Cambridge.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 83.--Telescope, 62 in. long, made of wood wrapped
+with twine. It was made by Benjamin Cole of London and was owned and
+used by Gen. George Washington at Mount Vernon. USNM 92423.]
+
+This telescope, used by General Washington at Mount Vernon, "was kept
+behind the hall door and his favorite amusement was to look out over the
+river with it." According to Mrs. Lewis, the General used it to observe
+life on the river and especially to discover guests approaching Mount
+Vernon, as many of their visitors arrived by boat. Benjamin Latrobe, the
+architect, on a visit to Mount Vernon made an amusing sketch of his host
+looking anxiously up the stream for some belated dinner guests.
+
+Part of the collection purchased from the Lewis heirs in 1878 by the
+U.S. Government and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883.
+USNM 92423. FIGURE 83.
+
+_Survey of Land_, drawn and documented by George Washington on April 2,
+1751 for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va. Paper, 12 in. wide by
+7-3/4 in. high.
+
+This survey was made by Washington when he was 19 years of age, and it
+is believed to be the only such document relating to his earliest period
+as a surveyor. Washington was licensed as a surveyor by the President
+and Masters of William and Mary College in 1749. On July 20th of the
+same year he was appointed surveyor in Culpepper County, Va., by
+Governor Dinwiddie.
+
+Acquired in 1961. USNM 238367. FIGURE 84.
+
+WHITE, PEREGRINE (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.
+
+_Surveying Compass_, about 1790, made of brass, complete with original
+case, tripod, and gunter's chain. The instrument measures 12-1/4 in.
+overall. The dial, with a diameter of 5-5/8 in. and a pewter vernier
+ring, is inscribed "PEREGRINE WHITE/Woodstock." Tripod is 57-1/2 in.
+long and has walnut legs and a brass universal socket joint. Gift of Dr.
+and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood.
+
+USNM 388993. FIGURE 23.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 84.--Survey of land drawn and documented by George
+Washington for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va., in 1751. Size: 12
+in. wide, 7-3/4 in. high. USNM 238367.]
+
+WHITNEY, THOMAS (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+_Pocket Compass_ of brass encased in brassbound mahogany box with
+separate carrying case. Paper dial is inscribed "T. Whitney/ Phil^a."
+Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the
+Pacific Coast in 1803-1806.
+
+USNM 38366. FIGURE 85.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 85.--Pocket compass made and signed by Thomas
+Whitney of Philadelphia. With original carrying case. Carried by Capt.
+William Clark on the Lewis and Clark expedition to the Pacific Coast,
+1803-1806. USNM 38366.]
+
+
+
+
+Appendix
+
+SURVIVING WOODEN SURVEYING COMPASSES
+
+(Asterisk denotes information unavailable)
+
+
+                                                  _Length
+                                           _Height  of     _Maker
+  _Collection_      _Type  _Length _Width  of bars needle   and
+                     of     (in.)_  (in.)_  (in.)_ (in.)_ period_
+                    wood_
+
+  Preston R.        Maple      9      5    3-1/4    *    Unsigned (18th
+  Bassett                                                century)
+
+  Bucks County     Cherry     11    5-1/2  6-5/8  2-3/8  Thomas Greenough
+  Historical                                             of Boston
+  Society                                                (1710-1785)
+
+  Bostonian       Apple or  13-7/8    *      *    4-3/4  John Dupee of
+  Society          walnut                                Boston (after
+                                                         1761)
+
+  Dartmouth        Walnut    7-3/4    *      *      *    Thomas S. Bowles
+  College Museum                                         of Portsmouth,
+                                                         N.H. (c.
+                                                         1765-1821)
+
+                      *       12      8      *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                      *      8-3/8  4-5/8    *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+  L. C. Eichner    Hickory    11    5-1/2    3      4    Thomas Greenough
+  (U.S. National                                         of Boston
+  Museum)                                                (1710-1785)
+
+  Farmer's Museum    Oak    12-3/4  6-1/2    5      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+  Franklin           Gum    13-3/4  5-3/4    4      5    Thomas Greenough
+  Institute                                              of Boston
+                                                         (1710-1785)
+
+  Mariner's           *        *      *      *      *    Charles Thacher
+  Museum                                                 (18th century)
+
+  Old Sturbridge    Maple     13      4      *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                    Maple   11-5/8  5-7/8    *      *    Thomas Greenough
+                                                         of Boston
+                                                         (1710-1785)
+
+                   Walnut     18      8      *      *    Aaron Breed of
+                                                         Boston (1791-1861)
+
+  New Hampshire     Maple     11    5-3/4  2-1/2  4-5/8  Joseph Halsy of
+  Historical                                             Boston (fl.
+  Society                                                1697-1762)
+
+  N. Parker        Walnut   13-1/2  4-7/8    5      *    John Dupee of
+                                                         Boston (after
+                                                         1761)
+
+  Peabody Museum      *       11      *      *      3    James Halsy II of
+                                                         Boston (1695-1767)
+
+  Worth Shampeny      *        *      *      *      *    Jedidiah Baldwin
+                                                         of Hanover, N.H.
+                                                         (c. 1777-1829)
+
+  South Natick    Apple or   13-16    *      *    4-7/8  John Dupee of
+  Historical       walnut                                Boston (after
+  Society                                                1761)
+
+  Streeter Coll.,   Birch     13      6      *      4    Thomas S. Bowles
+  Yale University                                        of Portsmouth,
+                                                         N.H. (c.1765-1821)
+
+                   Cherry   11-5/6    6      4      *    Jere Clough of
+                                                         Boston (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                   Cherry     12      6    3-1/2    *    Benjamin Warren of
+                                                         Plymouth, Mass.
+                                                         (fl. 1740-1790)
+
+  Roleigh L.       Cherry    7-1/2  3-3/4    3      *    Unsigned
+  Stubbs
+
+  Silvio A.        Walnut     12    5-3/8    5      4    Thomas S. Bowles
+  Bedini                                                 of Portsmouth,
+                                                         N.H. (c.
+                                                         1765-1821)
+
+                    Pine     5-3/4  3-1/2  2-1/2    *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                  Mahogany     *      *      *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                  Basswood    12    5-3/4  2-3/4    4    Thomas Greenough
+                                                         of Boston
+                                                         (1710-1785)
+
+                    Birch     18    7-1/2  7-1/2    6    Samuel Thaxter of
+                                                         Boston (1769-1842)
+
+                  Mahogany    13    7-1/4  4-1/4    6    Samuel Thaxter of
+                                                         Boston (1769-1842)
+
+                   Yellow    8-1/4    4      *    4-1/4  Benjamin K. Hagger
+                    birch                                of Boston and
+                                                         Baltimore (c.
+                                                         1769-1834)
+
+                   Cherry     14    5-1/2  6-3/8  4-3/4  Gurdon Huntington
+                                                         of Windham, Conn.
+                                                         and Walpole, N.H.
+                                                         (1763-1804)
+
+  Yale Gallery    Mahogany  11-1/2    5      *      *    Andrew Newell of
+  of Fine Art                                            Boston (1749-c.
+                                                         1798)
+
+
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS
+
+_Alphabetical List_
+
+
+(Asterisk denotes information unavailable.)
+
+  _Name_              _Period_       _Place_           _Types of
+                                                       instruments_
+
+  Bailey, John        fl. 1778       Fishkill, N. Y.   Surveying; surgical
+
+  Bailey, John, II    1752-1823      Hanover and Lynn, Surveying
+                                     Mass.
+
+  Baily, Joel         1732-1797      West Bradford,
+  (practitioner)                     Pa.
+
+  Baldwin, Jedidiah   c. 1777-1829   Salem, Boston,    Surveying
+                                     and Northampton,
+                                     Mass.; Hanover,
+                                     N. H.
+
+  Banneker, Benjamin  c. 1734-1806   Baltimore
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Benson, John        fl. 1793-1797  *                 Optical
+
+  Biddle, Owen        1737-1799      Philadelphia
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Biggs, Thomas       fl. 1792-1795  New York and      Surveying
+                                     Philadelphia
+
+  Blakslee, Ziba      1768-1834      Newtown, Conn.    Surveying
+
+  Blundy, Charles     fl. 1753       Charleston, S. C. Thermometric;
+                                                       watches
+
+  Bowles, Thomas S.   c. 1765-1821   Portsmouth, N. H. Surveying
+
+  Breed, Aaron        1791-1861      Boston            Surveying
+
+  Brokaw, Isaac       fl. 1771       Philadelphia      *
+
+  Bulmain & Dennies   fl. 1799       New York          Nautical
+
+  Burges, Bartholomew fl. 1789       Boston            Scientific
+
+  Burnap, Daniel      1759-1838      East Windsor and  Surveying; clocks
+                                     Coventry, Conn.
+
+  Caritat, H.         fl. 1799       New York          Astronomical
+
+  Chandlee, Benjamin, 1723-1791      Nottingham, Md.   Surveying; clocks
+  Jr.
+
+  Chandlee & Bros.    fl. 1790-1791  Nottingham, Md.   Clocks; surveying
+
+  Chandlee, Ellis     1755-1816      Nottingham, Md.   Surveying; clocks
+
+  Chandlee, Ellis &   fl. 1791-1797  Nottingham, Md.   Clocks; surveying
+  Bros.
+
+  Chandlee, Goldsmith c. 1751-1821   Winchester, Va.   Surveying;
+                                                       astronomical;
+                                                       clocks
+
+  Chandlee, Isaac     1760-1813      Nottingham, Md.   Surveying; clocks
+
+  Clark, Robert       fl. 1785       Charleston, S.C.  Nautical; surveying
+                                                       optical
+
+  Clough, Jere        18th century   Boston            Surveying
+
+  Condy, Benjamin     fl. 1756-1798, Philadelphia      Mathematical; sand
+                      d. 1798                          glasses
+
+  Crow, George        c. 1726-1772   Wilmington, Del.  Surveying; clocks
+
+  Dabney, John, Jr.   fl. 1739       Boston            Mathematical
+
+  Dakin, Jonathan     fl. 1745       Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       balances
+
+  Davenport, William  1778-1829      Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Dean, William       (?-1797)       Philadelphia      Surveying; nautical
+
+  Devacht, Joseph and fl. 1792       Gallipolis, Ohio  Watches; compasses;
+  Francois                                             sundials
+
+  Donegan (or         fl. 1787       New York          Glass;
+  Denegan), John                                       philosophical
+
+  Donegany, John (see
+  Donegan)
+
+  Doolittle, Enos     1751-1806      Hartford, Conn.   Surveying;
+  clocks                                               nautical;
+
+  Doolittle, Isaac    1721-1800      New Haven, Conn.  Clocks; scientific
+
+  Doolittle, Isaac,   1759-1821      New Haven, Conn.  Surveying; clocks
+  Jr.
+
+  Dupee, John         fl. after 1761 Boston            Surveying
+
+  Ellicott, Andrew    1754-1820      Baltimore         Surveying;
+  (also practitioner)                                  astronomical
+
+  Emery, Samuel       1787-1882      Salem, Mass.      Mathematical
+
+  Evans, George       fl. 1796; d.   Philadelphia      Mathematical
+                      1798
+
+  Fairman, Gideon     1774-1827      Newburyport,      Mathematical
+  (See Hooker and                    Mass.
+  Fairman)
+
+  Fisher, Martin      fl. 1790       Philadelphia      Glass
+
+  Folger, Peter       1617-1690      Nantucket
+  (practitioner?)
+
+  Folger, Walter, Jr. 1765-1849      Nantucket         Astronomical;
+  surveying
+
+  Ford, George        fl. late 18th  Lancaster, Pa.    Surveying; nautical
+                      century to
+                      1842
+
+  Ford, George, II    fl. 1842       Lancaster, Pa.    Surveying; nautical
+
+  Fosbrook, W.        fl. 1786 or    New York          Surgical; dental
+                      earlier
+
+  Gatty, Joseph       fl. 1794       New York and      Glass;
+                                     Philadelphia      philosophical
+
+  Gilman, Benjamin C. 1763-1835      Exeter, N.H.      Mathematical;
+                                                       clocks
+
+  Gilmur, Bryan       fl. end of     Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                      18th century                     clocks
+
+  Godfrey, Thomas     1704-1749      Philadelphia      Improved reflecting
+                                                       backstaff
+
+  Gould, John         fl. 1794       Philadelphia      Nautical; surgical;
+                                                       optical
+
+  Grainger, Samuel    fl. 1719       Boston
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Greenleaf, Stephen  1704-1795      Boston            Mathematical
+
+  Greenough, Thomas   1710-1785      Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying;
+                                                       nautical;
+                                                       astronomical
+
+  Greenough, William  fl. 1785       Boston            Surveying
+
+  Greenwood, Isaac,   fl. 1726       Boston            Surveying
+  Sr. (practitioner)
+
+  Greenwood, Isaac,   1730-1803      Boston            Mathematical
+  Jr.
+
+  Grew, Theophilus    fl. 1753       Philadelphia
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Hagger, Benjamin    c. 1769-1834   Boston and        Mathematical;
+  King                               Baltimore         surveying
+
+  Hagger, William     c. 1744-1830?  Newport, R.I.     Nautical
+  Guyse
+
+  Halsie, James, I    fl. 1674       Boston
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Halsy, James, II    1695-1767      Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Halsy, John         fl. 1700       Boston            Mathematical
+
+  Halsy, Joseph       fl. 1697-1762  Boston            Surveying; nautical
+
+  Ham, James          fl. 1754-1764  New York and      Mathematical
+                                     Philadelphia
+
+  Ham, James, Jr.     fl. 1780       Philadelphia      Mathematical
+
+  Hamlin, William     1772-1869      Providence, R. I. Mathematical;
+                                                       nautical;
+                                                       astronomical
+
+  Hanks, Benjamin     1755-1824      Mansfield and     Surveying
+                                     Litchfield, Conn.
+
+  Hanks, Truman       fl. 1808       Mansfield and     Surveying
+                                     Litchfield, Conn.
+
+  Harland, Thomas     1735-1807      Norwich, Conn.    Surveying; clocks
+
+  Heisely, Frederick  1759-1839      Frederick, Md.;   Mathematical;
+  A.                                 Lancaster,        surveying; clocks
+                                     Harrisburg, and
+                                     Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+  Heisely, George     1789-1880      Harrisburg, Pa.   Clocks;
+                                                       mathematical
+
+  Hinton, William     fl. 1772       New York          Mathematical
+
+  Hoff, George        1740-1816      Lancaster, Pa.    Clocks; surveying
+
+  Holcomb, Amasa      1787-1875      Southwick, Mass.  Surveying;
+  (also practitioner)                                  astronomical
+
+  Hooker & Fairman    before 1810    Newburyport,      Mathematical
+  (William Hooker and                Mass.
+  Gideon Fairman)
+
+  Houghton, Rowland   c. 1678-1744   Boston            Surveying
+
+  Huntington, Gurdon  1763-1804      Windham, Conn.,   Surveying and
+                                     and Walpole, N.H. other; clocks
+
+  Jacks, James        fl. 1780's     Charleston, S.C.  Mathematical;
+                                     surveying
+
+  Jayne, John         late 18th      Salem, Mass.      Mathematical
+                      century
+
+  Kennard, John       1782-1861      Newmarket, N.H.   Surveying; clocks
+
+  Ketterer, Alloysius fl. 1789       Philadelphia      Glass
+
+  King & Hagger       1759 or 1760   Newport, R.I.     Mathematical;
+  (Benjamin King and  until early                      nautical
+  William Guyse       1760's
+  Hagger)
+
+  King, Benjamin      1707-1786      Newport, R.I.     Mathematical;
+                                                       nautical
+
+  King, Benjamin      1740-1804      Salem, Mass.      Nautical
+
+  King, Daniel        1704-1790      Salem, Mass.      Mathematical
+
+  King, Samuel        1748-1819      Newport, R.I.     Mathematical
+
+  Lamb, A. & Son      1780's         New York          Mathematical
+
+  Lamb, Anthony       1703-1784      England;          Mathematical;
+                                     Virginia;         surveying; nautical
+                                     Philadelphia; New
+                                     York; Hunter's
+                                     Key, N.Y.
+
+  Lamb, John          1735-1800      New York          Mathematical
+
+  Mendenhall, Thomas  fl. 1775       Lancaster, Pa.    Mathematical;
+                                                       clocks
+
+  Miller, Aaron       fl. 1748-1771  Elizabethtown,    Surveying; clocks;
+                                     N.J.              compasses
+
+  Morris, M.          fl. 1785       New York          Protractors
+
+  Newell, Andrew      1749-1798      Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       compasses
+
+  Newell, Joseph      fl. 1800-1813  Boston            Surveying
+
+  Pease, Paul         fl. 1750       Probably Rhode    Quadrant
+                                     Island
+
+  Platt, Augustus     1793-1886      Columbus, Ohio    Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Platt, Benjamin     1757-1833      Danbury,          Compasses;
+                                     Litchfield, and   surveying; clocks
+                                     New Milford,
+                                     Conn.; Lanesboro,
+                                     Mass.; Columbus,
+                                     Ohio
+
+  Pope, Joseph        1750-1826      Boston            Scientific; clocks
+
+  Potter, John        fl. 1746-1818  Brookfield, Mass. Surveying
+
+  Potts, W. L.        late 18th      Bucks County, Pa. Surveying
+                      century
+
+  Prince, John        1751-1836      Salem, Mass.      Scientific
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Prince, Nathan      fl. 1743       Boston
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Pryor, Thomas       fl. 1778       Philadelphia      Mathematical
+
+  Revere, Paul        1735-1818      Boston            Gunnery
+
+  Rittenhouse,        1740-c.1820    Philadelphia      Astronomical;
+  Benjamin                                             surveying
+
+  Rittenhouse, David  1732-1796      Philadelphia and  Astronomical;
+  (practitioner)                     Norriton, Pa.     surveying
+
+  Rittenhouse & Evans fl. 1770's     Philadelphia      Surveying
+
+  Sibley & Marble     late 18th      New Haven, Conn.  Mathematical;
+  (Clark Sibley and   century                          clocks; watches
+  Simeon Marble)
+
+  Smith, Cordial      fl. 1775       Connecticut       Surveying
+
+  Sommer, widow       fl. 1753       New York          Optical
+  Balthaser
+
+  Sower, Christopher  c. 1724-1740   Germantown and    Mathematical;
+                                     Philadelphia, Pa. clocks
+
+  Stiles & Baldwin    fl. 1791       Northampton,      Surveying
+  (Jedidiah Baldwin)                 Mass.
+
+  Stiles & Storrs     fl. 1792       Northampton,      Surveying
+  (Nathan Storrs and                 Mass.
+  Jedidiah Baldwin)
+
+  Taws, Charles       fl. 1795       Philadelphia      Mathematical
+
+  Thacher, Charles    18th century   Probably Boston   Surveying
+
+  Thaxter, Samuel     1769-1842      Boston            Nautical;
+                                                       mathematical
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Voight, Henry       1738-1814      Philadelphia      Astronomical;
+                                                       clocks; watches
+
+  Wall, George, Jr.   fl. 1788       Bucks County, Pa. Surveying
+
+  Walpole, Charles    fl. 1746       New York          Mathematical
+
+  Warren, Benjamin    fl. 1740-1790  Plymouth, Mass.   Surveying; nautical
+
+  White, Peregrine    1747-1834      Woodstock, Conn.  Surveying; clocks
+
+  Whitney, John       fl. 1801       Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                                                       optical
+
+  Whitney, Thomas     fl. 1798-1823  Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                                                       optical; surveying
+
+  Williams, William   1737 or        Boston            Mathematical;
+                      1738-1792                        nautical
+
+  Willis, Arthur      fl. 1674       Possibly
+  (practitioner)                     Massachusetts
+
+  Wilson, James       1763-1855      Bradford, Vt.     Globes
+
+  Wistar, Richard     fl. 1752       Wistarburg, N.J.  Glass
+
+  Witt, Christopher   fl. 1710-1765  Germantown, Pa.   Mathematical;
+  (practitioner)                                       clocks
+
+  Wood, John          fl. 1790       Philadelphia      Compasses
+
+  Youle, James        1740-1786      New York          Surgical
+
+  Youle, John         fl. 1786       New York          Surgical
+
+
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS
+
+_Geographical Listing_
+
+                              CONNECTICUT
+
+  Coventry:         Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  Danbury:          Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.
+
+  East Windsor:     Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  Hartford:         Enos Doolittle  (1751-1806); surveying and navigational
+                      instruments, compasses, and clocks.
+
+  Litchfield:       Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+                    Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.
+
+                    Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.
+
+  Mansfield:        Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments.
+
+                    Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.
+
+  New Haven:        Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800); clocks and scientific
+                      instruments.
+
+                    Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821); surveying instruments
+                      and clocks.
+
+                    Sibley & Marble (late 18th century); clocks and
+                      mathematical instruments.
+
+  New Milford:      Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.
+
+  Newtown:          Ziba Blakeslee (1768-1834); surveying instruments.
+
+  Norwich:          Thomas Harland (1735-1807); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  Windham:          Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying
+                      and other instruments.
+
+  Woodstock:        Peregrine White (1747-1834); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  ----:             Smith, Cordial (fl. 1775); surveying instruments.
+
+
+                                DELAWARE
+
+  Wilmington:       George Crow (c. 1726-1772); surveying instruments
+                      and clocks.
+
+
+                                  MARYLAND
+
+  Baltimore:        Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806), practitioner.
+
+                    Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820), practitioner; surveying
+                      and astronomical instruments.
+
+                    Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and
+                      surveying instruments.
+
+  Frederick:       Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+  Nottingham:      Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791); clocks and
+                     surveying instruments.
+
+                   Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791); clocks and surveying
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816); surveying instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+                   Ellis Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797); clocks and
+                     surveying instruments.
+
+                   Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813); surveying instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+
+                              MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  Boston:          Jedidiah Baldwin (c. 1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Aaron Breed (1791-1861); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Bartholomew Burges (fl. 1789); scientific instruments.
+
+                   Jere Clough (18th century); surveying instruments.
+
+                   John Dabney, Jr. (fl. 1739); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Jonathan Dakin (fl. 1745); mathematical instruments
+                     and balances.
+
+                   John Dupee (fl. after 1761); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Samuel Grainger (fl. 1719), practitioner.
+
+                   Stephen Greenleaf (1704-1795); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Greenough (1710-1785); mathematical, surveying,
+                     astronomical, and nautical instruments.
+
+                   William Greenough (fl. 1785); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Isaac Greenwood, Sr. (c.1725-1750), practitioner.
+
+                   Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and
+                     surveying instruments.
+
+                   James Halsie I (fl. 1674), practitioner.
+
+                   James Halsy II (1695-1767); mathematical and surveying
+                     instruments.
+
+                   John Halsy (fl. 1700); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Halsy (fl. 1697-1762); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Rowland Houghton (1678-1744); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Andrew Newell (1749-1798); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Newell (fl. 1800-1813); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Pope (1750-1826); scientific instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+                   Nathan Prince (fl. 1743), practitioner; scientific
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Paul Revere (1735-1818); gunnery instruments.
+
+                   Charles Thacher (18th century); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842); surveying, nautical, and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   William Williams (1737/8-1792); mathematical and
+                     nautical instruments.
+
+  Brookfield:      John Potter (1746-1818); surveying instruments.
+
+  Hanover:         John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.
+
+  Lanesboro:       Benjamin Platt  (1757-1833); surveying instruments,
+                     clocks, and compasses.
+
+  Lynn:            John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.
+
+  Nantucket:       Peter Folger (1617-1690), practitioner(?).
+
+                   Walter Folger (1765-1849), practitioner; clocks and
+                     astronomical instruments.
+
+  Newburyport:     Gideon Fairman (1774-1827); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Hooker & Fairman (before 1810); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+  Northampton:     Jedidiah Baldwin  (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Stiles & Baldwin  (fl.1791); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Stiles & Storrs (fl.1792); surveying instruments.
+
+  Plymouth:        Benjamin Warren (fl.1740-1790); surveying and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+  Salem:           Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Samuel Emery (1787-1882); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   John Jayne (late 18th century); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin King (1740-1804); nautical instruments.
+
+                   Daniel King (1704-1790); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   John Prince (1751-1836), practitioner; scientific
+                     instruments.
+
+  Southwick:       Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875); surveying and mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+
+                              NEW  HAMPSHIRE
+
+  Exeter:          Benjamin C. Gilman (1763-1835); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+  Hanover:         Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+  Newmarket:       John Kennard (1782-1861); surveying instruments.
+
+  Portsmouth:      Thomas S. Bowles (c.1765-1821); surveying instruments.
+
+  Walpole:         Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804);  clocks and surveying
+                     and other instruments.
+
+
+                                  NEW JERSEY
+
+  Elizabeth:       Aaron Miller (fl. 1748-1771); surveying instruments,
+                     clocks, and compasses.
+
+  Wistarburg:      Richard Wistar (fl. 1752); glass and thermometric
+                     instruments.
+
+
+                                   NEW YORK
+
+  Fishkill:        John Bailey (fl. 1778); surveying and surgical
+                     instruments.
+
+  New York:        Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799); nautical instruments.
+
+                   H. Caritat (fl. 1799); astronomical prints.
+
+                   John Donegan (fl. 1787); barometers, thermometers,
+                     and philosophical instruments.
+
+                   W. Fosbrook (fl. 1786); surgical and dental
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers and
+                     philosophical instruments.
+
+                   James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   William Hinton (fl. 1772); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   A. Lamb & Son (fl. late 18th century); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   John Lamb (1735-1800); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   M. Morris (fl. 1785); protractors.
+
+                   Widow Balthaser Sommer (fl. 1753); optical instruments.
+
+                   Charles Walpole (fl. 1746); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   James Youle (1740-1786); surgical instruments.
+
+                   John Youle (fl. 1786); surgical instruments.
+
+
+                                 OHIO
+
+  Columbus:        Augustus Platt (1793-1886); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+  Gallipolis:      Joseph (fl. 1792) and Francois Devacht; watches,
+                     compasses, and sundials.
+
+
+                             PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  Bucks County:    W. L. Potts (late 18th century); surveying instruments.
+
+                   George Wall, Jr. (fl. 1788); surveying instruments.
+
+  Germantown:      Christopher Sower (c. 1724-1740); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Christopher Witt  (fl.  1710-1765); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+  Harrisburg:      Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   George Heisely (1789-1880); clocks and mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+  Lancaster:       George Ford (late 18th century to 1842); surveying
+                     and nautical instruments.
+
+                   George Ford II (fl. 1842); surveying and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   George Hoff (1740-1816); clocks, surveying instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Mendenhall (fl. 1775); mathematical instruments
+                     and clocks.
+
+  Norristown:      David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner;
+                     astronomical and surveying instruments.
+
+  Philadelphia:    Owen Biddle (1737-1799), practitioner.
+
+                   Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792-1795); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Isaac Brokaw (fl. 1771).
+
+                   Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756, d. 1798); mathematical
+                     instruments and sand glasses.
+
+                   William Davenport (1778-1829); surveying and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   William Dean (?-1797); surveying and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   George Evans (fl. 1796, d. 1798); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Martin Fisher (fl. 1790); glass instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers,
+                     and philosophical instruments.
+
+                   Bryan Gilmur (end of 18th century); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749); improved reflecting
+                     backstaff.
+
+                   John Gould (fl. 1794); nautical, surveying,
+                     and optical instruments.
+
+                   Theophilus Grew (fl. 1753), practitioner.
+
+                   James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   James Ham, Jr. (fl. 1780); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Alloysius Ketterer (fl. 1789); glass instruments.
+
+                   Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Pryor (fl. 1778); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin  Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820); surveying and
+                     astronomical instruments.
+
+                   David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner;
+                     astronomical and surveying instruments.
+
+                   Christopher Sower [Sauer] (c. 1724-1740); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Charles Taws (fl. 1795); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Henry Voight (1738-1814); clocks, watches, and
+                     astronomical instruments.
+
+                   John Whitney (fl. 1801); mathematical and optical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Whitney (fl. 1798-1823); mathematical and
+                     optical instruments.
+
+                   John Wood (fl. 1790); compasses.
+
+  Pittsburgh:      Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+  West Bradford:   Joel Baily (1732-1797), practitioner.
+
+
+                           RHODE ISLAND
+
+  Newport:         William G. Hagger (c.1744-1830?); quadrants.
+
+                   King & Hagger (1759/60); mathematical and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin King (1707-1786); mathematical and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Samuel King (1748-1819); mathematical instrument.
+
+                   Paul Pease (fl. 1750); quadrants.
+
+  Providence:      William Hamlin (1772-1869); mathematical,
+                     astronomical, and nautical instruments.
+
+
+                                SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  Charleston:      Charles Blundy (fl. 1753); thermometric instruments.
+
+                   Robert Clark (fl. 1785); nautical, surveying, and
+                     optical instruments.
+
+                   James Jacks (fl. 1780's); mathematical and surveying
+                     instruments.
+
+
+                                    VERMONT
+
+  Bradford:        James Wilson (1763-1855); globes.
+
+
+                               VIRGINIA
+
+  Winchester:      Goldsmith Chandlee (c.1746-1821); surveying and
+                    astronomical instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.
+
+
+TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR MAKERS
+
+_(Categories based on specific designations noted in advertisements)_
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL
+
+Caritat, H. (fl. 1799), New York.
+
+Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made surveying
+instruments and clocks.
+
+Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Folger, Walter, Jr. (1765-1849), Nantucket, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical,
+surveying, and nautical instruments.
+
+Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical
+and nautical instruments.
+
+Holcomb, Amasa (1787-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c.1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia and Norristown, Pa.; also
+made surveying instruments.
+
+Voight, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made clocks and watches.
+
+
+GLASS AND THERMOMETRIC
+
+Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made watches.
+
+Donegan, Joseph (fl. 1787), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+philosophical instruments.
+
+Fisher, Martin (fl. 1790), Philadelphia.
+
+Gatty, Joseph (fl. 1794), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+philosophical instruments.
+
+Ketterer, Alloysius (fl. 1789), Philadelphia.
+
+Wistar, Richard (fl. 1752), Wistarburg, N.J.
+
+
+HOROLOGICAL
+
+Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made thermometric
+instruments.
+
+Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made
+surveying instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Benjamin (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Goldsmith (1751-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made astronomical
+and surveying instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Crow, George (c.1726-1772), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+DeVacht, Joseph and Francois (fl. 1792), Gallipolis, Ohio; also made
+compasses and sundials.
+
+Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying and
+nautical instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made scientific
+instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Gilmur, Bryan (fl. end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md.; also made
+mathematical and surveying instruments.
+
+Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Hoff, George (1740-1816), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also
+made surveying and other instruments.
+
+Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabethtown, N.J.; also made compasses
+and surveying instruments.
+
+Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford,
+Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio; also made compasses and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Pope, Joseph (1750-1826), Boston; also made scientific instruments.
+
+Sibley & Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble) (late 18th century),
+New Haven, Conn.; also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.;
+also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Voigt, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Witt, Christopher (practitioner) (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also
+made mathematical instruments.
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL (GENERAL)
+
+Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798), Philadelphia.
+
+Dabney, John, Jr. (fl. 1739), Boston.
+
+Dakin, Jonathan (fl. 1745), Boston; also made balances.
+
+Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Emery, Samuel (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.
+
+Evans, George (fl. 1796, d. 1798), Philadelphia.
+
+Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.
+
+Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made clocks.
+
+Gilmur, Bryan (end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made clocks.
+
+Greenleaf, Stephen (fl. 1745), Boston.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made surveying,
+astronomical, and nautical instruments.
+
+Greenwood, Isaac, Jr. (1730-1803), Boston.
+
+Hagger, Benjamin K. (c.1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made
+surveying instruments.
+
+Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments.
+
+Halsy, John (fl. 1700), Boston.
+
+Ham, James (fl. 1754-1764), New York and Philadelphia.
+
+Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia.
+
+Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made nautical and
+astronomical instruments.
+
+Heisely, Frederick (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster,
+Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and surveying
+instruments.
+
+Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks.
+
+Hinton, William (fl. 1772), New York.
+
+Hooker & Fairman (before 1810), Newburyport, Mass.
+
+Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.
+
+King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made
+nautical instruments.
+
+King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.
+
+King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.
+
+Lamb, A. & Son (1780's), New York.
+
+Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and
+Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made surveying and nautical instruments.
+
+Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made nautical and surveying
+instruments.
+
+Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made clocks.
+
+Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made compasses and surveying
+instruments.
+
+Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Pryor, Thomas (fl. 1778), Philadelphia.
+
+Revere, Paul (1735-1818), Boston, Mass.
+
+Sibley & Marble (late 18th century), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks
+and watches.
+
+Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.;
+also made clocks.
+
+Taws, Charles (fl. 1795), Philadelphia.
+
+Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made surveying and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Walpole, Charles (fl. 1746), New York.
+
+Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made optical instruments.
+
+Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made optical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+Witt, Christopher (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also made clocks.
+
+
+NAUTICAL
+
+Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799), New York.
+
+Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying and
+optical instruments.
+
+Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-92, d. 1798), Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and surveying instruments.
+
+Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments, directional compasses and clocks.
+
+Emery, Samuel (1787-1882), Salem, Mass.
+
+Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made
+surveying instruments.
+
+Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Godfrey, Thomas (1704-1749), Philadelphia.
+
+Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made surveying and optical
+instruments.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Hagger, William G. (c.1744-1830?), Newport, R.I.
+
+Ham, James (fl. 1754-64), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+King, Benjamin (1740-1804), Salem, Mass.
+
+King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and
+Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.
+
+Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made surveying and mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Pease, Paul (fl. 1750), probably Rhode Island.
+
+Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+
+OPTICAL
+
+Benson, John (fl. 1793-1797).
+
+Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Sommer, Widow Balthaser (fl. 1753), New York.
+
+Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and surveying instruments.
+
+
+SURGICAL
+
+Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Fosbrook, W. (fl. 1786), New York; also made dental instruments.
+
+Youle, James (1740-1786), New York.
+
+Youle, John (fl. 1786), New York.
+
+
+SURVEYING
+
+Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surgical instruments.
+
+Bailey, John, II (1752-1823), Hanover and Lynn, Mass.
+
+Baldwin, Jedidiah (c. 1777-1829), Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass.,
+and Hanover, N.H.
+
+Biggs, Thomas (fl. 1792-1795), New York and Philadelphia.
+
+Blakeslee, Ziba (1768-1834), Newtown, Conn.
+
+Bowles, Thomas S. (c. 1765-1821?), Portsmouth, N.H.
+
+Breed, Aaron (late 18th to mid-19th centuries), Boston.
+
+Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made
+clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr. (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Ellis & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797), Nottingham, Md.; also made
+clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made clocks and
+sundials.
+
+Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and
+optical instruments.
+
+Clough, Jere (18th century), Boston.
+
+Crow, George (fl. 1754-1772), Wilmington, Del.; also made clocks.
+
+Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made nautical instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made nautical
+instruments and clocks.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac, Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Dupee, John (after 1761), Boston.
+
+Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made
+nautical instruments.
+
+Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made nautical and optical
+instruments.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston, also made nautical and
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Greenough, William (fl. 1785), Boston.
+
+Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Halsy, Joseph (fl. 1697-1762), Boston.
+
+Hagger, Benjamin K. (c. 1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Hanks, Benjamin (1755-1824), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.
+
+Hanks, Truman (fl. 1808), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.
+
+Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster,
+Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks and
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Holcomb, Amasa (1785-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+Houghton, Rowland (c. 1678-1744), Boston.
+
+Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also
+made clocks and other scientific instruments.
+
+Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made clocks.
+
+Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabeth, N.J.; also made clocks and
+directional compasses.
+
+Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments
+and directional compasses.
+
+Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford,
+Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; and Columbus, Ohio; also made directional
+compasses and clocks.
+
+Potter, John (fl. 1785), Brookfield, Mass.
+
+Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c. 1820), Philadelphia; also made
+astronomical instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse & Evans (fl. 1770's), Philadelphia.
+
+Stiles & Baldwin (fl. 1791), Northampton, Mass.
+
+Stiles & Storrs (fl. 1792), Northampton, Mass.
+
+Thacher, Charles, probably Boston.
+
+Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made nautical and mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Wall, George Jr. (fl. 1788), Bucks County, Pa.
+
+Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and optical instruments.
+
+Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+
+
+
+Bibliography of Published Sources
+
+ADAMS, GEORGE. _Mathematical and geographical essays_. London, 1791.
+
+ABBOTT, KATHERINE M. _Old paths and legends of New England_. New York:
+G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909.
+
+BABB, MAURICE J. David Rittenhouse. _The Pennsylvania Magazine of
+History and Biography_ (July 1932), vol. 56, no. 223, pp. 193-224.
+
+BARTON, WILLIAM. _Memoirs of the life of David Rittenhouse, L.L.D.,
+F.R.S_. Philadelphia, 1813.
+
+BEDINI, SILVIO A. A compass card by Paul Revere (?). _Yale Library
+Gazette_ (July 1962), vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 36-38.
+
+BEDINI, SILVIO A. _Ridgefield in review_. New Haven: Walker-Rackliffe
+Co., 1958.
+
+BENTLEY, WILLIAM. _The diary of William Bentley, D.D._ Salem, Mass.,
+1905.
+
+BION, NICOLAS. _Traitè de la construction et des principaux usages des
+instruments de mathematiques_. Paris, 1709. Transl. Edmund Stone,
+London, 1724.
+
+BRANCH, W. J. V., and BROOK-WILLIAMS, Capt. E. _A short history of
+navigation_. Annapolis, Md.: Weems System of Navigation, 1942.
+
+BREWSTER, CHARLES W. _Rambles about Portsmouth_. Ser. 1. Portsmouth,
+N.H.: L. W. Brewster, 1859.
+
+----. _Rambles about Portsmouth_. Ser. 2. Portsmouth, N.H.: L. W.
+Brewster, 1869.
+
+BRIDENBAUGH, CARL. _The colonial craftsman_. New York: N.Y. University
+Press, 1950.
+
+---- and BRIDENBAUGH, J. _Rebels and gentlemen: Philadelphia in the age
+of Franklin_. New York: Reynals and Hitchcock, 1942.
+
+BRIGHAM, CLARENCE S. _Paul Revere's engravings_. Worcester, Mass.:
+American Antiquarian Society, 1954.
+
+CAJORI, F. _The teaching and history of mathematics in the United
+States_. (Bureau of Education Circular of Information 3.) Washington:
+Bureau of Education, 1890.
+
+----. _The early mathematical sciences in North and South America_.
+Boston: Badger, 1928.
+
+CHANDLEE, EDWARD E. _Six Quaker clockmakers_. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania
+Historical Society, 1943.
+
+CHAPIN, HOWARD M. Davis quadrants. _Antiques_ (November 1927), vol. 12,.
+no. 5, pp. 397-399.
+
+CONRAD, HENRY C. Old Delaware clockmakers. _The Historical and
+Biographical Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware_ (1897), vol.
+3, chapt. 20.
+
+COHEN, I. BERNARD. _Some early tools of American science_. Cambridge:
+Harvard University Press, 1950.
+
+DAVIS, H. S. David Rittenhouse. _Popular Astronomy_ (July 1896), vol. 4,
+no. 1, pp. 1-12.
+
+DAVIS, WILLIAM T. _Ancient landmarks of Plymouth_. Boston: A. Williams &
+Co., 1883.
+
+DAY, J. _Principles of navigation and surveying_. New Haven, Conn.,
+1817.
+
+DOW, GEORGE FRANCIS. _The arts and crafts in New England_ 1704-1775.
+Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927.
+
+DYER, WALTER A. _Early American craftsmen_. New York: Century Co., 1915.
+
+ECKHARDT, GEORGE H. _Pennsylvania clocks and clockmakers_. New York:
+Devin-Adair Co., 1955.
+
+ELLICOTT, ANDREW. _The journal of Andrew Ellicott, late Commissioner on
+behalf of the United States during part of the year 1796, the years
+1797, 1798, 1799, and part of the year 1800 for determining the boundary
+between the United States and the possessions of his Catholic Majesty in
+America_. Philadelphia: Budd and Barton, 1803.
+
+EVANS, GEORGE. _Illustrated history of the United States mint_.
+Philadelphia: Evans, 1890.
+
+FELT, JOSEPH B. _Annals of Salem_. Salem, Mass., 1827.
+
+FITTS, REV. James Hill. _History of Newfields, New Hampshire,
+1638-1911_. Concord: Rumford Press, 1912.
+
+FLINT, ABEL. _System of geometry and trigonometry, together with a
+treatise of surveying_. Hartford: Olive D. Cook, 1804.
+
+FORBES, ESTHER. _Paul Revere and the world he lived in_. Boston:
+Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1942.
+
+FREDERICK A. Heisely, watch and clockmaker and his recorded years,
+1759-1839. _Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, p. 33.
+
+GARDNER, WILL, _The clock that talks and what it tells_. Nantucket:
+Nantucket Whaling Museum, 1954.
+
+GILLINGHAM, HARROLD E. Some early Philadelphia instrument makers. _The
+Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_ (1927), vol. 51, no. 3,
+pp. 289-308.
+
+----. The first orreries in America. _Journal of the Franklin Institute_
+(1940), vol. 229, pp. 81-99.
+
+GOTTESMAN, RITA, _The arts and crafts in New York, 1726-1776_. New York:
+N. Y. Historical Society, 1938.
+
+----. _The arts and crafts in New York, 1777-1799_. New York: N. Y.
+Historical Society, 1954.
+
+GREENWOOD, ISAAC J. _The Greenwood family._ Privately printed, 1934.
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+HAMILTON, ALEXANDER. _Official reports on publick credit, a national
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+HINDLE, BROOKE. _The pursuit of science in revolutionary America
+1735-1789._ Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956.
+
+_History of Hingham, Mass._ Hingham, 1893.
+
+HOCKER, EDWARD W. _A doctor of colonial Germantown, Christopher Witt,
+physician, mystic and seeker after the truth._ Germantown, Pa.:
+Germantown Historical Society, 1948.
+
+HOOPES, PENROSE R. _Connecticut clockmakers of the eighteenth century._
+New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1930.
+
+----. _Early clockmaking in Connecticut._ New Haven: Yale University
+Press, 1934.
+
+----. _Shop records of Daniel Burnap, clockmaker._ Hartford, Conn.:
+Connecticut Historical Society, 1958.
+
+HUNTER, FREDERICK W. _Stiegel glass._ Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.,
+1914.
+
+[Huntington], _Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association_, Hartford,
+Conn.: privately printed, 1915.
+
+JAFFE, BERNARD. _Men of science in America._ New York: Simon & Schuster,
+1944.
+
+JAMES, ARTHUR E. _Chester County clocks and their makers._ West Chester,
+Pa., 1947.
+
+KARPINSKI, L. C. _Bibliography of mathematical works printed in America
+through 1850._ Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1940.
+
+KIELY, EDMOND R. _Surveying instruments, their history and classroom
+use._ New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947.
+
+KIMBALL, LEROY E. James Wilson of Vermont, America's first globe maker.
+_Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_ (April 1938), new
+ser., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 29-48.
+
+KING, RUFUS. _Pedigree of King of Lynn._ Salem, Mass., 1891.
+
+KINGMAN, E. D. Roger Sherman, colonial surveyor. _Civil Engineering_
+(August 1940), vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 514-515.
+
+LANE, GLADYS R. Rhode Island's earliest engraver. _Antiques_ (March
+1925), vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 133-137.
+
+LATROBE, JOHN H. B. Memoir of Benjamin Banneker. _Maryland Colonization
+Journal_ (May 1845).
+
+LEAKE, ISAAC Q. _Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb._
+Albany: Munsell, 1850.
+
+LEPHILLIPS, PHILIP. The Negro, Benjamin Benneker. _Records of the
+Columbia Historical Society_ (1916), vol. 20, pp. 114-120.
+
+LEYBOURN, WILLIAM. _The compleat surveyor._ London, 1653.
+
+LOVE, JOHN. _Geodasia, or the art of surveying._ London, 1688.
+
+LOWNES, A. E. The 1769 transit of Venus and its relation to early
+American astronomy. _Sky and Telescope_ (1943), vol. 2.
+
+MAGEE, D. F. Grandfather's clocks: Their making and their makers in
+Lancaster County. Paper read before the Lancaster (Pa.) _Historical
+Society_, 1917.
+
+MATHEWS, CATHERINE VAN CORTLANDT. _Andrew Ellicott, his life and
+letters_. New York: Grafton Press, 1908.
+
+MCCABE, WILLIAM. Benjamin Platt of New Fairfield, Connecticut.
+_Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-29.
+
+MILHAM, WILLIS I. Early American observatories. _Popular Astronomy_
+(November and December 1937), vol. 14, nos. 9 and 10.
+
+----. _The history of astronomy in Williams College and the founding of
+Hopkins Observatory_. Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1937.
+
+----. _Early American observatories: Which was the first astronomical
+observatory in America?_ Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1938.
+
+MITCHELL, EDWIN VALENTINE. _The romance of New England antiques_. New
+York, A. A. Wyn, 1950.
+
+MOORE, S. _An accurate system of surveying_. Litchfield, Conn.: T.
+Collier, 1796.
+
+MULTHAUF, ROBERT P. Early instruments in the history of surveying: Their
+use and invention. _Surveying and Mapping_ (October-December, 1958), pp.
+399-415.
+
+----. ed. Holcomb, Fitz and Peate, three 19th-century American telescope
+makers. Paper 26 in _Contributions from the Museum of History and
+Technology Papers 19-30_ (U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228),
+Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1962.
+
+PALMER, BROOKS. _The book of American clocks_. New York: Macmillan Co.,
+1950.
+
+PHILLIPS, JOHN M. An unrecorded engraving by Nathaniel Hurd. _Bulletin
+of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University_ (June 1936), vol. 7,
+no. 2, pp. 26-27.
+
+PRICE, DEREK J. DE SOLLA. _Science since Babylon_. New Haven: Yale
+University Press, 1961.
+
+PRIME, ALFRED COXE. _The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and
+South Carolina_, 1721-1785. Ser. 1. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society,
+1929.
+
+----. _The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and South Carolina,
+1786-1800_. Ser. 2. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society, 1929.
+
+RATHBORNE, AARON. _The surveyor; in four bookes_. London: W. Standsby,
+1616.
+
+RAYNER, W. H. _From Columbus' compass to the first transit. Civil
+Engineering_ (1939), vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 661-664.
+
+Report of the Committee on the Rooms. _Proceedings of the Bostonian
+Society_ (1917), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 14-16.
+
+SAVAGE, JAMES. _A genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of New
+England._ 2 vols. Boston, 1860.
+
+SCHOEN, H. H. The making of maps and charts. In _Ninth Yearbook of the
+Council for Social Studies._ Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938.
+
+SEYBOLD, R. F. The evening school in colonial America. _University of
+Illinois Bureau of Educational Research_, Bulletin 31. 1925.
+
+STEELE, A. P. _The history of Clark County, Ohio._ Chicago: W. H. Beers
+Co., 1881.
+
+STEVENSON, D. ALAN. _The world's lighthouses before 1820._ London:
+Oxford University Press, 1959.
+
+STRETCH, CAROLYN WOOD. Early colonial clockmakers in Philadelphia.
+_Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_ (July 1932), vol. 56,
+no. 223, p. 666.
+
+STRUIK, DIRK J. _Yankee science in the making._ Boston: Little Brown &
+Co., 1948.
+
+TAYLOR, E. G. R. _The mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart
+England._ Cambridge University Press, 1954.
+
+THOMPSON, SYLVANUS. The rose of the winds. _Proceedings of the British
+Academy, 1913-14, 10th Annual Conference_, pp. 179-211.
+
+UPHAM, C. W. Memoir of the Reverend John Prince. _American Journal of
+Science_ (1837), vol. 31, pp. 201-222.
+
+WHITTLESEY, C. Origin of the American system of land surveys. _Journal
+of the Association of Engineering Societies_ (July 1883), vol. 3.
+
+WIENBERGER, BERNARD W. _Introduction to the history of dentistry._ St.
+Louis: Mosby Co., 1948.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] DEREK J. DE SOLLA PRICE, _Science Since Babylon_ (New Haven: Yale
+University Press, 1961), pp. 62-64.
+
+[2] JAMES SAVAGE, _A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of
+New England_ (Boston, 1860), vol. 2, p. 341.
+
+[3] _The Chronicle_ (Early American Industries Association), March 1936,
+vol. 1, no. 16, p. 8; and personal correspondence with Mr. William L.
+Warren, Connecticut Historical Society.
+
+[4] R. F. SEYBOLD, "The Evening School in Colonial America," _Bureau of
+Educational Research, Bulletin 31_ (University of Illinois, 1925), p.
+28.
+
+[5] H. H. SCHOEN, "The Making of Maps and Charts," _Ninth Yearbook of
+the Council for the Social Studies_ (Cambridge, 1938), p. 83; also
+EDMOND R. KIELY, _Surveying Instruments: Their History and Classroom
+Use_ (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947), pp.
+239-250.
+
+[6] BROOKE HINDLE, _The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America
+1735-1789_ (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press,
+1956), pp. 337-338.
+
+[7] LEROY E. KIMBALL, "James Wilson of Vermont, America's First Globe
+Maker," _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_ (April 1938),
+p. 31.
+
+[8] HINDLE, op. cit. (footnote 6).
+
+[9] GEORGE H. ECKHARDT, _Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers_ (New York:
+Devin-Adair Co., 1955), p. 190.
+
+[10] CATHERINE VAN C. MATHEWS, _Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters_
+(New York, 1908).
+
+[11] JOHN H. B. LATROBE, "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker," _Maryland
+Colonization Journal_ (Baltimore, May 1845); PHILIP LEPHILLIPS, "The
+Negro, Benjamin Benneker," _Records of the Columbia Historical Society_
+(1916), vol. 20.
+
+[12] ARTHUR E. JAMES, _Chester County Clocks and Their Makers_ (West
+Chester, Pa.: Chester Historical Society, 1947), pp. 29-39;
+_Transactions of the American Philosophical Society_, ser. I, vol. 1,
+pp. 85-97.
+
+[13] DIRK J. STRUIK, _Yankee Science in the Making_ (Boston: Little
+Brown & Co., 1948), pp. 47, 70-71.
+
+[14] ROBERT P. MULTHAUF, ed., "Holcomb, Fitz, and Peate; Three 19th
+Century American Telescope Makers" (paper 26 in _Contributions from the
+Museum of History and Technology_, U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228,
+Washington, 1962), p. 162.
+
+[15] _New York Gazette, Revived in the Weekly Post-Boy_, January 23,
+1749.
+
+[16] CARL BRIDENBAUGH, _The Colonial Craftsman_ (New York: New York
+University Press, 1950), pp. 160-161; ISAAC Q. LEAKE, _Memoir of the
+Life and Times of General John Lamb_ (Albany: Munsell, 1850); SILVIO A.
+BEDINI, _Ridgefield in Review_ (New Haven: Walker-Rackliffe, 1958), pp.
+71, 84.
+
+[17] ALFRED COXE PRIME, _The Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland
+and South Carolina, 1786-1800_ (The Walpole Society, 1929), p. 230.
+
+[18] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Connecticut Clockmakers of the Eighteenth
+Century_ (New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1930), p. 86; _The Norwich
+Courier_, February 10, 1802.
+
+[19] HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM, "Some Early Philadelphia Instrument Makers,"
+_The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_ (1927), vol. 51,
+no. 3, p. 303-305.
+
+[20] Ibid., p. 304.
+
+[21] _Charleston Evening Gazette_, July 24, 1785; PRIME, op. cit.
+(footnote 17), p. 234.
+
+[22] RITA S. GOTTESMAN, _The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1777-1799_
+(New York: New York Historical Society, 1954), pp. 220-221.
+
+[23] _The Pennsylvania Evening Herald_, March 17, 1787.
+
+[24] GOTTESMAN, op cit. (footnote 22), pp. 311-312.
+
+[25] _The Diary, or Evening Register_, November 3, 1794.
+
+[26] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 26), p. 306.
+
+[27] EDWIN VALENTINE MITCHELL, _The Romance of New England Antiques_
+(New York: A. A. Wyn, 1950), pp. 257-160; KIMBALL op. cit. (footnote 7).
+
+[28] WILLIAM BENTLEY, _Diary of William Bentley, D. D._ (Salem, Mass.:
+1905), vol. 1, p. 182, vol. 2, p. 414.
+
+[29] Ibid., vol. 3, p. 130.
+
+[30] _Boston Gazette_, June 18, 1745.
+
+[31] Ibid., November 12, 1745.
+
+[32] CLARENCE S. BRIGHAM, _Paul Revere's Engravings_ (Worcester, Mass.:
+American Antiquarian Society, 1954), p. 118; BERNARD W. WIENBERGER,
+_Introduction to the History of Dentistry_ (St. Louis, Mosby Co., 1948),
+2 vols., vol. 2, pp. 119-134; ISAAC J. GREENWOOD, _The Greenwood
+Family_, 1934, pp. 68-78.
+
+[33] _Boston Gazette_, November 6-13 and November 20-27, 1738, March
+26-April 2 and April 2-9, 1739.
+
+[34] BROOKS PALMER, _The Book of American Clocks_ (New York: Macmillan
+Co., 1950), pp. 141-142.
+
+[35] _Massachusetts Magazine_ (1789), vol. 1, pp. 36, 37; _Boston
+Gazette_, January 12, 1789; I. BERNARD COHEN, _Some Early Tools of
+American Science_, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), pp.
+6465, 157; HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM, "The First Orreries In America,"
+_Journal of the Franklin Institute_ (1940), vol. 229, pp. 92-97.
+
+[36] WILL GARDNER, _The Clock that Talks and What It Tells_ (Nantucket
+Whaling Museum, 1954), pp. 34-40, 97, 106.
+
+[37] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 190.
+
+[38] JOSEPH B. FELT, _Annals of Salem_ (Salem, Mass.: Ives, 1827), vol.
+2, p. 173.
+
+[39] HOWARD M. CHAPIN, "Davis Quadrants," _Antiques_ (November 1927),
+vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 397-399; also RUFUS KING, _Pedigree of King of Lynn_
+(Salem, Mass., 1891).
+
+[40] CHAPIN, op. cit. (footnote 39), pp. 398-399.
+
+[41] GLADYS R. LANE, "Rhode Island's Earliest Engraver," _Antiques_
+(March 1925), pp. 133-137.
+
+[42] CHAPIN, op. cit. (footnote 39), p. 399.
+
+[43] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 70-72.
+
+[44] _The Connecticut Journal_, June 7, 1781.
+
+[45] Ibid., May 22, 1799.
+
+[46] _The Connecticut Courant_, December 15, 1772, and October 22, 1787;
+HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 66-70.
+
+[47] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), p. 122.
+
+[48] Ibid., pp. 79-83.
+
+[49] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 159.
+
+[50] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Early Clockmaking in Connecticut_ (New Haven:
+Yale University Press, 1934), pp. 8-9.
+
+[51] WILLIAM MCCABE, "Benjamin Platt of New Fairfield, Connecticut,"
+_Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-28.
+
+[52] Ibid.
+
+[53] _New York Packet_, May 14, 1778.
+
+[54] GOTTESMAN, op. cit. (footnote 22), p. 270.
+
+[55] _New York Packet_, February 3, 1785, and February 27, 1786, and
+_New York Daily Advertiser_, February 8, 1787.
+
+[56] _The New York Gazette Revived in The Weekly Post-Boy_, January 4,
+1748.
+
+[57] BRIDENBAUGH op. cit. (footnote 16), p. 63; FREDERICK W. HUNTER,
+_Stiegel Glass_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), pp. 157-161.
+
+[58] HENRY C. CONRAD, "Old Delaware Clockmakers," _The Historical and
+Biographical Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware_ (1897), vol.
+3, chap. 20, pp. 4-34.
+
+[59] EDWARD E. CHANDLEE, _Six Quaker Clockmakers_ (Philadelphia:
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943), pp. 70, 193, 212, 220-223.
+
+[60] "Frederick A. Heisely, Watch and Clockmaker and His Recorded Years,
+1759-1839," _Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, p.
+33.
+
+[61] HINDLE, op. cit. (footnote 6), pp. 22, 68.
+
+[62] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 293-294.
+
+[63] Ibid., p. 303; _Royal Pennsylvania Gazette_, April 19, 1778.
+
+[64] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 19), p. 302.
+
+[65] Ibid., pp. 305-306.
+
+[66] ECKHARDT, op. cit. (footnote 9), p. 195; GEORGE EVANS, _Illustrated
+History of the United States Mint_ (Philadelphia: Evans, 1890), p. 114.
+
+[67] CAROLYN WOOD STRETCH, "Early Colonial Clockmakers in Philadelphia,"
+_Pennsylvania Magazine_ (July 1932), vol. 56, pp. 225, 235; ECKHARDT,
+op. cit. (footnote 9), pp. 18, 24, 198.
+
+[68] D. F. MAGEE, "Grandfather's Clocks: Their Making and Their Makers
+in Lancaster County," Papers read before the Lancaster (Pa.) Historical
+Society, 1917, pp. 63-77.
+
+[69] PRIME, op. cit. (footnote 17), p. 260.
+
+[70] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 200.
+
+[71] ALEXANDER HAMILTON, _Official Reports on Publick Credit, A National
+Bank, Manufactures and a Mint_ (Philadelphia: Wm. McKean, 1821), pp.
+208-209.
+
+[72] RITA GOTTESMAN, _The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776_ (New
+York: New York Historical Society, 1938), p. 307.
+
+[73] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 35), p. 295.
+
+[74] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 50), p. 3; and HOOPES, op. cit.
+(footnote 24), pp. 101-103.
+
+[75] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 106-107.
+
+[76] E. G. R. TAYLOR, _The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and
+Stuart England_ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), pp.
+185-292.
+
+[77] JOHN PIERPONT, "Whittling, A Yankee Portrait."
+
+[78] ABEL FLINT, _System of Geometry and Trigonometry together with a
+Treatise of Surveying_ (Hartford: Olive D. Cooke, 1804), p. 86.
+
+[79] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the
+Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 16.
+
+[80] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.
+
+[81] "James Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[82] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.
+
+[83] Ibid.
+
+[84] "Joseph Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[85] _Boston Gazette_, September 18-25, October 2-9, and October 16-23,
+1738.
+
+[86] Description courtesy of Mr. Philip N. Guyol, director, New
+Hampshire Historical Society.
+
+[87] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341; "Joseph Halsy," in
+Thwing Catalogue, and "Cotton Mather" in Record of Marriages,
+Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[88] Land deeds listed in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[89] Massachusetts Historical Society, Inventory L.450, S.P.R. 92.505.
+
+[90] Description courtesy of Mr. M. V. Brewington, Peabody Museum,
+Salem, Mass.
+
+[91] Called the "r r Co.," which has not been further identified but is
+believed to have been one of the many militia companies that were formed
+in Boston during this period.
+
+[92] "Thomas Greenough," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[93] M.S. identified as Folio 495, Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[94] _The Chronicle_ (Early American Industries Association), December
+1939, vol. 2, no. 12, p. 96.
+
+[95] Ibid.
+
+[96] Description courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough, Cooperstown, N. Y.
+
+[97] ROBERT P. MULTHAUF, "Early Instruments in the History of Surveying:
+Their Use and Invention," _Surveying and Mapping_ (October-December
+1958), pp. 401, 403.
+
+[98] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the
+Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 14.
+
+[99] Ibid., p. 15.
+
+[100] FELT, op. cit. (footnote 38), p. 173.
+
+[101] "William Williams," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[102] Land record data from Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[103] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the
+Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 16.
+
+[104] BRIGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 32), p. 121.
+
+[105] _History of Hingham_ [Massachusetts], Hingham [n. d.], vol. 3, p.
+236.
+
+[106] KATHERINE M. ABBOTT, _Old Paths and Legends of New England_ (New
+York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909), pp. 341-342.
+
+[107] _Proceedings of the Bostonian Society_ loc. cit. (footnote 103).
+
+[108] Photograph and records in the collection of the Bostonian Society.
+
+[109] Land records, Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[110] GEORGE FRANCIS DOW, _The Arts and Crafts in New England 1704-1775_
+(Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927), p. 256.
+
+[111] JOHN M. PHILLIPS, "An Unrecorded Engraving by Nathaniel Hurd,"
+_Bulletin of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University_ (June
+1936), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 26-27.
+
+[112] Land records on Benjamin King Hagger listed in Thwing Catalogue,
+Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[113] Marriage Document no. 101, Report of the Record Commissioners of
+Boston, p. 298.
+
+[114] _The Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser_, November 9,
+1834.
+
+[115] SILVIO A. BEDINI, "A Compass Card by Paul Revere (?)", _Yale
+Library Gazette_ (July 1962), no. 2. pp. 36-38; WILLIAM T. DAVIS,
+_Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth_ (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1883).
+
+[116] D. ALAN STEVENSON, _The World's Lighthouses before 1820_ (London:
+Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 179.
+
+[117] PAUL REVERE, _Day Books_, MS., Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[118] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 50), pp. 7-8.
+
+[119] Information from Mr. C. E. Smart, of W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, New
+York.
+
+[120] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Shop Records of Daniel Burnap, Clockmaker_,
+(Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society, 1958), pp. 63-66.
+
+[121] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 92-93.
+
+[122] _Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association_ (Hartford, Conn.,
+1915), Index no. 1.3.4.4.2.4.
+
+[123] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 143.
+
+[124] Correspondence with Mr. Ray Brighton, Portsmouth, N. H.
+
+[125] CHARLES W. BREWSTER, _Rambles about Portsmouth_ (Portsmouth, N.
+H.: L. W. Brewster, 1859, 1873), ser. 1, pp. 165, 329.
+
+[126] CHARLES W. BREWSTER, _Rambles about Portsmouth_ (Portsmouth, N.
+H.: L. W. Brewster, 1869), ser. 2, pp. 27, 90, 93, 136, 233, 263, 277,
+316, 322, 367.
+
+[127] Information from Prof. Alfred F. Whiting, Dartmouth College
+Museum.
+
+[128] REV. JAMES HILL FITTS, _History of Newfields, New Hampshire,
+1638-1911_, (Concord: Rumford Press, 1912).
+
+[129] PRICE, op. cit. (footnote 1), p. 64.
+
+[130] The full title is _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott, Late
+Commissioner on behalf of the United States During Part of the Year
+1796, the Years 1797, 1798, 1799 and Part of the Year 1800 For
+Determining the Boundary Between the United States and the Possessions
+of His Catholic Majesty in America._ It was published by Budd and Barton
+for Thomas Dobson at "the Stone House, No. 41 South Second Street" in
+Philadelphia in 1803.
+
+
+
+
+Index
+
+  Abbott, Katherine M., 98
+
+  Adams, Augustus, 99
+
+  Adams, George, 131, 134, 136
+
+  Allen, John Johnson, 148
+
+  almanac, 22, 24, 25
+
+  American Antiquarian Society, 38, 112
+
+  American Philosophical Society, 11, 12, 16, 21, 22, 24
+
+  Amherst College, 26
+
+  _Annals of Salem_, 43
+
+  _Antiques_, 43, 45
+
+  apparatus, scientific teaching, 3
+
+  astronomical observatory, 15, 24
+
+  Atwell, George, 10
+
+  backstaff, 58, 96, 139
+
+  Backus, Ebenezer, 120
+
+  Bailey, Calvin, 39
+
+  Bailey, John, 39, 51, 155, 162, 169, 170
+
+    John II, 39, 155, 161, 170
+
+      Lebbeus, 39
+
+  Baily, Joel, 21, 22, 24, 155, 164
+
+  Baldwin, Jabes, 123
+
+    Jedidiah, 123, 124, 154, 155, 160, 162, 170
+
+    Jeduthan, 94
+
+  Ballard, Mehitable, 109, 110
+
+    Samuel, 109
+
+    William, 109, 110
+
+  _Baltimore American & Commercial Advertiser_, 110
+
+  Banks, Sir Joseph, 140
+
+  Banneker, Benjamin, 22, 23, 24, 25, 155, 160
+
+  Barclay, Thomas, 146
+
+  Bardin, W. & T. M., 131, 141, 142, 143
+
+  barometer, 31, 32, 33
+
+  Bassett, Preston R., 74, 75, 153
+
+  Bedini, Silvio A., 29, 113
+
+  _Banneker's_ ... _Almanac and Ephemeris_, _For_ ... 1792, 24, 25
+
+  Bennet, N., 131
+
+  Benson, John, 28, 155, 169
+
+  Bentley, William, 36, 37
+
+  Bethune, Nathaniel, 87
+
+  Biddle, Owen, 21, 22, 24, 155, 163
+
+  Biggs, Thomas, 59, 155, 162, 163, 170
+
+  Bion, Nicolas, 10
+
+  Blakslee, Ziba, 47, 155, 160, 170
+
+  Blundy, Charles, 29, 155, 165, 166
+
+  _Boston Annual Advertiser_, 99
+
+  _Boston Evening Post_, 27
+
+  _Boston Gazette, The_, 6, 27, 38, 39, 40, 82, 87, 95, 105
+
+  Bostonian Society, 42, 77, 78, 79, 99, 100, 101, 105, 153
+
+  Bouchette, Col., 146, 148
+
+  boundsgoer, 7
+
+  Bowdoin, James, 81, 86
+
+  Bowles, Hannah, 124
+
+    Samuel, 124
+
+    Thomas Salter, 75, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 153, 154, 155, 162, 170
+
+  Braddock, Gen., 149
+
+  Bradley, Abiah Emerly, 125
+
+  Brainard, Newton C., 5, 6
+
+  Breed, Aaron, 75, 107, 153, 155, 160, 170
+
+  Brewington, M. V., 85
+
+  Brewster, Charles W., 125
+
+  Bridenbaugh, Carl, 29, 53
+
+  Brigham, Clarence S., 38, 97
+
+  Brighton, Ray, 124
+
+  Brokaw, Isaac, 53, 155, 163
+
+  Brown, Benjamin, 94, 96
+
+    Sam, 102, 104
+
+  Brown University, 26
+
+  Bucks County Historical Society, 90, 153
+
+  Bulmain & Dennies, 51, 155, 162, 168
+
+  Burges, Bartholomew, 40, 155, 160
+
+  Burnap, Daniel, 69, 117, 118, 119, 155, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Cabot, Mrs. H. Ropes, ix
+
+  camera obscura, 28
+
+  Campbell, Colin, 146
+
+  Cape Henlopen, 21, 22, 24, 58
+
+  Carey, W., 51
+
+  Caritat, H., 51, 155, 162, 165
+
+  Carter, Henry, 28
+
+  Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr., 54, 155, 161, 166, 170
+
+    Benjamin, Sr., 54
+
+    Edward E., 55
+
+    Ellis, 55, 155, 161, 166, 170
+
+    Ellis, & Bros., 54, 55, 155, 161, 170
+
+    Goldsmith, 54, 55, 56, 57, 155, 165, 166, 170
+
+    Isaac, 55, 59, 155, 161, 170
+
+    John, 55
+
+  Chandlee & Bros. [John and Isaac Chandlee], 161, 166, 170
+
+  Chandlee [Benjamin, Jr.] & Sons, 54
+
+  Chapin, Howard M., 43, 44, 45
+
+  _Charleston Evening Gazette_, 31
+
+  Cheney, Benjamin, 67
+
+  Chester County Historical Society, 24, 31, 32, 54, 55
+
+  _Chronicle_ [E.A.I.A.], 6
+
+  Churchill, Frank C., 126, 129
+
+  Clark, Robert, 31, 165, 168, 169, 170
+
+    William, 152
+
+  Clark County Historical Society, 60
+
+  Clarke, Martha, 85
+
+    Sarah, 85
+
+    William, 85
+
+  clockmaker, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40, 45, 47,
+    49, 54, 57, 59, 62, 63, 67, 117, 118, 123, 124, 125, 129, 146
+
+  Clough, Jere, 75, 105, 154, 155, 161, 170
+
+  Joseph, 99, 105
+
+  Cohen, I. Bernard, 40
+
+  Cole, Benjamin, 149, 150
+
+  Collison, Peter, 58
+
+  _Columbia Centinel_, 98, 99
+
+  compass, 53, 54, 63, 152
+
+  compass card, 75, 76, 82, 83, 90, 92, 102, 104, 106, 107, 113, 115
+
+  Comstock Memorial Collection, 139
+
+  Condorcet, Marquis de, 24
+
+  Condy, Benjamin, 59, 155, 163, 167, 168
+
+  _Connecticut Courant_, 47
+
+  _Connecticut Gazette_, 120, 121
+
+  Connecticut Historical Society, 5, 6, 93, 118, 119, 121
+
+  _Connecticut Journal_, 45
+
+  Conrad, Henry C., 54
+
+  Cosgrove, James, 7
+
+  Cotes, Roger, 149
+
+  Crittenden, A. R., 139
+
+  Crockett, Roberson, 87
+
+  Crow, George, 54, 155, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Curtis, Charles B., 134
+
+  Cushing, A. T., 101
+
+    S. T., 99, 101
+
+  Custis, George Washington Parke, 144
+
+  Dabney, John, Jr., 27, 156, 161, 167
+
+  Dakin, Jonathan, 38, 76, 156, 161, 167
+
+  Dartmouth College, 26, 36, 72, 124
+
+    Museum, 70, 71, 72, 126, 129, 153
+
+  Davenport, Michael, 61
+
+    William, 61, 156, 164, 167, 168, 170
+
+  Davis, William T., 113
+
+  Davis quadrant, 13, 37, 44, 58, 66, 92, 97, 139
+
+  Day, J., 10
+
+  Dean, William, 60, 61, 156, 164, 168, 170
+
+  Denegan, John, 33
+
+  De Negani, 33
+
+  Devacht, Francois, 49, 156, 163, 166
+
+    Joseph, 49, 156, 163, 166
+
+  Dewie, Captain Solomon, 118
+
+  dialing rule, 4, 5
+
+  _Diary, or Evening Register_, 33
+
+  Dinwiddie, Gov., 150
+
+  Dix, John Ross, 34
+
+  Dixon, Jeremiah, 24
+
+  Donegan, [or Denegan] John, 33, 156, 162, 166
+
+  Donegany, Joseph, 33, 156, 162, 166
+
+  Donnel, Henry, 60
+
+    Jonathan, 60, 61
+
+  Doolittle, Amos, 36
+
+    Enos, 47, 156, 160, 166, 168, 170
+
+    Isaac, 45, 47, 156, 160, 166, 167
+
+    Isaac, Jr., 45, 156, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Dorsan, Sarah Halsy, 80, 81
+
+  Dougherty, John, 60, 61
+
+  Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 134, 136, 145
+
+    David Bates, 134
+
+    Henry B., 142
+
+  Dow, George Francis, 106
+
+  Draper, Murray & Fairman, 43
+
+  Dring, Jeptha, 31
+
+   Thomas, 31, 32
+
+  Duffield, Edward, 62
+
+  Dunglison, Dr., 62
+
+  Dupee, Isaac, 105
+
+    John, 69, 75, 104, 105, 153, 154, 156, 161, 170
+
+  Duvall, Samuel, 144, 145
+
+  Dyherty, John, 60
+
+  Early American Industries Association, 6, 89
+
+  Eckhardt, George H., 15, 62, 63
+
+  Eichner, Laurits C., 90, 91, 137, 138, 153
+
+  Eldridge, Elizabeth, 80
+
+    Joseph, 80
+
+  Ellicott, Andrew, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 62, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137,
+    139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 156, 160, 165, 170
+
+    Charles, 134
+
+    George, 22, 23
+
+    Jane Judith, 134
+
+    Joseph, 19, 22
+
+  Ellicotts Mills, 19, 21
+
+  Ellis, Mary N., 137
+
+    Orange Warner, 137, 138
+
+  Emery, Samuel, 43, 156, 164, 167, 168
+
+  Endicott, John, 84
+
+  equal altitude instrument, 20
+
+  Evans, David, 146
+
+    George, 31, 62, 156, 163, 167
+
+  Ewer, Sarah, 129
+
+  Fairchild, Adah, 49
+
+  Fairman, Gideon, 42, 156, 157, 162, 167, 168 (see also Hooker and
+    Fairman)
+
+  Farmer's Museum, 73, 153
+
+  Felt, Joseph B., 43, 94
+
+  Ferguson, James, 22
+
+  Fisher, Joshua, 58
+
+    Martin, 62, 156, 164, 166
+
+  Fitch, Eunice, 98
+
+    John, 62
+
+  Fitts, Rev. James Hill, 129
+
+  Flint, Abel, 10, 72
+
+  Folger, Nathaniel, 45
+
+    Peter, 40, 156, 162
+
+    Walter, Jr., 40, 156, 162, 165
+
+  Folwell, John, 16
+
+  Footes, Nathaniel, 4, 5
+
+  Ford, George, 63, 156, 163, 168, 170
+
+    George, II, 63, 156, 163, 168, 170
+
+  Fosbrook, W., 31, 156, 162, 169
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 40, 53, 58
+
+  Franklin Institute, 40, 89, 90, 139, 153
+
+  Frizell, John, 81
+
+  Frye, Joseph, 90, 91, 137, 138, 139
+
+    Joseph, Jr., 91, 137
+
+  Fryeburg, 90, 137, 138
+
+  Gardner, Will, 40
+
+  Gatty, Joseph, 33, 156, 162, 164, 166
+
+  Gerry, Capt., 27
+
+  Gilbert, Joseph, 80, 81
+
+    Mary, 81
+
+  Gillingham, Harold E., 30, 33, 59, 61, 66
+
+  Gilman, Benjamin C., 34, 156, 162, 166, 167
+
+  Gilmur, Bryan, 63, 156, 164, 166, 167
+
+  Gilpin family, 54
+
+  glass and thermometric instruments, 53, 59, 62
+
+  globes, 8, 34, 35, 36, 53, 131, 140, 142, 143
+
+  Goddard & Angell, 22
+
+  Godfrey, Thomas, 58, 59, 88, 156, 164, 168
+
+  Godfrey's quadrant, 28
+
+  Gottesman, Rita S., 33, 51, 66
+
+  Gould, John, 30, 76, 156, 164, 168, 170
+
+  Graham, George, 145
+
+  Grainger, Samuel, 6, 156, 161
+
+  Greene, Joseph, 96
+
+    Peter, 109
+
+  Greenleaf, Stephen, 37, 38, 157, 161, 167
+
+  Greenough, David, 86
+
+    Elizabeth, 85
+
+    Jerusha, 85
+
+    John, 85
+
+    Newman, 85
+
+    Thomas, 69, 75, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 137, 138, 153, 157,
+      160, 165, 167, 169, 170
+
+    Thomas, Dr., 88, 89
+
+    William, 86, 87, 88, 89, 157, 161, 170
+
+  Greenwood, Dr. & Mrs. Arthur, 150
+
+    Isaac, Jr., 38, 157, 161, 167
+
+    Isaac, Sr., 38, 39, 157, 161
+
+  Grew, Theophilus, 8, 157, 164
+
+  Griffith, Nathaniel S., 125
+
+  Griffith & Bowles, 124
+
+  Gross, Huldah, 84
+
+    Thomas, 84
+
+  Gruchy, Thomas James, 87
+
+  gunnery calipers, 40
+
+  Gurley, W. & L. E., 43, 118
+
+  Gurnet lighthouse, 115, 116
+
+  Gutridge, Anna, 84
+
+  Guyol, Philip N., 82
+
+  Hadley, James, 58
+
+  Hadley quadrant, 66, 82
+
+  Hagger, Benjamin King, 109, 110, 111, 154, 157, 160, 161, 167, 170
+
+    John W., 110
+
+    Mary, 43
+
+    William Guyse, 43, 44, 72, 109, 110, 139, 157, 158, 164, 169
+
+    William King, 109
+
+  Hall, Andrew, 98
+
+    Stephen, 86
+
+  Halley, Edmond, 58
+
+  Halsie, Hannah, 84
+
+    James, I, 4, 80, 81, 157, 161
+
+    Nathaniel, 80, 84
+
+  Halsy, Anna, 81
+
+    James, II, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 154, 157, 161, 167, 170
+
+    John, 80, 81, 82, 157, 167
+
+    Joseph, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 153, 157, 161, 170
+
+    Rebecca, 80
+
+    Sarah, 80
+
+  Ham, George, 125
+
+    Hannah, 125
+
+    Henry, 125
+
+    James, 65, 157, 163, 164, 167, 169
+
+    James, Jr., 66, 164, 167, 169
+
+    Supply, 125
+
+    William, 125
+
+  Hamilton, Alexander, 58, 65
+
+  Hamlin, William, 44, 45, 46, 76, 157, 164, 165, 167, 169
+
+  Hanks, Benjamin, 47, 157, 160, 170
+
+    Truman, 47, 157, 160, 170
+
+  Harland, Thomas, 10, 29, 30, 117, 123, 157, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Harvard University, 8, 26, 35, 40, 41, 95, 99
+
+  Hayes, Fanny, 49
+
+    Rutherford B., 49
+
+  Heckewelder, John, 49
+
+  Heisely, Frederick A., 57, 58, 61, 157, 160, 163, 166, 167, 170
+
+    George, 57, 157, 163, 166, 167, 170
+
+  Helyer, Joseph, 94, 96
+
+    Polly, 98
+
+  Henry Ford Museum, 107
+
+  Hicks, Edward, 31, 32
+
+    Hannah, 31, 32
+
+  Hillman, George, 109
+
+    William, 109
+
+  Hindle, Brooke, 8, 15, 58
+
+  Hinton, William, 66, 76, 157, 163, 167
+
+  Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 55
+
+  Hoadley, Silas, 68
+
+  Hobby, Sir Charles, 6
+
+  Hoff, Catherine, 57
+
+    George, 163, 166
+
+    John, 57, 157
+
+  Holbecher, John, 139
+
+  Holcomb, Amasa, 26, 157, 162, 165, 171
+
+  Holland, Captain, 145
+
+  Hood, Joseph, 80
+
+  Hooker, William, 42, 157
+
+  Hooker & Fairman [William Hooker and Gideon Fairman], 42, 157, 162, 167
+
+  Hoopes, Penrose R., 30, 45, 47, 67, 117, 118, 120
+
+  Hopkins, Joseph, 68
+
+  Houghton, Rowland, 27, 38, 157, 161, 171
+
+  Houghton Library, 35
+
+  Hunter, Frederick W., 53
+
+  Huntington, Gurdon, 75, 118, 120, 121, 122, 154, 157, 160, 162, 166, 171
+
+    Hezekiah, 120
+
+    Submit, 120
+
+  Hurd, Nathaniel, 106, 107
+
+  Hutzlar, Dr. Donald A., 60
+
+  hydrometer, 28
+
+  hygrometer, 33
+
+  _Independent Journal, or The General Advertiser_, 53
+
+  Irving, Washington, iv
+
+  Jacks, James, 63, 158, 165, 167, 171
+
+  James, Arthur E., 24
+
+  Jay, Daniel, 30
+
+  Jayne, John, 43, 158, 162, 167, 169
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 19, 24, 62
+
+  Jerome, Chauncey, 68
+
+  Jess, Z., 10
+
+  Johnson, John, 139, 146, 148
+
+  Jones, Samuel, 135
+
+    William, 135
+
+    W. & S., 135, 137, 139
+
+  _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_, 20, 131, 132, 133, 136, 142, 144, 145
+
+  Keese, Samuel, 149
+
+  Kennard, John, 126, 129, 158, 162, 166, 171
+
+  Ketterer, Alloysius, 61, 158, 164, 166
+
+  Kiely, Edmond R., 7
+
+  Kimball, LeRoy E., 8, 36
+
+  Kimmel, Anthony, 144, 145
+
+  King, Benjamin, I, 37, 43, 44, 109, 158, 169
+
+    Benjamin, II, 43,  158,  162,  164, 167, 169
+
+    Daniel, 36, 43, 158, 162, 168, 169
+
+    Mary, 43
+
+    Mehitable, 43
+
+    Rufus, 43
+
+    Samuel, 43, 158, 164, 168, 169
+
+  King & Hagger  [Benjamin King and William Guyse Hagger], 43, 44, 158,
+    164, 167, 169
+
+  Kizer, David J., 60
+
+    Thomas J., 60
+
+  Knowlton, Mary, 43
+
+  Kugler, Charles, 62, 76
+
+  Lamb, A., & Son, 29, 158, 163, 168, 169, 171
+
+    Anthony, 10, 28, 158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 171
+
+    John, 29, 158, 163, 168, 169, 171
+
+  Lane, Gladys R., 45
+
+  Latrobe, Benjamin, 150
+
+    John H. B., 24
+
+  Laudonet, Mary, 54
+
+  Leadbeater, 22
+
+  Leake, Isaac Q., 29
+
+  Lee, Billy, 149
+
+  L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, 19
+
+  LePhillips, Philip, 24
+
+  Lewis, John, 7
+
+    Lawrence, 149
+
+  Leybourn, William, 10
+
+  Library Company of Philadelphia, 21-22
+
+  Lloyd, Anna, 81
+
+  loadstones, 27, 38
+
+  Loftan, Thomas, 150, 151
+
+  Logan, James, 58
+
+  Love, J., 10, 72
+
+  Lovering & Sons, Joseph, 98
+
+  Ludlow, I., 60
+
+  Lyle, Robert, 54, 56
+
+  Lyon, Mrs. Eliza R., 142
+
+  Madison, James, 19
+
+  Magee, D. F., 63
+
+  magic lantern, 27
+
+  magnets, 63
+
+  maps, 7, 53
+
+  Mariner's Museum, 107, 108, 153
+
+  Maryland Historical Society, 23
+
+  _Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser_, 21
+
+  Maskelyne, Nevil, 142, 146
+
+  Mason, Charles, 24
+
+  Mason-Dixon Line, 19
+
+  Massachusetts Historical Society, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 94, 96, 102,
+    104, 109, 116, 117
+
+  _Massachusetts Magazine_, 40
+
+  _Matchett's Baltimore Directory_, 110
+
+  Mather, Rev. Cotton, 82, 84
+
+  Mathews, Catherine Van C., 21
+
+  Maupertius, de, 146
+
+  Maverick, Jotham, 93, 94
+
+    Samuel, 94
+
+  Mayer's _Tables_, 22
+
+  McCabe, William, 49
+
+  McHenry, James, 22
+
+  _Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences_, 40
+
+  Mendenhall, Thomas, 63, 158, 163, 166, 168
+
+  Mercer Museum, 90, 153
+
+  Merrill, P., Esq., 126, 129
+
+  Miller, Aaron, 53, 158, 162, 166, 171
+
+  Mirick, McAndrew, 87
+
+  Mitchell, Edwin Valentine, 36
+
+    Maria, 40
+
+  Moore, S., 10
+
+  Moor's Indian Charity School, 72
+
+  Morey, John, 113
+
+  Morris, M., 53, 158, 163
+
+  Morton, Charles, 82, 83
+
+  Mount Vernon, 54, 57, 144
+
+  Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union, 57
+
+  Nantucket, 40
+
+  National Maritime Museum, 150
+
+  Newell, Andrew, 106, 107, 154, 158, 161, 168, 169, 171
+
+    Charles, 107, 161
+
+    Joseph, 107, 161
+
+  New Hampshire Historical Society, 81, 82, 153
+
+  _New York Daily Advertiser_, 28, 33, 53
+
+  _New York Gazette_, 28, 51, 53, 66
+
+  New York Historical Society, 33, 39, 66
+
+  _New York Mercury_, 66
+
+  _New York Packet_, 29, 51, 53
+
+  Noble, James, 81
+
+  _Norwich Courier_, 30
+
+  Norwood, R., 10
+
+  Odell, 146
+
+  Ohio Historical Society, 55, 61
+
+  Ohio State Museum, 16, 51, 52, 55, 59, 60, 61
+
+  Old Sturbridge, 90, 107, 153
+
+  optical instruments, 26, 28
+
+  orrery, 15, 16, 39, 40, 41
+
+  Osborn, John, 96
+
+  Paine, Robert Treat, 82
+
+    Thomas, 82, 83
+
+  Palmer, Brooks, 39, 47, 63, 123
+
+  Parker, N., 153
+
+  Parmele, Ebenezer, 67
+
+  Partridge, Marty, 81
+
+  Paul, Amos, 129
+
+    Temple, 129
+
+  Peabody Museum, 85, 96, 97, 139, 153
+
+  Peale, Charles Wilson, 14
+
+  Pease, Elizabeth Folger, 45
+
+    Paul, 45, 158, 164, 169
+
+  Pell, Edward, 84
+
+  Pemberton, James, 30
+
+  _Pennsylvania Evening Herald_, 33
+
+  _Pennsylvania Magazine_, 30
+
+  _Pennsylvania Packet_, The, 15
+
+  Pennsylvania, University of, 8, 15, 16
+
+  perpetual log, 51
+
+  Phillips, John M., 107
+
+    Jonathan, 99
+
+    Mrs. Mary W., ix
+
+  Pierce, Abner, 139
+
+  Pierpont, John, 68
+
+  Pitt, William, 24
+
+  Pitts, James, 86
+
+  planetarium, 36
+
+  planisphere, 51
+
+  Platt, Adah, 49
+
+    Augustus, 49, 52, 158, 163, 168, 171
+
+    Benjamin, 49, 51, 158, 160, 162, 163, 167, 171
+
+    William Augustus, 49
+
+  _Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_, 112, 113
+
+  Pope, Joseph, 39, 41, 158, 161, 167
+
+  Potter, John, 43, 158, 161, 171
+
+  Potts, Thomas, 12
+
+    W. L., 158, 163
+
+  Power, Alexander, 7
+
+  Price, Derek J. de Solla, ix, 3, 130
+
+  Priestley, Frances D., 140, 142
+
+    Dr. Joseph, 131, 140, 141, 143
+
+  Prime, Alfred Coxe, 29, 31, 63
+
+  Prince, John, 24, 158, 161, 162
+
+    Nathan, 8, 158
+
+  Princeton University, 15
+
+  Pryor, Thomas, 59, 159, 164, 168
+
+  Quincy, Abraham, 96
+
+  Rathborne, Aaron, 9, 10
+
+  Ratsey, Widow, 65
+
+  Revere, Paul, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 97, 113, 116, 117, 159, 161, 168
+
+  Reynolds, John E., 131, 134
+
+    William, 134
+
+  Reworth, Captain, 87
+
+  Rhode Island Historical Society, 45, 46, 139
+
+  Riley, Stephen T., ix
+
+  Ritchie & Co., Bern C., 139
+
+  Rittenhouse, Benjamin, 11, 15, 16, 142, 144, 159, 164, 165, 171
+
+    David, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 47, 62, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147,
+      159, 163, 164, 165, 171
+
+  Rittenhouse & Evans [David Rittenhouse & David Evans], 139, 146, 148,
+    159, 171
+
+  Roberts, Gideon, 67
+
+    Nathaniel, 85
+
+  Romaine, Lawrence, 88
+
+  _Royal Pennsylvania Gazette_, 59
+
+  Royal Society of London, 58
+
+  Rutgers University, 26
+
+  Salter, Titus, 124
+
+  sand glasses, 59
+
+  Savage, James, 4, 80, 84
+
+  Schiff, Henry G., 107
+
+  Schoen, H. H., 7
+
+  Seybold, R. F., 7
+
+  Shampeny, Worth, 153
+
+  Shepley Library, 139
+
+  Sheppard, Jack, 29
+
+  Shillcock, Hannah, 94
+
+    Joyce, 94
+
+    Robert, 93
+
+  Shoemaker, Mrs. Francis D., 140
+
+  Shrimpton, Shute, 87
+
+  Sibley, Asa, 120, 121
+
+  Sibley & Marble [Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble], 47, 159, 160, 167, 168
+
+  Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun, At the, 53, 76
+
+  Sign of "Hadley's Quadrant," At the, 66, 76
+
+  Sign of the Hand & Beam, At the, 38, 76
+
+  Sign of the Mathematical Instruments, At the, 43
+
+  Sign of the Quadrant, At the, 30, 45, 76, 107
+
+  Sign of the Seven Stars, At the, 62, 76
+
+  Sission, Jonathan, 27
+
+  Skillin, John, 77, 78, 79
+
+    Simeon, 39, 41, 78
+
+  Sloane, Sir Hans, 58
+
+  Smart, C. E., ix, 118
+
+  Smith, Cordial, 159, 160
+
+  Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts of Albany, 21
+
+  Solebury, 19
+
+  Sommer, Widow Balthaser, 28, 159, 163, 169
+
+  South Natick Historical Society, 104, 153
+
+  Sower, Christopher, 63, 159, 163, 164, 167, 168
+
+  Stargazers' Stone, 24
+
+  Steele, A.P., 60, 61
+
+  Stevenson, D. Alan, 115
+
+  Stiles & Storrs [Nathan Storrs and Jedidiah Baldwin], 123, 159, 162, 171
+
+  Stiles & Baldwin [Jedidiah Baldwin], 123, 159, 162, 171
+
+  Stimpson, Charles Jr., 99
+
+  Stoddard, Sarah, 86
+
+  Stone, Edmund, 10
+
+  Storrs, Nathan, 123
+
+  Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures [Yale University], 105, 114,
+    115, 117, 125, 126, 153
+
+  Stretch, Carolyn Wood, 63
+
+  Struik, Dirk J., 26
+
+  Stubbs, Roleigh L. 72, 153
+
+  sundial, 4, 38, 49, 54, 149
+
+  surgical instruments, 31, 47, 51, 53, 54
+
+  Sutton, Henry, 4
+
+  Swan, Joseph, 139
+
+  Symes, Jno. C., 60
+
+  Taws, Charles, 61, 159, 164, 168
+
+  Taylor, E. G. R., 67
+
+  telescope, 11, 21, 40, 45, 54, 60, 62, 64, 136, 137, 148, 149, 150
+
+  Terry, Eli, 117
+
+  Thacher, Charles, 107, 108, 153, 159, 161, 171
+
+  Thaxter, Bathsheba, 97
+
+    Samuel, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 154, 159,
+      161, 168, 169, 171
+
+    Samuel, Sr., 98
+
+    Thomas, 98
+
+  Thaxter & Son, S., 103
+
+  theodolite, 38, 52, 64, 137, 138
+
+  thermometer, 28, 29, 33
+
+  Thomas, Richard, 22
+
+  Thompson, George Andrews, 148
+
+    Samuel Rowland, 148
+
+  "Thwing Catalogue," 80, 82, 84, 86, 94, 96, 109
+
+  Todd, Eli, 49
+
+  Towle, Jeremiah, 129
+
+  trade cards, 46, 100
+
+  trade signs, 30, 38, 43, 45, 53, 62, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 96, 99,
+     101, 107 (see also under Sign)
+
+  transit of Venus, 11, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 59
+
+  Turner, Charles Jr., 146
+
+  Tyler, Thomas, 105
+
+  Union College, 26
+
+  United States National Archives, 116
+
+  United States National Museum, 15, 57, 62, 90, 91, 134, 139, 140, 144,
+     149
+
+  Van Ness, Cornelius P., 146
+
+  Vassar College, 40
+
+  Voight, Henry, 62, 64, 148, 159, 164, 165, 167
+
+  Wall, George, Jr., 63, 159, 163, 171
+
+  Wallis, Thomas, 109
+
+  Walpole, Charles, 28, 159, 163, 168
+
+  Walton, Joseph, 125
+
+  Warren, Benjamin, 75, 112, 114, 115, 116, 154, 159, 162, 169, 171
+
+    William L., 6
+
+  Washington, George, iv, 19, 54, 62, 63, 142, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151
+
+    Lawrence Augustine, 54, 57
+
+  weather glass, 33
+
+  Welles, Arnold, 94
+
+  Wienberger, Bernard W., 38
+
+  Wheelock, Rev. Eleazar, 70, 72
+
+  Whipple Museum, 150
+
+  White, John, 85
+
+    Peregrine, 47, 48, 150, 159, 160, 167, 171
+
+  Whiting, Alfred F., 126
+
+  Whitney, John, 30, 159, 164, 168, 169
+
+    Thomas, 30, 152, 159, 168, 169, 171
+
+  William & Mary College, 150
+
+  Williams, John, 93
+
+    Marvin, 120
+
+    Samuel, 26
+
+    Temperance, 120
+
+    William, 77, 78, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 159, 161, 168, 169, 171
+
+  Williams College, 26
+
+  Willis, Arthur, 4, 5, 6, 159
+
+  Wilson, James, 8, 34, 35, 159, 165
+
+  Winthrop, John, 26
+
+  Wistar, Casper, 53
+
+  Wistar, Richard, 53, 159, 162, 166
+
+  Witt, Christopher, 62, 159, 163, 167, 168
+
+  Wollaston, Rev., 142
+
+  Wood, John, 63, 159, 164
+
+  Woods, Timothy, 25
+
+  Wright, Captain, 58
+
+  Yale University, 105, 114, 125, 126
+
+    Art Gallery, 106, 107, 153
+
+    Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, 105, 114, 115, 117, 125,
+      126, 153
+
+  Yardley, Thomas, Jr., 60
+
+  Youle, James, 53, 76, 159, 163, 169
+
+    John, 53, 159, 163, 169
+
+  Young, Daniel, 113
+
+    Sarah, 113
+
+  zenith sector, 114, 145, 146, 147
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Clear punctuation errors such as missing periods at the ends of
+sentences have been silently corrected. Hyphenation has not been
+standardized, for instance, Elizabeth-town, watch-maker, and over-all.
+The spelling of proper names has not been standardized, for instance,
+Blakslee and Blakeslee, Appalachicola and Apalachicola.
+
+
+Figure 7 caption - "make" replaced with "made"
+
+Page 38 - "Eliptical" replaced with "Elliptical"
+
+Page 38 - "Guaging" replaced with "Gauging"
+
+Page 98 - "Samue" replaced with "Samuel"
+
+Page 146 - "worth" replaced with "worthy"
+
+Page 146 - "Federick" replaced with "Frederick"
+
+Page 162 - "Philadephia" replaced with "Philadelphia"
+
+Page 162 - "Ephermeris" replaced with "Ephemeris"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments
+and Their Makers, by Silvio A. Bedini
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments and
+Their Makers, by Silvio A. Bedini
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers
+
+Author: Silvio A. Bedini
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39141]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Hunter Monroe, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
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+
+</pre>
+
+<h1>EARLY AMERICAN<br />
+SCIENTIFIC<br />
+INSTRUMENTS</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><i>and Their Makers</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">SILVIO A. BEDINI</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/icover.jpg" width="320" height="456" alt="cover" title="cover" />
+</div><hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1024px;">
+<img src="images/inside_cover.jpg" width="1024" height="776" alt="inside cover" title="inside cover" />
+</div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center">SMITHSONIAN
+INSTITUTION</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 210px;">
+<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="210" height="206" alt="shield" title="shield" />
+</div>
+<p class="center">UNITED STATES
+NATIONAL MUSEUM
+BULLETIN 231</p>
+
+<p class="center">WASHINGTON, D.C.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1964</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center">Publications of the United States National Museum</p>
+
+
+<p>The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum include two
+series, <i>Proceedings of the United States National Museum</i> and <i>United States National
+Museum Bulletin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with
+the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly acquired facts
+in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies
+of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and
+to specialists and others interested in the various subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Proceedings</i>, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate
+form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with
+the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Bulletin</i> series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer,
+separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts)
+and volumes in which are collected works on related subjects. <i>Bulletins</i> are
+either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since
+1902 papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published
+in the <i>Bulletin</i> series under the heading <i>Contributions from the United States
+National Herbarium</i>.</p>
+
+<pre>
+  <span class="smcap">Frank A. Taylor</span>,
+  <i>Director, United States National Museum</i>.
+</pre>
+
+<p class="center">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
+Washington, D.C., 20402&mdash;Price $1.00 (Paper Cover)</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 314px;">
+<img src="images/i004.jpg" width="314" height="395" alt="Frontispiece" title="Frontispiece" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Frontispiece.&mdash;&quot;Washington as a Surveyor.&quot; Engraving reproduced from
+Washington Irving&#39;s Life of George Washington (New York: 1857, vol. 1).</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h1>EARLY AMERICAN<br />
+SCIENTIFIC<br />
+INSTRUMENTS</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><i>and Their Makers</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">SILVIO A. BEDINI</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Curator of Mechanical
+and Civil Engineering</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY</p>
+
+<p class="center">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION</p>
+
+<p class="center">WASHINGTON, 1964</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii"></a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">Contents
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="toc">
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">Page</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" >Acknowledgments</td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Preface</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The Tools of Science</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Philosophical and Practical Instruments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Need for Instruments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Colonial Training in Instrument Making</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The Mathematical Practitioners</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Rittenhouse Brothers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Andrew Ellicott</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Owen Biddle</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Benjamin Banneker</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Joel Baily</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Reverend John Prince</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Amasa Holcomb</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"  colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Instruments of Metal</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Native American Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">New Hampshire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Vermont</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Massachusetts</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Rhode Island</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Connecticut</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Ohio</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">New York</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">New Jersey</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Delaware</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Maryland and Virginia</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Pennsylvania</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Instruments of Wood</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Use of Wood</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Surviving Instruments</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Compass Cards</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Trade Signs</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Joseph Halsy</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">James Halsy II</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">William Williams</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">John Dupee</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jere Clough</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Andrew Newell</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Aaron Breed</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Charles Thacher</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Benjamin King Hagger</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Benjamin Warren</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Daniel Burnap</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Thomas Salter Bowles</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The New Era</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap">The National Collection</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Appendix</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Surviving Wooden Surveying Compasses</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mathematical Practitioners and Instrument Makers</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Bibliography</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Index</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="Acknowledgments" id="Acknowledgments"></a>Acknowledgments</h2>
+
+
+<p>The writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to the
+various compilations relating to clockmakers and instruments which
+have been consulted in the preparation of this work, and which
+have provided an invaluable basis for it.</p>
+
+<p>He is especially grateful for the generous and interested assistance
+of the many who have cooperated in making this work possible.
+Particular credit must be given to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the
+Bostonian Society; Mrs. Mary W. Phillips of the Department of
+Science and Technology of the U.S. National Museum; Prof.
+Derek J. de Solla Price, Avalon Professor of the History of Science
+at Yale University; Mr. Stephen T. Riley, Director of the Massachusetts
+Historical Society; and Mr. Charles E. Smart of Troy,
+New York.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="Preface" id="Preface"></a>Preface</h2>
+
+
+<p>Within recent years fairly exhaustive studies have been made on
+many aspects of American science and technology. For example,
+there have been numerous works relating to clocks and clockmakers,
+so that the collector and horological student have a number of
+useful sources on which to rely. More recently there has been a
+series of publications on the development of American tools and
+their makers. Until now, however, no systematic study has been
+attempted of the scientific instruments used in the United States
+from its colonial beginnings. While several useful regional lists
+of instrument makers in early America have been compiled from
+advertisements in contemporary newspapers and published as
+short articles, these, however, are fragmentary, and are inadequate
+to the need for documentation in this field.</p>
+
+<p>With the rapidly growing interest in the history of science, it
+becomes necessary to have a more complete background for the
+student and the historian alike. It is desirable to have a more
+comprehensive picture of the work of the scientific practitioners of
+the earlier periods of American scientific development, and of their
+tools. At the same time it is essential to have a history of the
+development and distribution and use of scientific instruments by
+others than the practitioners and teachers. The role of the instrument
+maker in the American Colonies was an important one&mdash;as
+it was in each epoch of the history of science in Europe&mdash;and it
+deserves to be reported.</p>
+
+<p>To make a comprehensive study of American scientific instruments
+and instrument makers in the American Colonies is no
+simple matter, partly because of an indifference to the subject in
+the past, and partly because of the great volume of sources that
+must be sifted to accomplish it. Such a project would require
+an organized search of all published reference works relating to the
+field and associated topics, of all contemporary newspapers for
+advertisements and notices, of civil records filed in state and community
+archives, of business account-books and records that have
+been preserved, and of business directories of the period under
+consideration. In addition, such a study would require the compilation
+of an inventory of all surviving instruments in private and
+public collections, and a correlation of all the data that could be
+assembled from these sources.</p>
+
+<p>The present study attempts only in part to accomplish this aim,
+being no more than a preliminary compilation of the scientific
+instruments known to have been used during the first two centuries
+of American colonial existence. It merely attempts to assemble
+all the data that is presently available in scattered sources, and
+to organize it in a usable form for the student and historian of
+American science. A supplement relating to 19th-century instruments
+and instrument makers is in progress.</p>
+
+<p>The most that is hoped for the present work is that it will be
+of temporary assistance, serving to bring forth additional information
+on the subject from sources not previously available or known.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span><i>February 1, 1964</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  S.A.B.<br /><br /></span>
+<span><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h1>EARLY AMERICAN<br />
+SCIENTIFIC<br />
+INSTRUMENTS</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><i>and Their Makers</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2><i>The Tools of Science</i></h2>
+
+
+<h3>Philosophical and Practical Instruments</h3>
+
+<p>Development of the sciences in the American Colonies was
+critically dependent upon the available tools&mdash;scientific instruments&mdash;and
+the men who made and used them. These tools may
+be separated into two groups. The first group consists of philosophical
+instruments and scientific teaching apparatus produced
+and employed for experimentation and teaching in educational
+institutions. The second includes the so-called "mathematical
+instruments" of practical use, which were employed by mathematical
+practitioners and laymen alike for the mensural and nautical
+needs of the Colonies. It is particularly with this second
+group that the present study is concerned.</p>
+
+<p>It has been generally assumed that scientific instruments, as well
+as the instrument makers, of the first two centuries of American
+colonization were imported from England, and that the movement
+declined by the beginning of the 19th century with the development
+of skilled native craftsmen.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> This assumption is basically true for
+those instruments grouped under philosophical and scientific apparatus
+for experimentation and teaching. Almost all of these items
+were in fact imported from England and France until well into the
+19th century.</p>
+
+<p>Likewise, the very earliest examples of mathematical instruments
+for surveying and navigation in the Colonies were imported with
+the settlers from England. It was not long after the establishment
+of the first settlements, however, that the settlers, and later the
+first generation of native Americans, began to produce their own
+instruments. Records derived from historical archives and from
+the instruments themselves reveal that a considerable number of
+the instruments available and used in the Colonies before 1800
+were of native production. Apparently, relatively few instrument
+makers immigrated to the American continent before the end of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+Revolutionary War. Later, with the beginning of the 19th century,
+makers of and dealers in instruments in England and France
+became aware of the growing new market, and emigrated in numbers
+to establish shops in the major cities of commerce in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Quite possibly the few instrument makers trained in England
+who immigrated to the Colonies in the early epoch of Colonial
+development may have in turn trained others in their communities,
+although no evidence has yet been found. Perhaps more data on
+this aspect of the subject will eventually come to light.</p>
+
+<p>There is reason to believe that a few mathematical practitioners
+and instrument makers lived and worked in the New England
+colonies as early as the first century of colonization.</p>
+
+<p>The evidence, frankly meager, consists of two items. The first
+is a reference relating to James Halsie of Boston. In a land deed
+made out to him in 1674 he was referred to as a "Mathematician."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+Halsie was listed as a freeman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
+in 1690. He apparently was the forbear of the several members of
+the Halsy family of instrument makers of Boston of the 18th
+century, mentioned later in this study. It is uncertain whether the
+use of the term "mathematician" in this connection meant an
+artisan, but if not it may be inferred that Halsie was a practitioner.</p>
+
+<p>The second piece of evidence is even more slender; it consists of
+an inscription upon a dialing rule (fig. 1) for making sundials and
+charts. The instrument is of cast brass, 20-7/16 inches long and
+1-11/16 inches wide. The date "1674" is inscribed on the rule together
+with the name of its original owner, "Arthur Willis." The instrument
+almost certainly was produced by the school of Henry
+Sutton, the notable English instrument maker who worked in
+Threadneedle Street in London from about 1637 through 1665.
+The name and date inscriptions are consistent and contemporary
+with the workmanship of the rule, and were probably inscribed by
+the maker for the original owner. It is conceivable that Arthur
+Willis was an Englishman and that the rule was brought into this
+country even in relatively recent times. However, it is claimed
+that the rule was owned and used by Nathaniel Footes, surveyor
+of Springfield, Massachusetts. Nathaniel Footes, believed to have
+been originally from Salem, subsequently moved from Springfield
+to Wethersfield, Conn. The instrument was later owned and used<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5-6]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a></span>
+in Connecticut not later than the early 19th century<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> by the forbears
+of Mr. Newton C. Brainard of Hartford, Connecticut. If
+records relating to Willis as a resident of the New England colonies
+can be recovered, it may then be possible to establish whether he
+worked in the Colonies as a mathematical practitioner in the 17th
+century. His name is included on a tentative basis.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/i017.jpg" width="320" height="935" alt="Figure 1" title="Figure 1" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 1.&mdash;Dialing rule made of brass and inscribed with the name &quot;Arthur
+Willis&quot; and the date &quot;1674.&quot; Allegedly used by Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of
+Springfield, Massachusetts. Photo courtesy Newton C. Brainard, Hartford,
+Connecticut, and the Connecticut Historical Society.</div>
+
+
+<h3>The Need for Instruments</h3>
+
+<p>The production and use of scientific instruments in the American
+Colonies reflected colonial development in education and in territorial
+and economic expansion, and closely paralleled the same
+development in England, where the first mathematical practitioners
+were the teachers of navigational and commercial arithmetic
+and the surveyors employed in the redistribution of land
+following the dissolution of the monasteries. As the communities
+became established and the settlers gained a foothold on the soil,
+their attention naturally turned to improving their lot by expanding
+the land under cultivation and by trading their products for other
+needs. The growth of the communities became increasingly rapid
+from the end of the 17th century, and the land expansion closely
+paralleled the development of trade. The educational institutions
+placed greater emphasis on the sciences as their curriculums
+developed. Particularly there was a greater preoccupation with
+the sciences on the part of the layman because of the need for
+knowledge of surveying and navigation.</p>
+
+<p>The colonial school curriculum was accordingly designed from
+the practical point of view to emphasize practical mathematics, and
+there was an increasing demand for instruction in all aspects of the
+subject. One of the earliest advertisements of this nature appeared
+in <i>The Boston Gazette</i> in March 1719. In the issue of February 19
+to March 7 the advertisement stated that:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>This day Mr. Samuel Grainger opens his school at the House formerly
+Sir Charles Hobby's, where will be taught Grammar Writing after a free and
+easy manner in all the usual Hands, Arithmetick in a concise and Practical
+Method, Merchants Accompts, and the Mathematicks.</p>
+
+<p>He hopes that more thinking People will in no wise be discouraged from
+sending their children thither, on the account of the reports newly reviv'd,
+because these dancing Phaenomena's were never seen nor heard of in School
+Hours.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+The advertisement was further amplified in its second appearance,
+in the issue of March 21-22, 1719:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>At the house formerly Sir Charles Hobby's are taught grammar, writing,
+after a free &amp; easy manner in all hands usually practiced, Arithmetick Vulgar
+and Decimal in a concise and Practical Method, Merchants Accompts,
+Geometry, Algebra, Mensuration, Geography, Trigonometry, Astronomy,
+Navigation and other parts of the Mathematicks, with the use of the Globes
+and other Mathematical Instruments, by Samuel Grainger.</p>
+
+<p>They whose business won't permit 'em to attend the usual School Hours,
+shall be carefully attended and Instructed in the Evenings.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>R. F. Seybold<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> has noted that: "In advertisements of 1753
+and 1754, John Lewis, of New York City, announced 'What is
+called a New Method of Navigation, is an excellent Method of
+Trigonometry here particularly applied to Navigation; But it is
+of great use in all kinds of measuring and in solving many Arithmetical
+Questions.' James Cosgrove, of Philadelphia, in 1755,
+taught 'geometry, trigonometry, and their application in surveying,
+navigation, etc.,' and Alexander Power, in 1766, 'With
+their Application to Surveying, Navigation, Geography, and
+Astronomy'." These subjects were featured also in the evening
+schools of the colonial period, maintained by private schoolmasters
+in some of the larger communities for the education of those who
+could not attend school in the daytime.</p>
+
+<p>According to Seybold, surveying and navigation were the most
+popular mathematical subjects taught. Some explanation is to be
+derived from the statement by Schoen<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> that: "In the days when
+the 'bounds' of great wilderness tracts were being marked off by
+deep-cut blazes in the trees along a line, a knowledge of land surveying
+was a useful skill, and many a boy learned its elements by
+following the 'boundsgoer' in his work of 'running the line.' And
+those who did not actually take part in running the line must have
+attended many a gay springtime 'processioning' when neighbors
+made a festive occasion out of 'perambulating the bounds'." "Vague
+land grants and inaccurate surveys," he adds, "made the subject
+of boundary lines a prime issue in the everyday life of colonial
+homes."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p><p>At the same time there was interest in the other aspects of the
+mathematical sciences. As early as 1743, for instance, a Harvard
+mathematician named Nathan Prince advertised in Boston that
+if he were given "suitable Encouragement" he would establish a
+school to teach "Geography and Astronomy, With the Use of the
+Globes, and the several kinds of Projecting the Sphere" among
+other things.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> A decade later, Theophilus Grew, professor in the
+academy at Philadelphia which has become the University of Pennsylvania,
+published a treatise on globes, with the title:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>The Description</i> and <i>Use</i> of the <i>Globes</i>, Celestial and Terrestrial; With
+Variety for <i>Examples</i> for the Learner's <i>Exercises</i>: Intended for the Use of
+Such Persons as would attain to the Knowledge of those <i>Instruments</i>; But
+Chiefly designed for the <i>Instruction</i> of the young <i>Gentlemen</i> at the <i>Academy</i> in
+Philadelphia. To which is added Rules for working all the Cases in Plain
+and Spherical Triangles without a Scheme. By <i>Theophilus Grew</i>, Mathematical
+Professor. Germantown, Printed by Christopher Sower, 1753.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus, the need for practical mathematical instruments for the
+surveyor and navigator became critical in proportion to the need
+for men to make and use them, and it is not surprising to discover
+that the majority of the instruments produced and advertised by
+early American makers were for surveying, with nautical instruments
+in second place. Generally, the surveyors were not professionals;
+they were farmers, tradesmen, or craftsmen with a sound
+knowledge of basic arithmetic and occasionally with some advanced
+study of the subject as taught in the evening schools. The surveying
+of provincial and intercolonial boundaries required greater
+skill, however, as well as a knowledge of astronomy, and this work
+was relegated to the scientific men of the period.</p>
+
+<p>As the increasing preoccupation with subdivision of land and with
+surveying led to a greater demand for suitable instruments, it was
+the skilled craftsmen of the community, such as the clockmaker
+and the silversmith, that were called upon to produce them.
+Superb examples also were produced by the advanced scientific
+men, or "mathematical practitioners," of the period.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Colonial Training in Instrument Making</h3>
+
+<p>One may well ask, where did these native craftsmen acquire the
+knowledge that enabled them to produce so skillfully the accurate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 9-10]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a></span>
+and often delicate mathematical instruments? There were a
+number of possible sources for this knowledge. The first source
+lies in England, where some of these craftsmen could have studied
+or served apprenticeships. After completing their apprenticeship
+with English mathematical practitioners, they may have immigrated
+to the Colonies and taught the craft to others. This seems
+to be entirely plausible, and was probably true, for example, of
+Thomas Harland the clockmaker, Anthony Lamb, and perhaps
+several others. However, these were the exceptions instead of the
+rule, since a biographical study of the instrument makers in general
+reveals that they were for the most part native to America. It is
+not likely that the one or two isolated practitioners that had been
+trained in England could have taught so many others who worked
+in the same epoch.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/i021.jpg" width="320" height="434" alt="Figure 2" title="Figure 2" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 2.&mdash;Title page of The Surveyor by Aaron Rathborne, published in London
+in 1616. The book was one of the sources of information for American makers
+of mathematical instruments.</div>
+
+<p>Another source for this knowledge of instrument making was
+probably the reference works on the subject that had been published
+in England and in France. As an example, Nicolas Bion's
+<i>Traitè de la Construction et des Principaux Usages des Instruments
+de Mathematique</i>, which had been first published in 1686, was
+translated into English by Edmund Stone in 1723, and went into
+several English editions. Copies of this work in English undoubtedly
+found their way to America soon after publication. Other
+popular works were Aaron Rathbone's <i>The Surveyor</i>, which
+appeared in London in 1616 (see fig. 2); William Leybourn's <i>The
+Compleat Surveyor</i>, in 1653; and George Atwell's <i>Faithfull Surveyour</i>,
+in 1662. Other works popular in the Colonies were R. Norwood's
+<i>Epitome, or The Doctrine of Triangles</i> (London, 1659) and J. Love's
+<i>Geodasia, or the Art of Surveying</i> (London, 1688).</p>
+
+<p>These works undoubtedly inspired similar publications in America,
+for many books on surveying and navigation appeared there
+before the beginning of the 19th century. Chief among them
+were S. Moore's <i>An Accurate System of Surveying</i> (Litchfield, Conn.,
+1796), Z. Jess's <i>A Compendious System of Practical Surveying</i>
+(Wilmington, 1799), Abel Flint's <i>Surveying</i> (Hartford, 1804), and
+J. Day's <i>Principles of Navigation and Surveying</i> (New Haven, 1817).</p>
+
+<p>The published works were unquestionably responsible for much
+of the training in the making of mathematical instruments in
+America, although no documentary evidence has yet been recovered
+to prove it.</p>
+
+<p>Another important influence on early American instrument-making
+which must be noted was that of the clockmaker as an
+artisan. A comprehensive study of surviving instruments and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+related records has revealed that only a few of the many clockmakers
+working in the American Colonies in the 18th century made
+mathematical instruments. Yet, a large proportion of the surviving
+surveying and nautical instruments produced before 1800 were
+the work of clockmakers. Classic among these must be noted the
+instruments produced by the brothers David and Benjamin Rittenhouse
+(see p. 15 and figs. 3 and 4), as well as the fine surveying
+instruments made by four separate members of the Chandlee
+family, whose clockmaking traditions began early in the 17th century
+(see p. 54).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/i023.jpg" width="320" height="311" alt="Figure 3" title="Figure 3" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 3.&mdash;Transit telescope made by David Rittenhouse and used by him for
+the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. Brass, 33-1/2-in. tube on a 25-in.
+axis, with an aperture of 1-3/4 in. and a focal length of 32 in. Photo courtesy
+the American Philosophical Society.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"  style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i024.jpg" width="320" height="392" alt="Figure 4" title="Figure 4" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 4.&mdash;Surveying compass marked &quot;Potts and Rittenhouse.&quot; Believed to be
+the work of David Rittenhouse in partnership with Thomas Potts. Photo
+courtesy the American Philosophical Society.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Finally, one must not overlook the fact that examples of English
+and other European instruments were available in the Colonies,
+and that at least some of the early colonial makers undoubtedly
+copied them. It is apparent from some surviving early American
+instruments that the materials, designs, dimensions, and details of
+European prototypes had been deliberately copied. It is possible
+to see in public collections, for instance, a Davis quadrant of English
+manufacture exhibited beside a later example, signed by a New
+England maker, which comes extraordinarily close to duplicating
+it in every feature.</p>
+
+<p>As with the presumed influence of published works, the practice
+of copying imported instruments cannot be documented, but it
+must have been engaged in by many of the unschooled New England
+instrument makers. By this means some may even have
+profited to the degree that they became professional craftsmen
+without benefit of formal apprenticeship.</p>
+
+<p>Yet it is remarkable that although numerous instruments were
+produced by native artisans, in addition to the substantial number
+which were imported before the end of the 18th century, relatively
+few specimens have survived in public collections as well as in
+private hands. Despite the exhaustive combing of attics and barns
+throughout the country by dealers in antiques and by avid collectors
+during the past several decades, the number of surviving
+instruments now known is incredibly small in comparison with the
+numbers known to have been made locally or imported before the
+beginning of the 19th century. Since instruments are not items
+which would ordinarily be deliberately discarded or destroyed, or
+melted down for the recovery of the metal, this small percentage
+of survival presents a puzzle which has not been resolved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i026.jpg" width="320" height="386" alt="Figure 5" title="Figure 5" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 5.&mdash;David Rittenhouse. Engraving from portrait by Charles Wilson Peale.</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="The_Mathematical_Practitioners" id="The_Mathematical_Practitioners"></a><i>The Mathematical Practitioners</i></h2>
+
+
+<h3>The Rittenhouse Brothers</h3>
+
+<p>Notable among the American practitioners was David Rittenhouse
+(1732-1796) of Norristown and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
+who was established as a clockmaker and surveyor in Philadelphia
+by 1749. He surveyed the boundary between Pennsylvania and
+Delaware in 1763 with instruments of his own design and construction.
+Six years later, in 1769, he successfully calculated the
+transit of Venus and later observed that planet with astronomical
+instruments he had constructed himself. In the following year,
+1770, he built the first American astronomical observatory, in
+Philadelphia. Two orreries that he designed and built&mdash;at the
+University of Pennsylvania and at Princeton University&mdash;survive
+as outstanding examples of American craftsmanship.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Several of
+his surveying and astronomical instruments are exhibited in the
+collections of the U.S. National Museum. David Rittenhouse
+is credited with being the originator of a declination arc on the
+surveying compass, a feature to be copied by a number of later
+instrument makers.</p>
+
+<p>David's brother, Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820), served
+in the Revolution and was wounded at Brandywine. He superintended
+the Government's gunlock factory at Philadelphia in
+1778 and achieved recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying
+instruments (see fig. 8).<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> During one period of his career he worked
+in partnership with his brother David. An interesting advertisement
+appeared in the May 14, 1785, issue of <i>The Pennsylvania
+Packet</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>WANTED, An ingenious Lad not exceeding 14 years of age, of a reputable
+family, as an Apprentice to learn the Art and Mistery of making Clocks and
+Surveying Instruments. Any lad inclining to go an apprentice to the above
+Trade, the terms on which he will be taken may [be] known by enquiring of
+Mr. David Rittenhouse, in Philadelphia, or at the subscriber's house in
+Worcester township, Montgomery county. Benjamin Rittenhouse.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i028.jpg" width="320" height="433" alt="Figure 6" title="Figure 6" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 6.&mdash;Astronomical clock made by David Rittenhouse
+for his observatory at Norristown, Pa., and used by him for the
+observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. Unembellished
+pine case 83-1/2 in. high, 13-1/4 in. wide at the waist with a
+silvered brass dial 10-5/8 in. diameter. Photo courtesy the
+American Philosophical Society.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i029.jpg" width="320" height="250" alt="Figure 7" title="Figure 7" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 7.&mdash;Orrery built by David Rittenhouse for the University
+of Pennsylvania. The center section shows the
+motions of the planets and their satellites and the right-hand
+section the eclipses of the Sun and Moon. The case,
+considered to be an outstanding example of colonial cabinet-work,
+was made by John Folwell.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i029b.jpg" width="320" height="132" alt="Figure 8" title="Figure 8" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 8.&mdash;Brass surveying compass inscribed &quot;Made by
+Benjamin Rittenhouse, 1787.&quot; Photo courtesy Ohio State
+Museum, Columbus, Ohio.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17-18]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i030.jpg" width="320" height="413" alt="Figure 9" title="Figure 9" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 9.&mdash;Portrait of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) by unknown artist.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>Andrew Ellicott</h3>
+
+<p>A name closely associated with that of the Rittenhouse brothers
+was that of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) of Solebury, Pennsylvania,
+and Ellicotts Mills, Maryland. Andrew was the son of Joseph
+Ellicott, the clockmaker and pioneer industrialist who founded
+Ellicotts Mills. Although a Quaker, Andrew (fig. 9) served in
+the Revolution, and he became one of the most distinguished
+engineers of the new republic. He worked as a clockmaker and
+instrument maker from 1774 to 1780. In 1784 he ran the boundary
+between Virginia and Pennsylvania and in the following year he
+was a member of the survey that continued Mason and Dixon's
+line. In 1785 and 1786 he served on the Pennsylvania commissions
+that surveyed the western and northern boundaries of the state,
+and in 1789 he served on the commission that fixed the boundary
+between New York and Pennsylvania. Between 1791 and 1793 he
+surveyed the site of the city of Washington, D.C., and redrew
+L'Enfant's plan for the city.</p>
+
+<p>In early 1793 Ellicott was appointed commissioner by the
+Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the project of viewing and
+locating a road from Reading to Presque Isle, now Erie. It was
+an extremely difficult undertaking, but Ellicott completed the
+work by the autumn of 1796, including laying out the towns of
+Erie, Warren, and Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>In May 1796 Ellicott was commissioned by President Washington
+to survey and mark the boundary line between the United States
+and the Spanish Province of Florida in accordance with the
+provisions of the Pinkney-Godoy Treaty of October 27, 1795.
+This line was to begin at the point where the 31st parallel of north
+latitude intersected the Mississippi River, and to proceed thence
+along that parallel eastward to the Appalachicola River for about
+400 miles.</p>
+
+<p>In 1801 Ellicott was offered the position of surveyor general of
+the United States by President Jefferson. Ellicott declined, but
+subsequently accepted the secretaryship of the land office of
+Pennsylvania, a post he held until 1808.</p>
+
+<p>In 1811 Ellicott became commissioner to represent Georgia in
+locating the Georgia-North Carolina boundary, a project on which
+he was engaged for the major part of the following year.</p>
+
+<p>In 1815 President Madison appointed Ellicott professor of
+mathematics at West Point, with the rank of major. This is an
+appointment he kept until his death in 1820. It was interrupted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 20-21]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a></span>
+in 1817 when the Government required his services as astronomer
+to locate a portion of the United States-Canadian boundary in
+accordance with the fifth article of the Treaty of Ghent.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i032.jpg" width="320" height="452" alt="Figure 10" title="Figure 10" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 10.&mdash;Transit and equal-altitude instrument (left) made by Ellicott in 1789
+and used by him in the survey of the boundary between the United States and
+Florida and in other surveys. USNM 152080. <br />
+<br />
+Figure 11.&mdash;Zenith sector with focal length of 6 ft., made by David Rittenhouse
+and revised by Andrew Ellicott. Described in <i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i>
+(Philadelphia, 1803). USNM 152078.</div>
+
+	<p>Ellicott was a member of a number of learned societies, including
+the American Philosophical Society, the Society for the Promotion
+of Useful Arts of Albany, and of the National Institute of France.</p>
+
+<p>Ellicott constructed a number of instruments for surveying and
+astronomical observation, and he designed and used others that
+were produced by his friend David Rittenhouse<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> (see figs. 10, 11).
+Of particular interest in connection with Ellicott's career as a
+clockmaker and instrument maker are two advertisements that
+appeared in the Baltimore newspapers. The first one was in the
+<i>Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser on April 7, 1778</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Ellicott's Upper Mills, April 4, 1778. Wanted, a person acquainted with the
+Clock-Making business, and able to work by directions. Such a person will
+meet with good encouragement by applying to Andrew Ellicott, sen.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The second advertisement, in the same vein, appeared in the May
+16, 1780, issue of the <i>Maryland Journal</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Good Encouragement will be given to either Clock or Mathematical instrument
+makers, by the subscriber, living in Baltimore-Town. Andrew Ellicott.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>Owen Biddle</h3>
+
+<p>Another mathematical practitioner associated with David Rittenhouse
+in his observations of the transit of Venus was Owen
+Biddle (1737-1799) of the North Ward, Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>In early life Biddle was an apothecary and a clock- and watch-maker.
+In his shop "next door to Roberts warehouse" he sold
+clock and watch parts and tools. From 1764 to 1770 he advertised
+himself as "Clockmaker, and scientist, statesman and patriot."
+As a Quaker, he participated actively in civic and patriotic affairs
+of Philadelphia. During the American Revolution, in spite of his
+religious affiliation, he fought for the defense of the Colonies and
+was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Forage. Evidencing sincere
+repentance, he was permitted to rejoin the Society of Friends.</p>
+
+<p>In 1769 Biddle took an active part in the preparations made by
+the American Philosophical Society for the observation of the
+transit of Venus. With Joel Baily he was sent to Cape Henlopen,
+Delaware, with a large reflecting telescope borrowed from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+Library Company. The expedition was described in the <i>Transactions
+of the American Philosophical Society</i> in 1771 in an article entitled
+"An Account of the Transit of Venus, over the Sun's Disk, as
+observed near Cape Henlopen, on Delaware Bay, June 3rd, 1769
+by Owen Biddle, Joel Baily and (Richard Thomas) Drawn by
+Owen Biddle." In addition to his trade in clocks and watches,
+Biddle also made mathematical instruments and was well known
+in his native city as a merchant, inventor, and ironmaster.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Benjamin Banneker</h3>
+
+<p>A name that is too often ignored in the history of science in colonial
+America is that of a free Negro, Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806)
+of Baltimore. A farmer by occupation, Banneker was the
+son of a native African slave and a free mulatto woman. In his
+spare time he attended the school of a Quaker farmer; the only
+book he owned was the Bible. When he was a young man he acquired
+a watch from a trader, and from it he developed his love of
+science and instruments. Although he had never seen a clock, he
+constructed one based on drawings he made from the watch.
+Banneker was called upon to assist in the construction of the mills
+for the Ellicotts, and it was natural that his clock, which was the
+marvel of the Negro settlement, should come to the attention of
+Joseph Ellicott. Ellicott became interested in Banneker's thirst
+for knowledge and allowed him the use of his tools, scientific instruments,
+and technical books. Among the books were Mayer's
+<i>Tables</i>, James Ferguson's <i>Astronomy</i>, and Leadbeater's <i>Lunar
+Tables</i>. Banneker absorbed these and other works that he borrowed
+and went on to explore the wonderful new world they opened
+up for him. He pursued astronomical studies, and within three
+years he began to make calculations (fig. 12) for an almanac. After
+completing the calculations for the year 1791, he went on to produce
+a set of calculations for 1792. During this period he mastered
+the use of surveying instruments and made a firsthand study of
+tides in the region. His great opportunity came when Andrew
+Ellicott was chosen to make a survey for the city of Washington
+and hired Banneker as an assistant. While thus employed, Banneker
+completed his almanac and gave it to George Ellicott,
+Andrew's cousin, as a subject of possible interest. Apparently
+George Ellicott turned it over to the Honorable James McHenry
+of Baltimore, who in turned submitted it to the Philadelphia firm
+of Goddard &amp; Angell, who published it (fig. 13). Banneker mailed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23-24]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a></span>
+a copy of his <i>Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia
+And Maryland Almanac and Ephemeris For the Year of Our
+Lord, 1792</i> to Thomas Jefferson, who was so impressed with it
+that he forwarded it to the Marquis de Condorcet, secretary of the
+French Academy of Sciences. After his work with Ellicott had
+been completed, Banneker retired to his farm to produce almanacs
+annually until 1802. When he died in 1806 he was eulogized before
+the French Academy by the Marquis de Condorcet, and William
+Pitt placed his name in the records of the English Parliament.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i035.jpg" width="320" height="472" alt="Figure 12" title="Figure 12" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 12.&mdash;Letter from Benjamin Banneker to George Ellicott dated October
+13, 1789, regarding astronomical data for the compilation of Banneker&#39;s
+almanac. Photo courtesy Maryland Historical Society.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i037.jpg" width="320" height="472" alt="Figure 13" title="Figure 13" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 13.&mdash;Title page of one of Banneker&#39;s almanacs. The portrait of Banneker
+was made by Timothy Woods in 1793 for the publisher and reproduced by
+woodcut. Banneker&#39;s first almanac was published in Philadelphia in 1792.</div>
+
+<h3>Joel Baily</h3>
+
+<p>Still another 18th-century practitioner was Joel Baily (1732-1797),
+a Quaker of West Bradford, Pennsylvania. In addition to
+his trade as a clockmaker and gunsmith, Baily achieved local
+eminence as an astronomer, mathematician, and surveyor.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1764, at the time that Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon
+established their headquarters near his farm, Baily was the local
+surveyor. Obtaining employment with the expedition, he worked
+with Mason and Dixon until the completion of their survey in 1768.
+Baily was subsequently employed by Mason and Dixon to build
+pine frames for carrying the 20-foot rods to be used in the second
+measurement of courses from the Stargazers' Stone southward.</p>
+
+<p>In 1769 Baily was appointed by the American Philosophical
+Society to work with Owen Biddle in setting up the station at Cape
+Henlopen for observation of the transit of Venus. In 1770 he
+again worked with Biddle in taking the courses and distances from
+the New Castle Court House to the State House Observatory in
+Philadelphia for determining the latitude and longitude of each.
+In the same year Baily was elected a member of the American
+Philosophical Society.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Reverend John Prince</h3>
+
+<p>Another noteworthy mathematical practitioner of the period was
+the Reverend John Prince (1751-1836) of Salem, Massachusetts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25-26]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a></span>
+The son of a hatter and mechanic, Prince studied natural philosophy
+under John Winthrop at Harvard and received his B.A.
+degree in 1776. He was a student of divinity under Samuel
+Williams and was ordained in 1779 at the First Church in Salem.
+Although an amateur of the sciences, Prince became a skilled
+maker of scientific instruments. He made, sold, and repaired
+instruments for the use of numerous colleges, schools, and academies,
+including Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Harvard, Union,
+Amherst, and Williams. Among other accomplishments, he
+effected "improvements" on the lucernal microscope and the air
+pump.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Amasa Holcomb</h3>
+
+<p>Although he was born in the 18th century, Amasa Holcomb
+(1787-1875) properly belongs to a later period. An astronomer
+and telescope maker of Southwick, Massachusetts, Holcomb
+became a surveyor in 1808. An autobiographical sketch noted
+that "he manufactured about this time a good many sets of surveyors
+instruments&mdash;compasses, chains, scales, protractors and dividers,
+some for his pupils and some for others."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Instruments_of_Metal" id="Instruments_of_Metal"></a>Instruments of Metal</h2>
+
+
+<h3>Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</h3>
+
+<p>According to present evidence, only a few makers of metal
+instruments emigrated from England to the Colonies before the
+beginning of the Revolutionary War. A slightly larger number
+emigrated after the war had ended. In almost every instance, the
+immigrant instrument makers settled in the major cities, which
+were the shipping centers of the new country. The reason is
+obvious: in these cities there was the greatest demand for nautical
+and other instruments.</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest immigrant instrument makers arrived in
+Boston in 1739. According to an advertisement that appeared in
+<i>The Boston Gazette</i> in the issue of July 16-23, 1739, there had</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Arriv'd here by Capt. <i>Gerry</i> from <i>London</i> John Dabney, junr. who serv'd his
+time to Mr. Jonathan Sisson, Mathematical Instrument Maker to his Royal
+Highness, the Prince of Wales. Makes and sells all sorts of Mathematical
+Instruments, in Silver, Brass, or Ivory, at Reasonable Rates, at Mr. Rowland
+Houghton's Shop the north side of the Town Huse in Boston.</p>
+
+<p>N.B. Said Dabney, sets Loadstones to a greater Perfection than any
+heretofore.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Dabney's master, Jonathan Sisson (1694-1749) originally of
+Lincolnshire, with a shop in the Strand, London, was a well-known
+maker of optical and mathematical instruments in the early decades
+of the 18th century. He was particularly noted for the exact
+division of scales, and examples of his work are to be found in the
+major collections.</p>
+
+<p>Dabney's name appeared again several years later, in the Supplement
+to the <i>Boston Evening Post</i> for December 12, 1743, and
+again in the <i>Boston Evening Post</i> for December 19 of the same year,
+with the following advertisement:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>To be shown by John Dabney, Mathematical Instrument maker, in Milk
+Street, Boston, on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday Evenings, from five to
+eight o'clock, for the Entertainment of the Curious, the Magic Lanthorn
+an Optick Machine, which exhibits a great Number of wonderful and surprising
+Figures, prodigious large, and vivid, at Half a Crown each, Old Tenor.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In New York City, one of the earliest immigrant instrument
+makers was Charles Walpole, who established a shop at a corner in
+Wall Street, according to a notice in the May 26, 1746, issue of the
+<i>New York Evening Post</i>. The announcement stated that Walpole
+was a "citizen of London" and that at his shop "all sorts of Mathematical
+Instruments, whether in silver or brass, are made and
+mended...."</p>
+
+<p>In the May 21, 1753, issue of <i>The New York Gazette or The
+Weekly Post Boy</i> there was an announcement by the widow of
+Balthaser Sommer who lived on Pot-Baker's Hill in Smith Street
+in New York City and who advertised herself as a "grinder of
+all sorts of optic glasses, spying glasses, of all lengths, spectacles,
+reading glasses for near-sighted people or others; also spying glasses
+of 3 feet long which are to set on a common Walking-Cane and
+yet be carried as a Pocket-Book."</p>
+
+<p>John Benson emigrated from Birmingham, England, and established
+a lapidary and optical store in May 1793 at 12 Princess
+Street in New York, where he produced miniatures, lockets,
+rings, glasses, "as well as Spectacles, single reading and burning
+glasses, and where he also polished scratch'd glasses." In July 1797
+he moved to 106 Pearl Street where he sold green goggles, thermometers,
+and opera and spy glasses, in addition to an assortment of
+jewelry. In September 1798 he was established at a new location,
+147 Pearl Street, "At the sign of The Green Spectacles" where he
+specialized in optical goods. He featured for rent or sale a "Portable
+Camera Obscura" for the use of artists in drawing landscapes.
+His advertisements chronicled each change in location in the issues
+of <i>The New York Daily Advertiser</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A craftsman whose name is well known in scientific circles was
+Anthony Lamb, who advertised in 1753 as a mathematical instrument
+maker living on Hunter's Key, New York. He claimed that
+he could furnish</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Godfrey's newly invented quadrant, for taking the latitude or other altitudes
+at sea; hydrometers for trying the exact strength of spirits, large surveying
+instruments in a more curious manner than usual; which may be used in any
+weather without exception, small ditto which may be fixed on the end of a
+walking stick, and lengthened to a commodious height, gauging instruments
+as now in use, according to an act of assembly with all other mathematical
+instruments for sea or land, by wholesale or retail at reasonable rates.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Lamb had served an apprenticeship with Henry Carter, a
+mathematical  instrument maker in  London. In July 1724 he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+became an accomplice of Jack Sheppard, a notorious burglar, and
+was arrested and sentenced to the gallows in 1724. As he was
+awaiting execution on the gallows at Tyburn, his sentence was
+commuted to transportation to Virginia for a period of seven
+years, inasmuch as this was his first offence. After he had completed
+his term of seven years in Virginia he moved to Philadelphia,
+where he opened a shop as an instrument maker and a private
+school for teaching technical subjects. The curriculum included
+surveying, navigation, and mathematics. Although his enterprises
+prospered, he moved to New York. There he married a
+Miss Ham and established himself in a respectable position.
+Lamb's first advertisement in New York appeared on January 23,
+1749. He died on December 11, 1784, at the age of 81, and two
+days later he was eulogized in <i>The New York Packet</i> where he was
+mentioned as "a steady friend to the liberties of America."</p>
+
+<p>John Lamb (1735-1800), Anthony's son, learned and practiced
+his father's craft for a time and worked as a partner in the firm of
+A. Lamb &amp; Son. He subsequently became a wine and sugar
+merchant, achieved considerable wealth, married well, and was
+accepted by the gentry of the city. He was a firm patriot and from
+1765 he was active as the leader of the Sons of Liberty. He
+served in several major engagements in the American Revolution
+and in 1783 was brevetted a brigadier-general.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>The immigrant instrument makers were not confined to those
+working in glass, however. One of the earlier immigrant craftsmen
+was Charles Blundy, a London watchmaker who established
+himself on Church Street in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1753.
+He notified the public that in addition to watches he sold thermometers
+of all sizes and types. Presumably his merchandise
+was imported from England.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> He was absent from the city between
+1753 and 1760 but returned and continued in business in
+the latter year.</p>
+
+<p>Another pre-Revolution immigrant was Thomas Harland (1735-1807),
+a clock maker who settled in Norwich, Connecticut, in
+1773. It is claimed that he sailed from England on one of the
+ships carrying the tea destroyed by the Boston Tea Party.   Over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+the course of the years his business prospered to such a degree
+that he hired from ten to twelve apprentices at one time. Some
+of the leading American 18th-century clockmakers served apprenticeships
+with Harland. In 1802 his newspaper notice stated that
+he had for sale "Surveyors Compasses, with agate centre needles;
+chains and Protractors ..."<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>A most interesting instrument that has recently come to light
+is a brass sundial made in Philadelphia in 1764. The dial, about
+10-1/2 inches in diameter, is signed by the maker, "Daniel Jay
+Philad<sup>a</sup>. fecit." It is dated 1764 and inscribed with the name
+of the person for whom it was made, "James Pemberton." In the
+center is "Lat. 40," which coincides with the latitude for Philadelphia.
+The style of the dial is very much in the English tradition
+of the period, indicating that Jay was probably an emigrant trained
+in England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers</h3>
+
+<p>A large proportion of the English craftsmen who came to the
+American Colonies after the Revolution settled in Philadelphia,
+There was John Gould for instance, a mathematical instrument
+maker from London who had opened a shop at 47 Water Street
+by 1794. He sold nautical, surveying, and optical instruments
+as well as mirrors, presumably all imported from England. He
+moved to 70 South Front Street "At the Sign of the Quadrant"
+in 1796. He was succeeded in business in 1798 by Thomas Whitney,
+another emigrant from London. Whitney made and sold instruments
+(see fig. 85) in Gould's former shop, and featured also a
+vast array of department store merchandise. John Whitney,
+who may have been his son, was listed at the same address in
+the Philadelphia directory of 1801 as a "Mathematical Instrument
+Maker and Optician."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the Philadelphia directory and register for 1821 Thomas
+Whitney advertised that he</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>... presents his sincere thanks to his friends and the public and respectfully
+soliciting the continuation of their favors, wishes to inform them that
+he has devoted his attention principally to the making of surveying com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>passes
+for 16 years past, and has made 500 of them; the good qualities of
+which are well known to many surveyors, in at least 16 of the States and
+Territories of the Union ... [he also makes] many other instruments,
+protractors, gunner's Calibers and quadrants, etc.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>George Evans was another instrument maker who arrived from
+London after the end of the Revolution. He established himself
+in a shop at 33 North Front Street in 1796, where he sold imported
+instruments as well as stationery, Bibles, and cloth. He died in
+1798.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thomas Dring, who migrated from England, settled in Westtown
+Township of Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he was first
+noted in the tax records of 1786. He married Hanna Griffith, a
+native of the region, and their son, Jeptha Dring, subsequently
+was mentioned as a carpenter by trade, and a vagrant by inclination,
+who could quote Shakespeare from memory. According
+to local legend, Dring raised money from a number of townspeople
+for the purpose of purchasing clocks for them in England. He
+set sail for his homeland in about 1798 and never returned.</p>
+
+<p>Although the tax records for 1796 described Dring as an
+"Optician" he was also a clockmaker and maker of scientific
+instruments. At least three of his tall-case clocks have survived,
+and a stick type of barometer which he made for Edward and
+Hannah Hicks in 1796. The instrument is now in the collection
+of the Chester County Historical Society. It measures 39 inches
+in height, and is signed on the thermometer dial <span class="smcap">THOMAS DRING</span>/West
+Chester. This instrument (fig. 14) is one of the very rare
+barometers produced in America in the 18th century.</p>
+
+<p>Another craftsman who emigrated from England was Robert
+Clark, who opened a shop at 5-1/2 Church Street in Charleston,
+South Carolina, in 1785.   In that year he announced himself as a</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Math., Optical and Philosophical Instruments maker and Clockmaker
+from London ... As the Advertiser has lately had an opportunity of
+working and receiving instruction under the first masters in the above
+branches in Great Britain, flatters himself that he shall give satisfaction to
+those who may be pleased to favor him with their orders ... for Surveyors
+compasses, Quadrants, Telescopes, Microscopes, Spirit Levels, etc.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>W. Fosbrook was another craftsman originally from London.
+He was a cutler and maker of surgical instruments, with a shop in
+Beekman's Slip in New York City in 1786 or earlier. He specialized
+in leg irons and rupture trusses, and he made instruments and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32-33]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a></span>
+files for setting the teeth as well as standard items for surgeons.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 80px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i044.jpg" width="80" height="417" alt="Figure 14" title="Figure 14" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 14.&mdash;Barometer made in 1796 by Thomas
+Dring of West Chester, Pa., for Edward and
+Hannah Hicks. Photo courtesy the Chester
+County Historical Society.</div>
+
+<p>Several immigrant instrument makers established themselves
+in Philadelphia during the same period. John Denegan (or
+Donegan), stated to have been "late from Italy," moved his shop
+in March 1787 to the corner of Race and Fourth Streets at "the
+sign of the Seven Stars".<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> There he made barometers and thermometers
+as well as glasses for philosophical experiments. It
+seems too much of a coincidence that in October 1787 an instrument
+maker named Joseph Donegany established a shop at 54
+Smith Street in New York City,<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> where&mdash;according to an advertisement
+in the October 17, 1787, issue of <i>The New York Daily
+Advertiser</i>&mdash;he made "thermometers, barometers and sold hydrostatic
+Bubbles and hygrometers for proving spirits, and also ...
+glasses for experimental purposes." It is probable that Denegan
+and Donegany were one and the same; since Denegan was stated
+to have been of Italian origin, the name may originally have been
+"De Negani."</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Gatty advertised himself as an "Artist from Italy" with
+a shop at 341 Pearl Street in New York City where he "made and
+sold every simple and compound form of barometer and thermometer
+as well as curious Hygrometers for assaying spirits which show
+the actual strength with the greatest precision and are not liable to
+be corroded, in addition to several new Philosophical Instruments
+of his own invention, and all types of artificial fireworks."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> By
+1796 Gatty (or Gatti?) had moved to Philadelphia where he had a
+shop at 79 South Front Street and advertised the same items that
+had appeared in his advertisements in New York. The Philadelphia
+directory for 1800 listed Gatty as a "Weather Glass Maker."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p>
+
+
+<h3>Native American Makers</h3>
+
+<p>Comparatively speaking, the greater proportion of the early
+American instrument makers were native born. Among these
+were to be found a substantial number of artisans trained as
+clockmakers who subsequently produced scientific instruments to
+meet the surveying and nautical needs of their communities.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+Together with the other craftsmen throughout the colonies who
+established and advertised themselves specifically as instrument
+makers, they produced a large number of the mathematical
+instruments used in the American Colonies in the 18th century.
+A careful study of their regional distribution reveals that most
+of them were concentrated in the major coastal cities of commerce.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i046.jpg" width="320" height="247" alt="Figure 15" title="Figure 15" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 15.&mdash;James Wilson, first American maker of globes. From a sketch by
+John Ross Dix in Ballou&#39;s Pictorial Drawing Room Companion (Boston, 1857),
+vol. 12, p. 156.</div>
+
+
+<h4><i>New Hampshire</i></h4>
+
+<p>Among the artisans who combined clockmaking with instrument
+making before the beginning of the 19th century was Benjamin C.
+Gilman (1763-1835) of Exeter, New Hampshire. He made mathematical
+instruments and clocks in addition to working as a silversmith,
+clockmaker, and hydraulic engineer.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Vermont</i></h4>
+
+<p>A New England instrument maker who had a most unusual
+career was James Wilson (1763-1855) of Bradford, Vermont. He
+was a native of Francestown, New Hampshire, where he was born
+in a log cabin and brought up on a farm. In 1796 he purchased
+his own farm, at Bradford.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i047.jpg" width="320" height="352" alt="Figure 16" title="Figure 16" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 16.&mdash;Globe made by James Wilson (1763-1855) of Bradford, Vermont.
+Diameter is 13 in. Photo courtesy Houghton Library, Harvard University.</div>
+
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When a young man of 36 he saw a pair of globes at Dartmouth
+College in neighboring Hanover and tried to duplicate them. He
+made balls of wood turned from solid blocks, covered them with
+paper, and finished them off with lines and drawings. He later
+improved this method by coating the wooden balls thickly with
+layers of paper pasted together. He then cut the globes into
+hemispheres, removed the wooden molds, and joined the paper
+shells to make the globes.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson next proceeded to procure copper plates of the necessary
+sizes for his globes, and he projected his maps on them in sections.
+He received a few lessons in engraving from Amos Doolittle of
+New Haven, but he was otherwise completely self-taught.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson exhibited the first edition of his globes in Boston in 1814.
+They created a sensation, and many persons asked to see the maker,
+but Wilson was reluctant to come forward because of his coarse
+clothing and rustic manners. He was greatly encouraged, however,
+by the public interest in his work, and he continued to make
+globes in Bradford (see fig. 16). In about 1815 Wilson and his
+three sons, all of whom were as ingenious as the father, formed a
+company to manufacture globes in Albany. There they produced
+terrestrial and celestial globes, the latter showing as many as 5,000
+stars. Wilson produced a new set of plates in 1826 and made
+globes in several sizes. Even after he had reached the age of 83
+years he constructed an excellent planetarium, engraving the large
+copperplate himself.</p>
+
+<p>Wilson was married three times and was the father of 14 children.
+He died at the age of 92 in March 1855 at Bradford.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Massachusetts</i></h4>
+
+<p>A surprisingly small number of the Massachusetts craftsmen
+working before the end of the 18th century produced scientific
+instruments. Among the very earliest were several members of
+the King family of Salem. Daniel King (1704-1790) was born in
+Salem on November 17, 1704. At the time of his death Rev.
+William Bentley spoke of him as a "maker of Mathematical Instruments"
+and a "teacher of Mathematics."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i049.jpg" width="320" height="305" alt="Figure 17" title="Figure 17" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 17.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made by Stephen Greenleaf (fl. 1745) of
+Boston. Photo courtesy New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.</div>
+
+<p>Following Daniel's death, his business in instruments was
+inherited by his son Benjamin King (1740-1804), of Salem. Benjamin
+specialized in producing nautical instruments, and several
+of his Davis quadrants have survived in public collections. When
+he died on December 26, 1804, Reverend Bentley wrote that King
+was " ... a Mathematical Instrument maker, in that branch which
+immediately regarded practical navigation by quadrant and
+compass. He supported a very good character through life &amp;
+was much esteemed."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another of the very early mathematical instrument makers in
+Massachusetts was Stephen Greenleaf (see fig. 17), who kept a shop
+on Queen Street opposite the prison in Boston where</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>He makes and Mends all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, as Theodolites,
+Spirit Levels, Semicircles, Circumferences, and Protractors, Horizontal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+and Equinoctial Sun Dials, Azimuth and Amplitude Compasses, Elliptical
+and Triangular Compasses, and all sorts of Common Compasses ... N.B.
+He sets Load Stones on Silver or Brass, after the best manner.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Jonathan Dakin worked as a mathematical balance-maker "at
+the Sign of the Hand &amp; Beam, opposite to Dr. Colman's Meeting
+House" where he made a variety of scale beams in 1745.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>An interesting advertisement by Rowland Houghton appeared
+in the January 17-24, 1737, issue of the <i>Boston Gazette</i>. Houghton
+announced that he had "lately improv'd on his new Theodolite,
+by which the Art of Surveying is rendered more plain &amp; easy than
+heretofore." Houghton was active in the political scene in Boston,
+as evidenced by the fact that in various issues of the <i>Boston
+Gazette</i> for January and February 1739 he is listed variously as
+"Commissioner," "Proprietors' Clerk" and as "Collector."</p>
+
+<p>Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803), was born at Cambridge,
+where he married Mary I'ams in 1757. He maintained a shop
+where he combined the business of mathematical instrument
+maker and ivory turner, and also imported hardware. After the
+Revolution, he engaged in dentistry, specializing in making artificial
+teeth and in the manufacture of "umbrilloes." Paul Revere
+apparently did printing for him on five different occasions between
+1762 and 1774, and in about 1771 engraved his trade card, which
+read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>ISAAC GREENWOOD, Ivory Turner Next door to Doctor John Clark's
+at the North End Boston. Turns all sorts of work in Ivory, Silver, Brass,
+Iron, Horn, Wood, etc. Such as Billiard Balls, Tea Boards, Scallop<sup>d</sup> and
+Plain Salvers, Decanters ...<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Isaac's father, Isaac Greenwood, Sr., was "Professor of Mathematicks
+and Natural and Experimental Philosophy" at Harvard.
+In the <i>Boston Gazette</i> for February 19-26, 1728, there appeared
+the following notice of his installation:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>On the 13th of this Month at Ten in the Morning, The Honorable &amp; Reverend
+Overseers of the College at Cambridge, met the Corporation in the
+College Hall, to Inaugurate Mr. Isaac Greenwood into the Office of Professor
+of the Mathematicks, and Natural and Experimental Philosophy, lately
+founded by that great and living Benefactor to this Society, Mr. Thomas
+Hollis of London Merchant. The Rev. President being detain'd by illness,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+Mr. Flint the Senior Fellow perform'd the part of Moderator, began with
+Prayer, and then Pronounc'd a Latin Oration proper to the Occasion: Mr.
+Wiggleworth Divinity Professor, read the Founders Instructions. Mr.
+Greenwood took the Oaths and made the Declarations required in them:
+and pronounc'd a Latin Oration. The Rev. Mr. Appleton Pray'd: and
+Singing part of the 104 Psalm concluded the Solemnity. After which the
+Overseers &amp; Corporation repair'd to the Library; till the Publick Dinner in
+the Hall was ready, where all the Gentlemen Spectators of the Solemnity
+were hansomely Entertained.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Greenwood continued to teach privately for a decade. In various
+issues of <i>The Boston Gazette</i> of 1738 and 1739 he featured an advertisement,
+the text of which always stated:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Such as are desirous of learning any Part of Practical or Theoretical
+Mathematics may be taught by Isaac Greenwood, A.M. &amp;c. in Clark's Square,
+near the North Meeting House, where Attendance will be given between the
+Hours of 9 and 12 in the Forenoon, and 2 and 5 in the Afternoons.</p>
+
+<p>N.B. Instructions may also be had in any Branch of Natural Philosophy,
+when there is a sufficient Number to attend.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>John Bailey II (1752-1823) of Hanover and Lynn, Massachusetts
+worked as a clockmaker from about 1770. His father,
+John Bailey I, and his brothers Calvin and Lebbeus also were
+clockmakers. Bailey married Mary Hall of Berwick, Maine,
+and settled in Hanover where he made scientific instruments and
+clocks. A brass surveying compass in the collection of the New
+York Historical Society is inscribed "<span class="smcap">J. BAILEY HANOVER</span> 1804."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly the best known instrument maker in Massachusetts
+was Joseph Pope (1750-1826), of Boston, who was described
+by contemporaries as the "local mathematician, watch-maker and
+mechanical genius." In 1787 he completed the construction of a
+gear-driven orrery displaying the motions of the solar system in
+a horizontal plane with eccentric and inclined orbits. At each
+of the twelve corners were mounted cast bronze figures, claimed
+to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze
+by Paul Revere. Although the instrument was made for Harvard,
+the university lacked funds for its purchase. Accordingly, it held
+a public lottery which realized a substantial sum in excess of
+the £450.3.0 paid to Pope, and the orrery was delivered in De<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>cember
+1788.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> The orrery (fig. 18) has survived and is part of
+the collection of historical scientific instruments at Harvard
+University.</p>
+
+<p>According to a statement in the <i>Boston Gazette</i> for February 16,
+1789, an apparatus for displaying planets in their proper orbits
+by means of wires was made and exhibited in Boston by Bartholomew
+Burges.</p>
+
+<p>Mention must also be made of several members of the Folger
+family of Nantucket, Massachusetts. Peter Folger (1617-1690),
+founder of the American branch of the family, emigrated from
+Norfolk, England, in 1635 and occupied himself in Nantucket as
+blacksmith, schoolmaster, watchmaker, and surveyor. He was
+a grandfather of Benjamin Franklin. Another notable descendant
+was Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), professor of astronomy and
+director of the observatory at Vassar College.</p>
+
+<p>The best known member of the family was Walter Folger, Jr.
+(1765-1849), a self-taught clockmaker and watchmaker with great
+interest in the sciences. A telescope that he produced about 1818
+was considered to be the finest in the country at that time. His
+greatest achievement was a tall case astronomical clock that he
+devised and constructed; it was completed in 1790 and is considered
+to be the most complicated domestic clock on record.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+Folger also produced quadrants and compasses, and made astronomical
+observations. His observations of the solar eclipse of
+September 17, 1811, were published in 1815 in <i>Memoirs of the
+Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Probably one of the most significant of the surviving early
+American scientific instruments is a pair of gunners' calipers made
+and used by <span class="smcap">PAUL REVERE</span> (1735-1818) of Boston. The calipers
+are made of incised brass, measuring 7 inches in length and 1-3/4
+inches in width. They are signed on the reverse side with the
+name "Revere" in the style of script signature used by this
+maker in many of his engravings. The design of the instrument
+is substantially different from that which is commonly found in
+English, French, and German gunners' calipers of the period, and
+was probably Revere's own. (See figs. 19, 20.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i053.jpg" width="320" height="329" alt="Figure 18" title="Figure 18" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 18.&mdash;Orrery by Joseph Pope completed in 1787 for Harvard University.
+Engraved plates and bronze figures were made by Paul Revere. The orrery
+is 6-1/2 ft. in diameter and 6-1/2 ft. high. The twelve figures at the corners are
+said to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze by
+Paul Revere. Photo courtesy Harvard University.</div>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is believed that these calipers, which are preserved in the
+collection of the Bostonian Society in Boston, were probably used
+by Revere in 1775-1776. This was the period during which he
+was in charge of ordnance repairs for the Continental Army, and
+involved in various ventures for the manufacture of gunpowder
+and the casting of cannon. There is no evidence of other scientific
+instruments made by Revere, lending some weight to the belief
+that these calipers were made for his own use.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i054.jpg" width="320" height="451" alt="Figure 19" title="Figure 19" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure   19.&mdash;Brass   gunnery   calipers
+made  and  probably used by Paul
+Revere (1735-1818). The calipers are
+7 in. long and 1-3/4 in. wide.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i054b.jpg" width="320" height="459" alt="Figure 20" title="Figure 20" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 20.&mdash;Reverse side of gunnery
+calipers, showing the inscribed signature.
+Photos courtesy the Bostonian
+Society, Boston, Mass.</div>
+
+<p>Other Massachusetts instrument makers include Gideon Fairman
+(1774-1827) of Newburyport who was a partner of William Hooker
+in the firm of Hooker &amp; Fairman, which dealt in mathematical
+instruments before 1810.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>    Fairman later moved to Philadelphia,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+where he was associated with the engraving firm of Draper,
+Murray &amp; Fairman.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the 18th century Samuel Emery was making
+mathematical instruments in Salem, at the same time that John
+Jayne was engaged in the same work in that community.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
+
+<p>John Potter of Brookfield, Massachusetts, produced surveying
+instruments in the last quarter of the 18th century. A graphometer
+signed with his name and dated 1785 is in the collection
+of the firm of W. &amp; L. E. Gurley in Troy, New York.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Rhode Island</i></h4>
+
+<p>One of the earliest and most important of the instrument makers
+of Rhode Island was Benjamin King (1707-1786), of Newport.
+He was the son of Capt. Samuel King of Salem, Massachusetts,
+where he was born and baptized on March 13, 1707. He was a
+brother of Daniel King of Salem. Benjamin eventually moved
+to Newport, where he married Mary Hagger in July 1742. They
+had four children: Benjamin, Mehitable, Samuel, and Mary.
+He established himself as a respectable businessman in the community,
+and in 1759 or 1760 he became the senior partner in the
+importing and retailing firm of King &amp; Hagger, "near the sign
+of Mr. Pitt," dealing in general merchandise, mathematical and
+nautical instruments, and stationery. William Hagger was
+probably the junior partner, and may have been King's brother-in-law.
+King began making his own instruments for sale, surviving
+examples dated as early as 1762. The partnership was
+dissolved early in the 1760's. In 1766 Benjamin King was
+importing, making, and selling quadrants and other instruments
+"At the Sign of the Mathematical Instruments" next to the
+Golden Eagle on Thames Street. His son Samuel King occupied
+the same premises, where he dealt in paints and artists supplies.</p>
+
+<p>When the British occupied Newport, King moved to North
+Kingstown, but he returned after the British vacated the city.
+He was 79 when he died in 1786, and his son Samuel King succeeded
+him in business.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+<p>William Guyse Hagger (c. 1744-1830?), born in Newport, is believed
+to have been the son of William Hagar and Mary Knowlton.
+He was a quadrant maker (see fig. 21).    In 1774 he headed a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+household that consisted of his wife, five children, and a colored servant.
+Whether it was he or his father who was the partner of Benjamin
+King cannot be determined with certainty. When Newport was
+occupied by the British, Hagger moved to Cranston, where he
+joined the Pawtuxet Rangers and served as a sentinel at Pawtuxet
+Fort in 1778. No members of the Hagger family appear in the
+1790 census of Newport, but a William Hager is reported as having
+died in Boston in 1830 at the age of 82. It seems likely from the
+age and dates that it was William Hagger the elder who worked as
+a partner in the firm of King &amp; Hagger, which was established in
+1759 or 1760.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i056.jpg" width="320" height="239" alt="Figure 21" title="Figure 21" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 21.&mdash;Davis quadrant or backstaff made and signed by William Guyse
+Hagger of Newport, Rhode Island, about 1760-1770. USNM 319029.</div>
+
+<p>Another instrument maker of Rhode Island was William Hamlin
+(1772-1869). He had established himself in Providence by the
+beginning of the 19th century in the manufacturing and repairing
+of mathematical and nautical instruments, for which there was an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+active market in that city. Hamlin was one of the first engravers
+in America and the first in Rhode Island. He designed and engraved
+banknotes for many banks in the State and for other institutions.
+At the same time he carried on a general trade in the
+sale of musical instruments. Hamlin moved his shop several times,
+but from 1847 until his death he worked at "The Sign of the
+Quadrant" (see fig. 22) at 131 South Water Street. He was
+equally interested in optics and astronomy, and it has been claimed
+that he constructed the first telescope in America. It is well
+established that he worked for many years to perfect a reflecting
+telescope for his own use.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
+
+<p>Instruments were made also by Paul Pease, who may have been
+the husband of the daughter of Nathaniel Folger of Nantucket.
+This Elizabeth Folger Pease, wife of a Paul Pease, was born in 1720
+and died in 1795. Little is known about Pease except for the name
+"Paul Pease 1750" inscribed on a quadrant in the collection of the
+Rhode Island Historical Society.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Connecticut</i></h4>
+
+<p>The clockmakers who worked in Connecticut during the span
+of the 18th century numbered almost a hundred. Yet only a half
+dozen appear on record to have made or sold instruments in addition
+to clocks. Among these were several members of the Doolittle
+family, including Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800) of New Haven.
+In 1763 he advertised that he sold surveying compasses in addition
+to clocks, watches, bar iron, and chocolate.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> His son Isaac
+Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821), also of New Haven, established a shop
+of his own, which he advertised in 1781 as having</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Compasses of all kinds, both for sea and land, surveyors scales, and protractors,
+gauging rods, walking sticks, silver and plated buttons, turned upon
+horn; also clocks and watches made and repaired ...<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Although not very active as a clockmaker, Isaac Jr. appears to
+have specialized more in the production of surveying and nautical
+instruments. He took over his father's business just before the
+latter's death, and in 1799 he advertised<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i058.jpg" width="320" height="520" alt="Figure 22" title="Figure 22" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 22.&mdash;Trade cards of William Hamlin (1772-1869), engraver and instrument
+maker of Providence, Rhode Island. In collection of Rhode Island
+Historical Society, Providence.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The subscriber having commenced business at the shop lately occupied
+by Mr. Isaac Doolittle, in Chapel Street, where he repairs watches, makes
+and repairs Surveyors Compasses and Chains, Brass Amplitude, plain brass
+and common Ship's Compasses, Gauging Rods, Quadrants, repair'd &amp;c.
+every favor gratefully received by the public's humble servant, Isaac Doolittle,
+jun.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Enos Doolittle (1751-1806), a nephew of Isaac Doolittle, Sr.,
+made, sold, cleaned, and repaired clocks and surveying and marine
+compasses from 1772 through 1788 at his shop in Hartford. He
+also sold these items through agents in Saybrook and Middleton.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of the best known of the Connecticut clockmakers was
+Peregrine White (1747-1834), of Woodstock. White was a
+descendant of the first Pilgrim child, and a native of Boston.
+After serving an apprenticeship, he worked as a clockmaker
+and silversmith in Boston. He was accused of forging silver
+spoons and left the city to settle in Woodstock. He established
+his own shop west of Muddy Brook Village.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> In addition to
+fine tall-case clocks, for which he was noted, White also produced
+surveying compasses, one of which is in the collection of the U.S.
+National Museum (fig. 23). A similar specimen in Old Sturbridge
+Village is reputed to have been used for surveying the town
+of Southbridge, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824), of Mansfield and Litchfield, inserted
+a notice in a newspaper in 1808 to notify the public that he
+and his son Truman Hanks, in partnership, had "surveyors compasses
+upon the Rittenhouse improved plan" in addition to such
+other commodities as brass cannon, bells from their own foundry,
+clocks, goldsmith's items, and stocking looms.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<p>Ziba Blakslee (1768-1834), of Newton, worked as a clockmaker,
+goldsmith, and bell founder and he advertised that he made and
+sold surveying instruments.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>In New Haven, Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble organized the
+firm of Sibley &amp; Marble and advertised that in addition to repairing
+swords and cutlasses, clocks and watches, they also repaired
+mathematical and surgical instruments.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48-49]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i060.jpg" width="320" height="474" alt="Figure 23" title="Figure 23" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 23.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made about 1790 by Peregrine White
+(1747-1834) of Woodstock, Connecticut. USNM 388993.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a></span></p>
+
+<p>One of the instrument makers of New England who has remained
+relatively unknown was Benjamin Platt (1757-1833), who was
+born in Danbury, Connecticut, on January 3, 1757.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> He married
+Adah Fairchild of the same city in 1776, and it is believed that he
+must have completed his apprenticeship by that date inasmuch as
+apprentices usually were not allowed to marry.</p>
+
+<p>It is not known how long Platt worked in his native city, but by
+1780 he had moved to Litchfield, where he worked in gold, silver,
+and brass. He became established as a clockmaker and produced
+tall case clocks and other types. In 1787 he was in New Milford, a
+town adjacent to Danbury, where he produced surveying compasses
+(see fig. 24). Three years later, in 1790, he was at Milford, where
+he invented a "Compass for measuring distance in hilly country."
+In 1793 he returned to New Milford, where he made a clock to
+order for Eli Todd, and by 1800 he had moved to Lanesboro,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Ohio</i></h4>
+
+<p>Benjamin Platt was the migratory type. In 1817 he migrated
+from Lanesboro to Columbus, Ohio. His son, Augustus Platt
+(1793-1886), also made mathematical instruments (see fig. 25) in
+Columbus. In 1809 a grandson, named William Augustus Platt
+was born. When the child's mother died, Benjamin and Adah
+Platt adopted the boy, and when he came of age he went into the
+watchmaking trade. William Platt married Fanny Hayes, sister
+of President Hayes.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> His shop was listed in the 1843 city directory;
+it was the first jewelry and clock and watch store in the
+community.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting account of instrument making in Ohio is found
+in the report of a missionary, John Heckewelder. He mentioned
+the brothers Joseph and Francois Devacht who worked as watchmakers
+and instrument makers in Gallipolis, Ohio. Writing in
+1792, Heckewelder stated that "the most interesting shops of
+the Workmen [in Gallipolis] were those of the Goldsmiths and
+Watchmakers. They showed us work on watches, compasses,
+sundials finer than I have ever beheld."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50-51]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i062.jpg" width="320" height="569" alt="Figure 24a" title="Figure 24a" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i063.jpg" width="320" height="157" alt="Figure 24" title="Figure 24" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 24.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin Platt (1757-1833) of
+New Milford, Connecticut, about 1795-1800. Shown in original wooden
+case and separately (opposite page). Photos courtesy Ohio State Museum.</div>
+
+
+<h4><i>New York</i></h4>
+
+<p>There were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments
+in New York City before the end of the 18th century. Perhaps
+the earliest was John Bailey, who moved from Fredericksburg,
+Virginia, to Fishkill, New York, in 1778. He was a cutler by trade,
+and he made and sold surgical instruments.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Bulmain &amp; Dennies" at 59 Water Street in New York were the
+appointed agents to sell the "Perpetual Log or Distance Clock to
+find a ship's way at sea." The device had been patented in the
+United States, and one of the instruments was displayed at the bar
+of the Tontine Coffee House, according to an advertisement in the
+July 23, 1799, issue of the <i>New York Gazette and General Advertiser</i>.</p>
+
+<p>H. Caritat, at 153 Broadway in New York, imported and sold
+"The Planispherical Planetarium." This item was described in an
+advertisement<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> as "a graphic representation of the earth, in twelve
+particular positions during its revolutionary course around the sun,
+as also of the Moon's revolution around the earth, together with
+literal description of parts and motions, etc." The advertisement
+also stated that Caritat sold "Carey's newly improved Terrestrial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52-53]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a></span>
+and Celestial Globes which omitted the Constellary Configurations."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i064.jpg" width="320" height="336"  alt="Figure 25" title="Figure 25" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 25.&mdash;Surveying theodolite made by Augustus Platt (1793-1886) of Columbus,
+Ohio, in the early 19th century. Photo courtesy Ohio State Museum.</div>
+
+<p>In 1785 M. Morris of New York City made and sold his own
+invention of a "Nautical Protractor for the price of One Dollar."
+In an advertisement in <i>The Independent Journal or the General
+Advertiser</i> of May 25, 1785, he explained that the device was for
+use in the construction of globular maps and Mercator charts.
+He also made another protractor for attaching to the end of a ruler
+for measuring distances on charts. He planned to publish a
+treatise on the subject of his inventions.</p>
+
+<p>James Youle, a cutler and mechanician with a shop located first
+on Fly Street and then at 64 Water Street "at the Sign of the Cross-Knives
+and Gun," sold a large variety of cutlery and hardware
+for gun repair. He also made surgical instruments. He died in
+February 1786 at the age of 46 as the result of an injury to his chest
+from a breaking grindstone while working in his shop. He was
+survived by a widow and nine children and was succeeded in business
+by his son John Youle.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>New Jersey</i></h4>
+
+<p>One of the few instrument makers known to have worked in
+New Jersey was Aaron Miller of "Elizabeth-town." He was first
+noted in the New York newspapers in 1748 when he notified the
+public that, in addition to clocks, he made compasses, chains for
+surveyors, and church bells, for which he maintained his own
+foundry. When he died in 1771 he left all his tools to a son-in-law,
+Isaac Brokaw.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another craftsman who is entitled to being included as an
+instrument maker was Richard Wistar. When Casper Wistar
+died in 1752, his son Richard succeeded him as owner of the famous
+glass works. In addition to window glass and glassware, Richard
+Wistar also produced such special products as retorts for use in
+chemistry and "electerizing globes and tubes," as well as bottles
+for Leyden jars that Benjamin Franklin had urged him to attempt
+in the early 1750's.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+<p><i>Delaware</i></p>
+
+<p>George Crow (ca. 1725-1771/72) of Wilmington, Delaware,
+was apparently well established as a clockmaker in the community
+by the time of his marriage in 1746 to Mary Laudonet. They had
+four children, and Crow's two sons followed his trade. George
+Crow was active in civic affairs, and in addition to clocks, he
+produced surveying compasses, several of which have survived.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Maryland and Virginia</i></h4>
+
+<p>Brief mention has already been made of the Chandlee family of
+clockmakers and instrument makers of the 18th century. The
+founder of the line and first of interest was Benjamin Chandlee, Sr.,
+who migrated in 1702 from Ireland to Philadelphia, where he was
+apprenticed to Abel Cottey, clockmaker, and eventually married
+his daughter. His son Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791),
+worked as a clockmaker in Nottingham, Maryland, where he
+produced instruments as well as clocks. A fine example of a brass
+surveying compass&mdash;inscribed with his name, and which is believed
+to have been made for the Gilpin family in about 1761&mdash;is on
+exhibition in the Chester County Historical Society. He had four
+sons, and a few years before his death he established the firm of
+Chandlee &amp; Sons, the name of which was changed to Ellis Chandlee
+&amp; Brothers a year before he died.</p>
+
+<p>The oldest of Benjamin Jr.'s four sons was Goldsmith Chandlee
+(c.1746-1821). After serving an apprenticeship with his father,
+Goldsmith moved to Virginia and worked near Stephensburg (now
+Stephens City). He eventually established himself at Winchester
+and built a brass foundry and a shop where he produced clocks,
+surveying compasses, sundials, apothecary and money scales,
+surgical instruments, compasses, telescopes, and other items in
+metal. Numerous examples of his clocks and instruments have
+survived. Their fine quality attests to the claim that he was one of
+the foremost craftsmen of the 18th century. Several of his surveying
+compasses exist in modern collections. An instrument (fig. 26)
+that he made about 1794 for a surveyor named Robert Lyle is in
+the writer's collection; an almost identical instrument that Chandlee
+made for Lawrence Augustine Washington, George Washington's
+nephew, is exhibited in the library at Mount Vernon,
+Virginia.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i067.jpg" width="320" height="311" alt="Figure 26" title="Figure 26" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 26.&mdash;The label of Goldsmith Chandlee. In the collection of Ohio Historical
+Society, Ohio State Museum.</div>
+
+<p>Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816) also was apprenticed to his father,
+and he worked with his brothers in the shop. He established the
+firm of Ellis Chandlee &amp; Brothers, in 1790, shortly before his
+father's death. The firm was dissolved in 1797 when the youngest
+brother, John Chandlee, left the firm. Ellis continued in partnership
+with his other brother, Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813), until
+about 1804, producing clocks, surveying instruments, and other
+metal articles. Their products were signed "Ellis and Isaac
+Chandlee, Nottingham," or, in the case of a surveying compass in
+the collection of the Chester County Historical Society, "E. &amp; I.
+Chandlee, Nottingham." Isaac Chandlee also produced clocks
+and instruments under his own name only, for there are a number
+of surviving clocks and surveying compasses signed in such manner
+(see fig. 28).<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i068.jpg" width="320" height="377" alt="Figure 27" title="Figure 27" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 27.&mdash;Brass surveying compass with outkeeper made by Goldsmith Chandlee
+(c. 1746-1821) of Winchester, Virginia, for Robert Lyle. Over-all length, 14-1/2
+in.; diameter, 7 in. Instrument, in original wooden case, bears ink signature of
+Robert Lyle. In collection of the writer.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One of the most important craftsmen of Maryland was Frederick
+A. Heisely (1759-1839). A native of Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
+he served an apprenticeship there with John Hoff, the master clockmaker,
+from 1777 to 1783. Heisely served in the Revolution. In
+1783, presumably upon the completion of his apprenticeship, he
+married Catherine Hoff, the clockmaker's daughter. He moved to
+Frederick, Maryland, where he established his own clockmaking
+shop and where he specialized in making mathematical instruments.
+A tower clock made in Frederick is in the collection of the U.S.
+National Museum. Heisely returned to Lancaster to become
+Hoff's partner, and worked with him until 1802. He then moved
+his shop to Harrisburg and worked there until 1820. He moved
+once more, this time to Pittsburgh where he advertised himself as
+a "Clock, Watch and Instrument Maker," with a shop at No. 6
+St. Clair Street.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i069.jpg" width="320" height="209" alt="Figure 28" title="Figure 28" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 28.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made by Goldsmith Chandlee for Laurence
+Augustine Washington in about 1795. In the library at Mount Vernon.
+Photo courtesy the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union.</div>
+
+<p>George Heisely (1789-1880), Frederick's son, who was born at
+Frederick, Maryland, achieved note in his own right as a maker of
+clocks and instruments. He worked at Second and Walnut<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+Streets in Harrisburg. He is credited with being the person who
+selected the melody of "To Anacreon in Heaven" for "The Star-Spangled
+Banner," while he was serving as a member of the Pennsylvania
+State Militia.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Pennsylvania</i></h4>
+
+<p>A number of instrument makers worked in Philadelphia, which
+was one of the important shipping centers during the 18th century
+and consequently one of the important markets for nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Probably the earliest Philadelphia instrument maker of record
+was Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749) who was born in Bristol Township.
+After serving an apprenticeship, Godfrey developed his
+own business as a glazier and plumber. He is stated to have done
+the major part of the glazing of the State House in 1732, as well
+as similar work on Christ Church. He also worked for Andrew
+Hamilton and for James Logan.</p>
+
+<p>Godfrey had a natural inclination and interest in science and
+mathematics, which may have been further encouraged by his
+friendship with Benjamin Franklin, who resided in the same
+house. Godfrey was also a fellow member of Franklin's Junto.</p>
+
+<p>In 1730 Godfrey invented an improved backstaff or Davis
+quadrant, and loaned the instrument to Joshua Fisher to be used
+in the latter's survey of Delaware Bay. It is claimed that the
+location of Cape Henlopen was established on Fisher's map (published
+in London in 1756) by means of Godfrey's instrument.
+James Logan became interested in the improved backstaff invented
+by Godfrey and at Logan's request, the instrument was
+taken on a voyage to the West Indies by a Captain Wright for the
+purpose of testing it.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>At the same time Logan sent a description of the instrument
+to London to the Royal Astronomer, Edmund Halley. No acknowledgment
+was made, and in 1734 Logan sent a second description
+to Sir Hans Sloane and to Peter Collison for forwarding to the
+Royal Society. The arrival of this description coincided with
+the submission of the description of a similar instrument to the
+Society by its vice president, James Hadley. The Royal Society
+decided in favor of both inventors, and Godfrey was awarded the
+equivalent of 200 pounds in household furniture.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i071.jpg" width="320" height="133" alt="Figure 29" title="Figure 29" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 29.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made by Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813) of
+Nottingham, Maryland. Photo courtesy Ohio State Museum.</div>
+
+<p>Godfrey is often confused with his son, also named Thomas
+Godfrey (1736-1763), who worked as a watchmaker in Philadelphia,
+and subsequently became active in literary arts.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798) was an instrument
+maker with a shop on South Front Street in Philadelphia. As early
+as 1756 he worked for most of the merchant shippers of the port,
+supplying them with a considerable number of sand glasses that
+ranged from the quarter-minute to the two-hour varieties. Although
+he made his own mathematical instruments, it is likely
+that he imported the sand glasses. According to Customs House
+clearances of 1789, he had imported from London on the ship
+<i>Pigou</i> "three cases of merchandise" valued at £160/17/6 with a
+duty of $32.19, which may have included sand glasses.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p>
+
+<p>When Condy retired in 1792 he was succeeded in business by
+Thomas Biggs at the same address. Biggs had originally served
+an apprenticeship with Condy, and then fought for the American
+cause in the Revolution for five years. Following the termination
+of his military service he had engaged in instrument making in
+New York for eight years before returning to Philadelphia, his
+native city. Biggs prospered and his advertisements continued
+until early in 1795.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Pryor made instruments in a shop on Chestnut Street
+in 1778, but he evidently retired from business in the 1790's because
+the city directory of 1795 listed him merely as "gentleman."
+He is reported to have been one of those who, from the State
+House Yard, witnessed the transit of Venus.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p><p>Among the early makers of mathematical instruments in Philadelphia
+was William Dean (?-1797), who is believed to have been
+working in that city as early as 1778. His name first appears in
+local directories in June 1792, where his shop address was listed as
+No. 43 South Front Street. Later he advertised that he made and
+sold "Surveying instruments&mdash;Telescopes, Sextants, Quadrants&mdash;and
+every article requisite for navigation, surveying, levelling,
+&amp;c...."</p>
+
+<p>According to details which were noted in his last will, which was
+dated June 1, 1797, and filed and proved in the following month,
+Dean's death appears to have been preceded by a long illness.
+He designated his two sisters as his executrices, and the fact
+that his will specified the appointment of a Mr. Thomas Yardley,
+Jr., as guardian of his three children indicates that he may have
+been a widower at the time of his death.</p>
+
+<p>A surveying compass by this maker was recently brought to
+light in, the Clark County Historical Society, Springfield, Ohio,
+by Dr. Donald A. Hutzlar of the Ohio State Museum. The
+instrument is a plain compass in brass without levels, 13-1/2 inches
+in length, and with a 5-inch needle. The dial is marked "<span class="smcap">DEAN
+PHILAD</span><sup>a</sup>." The wooden cover for the instrument is marked
+with the names of previous owners and dates, as follows:</p>
+
+<p style="margin-left: 2em;">
+Jno. C. Symes, Aug. 10, 1778<br />
+I. Ludlow, 1791<br />
+Henry Donnel, July 24, 1794<br />
+Jonathan Donnel, 1796<br />
+John Dyherty<br />
+Thomas J. Kizer, 1838<br />
+David J. Kizer, '78.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A description of this instrument in "<i>The History of Clark County,
+Ohio</i>" by A. P. Steele, published in 1881 by the W. H. Beers Co.
+of Chicago, adds considerably to its interest as a historical record
+of American scientific instruments and their use: "Col. Thomas
+Kizer, the veteran surveyor, has in his possession a compass
+made by Dean of Philadelphia; this instrument was owned and
+used by his father, David Kizer, who obtained it from John
+Dougherty about 1813; Dougherty got it from Jonathan Donnel.
+This relic is marked I. Ludlow, 1791; Henry Donnel, 1794; J.
+Donnel, 1796, John Dougherty, 1799; these marks are rudely
+scratched upon the cover of the instrument, and bear every evidence
+of being genuine; there is no doubt but that this old compass
+was used in making the first surveys in this county, or that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+is the identical instrument used by John Dougherty, in laying
+off Demint's first plat of Springfield, and by Jonathan Donnel
+on the survey of 'New Boston.'" It is to be noted that some
+discrepancies exist in the listing of names and dates of the previous
+owners between Steele's <i>History</i> and those which actually appear
+on the cover of the instrument. Steele apparently made the
+changes he deemed necessary in his account of the instrument.</p>
+
+<p>Between 1791 and 1795 the same address was also occupied
+by a cooper named Michael Davenport, and from 1797 to 1801 by
+"the Widow Davenport," presumably widow of Michael. From
+1802 to 1804 the same address is listed for William Davenport,
+"Mathematical Instrument Maker," apprentice to William
+Dean, and believed to be the son of Michael. During the next
+ten years Davenport's address was 45 South Front Street, and
+then, to 1820, was 25 South Front Street.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> Several brass surveying
+compasses bearing his name have survived.</p>
+
+<p>Another maker of mathematical instruments about whom
+nothing further is known is Charles Taws, who was listed in this
+manner in the Philadelphia directory of 1795.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i073.jpg" width="320" height="139" alt="Figure 30" title="Figure 30" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 30.&mdash;Brass  surveying compass  marked &quot;F. Heisely Fred:*town.&quot; In
+collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State Museum.</div>
+
+<p>The making of instruments in glass appears to have been a
+specialized business in the Colonies, because those who worked in
+this field do not appear to have produced instruments in other
+materials. One of these makers of glass instruments&mdash;specifically
+barometers, thermometers and "Glass Bubbles to prove spirits,
+of different kinds"&mdash;was Alloysius Ketterer. He maintained a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+shop in the house of a Charles Kugler at "the sign of the Seven
+Stars," corner of Race and Fourth Streets in Philadelphia, in
+1789. He moved to another address in Race Street in 1790 and
+was eventually succeeded in business by Martin Fisher, who
+increased the number of types of glass instruments made and
+sold at the shop.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henry Voight (1738-1814) was a man with a varied career. Of
+German ancestry, he was trained as a clock-and watchmaker, and
+he was a skilled mechanic. He operated a wire mill in Reading,
+Pennsylvania, in 1780 and moved shortly thereafter to Philadelphia,
+where he established a clockmaker's shop on Second Street. He
+became a close friend of the inventor John Fitch in about 1786, and
+in the following year he became a shareholder in Fitch's company
+for producing steamboats. In 1792 he entered into a short-lived
+partnership with Fitch to manufacture steam engines. In 1793
+he invented a process for making steel from bar iron. In the same
+year President Washington appointed Voight to the position of
+chief coiner of the Philadelphia Mint, and he continued in that
+position until his death in 1814. He was closely associated with
+David Rittenhouse, Andrew Ellicott, Edward Duffield, and others.</p>
+
+<p>Although there is no record of Voight's career as an instrument
+maker, there is nevertheless some evidence that he worked in that
+field. In the collection of the U.S. National Museum there is a
+brass equal-altitude telescope (fig. 31) made about 1790, that is
+signed "Henry Voigt." His name was spelled "Voigt" and
+"Voight" interchangeably.</p>
+
+<p>Henry's son Thomas Voight worked as a clockmaker on North
+Seventh Street in Philadelphia around 1811. He was the maker of
+a tall case clock, ordered by Thomas Jefferson, that Jefferson's
+daughter presented in 1826 to her father's physician, Dr. Dunglison,
+for settlement of medical services.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p>
+
+<p>There were several instrument makers in provincial Pennsylvania,
+but the majority of such craftsmen worked in Philadelphia.
+Dr. Christopher Witt (1675-1765), an emigrant from England,
+worked in Germantown from about 1710 to 1765. He was well
+known locally as a medical doctor, scientist, "hexmeister", clockmaker,
+and teacher. It is traditionally claimed that he produced
+mathematical instruments in addition to timepieces. He described
+the great comet of 1743 and built his own 8-foot telescope. One of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+his apprentices may have been Christopher Sower (1693-1740), of
+Germantown and Philadelphia, who achieved renown as a doctor,
+farmer, author, printer, papermaker, and clockmaker. He also
+produced mathematical instruments.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<p>George Wall, Jr., of Bucks County, was the author of a pamphlet
+on the subject of "a newly invented Surveying Instrument, called
+the Trigonometer." The instrument was described and illustrated
+in the pamphlet, which was published in Philadelphia in 1788.
+Washington's own copy, bearing the inscription "To the President
+of the United States from the Author" is in the collection of the
+Boston Athenaeum.</p>
+
+<p>George Ford of Lancaster maintained a shop on West King
+Street, probably from the end of the 18th century until 1840.
+There he made tall case and other clocks, surveying compasses,
+and other instruments for the retail trade. However, he "did not
+push the business of Watchmaking and Clockmaking so hard, for
+the manufacture of nautical instruments and surveyors instruments
+was a more important part of his business."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> Upon his
+death in 1842 he was succeeded by his son George Ford II.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Mendenhall repaired clocks and mathematical instruments
+in a shop on King and Queen Streets in the borough of
+Lancaster in 1775.<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p>
+
+<p>John Wood of Philadelphia was a wholesale supplier of parts for
+clockmakers and watchmakers. According to a notice in the May
+7, 1790, issue of <i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, he had "pocket compasses,
+steel magnets, Surveying compass needles, surveyors chains, etc."
+Since no mention was made of making or mending instruments, it
+is probable that Wood was merely importer and wholesaler.</p>
+
+<p>Another instrument maker of Philadelphia about whom little
+is known is Bryan Gilmur, who worked at the close of the 18th
+century making instruments and, possibly, clocks.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>James Jacks (also listed as James Jack) first worked as clockmaker
+and watchmaker in Charleston, South Carolina, in the
+1780's; he later moved to Philadelphia where he maintained a shop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+on Market Street where he sold a variety of instruments. In the
+June 5, 1797, issue of <i>The Federal Gazette</i> he announced that, in
+addition to jewelry, clocks and watches, he "also had for sale
+mathematical instruments in cases very compleat; Surveyors Compasses
+and Theodolites; ship's Quadrants; Fishing Rods and Reels;
+Billiard Balls and sheet ivory; silver and plated coach, chaise and
+chair Whips."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i076.jpg" width="320" height="429" alt="Figure 31" title="Figure 31" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 31.&mdash;Equal altitude telescope, 17 in. long, made and signed by Henry
+Voight (1738-1814) of Philadelphia. USNM 311772.</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Instruments_of_Wood" id="Instruments_of_Wood"></a><i>Instruments of Wood</i></h2>
+
+<h3>The Use of Wood</h3>
+
+
+<p>An interesting fact concerning the instruments produced by
+18th-century craftsmen is the relatively high incidence of instruments
+constructed of wood instead of brass or other metals. A
+significant reference to this use of wood is found in Alexander
+Hamilton's "Report on the Subject of Manufactures," published
+in 1821,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> which refers to such items of wood as "Ships, cabinet-wares
+and turnery, wool and cotton cards, and other machinery
+for manufactures and husbandry, mathematical instruments," ...
+and "coopers' wares of every kind."</p>
+
+<p>Most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying
+compass, possibly the instrument most needed and produced
+in America. Recorded in public and private collections are
+31 known examples of such compasses made of wood, a rather
+large number. Furthermore, a substantial number of these were
+being produced simultaneously by skilled craftsmen who at the
+same time were making similar instruments in brass.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, from a study of the surviving examples of wooden
+surveying compasses comes the interesting and perhaps significant
+fact that all the known makers were from New England. The
+towns and cities in which they worked were Boston and Plymouth
+in Massachusetts, Windsor and New Milford in Connecticut, and
+Walpole and Portsmouth in New Hampshire. A careful study of
+the advertisements and works of the instrument makers in the other
+large cities of the Colonies, such as New York, Baltimore, and
+Philadelphia, reveals no examples of wooden scientific instruments.
+Excluded, of course, are those instruments normally made of wood,
+such as the octant and the mariners quadrant.</p>
+
+<p>Two possible exceptions are instrument makers of New York
+City. The first is James Ham, a maker of mathematical instruments
+"at the house wherein the Widow Ratsey lately lived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+near the Old Dutch Church on Smith Street" who advertised in
+the May 27, 1754, issue of <i>The New York Mercury</i> that he made
+and sold</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>mathematical instruments in wood, brass, or ivory, theodolites, circumferentors,
+sectors, parallel rules, protractors, plain scales, and dividers, the
+late instrument called an Octant, Davis' quadrants, gauging rods, sliding and
+gunter's scales, amplitude wood box and hanging and pocket compasses, surveying
+chains, japanned telescopes, dice and dice boxes, mariners compasses
+and kalenders, etc.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Ham subsequently moved his business to Philadelphia where he
+first advertised in 1764, stating that he worked at the sign of
+"Hadley's Quadrant" at Front and Water Streets in Philadelphia
+and sold all forms of instruments in silver, brass, and ivory as well
+as "large brass pocket dials, fitted to the latitude of Philadelphia."
+In 1780 his son James Ham, Jr., advertised from the same address
+as a maker of mathematical instruments, specializing in "Hadley
+and Davis Quadrants."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>The second exception is William Hinton, who advertised in <i>The
+New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury</i> of May 4, 1772, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>WILLIAM HINTON, Mathematical Instrument Maker, at Hadley's
+Quadrant, facing the East Side of the New Coffee House, Makes and sells
+all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass, Ivory or Wood,
+viz. Hadley's Quadrants, Davis's do. Crostaf's Nocturnals, Gunters Scales,
+Plotting do. Cases of Instruments, Surveyors Chains, Dividers with and
+without Points, Protractors, paralelled Rulers, Rods for Guaging, Amplitude,
+hanging and common Wood Compasses, Pocket do. three Foot Telescopes,
+Pocket do. Backgammon Tables, Dice and Dice Boxes, Billiard Balls and
+Tacks, Violin Bows and Bridges; with a Variety of other Articles too tedious
+to mention: And as he is a young Beginner, he flatters himself, he shall meet
+with Encouragement; and all those who please to favour him with their
+Custom, may depend upon having their Work done in the neatest and best
+Manner, and at reasonable Rates.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It is mentioned that both Ham and Hinton worked in wood in
+addition to other materials, but it appears very likely that the
+use of wood referred specifically to those instruments normally
+made of wood, such as quadrants and octants, and not to other
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Any attempt to relate the making of wooden scientific instruments
+with the production of wooden clocks in New England has
+no conclusive result, yet there appears to be some relationship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+between the two. Wooden clocks were made as early as the 17th
+century in Germany and Holland, and they were known in England
+in the early 18th century. In the Colonies the wooden clock was
+first produced in Connecticut, and the earliest type was associated
+with Hartford County. This form was quite common in East
+Hartford in 1761, and its first production may have had some
+association with Ebenezer Parmele (1690-1777), since an association
+between Parmele and all of the earliest makers of wooden clocks
+can be traced.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> Little is known about Parmele. His father was
+a cabinetmaker in Guilford, Connecticut, and Ebenezer practiced
+the same craft, in addition to being a boat builder. He was a
+man of means, held various town offices, and served as town
+treasurer. For a while he operated a cargo sloop on Long Island
+Sound. In 1726 he built the first tower clock in Connecticut for
+the Guilford meeting house. He was a versatile worker in wood,
+and it is believed that he served an apprenticeship in New York
+City with a Dutch clockmaker from 1705 to 1710, where he may
+have learned to make wooden clocks.</p>
+
+<p>This early type of wooden clock is associated with Benjamin
+Cheney (1725-1815), a clockmaker of East Hartford. The early
+or "Cheney" type of wooden clock was produced in Connecticut
+as late as 1812. A later form of the wooden movement began to
+appear about 1790, and was probably introduced by Gideon
+Roberts (1749-1813) of Bristol. Roberts had lived in the Wyoming
+Valley of Pennsylvania before 1790, and it is conjectured that he
+became familiar with the wooden clocks produced by the German
+settlers of that region.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that the wooden clock had its colonial origins
+in Connecticut, so completely was it adaptable to the pioneer
+conditions in that colony. The materials were the abundant
+native woods-cherry, apple, oak, and laurel. The parts were
+made with simple carpenter tools and a wooden foot lathe, using
+the methods of the cabinetmaker. Although it has been suggested
+that some relationship may have existed between the
+makers of wooden instruments in England, and the makers of
+wooden clocks and scientific instruments in the New England
+Colonies,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> a careful study has failed to reveal any connection,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+and there appears to be little if any parallel between the two
+groups. Basically, the use of wood for making some mathematical
+instruments in New England resulted from the native
+familiarity with this material, which was also employed to a considerable
+degree for the construction of domestic and agricultural
+implements, and from the fact that many of the early clockmakers
+had been trained as or by cabinet makers, carpenters, and even
+dish turners. Random examples of a few of the more prominent
+clockmakers are Joseph Hopkins, a wood turner; Chauncey
+Jerome, who had been apprenticed to a wood turner; and Silas
+Hoadley, who had worked with a cabinet maker.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps a basis for the prevalence of wood in these trades is to
+be found in the lines from a familiar poem:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Yankee boy, before he's sent to school,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Knows well the mystery of that magic tool,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Pocket knife.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<p>But, from the technical point of view, it should be noted that those
+craftsmen who produced clocks and instruments and did not have
+their own brass foundries probably found that a good piece of
+straight-grained hardwood was as stable for holding its dimensions
+with the grain as a piece of brass. Shrinkage was at right
+angles to the grain; hence, for fixed linear stability wood was as
+good as brass. For rigidity per unit weight, wood was better
+than brass; and for availability and ease of working, wood was
+superior to brass.</p>
+
+<p>It has often been ventured that wooden clocks were first produced
+in Connecticut, because of the scarcity of brass for this
+purpose during the years between the beginning of the Revolution
+to the end of the War of 1812. The claim is made that brass was
+not being produced in the Colonies and that it was imported exclusively
+from England during this period. Certainly, the wholesale
+price index of metal and metal products shows a steady increase
+during this period, and a considerable jump during the
+period of the War of 1812, making brass an extremely expensive
+material. This may explain why the makers of clocks and instruments
+who made and sold brass clocks and instruments were
+producing the same products at the same time in wood which,
+as we have seen, was both plentiful and a satisfactory substitute.</p>
+
+<p>It can be surmised, therefore, that surveying instruments, as
+well as instruments for other purposes, were produced in both brass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+and wood simultaneously by many of the New England makers
+in order to provide suitable instruments in a flexible price range
+to meet the demands of the trade. Whereas today modern manufacturing
+methods make it possible to produce instruments in a
+wide variety, both in quality and price, to suit the needs and capabilities
+of every prospective purchaser, the production facilities of
+the 18th century were much more limited. The constant factor of
+skilled hand labor was costly. Metal was expensive. As evidenced
+in the records of Daniel Burnap, for instance, it was possible
+to produce surveying compasses in brass in two grades, presumably
+one more elaborate than the other. Yet Burnap's prices
+ranged between six pounds and four pounds for the metal instruments,
+making them still well out of reach of many of the would-be
+surveyors. Accordingly, Burnap&mdash;and presumably numerous
+other instrument makers of the period&mdash;produced from wood an
+economy model that sold for not more than two pounds, thus
+placing the item within the reach of the nonprofessional surveyor.</p>
+
+<p>This theory is supported amply by the discovery that several
+of the instrument makers who worked in brass also made instruments
+of wood during the same periods. In addition to the evidence
+in the records of Daniel Burnap, there are the surviving
+surveying instruments in brass and wood made by Samuel Thaxter,
+Thomas Greenough, and John Dupee, leaving little if any
+doubt that the reason for producing surveying compasses and similar
+items of wood during the 18th century was to satisfy the need
+for reasonably accurate yet inexpensive instruments.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Surviving Instruments</h3>
+
+<p>The fact that the surviving examples of the wooden instruments
+were produced only in New England seems to indicate merely
+that the New England instrument makers were more familiar with
+the use of wood as a material, and had greater facility in working
+with it.</p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly other instruments produced by the 18th-century
+American makers have survived in addition to those already found.
+Quite likely examples of these wooden instruments still remain hidden
+in unexplored attics and other repositories. Yet, if the few
+thus far discovered is any criterion, the number ultimately recoverable
+will probably be but a fraction of the great number produced
+by the 18th-century makers during the half century or more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+in which they worked. Even allowing for those probably destroyed
+in the natural course of events, one cannot help but wonder what
+has happened to the remainder.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i082.jpg" width="320" height="296" alt="Figure 32" title="Figure 32" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 32.&mdash;Wooden graphometer used by Rev. Eleazar Wheelock (1711-1779)
+about 1769 for surveying the area of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New
+Hampshire. The hardwood block is covered with a brass plate with brass
+sighting bars mounted on a swivel and a spirit level under a brass strip on edge
+of instrument. The instrument is 8-5/8 in. long, 4-5/8 in. wide, and 7/16 in. thick.
+In collection of Dartmouth College Museum.</div>
+
+<p>A list of the surviving wooden instruments is given in the Appendix
+(p. 153). Many of these wooden instruments bear signatures
+or other marks that permit identification of their makers, but a
+number of specimens have been found that are not signed. In
+most instances they show evidence of professional workmanship,
+and they may have been the work of known craftsmen. One or
+two examples are obviously homemade by unskilled amateur
+practitioners.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i083.jpg" width="320" height="457" alt="Figure 33" title="Figure 33" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 33.&mdash;Wooden surveying instrument, maker not known. Compass dial is
+of metal, painted green, with degrees marked to 90° with metal punches
+and the letter &quot;N&quot; to designate the north point. The instrument is 12 in.
+long; diameter is 8 in. In collection of Dartmouth College Museum.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Several unsigned wooden instruments of professional quality are
+in the collection of the Dartmouth College Museum. Of particular
+interest is a semicircumferentor (fig. 32) that belonged to the
+Reverend Eleazar Wheelock (1711-1779) who founded Moor's
+Indian Charity School at Lebanon, Connecticut, which subsequently
+developed into Dartmouth College. It is claimed that it was
+with this instrument that the area of the college was surveyed when
+it moved to Hanover, N.H. The instrument is actually a graphometer
+consisting of a block of hard wood faced with a brass plate
+with a trough compass; it is tentatively dated about 1769. The
+identity of the maker is unknown, but it may have been the product
+of Hagger, who made a similar instrument, illustrated here, or it
+may have been produced by any one of the other makers noted.
+The type of instrument is an old one. It is described in John
+Love's <i>Geodaesia, Or the Art of Surveying and Measuring Land</i>,
+published in London in 1688. Abel Flint<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> also commented on this
+semicircle as being sometime used, as well as the plane table and
+perambulator&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>... but of these instruments very little [use] is made in New England; and they
+are not often to be met with. For general practice none will be found more
+useful than a common chain and a compass upon Rittenhouse's construction.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Another of the unusual wooden surveying instruments in the
+collection of the Dartmouth College Museum is a wooden surveying
+compass (fig. 33) in which the sighting bars appear relatively close
+to the dial. A metal plate, painted green, is stamped with the
+degrees marked to 90°. A single N for the north point is stamped
+into it, presumably with steel punches. The instrument is relatively
+primitive, and is sufficiently different from the other examples
+noted to merit mention. There is no maker's name, nor any
+clue to the date or place or period of origin.</p>
+
+<p>An unsigned semicircumferentor made of wood is owned by
+Mr. Roleigh Lee Stubbs of Charleston, West Virginia. The
+instrument measures 3-3/4 in. by 7-1/2 in. by 1 in., and there are sighting
+bars 3 in. high on a swinging brass bar pinned at the center of the
+base. It has a trough compass, and the gradations around the edge
+of the semicircle are marked with tiny brass pins. The date
+"1784" is stamped into the wood with the same type of figures as
+appear in the degree markings, probably with small steel punches.</p>
+
+<p>A surveying compass of the conventional type, also made of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+wood, is in The Farmer's Museum at Cooperstown, New York.
+The wood is ash or oak, 12-3/4 in. long and 6-1/2 in. in diameter, with
+the sighting bars 5 in. high. The compass card consists of cut-out
+printed letters pasted upon a printed compass rose, and the fleur-de-lis
+at North is inked-in by hand. This may be a homemade
+replacement of the original card. The instrument is believed to
+date between 1760-1775.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i085.jpg" width="320" height="168" alt="Figure 34" title="Figure 34" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 34.&mdash;18th-century semicircumferentor. Inscribed brass plate is mounted
+on a mahogany block; brass sighting bars are mounted on a swivelling bar.
+The trough compass is on a silvered dial. In collection of the writer.</div>
+
+<p>Of equal interest is a large semicircumferentor made by an
+unknown American instrument maker in the second half of the
+18th century. The instrument (fig. 34) consists of a plate of
+hammered brass attached to a quarter circle block of mahogany,
+with a glass covered trough compass within a silvered opening, and
+the gradations stamped into the brass. The brass sighting bars
+are attached to a swivelling bar that can be fixed in place with a
+set screw underneath the block. The instrument, which is in the
+collection of the writer, is not signed with a maker's name. Its
+workmanship is excellent, and professional.</p>
+
+<p>On the basis of a comparison of these instruments with those
+produced by known professional makers, it becomes apparent that
+all of them were made professionally. The possibility that some
+of these wooden surveying compasses may have been produced by
+the farmer or local surveyor for his own use is extremely unlikely.
+Homemade instruments such as those described below were unquestionably
+the exception instead of the rule.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i086.jpg" width="320" height="493" alt="Figure 35" title="Figure 35" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 35.&mdash;Homemade wooden surveying compass carved from block of maple
+entirely with a jackknife; painted in red. In collection of Preston R. Bassett,
+Ridgefield, Connecticut.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 74-75]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An exception to this generalization, and an extremely fine
+example of the whittler's art, is a surveying compass (fig. 35) in
+the collection of Mr. Preston R. Bassett of Ridgefield, Connecticut.
+This is a comparatively small instrument made of maple; the body
+was painted red. It is carved entirely by means of a jackknife,
+and the sighting bars are also whittled to shape and mortised
+permanently into the frame. A lid covering the dial is carved from
+soft pine. The compass dial is handdrawn in black ink, and the
+North point is painted in the form of a decorative fleur-de-lis in
+red and green. A homemade ring of pewter surrounds the compass
+rose at needle level. This is graduated in degrees, with every 10°
+marked, stamped with steel punches. The ring is set into the base
+by means of wooden pegs. The steel needle is nicely cut, and it is
+probably the only part purchased by the maker.</p>
+
+<p>This is unquestionably a homemade instrument produced by
+a skillful whittler early in the 18th century.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Compass Cards</h4>
+
+<p>A fact that becomes apparent in a comparison of the surviving
+examples of wooden surveying compasses made in New England
+is the similarity of the compass cards used by makers in the seaport
+cities (see fig. 36). The compass card in each of these instances
+is the type designed for a mariner's compass, bearing a star of 32
+rays to mark the 32 points of the heavens. The North point is
+designated with an elaborate fleur-de-lis, and the East is emphasized
+with scrollwork. These are features which were not designed primarily
+for land surveying. Presumably, these makers had a quantity
+of engraved or printed compass cards that they used in both marine
+and land surveying compasses. This is true in the case of the
+compasses made by James and Joseph Halsy, Greenough, Clough,
+Warren, Thaxter, Dupee, Breed, and Bowles. On the other hand,
+the dial of Huntington's compass was painted directly on the
+wood, and the semicircumferentors do not utilize the marine
+compass card. Obviously these makers resorted to this practice
+for reasons of economy&mdash;to reduce costs of engraving and printing,
+and using the same card for both types of instruments that they
+produced.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Trade Signs</h4>
+
+<p>An interesting sidelight in the study of the makers of scientific
+instruments is the advertising they used, particularly the design<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+of their signboards. The most popular symbol appears to have
+been the quadrant, as the phrase "At the Sign of the Quadrant"
+is found repeatedly in advertising in several of the seaport cities
+of the 18th century.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i088.jpg" width="320" height="206" alt="Figure 36" title="Figure 36" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 36.&mdash;Unsigned wooden surveying compass, with an interesting example
+of a mariner&#39;s compass card.</div>
+
+<p>In Providence, William Hamlin used the designation in the
+first part of the 19th century, while Philadelphian John Gould
+featured the sign at the end of the 18th century. During an even
+earlier period, William Hinton designated his address to be "At
+Hadley's Quadrant" in New York City. Both Gould and Hinton
+were English, which may have had some bearing on their selection
+of the quadrant as a symbol of their merchandise.</p>
+
+<p>Other signboards were as colorful, such as Jonathan Dakin's
+"Sign of the Hand and Beam," James Youle's "Sign of the Cross-Knives
+and Gun," and Charles Kugler's house in Philadelphia
+with its "Sign of the Seven Stars" (that is, Great Bear), which
+housed the shops of several instrument makers.</p>
+
+<p>The two most interesting and significant of the instrument
+makers' trade signs were those advertising the shop of Samuel
+Thaxter. The first of these was the carved wooden figure of
+"The Little Admiral," which was a favorite landmark at No. 1
+Long Wharf in Boston for almost a century and a half. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 77-78]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a></span>
+the handiwork of John Skillin, the 18th-century woodcarver of
+Boston, upon whose death on January 24, 1800, the <i>Chronicle</i>
+commented that "he was for many years the most eminent of his
+profession." John Skillin and his brother Simeon worked in
+Boston from about 1777 and produced most of the figureheads
+that issued from that port during that period, as well as a number
+of other notable ornamental wooden figures.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i089.jpg" width="320" height="676" alt="Figure 37" title="Figure 37" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 37.&mdash;&quot;The Little Admiral,&quot; trade sign used for almost a century and a
+half in Boston, first by William Williams and later by Samuel Thaxter. Reputed
+to have been carved by John Skillin of Boston. In collection of the
+Bostonian Society.</div>
+
+<p>According to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society,
+the figure of "The Little Admiral" (fig. 37) had been carved for
+William Williams, who brought it with him to Boston from
+Marblehead in 1770 when he established his shop. The figure
+was installed in front of the Crown Coffee House, and Williams's
+shop was thereafter designated by this symbol. The trade sign
+survived through the years of the Revolutionary War. When
+the original building of the Coffee House was burned, the carving
+was saved and installed on the new building erected in its place.
+In an account of Boston landmarks, Porter<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> related the figure
+to the Admiral Vernon Tavern at the eastern corner of Merchants
+Row. He was proved to have been in error, however, since the
+trade sign of that public-house was a portrait bust of Admiral
+Vernon and the place was known as the Vernon Head Tavern for
+half a century, even after the end of the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>When Samuel Thaxter purchased the business from Williams's
+estate he acquired the figure as well, and he moved it to each new
+location for his shop. The figure of "The Little Admiral" continued
+to designate the firm even after Thaxter's death, until the
+firm finally went out of existence at the beginning of the 20th
+century. When the old store was torn down in 1901, the figure was
+preserved, presumably by the last owner's family. In 1916 it was
+acquired for the Bostonian Society by several of its members, and
+the figure has been preserved in the Society's Council Chamber
+since that time.</p>
+
+<p>The other interesting trade sign utilized by Samuel Thaxter is
+a carved figure of Father Time that is credited to John Skillin
+(see fig. 38). The figure is believed to have been commissioned
+by Thaxter during the last decade of the 18th century and installed
+by him in the interior of his shop. It is an important example
+of the American woodcarver's art, and is equivalent to the best
+work of the Skillin brothers.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i091.jpg" width="320" height="461" alt="Figure 38" title="Figure 38" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 38.&mdash;&quot;Father Time&quot; trade sign used by Samuel Thaxter in his shop in
+18th and 19th centuries. Made of wood, it was carved by John Skillin of
+Boston. In collection of the Bostonian Society.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>The Makers</h3>
+
+<p>Surprisingly, the names of the craftsmen who produced wooden
+instruments are not noted among the instrument makers. With
+only one or two exceptions, their names are hitherto unknown in
+the history of American science, and for that reason it has been
+considered advisable to present all available information that could
+be accumulated about them.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Joseph Halsy</i></h4>
+
+<p>The earliest known maker of wooden scientific instruments of
+Boston was Joseph Halsy. He appears to have been one of the
+sons of the James Halsie I, who was mentioned in a land deed of
+1674 as a mathematician.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> The land records indicate that James I
+was the father of several children, including Rebecca, a spinster;
+John Halsey, a mariner who died before 1716; Sarah, who later
+became Mrs. Dorsan; another daughter, name unknown, who
+became the wife of a Joseph Gilbert and the mother of two daughters
+and a son who inherited her share of her father's estate;
+Nathaniel Halsie; and probably Joseph Halsy. James Halsie I
+appears to have owned property consisting of land, a wooden house,
+and wharves on the North End, on North Street between Sun
+Court and Fleet Street.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p>
+
+<p>The date of birth of Joseph Halsy of Boston has not been found,
+but mention is made of the fact that on January 29, 1697, he was
+married to Elizabeth Eldridge, the daughter of a mariner named
+Joseph Eldridge, and that five children resulted from the marriage,
+three sons and two daughters.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> One son, Joseph, died in infancy
+and a daughter, Elizabeth, died at an early age.</p>
+
+<p>On February 26, 1704/5 Halsy purchased from Rebecca Halsey,
+the spinster daughter of James, her share in the house and land
+of her late father on North Street between Sun Court and Fleet
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>On April 19, 1714, Halsy and his wife deeded a house and land
+on North End, at the corner of Hanover and Salutation Streets,
+to a shipwright named Joseph Hood. Two years later, on March 2,
+1716, he purchased from Jane, his sister-in-law, who was the widow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+of the mariner John Halsy, her share of the house and land of
+James Halsie, being the same property on North Street. On
+March 27 of the same year he purchased the share in the same
+property belonging to Sarah Dorsan, his widowed sister. In
+August 1719 he was forced to mortgage some of the property to
+a merchant named John Frizell, but the mortgage was cancelled
+in 1741.</p>
+
+<p>Halsy was married for a second time on January 10, 1731, to
+Mrs. Anna Lloyd, a widow.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i093.jpg" width="320" height="213" alt="Figure 39" title="Figure 39" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 39.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass &quot;Made and sold by Joseph Halsy, Boston,
+New England.&quot; The instrument, made of maple, is 11 in. long and has a diameter
+of 5-3/4 in. In the collection of New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.</div>
+
+<p>During the 1730's, Halsy continued to buy out the heirs of
+James Halsie. On March 6, 1730, he acquired the share of Mary
+Gilbert, a granddaughter, and on the same date he purchased from
+the James Halsey heirs their inheritance "part to land, wharf,
+house, shop and buildings on North Street." Other heirs remained,
+for in June 9, 1732, he bought out the share of Marty Partridge,
+another granddaughter, and on June 27 the share of Joseph Gilbert,
+Jr., a grandson. In October 1740 he was forced to mortgage as
+security to James Bowdoin a house and land on the southwest
+side of North Street, but this was cancelled when on August 26,
+1751, Joseph Halsey and his wife, Anna, deeded to James Noble
+the land, wooden house, and wharves near Fish Street on North
+Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street, which apparently was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+formerly the property of James Halsey that Joseph had acquired
+with so much trouble over a period of 40 years.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
+
+<p>The following advertisement relating to instruments sold by
+Halsy appeared in the issues of <i>The Boston Gazette</i> for the months
+of September and October 1738:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Made and sold by Joseph Halsey jun. Hadley's New Invented Quadrant or
+Octant the best and exacted Instrument for taking the Latitude or Other
+Altitudes at Sea, as ever yet Invented.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The last dated record relating to Joseph Halsy which has been
+found is a letter dated February 3, 1762, that he wrote to Robert
+Treat Paine concerning legal matters.</p>
+
+<p>Only one complete instrument produced by Joseph Halsy appears
+to have survived&mdash;an especially fine wooden surveyors compass
+(fig. 39) in the collection of the New Hampshire Historical Society.
+It is made of maple. The compass card, probably the most interesting
+of any found in the wooden instruments, is hand-colored in
+black, blue, red, and gold. A fleur-de-lis marks the North point,
+and triangular pointers indicate the other compass directions.
+Inside the pointers are crudely painted female figures representing
+the seven arts: NW, Grammar; W, Logick; SW, Geometry; S,
+Arithmetick; SE, Astronomy; E, Rhetorick; and NE, Musick.
+Within a medallion at the center of the compass card is depicted
+a sailing vessel at sea; surrounding the medallion is a riband
+inscribed "Made and Sold by <span class="smcap">Joseph Halsy</span> Boston&mdash;New
+England."<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another, but much less elaborate, compass card used by Joseph
+Halsy, is an engraved example (fig. 40) found glued in Thomas
+Paine's own manuscript copy of Charles Morton's <i>Compendium
+Physicae</i>, which is preserved in the collection of the Massachusetts
+Historical Society.</p>
+
+<p>John Halsy (fl. 1700-1750), also a mathematical instrument
+maker, had a shop on Green Street, in Boston, according to the
+Record Commissioner's "Report of the City of Boston." He was
+married on December 10, 1700, by the Reverend Cotton Mather.
+He probably was a brother of Joseph Halsy who worked in the
+same period.</p>
+
+<p>John Halsy subsequently abandoned his instrument-making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 83-84]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a></span>
+business to become a pirate. He went out to Madagascar, where
+it is reported that he died in his own bed. He was buried with
+the rites of the Church of England in his own watermelon patch.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i095.jpg" width="320" height="457" alt="Figure 40" title="Figure 40" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 40.&mdash;Compass card of Joseph Halsy found glued into Thomas Paine&#39;s
+personal copy of Charles Morton&#39;s Compendium Physicae. In collection of
+Massachusetts Historical Society.</div>
+
+
+<h4><i>James Halsy II</i></h4>
+
+<p>James Halsy II (1695-1767), a mathematical instrument maker,
+was born in Boston on April 10, 1695, the son of Nathaniel and
+Hannah (Gross) Halsie. The parents had been married by the
+Reverend Cotton Mather in June 1693.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> In 1716 young James
+Halsy was a member of the Artillery Company, and by 1720 he
+had the rating of 4th sergeant. He held town offices and was one
+of the founders of the New Brick Church of Boston. On May 30,
+1717, he married Anna Gutridge (Goodrich). Ten years later, on
+September 22, 1727, he bought a house and land on North Bennett
+and Tileston Streets from Hugh Hall, a merchant; at the same time
+he deeded to Hall some land and a house adjacent to the latter
+on the southwest side of Green Street. On January 5, 1837, he
+deeded to his aunt(?), a single woman named Huldah Gross, a
+house and land on Ann Street that he had inherited from Thomas
+Gross, his grandfather. Several more real estate negotiations were
+recorded in the course of the next few years. In October 1740 he
+purchased a house and land on the north side of North Bennet
+Street from John Endicott; in January 1741 land on the east side
+of North Bennett Street; and in November 1748 half of the house
+and land of Edward Pell, adjacent to Huldah Gross, on Cross
+Street; finally, in October 1753, he purchased land on Tileston and
+North Bennett Streets from John Grant.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p>
+
+<p>Halsy died on January 2, 1767, at the age of 72. In his will
+dated May 1, 1766, and probated January 2, 1767, by which his
+wife Anna was the executrix of his estate, he left her the income
+of his real and personal estate. He apparently was survived by
+three daughters and a son, also named James Halsy. He divided
+his real estate in Boston amongst his daughters, and to his son he
+left land in New Hampshire.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p>
+
+<p>The only known surviving instrument bearing James Halsy's
+name is a wooden surveying compass (fig. 41) in the collection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+of the Peabody Museum in Salem. The engraved compass card
+is quite similar to the one used by Thomas Greenough. In the
+central medallion is an elaborate royal crown, and in the circle
+around the medallion is inscribed "Made and Sold by <span class="smcap">James
+Halsy</span> near Ye Draw Bridge in Boston."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i097.jpg" width="320" height="143" alt="Figure 41" title="Figure 41" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 41.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass made by James Halsy (1695-1767) of
+Boston. The instrument is 11 in. long. In collection of East India Marine
+Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.</div>
+
+
+<h4><i>Thomas Greenough</i></h4>
+
+<p>Contemporary with James Halsy II was Thomas Greenough
+(1710-1785), who was born in Boston in 1710, the son of John and
+Elizabeth (Gross) Greenough. His father was a shipwright in
+the North End of Boston, and one of Thomas's brothers, Newman
+Greenough, became a sailmaker. Thomas also had a sister named
+Jerusha, who later figured in his real estate negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest known record relating to Greenough is of his marriage
+in 1734 to Martha Clarke, daughter of William and Sarah
+Clarke of Boston. Nine children resulted from this marriage over
+the course of the next 16 years; four of these were sons. On
+January 27 of the year of his marriage he purchased a house on the
+northwest side of North Street, between Mill Creek and Union
+Street, from John White and Nathaniel Roberts. On August 1,
+1736, Greenough purchased the house and land of his father-in-law,
+William Clarke, on the south side of Portland Street. On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+October 28 he mortgaged to his mother his house on Ann Street
+(which appears to have been the house he had purchased on
+North Street), and at the same time he deeded to his brother
+Newman all his right and title in his father's estate at the North
+End. Greenough was only 24 at the time of his marriage, and he
+apparently became involved in real estate, by choice or by necessity,
+to a considerable degree.</p>
+
+<p>Greenough, in 1744, was a member of a militia company in
+Boston,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> and three years later, in 1747, he was listed as third
+sergeant. He was a firm patriot, held a town office, and was a
+founder and deacon of the New Brick Church in Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Greenough had a substantial interest in the holdings of his late
+father-in-law. For example, on August 11, 1744, he and his wife
+deeded to a merchant named James Pitts the seawall, or new wharf,
+"before the Town of Boston in the front and rear lying to the northward
+of King Street Pier, North Wharf and flats of James Bowdoin,"
+all of which was part of the estate of his deceased father-in-law
+that apparently had been inherited by his wife. In the
+following year, on November 1, 1745, he purchased a house and
+land on Portland Street from his widowed mother-in-law and then
+on March 31, 1746, he and his wife deeded the same house and land
+to a merchant named Stephen Hall. Numerous other negotiations
+of the same nature are on record.</p>
+
+<p>At some time between 1748 and 1750 Greenough's first wife,
+Martha, died, and in 1750 he married Sarah Stoddard. Three
+more children, all sons, resulted from this second marriage. His
+real estate negotiations continued full pace during the second
+marriage as during the first.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p>
+
+<p>Greenough's second wife preceded him in death, and Greenough
+died in 1785 at the age of 75. His will, probated on August 23,
+1785, had been made on May 21, 1782;<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> it contained some interesting
+bequests:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Executors: my two sons, David S. and William Greenough. Legatees:
+to the children of my son Thomas, deceased, Rachel, Ann, and Sally Greenough,
+£13.6.8 each. To their sister Betty £5. To the children of my son
+John deceased, 200 acres of land. I also give his eldest son John my silver can,
+fellow to the one I gave his father. To his sons Wm. and David, and to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+daughters, Sarah, Abigail, and Mehitible £5 each and the house they live
+in. My daughter, Sarah Edwards, £10 and a silver chafing dish. My
+daughter Martha Stone all my lands in the County of York, Cape Porpoise,
+and Wells, and my silver salver, and her son Thomas £5 and a silver porringer.
+My daughter Elizabeth Brooks £10 and a silver tea pot. My
+daughter Mary Savage £40 and to her son Thomas one silver porringer.
+To the children of my daughter Jerusha, deceased, Martha Clark Lepear and
+Sally Lepear each of them, £50, and a pair of salt shovels, and a pepper box,
+silver. All the rest of my estate to my two sons, David Stoddard Greenough,
+and Wm. Greenough. The late Shute Shrimpton Yeoman, Esq., left an
+estate to my late spouse Sarah, and to her children, in the Island of Antigua.
+In case my son David should have a legal possession of same, and Wm. no
+part, in that case I give my son David £100 and sundry pieces as per schedule
+amount to £63.11.3. All the rest of my estate to my son, William Greenough.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of particular interest with relation to Greenough's business in
+instruments is the following advertisement that appeared on
+May 11, 1742, in <i>The Boston Gazette</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>To be sold by Capt. Cyprian Southack at his House near the Orange Tree
+and at Mr. Tho. Greenough's Mathematical Instrument Maker near the
+Draw Bridge, said Southack's Char[t]s of the Coast from Sandy Point of
+New York to Canso.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Invaluable for this study are Thomas Greenough's manuscript
+accounts that have survived in the collections of the Massachusetts
+Historical Society. The following itemized entries are selected
+from Greenough's business accounts over a period of two decades
+to provide data on the prices current in the second half of the 18th
+century for new instruments and for repairing others:</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="prices">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Thomas James Gruchy:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" >&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">1754, April 27:</td><td align="left">1 Compass for the Schooner <i>Sea Flour</i></td><td align="right">£0.8.0.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1758, Nov. 28:</td><td align="left">1 Spyglass</td><td align="right">£1.13.8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1759, Jan. 25:</td><td align="left">Mending 3 Compasses for the Schooner <i>Susanna</i></td><td align="right">£0.6.0.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Nathaniel Bethune:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1760, August:</td><td align="left">A gauging rod</td><td align="right">£0.6.0.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mending a telescope</td><td align="right">£0.3.0.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain McAndrew Mirick of Nantucket:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1772, March 21:</td><td align="left">For 2 compasses, 1 leaded</td><td align="right">£0.16.8.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain Roberson Crockett:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1773, April:</td><td align="left">For mending 2 Compasses</td><td align="right">£0.6.2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">For mending 1 Hanging Compass</td><td align="right">£0.3.2.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain Reworth of the Brig <i>Fortune</i>:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1774, March 30:</td><td align="left">For mending 2 compasses &amp; Glasses</td><td align="right">£0.7.0.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">In Account with Captain Thomas Godfrey:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">1774, April 7:</td><td align="left">For 1 Telescope</td><td align="right">£0.8.0.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Other documents in the same collection indicate that Greenough's
+business interests were substantial and not limited merely to the
+construction of instruments. On July 31, 1769, Greenough's name
+appeared on the Boston Citizens' Non-Importation Agreement.
+Subsequently, on December 14, 1774, there is Greenough's signed
+receipt, with the amount left blank, stating that he had "REC'D.
+of Capt. Thomas Godfrey the Sum of &mdash;&mdash; in full for my Negro
+man Cuffes Shair in the Whaling Voige &mdash;&mdash;."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i100.jpg" width="320" height="198" alt="Figure 42" title="Figure 42" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 42.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made by Thomas Greenough (1710-1785)
+of Boston. Compass face is mounted on main blade with two copper rivets.
+Screws for vanes and tripod mounting are hand cut, with wing nut ends. Sighting
+bars are 1/16 in. wide and 5-1/4 in. high; over-all length is 11-7/8 in. and diameter
+is 5-1/4 in. Owned by Greenough family of Boston. Photo courtesy of Dr.
+Thomas Greenough.</div>
+
+<p>Greenough apparently was succeeded in business by his son
+William Greenough. Mr. Lawrence B. Romaine of Middleboro,
+Massachusetts, in 1939 described a wooden surveying compass
+with its own hand-whittled tripod made of oak which bore a
+compass card inscribed "Made by William Greenough, Boston,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+N.E."<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The compass was protected by a pine cover that fitted
+closely between the sights. The present location of this instrument
+is not known, but it appears to be the only known example by
+William Greenough made of wood.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i101.jpg" width="320" height="217" alt="Figure 43" title="Figure 43" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 43.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass, made and sold by Thomas Greenough.
+The instrument is made of gumwood and has a paper compass card; it is 13-1/4
+in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In collection of Franklin Institute,
+Philadelphia.</div>
+
+<p>In the Greenough family at the present time is a brass surveying
+compass (fig. 42) of fine quality and of the period before or during
+the American Revolution. The dial is finely engraved with a
+Tudor rose at its center, and around it is the inscription "<span class="smcap">Thomas
+Greenough Boston</span> Fecit." The compass face is mounted
+to the main blade with two copper rivets. The holding screws
+for the vane and tripod mounting are rather crudely hand cut
+with wing-nut ends.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 291px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i102.jpg" width="291" height="202" alt="Figure 44" title="Figure 44" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 44.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass made and sold by Thomas Greenough.
+Made of hickory, it is 11 in. long and has a diameter of 5-1/2 in. Compass card
+is of paper. Allegedly, this compass was used by Joseph Frye for surveying
+his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine, in 1762. Loaned to the U.S.
+National Museum by Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey. USNM
+315001.</div>
+
+<p>Five other surveying compasses made by Thomas Greenough
+are known, and all are made of wood: the one in the Franklin
+Institute is made of gum (fig. 43), one in Old Sturbridge is made of
+maple, one in the Bucks County Historical collection at the Mercer
+Museum is made of cherry, one owned by this writer is made of
+basswood, and one on loan to the U.S. National Museum from
+Mr. Laurits C. Eichner is made of hickory (fig. 44).</p>
+
+<p>The compass at the Mercer Museum forms part of the surveyor's
+gear used to lay out the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts. The
+example in hickory on loan to the U.S. National Museum, as is
+usually the case with the compass cards of the Thomas Greenough
+instruments, has the central ring printed in gilt, and the inscription
+has turned black, making the inscription almost illegible. This
+specimen was owned by Joseph Frye, who was given a land grant in
+what is now Fryeburg, Maine, in 1762. He allegedly used this
+compass for surveying that land. In 1783 he assembled a manu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>script
+book of tables (see fig. 45) for use in surveying for his son
+Joseph Frye, Jr. This manuscript also is part of the loan to the
+U.S. National Museum.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i103.jpg" width="320" height="373" alt="Figure 45" title="Figure 45" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 45.&mdash;Pages from a booklet of &quot;Tables Useful in Surveying Land, Made
+and presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November 18, A.D.
+1783.&quot; Loaned to the U.S. National Museum by Laurits C. Eichner of
+Clifton, N.J. USNM 315062.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i104.jpg" width="320" height="337" alt="Figure 46" title="Figure 46" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 46.&mdash;Compass card from a wooden surveying compass &quot;Made by Thomas
+Greenough, Boston, New England.&quot; In collection of the writer.</div>
+
+<p>The compass card in each of these five instruments is identical,
+designed for use in the mariner's compass (see fig. 46). A gentleman
+in the dress of about 1740 stands on the shore using a Davis
+quadrant. Offshore in the harbor is a schooner of the 1750 period.
+Minor features of the scene are touched up in red, presumably
+printed, since they are consistent in all of the cards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>William Williams</i></h4>
+
+<p>Although not one of the earliest instrument makers in Boston,
+but certainly one of the more significant, was William Williams
+(1737/8-1792). He was the son of Capt. John Williams, a shopkeeper
+who died on March 22, 1748, at the age of 41, and who was
+buried in King's Chapel Burial Ground.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p>
+
+<p>William Williams was born in 1737 or 1738. He was ten years
+of age when his father died, and he had two brothers and two
+sisters. His father left a substantial estate of £6,575, of which
+£4,544/9/4 was for the inventory of the shop merchandise. One of
+the appraisers for his estate, Jotham Maverick, married the
+widowed Mrs. Williams less than a year later, on January 20,
+1748/9.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1770 William Williams established himself as a mathematical
+instrument maker and clockmaker at No. 1 Long Wharf, at the
+Crown Coffee House, as it was then known. The shop was located
+on the corner of State and Chatham Streets, on premises owned
+by Robert Shillcock.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i105.jpg" width="320" height="179" alt="Figure 47" title="Figure 47" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 47.&mdash;Quadrant, showing signature of Thomas Greenough. Photo courtesy
+Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p><p>Williams may have worked as an instrument maker in Marblehead
+before returning to his native Boston. According to Felt,<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>
+an instrument maker named William Williams at Marblehead
+advertised in the Salem newspapers in the early 1770's. However,
+in 1768 Williams was producing instruments from an address in
+King Street, Boston. (See figure 48.) An advertisement inserted
+by Williams appeared in the March 12, 1770, issue of <i>The Boston
+Gazette</i>. It was this same issue that reported the Boston Massacre.
+One of the victims was Williams' step-brother Samuel Maverick,
+the son of his stepfather Jotham Maverick by a first marriage.</p>
+
+<p>In 1773 Williams married Joyce Shillcock, the daughter of
+his landlord. During the Revolutionary War, Williams saw
+active service as a private in Captain Mills' company, of Col.
+Jeduthan Baldwin's regiment of artificers, during the years 1777-1779.
+In 1780 he served in Captain Pattin's company of General
+Knox's artillery, which was stationed at West Point.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<p>With the conclusion of the war Williams returned to the craft of
+instrument-making in his shop, at No. 1 Long Wharf. In 1782
+his wife, Joyce, inherited the property from her mother, the
+widow Hannah Shillcock, following the latter's death in that
+year. In the following May it is recorded that Williams purchased
+the warehouse and land on the north side of State Street from
+Benjamin Brown, a trader. By a separate deed, he and his wife
+released to Brown the warehouse and land which had been the
+property of his father-in-law in exchange for a clear title to one-half
+share of the store and land under it "which is next to the
+street called King Street." On February 7, 1784, he bought a
+share of the lower division at Long Wharf, No. 7, from Arnold
+Welles. On May 17 of the same year he succeeded in buying out
+Brown's half share of the lower division of Long Wharf at Nos.
+1 and 7, and at the same time he deeded to Brown one-half
+share of No. 7 Long Wharf, together with all its dockage and
+wharfage. Finally, on January 20, 1785, Williams and his wife
+deeded to Brown all rights to land of No. 7 Long Wharf, reserving
+for himself his rights in the flats, wharfage, and dockage.</p>
+
+<p>On March 23, 1787, Williams deeded to Joseph Helyer, a
+blockmaker, the store and land under same, and half the wharfage
+properly belonging to Lot No. 1. On October 20 of the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 95-96]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a></span>
+year he sold to Brown a part or share of No. 7 Long Wharf, and
+on March 24, 1788, he purchased land with a wooden store at
+State Street and Long Wharf from Benjamin Brown. On June
+26 he bought the land and store of Joseph Helyer on the north
+side of Long Wharf.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i107.jpg" width="320" height="373" alt="Figure 48" title="Figure 48" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 48.&mdash;Advertisement of William Williams in The Boston Gazette, March 12,
+1770. Photo courtesy Harvard University Library.</div>
+
+<p>Williams engaged in only two more transactions before his
+death. On March 28, 1790, he mortgaged to Joseph Greene, a
+merchant, the land with wooden store at the head of Long Wharf
+on the northeast side of State Street; this mortgage was cancelled
+on May 29, 1793. On October 1, 1791, he deeded to Benjamin
+Brown a one-half share or 1/48th of all the dockage and wharfage
+of Long Wharf that appertained to one-half of Lot No. 1, which
+he had previously purchased from Welles as noted, as well as
+1/48th of the proprietor's purchase of Gordon's lands and buildings
+adjoining the Wharf.</p>
+
+<p>Williams died on January 15, 1792, at age 44. The administrator
+of his estate was a merchant named Abraham Quincy. By order
+of the Supreme Court, in order to settle his estate, Williams'
+store building at No. 1 Long Wharf was ordered sold at public
+auction. Although on the site of the Crown Coffee House, it
+was a new building erected in 1780 after the Coffee House had
+burned. The purchaser appears to have been John Osborn, a
+merchant, because on May 10, 1793, Quincy, Williams' administrator,
+deeded to Osborn the land with wooden store at Long
+Wharf on State Street.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
+
+<p>The only instrument made by Williams which appears to have
+survived is a Davis backstaff (fig. 49) marked "By Wm. Williams,
+King Street, Boston, for Malachi Allen, 1768"; this instrument is
+now in the collection of the Peabody Museum in Salem, Massachusetts.
+It is to be noted from this inscription that this instrument
+was an early example of Williams' work, produced at the age of
+20, prior to the opening of his shop at the Crown Coffee House.</p>
+
+<p>In 1770, when Williams opened his shop, the carved sign of
+"The Little Admiral" (fig. 37) was installed in front of the Crown
+Coffee House, and Williams' establishment was thereafter designated
+by this symbol.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p>
+
+<p>In his shop at No. 1 Long Wharf, Williams exercised his crafts
+of instrument-and clockmaking, and he made and sold a large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+assortment of instruments, as well as time glasses which measured
+from one quarter minute to two hours.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i109.jpg" width="320" height="155" alt="Figure 49" title="Figure 49" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 49.&mdash;Detail of wooden Davis quadrant inscribed &quot;Made by William
+Williams in King Street Boston&quot; for &quot;Malachi Allen 1768.&quot; In collection of
+East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.</div>
+
+<p>The name of Williams appears also in the Day Books of Paul
+Revere. Under date of April 16, 1792, there is the following entry:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Mr. William Williams Dr<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To Engravg plate for hatt bills 0-18-0<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To 2 hund prints 0-6-0.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>From June 24, 1792, to January 28, 1797, Revere entered 12
+charges against Williams for 8,500 hat bills for the total amount
+of £14/15/0.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Samuel Thaxter</i></h4>
+
+<p>Closely associated with the name of William Williams is that
+of another instrument maker of Boston, Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842).
+Thaxter was born in Hingham, Massachusetts, on December
+13, 1769, the son of Samuel and Bathsheba (Lincoln)
+Thaxter. His father, who had been born in Hingham in 1744,
+was married on December 27, 1768, and he became the father of six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+children, of whom Samuel was the eldest. Samuel Thaxter, Sr.,
+was apparently a man of means, for he is listed as a "Gentleman"
+and a loyal subject of King George. He resided on North Street in
+Hingham, near Ship Street. He died on the island of Campobello
+at the age of 44 years on May 27, 1788.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
+
+<p>Samuel Thaxter, as well as several generations of his family
+before him, was born in the old Thomas Thaxter mansion that was
+built by the settler of that name in 1652. During the Revolution
+Samuel's father, Maj. Samuel Thaxter, concealed Tories from the
+Committee of Safety in a blind passage with a secret door in the old
+house. From there he smuggled them to Boston. At the massacre
+of Fort William, Major Thaxter was one of those captured by the
+Indians. While tied to a tree, he saw two French officers, and
+demanded whether this was the treatment they gave to commissioned
+officers. They allowed him to go free and he dragged himself
+to Fort Edward. Meanwhile, his comrades had reported him
+missing in action, and Dr. Gay preached his funeral sermon in
+Hingham shortly before Thaxter's return. The old Thaxter
+mansion was torn down in 1864.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p>
+
+<p>Young Samuel Thaxter moved from Hingham to Boston, where
+he is first heard of in 1792. On June 14, 1792, Thaxter married
+Polly Helyer, the niece of William Williams.</p>
+
+<p>Within a month after the sale of Williams' property at public
+auction, Thaxter acquired the instrument-making business. Apparently
+the new owner of the premises required the business
+to move, and Thaxter established himself at No. 9 Butler's Row.
+A month after the Williams auction Thaxter announced his new
+location in an advertisement (fig. 50) in <i>The Columbia Centinel</i> of
+May 22, 1793.</p>
+
+<p>Thaxter's new location was a wooden store structure, on the
+north side of Butler's Row that was owned by Andrew Hall and
+Eunice Fitch in 1798. It was in the rear of the north side of State
+Street, running from Merchants Row to the water.</p>
+
+<p>By 1796 Thaxter had moved from this location to No. 49 State
+Street, on the north side opposite to Broad Street, a brick store
+owned by Joseph Lovering &amp; Sons, tallow chandlers. He continued
+to do business at this address until 1815, when he moved to
+27 State Street, on the opposite side of the street. The new loca<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>tion
+was in a brick dwelling, opposite Merchants Row, that was
+owned by Joseph Clough, a housewright.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i111.jpg" width="320" height="207" alt="Figure 50" title="Figure 50" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 50.&mdash;Advertisement of Samuel Thaxter in The Columbia Centinel, May 22,
+1793. Photo courtesy Harvard University Library.</div>
+
+<p>In about 1825 Thaxter moved his business once more, to 125
+State Street, the east corner of Broad Street. This building was
+occupied by Charles Stimpson, Jr., a stationer who was one of the
+publishers of the <i>Boston Annual Advertiser</i>, which was annexed to
+the Boston Directory of 1826. The building was owned by
+Jonathan Phillips, the first mayor of Boston. In the cellar of the
+building was a victualler named Augustus Adams.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p>
+
+<p>The dominating feature of Thaxter's shop from the time it was
+opened was the carved figure of "The Little Admiral," the trade
+sign first used by Williams.</p>
+
+<p>The firm of Samuel Thaxter eventually became Samuel Thaxter
+&amp; Son, and it continued with that name until past the middle of the
+19th century. Samuel Thaxter died in April 1842 at the age of
+72 years. The entry for the firm in the 1843 City Directory listed
+S. T. Cushing as the new owner. From the initials, it seems likely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 100-101]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a></span> that his full name was Samuel Thaxter Cushing, and that he was
+the grandson of the original Samuel Thaxter. S. T. Cushing continued
+to be listed as the owner of the firm until 1899, when he was
+succeeded by A. T. Cushing, presumably a son of the former.
+The old store was finally demolished in 1901.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> Comparison of a
+photograph of the building just before its demolition with a copy of
+Thaxter's trade card (fig. 51) of the mid-19th century shows that
+the building underwent little change in the period. The "Little
+Admiral" is barely visible in both views.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i112.jpg" width="320" height="521" alt="Figure 51" title="Figure 51" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 51.&mdash;19th-century trade card in collection of the Bostonian Society.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i113.jpg" width="320" height="303" alt="Figure 52" title="Figure 52" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 52.&mdash;Mahogany surveying compass made by Samuel Thaxter of Boston.
+Length, 13 in.; diameter, 7-1/2 in. Wooden frame slides off to permit removal
+of glass and adjustment of needle. Sighting bars are of boxwood. In collection
+of the writer.</div>
+
+<p>In 1796, shortly after his marriage, Thaxter made his home on</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p><p>Fish Street (now North Street), but in 1800 he was living at 54
+Middle Street (Hanover Street). By 1807 he had moved to a new
+home on Fleet Street. His last home address, at the time of his
+death, was 41 Pinckney Street.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i114.jpg" width="320" height="323" alt="Figure 53" title="Figure 53" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 53.&mdash;Compass card from earlier form of wooden surveying compass made
+by Samuel Thaxter of Boston. From an instrument in the collection of the
+writer.</div>
+
+<p>In the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society there
+is a receipted bill (fig. 55) from Samuel Thaxter dated July 1, 1801,
+to Sam Brown, for touching up and repairing nine compasses for
+the French corvelle <i>Berceau</i>.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i115.jpg" width="320" height="464" alt="Figure 54" title="Figure 54" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 54.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made and sold by S. Thaxter &amp; Son,
+Boston, in late 18th or early 19th century. Over-all length, 14 in.; diameter of
+dial, 6 in.; length of needle, 5-1/8 in.; height of sighting bars, 6-1/2 in. In collection
+of the writer.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i116.jpg" width="320" height="301" alt="Figure 55" title="Figure 55" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 55.&mdash;Receipted bill from Samuel Thaxter to Sam Brown, Boston, August 4,
+1801. In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society.</div>
+
+
+<h4><i>John Dupee</i></h4>
+
+<p>John Dupee of Boston apparently was another instrument maker
+of the pre-Revolutionary period actively engaged in producing
+wooden surveying compasses. Three wooden instruments with
+his compass card exist in private and public collections. The
+instruments are quite similar: the wood in each case is walnut or
+applewood, with an engraved paper mariner's compass card; a
+schooner at sea is figured within the central medallion, and inscribed
+within the riband enclosing it are the words "Made and
+Sold by <span class="smcap">John Dupee</span> Ye North Side of Swing Bridge Boston New
+Eng." One of the instruments is owned by the South Natick
+[Massachusetts] Historical Society; a second example is in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+collection of the Bostonian Society; and a third is owned by a
+private collector.</p>
+
+<p>There is no record of a maker of scientific instruments or clocks
+by the name of Dupee, although the name John Dupee occurs in
+the city records of Boston during the early decades of the 18th
+century. An advertisement in the February 9, 1761, issue of
+<i>The Boston Gazette</i> states that</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><span class="smcap">Isaac Dupee</span>, Carver, Advertises his Customers and others, that since the
+late Fire (on Dock Square) he has opened a shop the North side of the Swing-Bridge,
+opposite to <i>Thomas Tyler's</i>, Esq.; where Business will be carried on
+as usual with Fidelity and Dispatch.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The natural assumption would be that the three instruments
+were produced in Isaac Dupee's shop after 1761, perhaps by the
+carver's son. The use of an engraved compass card indicates that
+the instruments were not unique, and that a number of others were
+produced or contemplated. On the other hand, it is likely that
+the maker produced other types of instruments utilizing such a
+card, such as mariner's compasses.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Jere Clough</i></h4>
+
+<p>Another instrument maker, presumably of Boston, is Jere Clough.
+The only instrument bearing his name known at present is a surveying
+compass (fig. 56), made of wood, in the Streeter Collection
+of Weights and Measures at Yale University. Clough's name does
+not appear on any of the lists of instrument makers or clockmakers,
+yet it is a name that is fairly prevalent in Boston. In 1741, for
+instance, one Joseph Clough of Boston was a maker of bellows.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+He produced bellows of all types&mdash;for furnaces, refiners, blacksmiths,
+braziers, and goldsmiths.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i117.jpg" width="320" height="122" alt="Figure 56" title="Figure 56" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 56.&mdash;Wooden instrument made by Jere Clough. In Streeter Collection of
+Weights and Measures, Yale University.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i118.jpg" width="320" height="165" alt="Figure 57" title="Figure 57" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 57.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass made by Andrew Newell (1749-1798) of
+Boston. It is made of mahogany, is 11-1/2 in. long, and has a diameter of 5 in.
+The engraved compass card is signed by Nathaniel Hurd, goldsmith, silversmith,
+and engraver of Boston. In collection of Yale University Art Gallery.</div>
+
+
+<h4><i>Andrew Newell</i></h4>
+
+<p>An instrument of considerable significance is another wooden
+surveyor's compass, in the collection of the Yale University Art
+Gallery. This compass (fig. 57) is made of rich brown San Domingo
+mahogany with sighting bars of boxwood. A mariner's card,
+set into the opening with a metal vernier scale, is in the usual form
+of the mariner's compass card of the 18th century; it is executed
+as a line engraving. A ship and the Boston harbor lighthouse are
+featured in the central medallion. On a riband encircling the
+medallion is the inscription "Made by <span class="smcap">ANDW. NEWELL</span> East End
+of the <span class="smcap">MARKET BOSTON</span>," Engraved in script at the southern
+tip of the star is the signature "N. Hurd Sct."</p>
+
+<p>Relatively little is known about Andrew Newell (1749-1798)
+except that he was a maker of mathematical instruments. An
+entry in the first Boston directory, in 1789, listed "Andrew Newell,
+instrument maker, 61 State Street." The directory of 1796 mentioned
+Newell as having a shop on the "East side of the Market,"
+the address that appears on the surveying compass.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+<p>Two years later the Boston directory listed Andrew Newell and
+Son, and in 1800 the listing included only the name of Joseph
+Newell, who may have been the son. Another mathematical
+instrument maker named Charles Newell may have been another
+son of Andrew Newell; his name does not appear in the city
+Directory until in the 19th century. An instrument with the
+signature "Newell &amp; Son, Makers, East End of Faneuil Hall,
+Boston" is in the collection of the Bostonian Society.</p>
+
+<p>An important feature of the Newell instrument is the fact
+that the engraver of the compass card was Nathaniel Hurd (1729-1777),
+the peer of goldsmiths and engravers of the colonial period.
+This compass card is a previously unrecorded example of Hurd's
+work, and constitutes a work of art, making the compass a historic
+scientific instrument.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> The compass was presented to the Yale
+University Art Gallery by a Yale alumnus, Mr. Henry G. Schiff
+of New York City. No other examples have thus far been found.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Aaron Breed</i></h4>
+
+<p>Aaron Breed (1791-1861) is a relatively unknown maker of
+mathematical instruments who worked in Boston into the 19th
+century. He specialized in nautical, mathematical and optical
+instruments, with an address at 173 Broad Street, and another
+at No. 2 Rowe's Wharf, "At the Sign of the Quadrant." Breed
+made surveying instruments in brass and in wood. A brass instrument
+is in the Henry Ford Museum, and a wooden instrument is in
+the collection of Old Sturbridge Village. The latter is fashioned
+from walnut with an engraved compass card inscribed "Aaron
+Breed Boston."</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Charles Thacher</i></h4>
+
+<p>The name of Charles Thacher appears on the compass card of a
+wooden surveying compass (fig. 58) in the collection of the Mariners'
+Museum, Norfolk, Virginia. No record of this maker has been
+found, but the engraved compass card indicates that he probably
+worked in New England.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i120.jpg" width="320" height="469" alt="Figure 58" title="Figure 58" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 58.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass made by Charles Thacher. It is made
+of cherry or maple; sighting bars are of oak. Over-all length, 13-5/8 in. Photos
+courtesy Mariners Museum, Newport News, Virginia.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Benjamin King Hagger</i></h4>
+
+<p>Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) was the scion of two well-known
+families of instrument makers in New England, so it is not
+surprising that he worked in the same craft.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that Hagger was born in Newport, Rhode Island,
+about 1769, the son of William Guyse Hagger and of a sister of
+Benjamin King. Although his father made instruments&mdash;at first
+in partnership with Benjamin King, and then working alone&mdash;in
+Newport at least as late as 1776, the family appears to have moved
+after the Revolution. William Guyse Hagger's name did not
+appear in the 1790 census of Newport, and it is presumed that he
+moved with his family to Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin King Hagger was listed in the first city directory of
+Boston in 1789 as "a mathematical instrument maker" with an
+address on Ann Street; he was only 20 years of age at this time.</p>
+
+<p>On November 10, 1793, Benjamin King Hagger, "mathematical
+instrument maker," purchased land with buildings on Prince Street
+near Snow Hill Street from one Peter Greene. Two years later,
+on December 1, 1795, Hagger, now listed simply as a "merchant,"
+purchased a brick house, a wooden house, and a shed with land
+from William Ballard, a tailor of Framingham and an heir of
+Samuel Ballard. The property was located on the east side of
+North Street, south of Mill Creek. At the time of purchase,
+Hagger mortgaged the property to Ballard, and also mortgaged to
+him the house and land previously purchased from Greene.</p>
+
+<p>Hagger was listed as a ship chandler in the following year when
+on March 24, 1796, he deeded part of his land on Prince Street
+to William and George Hillman, minors.</p>
+
+<p>On June 22, 1796, three months later, Hagger, now listed as
+"mathematical instrument maker, and ship-chandler" deeded to a
+mariner named Thomas Wallis a house and land that formed part
+of his original purchase near Copp's Hill from Peter Greene. Then
+on July 21, 1796, he purchased from William Ballard all his right
+to the brick house and land on North Street (Ann Street), at the
+same time mortgaging the property to William Ballard, Jr., of
+Framingham. This mortgage was cancelled on April 11, 1798.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p>
+
+<p>These negotiations took place before marriage. A report of the
+Record Commissioners of Boston, states that "William King
+Hagger of Boston and Mehitable Ballard of Framingham were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+married October 6, 1796." The entry appears to be in error because
+the marriage intentions had read "Benjamin King Hagger." It is
+presumed that Mehitable was the daughter of William Ballard,
+the tailor of Framingham, from whom Hagger had bought his
+house on Ann Street, south of Mill Creek.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p>
+
+<p>Benjamin King Hagger is listed in the city directory of Boston
+for 1798 as a "mathematical instrument maker" on Ann Street.
+This, however, is the last listing for his name in Boston, as his
+name does not appear in the 1803 or subsequent directories.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after 1798 Hagger appears to have left Boston together
+with his wife, and it is probable that he established himself as an
+instrument maker in another Massachusetts community, at present
+unknown. In about 1816 Hagger moved with his family to Baltimore
+and continued his instrument-making business.</p>
+
+<p>The records of the 1850 Federal census of Baltimore indicate
+that two of Hagger's sons, John W. and William G. Hagger, had
+been born in 1800 and 1806 respectively, in Massachusetts, presumably
+in the community to which Hagger had moved from
+Boston before moving once more to Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>According to Matchett's Baltimore directory for 1824, Hagger
+was a "mathematical and optical instrument maker" with a shop
+at 57 South Street. His advertisement in the directory stated
+that he</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Respectfully acquaints his fellow citizens that he executes all orders in the
+line of his business with punctuality and confidently professes to give satisfaction
+to his employers, from the experience of a regular apprenticeship and
+37 years practice.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This indicates that Hagger completed his apprenticeship in 1787,
+when he was 18, and since then had been established in his own business
+or had worked for another as a journeyman instrument maker.
+His first advertisement in the Boston directory appeared in 1789,
+wherein his shop was listed as being on Ann Street.</p>
+
+<p>Hagger died in Baltimore on November 8, 1834, at the age of
+65, after a residence of 18 years in that city.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus far only one instrument by Hagger has been found&mdash;a
+wooden surveying instrument or semicircumferentor (fig. 59). It
+is in the possession of the writer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i123.jpg" width="320" height="160" alt="Figure 59" title="Figure 59" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 59.&mdash;Wooden graphometer made by Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) of Boston and Baltimore. Made of yellow
+birch, with the name and gradations and lines incised into the wood by means of tiny punches, and filled. Trough compass;
+sighting bars mounted on a swivelling brass bar; collapsible tripod made of maple. In collection of the writer.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Benjamin Warren</i></h4>
+
+
+<p>Production of wooden surveying compasses was not limited to
+Boston. Another instrument maker who produced them was Benjamin
+Warren (c. 1740-?) of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The name
+of Benjamin Warren was a fairly common one in Plymouth, being a
+name handed down in the family from father to son for at least
+five generations before 1800. The first Benjamin Warren at Plymouth
+was married in 1697, and his son Benjamin (2) was born in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+1698. Benjamin (2) was married in due course, and his son Benjamin
+(3) was born in 1740. The third Benjamin was the father
+of Benjamin (4), who was born in 1766. In 1789 Benjamin (4)
+married Sarah Young, the daughter of Daniel Young, and their
+son Benjamin (5) was born in 1792. The Benjamin Warren who
+operated the shop in Plymouth probably was Benjamin Warren (3),
+who was then about 45 years of age.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p>
+
+<p>A search of <i>The Plymouth Journal &amp; Massachusetts Advertiser</i> has
+revealed several advertisements and notices (fig. 60) about Benjamin
+Warren from which some information can be derived about
+the man and his business during this period. The first known
+notice dated March 19, 1785, probably is the most important one.
+Later in the same year, on August 16, 1785, Warren published the
+following notice:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>WHEREAS on Friday Morning of the 5th inst. eloped from the House of the
+subscriber, <i>Inholder</i> in Plymouth, JOHN MOREY, of NORTON, of tall
+stature, &amp; round shoulder'd. Had on when he absconded, a shabby claret
+coloured coat, adorned with patches, and a pair of dirty smoak'd coloured
+breeches; without knee-buckles; and an old flopped hatt, defaced with grease.</p>
+
+<p>As he appeared to be an enterprising genius, without abilities, politeness or
+honesty, and went off in an abrupt and clandestine manner; a reward of <i>Sixpence</i>
+will be paid, to any person or persons, who will persuade or induce the
+said Morey to make his appearance once more to the subscriber.</p></blockquote>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i124.jpg" width="320" height="586" alt="Figure 60" title="Figure 60" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 60.&mdash;An advertisement of Benjamin Warren in The Plymouth Journal &amp;
+Massachusetts Advertiser. Photos courtesy The American Antiquarian Society,
+Worcester, Massachusetts.</div>
+
+<p>It is obvious that Warren was not considerably concerned about
+the return of John Morey, for the reward offered was scarcely
+conducive to obtain the public's cooperation. Warren's first
+ventures with public sales must have been successful, for early in
+the next year, in the issue of January 3, 1786, he announced that</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Benjamin Warren</i>,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>PROPOSES to open a convenient AUCTION-ROOM, over the Shop he now
+trades in, next week. Any Gentlemen that will furnish him with goods of any
+kind for Public or Private sale, on Commission, shall be served with fidelity,
+and the smallest favours in that way gratefully acknowledged.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The next notice of the auction-room appeared on February 21,
+1786, when the newspaper advertised that</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><i>To-morrow</i><br />
+will be SOLD, by<br />
+Public Vendue,<br />
+At<br />
+WARREN'S<br />
+Auction Room,<br />
+<br />
+A VARIETY of articles, <i>viz</i>. Nails, Bar Lead, Glass<br />
+Pewter, Buttons, Buckles, Chairs, Stands, &amp;c., &amp;c., &amp;c.<br />
+<br />
+*** The SALE to begin at 10 o'Clock, A.M.</p>
+
+<p>No other notices of public sales appeared in the <i>Journal</i> for the
+next several months. The last notice of this period was another
+announcement of a sale, which was published in the issue of May
+30, 1786:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Publick Vendue</i>,<br />
+<br />
+<i>At</i> WARREN's Auction Room, in PLYMOUTH:<br />
+at Ten o'clock this morning. WILL<br />
+be Sold, a quantity of bar lead, boxes of glass,<br />
+6 × 8. English Shovels and Tongs, bridle-Bits,<br />
+and a variety of other articles of Hard-Ware.<br />
+Also, a few Anvils at private sale.</p>
+
+<p>Only one instrument signed by Warren is known to survive;
+it is a wooden surveying compass (fig. 61) in the Streeter Collection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+of Weights and Measures at Yale University. The instrument,
+which appears to have been made from walnut, has a compass
+card with the following inscription around the central medallion:
+"Made and sold by <span class="smcap">BENJAMIN WARREN</span> Plymouth New Eng<sup>d</sup>."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i126.jpg" width="320" height="138" alt="Figure 61" title="Figure 61" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 61.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass made by Benjamin Warren (c. 1740-c. 1800)
+of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and detail of the compass card. The
+compass, made of cherry wood, is 12 in. long and has a diameter of 6 in. In
+Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i127.jpg" width="320" height="322" alt="Figure 62" title="Figure 62" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 62.&mdash;Detail of card, Warren surveying compass shown in figure 61.</div>
+
+<p>The medallion (fig. 62) encloses a harbor scene with a brigantine
+of the 1740 period off a promontory on which is prominently
+situated a lighthouse with a smaller building partly visible at the
+left. The lighthouse is unusual in construction in that it features
+twin towers rising from a large rectangular wooden building.</p>
+
+<p>As far as can be determined from available records, the only
+lighthouse in America of this period having such construction was
+the noted Gurnet Light, which was built at the tip of Duxbury
+Beach in Plymouth Bay in 1768. D. Alan Stevenson<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> relates that
+the Governor's Council of Massachusetts, when it decided in 1768<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+to erect the Gurnet Lighthouse at Plymouth, adopted a novel plan
+to distinguish it from other American lighthouses. "This consisted
+of double lights set horizontally in the same structure. A timber
+house built at a cost of £660, 30' long and 20' high, had a lanthorn
+at each end to contain two four-wick lamps.</p>
+
+<p>"In 1802 fire destroyed the house but the merchants of the
+town promptly subscribed to replace it by temporary lights, as the
+Government had no immediate funds at its disposal. An Act of
+Congress of 1802 allotted $2500 for building another set of twin
+lights and reimbursing the merchants for their expenditure.</p>
+
+<p>"Though the idea of twin lights at Plymouth seemed an excellent
+distinction from a single navigation light shown at Barnstable
+harbor in the vicinity, they proved not entirely advantageous and
+a sea captain blamed them for causing his shipwreck. He had
+seen the light from only one tower and identified it with confidence
+as the Barnstable light; apparently, from a particular direction
+one tower hid the other. But local prejudice in favor of retaining
+the twin lights as a distinction prevailed until 1924 when, at last,
+opposition ceased to the recommendation which the Lighthouse
+Board expressed frequently that a single light would be preferable."</p>
+
+<p>It seems quite likely that the compass card bears one of the very
+few surviving contemporary representations of the first Gurnet
+Light in Plymouth Bay. A search of the archives of the historical
+societies in Plymouth, Boston, and Worcester and the files of the
+U.S. National Archives has failed to reveal any illustration of
+this famous lighthouse.</p>
+
+<p>Quite by coincidence, the name of Benjamin Warren was discovered
+among the entries of the day books of Paul Revere, the
+famous patriot, silversmith, and engraver. The entry<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> (fig. 63)
+appears as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">1786 March 13. Benjm Warren Dr. Plimouth<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To printing one hundred Compass Cards 0-18-0.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Whether the compass card on the Warren instrument was
+produced by Revere is difficult to determine. Authorities on
+Revere's engravings agree that it could have been engraved by
+Revere but are unable to state it positively. It has been suggested
+that the entry in Revere's day book indicates that he merely
+printed the compass cards for Warren and that he did not engrave
+a plate. The charge for the work bears out this supposition; and
+furthermore, Revere's bills seemed to make a definite distinction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+between the engraving of plates and actual prints. Whether or
+not Revere was responsible for making the original engraving remains
+to be determined, but it is very probable that he printed
+the compass card of the instrument in the Streeter Collection of
+Weights and Measures at Yale.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i129.jpg" width="320" height="223" alt="Figure 63" title="Figure 63" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 63.&mdash;Page from the &quot;day books&quot; of Paul Revere with entry for the printing
+of compass cards for Benjamin Warren of Plymouth. In collection of
+Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.</div>
+
+
+<h4><i>Daniel Burnap</i></h4>
+
+<p>One of the best known and most respected names among Connecticut
+clockmakers is that of Daniel Burnap (1759-1838) of
+East Windsor. Burnap was born in Coventry in 1759 and served
+an apprenticeship with Thomas Harland, clockmaker of Norwich.
+In about 1780 Burnap opened his own establishment, where he
+combined the crafts of clockmaking, cabinetmaking, and engraving
+of brass, in all of which he was greatly skilled. One of his apprentices
+was Eli Terry, who later achieved fame in the craft in his
+own right.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></p>
+
+<p>Burnap's business included clients in Windsor, Hartford, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+Coventry, as well as some of the leading merchants and cabinetmakers
+of the nearby cities and towns. Although clockmaking
+was the primary business in which Burnap engaged, he also had a
+large trade for his surveying instruments, silver spoons, gold beads,
+harness and saddlery hardware, and shoe buckles.</p>
+
+<p>Burnap prospered, and in about 1800 he moved back to his
+native town, Coventry. There he purchased a large farm and
+erected a shop and a sawmill, and in due course became the leading
+citizen of the community. He died in 1838, leaving a valuable
+technological record in the completeness of his journals and
+account books. A study of the entries of his day books and
+ledgers (see fig. 64) reveals that Burnap did a substantial amount
+of business in surveying compasses, chains, and protractors.
+Among his shop equipment after his death there was found an
+unfinished protractor, but no examples of his instruments are
+known except for a compass dial, inscribed with his name, that
+was discovered recently in the collection of a midwestern historical
+society.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is significant to note that Burnap made instruments of varying
+quality. For instance, he charged three different prices for his
+surveyor's compasses. The highest-priced compasses cost £6;
+they were made of brass, and were of the more elaborate conventional
+type used by surveyors. A few examples that appeared in
+his records cost £4; these also were made of brass, but probably
+were of a simpler form. Several entries list surveying compasses
+priced at £2 and £2/8. One of these was made for Capt. Solomon
+Dewie (1750-1813) in September 1790 for £2/8. At the same time,
+Burnap charged him £0/1/6 for touching the needle of another
+compass.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> The entries in Burnap's account books do not state
+that these inexpensive compasses were constructed of wood, but
+it seems to be sufficiently conclusive that they were.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Gurdon Huntington</i></h4>
+
+<p>Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804) was not primarily a maker
+of scientific instruments, but he was established as a goldsmith
+and clockmaker. He was  born  in  Windham,  Connecticut,  on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119-120]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a></span>
+April 30, 1763, the son of Hezekiah and Submit (Murdock) Huntington.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i131.jpg" width="320" height="448" alt="Figure 64" title="Figure 64" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 64.&mdash;Entry in the manuscript ledgers of Daniel Burnap (1759-1838) of
+East Windsor and Coventry, Connecticut, for sale of surveying compass in
+1790. Reproduced from the Burnap shop records in the collection of Connecticut
+Historical Society, Hartford.</div>
+
+<p>The Huntington family was one of the most important in Connecticut
+colonial history. Gurdon's father, Hezekiah, was in
+service during the Revolutionary War, going to Boston as a
+major with the first troops raised in Connecticut. When in Boston
+he witnessed the miserable condition of the arms then in the
+hands of the soldiers. Major Huntington went immediately to
+Philadelphia, where Congress was in session, and proposed to
+the Congress that he would return to his home in Windham and
+that there he would open a manufactory for repairing muskets
+and other arms. He claimed to have been the first man to have
+made a gun in the Colonies.</p>
+
+<p>Gurdon was too young to have served in the Revolution, but
+he undoubtedly worked in his father's gun manufactory as a
+boy. In due course he learned the trades of goldsmith and clockmaker
+and established his own shop in Windham, which, according
+to an advertisement (fig. 65) in <i>The Connecticut Gazette</i> of June
+11, 1784, was "a few rods north of Major Ebenezer Backus' store."</p>
+
+<p>On Christmas Day, 1785, Gurdon was married in New London
+to Temperance Williams of Groton. In 1789 their first child,
+Marvin, was born, and in October of the same year the Huntingtons
+moved from Windham to Walpole, New Hampshire. No reason
+can be found for the move, other than the possibility that Gurdon
+might have anticipated greater opportunity in the new community.
+There he applied himself to his trade as goldsmith and clockmaker,
+but apparently he was not very successful. His family
+grew, and by the time of his death there were eight children.
+Possibly in an effort to supplement his income, Huntington served
+as postmaster of the community. In about 1797, seven or eight
+years after he had moved to Walpole, his father and mother
+joined him there, and it is believed that Major Hezekiah may have
+worked as a gunsmith during that period. Eventually the senior
+Huntington returned to Windham, Connecticut, where he died
+in 1807.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Gurdon Huntington struggled on until his death
+on July 26, 1804. He died insolvent, which created a considerable
+problem in view of the large family he left behind him. Huntington's
+estate was administered by Asa Sibley, a clockmaker in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+Walpole. Sibley had moved to Walpole from his home in Woodstock,
+Connecticut, in the 1790's and he remained there until
+1808, when he again returned to Woodstock. Gurdon Huntington's
+widow removed to Bloomfield, Ohio, with her children, and
+she died there on May 25, 1823. Most of her children settled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+in Bloomfield, but several of them moved to New Hartford, New
+York.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i133.jpg" width="320" height="395" alt="Figure 65" title="Figure 65" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 65.&mdash;Advertisement of Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804) in The Connecticut
+Gazette, June 11, 1784. In collection of Connecticut Historical Society,
+Hartford.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i134.jpg" width="320" height="328" alt="Figure 66" title="Figure 66" />
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i135.jpg" width="320" height="320" alt="Figure 66b" title="Figure 66b" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 66.&mdash;Views of wooden surveying compass made by Gurdon Huntington,
+clockmaker in Walpole, New Hampshire, between 1789-1804. Made of cherry
+with folding brass sighting bars, the instrument is 14 in. long and 5-1/2 in. wide.
+In collection of the writer.</div>
+
+<p>Several examples of Huntington's clocks are known to exist in
+private collections in the United States. However, only one
+example of his scientific instruments appears to have survived.
+This is a surveying compass (fig. 66) made of wood, with brass
+sighting bars and a painted dial under glass with a steel needle.
+The dial is inscribed "<span class="smcap">G. HUNTINGTON/WALPOLE</span>." The instrument,
+which is in the collection of the writer, is made of cherry wood,
+with a riveted ball-and-socket joint of brass for insertion on a tripod.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h4><i>Jedidiah Baldwin</i></h4>
+
+<p>Jedidiah Baldwin (fl. 1790's) was another early New England
+clock and instrument maker, but little is known of his early life.
+He was a brother of Jabes Baldwin (c. 1777-1829), who worked as
+a clockmaker in Salem and Boston after serving an apprenticeship
+with Thomas Harland in Norwich, Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p>Jedidiah Baldwin also served an apprenticeship with Harland.
+In 1791 he was working in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a
+member of the firm of Stiles and Baldwin, and from 1792 to 1794
+he was a member of the firm of Stiles and Storrs, in partnership
+with Nathan Storrs.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> In about 1794 Baldwin moved to Hanover,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+New Hampshire, where he became the local postmaster, and where
+Dartmouth College records his death.</p>
+
+<p>Only one existing instrument is known to have been made by
+Baldwin; it is a wooden surveying compass with a brass dial
+having two scales, one for degrees and one for eight divisions
+per 90°. The dial is inscribed "<span class="smcap">JED BALDWIN/HANOVER</span>." According
+to its present owner, Mr. Worth Shampeny of Rochester,
+Vermont, the compass was used for surveying in Vermont during
+the early 1800's.</p>
+
+<p>Another Jedidiah Baldwin worked as a clockmaker in Morrisville,
+New York, from 1818-1820 and then in Fairfield, New York;
+he appears also in the city directory of Rochester, New York, as a
+clockmaker during the years 1834-1844. He may have been a son
+or grandson of the first Jedidiah, or a nephew.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Thomas Salter Bowles</i></h4>
+
+<p>Thomas Salter Bowles (c. 1765-?) is another elusive New England
+instrument maker about whom little information is available.
+He is believed to have been the son of Deacon Samuel and Hannah
+(Salter) Bowles, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, probably
+between 1765 and 1770. His father was born in 1739; his mother,
+who was the daughter of Captain Titus Salter, was born in 1748
+and died in 1831.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> Deacon Bowles was clerk of the Brick Market
+in Portsmouth from 1801 to the time of his death, November 3,
+1802. There is a minimum of information available from church
+and city records in the community, but it is believed that he was
+a member of one of the offshoots of the established Puritan Church,
+and hence he would not appear in its records. He kept the lower
+school in the Brick School House on State Street for a number of
+years.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that the Bowles family first came to Portsmouth
+during the few years immediately before the beginning of the
+Revolutionary War. It is known that a Thomas Bowles and a
+Samuel Bowles both signed the Association Test on August 14,
+1776, promising to oppose the hostile proceedings of the British
+fleets and armies. Furthermore, one of the principal taxpayers in
+Portsmouth in 1770 was a firm named Griffith and Bowles, which
+paid £17 in taxes in 1770. The name of the Bowles who formed
+part of this firm is not known, but it was either Samuel or the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+Thomas Bowles. The other partner was Nathaniel S. Griffith, a
+watchmaker. It is possible that a tradition of instrument making
+existed in the Bowles family even then.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p>
+
+<p>On file in the office of the City Clerk in Portsmouth are two
+certificates of marriage made out by Thomas Salter Bowles. The
+first is for his marriage to Hannah Ham, a ceremony performed on
+September 21, 1809, by Joseph Walton, one of the pastors of a
+church dissenting from the Puritan regime. Hannah was the
+daughter of William Ham, a brother of Supply Ham (1788-1862),
+a noted local clockmaker. Bowles may have served an apprenticeship
+in that shop before he married Hannah. Two other members
+of the Ham family&mdash;George Ham and Henry H. Ham&mdash;worked as
+watchmakers in Portsmouth in the same period.</p>
+
+<p>A search of the cemeteries has indicated that Hannah Ham
+Bowles died in 1811, age 20. She is buried with her infant son in
+North Cemetery.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thomas Bowles's second marriage certificate in Portsmouth is
+for his marriage on September 29, 1813&mdash;two years after Hannah's
+death&mdash;to Abiah Emerly Bradley of Haverhill, Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<p>Little is known about the work of Bowles as an instrument maker
+except through a few of his instruments. He is listed in the first
+Portsmouth directory, of 1821, as a "mathematical instrument
+maker" with a place of business on Daniel Street; his home was
+given as Austin Street in Portsmouth. He did not appear in the
+city's directories of 1827 and 1834. It is assumed that he may have
+left Portsmouth in the interim, possibly to settle in his wife's home
+town of Haverhill.</p>
+
+<p>Three instruments signed by Bowles have survived, and all show
+signs of considerable wear. They are surveying compasses made
+of walnut, having maple sighting bars and a silvered brass vernier
+set under the glass. Two examples, one in the Streeter Collection
+of Weights and Measures at Yale University and one owned
+by this writer are almost identical in size, form, and details. The
+only variation is that the Yale example (fig. 67) has a bubble level
+under a brass strip set into one end, an item lacking in the other
+example (fig. 68).</p>
+
+<p>The compass card, made from a line engraving, is identical in
+each of the three examples. A floriated fleur-de-lis on the North<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+point has a compass and square at its base, and the name <span class="smcap">T. S.
+BOWLES</span> is on a riband over it. Adorning the East point is an
+American eagle bearing a shield with stars and stripes and clutching
+arrows in one claw and a laurel twig in the other. In a ring within
+the central medallion is inscribed (see fig. 68), "* <span class="smcap">T. S. BOWLES</span> *
+<span class="smcap">PORTSMOUTH, N.H.</span> *"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i138.jpg" width="320" height="147" alt="Figure 67" title="Figure 67" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 67.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas Salter Bowles of
+Portsmouth, New Hampshire. With spirit level. Made of birch, the compass
+is 13 in. long and has a diameter of 6 in. In the Streeter Collection of
+Weights and Measures, Yale University.</div	>
+
+<p>The most interesting of the three instruments was acquired by
+the Dartmouth Museum as part of a collection of the late Frank C.
+Churchill, an inspector in the Indian Service. The instrument (fig.
+69) is a quarter circle with a compass in its center and sighting bars
+mounted on a swinging arm that reads the angle of the brass
+scale on the arc by means of a vernier. It is mounted on a wooden
+tripod with the customary ball-and-socket joint, which permits it
+to be placed on a vertical plane. A built-in plumb bob at the side
+helps to establish the vertical.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p>
+
+<p>Interesting features of this instrument are two inscriptions engraved
+on the brass strip on the top of the dial. One states that
+it was "<span class="smcap">INVENTED BY P. MERRILL ESQ.</span>" and the other relates that
+it was "<span class="smcap">MADE BY JOHN KENNARD NEWMARKET</span>." No information
+about P. Merrill has been found, and it is presumed that it was he
+who conceived the idea of combining the various elements into a
+single instrument and that it was made under his direction by
+Kennard.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i139.jpg" width="320" height="555" alt="Figure 68" title="Figure 68" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 68.&mdash;Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas Salter Bowles (1765/70-post
+1821) of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Made of walnut, it is 12 in.
+long and has a diameter of 5-3/8 in. With walnut sighting bars. In collection
+of writer.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i140.jpg" width="320" height="509" alt="walnut bars" title="walnut bars" />
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i141.jpg" width="320" height="175" alt="Figure 69" title="Figure 69" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 69.&mdash;Wooden surveying instrument inscribed &quot;Invented by P. Merrill,
+Esq.&quot; and &quot;Made by John Kennard, Newmarket.&quot; Made of walnut, 7-3/4 in. long;
+in its original pine case, with cover. The compass card and dial (see opposite)
+were made by Thomas Salter Bowles of Portsmouth. In Frank C. Churchill
+Collection, Dartmouth College Museum, Hanover, New Hampshire.</div>
+
+<p>Some data on Kennard is available in a history of Newfields
+(formerly Newmarket) by Reverend Fitts. John Kennard was
+born in Kittery, Maine, in 1782. He learned the trade of clockmaker
+in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, presumably working with
+the members of the Ham family or others. On July 3, 1806, he
+married Sarah Ewer. He lived for various periods in Nashua and
+Concord before moving to Newfields in 1812. He lived in the
+Palmer house (which was burned in September 1899), and he kept
+a store in the little community and also served as its postmaster
+from 1822 to 1824. The post office was the only public office in
+the town until the cotton mills were built on the Lamprey River
+in 1823. Kennard later built and occupied the Kennard house on
+Piscassic Street, which was subsequently owned by Jeremiah Towle
+and has since been burned. In December 1830 he established an
+iron foundry together with Temple Paul and the Drake family,
+but in 1834 he sold his interest to Amos Paul and others. He was
+the father of six children and he died in 1861. During his lifetime
+he had specialized in making tall case and banjo clocks.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="The_New_Era" id="The_New_Era"></a><i>The New Era</i></h2>
+
+
+<p>The beginning of the 19th century saw increased trading and
+shipping resulting from the economic development of the new
+republic, and the westward surge brought increased preoccupation
+with the settlement of communities and the development of land
+areas. As a consequence, the demand for instruments likewise
+increased.</p>
+
+<p>Whereas during the 18th century and until some time after the
+end of the Revolutionary War probably not more than a dozen
+instrument makers and dealers are known to have emigrated from
+England or elsewhere to make their homes and careers in the
+American Colonies, the beginning of the 19th century saw substantial
+numbers of English and French instrument makers and
+dealers immigrate to the United States, to establish shops in the
+major centers of trade.</p>
+
+<p>And whereas the names of scarcely a hundred mathematical-instrument
+makers who worked in the American Colonies during
+the 18th century are known today, the names of hundreds of
+similar 19th-century craftsmen and dealers are to be found.</p>
+
+<p>As Derek Price<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> has so cogently stated: "For scientific instrument
+makers, one need only examine the nineteenth century city
+directories of Boston, Philadelphia and New York to find hundreds
+of names of craftsmen and firms. It is, to be sure, an antiquarian
+research, for one does not expect to find great discoveries coming
+from these people. But just as in Europe, it is a populous trade,
+influential in the growth of science and highly effective in spreading
+and intensifying the itch for ingenious instruments and devices.
+It is by these men that the basic skills of the Industrial Revolution
+were populated...." By such means did American science and
+technology come of age.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="The_National_Collection" id="The_National_Collection"></a><i>The National Collection</i></h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Early American Scientific Instruments and Related Materials<br />
+in the United States National Museum,<br />
+Listed by Makers and Users</i></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Adams, George</span>; Fleet Street, London.
+(See Ellicott, Andrew; Surveying Instrument.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bardin</span>, W. &amp; T. M.; 16 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London.
+(See Priestley, Joseph: Globes.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Bennet</span>, N. (fl. 1777); Middleboro, Mass., or Middleboro, Pa.
+<i>Alidade</i>, plane table, scale 7-7/8 in. radius, compass 5-3/8 in. long.
+Brass scale and sights with compass in wooden box. Instrument
+inscribed "N. Bennet&mdash;Middlebor 1777." Although the name of
+this instrument maker does not appear on list of English or American
+makers, it is believed that he was American. USNM 319076.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ellicott, Andrew</span> (1754-1820); Baltimore, Md.
+<i>Instrument Box</i> for astronomical instruments.   Made of rosewood,
+with a hinged top, green felt underlining, brass lock, size 3 in. by
+3 in. by 11 in.   Owned and used by Andrew Ellicott for storage
+and transportation of small astronomical equipment.</p>
+
+<p>Gift of John E. Reynolds, Ellicott's great-grandson, of Meadville,
+Pa., in 1932.    USNM 310418.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal</i> and <i>Astronomical Notebook</i>, manuscript written by Andrew
+Ellicott while locating the U.S. boundary line between the United
+States and the Spanish territory of Florida, 1797-1801. Contains
+day-by-day entries of experiences, field notes, and calculations
+made by Ellicott. The major part of the manuscript was published
+in <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i>.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>    Bound volume with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132-134]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a></span>
+brown leather covers, end opening, marked "And. Ellicott," 6-1/2 in.
+by 8 in. by 2 in. First page has signature "Andrew Ellicott 1788."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i144.jpg" width="640" height="274" alt="Figure 70" title="Figure 70" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 70.&mdash;Pages from manuscript &quot;Journal and Astronomical Notebook&quot; (USNM 310417) written by Andrew Ellicott while
+locating the boundary between the United States and the Spanish territory of Florida. These pages relate to the observations
+made in 1799 at the cord of the guide line on Mobile River for determining the latitude.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i145.jpg" width="640" height="340" alt="Figure 71" title="Figure 71" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 71.&mdash;Folding plate from Andrew Ellicott&#39;s &quot;Journal and Astronomical Notebook&quot;  (USNM 310417), relating the results
+of observations made in February 1800 with the large and small sectors for determining Ellicott&#39;s position on St. Mary&#39;s River.</div>
+
+<p>Formerly the property of Ellicott's eldest daughter, Jane Judith
+Ellicott, from whom it passed to her youngest son, William Reynolds.
+It was inherited by the latter's son, John Reynolds of Meadville,
+Pa., who presented it as a gift to the U.S. National Museum
+in 1932. USNM 310417.         <span class="smcap" >Figures</span> 70, 71.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pocket Slate</i> 7-1/4 in. long and 4 in. wide, with wooden frame 7-1/4 in.
+long and 4 in. wide. Slate 5-3/4 in. long and 2-1/2 in. wide. Part of
+field equipment used by Ellicott.</p>
+
+<p>Gift of Charles Ellicott of Dansville, N.Y., in 1960. USNM
+318292.</p>
+
+<p><i>Quadrant</i> of brass made and used by Ellicott. Quadrant has a
+radius of 12 in., is on a stand 17 in. high, and has the original lenses.
+Simple construction with easy adjustment, accomplished by means
+of two plumb lines. A tangent screw for slow motions was designed
+and added in 1885 by Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Ellicott's grandson.
+Instrument was made by Ellicott about 1790 and was used in running
+the southern boundary of the United States in 1796 and 1800,
+and on other surveys.</p>
+
+<p>Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1931.
+USNM 152081.                 <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 72.</p>
+
+<p><i>Surveying Instrument</i>, with brass disk 10-1/2 in. in diameter laid off
+in degrees, minutes, and seconds with vernier points. Two telescopes,
+one fixed and the other revolving. The instrument is
+mounted on a tripod or Jacob's staff by means of a socket on the
+underside. Complete with original painted pine case. The name
+of the maker, "G. Adams London," is engraved on the dial.</p>
+
+<p>George Adams (1704-1773) was mathematical instrument
+maker to King George III. After serving an apprenticeship from
+1718, he made instruments for the East India Company in 1735
+and 1736, and established a shop at "Tycho Brahe's Head" at the
+corner of Raquet Court, Fleet Street. He specialized in terrestrial
+and celestial globes and microscopes. Following his death he was
+succeeded in business by his son George Adams the Younger
+(1750-1795), who also served as mathematical-instrument maker
+to the king.</p>
+
+<p>This instrument is believed by the donor to have been used by
+either Andrew Ellicott or by his son-in-law David Bates Douglass.</p>
+
+<p>Gift of Charles B. Curtis of Litchfield, Conn., in 1945. USNM
+312932.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i147.jpg" width="320" height="426" alt="Figure 72" title="Figure 72" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 72.&mdash;Brass quadrant made by Andrew Ellicott about 1790 and used for
+running the southern boundary of the United States about 1796 and 1800,
+and on later surveys. USNM 152081.</div>
+
+<p><i>Telescope</i>, consisting of a brass tube 3-1/2 in. long with an aperture
+of 2-3/4 in.; on its original brass tripod, with a serviceable altazimuth
+mounting. Late 18th century. Made by "W. &amp; S. Jones/135
+Holborn/London."</p>
+
+<p>The firm of "W. &amp; S. Jones" was a partnership of two brothers,
+Samuel and William Jones, opticians, who worked at 30 Lower
+Holborn and at 135 Holborn in London, from 1793.    They bought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+the copyright to the books of George Adams, and subsequently
+largely carried on the original business of the Adams instrument
+makers.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> its author describes this instrument
+as the first of "Two Acromatic Telescopes for Taking
+signals, with sliding tubes, one of them drew out to upwards
+of 4 feet, and the other to about 15 inches, the latter for its length
+is remarkably good, it shows the satellites of Jupiter very
+distinctly."</p>
+
+<p>Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1899.
+USNM 152082.            <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 73.</p>
+
+<p><i>Telescope</i>, draw type, made of brass with acromatic lens, length 11
+in. Incomplete, and maker not known. The second of the instruments
+described in <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> as an acromatic
+telescope. Used for taking signals, with sliding tubes, which
+draw out to about 15 in. It was considered to be remarkably
+good for its length, and showed the satellites of Jupiter very
+distinctly.</p>
+
+<p>Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931.
+USNM 152085.</p>
+
+<p><i>Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument</i>, made entirely of brass,
+with original lens now broken. The instrument is described by
+Ellicott in the following extract from <i>The Journal of Andrew
+Ellicott</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Preparatory to beginning the ten mile square [of Washington] a Meridian was
+traced at Jones' Point on the West of the Potomac. From this Meridian an
+angle of 45 degrees was laid off North Westerly and a straight line continued
+in that direction ten miles.... From the termination of this second line a
+third making a right angle with it was carried South-Easterly ten miles:
+and from the beginning on Jones' Point a fourth was carried ten miles to the
+termination of the third. These lines were measured with a chain which
+was examined and corrected daily, and plumbed whenever the ground was
+uneven, and traced with a transit and equal altitude instrument which I constructed
+and executed in 1789 and used in running the Western boundary of
+the State of New York. This instrument was similar to that described by
+Le Monnier in his preface to the French "Histoire Celeste." ... All the
+lines in this city in which I have been concerned were traced with the same
+instrument which I used on the lines of the ten mile square but as the Northern
+part was not finished when I left that place, I cannot pretend to say what
+method has since been pursued.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931.
+USNM 152080.              <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 10.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i149.jpg" width="320" height="221" alt="Figure 73" title="Figure 73" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 73.&mdash;Telescope used by Andrew Ellicott for his survey of the boundary
+between the United States and the Spanish territory of Florida. The instrument
+is signed &quot;W. &amp; S. Jones, 135 Holborn, London.&quot; USNM 152082.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ellis, Orange Warner</span> (18th century).
+<i>Theodolite</i>, about 1780, brass; horizontal circle 5 in., vertical circle
+5 in., telescope 7-1/2 in., compass 3 in.; spirit level set into compass
+card; spirit level attached to telescope; fixed vertical circle; unsigned.
+Used by Orange Warner Ellis about 1780 in the surveying
+of the boundary between the United States and Canada, the area
+which is now Vermont.</p>
+
+<p>Acquired from Miss Mary N. Ellis of Chicago, Ill., in 1929.
+USNM 309596.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 74.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frye, Joseph</span> (fl. 1762-1783), Fryeburg, Maine.
+<i>Manuscript Booklet</i> of "Tables Useful in Surveying Land, made and
+presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November
+18, A. D. 1783." Size 6-1/4 in. by 3-7/8 in., 16 pages, paper covers,
+marked "Fryeburg Joseph Frye AD MDCCLXXXIII."</p>
+
+<p>Loan from Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey, in 1957.
+USNM 315062.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 45.</p>
+
+<p>(See Greenough, Thomas, for surveying compass used by Joseph
+Frye.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i150.jpg" width="320" height="326" alt="Figure 74" title="Figure 74" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 74.&mdash;Theodolite used by Orange Warner Ellis about 1780 for surveying
+boundary between the United States and Canada in the area which is now
+Vermont. USNM 309596.</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Greenough, Thomas</span> (1710-1785), Boston, Mass.
+<i>Surveying Compass</i>, made of hickory with engraved paper compass
+card. Over-all length 11 ft.; dial 5-1/2 in. in diameter. Central
+medallion on card depicts man along shoreline using a Davis
+quadrant with a schooner offshore, with touches of red. Inscribed
+in gilt in band around central medallion: "Made and Sold by
+<span class="smcap">THOMAS GREENOUGH</span>, Boston, New Eng." Used by Joseph Frye
+in 1762 for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg,
+Maine. Loan from Laurits C. Eichner, Clifton, N.J., in 1957.
+USNM 315001. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 44.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(See also, Frye, Joseph, manuscript booklet of "Tables Useful
+for Surveying Land ... ")</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hagger, William Guyse</span>, (C. 1748?-1830?), Newport, R.I.
+<i>Backstaff</i>, or <i>Davis Quadrant</i>, about 1760-1770, made of dark wood
+with scales and sights of boxwood, 25 in. long, 14 in. wide at large
+arc and 5 in. wide at small arc. Inscribed as follows: "W<sup>m</sup> G.
+Hagger Newp<sup>t</sup> R. Island/For M<sup>r</sup>&mdash;&mdash;." The name of the original
+owner has been blocked out by the insertion of a piece of ivory.
+This quadrant was acquired from Mrs. Carola Paine of Bethel,
+Conn., in 1961. USNM 319029.       <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 59.</p>
+
+<p>Davis quadrants signed by Hagger are in the Comstock Memorial
+Collection of the Rhode Island Historical Society (dated
+1776); in the Shepley Library in Providence, R.I. (dated 1768);
+and in the Peabody Museum at Salem, Mass. (dated 1775).</p>
+
+<p>Also in the U.S. National Museum is an unsigned quadrant
+(USNM 178975) that is almost identical in detail to the one signed
+by Hagger. It is the gift of A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.
+Another almost identical instrument, in the collection of the Franklin
+Institute, is signed "C. Elliott, New London, 1764"; it differs
+from the other two only in that a lens is combined in the middle
+sight.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Holbecher, John</span>, (fl. 1738).
+<i>Backstaff</i>, or <i>Davis Quadrant</i>, of dark wood with boxwood scales and
+vanes. Length 25-1/2 in.; large arc 15 in. Inscribed "Made by
+John Holbecher/ For Capt. Joseph Swan&mdash;1738."</p>
+
+<p>Holbecher is not listed as an English or American instrument
+maker, but it is believed that the instrument is American.</p>
+
+<p>Acquired from Bern C. Ritchie &amp; Co., Chicago, Ill., in 1960.
+USNM 318439.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Johnson, John</span>, Surveyor, 1818.
+(See Rittenhouse &amp; Evans, surveying compass.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jones, W. &amp; S.</span>, 135 Holborn, London.
+(See Ellicott, Andrew, telescope.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pierce, Abner</span>, (c. 1790).
+<i>Surveying Compass</i> with Jacob's staff. Made of brass; 12 in. long;
+5 in. in diameter; with needle lift. Jacob's staff 4 ft. high and with
+wood shaft about 1-1/2 in.; brass head. Unsigned. Used about
+1790 by Abner Pierce, who built Pierce's Mill in Rock Creek,
+District of Columbia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Gift of Mrs. Francis D. Shoemaker of Washington, D.C., in
+1930. USNM 309826.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Priestley, Joseph</span> (1733-1804), Northumberland, Pa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chemical Apparatus</i> that formed part of the laboratory of Joseph
+Priestley at his home. It includes the following specimens:
+3 chemical retorts, 6 bell jars, 1 gas collecting flask, 6 flasks,
+4 funnels, 23 miscellaneous metal and glass objects, and 1 eudiometer.
+A special exhibition of some of this chemical apparatus
+was held in the U.S. National Museum in 1958 (see fig. 69).</p>
+
+<p>
+Gift of Miss Frances D. Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in
+1958. USNM 315341-315358.           <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 75.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Globes</i>, one terrestrial (fig. 76) and one celestial (fig. 77), that formed
+part of the equipment used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. The terrestrial
+globe, of 26 in. diameter, has a Sheraton mahogany tripod stand
+and is inscribed&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>To the Rt. Honorable/Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B./President of the Royal
+Society/containing all the latest Discoveries and Communications from
+the most/correct surveys to the year 1798/by Capt. Cook and more recent
+Navigators. Engraved upon an accurate degree by Mr. Arrowsmith,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 141-142]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a></span>
+Geographer/Respectfully Dedicated/by his most obedient servant/W. &amp;
+T. M. Bardin/Manufactured and Sold Wholesale and Retail by W. &amp; T. M.
+Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet Street, London.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i152.jpg" width="640" height="446" alt="Figure 75" title="Figure 75" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 75.&mdash;Special exhibition of chemical laboratory apparatus used by
+Dr. Joseph Priestley.  USNM 315341-351358.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i153.jpg" width="320" height="521" alt="Figure 76" title="Figure 76" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 76.&mdash;Terrestrial globe made by W. &amp; T. M. Bardin of London and used
+by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 26 in. USNM 53253.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i155.jpg" width="320" height="551" alt="Figure 77" title="Figure 77" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 77.&mdash;Celestial globe made by W. &amp; T. M. Bardin of London and used by
+Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 23 in. USNM 53254.</div>
+
+
+<p>The celestial globe, also with a Sheraton mahogany tripod
+stand, has a diameter of 23 in. and is inscribed&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>To the Rev./Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S./Astronomer Royal/This
+New British Celestial Globe/containing the positions of nearly 6,000 stars,
+clusters, nebulae, Planetary Nebulae/&amp; correctly computed &amp; laid down
+for the year 1800 from the latest observations and discoveries by Dr. Maskelyne,
+Dr. Herschel, the Rev. Mr. Wollaston, etc., etc./Is respectfully dedicated
+by his most obedient hmbl Servants W. &amp; T. M. Bardin, Manufactured and
+sold Wholesale &amp; Retail by W. &amp; T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet
+Street, London.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Gifts of Mrs. Eliza R. Lyon of Williamsport, Pa., in 1893.
+USNM 53253, 53254.      <span class="smcap">Figures</span> 76, 77.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Orrery</i>, mounted on three legs 31 in. high, round top 22-1/2 in. in
+diameter. The planets shown are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth,
+Jupiter, and Saturn. The base is not original. Maker not known;
+English, 18th century.</p>
+
+<p>
+Gift of Miss Frances Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958.
+USNM 315353.       <span class="smcap">Figures</span> 76, 77.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rittenhouse, Benjamin</span> (1740-c. 1820).</p>
+
+<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, about 1796, of brass, 13-1/2 in. long over-all and
+6-1/2 in. diameter. Supported on a tripod by means of a ball-and-socket
+joint and screw-tightening device. The name "A. Ellicott"
+is inscribed on one arm outside the bezel of the dial, and the name
+"B. Rittenhouse" is inscribed on the other arm. The number "10"
+is marked on the reverse of this instrument, which is listed in the
+<i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> as Item 9: "A Surveying Compass made
+by Mr. Benjamin Rittenhouse upon the newest and most approved
+plans."</p>
+
+<p>
+Gift of Henry B. Douglass of Newton, N.J., in 1934. USNM
+310815.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 78.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rittenhouse, David</span> (1732-1796), Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, brass, over-all length 14 in., diameter 6-1/2 in.,
+silvered dial marked with eight-pointed star indicating the cardinal
+and intermediate points, glazed. Inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia."
+Fitted with a ball-and-socket joint for mounting on a
+tripod, and complete with wooden field case.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i156.jpg" width="320" height="180" alt="Figure 78" title="Figure 78" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 78.&mdash;Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin Rittenhouse for Andrew
+Ellicott and inscribed with both names. The instrument is described in Journal
+of Andrew Ellicott (Philadelphia, 1803).   USNM 310815.</div>
+
+<p>Stated to have been used by General Washington for laying out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 143-144]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a></span>
+the estate of Mount Vernon, according to family manuscripts. It
+was made by David Rittenhouse and presented by him to General
+Washington, who subsequently gave it to Capt. Samuel Duvall.</p>
+
+<p>A manuscript consisting of 14 letters relating to the surveying
+compass is filed in the U.S. National Museum (USNM 92542).
+The letters were written in 1851 and 1852 by George Washington
+Parke Custis, Anthony Kimmel, and other Washington descendants.</p>
+
+<p>Gift of Anthony Kimmel to the U.S. Government, and transferred
+to the U.S. National Museum in  1883.    USNM 92538. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 79.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zenith Sector</i> for measuring the angle between a star at its zenith
+and the vertical. Made of brass, with focal length of 6 ft. and an
+aperture of 2-1/2 in. The original lens was made in London about
+1780. The instrument was made in the old pattern with brass
+tube and mountings and a wooden supporting post. The tube is
+suspended by trunnions at the top and swings against a graduated
+arc extending north and south for measuring zenith distances in
+the meridian. It is adjusted in the vertical by a plumb line whose
+errors are eliminated by reversing the whole mounting about the
+supporting post. Constructed principally by David Rittenhouse,
+with some modifications by Andrew Ellicott.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i157.jpg" width="320" height="167" alt="Figure 79" title="Figure 79" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 79.&mdash;Surveying compass made by David Rittenhouse for Gen. George
+Washington, inscribed &quot;Rittenhouse, Philadelphia.&quot; This instrument was
+used by Washington in making a complete survey of his estate at Mount
+Vernon, 1796-1799. The survey was assisted by Capt. Samuel Duval, surveyor
+of Frederick County, Maryland. Washington gave the instrument to Captain
+Duval, from whom it descended to the Hon. Anthony Kimmel, who donated
+it to the U.S. National Museum. USNM 92538.</div>
+
+<p>In the <i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> its author referred to this
+sector as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The boundary line to the North of Pennsylvania was fixed by Dr. Rittenhouse
+and Captain Holland in the year 1774 and completed in 1786 and 1787.
+We commenced operations by running a guide line west from the point mentioned
+on the Delaware 20-1/4 miles and there corrected by the following
+Zenith distances taken at its West termination by a most excellent sector constructed
+and executed by Dr. Rittenhouse.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The zenith sector is again mentioned in the appendix of the
+<i>Journal</i>: "One Zenith Sector of nearly six feet radius similar to
+the one made by Mr. [George] Graham for Dr. Bradley and Mr.
+Molyneux, with which the aberrations of the stars and mutation
+of the earth's axis were discovered, and the quantities determined."</p>
+
+<p>Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM
+152078.        <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 11.</p>
+
+<p><i>Zenith Sector</i>, made of brass, original lens broken. Constructed
+by David Rittenhouse with some additions made by Andrew
+Ellicott. In The <i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i> the instrument is
+described as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+Zenith Sector of 19 inches radius to be used when the utmost accuracy
+was not necessary, and where the transportation of the large one could not
+be effected without great expense and difficulty. These instruments were
+principally executed by my late worthy and ingenious friend, Mr. Rittenhouse,
+except some additions which I have made myself. The plumb lines of both
+Sectors are suspended from a notch above the axis of the instruments in the
+manner described by the Rev. Dr. Maskelyne, the present Astronomer
+Royal at Greenwich, in the introduction to the first volume of his Astronomical
+Observations. A particular description of those instruments is rendered
+unnecessary by being accurately done in a number of scientific works, particularly
+by M. de Maupertius in his account of the measurement of a degree
+of the meridian under the Arctic Circle&mdash;The Sector is of all instruments
+the best calculated for measuring zenith distances which come within its arc.
+The large one above mentioned [large Zenith Sector] extends to 5 degrees
+North, and South of the Zenith. Stars when so near the Zenith are insensibly
+affected by the different refractive powers of the Atmosphere arising from
+its different degrees of density. Add to this that the error of the visual axis
+is completely corrected by taking the Zenith distances of the stars with the
+plane, or face of the instrument both East and West. USNM 152079. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 80.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rittenhouse &amp; Evans</span>, Philadelphia, Pa., 18th century.</p>
+
+<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, about 1780, made of brass, overall length
+13-3/4 in., diameter of dial 5-1/4 in., silvered bubble level, vernier on
+alidade. The glazed dial, engraved "Rittenhouse &amp; Evans," is
+fitted with a brass cover.</p>
+
+<p>This instrument was made during a brief partnership between
+David Rittenhouse and David Evans, a clock- and watchmaker of
+Philadelphia and Baltimore. It was one of several owned and
+used by John Johnson in 1818 for surveying the boundaries
+between Canada and Maine.</p>
+
+<p>The survey, made in compliance with the Treaty of Ghent, is
+described in <i>The Collections of the Maine Historical Society</i> (Portland:
+Hoyt, Fogg &amp; Donham, 1881, vol. 8, p. 20):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Thomas Barclay, of whom we have heard more than once before, as a
+Commissioner under the treaty, on the part of Great Britain, and Cornelius P.
+Van Ness, on the part of the United States, were appointed Commissioners to
+ascertain and run the line. An actual survey was arranged, and surveyors
+appointed, to wit: Charles Turner, Jr., on the part of the United States, and
+Colin Campbell on the part of Great Britain. About twenty miles of the
+line was surveyed, then the work was discontinued, never to be resumed; but
+an exploring survey was commenced by Colonel Bouchette, on the part of
+Great Britain, and John Johnson, on the part of the United States. These
+gentlemen made an exploring line in 1817, extending ninety-nine miles from
+the monument at the head of the river St. Croix, and made separate reports of
+their doings. In 1818 Mr. Johnson, with Mr. Odell, who had taken the place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147-148]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a></span>
+of Col. Bouchette, finished running the exploring line to the Beaver or Metis
+River....</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i159.jpg" width="320" height="711" alt="Figure 80" title="Figure 80" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 80.&mdash;Zenith sector, with a radius of 19 in., constructed by David Rittenhouse
+for Andrew Ellicott. USNM 152079.</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i160.jpg" width="320" height="196" alt="Figure 81" title="Figure 81" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 81.&mdash;Brass surveying compass marked &quot;Rittenhouse &amp; Evans,&quot; about
+1780. Over-all length, 13-3/4 in.; diameter of dial, 5-1/4 in. This instrument,
+made about 1780, was owned and used by John Johnson in 1818 for surveying
+the boundaries between Canada and Maine. USNM 309543.</div>
+
+<p>Gift of John Johnson Allen of Burlington, Vt., in 1927. USNM
+309543. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 81.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thompson</span>, Captain <span class="smcap">Samuel Rowland</span> (18th century); Lewes, Del.
+<i>Octant</i> made of dark wood and with lignum vitae; brass fittings.
+This harbormaster's instrument, used by Captain Thompson during
+the second half of the 18th century, is without numerical designations
+on the arc. The eighth part of a circle is connected to an apex
+by two side pieces with a swinging arm hinged at the apex, with a
+blade at its end that moves along a checkered scale on the arc.</p>
+
+<p>Gift of George Andrews Thompson of Baltimore, Md., in 1926.
+USNM 308473.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Voight, Henry</span> (1738-1814), Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Equal Altitude Telescope</i> of brass, 17 in. long, on wooden tripod
+about 46 in. high. Objective lens is missing. Signed "Henry
+Voigt." Made about 1790 and used for determining meridian
+lines and time observation of the sun's noon transit. This form of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+instrument was originally invented about 1716 by Roger Cotes,
+professor of astronomy at Cambridge, as a simple instrument for
+the determination of time.</p>
+
+<p>Deposited in the U.S. National Museum by the Smithsonian
+Institution in 1939. USNM 311772.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 31.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Washington, General George</span> (1732-1799), Mount Vernon, Va.</p>
+
+<p><i>Compass Sundial</i> described by the donor as having been presented
+to Gen. George Washington by General Braddock on the retreat
+through Paris Gap, Fairfax County, Va. Gift of Samuel Keese
+in 1902. USNM 9842.</p>
+
+<p><i>Field Glass</i>, brass tube in three sections, length closed 9 in., opened
+22-1/2 in. Diameter of object lens 1-3/4 in., of ocular lens 1-1/8 in. With
+original case of russet leather, which is 9-1/2 in. long and 2-1/2 in. in
+diameter. Maker not known. Stated to have been used by
+Washington during the Revolutionary War at the campaign of
+Valley Forge.</p>
+
+<p>According to related correspondence, when not in use the
+instrument was carried by the General's body servant, Billy Lee.
+The General presented the field glass to Major Lawrence Lewis,
+his favorite nephew, in 1799, the last year of his life.</p>
+
+<p>Purchased by the U.S. Government from the Lewis heirs in 1878
+and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM
+92424, 92425.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 82.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spyglass or Telescope</i>, made of wood, 9-sided, wrapped throughout
+with twine, 62 in. long. Brass mountings for object and ocular
+lenses made by "Cole, Fleet Street, London." Diameter of object
+lens 2-3/4 in., diameter of ocular lens 1 in.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i161.jpg" width="320" height="89" alt="Figure 82" title="Figure 82" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 82.&mdash;Brass field glass in case of russet leather, stated to have been used
+by General George Washington at Valley Forge. USNM 92424, 92425.</div>
+
+<p>The maker, Benjamin Cole (1725-1813), was the third generation
+of instrument makers of the same name. Other instruments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+by this maker are in the National Maritime Museum and the
+Whipple Museum, Cambridge.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i162.jpg" width="320" height="41" alt="Figure 83" title="Figure 83" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 83.&mdash;Telescope, 62 in. long, made of wood wrapped with twine. It was
+made by Benjamin Cole of London and was owned and used by Gen. George
+Washington at Mount Vernon. USNM 92423.</div>
+
+<p>This telescope, used by General Washington at Mount Vernon,
+"was kept behind the hall door and his favorite amusement was to
+look out over the river with it." According to Mrs. Lewis, the
+General used it to observe life on the river and especially to discover
+guests approaching Mount Vernon, as many of their visitors
+arrived by boat. Benjamin Latrobe, the architect, on a visit to
+Mount Vernon made an amusing sketch of his host looking
+anxiously up the stream for some belated dinner guests.</p>
+
+<p>Part of the collection purchased from the Lewis heirs in 1878 by
+the U.S. Government and transferred to the U.S. National Museum
+in 1883. USNM 92423.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 83.</p>
+
+<p><i>Survey of Land</i>, drawn and documented by George Washington
+on April 2, 1751 for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va.
+Paper, 12 in. wide by 7-3/4 in. high.</p>
+
+<p>This survey was made by Washington when he was 19 years of
+age, and it is believed to be the only such document relating to
+his earliest period as a surveyor. Washington was licensed as a
+surveyor by the President and Masters of William and Mary
+College in 1749. On July 20th of the same year he was appointed
+surveyor in Culpepper County, Va., by Governor Dinwiddie.</p>
+
+<p>Acquired in 1961. USNM 238367.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 84.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">White, Peregrine</span> (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.</p>
+
+<p><i>Surveying Compass</i>, about 1790, made of brass, complete with
+original case, tripod, and gunter's chain. The instrument measures
+12-1/4 in. overall. The dial, with a diameter of 5-5/8 in. and a pewter
+vernier ring, is inscribed "<span class="smcap">PEREGRINE WHITE</span>/Woodstock." Tripod
+is 57-1/2 in. long and has walnut legs and a brass universal socket
+joint. Gift of Dr. and  Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood.</p>
+
+<p>USNM 388993. <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 23.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i163.jpg" width="640" height="405" alt="Figure 84" title="Figure 84" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 84.&mdash;Survey of land drawn and documented by George Washington for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va., in
+1751. Size: 12 in. wide, 7-3/4 in. high. USNM 238367.</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whitney, Thomas</span> (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pocket Compass</i> of brass encased in brassbound mahogany box with
+separate carrying case. Paper dial is inscribed "T. Whitney/
+Phil<sup>a</sup>." Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and Clark
+Expedition to the Pacific Coast in 1803-1806. USNM 38366.      <span class="smcap">Figure</span> 85.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img class="p2" src="images/i164.jpg" width="320" height="357" alt="Figure 85" title="Figure 85" />
+</div>
+<div class="caption">Figure 85.&mdash;Pocket compass made and signed by Thomas Whitney of Philadelphia.
+With original carrying case. Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and
+Clark expedition to the Pacific Coast, 1803-1806. USNM 38366.</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Appendix" id="Appendix"></a>Appendix</h2>
+
+<h3>SURVIVING WOODEN SURVEYING COMPASSES</h3>
+
+<p class="center">(Asterisk denotes information unavailable)</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="compasses">
+
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Collection</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Type of wood</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Length (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Width (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Height of bars (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Length of needle (in.)</i> </td><td align="left"><i>Maker and period</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">             </td><td align="left">               </td><td align="left">               </td><td align="left">              </td><td align="left">                       </td><td align="left">                         </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td align="left">Preston R. Bassett                   </td><td align="left">Maple           </td><td align="left">9      </td><td align="left">5     </td><td align="left">3-1/4 </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bucks County Historical Society      </td><td align="left">Cherry          </td><td align="left">11     </td><td align="left">5-1/2 </td><td align="left">6-5/8 </td><td align="left">2-3/8 </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bostonian Society                    </td><td align="left">Apple or walnut </td><td align="left">13-7/8 </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">4-3/4 </td><td align="left">John Dupee of Boston (after 1761)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dartmouth College Museum             </td><td align="left">Walnut          </td><td align="left">7-3/4  </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles of Portsmouth, N.H. (c. 1765-1821)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">*               </td><td align="left">12     </td><td align="left">8     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">*               </td><td align="left">8-3/8  </td><td align="left">4-5/8 </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">L. C. Eichner (U.S. National Museum) </td><td align="left">Hickory         </td><td align="left">11     </td><td align="left">5-1/2 </td><td align="left">3     </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Farmer's Museum                      </td><td align="left">Oak             </td><td align="left">12-3/4 </td><td align="left">6-1/2 </td><td align="left">5     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Franklin Institute                   </td><td align="left">Gum             </td><td align="left">13-3/4 </td><td align="left">5-3/4 </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">5     </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mariner's Museum                     </td><td align="left">*               </td><td align="left">*      </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Charles Thacher (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Old Sturbridge                       </td><td align="left">Maple           </td><td align="left">13     </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Maple           </td><td align="left">11-5/8 </td><td align="left">5-7/8 </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Walnut          </td><td align="left">18     </td><td align="left">8     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Aaron Breed of Boston (1791-1861)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">New Hampshire Historical Society     </td><td align="left">Maple           </td><td align="left">11     </td><td align="left">5-3/4 </td><td align="left">2-1/2 </td><td align="left">4-5/8 </td><td align="left">Joseph Halsy of Boston (fl. 1697-1762)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N. Parker<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>                            </td><td align="left">Walnut          </td><td align="left">13-1/2 </td><td align="left">4-7/8 </td><td align="left">5     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">John Dupee of Boston (after 1761)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Peabody Museum                       </td><td align="left">*               </td><td align="left">11     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">3     </td><td align="left">James Halsy II of Boston (1695-1767)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Worth Shampeny                       </td><td align="left">*               </td><td align="left">*      </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin of Hanover, N.H. (c. 1777-1829)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">South Natick Historical Society      </td><td align="left">Apple or walnut </td><td align="left">13-16  </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">4-7/8 </td><td align="left">John Dupee of Boston (after 1761)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Streeter Coll., Yale University      </td><td align="left">Birch           </td><td align="left">13     </td><td align="left">6     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles of Portsmouth, N.H. (c.1765-1821)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Cherry          </td><td align="left">11-5/6 </td><td align="left">6     </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Jere Clough of Boston (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Cherry          </td><td align="left">12     </td><td align="left">6     </td><td align="left">3-1/2 </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Benjamin Warren of Plymouth, Mass. (fl. 1740-1790)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Roleigh L. Stubbs                    </td><td align="left">Cherry          </td><td align="left">7-1/2  </td><td align="left">3-3/4 </td><td align="left">3     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Silvio A. Bedini                     </td><td align="left">Walnut          </td><td align="left">12     </td><td align="left">5-3/8 </td><td align="left">5     </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles of Portsmouth, N.H. (c. 1765-1821)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Pine            </td><td align="left">5-3/4  </td><td align="left">3-1/2 </td><td align="left">2-1/2 </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Mahogany        </td><td align="left">*      </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Unsigned (18th century)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Basswood        </td><td align="left">12     </td><td align="left">5-3/4 </td><td align="left">2-3/4 </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough of Boston (1710-1785)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Birch           </td><td align="left">18     </td><td align="left">7-1/2 </td><td align="left">7-1/2 </td><td align="left">6     </td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter of Boston (1769-1842)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Mahogany        </td><td align="left">13     </td><td align="left">7-1/4 </td><td align="left">4-1/4 </td><td align="left">6     </td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter of Boston (1769-1842)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Yellow birch    </td><td align="left">8-1/4  </td><td align="left">4     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">4-1/4 </td><td align="left">Benjamin K. Hagger of Boston and Baltimore (c. 1769-1834)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">Cherry          </td><td align="left">14     </td><td align="left">5-1/2 </td><td align="left">6-3/8 </td><td align="left">4-3/4 </td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington of Windham, Conn. and Walpole, N.H. (1763-1804)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Yale Gallery of Fine Art             </td><td align="left">Mahogany        </td><td align="left">11-1/2 </td><td align="left">5     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">*     </td><td align="left">Andrew Newell of Boston (1749-c. 1798)</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                     </td><td align="left">                </td><td align="left">       </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left">      </td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND
+INSTRUMENT MAKERS</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Alphabetical List</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">(Asterisk denotes information unavailable.)</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="makers">
+<tr><td align="left"><i> Name</i>                                                                   </td><td align="left"><i> Period</i>                               </td><td align="left"><i> Place</i>                                                                             </td><td align="left"><i> Types of instruments</i>                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bailey, John                                                             </td><td align="left">fl. 1778                               </td><td align="left">Fishkill, N. Y.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; surgical                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bailey, John, II                                                         </td><td align="left">1752-1823                              </td><td align="left">Hanover and Lynn, Mass.                                                             </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Baily, Joel (practitioner)                                               </td><td align="left">1732-1797                              </td><td align="left">West Bradford, Pa.                                                                  </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Baldwin, Jedidiah                                                        </td><td align="left">c. 1777-1829                           </td><td align="left">Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass.; Hanover, N. H.                               </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Banneker, Benjamin (practitioner)                                        </td><td align="left">c. 1734-1806                           </td><td align="left">Baltimore                                                                           </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Benson, John                                                             </td><td align="left">fl. 1793-1797                          </td><td align="left">*                                                                                   </td><td align="left">Optical                                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Biddle, Owen (practitioner)                                              </td><td align="left">1737-1799                              </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Biggs, Thomas                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1792-1795                          </td><td align="left">New York and Philadelphia                                                           </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Blakslee, Ziba                                                           </td><td align="left">1768-1834                              </td><td align="left">Newtown, Conn.                                                                      </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Blundy, Charles                                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1753                               </td><td align="left">Charleston, S. C.                                                                   </td><td align="left">Thermometric; watches                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bowles, Thomas S.                                                        </td><td align="left">c. 1765-1821                           </td><td align="left">Portsmouth, N. H.                                                                   </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Breed, Aaron                                                             </td><td align="left">1791-1861                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Brokaw, Isaac                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1771                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">*                                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bulmain &amp; Dennies                                                    </td><td align="left">fl. 1799                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Nautical                                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Burges, Bartholomew                                                      </td><td align="left">fl. 1789                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Scientific                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Burnap, Daniel                                                           </td><td align="left">1759-1838                              </td><td align="left">East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.                                                    </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Caritat, H.                                                              </td><td align="left">fl. 1799                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Astronomical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr.                                                  </td><td align="left">1723-1791                              </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chandlee &amp; Bros.                                                     </td><td align="left">fl. 1790-1791                          </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Clocks; surveying                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Ellis                                                          </td><td align="left">1755-1816                              </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Ellis &amp; Bros.                                              </td><td align="left">fl. 1791-1797                          </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Clocks; surveying                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Goldsmith                                                      </td><td align="left">c. 1751-1821                           </td><td align="left">Winchester, Va.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; astronomical; clocks                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chandlee, Isaac                                                          </td><td align="left">1760-1813                              </td><td align="left">Nottingham, Md.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Clark, Robert                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1785                               </td><td align="left">Charleston, S.C.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Nautical; surveying optical                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Clough, Jere                                                             </td><td align="left">18th century                           </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Condy, Benjamin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>                                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1756-1798, d. 1798                 </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical; sand glasses                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Crow, George                                                             </td><td align="left">c. 1726-1772                           </td><td align="left">Wilmington, Del.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dabney, John, Jr.                                                        </td><td align="left">fl. 1739                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dakin, Jonathan                                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1745                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical; balances                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Davenport, William                                                       </td><td align="left">1778-1829                              </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dean, William                                                            </td><td align="left">(?-1797)                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Devacht, Joseph and Francois                                             </td><td align="left">fl. 1792                               </td><td align="left">Gallipolis, Ohio                                                                    </td><td align="left">Watches; compasses; sundials                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Donegan (or Denegan), John                                               </td><td align="left">fl. 1787                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Glass; philosophical                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Donegany, John (see Donegan)                                             </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Doolittle, Enos clocks                                                   </td><td align="left">1751-1806                              </td><td align="left">Hartford, Conn.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical;                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Doolittle, Isaac                                                         </td><td align="left">1721-1800                              </td><td align="left">New Haven, Conn.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Clocks; scientific                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Doolittle, Isaac, Jr.                                                    </td><td align="left">1759-1821                              </td><td align="left">New Haven, Conn.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Dupee, John                                                              </td><td align="left">fl. after 1761                         </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ellicott, Andrew (also practitioner)                                     </td><td align="left">1754-1820                              </td><td align="left">Baltimore                                                                           </td><td align="left">Surveying; astronomical                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Emery, Samuel                                                            </td><td align="left">1787-1882                              </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass.                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Evans, George                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1796; d. 1798                      </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fairman, Gideon (See Hooker and Fairman)                                 </td><td align="left">1774-1827                              </td><td align="left">Newburyport, Mass.                                                                  </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fisher, Martin                                                           </td><td align="left">fl. 1790                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Glass                                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Folger, Peter (practitioner?)                                            </td><td align="left">1617-1690                              </td><td align="left">Nantucket                                                                           </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Folger, Walter, Jr. surveying                                            </td><td align="left">1765-1849                              </td><td align="left">Nantucket                                                                           </td><td align="left">Astronomical; Surveying                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ford, George                                                             </td><td align="left">fl. late 18th century to 1842          </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa.                                                                      </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ford, George, II                                                         </td><td align="left">fl. 1842                               </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa.                                                                      </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fosbrook, W.                                                             </td><td align="left">fl. 1786 or earlier                    </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Surgical; dental                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gatty, Joseph                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1794                               </td><td align="left">New York and Philadelphia                                                           </td><td align="left">Glass; philosophical                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gilman, Benjamin C.                                                      </td><td align="left">1763-1835                              </td><td align="left">Exeter, N.H.                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gilmur, Bryan                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. end of 18th century                </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Godfrey, Thomas                                                          </td><td align="left">1704-1749                              </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Improved reflecting backstaff                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gould, John                                                              </td><td align="left">fl. 1794                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Nautical; surgical; optical                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grainger, Samuel (practitioner)                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1719                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greenleaf, Stephen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>                                                       </td><td align="left">1704-1795                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greenough, Thomas                                                        </td><td align="left">1710-1785                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying; nautical; astronomical            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greenough, William                                                       </td><td align="left">fl. 1785                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greenwood, Isaac, Sr. (practitioner)                                     </td><td align="left">fl. 1726                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Greenwood, Isaac, Jr.                                                    </td><td align="left">1730-1803                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grew, Theophilus (practitioner)                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1753                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hagger, Benjamin King                                                    </td><td align="left">c. 1769-1834                           </td><td align="left">Boston and Baltimore                                                                </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hagger, William Guyse                                                    </td><td align="left">c. 1744-1830?                          </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I.                                                                       </td><td align="left">Nautical                                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Halsie, James, I (practitioner)                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1674                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Halsy, James, II                                                         </td><td align="left">1695-1767                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Halsy, John                                                              </td><td align="left">fl. 1700                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Halsy, Joseph                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1697-1762                          </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ham, James                                                               </td><td align="left">fl. 1754-1764                          </td><td align="left">New York and Philadelphia                                                           </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ham, James, Jr.                                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1780                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hamlin, William                                                          </td><td align="left">1772-1869                              </td><td align="left">Providence, R. I.                                                                   </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical; astronomical                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hanks, Benjamin                                                          </td><td align="left">1755-1824                              </td><td align="left">Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hanks, Truman                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1808                               </td><td align="left">Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Harland, Thomas                                                          </td><td align="left">1735-1807                              </td><td align="left">Norwich, Conn.                                                                      </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Heisely, Frederick A.                                                    </td><td align="left">1759-1839                              </td><td align="left">Frederick, Md.; Lancaster, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.                          </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying; clocks                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Heisely, George                                                          </td><td align="left">1789-1880                              </td><td align="left">Harrisburg, Pa.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Clocks; mathematical                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hinton, William                                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1772                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hoff, George                                                             </td><td align="left">1740-1816                              </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa.                                                                      </td><td align="left">Clocks; surveying                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Holcomb, Amasa (also practitioner)                                       </td><td align="left">1787-1875                              </td><td align="left">Southwick, Mass.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Surveying; astronomical                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hooker &amp; Fairman (William Hooker and Gideon Fairman)                 </td><td align="left">before 1810                            </td><td align="left">Newburyport, Mass.                                                                  </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Houghton, Rowland                                                        </td><td align="left">c. 1678-1744                           </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Huntington, Gurdon                                                       </td><td align="left">1763-1804                              </td><td align="left">Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.                                                   </td><td align="left">Surveying and other; clocks                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jacks, James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>                                                             </td><td align="left">fl. 1780's                             </td><td align="left">Charleston, S.C. surveying                                                          </td><td align="left">Mathematical;                                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Jayne, John                                                              </td><td align="left">late 18th century                      </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass.                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Kennard, John                                                            </td><td align="left">1782-1861                              </td><td align="left">Newmarket, N.H.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ketterer, Alloysius                                                      </td><td align="left">fl. 1789                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Glass                                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">King &amp; Hagger (Benjamin King and William Guyse Hagger)               </td><td align="left">1759 or 1760 until early 1760's        </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I.                                                                       </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">King, Benjamin                                                           </td><td align="left">1707-1786                              </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I.                                                                       </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">King, Benjamin                                                           </td><td align="left">1740-1804                              </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass.                                                                        </td><td align="left">Nautical                                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">King, Daniel                                                             </td><td align="left">1704-1790                              </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass.                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">King, Samuel                                                             </td><td align="left">1748-1819                              </td><td align="left">Newport, R.I.                                                                       </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lamb, A. &amp; Son                                                       </td><td align="left">1780's                                 </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lamb, Anthony                                                            </td><td align="left">1703-1784                              </td><td align="left">England; Virginia; Philadelphia; New York; Hunter's Key, N.Y.                       </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying; nautical                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lamb, John                                                               </td><td align="left">1735-1800                              </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mendenhall, Thomas                                                       </td><td align="left">fl. 1775                               </td><td align="left">Lancaster, Pa.                                                                      </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Miller, Aaron                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1748-1771                          </td><td align="left">Elizabethtown, N.J.                                                                 </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks; compasses                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Morris, M.                                                               </td><td align="left">fl. 1785                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Protractors                                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Newell, Andrew                                                           </td><td align="left">1749-1798                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical; compasses                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Newell, Joseph                                                           </td><td align="left">fl. 1800-1813                          </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pease, Paul                                                              </td><td align="left">fl. 1750                               </td><td align="left">Probably Rhode Island                                                               </td><td align="left">Quadrant                                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Platt, Augustus                                                          </td><td align="left">1793-1886                              </td><td align="left">Columbus, Ohio                                                                      </td><td align="left">Mathematical; surveying                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Platt, Benjamin                                                          </td><td align="left">1757-1833                              </td><td align="left">Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford, Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio       </td><td align="left">Compasses; surveying; clocks                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pope, Joseph                                                             </td><td align="left">1750-1826                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Scientific; clocks                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Potter, John                                                             </td><td align="left">fl. 1746-1818                          </td><td align="left">Brookfield, Mass.                                                                   </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Potts, W. L.                                                             </td><td align="left">late 18th century                      </td><td align="left">Bucks County, Pa.                                                                   </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Prince, John (practitioner)                                              </td><td align="left">1751-1836                              </td><td align="left">Salem, Mass.                                                                        </td><td align="left">Scientific                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Prince, Nathan (practitioner)                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1743                               </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pryor, Thomas                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1778                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Revere, Paul                                                             </td><td align="left">1735-1818                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Gunnery                                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rittenhouse, Benjamin                                                    </td><td align="left">1740-c.1820                            </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Astronomical; surveying                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rittenhouse, David (practitioner)                                        </td><td align="left">1732-1796                              </td><td align="left">Philadelphia and Norriton, Pa.                                                      </td><td align="left">Astronomical; surveying                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rittenhouse &amp; Evans                                                  </td><td align="left">fl. 1770's                             </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sibley &amp; Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble)                     </td><td align="left">late 18th century                      </td><td align="left">New Haven, Conn.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks; watches                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Smith, Cordial                                                           </td><td align="left">fl. 1775                               </td><td align="left">Connecticut                                                                         </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sommer, widow Balthaser                                                  </td><td align="left">fl. 1753                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Optical                                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sower, Christopher                                                       </td><td align="left">c. 1724-1740                           </td><td align="left">Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.                                                    </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stiles &amp; Baldwin (Jedidiah Baldwin)                                  </td><td align="left">fl. 1791                               </td><td align="left">Northampton, Mass.                                                                  </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stiles &amp; Storrs (Nathan Storrs and Jedidiah Baldwin)                 </td><td align="left">fl. 1792                               </td><td align="left">Northampton, Mass.                                                                  </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Taws, Charles                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1795                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Thacher, Charles                                                         </td><td align="left">18th century                           </td><td align="left">Probably Boston                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Thaxter, Samuel                                                          </td><td align="left">1769-1842                              </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Nautical; mathematical surveying                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Voight, Henry                                                            </td><td align="left">1738-1814                              </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Astronomical; clocks; watches                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wall, George, Jr.                                                        </td><td align="left">fl. 1788                               </td><td align="left">Bucks County, Pa.                                                                   </td><td align="left">Surveying                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Walpole, Charles                                                         </td><td align="left">fl. 1746                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Mathematical                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Warren, Benjamin                                                         </td><td align="left">fl. 1740-1790                          </td><td align="left">Plymouth, Mass.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Surveying; nautical                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">White, Peregrine                                                         </td><td align="left">1747-1834                              </td><td align="left">Woodstock, Conn.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Surveying; clocks                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Whitney, John                                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1801                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical; optical                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Whitney, Thomas                                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1798-1823                          </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Mathematical; optical; surveying                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Williams, William                                                        </td><td align="left">1737 or 1738-1792                      </td><td align="left">Boston                                                                              </td><td align="left">Mathematical; nautical                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Willis, Arthur (practitioner)                                            </td><td align="left">fl. 1674                               </td><td align="left">Possibly Massachusetts                                                              </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wilson, James                                                            </td><td align="left">1763-1855                              </td><td align="left">Bradford, Vt.                                                                       </td><td align="left">Globes                                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wistar, Richard                                                          </td><td align="left">fl. 1752                               </td><td align="left">Wistarburg, N.J.                                                                    </td><td align="left">Glass                                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Witt, Christopher (practitioner)                                         </td><td align="left">fl. 1710-1765                          </td><td align="left">Germantown, Pa.                                                                     </td><td align="left">Mathematical; clocks                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wood, John                                                               </td><td align="left">fl. 1790                               </td><td align="left">Philadelphia                                                                        </td><td align="left">Compasses                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Youle, James                                                             </td><td align="left">1740-1786                              </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Surgical                                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                                                                         </td><td align="left">                                       </td><td align="left">                                                                                    </td><td align="left">                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Youle, John                                                              </td><td align="left">fl. 1786                               </td><td align="left">New York                                                                            </td><td align="left">Surgical                                                   </td></tr>
+
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="MATHEMATICAL_PRACTITIONERS_AND" id="MATHEMATICAL_PRACTITIONERS_AND"></a>MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND
+INSTRUMENT MAKERS</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Geographical Listing</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="geographical">
+<tr><td colspan="2">CONNECTICUT                                                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Coventry:        </td><td align="left">Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and clocks.                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Danbury:         </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  East Windsor:    </td><td align="left">Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and clocks.                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Hartford:        </td><td align="left">Enos Doolittle (1751-1806); surveying and navigational instruments, compasses, and clocks.   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Litchfield:      </td><td align="left">Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments and clocks.                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.                                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Mansfield:       </td><td align="left">Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.                                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  New Haven:       </td><td align="left">Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800); clocks and scientific instruments.                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821); surveying instruments and clocks.                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Sibley &amp; Marble (late 18th century); clocks and mathematical instruments.                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  New Milford:     </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Newtown:         </td><td align="left">Ziba Blakeslee (1768-1834); surveying instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Norwich:         </td><td align="left">Thomas Harland (1735-1807); surveying instruments and clocks.                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Windham:         </td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying and other instruments.                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Woodstock:       </td><td align="left">Peregrine White (1747-1834); surveying instruments and clocks.                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  ----:            </td><td align="left">Smith, Cordial (fl. 1775); surveying instruments.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">DELAWARE                                                                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Wilmington:      </td><td align="left">George Crow (c. 1726-1772); surveying instruments and clocks.                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MARYLAND                                                                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Baltimore:       </td><td align="left">Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806), practitioner.                                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820), practitioner; surveying and astronomical instruments.           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and surveying instruments.                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Frederick:       </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments.                       <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Nottingham:      </td><td align="left">Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791); clocks and surveying instruments.                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Chandlee &amp; Bros. (fl. 1790-1791); clocks and surveying instruments.                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816); surveying instruments and clocks.                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Ellis Chandlee &amp; Bros. (fl. 1791-1797); clocks and surveying instruments.                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813); surveying instruments and clocks.                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">MASSACHUSETTS                                                                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Boston:          </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c. 1777-1829); surveying instruments.                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Aaron Breed (1791-1861); surveying instruments.                                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Bartholomew Burges (fl. 1789); scientific instruments.                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Jere Clough (18th century); surveying instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Dabney, Jr. (fl. 1739); mathematical instruments.                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Jonathan Dakin (fl. 1745); mathematical instruments and balances.                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Dupee (fl. after 1761); surveying instruments.                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Samuel Grainger (fl. 1719), practitioner.                                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Stephen Greenleaf (1704-1795); mathematical instruments.                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Thomas Greenough (1710-1785); mathematical, surveying, astronomical, and nautical            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">instruments.                                                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">William Greenough (fl. 1785); surveying instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Isaac Greenwood, Sr. (c.1725-1750), practitioner.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803); mathematical instruments.                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and surveying instruments.                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">James Halsie I (fl. 1674), practitioner.                                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">James Halsy II (1695-1767); mathematical and surveying instruments.                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Halsy (fl. 1700); mathematical instruments.                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Joseph Halsy (fl. 1697-1762); surveying instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Rowland Houghton (1678-1744); surveying instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Andrew Newell (1749-1798); surveying instruments.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Joseph Newell (fl. 1800-1813); surveying instruments.                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Joseph Pope (1750-1826); scientific instruments and clocks.                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Nathan Prince (fl. 1743), practitioner; scientific instruments.                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Paul Revere (1735-1818); gunnery instruments.                                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Charles Thacher (18th century); surveying instruments.                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842); surveying, nautical, and mathematical instruments.               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">William Williams (1737/8-1792); mathematical and nautical instruments.                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Brookfield:      </td><td align="left">John Potter (1746-1818); surveying instruments.                                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Hanover:         </td><td align="left">John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Lanesboro:       </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments, clocks, and compasses.                    <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Lynn:            </td><td align="left">John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Nantucket:       </td><td align="left">Peter Folger (1617-1690), practitioner(?).                                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Walter Folger (1765-1849), practitioner; clocks and astronomical instruments.                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Newburyport:     </td><td align="left">Gideon Fairman (1774-1827); mathematical instruments.                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Hooker &amp; Fairman (before 1810); mathematical instruments.                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Northampton:     </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Stiles &amp; Baldwin (fl.1791); surveying instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Stiles &amp; Storrs (fl.1792); surveying instruments.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Plymouth:        </td><td align="left">Benjamin Warren (fl.1740-1790); surveying and nautical instruments.                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Salem:           </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Samuel Emery (1787-1882); mathematical instruments.                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Jayne (late 18th century); mathematical instruments.                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin King (1740-1804); nautical instruments.                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Daniel King (1704-1790); mathematical instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Prince (1751-1836), practitioner; scientific instruments.                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Southwick:       </td><td align="left">Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875); surveying and mathematical instruments.                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">NEW HAMPSHIRE                                                                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Exeter:          </td><td align="left">Benjamin C. Gilman (1763-1835); mathematical instruments and clocks.                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Hanover:         </td><td align="left">Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Newmarket:       </td><td align="left">John Kennard (1782-1861); surveying instruments.                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Portsmouth:      </td><td align="left">Thomas S. Bowles (c.1765-1821); surveying instruments.                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Walpole:         </td><td align="left">Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying and other instruments.                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">NEW JERSEY                                                                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Elizabeth:       </td><td align="left">Aaron Miller (fl. 1748-1771); surveying instruments, clocks, and compasses.                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Wistarburg:      </td><td align="left">Richard Wistar (fl. 1752); glass and thermometric instruments.                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">NEW YORK                                                                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Fishkill:        </td><td align="left">John Bailey (fl. 1778); surveying and surgical instruments.                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  New York:        </td><td align="left">Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792); surveying instruments.                                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Bulmain &amp; Dennies (fl. 1799); nautical instruments.                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">H. Caritat (fl. 1799); astronomical prints.                                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Donegan (fl. 1787); barometers, thermometers, and philosophical instruments.            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">W. Fosbrook (fl. 1786); surgical and dental instruments.                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers and philosophical instruments.             <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">William Hinton (fl. 1772); mathematical instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">A. Lamb &amp; Son (fl. late 18th century); mathematical instruments.                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Lamb (1735-1800); mathematical instruments.                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">M. Morris (fl. 1785); protractors.                                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Widow Balthaser Sommer (fl. 1753); optical instruments.                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Charles Walpole (fl. 1746); mathematical instruments.                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">James Youle (1740-1786); surgical instruments.                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Youle (fl. 1786); surgical instruments.                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">OHIO                                                                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Columbus:        </td><td align="left">Augustus Platt (1793-1886); mathematical instruments.                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments and clocks.                                </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Gallipolis:      </td><td align="left">Joseph (fl. 1792) and Francois Devacht; watches, compasses, and sundials.                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">PENNSYLVANIA                                                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Bucks County:    </td><td align="left">W. L. Potts (late 18th century); surveying instruments.                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">George Wall, Jr. (fl. 1788); surveying instruments.                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Germantown:      </td><td align="left">Christopher Sower (c. 1724-1740); mathematical instruments and clocks.                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Christopher Witt (fl. 1710-1765); mathematical instruments and clocks.                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Harrisburg:      </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments.                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">George Heisely (1789-1880); clocks and mathematical instruments.                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Lancaster:       </td><td align="left">George Ford (late 18th century to 1842); surveying and nautical instruments.                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">George Ford II (fl. 1842); surveying and nautical instruments.                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments.                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">George Hoff (1740-1816); clocks, surveying instruments.                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Thomas Mendenhall (fl. 1775); mathematical instruments and clocks.                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Norristown:      </td><td align="left">David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner; astronomical and surveying instruments.         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Philadelphia:    </td><td align="left">Owen Biddle (1737-1799), practitioner.                                                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792-1795); surveying instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Isaac Brokaw (fl. 1771).                                                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756, d. 1798); mathematical instruments and sand glasses.               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">William Davenport (1778-1829); surveying and mathematical instruments.                       <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">William Dean (?-1797); surveying and nautical instruments.                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">George Evans (fl. 1796, d. 1798); mathematical instruments.                                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Martin Fisher (fl. 1790); glass instruments.                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers, and philosophical instruments.            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Bryan Gilmur (end of 18th century); mathematical instruments and clocks.                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749); improved reflecting backstaff.                                   </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Gould (fl. 1794); nautical, surveying, and optical instruments.                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Theophilus Grew (fl. 1753), practitioner.                                                    </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">James Ham, Jr. (fl. 1780); mathematical instruments.                                         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Alloysius Ketterer (fl. 1789); glass instruments.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Thomas Pryor (fl. 1778); mathematical instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820); surveying and astronomical instruments.                  </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner; astronomical and surveying instruments.         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Christopher Sower [Sauer] (c. 1724-1740); mathematical instruments and clocks.               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Charles Taws (fl. 1795); mathematical instruments.                                           </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Henry Voight (1738-1814); clocks, watches, and astronomical instruments.                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Whitney (fl. 1801); mathematical and optical instruments.                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Thomas Whitney (fl. 1798-1823); mathematical and optical instruments.                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">John Wood (fl. 1790); compasses.                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Pittsburgh:      </td><td align="left">Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and mathematical instruments.                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  West Bradford:   </td><td align="left">Joel Baily (1732-1797), practitioner.                                                        </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">RHODE ISLAND                                                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Newport:         </td><td align="left">William G. Hagger (c.1744-1830?); quadrants.                                                 </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">King &amp; Hagger (1759/60); mathematical and nautical instruments.                              </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Benjamin King (1707-1786); mathematical and nautical instruments.                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Samuel King (1748-1819); mathematical instrument.                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Paul Pease (fl. 1750); quadrants.                                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Providence:      </td><td align="left">William Hamlin (1772-1869); mathematical, astronomical, and nautical instruments.            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">SOUTH CAROLINA                                                                               </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Charleston:      </td><td align="left">Charles Blundy (fl. 1753); thermometric instruments.                                         <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Robert Clark (fl. 1785); nautical, surveying, and optical instruments.                       </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">James Jacks (fl. 1780's); mathematical and surveying instruments.                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">VERMONT                                                                                      </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Bradford:        </td><td align="left">James Wilson (1763-1855); globes.                                                            </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">VIRGINIA                                                                                     </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">  Winchester:      </td><td align="left">Goldsmith Chandlee (c.1746-1821); surveying and astronomical instruments and clocks.         </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.                                          </td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">                   </td><td align="left">                                                                                             </td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR MAKERS</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>(Categories based on specific designations noted in advertisements)</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ASTRONOMICAL</p>
+
+<p>Caritat, H. (fl. 1799), New York.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made surveying
+instruments and clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Folger, Walter, Jr. (1765-1849), Nantucket, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical,
+surveying, and nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical
+and nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Holcomb, Amasa (1787-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c.1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia and Norristown, Pa.; also
+made surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Voight, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made clocks and watches.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">GLASS AND THERMOMETRIC</p>
+
+<p>Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made watches.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Donegan, Joseph (fl. 1787), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+philosophical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Fisher, Martin (fl. 1790), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Gatty, Joseph (fl. 1794), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+philosophical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Ketterer, Alloysius (fl. 1789), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Wistar, Richard (fl. 1752), Wistarburg, N.J.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">HOROLOGICAL</p>
+
+<p>Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made thermometric
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Benjamin (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee &amp; Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Goldsmith (1751-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made astronomical
+and surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Crow, George (c.1726-1772), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>DeVacht, Joseph and Francois (fl. 1792), Gallipolis, Ohio; also made
+compasses and sundials.</p>
+
+<p>Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying and
+nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made scientific
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Doolittle, Isaac Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Gilmur, Bryan (fl. end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md.; also made
+mathematical and surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Hoff, George (1740-1816), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also
+made surveying and other instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabethtown, N.J.; also made compasses
+and surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio; also made compasses and
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Pope, Joseph (1750-1826), Boston; also made scientific instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Sibley &amp; Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble) (late 18th century),
+New Haven, Conn.; also made mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.;
+also made mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Voigt, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made astronomical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Witt, Christopher (practitioner) (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also
+made mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">MATHEMATICAL (GENERAL)</p>
+
+<p>Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Dabney, John, Jr. (fl. 1739), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Dakin, Jonathan (fl. 1745), Boston; also made balances.</p>
+
+<p>Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Emery, Samuel (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Evans, George (fl. 1796, d. 1798), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Gilmur, Bryan (end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Greenleaf, Stephen (fl. 1745), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made surveying,
+astronomical, and nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Greenwood, Isaac, Jr. (1730-1803), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Hagger, Benjamin K. (c.1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Halsy, John (fl. 1700), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Ham, James (fl. 1754-1764), New York and Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made nautical and
+astronomical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Heisely, Frederick (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster,
+Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Hinton, William (fl. 1772), New York.</p>
+
+<p>Hooker &amp; Fairman (before 1810), Newburyport, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>King &amp; Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, A. &amp; Son (1780's), New York.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and
+Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made surveying and nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made nautical and surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made compasses and surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Pryor, Thomas (fl. 1778), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Revere, Paul (1735-1818), Boston, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Sibley &amp; Marble (late 18th century), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks
+and watches.</p>
+
+<p>Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.;
+also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Taws, Charles (fl. 1795), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made surveying and nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Walpole, Charles (fl. 1746), New York.</p>
+
+<p>Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made optical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made optical and
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Witt, Christopher (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">NAUTICAL</p>
+
+<p>Bulmain &amp; Dennies (fl. 1799), New York.</p>
+
+<p>Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying and
+optical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-92, d. 1798), Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments, directional compasses and clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Emery, Samuel (1787-1882), Salem, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Godfrey, Thomas (1704-1749), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made surveying and optical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Hagger, William G. (c.1744-1830?), Newport, R.I.</p>
+
+<p>Ham, James (fl. 1754-64), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>King &amp; Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made
+mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>King, Benjamin (1740-1804), Salem, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, A., &amp; Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and
+Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made surveying and mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Pease, Paul (fl. 1750), probably Rhode Island.</p>
+
+<p>Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">OPTICAL</p>
+
+<p>Benson, John (fl. 1793-1797).</p>
+
+<p>Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Sommer, Widow Balthaser (fl. 1753), New York.</p>
+
+<p>Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and surveying instruments.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SURGICAL</p>
+
+<p>Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surveying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Fosbrook, W. (fl. 1786), New York; also made dental instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Youle, James (1740-1786), New York.</p>
+
+<p>Youle, John (fl. 1786), New York.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SURVEYING</p>
+
+<p>Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surgical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Bailey, John, II (1752-1823), Hanover and Lynn, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Baldwin, Jedidiah (c. 1777-1829), Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass.,
+and Hanover, N.H.</p>
+
+<p>Biggs, Thomas (fl. 1792-1795), New York and Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Blakeslee, Ziba (1768-1834), Newtown, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>Bowles, Thomas S. (c. 1765-1821?), Portsmouth, N.H.</p>
+
+<p>Breed, Aaron (late 18th to mid-19th centuries), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made
+clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr. (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee &amp; Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Ellis &amp; Bros. (fl. 1791-1797), Nottingham, Md.; also made
+clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made clocks and
+sundials.</p>
+
+<p>Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and
+optical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Clough, Jere (18th century), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Crow, George (fl. 1754-1772), Wilmington, Del.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made nautical
+instruments and clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Doolittle, Isaac, Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Dupee, John (after 1761), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made astronomical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made
+nautical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made nautical and optical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston, also made nautical and
+mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Greenough, William (fl. 1785), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Halsy, Joseph (fl. 1697-1762), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Hagger, Benjamin K. (c. 1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made
+mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Hanks, Benjamin (1755-1824), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>Hanks, Truman (fl. 1808), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.</p>
+
+<p>Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster,
+Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks and
+mathematical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Holcomb, Amasa (1785-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made astronomical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Houghton, Rowland (c. 1678-1744), Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also
+made clocks and other scientific instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, A., &amp; Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabeth, N.J.; also made clocks and
+directional compasses.</p>
+
+<p>Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments
+and directional compasses.</p>
+
+<p>Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford,
+Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; and Columbus, Ohio; also made directional
+compasses and clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Potter, John (fl. 1785), Brookfield, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c. 1820), Philadelphia; also made
+astronomical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia; also made astronomical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Rittenhouse &amp; Evans (fl. 1770's), Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>Stiles &amp; Baldwin (fl. 1791), Northampton, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Stiles &amp; Storrs (fl. 1792), Northampton, Mass.</p>
+
+<p>Thacher, Charles, probably Boston.</p>
+
+<p>Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made nautical and mathematical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Wall, George Jr. (fl. 1788), Bucks County, Pa.</p>
+
+<p>Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made clocks.</p>
+
+<p>Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and optical instruments.</p>
+
+<p>Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical
+instruments.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Bibliography_of_Published_Sources" id="Bibliography_of_Published_Sources"></a>Bibliography of Published Sources</h2>
+
+<p>
+<span class="smcap">Adams, George</span>.   <i>Mathematical and geographical essays</i>.   London, 1791.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Abbott, Katherine M</span>.   <i>Old paths and legends of New England</i>.   New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Babb, Maurice J</span>.   David Rittenhouse.    <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (July 1932), vol. 56, no. 223, pp. 193-224.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Barton, William</span>.   <i>Memoirs of the life of David Rittenhouse, L.L.D., F.R.S</i>. Philadelphia, 1813.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bedini, Silvio A</span>:   A compass card by Paul Revere (?).    <i>Yale Library Gazette</i> (July 1962), vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 36-38.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bedini, Silvio A</span>.   <i>Ridgefield in review</i>.   New Haven:   Walker-Rackliffe Co., 1958.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bentley, William</span>.    <i>The diary of William Bentley, D.D.</i>   Salem, Mass., 1905.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bion, Nicolas</span>.    <i>Traitè de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathematiques</i>.   Paris,  1709.   Transl.   Edmund Stone, London,  1724.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Branch, W. J. V.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Brook-Williams</span>, Capt. E.   <i>A short history of navigation</i>. Annapolis, Md.:   Weems System of Navigation, 1942.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Brewster, Charles W</span>.   <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i>.   Ser. 1.   Portsmouth, N.H.: L. W. Brewster, 1859.<br /><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;.&nbsp;  <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i>.&nbsp;  Ser. 2.&nbsp;  Portsmouth, N.H.: L. W. Brewster, 1869.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Bridenbaugh, Carl</span>.    <i>The colonial craftsman</i>.   New York:  N.Y.  University Press, 1950.<br /><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash; and <span class="smcap">Bridenbaugh, J</span>.&nbsp; &nbsp; <i>Rebels and gentlemen:&nbsp;  Philadelphia in the age of Franklin</i>.&nbsp;  New York: Reynals and Hitchcock, 1942.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Brigham, Clarence S</span>.   <i>Paul Revere's engravings</i>.   Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1954.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cajori, F</span>.    <i>The teaching and history of mathematics in the United States</i>.   (Bureau of Education Circular of Information 3.)    Washington: Bureau of Education, 1890.<br /><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;.&nbsp; &nbsp; <i>The early mathematical sciences in North and South America</i>.&nbsp;  Boston: Badger, 1928.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Chandlee, Edward E</span>.   <i>Six Quaker clockmakers</i>.   Philadelphia:   Pennsylvania Historical Society, 1943.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span><span class="smcap">Chapin, Howard M</span>.   Davis quadrants.   <i>Antiques</i> (November 1927), vol. 12,. no. 5, pp. 397-399.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Conrad, Henry C</span>. Old Delaware clockmakers. <i>The Historical and Biographical Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware</i> (1897), vol. 3, chapt. 20.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Cohen, I. Bernard</span>. <i>Some early tools of American science</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Davis, H. S</span>. David Rittenhouse. <i>Popular Astronomy</i> (July 1896), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-12.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Davis, William T</span>. <i>Ancient landmarks of Plymouth</i>. Boston: A. Williams &amp; Co., 1883.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Day, J</span>. <i>Principles of navigation and surveying</i>. New Haven, Conn., 1817.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dow, George Francis</span>. <i>The arts and crafts in New England</i> 1704-1775. Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Dyer, Walter A</span>. <i>Early American craftsmen</i>. New York: Century Co., 1915.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Eckhardt, George H</span>. <i>Pennsylvania clocks and clockmakers</i>. New York: Devin-Adair Co., 1955.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Ellicott, Andrew</span>. <i>The journal of Andrew Ellicott, late Commissioner on behalf
+of the United States during part of the year 1796, the years 1797, 1798, 1799,
+and part of the year 1800 for determining the boundary between the United States
+and the possessions of his Catholic Majesty in America</i>. Philadelphia: Budd and Barton, 1803.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Evans, George</span>. <i>Illustrated history of the United States mint</i>. Philadelphia: Evans, 1890.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Felt, Joseph B</span>. <i>Annals of Salem</i>. Salem, Mass., 1827.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Fitts, Rev. James Hill</span>. <i>History of Newfields, New Hampshire, 1638-1911</i>. Concord: Rumford Press, 1912.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Flint, Abel</span>. <i>System of geometry and trigonometry, together with a treatise of surveying</i>. Hartford: Olive D. Cook, 1804.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Forbes, Esther</span>. <i>Paul Revere and the world he lived in</i>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1942.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Frederick A.</span> Heisely, watch and clockmaker and his recorded years, 1759-1839. <i>Timepieces Quarterly</i> (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, p. 33.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gardner, Will</span>, <i>The clock that talks and what it tells</i>. Nantucket: Nantucket Whaling Museum, 1954.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gillingham, Harrold E</span>. Some early Philadelphia instrument makers. <i>The
+Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1927), vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 289-308.<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;. The first orreries in America. <i>Journal of the Franklin Institute</i> (1940), vol. 229, pp. 81-99.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Gottesman, Rita</span>, <i>The arts and crafts in New York, 1726-1776</i>. New York: N. Y. Historical Society, 1938.<br /><br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The arts and crafts in New York, 1777-1799</i>. New York: N. Y. Historical Society, 1954.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Greenwood, Isaac J</span>. <i>The Greenwood family.</i> Privately printed, 1934.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hamilton, Alexander</span>. <i>Official reports on publick credit, a national bank, manufactures and a mint.</i> Philadelphia: Wm. McKean, 1821.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hindle, Brooke</span>. <i>The pursuit of science in revolutionary America 1735-1789.</i> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956.<br />
+<br />
+<i>History of Hingham, Mass.</i> Hingham, 1893.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hocker, Edward W</span>. <i>A doctor of colonial Germantown, Christopher Witt,
+physician, mystic and seeker after the truth.</i> Germantown, Pa.: Germantown Historical Society, 1948.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hoopes, Penrose R</span>. <i>Connecticut clockmakers of the eighteenth century.</i> New York: Dodd Mead &amp; Co., 1930.<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Early clockmaking in Connecticut.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Shop records of Daniel Burnap, clockmaker.</i> Hartford, Conn.: Connecticut Historical Society, 1958.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Hunter, Frederick W</span>. <i>Stiegel glass.</i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1914.<br />
+<br />
+[Huntington], <i>Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association</i>, Hartford, Conn.: privately printed, 1915.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Jaffe, Bernard</span>. <i>Men of science in America.</i> New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 1944.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">James, Arthur E</span>. <i>Chester County clocks and their makers.</i> West Chester, Pa., 1947.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Karpinski, L. C</span>. <i>Bibliography of mathematical works printed in America through 1850.</i> Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1940.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kiely, Edmond R</span>. <i>Surveying instruments, their history and classroom use.</i> New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kimball, LeRoy  E</span>. James Wilson of Vermont, America's first globe maker.
+<i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i> (April 1938), new ser., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 29-48.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">King, Rufus</span>. <i>Pedigree of King of Lynn.</i> Salem, Mass., 1891.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Kingman, E. D</span>. Roger Sherman, colonial surveyor. <i>Civil Engineering</i> (August 1940), vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 514-515.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lane, Gladys R</span>. Rhode Island's earliest engraver. <i>Antiques</i> (March 1925), vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 133-137.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Latrobe, John H. B</span>. Memoir of Benjamin Banneker. <i>Maryland Colonization Journal</i> (May 1845).<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Leake, Isaac Q</span>. <i>Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb.</i> Albany: Munsell, 1850.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">LePhillips, Philip</span>. The Negro, Benjamin Benneker. <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society</i> (1916), vol. 20, pp. 114-120.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Leybourn, William</span>. <i>The compleat surveyor.</i> London, 1653.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span><span class="smcap">Love, John</span>. <i>Geodasia, or the art of surveying.</i> London, 1688.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Lownes, A. E</span>. The 1769 transit of Venus and its relation to early American astronomy. <i>Sky and Telescope</i> (1943), vol. 2.<br />
+<br />
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+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mathews, Catherine Van Cortlandt</span>. <i>Andrew Ellicott, his life and letters</i>. New York: Grafton Press, 1908.<br />
+<br />
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+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The history of astronomy in Williams College and the founding of Hopkins Observatory</i>. Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1937.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;. <i>Early American observatories: Which was the first astronomical observatory in America?</i> Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1938.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Mitchell, Edwin Valentine</span>. <i>The romance of New England antiques</i>. New York, A. A. Wyn, 1950.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Moore, S</span>. <i>An accurate system of surveying</i>. Litchfield, Conn.: T. Collier, 1796.<br />
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+<br />
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+Papers 19-30</i> (U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228), Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1962.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Palmer, Brooks</span>. <i>The book of American clocks</i>. New York: Macmillan Co., 1950.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Phillips, John M</span>. An unrecorded engraving by Nathaniel Hurd. <i>Bulletin of
+the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University</i> (June 1936), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 26-27.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Price, Derek J. de Solla</span>. <i>Science since Babylon</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Prime, Alfred Coxe</span>. <i>The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and South
+Carolina</i>, 1721-1785. Ser. 1. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society, 1929.<br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&mdash;&mdash;. <i>The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and South Carolina, 1786-1800</i>. Ser. 2. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society, 1929.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rathborne, Aaron</span>. <i>The surveyor; in four bookes</i>. London: W. Standsby, 1616.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Rayner, W. H.</span> <i>From Columbus' compass to the first transit. Civil Engineering</i>
+(1939), vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 661-664.<br />
+<br />
+Report of the Committee on the Rooms. <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian Society</i> (1917), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 14-16.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span><span class="smcap">Savage, James</span>. <i>A genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of New England.</i> 2 vols. Boston, 1860.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Schoen, H. H</span>. The making of maps and charts. In <i>Ninth Yearbook of the Council for Social Studies.</i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Seybold, R. F</span>. The evening school in colonial America. <i>University of Illinois Bureau of Educational Research</i>, Bulletin 31. 1925.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Steele, A. P</span>. <i>The history of Clark County, Ohio.</i> Chicago: W. H. Beers Co., 1881.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Stevenson, D. Alan</span>. <i>The world's lighthouses before 1820.</i> London: Oxford University Press, 1959.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Stretch, Carolyn Wood</span>. Early colonial clockmakers in Philadelphia. <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (July 1932), vol. 56, no. 223, p. 666.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Struik, Dirk J</span>. <i>Yankee science in the making.</i> Boston: Little Brown &amp; Co., 1948.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Taylor, E. G. R.</span> <i>The mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1954.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Thompson, Sylvanus</span>. The rose of the winds. <i>Proceedings of the British Academy, 1913-14, 10th Annual Conference</i>, pp. 179-211.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Upham, C. W</span>. Memoir of the Reverend John Prince. <i>American Journal of Science</i> (1837), vol. 31, pp. 201-222.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Whittlesey, C</span>. Origin of the American system of land surveys. <i>Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies</i> (July 1883), vol. 3.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">Wienberger, Bernard W</span>. <i>Introduction to the history of dentistry.</i> St. Louis: Mosby Co., 1948.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Derek J. de Solla Price</span>, <i>Science Since Babylon</i> (New Haven: Yale University
+Press, 1961), pp. 62-64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <span class="smcap">James Savage</span>, <i>A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England</i>
+(Boston, 1860), vol. 2, p. 341.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>The Chronicle</i> (Early American Industries Association), March 1936, vol. 1,
+no. 16, p. 8; and personal correspondence with Mr. William L. Warren, Connecticut
+Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <span class="smcap">R. F. Seybold</span>, "The Evening School in Colonial America," <i>Bureau of Educational
+Research, Bulletin 31</i> (University of Illinois, 1925), p. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <span class="smcap">H. H. Schoen</span>, "The Making of Maps and Charts," <i>Ninth Yearbook of the
+Council for the Social Studies</i> (Cambridge, 1938), p. 83; also <span class="smcap">Edmond R. Kiely</span>,
+<i>Surveying Instruments: Their History and Classroom Use</i> (New York: Teachers
+College, Columbia University, 1947), pp. 239-250.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Brooke Hindle</span>, <i>The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America 1735-1789</i>
+(Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1956), pp. 337-338.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <span class="smcap">LeRoy E. Kimball</span>, "James Wilson of Vermont, America's First Globe
+Maker," <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i> (April 1938), p. 31.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hindle</span>, op. cit. (footnote 6).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <span class="smcap">George H. Eckhardt</span>, <i>Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers</i> (New York:
+Devin-Adair Co., 1955), p. 190.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Catherine Van C. Mathews</span>, <i>Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters</i> (New
+York, 1908).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John H. B. Latrobe</span>, "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker," <i>Maryland Colonization
+Journal</i> (Baltimore, May 1845); <span class="smcap">Philip LePhillips</span>, "The Negro, Benjamin
+Benneker," <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society</i> (1916), vol. 20.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Arthur E. James</span>, <i>Chester County Clocks and Their Makers</i> (West Chester,
+Pa.: Chester Historical Society, 1947), pp. 29-39; <i>Transactions of the American
+Philosophical Society</i>, ser. I, vol. 1, pp. 85-97.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Dirk J. Struik</span>, <i>Yankee Science in the Making</i> (Boston: Little Brown &amp; Co.,
+1948), pp. 47, 70-71.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Robert P. Multhauf</span>, ed., "Holcomb, Fitz, and Peate; Three 19th Century
+American Telescope Makers" (paper 26 in <i>Contributions from the Museum of
+History and Technology</i>, U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228, Washington, 1962),
+p. 162.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>New York Gazette, Revived in the Weekly Post-Boy</i>, January 23, 1749.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Carl Bridenbaugh</span>, <i>The Colonial Craftsman</i> (New York: New York University
+Press, 1950), pp. 160-161; <span class="smcap">Isaac Q. Leake</span>, <i>Memoir of the Life and Times
+of General John Lamb</i> (Albany: Munsell, 1850); <span class="smcap">Silvio A. Bedini</span>, <i>Ridgefield in
+Review</i> (New Haven: Walker-Rackliffe, 1958), pp. 71, 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Alfred Coxe Prime</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and South
+Carolina, 1786-1800</i> (The Walpole Society, 1929), p. 230.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Penrose R. Hoopes</span>, <i>Connecticut Clockmakers of the Eighteenth Century</i>
+(New York: Dodd Mead &amp; Co., 1930), p. 86; <i>The Norwich Courier</i>, February 10,
+1802.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Harrold E. Gillingham</span>, "Some Early Philadelphia Instrument Makers,"
+<i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1927), vol. 51, no. 3, p.
+303-305.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Ibid., p. 304.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Charleston Evening Gazette</i>, July 24, 1785; <span class="smcap">Prime</span>, op. cit. (footnote 17), p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rita S. Gottesman</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1777-1799</i> (New York:
+New York Historical Society, 1954), pp. 220-221.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>The Pennsylvania Evening Herald</i>, March 17, 1787.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gottesman</span>, op cit. (footnote 22), pp. 311-312.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>The Diary, or Evening Register</i>, November 3, 1794.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 26), p. 306.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Edwin Valentine Mitchell</span>, <i>The Romance of New England Antiques</i> (New
+York: A. A. Wyn, 1950), pp. 257-160; <span class="smcap">Kimball</span> op. cit. (footnote 7).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <span class="smcap">William Bentley</span>, <i>Diary of William Bentley, D. D.</i> (Salem, Mass.: 1905),
+vol. 1, p. 182, vol. 2, p. 414.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Ibid., vol. 3, p. 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Boston Gazette</i>, June 18, 1745.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Ibid., November 12, 1745.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Clarence S. Brigham</span>, <i>Paul Revere's Engravings</i> (Worcester, Mass.: American
+Antiquarian Society, 1954), p. 118; <span class="smcap">Bernard W. Wienberger</span>, <i>Introduction to
+the History of Dentistry</i> (St. Louis, Mosby Co., 1948), 2 vols., vol. 2, pp. 119-134;
+<span class="smcap">Isaac J. Greenwood</span>, <i>The Greenwood Family</i>, 1934, pp. 68-78.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Boston Gazette</i>, November 6-13 and November 20-27, 1738, March 26-April 2
+and April 2-9, 1739.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Brooks Palmer</span>, <i>The Book of American Clocks</i> (New York: Macmillan Co.,
+1950), pp. 141-142.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Massachusetts Magazine</i> (1789), vol. 1, pp. 36, 37; <i>Boston Gazette</i>, January 12,
+1789; <span class="smcap">I. Bernard Cohen</span>, <i>Some Early Tools of American Science</i>, (Cambridge:
+Harvard University Press, 1950), pp. 6465, 157; <span class="smcap">Harrold E. Gillingham</span>,
+"The First Orreries In America," <i>Journal of the Franklin Institute</i> (1940), vol.
+229, pp. 92-97.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Will Gardner</span>, <i>The Clock that Talks and What It Tells</i> (Nantucket Whaling
+Museum, 1954), pp. 34-40, 97, 106.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 190.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Joseph B. Felt</span>, <i>Annals of Salem</i> (Salem, Mass.: Ives, 1827), vol. 2, p. 173.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Howard M. Chapin</span>, "Davis Quadrants," <i>Antiques</i> (November 1927), vol. 12,
+no. 5, pp. 397-399; also <span class="smcap">Rufus King</span>, <i>Pedigree of King of Lynn</i> (Salem, Mass.,
+1891).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Chapin</span>, op. cit. (footnote 39), pp. 398-399.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gladys R. Lane</span>, "Rhode Island's Earliest Engraver," <i>Antiques</i> (March
+1925), pp. 133-137.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Chapin</span>, op. cit. (footnote 39), p. 399.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 70-72.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>The Connecticut Journal</i>, June 7, 1781.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Ibid., May 22, 1799.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>The Connecticut Courant</i>, December 15, 1772, and October 22, 1787; <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>,
+op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 66-70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 18), p. 122.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 79-83.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Penrose R. Hoopes</span>, <i>Early Clockmaking in Connecticut</i> (New Haven: Yale
+University Press, 1934), pp. 8-9.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <span class="smcap">William McCabe</span>, "Benjamin Platt of New Fairfield, Connecticut," <i>Timepieces
+Quarterly</i> (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>New York Packet</i>, May 14, 1778.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gottesman</span>, op. cit. (footnote 22), p. 270.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>New York Packet</i>, February 3, 1785, and February 27, 1786, and <i>New York
+Daily Advertiser</i>, February 8, 1787.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>The New York Gazette Revived in The Weekly Post-Boy</i>, January 4, 1748.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Bridenbaugh</span> op. cit. (footnote 16), p. 63; <span class="smcap">Frederick W. Hunter</span>, <i>Stiegel
+Glass</i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), pp. 157-161.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Henry C. Conrad</span>, "Old Delaware Clockmakers," <i>The Historical and Biographical
+Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware</i> (1897), vol. 3, chap. 20,
+pp. 4-34.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Edward E. Chandlee</span>, <i>Six Quaker Clockmakers</i> (Philadelphia: Historical
+Society of Pennsylvania, 1943), pp. 70, 193, 212, 220-223.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> "Frederick A. Heisely, Watch and Clockmaker and His Recorded Years,
+1759-1839," <i>Timepieces Quarterly</i> (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, p. 33.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hindle</span>, op. cit. (footnote 6), pp. 22, 68.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 293-294.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Ibid., p. 303; <i>Royal Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, April 19, 1778.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 19), p. 302.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Ibid., pp. 305-306.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Eckhardt</span>, op. cit. (footnote 9), p. 195; <span class="smcap">George Evans</span>, <i>Illustrated History
+of the United States Mint</i> (Philadelphia: Evans, 1890), p. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Carolyn Wood Stretch</span>, "Early Colonial Clockmakers in Philadelphia,"
+<i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i> (July 1932), vol. 56, pp. 225, 235; <span class="smcap">Eckhardt</span>, op. cit.
+(footnote 9), pp. 18, 24, 198.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <span class="smcap">D. F. Magee</span>, "Grandfather's Clocks: Their Making and Their Makers in
+Lancaster County," Papers read before the Lancaster (Pa.) Historical Society,
+1917, pp. 63-77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Prime</span>, op. cit. (footnote 17), p. 260.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 200.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span>, <i>Official Reports on Publick Credit, A National Bank,
+Manufactures and a Mint</i> (Philadelphia: Wm. McKean, 1821), pp. 208-209.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rita Gottesman</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776</i> (New York:
+New York Historical Society, 1938), p. 307.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Gillingham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 35), p. 295.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 50), p. 3; and <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 24),
+pp. 101-103.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 106-107.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <span class="smcap">E. G. R. Taylor</span>, <i>The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England</i>
+(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), pp. 185-292.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John Pierpont</span>, "Whittling, A Yankee Portrait."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Abel Flint</span>, <i>System of Geometry and Trigonometry together with a Treatise of
+Surveying</i> (Hartford: Olive D. Cooke, 1804), p. 86.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian Society</i>
+(1917), no. 1, p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Savage</span>, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> "James Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Savage</span>, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> "Joseph Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Boston Gazette</i>, September 18-25, October 2-9, and October 16-23, 1738.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Description courtesy of Mr. Philip N. Guyol, director, New Hampshire Historical
+Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Savage</span>, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341; "Joseph Halsy," in Thwing
+Catalogue, and "Cotton Mather" in Record of Marriages, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Land deeds listed in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> Massachusetts Historical Society, Inventory L.450, S.P.R. 92.505.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Description courtesy of Mr. M. V. Brewington, Peabody Museum, Salem,
+Mass.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Called the "r r Co.," which has not been further identified but is believed to
+have been one of the many militia companies that were formed in Boston during
+this period.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> "Thomas Greenough," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> M.S. identified as Folio 495, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>The Chronicle</i> (Early American Industries Association), December 1939,
+vol. 2, no. 12, p. 96.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Description courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough, Cooperstown, N. Y.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Robert P. Multhauf</span>, "Early Instruments in the History of Surveying:
+Their Use and Invention," <i>Surveying and Mapping</i> (October-December 1958),
+pp. 401, 403.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian
+Society</i> (1917), no. 1, p. 14.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Ibid., p. 15.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Felt</span>, op. cit. (footnote 38), p. 173.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> "William Williams," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Land record data from Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian
+Society</i> (1917), no. 1, p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Brigham</span>, op. cit. (footnote 32), p. 121.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>History of Hingham</i> [Massachusetts], Hingham [n. d.], vol. 3, p. 236.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Katherine M. Abbott</span>, <i>Old Paths and Legends of New England</i> (New York:
+G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909), pp. 341-342.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian Society</i> loc. cit. (footnote 103).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Photograph and records in the collection of the Bostonian Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Land records, Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <span class="smcap">George Francis Dow</span>, <i>The Arts and Crafts in New England 1704-1775</i>
+(Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927), p. 256.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> <span class="smcap">John M. Phillips</span>, "An Unrecorded Engraving by Nathaniel Hurd," <i>Bulletin
+of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University</i> (June 1936), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 26-27.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Land records on Benjamin King Hagger listed in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts
+Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Marriage Document no. 101, Report of the Record Commissioners of Boston,
+p. 298.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <i>The Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser</i>, November 9, 1834.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Silvio A. Bedini</span>, "A Compass Card by Paul Revere (?)", <i>Yale Library
+Gazette</i> (July 1962), no. 2. pp. 36-38; <span class="smcap">William T. Davis</span>, <i>Ancient Landmarks of
+Plymouth</i> (Boston: A. Williams &amp; Co., 1883).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <span class="smcap">D. Alan Stevenson</span>, <i>The World's Lighthouses before 1820</i> (London: Oxford
+University Press, 1959), p. 179.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Paul Revere</span>, <i>Day Books</i>, MS., Massachusetts Historical Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 50), pp. 7-8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a>  Information from Mr. C. E. Smart, of W. &amp; L. E. Gurley, Troy, New York.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Penrose R. Hoopes</span>, <i>Shop Records of Daniel Burnap, Clockmaker</i>, (Hartford:
+Connecticut Historical Society, 1958), pp. 63-66.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Hoopes</span>, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 92-93.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association</i> (Hartford, Conn., 1915),
+Index no. 1.3.4.4.2.4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 143.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Correspondence with Mr. Ray Brighton, Portsmouth, N. H.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Charles W. Brewster</span>, <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i> (Portsmouth, N. H.:
+L. W. Brewster, 1859, 1873), ser. 1, pp. 165, 329.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Charles W. Brewster</span>, <i>Rambles about Portsmouth</i> (Portsmouth, N. H.:
+L. W. Brewster, 1869), ser. 2, pp. 27, 90, 93, 136, 233, 263, 277, 316, 322, 367.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> Information from Prof. Alfred F. Whiting, Dartmouth College Museum.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Rev. James Hill Fitts</span>, <i>History of Newfields, New Hampshire, 1638-1911</i>,
+(Concord: Rumford Press, 1912).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Price</span>, op. cit. (footnote 1), p. 64.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> The full title is <i>The Journal of Andrew Ellicott, Late Commissioner on behalf of
+the United States During Part of the Year 1796, the Years 1797, 1798, 1799 and Part
+of the Year 1800 For Determining the Boundary Between the United States and the
+Possessions of His Catholic Majesty in America.</i> It was published by Budd and
+Barton for Thomas Dobson at "the Stone House, No. 41 South Second Street"
+in Philadelphia in 1803.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Index" id="Index"></a>Index</h2>
+
+<p>
+Abbott, Katherine M., <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br />
+<br />
+Adams, Augustus, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+<br />
+Adams, George, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br />
+<br />
+Allen, John Johnson, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+<br />
+almanac, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+American Antiquarian Society, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br />
+<br />
+American Philosophical Society, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Amherst College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Annals of Salem</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Antiques</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+apparatus, scientific teaching, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+<br />
+astronomical observatory, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Atwell, George, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+backstaff, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Backus, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Bailey, Calvin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+<br />
+Bailey, John, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John II, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Lebbeus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Baily, Joel, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br />
+<br />
+Baldwin, Jabes, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jedidiah, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeduthan, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ballard, Mehitable, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Baltimore American &amp; Commercial Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+<br />
+Banks, Sir Joseph, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+<br />
+Banneker, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br />
+<br />
+Barclay, Thomas, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Bardin, W. &amp; T. M., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+<br />
+barometer, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Bassett, Preston R., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Bedini, Silvio A., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Banneker's</i> ... <i>Almanac and Ephemeris</i>, <i>For</i> ... <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+Bennet, N., <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+<br />
+Benson, John, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+Bentley, William, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+<br />
+Bethune, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Biddle, Owen, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br />
+<br />
+Biggs, Thomas, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Bion, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Blakslee, Ziba, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Blundy, Charles, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Boston Annual Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Boston Evening Post</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Boston Gazette, The</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Bostonian Society, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Bouchette, Col., <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+<br />
+boundsgoer, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Bowdoin, James, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+Bowles, Hannah, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas Salter, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Braddock, Gen., <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+Bradley, Abiah Emerly, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Brainard, Newton C., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+Breed, Aaron, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Brewington, M. V., <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+Brewster, Charles W., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Bridenbaugh, Carl, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Brigham, Clarence S., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br />
+<br />
+Brighton, Ray, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+Brokaw, Isaac, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br />
+<br />
+Brown, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sam, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Brown University, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Bucks County Historical Society, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Bulmain &amp; Dennies, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Burges, Bartholomew, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br />
+<br />
+Burnap, Daniel, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Cabot, Mrs. H. Ropes, ix<br />
+<br />
+camera obscura, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a>[Pg 178]</span>Campbell, Colin, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Cape Henlopen, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Carey, W., <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+<br />
+Caritat, H., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br />
+<br />
+Carter, Henry, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, Sr., <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edward E., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellis, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ellis, &amp; Bros., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goldsmith, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chandlee &amp; Bros. [John and Isaac Chandlee], <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Chandlee [Benjamin, Jr.] &amp; Sons, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+<br />
+Chapin, Howard M., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Charleston Evening Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+<br />
+Cheney, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+<br />
+Chester County Historical Society, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Chronicle</i> [E.A.I.A.], <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+Churchill, Frank C., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Clark, Robert, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Clark County Historical Society, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+Clarke, Martha, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+clockmaker, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Clough, Jere, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Joseph, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Cohen, I. Bernard, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Cole, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Collison, Peter, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Columbia Centinel</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+<br />
+compass, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br />
+<br />
+compass card, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Comstock Memorial Collection, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Condorcet, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Condy, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Connecticut Courant</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Connecticut Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+<br />
+Connecticut Historical Society, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Connecticut Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Conrad, Henry C., <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+<br />
+Cosgrove, James, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Cotes, Roger, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+Crittenden, A. R., <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Crockett, Roberson, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Crow, George, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Curtis, Charles B., <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+<br />
+Cushing, A. T., <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">S. T., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Custis, George Washington Parke, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+<br />
+Dabney, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Dakin, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Dartmouth College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Museum, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Davenport, Michael, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Davis, William T., <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+Davis quadrant, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Day, J., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Dean, William, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Denegan, John, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+De Negani, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Devacht, Francois, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dewie, Captain Solomon, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+dialing rule, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Diary, or Evening Register</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Dinwiddie, Gov., <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Dix, John Ross, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+<br />
+Dixon, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Donegan, [or Denegan] John, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br />
+<br />
+Donegany, Joseph, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br />
+<br />
+Donnel, Henry, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Doolittle, Amos, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enos, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Jr., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dorsan, Sarah Halsy, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+Dougherty, John, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Bates, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry B., <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dow, George Francis, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br />
+<br />
+Draper, Murray &amp; Fairman, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+<br />
+Dring, Jeptha, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a>[Pg 179]</span>Duffield, Edward, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Dunglison, Dr., <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Dupee, Isaac, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Duvall, Samuel, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Dyherty, John, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+Early American Industries Association, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br />
+<br />
+Eckhardt, George H., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+Eichner, Laurits C., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Eldridge, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ellicott, Andrew, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jane Judith, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ellicotts Mills, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+<br />
+Ellis, Mary N., <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orange Warner, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Emery, Samuel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Endicott, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+equal altitude instrument, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+<br />
+Evans, David, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ewer, Sarah, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Fairchild, Adah, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+Fairman, Gideon, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>(see also Hooker and Fairman)<br />
+<br />
+Farmer's Museum, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Felt, Joseph B., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+<br />
+Ferguson, James, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Fisher, Joshua, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martin, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fitch, Eunice, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fitts, Rev. James Hill, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Flint, Abel, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+<br />
+Folger, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Walter, Jr., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Folwell, John, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+<br />
+Footes, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+<br />
+Ford, George, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, II, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fosbrook, W., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Franklin Institute, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Frizell, John, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+Frye, Joseph, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, Jr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Fryeburg, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+<br />
+Gardner, Will, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Gatty, Joseph, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br />
+<br />
+Gerry, Capt., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+Gilbert, Joseph, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gillingham, Harold E., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+Gilman, Benjamin C., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Gilmur, Bryan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Gilpin family, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+<br />
+glass and thermometric instruments, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+globes, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+<br />
+Goddard &amp; Angell, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Godfrey, Thomas, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Godfrey's quadrant, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+Gottesman, Rita S., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+Gould, John, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Graham, George, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Grainger, Samuel, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br />
+<br />
+Greene, Joseph, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peter, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Greenleaf, Stephen, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Greenough, David, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jerusha, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Newman, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, Dr., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Greenwood, Dr. &amp; Mrs. Arthur, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Jr., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac, Sr., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Grew, Theophilus, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br />
+<br />
+Griffith, Nathaniel S., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Griffith &amp; Bowles, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+Gross, Huldah, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Gruchy, Thomas James, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a>[Pg 180]</span>gunnery calipers, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Gurley, W. &amp; L. E., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+Gurnet lighthouse, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+Gutridge, Anna, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+Guyol, Philip N., <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br />
+<br />
+Hadley, James, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Hadley quadrant, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br />
+<br />
+Hagger, Benjamin King, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John W., <a href="#Page_110">110</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Guyse, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William King, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hall, Andrew, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stephen, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Halley, Edmond, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Halsie, Hannah, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, I, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Halsy, Anna, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, II, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebecca, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ham, George, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, Jr., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Supply, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamlin, William, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+Hanks, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Truman, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Harland, Thomas, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+Harvard University, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+<br />
+Hayes, Fanny, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rutherford B., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Heckewelder, John, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+Heisely, Frederick A., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Helyer, Joseph, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Polly, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Henry Ford Museum, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Hicks, Edward, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hannah, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hillman, George, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hindle, Brooke, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Hinton, William, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+<br />
+Hoadley, Silas, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+<br />
+Hobby, Sir Charles, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+<br />
+Hoff, Catherine, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Holbecher, John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Holcomb, Amasa, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Holland, Captain, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Hood, Joseph, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br />
+<br />
+Hooker, William, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br />
+<br />
+Hooker &amp; Fairman [William Hooker and Gideon Fairman], <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Hoopes, Penrose R., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br />
+<br />
+Hopkins, Joseph, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+<br />
+Houghton, Rowland, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Houghton Library, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+<br />
+Hunter, Frederick W., <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Huntington, Gurdon, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hezekiah, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Submit, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Hurd, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Hutzlar, Dr. Donald A., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+hydrometer, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+hygrometer, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Independent Journal, or The General Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Irving, Washington, iv<br />
+<br />
+Jacks, James, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+James, Arthur E., <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Jay, Daniel, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Jayne, John, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+<br />
+Jerome, Chauncey, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+<br />
+Jess, Z., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+<br />
+Jones, Samuel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. &amp; S., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a>[Pg 181]</span><i>Journal of Andrew Ellicott</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+Keese, Samuel, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+Kennard, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Ketterer, Alloysius, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br />
+<br />
+Kiely, Edmond R., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Kimball, LeRoy E., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+Kimmel, Anthony, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a><br />
+<br />
+King, Benjamin, I, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, II, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>&nbsp; <a href="#Page_158">158</a>&nbsp; <a href="#Page_162">162</a>&nbsp; <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daniel, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mary, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mehitable, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rufus, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+King &amp; Hagger  [Benjamin King and William Guyse Hagger], <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+Kizer, David J., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas J., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Knowlton, Mary, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+<br />
+Kugler, Charles, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Lamb, A., &amp; Son, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anthony, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Lane, Gladys R., <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+Latrobe, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John H. B., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Laudonet, Mary, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+<br />
+Leadbeater, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Leake, Isaac Q., <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+<br />
+Lee, Billy, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+LePhillips, Philip, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Lewis, John, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Leybourn, William, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Library Company of Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>22<br />
+<br />
+Lloyd, Anna, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+loadstones, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+Loftan, Thomas, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br />
+<br />
+Logan, James, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Love, J., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+<br />
+Lovering &amp; Sons, Joseph, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br />
+<br />
+Ludlow, I., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+Lyle, Robert, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+<br />
+Lyon, Mrs. Eliza R., <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Madison, James, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Magee, D. F., <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+magic lantern, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+magnets, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+maps, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Mariner's Museum, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Maryland Historical Society, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+<br />
+Maskelyne, Nevil, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Mason, Charles, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Mason-Dixon Line, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Massachusetts Historical Society, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Massachusetts Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Matchett's Baltimore Directory</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br />
+<br />
+Mather, Rev. Cotton, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+Mathews, Catherine Van C., <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+<br />
+Maupertius, de, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Maverick, Jotham, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Mayer's <i>Tables</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+McCabe, William, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+McHenry, James, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Mendenhall, Thomas, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Mercer Museum, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Merrill, P., Esq., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+Miller, Aaron, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Mirick, McAndrew, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Mitchell, Edwin Valentine, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maria, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Moore, S., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Moor's Indian Charity School, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+<br />
+Morey, John, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+Morris, M., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br />
+<br />
+Morton, Charles, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br />
+<br />
+Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a><br />
+<br />
+Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+<br />
+Nantucket, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+National Maritime Museum, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Newell, Andrew, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joseph, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></span><br />
+<br />
+New Hampshire Historical Society, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a>[Pg 182]</span><i>New York Daily Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>New York Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+New York Historical Society, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>New York Mercury</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>New York Packet</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Noble, James, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Norwich Courier</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+Norwood, R., <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Odell, <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Ohio Historical Society, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+Ohio State Museum, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+Old Sturbridge, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+optical instruments, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+<br />
+orrery, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+<br />
+Osborn, John, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+Paine, Robert Treat, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Palmer, Brooks, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+Parker, N., <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Parmele, Ebenezer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+<br />
+Partridge, Marty, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br />
+<br />
+Paul, Amos, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Peabody Museum, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Peale, Charles Wilson, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+<br />
+Pease, Elizabeth Folger, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Pell, Edward, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+Pemberton, James, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Pennsylvania Evening Herald</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, The, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+<br />
+Pennsylvania, University of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+<br />
+perpetual log, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+<br />
+Phillips, John M., <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jonathan, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mrs. Mary W., ix</span><br />
+<br />
+Pierce, Abner, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Pierpont, John, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+<br />
+Pitt, William, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Pitts, James, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+planetarium, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+<br />
+planisphere, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+<br />
+Platt, Adah, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Augustus, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Benjamin, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Augustus, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Plymouth Journal &amp; Massachusetts Advertiser</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+Pope, Joseph, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Potter, John, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Potts, Thomas, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. L., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Power, Alexander, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Price, Derek J. de Solla, ix, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br />
+<br />
+Priestley, Frances D., <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dr. Joseph, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Prime, Alfred Coxe, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+Prince, John, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathan, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Princeton University, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+<br />
+Pryor, Thomas, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Quincy, Abraham, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br />
+<br />
+Rathborne, Aaron, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Ratsey, Widow, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+<br />
+Revere, Paul, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Reynolds, John E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Reworth, Captain, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Rhode Island Historical Society, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Riley, Stephen T., ix<br />
+<br />
+Ritchie &amp; Co., Bern C., <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Rittenhouse, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Rittenhouse &amp; Evans [David Rittenhouse &amp; David Evans], <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Roberts, Gideon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Romaine, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Royal Pennsylvania Gazette</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Royal Society of London, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Rutgers University, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Salter, Titus, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+<br />
+sand glasses, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Savage, James, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br />
+<br />
+Schiff, Henry G., <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Schoen, H. H., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Seybold, R. F., <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+<br />
+Shampeny, Worth, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Shepley Library, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Sheppard, Jack, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+<br />
+Shillcock, Hannah, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joyce, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a>[Pg 183]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Shoemaker, Mrs. Francis D., <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br />
+<br />
+Shrimpton, Shute, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+<br />
+Sibley, Asa, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+<br />
+Sibley &amp; Marble [Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble], <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun, At the, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Sign of "Hadley's Quadrant," At the, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Sign of the Hand &amp; Beam, At the, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Sign of the Mathematical Instruments, At the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+<br />
+Sign of the Quadrant, At the, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+Sign of the Seven Stars, At the, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+<br />
+Sission, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+<br />
+Skillin, John, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Simeon, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Sloane, Sir Hans, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Smart, C. E., ix, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br />
+<br />
+Smith, Cordial, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br />
+<br />
+Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts of Albany, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+<br />
+Solebury, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+<br />
+Sommer, Widow Balthaser, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+South Natick Historical Society, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Sower, Christopher, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Stargazers' Stone, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+<br />
+Steele, A.P., <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+<br />
+Stevenson, D. Alan, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br />
+<br />
+Stiles &amp; Storrs [Nathan Storrs and Jedidiah Baldwin], <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Stiles &amp; Baldwin [Jedidiah Baldwin], <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Stimpson, Charles Jr., <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br />
+<br />
+Stoddard, Sarah, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br />
+<br />
+Stone, Edmund, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+<br />
+Storrs, Nathan, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+<br />
+Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures [Yale University], <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+Stretch, Carolyn Wood, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+<br />
+Struik, Dirk J., <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Stubbs, Roleigh L. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br />
+<br />
+sundial, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+surgical instruments, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+<br />
+Sutton, Henry, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br />
+<br />
+Swan, Joseph, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br />
+<br />
+Symes, Jno. C., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+Taws, Charles, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Taylor, E. G. R., <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+<br />
+telescope, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Terry, Eli, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br />
+<br />
+Thacher, Charles, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Thaxter, Bathsheba, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, Sr., <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Thaxter &amp; Son, S., <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br />
+<br />
+theodolite, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+<br />
+thermometer, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Thomas, Richard, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+<br />
+Thompson, George Andrews, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel Rowland, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></span><br />
+<br />
+"Thwing Catalogue," <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+<br />
+Todd, Eli, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+<br />
+Towle, Jeremiah, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br />
+<br />
+trade cards, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br />
+<br />
+trade signs, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(see also under Sign)</span><br />
+<br />
+transit of Venus, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+<br />
+Turner, Charles Jr., <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Tyler, Thomas, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br />
+<br />
+Union College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+United States National Archives, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+<br />
+United States National Museum, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a><br />
+<br />
+Van Ness, Cornelius P., <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br />
+<br />
+Vassar College, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+<br />
+Voight, Henry, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br />
+<br />
+Wall, George, Jr., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+Wallis, Thomas, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+<br />
+Walpole, Charles, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a>[Pg 184]</span>Walton, Joseph, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br />
+<br />
+Warren, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William L., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Washington, George, iv, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence Augustine, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br />
+<br />
+weather glass, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+<br />
+Welles, Arnold, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br />
+<br />
+Wienberger, Bernard W., <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+<br />
+Wheelock, Rev. Eleazar, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+<br />
+Whipple Museum, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+White, John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peregrine, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Whiting, Alfred F., <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br />
+<br />
+Whitney, John, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+William &amp; Mary College, <a href="#Page_150">150</a><br />
+<br />
+Williams, John, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marvin, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samuel, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temperance, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Williams College, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Willis, Arthur, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+<br />
+Wilson, James, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br />
+<br />
+Winthrop, John, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+<br />
+Wistar, Casper, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+<br />
+Wistar, Richard, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br />
+<br />
+Witt, Christopher, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+<br />
+Wollaston, Rev., <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br />
+<br />
+Wood, John, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br />
+<br />
+Woods, Timothy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+<br />
+Wright, Captain, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+<br />
+Yale University, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Art Gallery, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Yardley, Thomas, Jr., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+<br />
+Youle, James, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Young, Daniel, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sarah, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></span><br />
+<br />
+zenith sector, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2>Transcriber's Notes</h2>
+
+<p>Transcriber's Notes: Clear punctuation errors such as missing periods at
+the ends of sentences have been silently corrected. Hyphenation has not
+been standardized, for instance, Elizabeth-town, watch-maker, and
+over-all. The spelling of proper names has not been standardized, for
+instance, Blakslee and Blakeslee, Appalachicola and Apalachicola.</p>
+
+
+<p>Figure 7 caption - "make" replaced with "made"</p>
+
+<p>Page 38 - "Eliptical" replaced with "Elliptical"</p>
+
+<p>Page 38 - "Guaging" replaced with "Gauging"</p>
+
+<p>Page 98 - "Samue" replaced with "Samuel"</p>
+
+<p>Page 146 - "worth" replaced with "worthy"</p>
+
+<p>Page 146 - "Federick" replaced with "Frederick"</p>
+
+<p>Page 162 - "Philadephia" replaced with "Philadelphia"</p>
+
+<p>Page 162 - "Ephermeris" replaced with "Ephemeris"</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+</body>
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@@ -0,0 +1,7989 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments and
+Their Makers, by Silvio A. Bedini
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers
+
+Author: Silvio A. Bedini
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39141]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Hunter Monroe, Joseph Cooper and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    SMITHSONIAN
+    INSTITUTION
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    UNITED STATES
+    NATIONAL MUSEUM
+    BULLETIN 231
+
+    WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+    1964
+
+
+
+
+Publications of the United States National Museum
+
+
+The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum include
+two series, _Proceedings of the United States National Museum_ and
+_United States National Museum Bulletin_.
+
+In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing
+with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly
+acquired facts in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history,
+and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries
+and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in
+the various subjects.
+
+The _Proceedings_, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in
+separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo
+in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table
+of contents of the volume.
+
+In the _Bulletin_ series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear
+longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in
+several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related
+subjects. _Bulletins_ are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on
+the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the
+botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the
+_Bulletin_ series under the heading _Contributions from the United
+States National Herbarium_.
+
+    FRANK A. TAYLOR,
+    _Director, United States National Museum_.
+
+  For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
+  U.S. Government Printing Office
+  Washington, D.C., 20402--Price $1.00 (Paper Cover)
+
+[Illustration: Frontispiece.--"Washington as a Surveyor." Engraving
+reproduced from Washington Irving's _Life of George Washington_ (New
+York: 1857, vol. 1).]
+
+
+
+
+    EARLY AMERICAN
+    SCIENTIFIC
+    INSTRUMENTS
+
+    _and Their Makers_
+
+    SILVIO A. BEDINI
+
+    _Curator of Mechanical
+    and Civil Engineering_
+
+    MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
+
+    SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+    WASHINGTON, 1964
+
+
+
+
+    Contents
+
+
+                                                        Page
+
+  Acknowledgments                                         ix
+
+  Preface                                                 xi
+
+  THE TOOLS OF SCIENCE                                     3
+      Philosophical and Practical Instruments              3
+      The Need for Instruments                             6
+      Colonial Training in Instrument Making               8
+
+  THE MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS                          15
+      The Rittenhouse Brothers                            15
+      Andrew Ellicott                                     19
+      Owen Biddle                                         21
+      Benjamin Banneker                                   22
+      Joel Baily                                          24
+      Reverend John Prince                                24
+      Amasa Holcomb                                       26
+
+  INSTRUMENTS OF METAL                                    27
+      Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers                  27
+      Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers                 30
+      Native American Makers                              33
+          New Hampshire                                   34
+          Vermont                                         34
+          Massachusetts                                   36
+          Rhode Island                                    43
+          Connecticut                                     45
+          Ohio                                            49
+          New York                                        51
+          New Jersey                                      53
+          Delaware                                        54
+          Maryland and Virginia                           54
+          Pennsylvania                                    58
+
+  INSTRUMENTS OF WOOD                                     65
+      The Use of Wood                                     65
+      Surviving Instruments                               69
+          Compass Cards                                   75
+          Trade Signs                                     75
+      The Makers                                          80
+          Joseph Halsy                                    80
+          James Halsy II                                  84
+          Thomas Greenough                                85
+          William Williams                                93
+          Samuel Thaxter                                  97
+          John Dupee                                     104
+          Jere Clough                                    105
+          Andrew Newell                                  106
+          Aaron Breed                                    107
+          Charles Thacher                                107
+          Benjamin King Hagger                           109
+          Benjamin Warren                                112
+          Daniel Burnap                                  117
+          Gurdon Huntington                              118
+          Jedidiah Baldwin                               123
+          Thomas Salter Bowles                           124
+
+  THE NEW ERA                                            130
+
+  THE NATIONAL COLLECTION                                131
+
+  Appendix                                               153
+      Surviving Wooden Surveying Compasses               153
+      Mathematical Practitioners and
+        Instrument Makers                                155
+
+  Bibliography                                           172
+
+  Index                                                  177
+
+
+
+
+Acknowledgments
+
+
+The writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to the various
+compilations relating to clockmakers and instruments which have been
+consulted in the preparation of this work, and which have provided an
+invaluable basis for it.
+
+He is especially grateful for the generous and interested assistance of
+the many who have cooperated in making this work possible. Particular
+credit must be given to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society;
+Mrs. Mary W. Phillips of the Department of Science and Technology of the
+U.S. National Museum; Prof. Derek J. de Solla Price, Avalon Professor of
+the History of Science at Yale University; Mr. Stephen T. Riley,
+Director of the Massachusetts Historical Society; and Mr. Charles E.
+Smart of Troy, New York.
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+Within recent years fairly exhaustive studies have been made on many
+aspects of American science and technology. For example, there have been
+numerous works relating to clocks and clockmakers, so that the collector
+and horological student have a number of useful sources on which to
+rely. More recently there has been a series of publications on the
+development of American tools and their makers. Until now, however, no
+systematic study has been attempted of the scientific instruments used
+in the United States from its colonial beginnings. While several useful
+regional lists of instrument makers in early America have been compiled
+from advertisements in contemporary newspapers and published as short
+articles, these, however, are fragmentary, and are inadequate to the
+need for documentation in this field.
+
+With the rapidly growing interest in the history of science, it becomes
+necessary to have a more complete background for the student and the
+historian alike. It is desirable to have a more comprehensive picture of
+the work of the scientific practitioners of the earlier periods of
+American scientific development, and of their tools. At the same time it
+is essential to have a history of the development and distribution and
+use of scientific instruments by others than the practitioners and
+teachers. The role of the instrument maker in the American Colonies was
+an important one--as it was in each epoch of the history of science in
+Europe--and it deserves to be reported.
+
+To make a comprehensive study of American scientific instruments and
+instrument makers in the American Colonies is no simple matter, partly
+because of an indifference to the subject in the past, and partly
+because of the great volume of sources that must be sifted to accomplish
+it. Such a project would require an organized search of all published
+reference works relating to the field and associated topics, of all
+contemporary newspapers for advertisements and notices, of civil records
+filed in state and community archives, of business account-books and
+records that have been preserved, and of business directories of the
+period under consideration. In addition, such a study would require the
+compilation of an inventory of all surviving instruments in private and
+public collections, and a correlation of all the data that could be
+assembled from these sources.
+
+The present study attempts only in part to accomplish this aim, being no
+more than a preliminary compilation of the scientific instruments known
+to have been used during the first two centuries of American colonial
+existence. It merely attempts to assemble all the data that is presently
+available in scattered sources, and to organize it in a usable form for
+the student and historian of American science. A supplement relating to
+19th-century instruments and instrument makers is in progress.
+
+The most that is hoped for the present work is that it will be of
+temporary assistance, serving to bring forth additional information on
+the subject from sources not previously available or known.
+
+    _February 1, 1964_  S.A.B.
+
+    EARLY AMERICAN
+    SCIENTIFIC
+    INSTRUMENTS
+
+    _and Their Makers_
+
+
+
+
+_The Tools of Science_
+
+
+Philosophical and Practical Instruments
+
+Development of the sciences in the American Colonies was critically
+dependent upon the available tools--scientific instruments--and the men
+who made and used them. These tools may be separated into two groups.
+The first group consists of philosophical instruments and scientific
+teaching apparatus produced and employed for experimentation and
+teaching in educational institutions. The second includes the so-called
+"mathematical instruments" of practical use, which were employed by
+mathematical practitioners and laymen alike for the mensural and
+nautical needs of the Colonies. It is particularly with this second
+group that the present study is concerned.
+
+It has been generally assumed that scientific instruments, as well as
+the instrument makers, of the first two centuries of American
+colonization were imported from England, and that the movement declined
+by the beginning of the 19th century with the development of skilled
+native craftsmen.[1] This assumption is basically true for those
+instruments grouped under philosophical and scientific apparatus for
+experimentation and teaching. Almost all of these items were in fact
+imported from England and France until well into the 19th century.
+
+Likewise, the very earliest examples of mathematical instruments for
+surveying and navigation in the Colonies were imported with the settlers
+from England. It was not long after the establishment of the first
+settlements, however, that the settlers, and later the first generation
+of native Americans, began to produce their own instruments. Records
+derived from historical archives and from the instruments themselves
+reveal that a considerable number of the instruments available and used
+in the Colonies before 1800 were of native production. Apparently,
+relatively few instrument makers immigrated to the American continent
+before the end of the Revolutionary War. Later, with the beginning of
+the 19th century, makers of and dealers in instruments in England and
+France became aware of the growing new market, and emigrated in numbers
+to establish shops in the major cities of commerce in the United States.
+
+Quite possibly the few instrument makers trained in England who
+immigrated to the Colonies in the early epoch of Colonial development
+may have in turn trained others in their communities, although no
+evidence has yet been found. Perhaps more data on this aspect of the
+subject will eventually come to light.
+
+There is reason to believe that a few mathematical practitioners and
+instrument makers lived and worked in the New England colonies as early
+as the first century of colonization.
+
+The evidence, frankly meager, consists of two items. The first is a
+reference relating to James Halsie of Boston. In a land deed made out to
+him in 1674 he was referred to as a "Mathematician."[2] Halsie was
+listed as a freeman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690. He
+apparently was the forbear of the several members of the Halsy family of
+instrument makers of Boston of the 18th century, mentioned later in this
+study. It is uncertain whether the use of the term "mathematician" in
+this connection meant an artisan, but if not it may be inferred that
+Halsie was a practitioner.
+
+The second piece of evidence is even more slender; it consists of an
+inscription upon a dialing rule (fig. 1) for making sundials and charts.
+The instrument is of cast brass, 20-7/16 inches long and 1-11/16 inches
+wide. The date "1674" is inscribed on the rule together with the name of
+its original owner, "Arthur Willis." The instrument almost certainly was
+produced by the school of Henry Sutton, the notable English instrument
+maker who worked in Threadneedle Street in London from about 1637
+through 1665. The name and date inscriptions are consistent and
+contemporary with the workmanship of the rule, and were probably
+inscribed by the maker for the original owner. It is conceivable that
+Arthur Willis was an Englishman and that the rule was brought into this
+country even in relatively recent times. However, it is claimed that the
+rule was owned and used by Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of Springfield,
+Massachusetts. Nathaniel Footes, believed to have been originally from
+Salem, subsequently moved from Springfield to Wethersfield, Conn. The
+instrument was later owned and used in Connecticut not later than the
+early 19th century[3] by the forbears of Mr. Newton C. Brainard of
+Hartford, Connecticut. If records relating to Willis as a resident of
+the New England colonies can be recovered, it may then be possible to
+establish whether he worked in the Colonies as a mathematical
+practitioner in the 17th century. His name is included on a tentative
+basis.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.--Dialing rule made of brass and inscribed with
+the name "Arthur Willis" and the date "1674." Allegedly used by
+Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of Springfield, Massachusetts. Photo courtesy
+Newton C. Brainard, Hartford, Connecticut, and the Connecticut
+Historical Society.]
+
+
+The Need for Instruments
+
+The production and use of scientific instruments in the American
+Colonies reflected colonial development in education and in territorial
+and economic expansion, and closely paralleled the same development in
+England, where the first mathematical practitioners were the teachers of
+navigational and commercial arithmetic and the surveyors employed in the
+redistribution of land following the dissolution of the monasteries. As
+the communities became established and the settlers gained a foothold on
+the soil, their attention naturally turned to improving their lot by
+expanding the land under cultivation and by trading their products for
+other needs. The growth of the communities became increasingly rapid
+from the end of the 17th century, and the land expansion closely
+paralleled the development of trade. The educational institutions placed
+greater emphasis on the sciences as their curriculums developed.
+Particularly there was a greater preoccupation with the sciences on the
+part of the layman because of the need for knowledge of surveying and
+navigation.
+
+The colonial school curriculum was accordingly designed from the
+practical point of view to emphasize practical mathematics, and there
+was an increasing demand for instruction in all aspects of the subject.
+One of the earliest advertisements of this nature appeared in _The
+Boston Gazette_ in March 1719. In the issue of February 19 to March 7
+the advertisement stated that:
+
+     This day Mr. Samuel Grainger opens his school at the House formerly
+     Sir Charles Hobby's, where will be taught Grammar Writing after a
+     free and easy manner in all the usual Hands, Arithmetick in a
+     concise and Practical Method, Merchants Accompts, and the
+     Mathematicks.
+
+     He hopes that more thinking People will in no wise be discouraged
+     from sending their children thither, on the account of the reports
+     newly reviv'd, because these dancing Phaenomena's were never seen
+     nor heard of in School Hours.
+
+The advertisement was further amplified in its second appearance, in the
+issue of March 21-22, 1719:
+
+     At the house formerly Sir Charles Hobby's are taught grammar,
+     writing, after a free & easy manner in all hands usually practiced,
+     Arithmetick Vulgar and Decimal in a concise and Practical Method,
+     Merchants Accompts, Geometry, Algebra, Mensuration, Geography,
+     Trigonometry, Astronomy, Navigation and other parts of the
+     Mathematicks, with the use of the Globes and other Mathematical
+     Instruments, by Samuel Grainger.
+
+     They whose business won't permit 'em to attend the usual School
+     Hours, shall be carefully attended and Instructed in the Evenings.
+
+R. F. Seybold[4] has noted that: "In advertisements of 1753 and 1754,
+John Lewis, of New York City, announced 'What is called a New Method of
+Navigation, is an excellent Method of Trigonometry here particularly
+applied to Navigation; But it is of great use in all kinds of measuring
+and in solving many Arithmetical Questions.' James Cosgrove, of
+Philadelphia, in 1755, taught 'geometry, trigonometry, and their
+application in surveying, navigation, etc.,' and Alexander Power, in
+1766, 'With their Application to Surveying, Navigation, Geography, and
+Astronomy'." These subjects were featured also in the evening schools of
+the colonial period, maintained by private schoolmasters in some of the
+larger communities for the education of those who could not attend
+school in the daytime.
+
+According to Seybold, surveying and navigation were the most popular
+mathematical subjects taught. Some explanation is to be derived from the
+statement by Schoen[5] that: "In the days when the 'bounds' of great
+wilderness tracts were being marked off by deep-cut blazes in the trees
+along a line, a knowledge of land surveying was a useful skill, and many
+a boy learned its elements by following the 'boundsgoer' in his work of
+'running the line.' And those who did not actually take part in running
+the line must have attended many a gay springtime 'processioning' when
+neighbors made a festive occasion out of 'perambulating the bounds'."
+"Vague land grants and inaccurate surveys," he adds, "made the subject
+of boundary lines a prime issue in the everyday life of colonial homes."
+
+At the same time there was interest in the other aspects of the
+mathematical sciences. As early as 1743, for instance, a Harvard
+mathematician named Nathan Prince advertised in Boston that if he were
+given "suitable Encouragement" he would establish a school to teach
+"Geography and Astronomy, With the Use of the Globes, and the several
+kinds of Projecting the Sphere" among other things.[6] A decade later,
+Theophilus Grew, professor in the academy at Philadelphia which has
+become the University of Pennsylvania, published a treatise on globes,
+with the title:
+
+     _The Description_ and _Use_ of the _Globes_, Celestial and
+     Terrestrial; With Variety for _Examples_ for the Learner's
+     _Exercises_: Intended for the Use of Such Persons as would attain
+     to the Knowledge of those _Instruments_; But Chiefly designed for
+     the _Instruction_ of the young _Gentlemen_ at the _Academy_ in
+     Philadelphia. To which is added Rules for working all the Cases in
+     Plain and Spherical Triangles without a Scheme. By _Theophilus
+     Grew_, Mathematical Professor. Germantown, Printed by Christopher
+     Sower, 1753.[7]
+
+Thus, the need for practical mathematical instruments for the surveyor
+and navigator became critical in proportion to the need for men to make
+and use them, and it is not surprising to discover that the majority of
+the instruments produced and advertised by early American makers were
+for surveying, with nautical instruments in second place. Generally, the
+surveyors were not professionals; they were farmers, tradesmen, or
+craftsmen with a sound knowledge of basic arithmetic and occasionally
+with some advanced study of the subject as taught in the evening
+schools. The surveying of provincial and intercolonial boundaries
+required greater skill, however, as well as a knowledge of astronomy,
+and this work was relegated to the scientific men of the period.
+
+As the increasing preoccupation with subdivision of land and with
+surveying led to a greater demand for suitable instruments, it was the
+skilled craftsmen of the community, such as the clockmaker and the
+silversmith, that were called upon to produce them. Superb examples also
+were produced by the advanced scientific men, or "mathematical
+practitioners," of the period.
+
+
+Colonial Training in Instrument Making
+
+One may well ask, where did these native craftsmen acquire the knowledge
+that enabled them to produce so skillfully the accurate and often
+delicate mathematical instruments? There were a number of possible
+sources for this knowledge. The first source lies in England, where some
+of these craftsmen could have studied or served apprenticeships. After
+completing their apprenticeship with English mathematical practitioners,
+they may have immigrated to the Colonies and taught the craft to others.
+This seems to be entirely plausible, and was probably true, for example,
+of Thomas Harland the clockmaker, Anthony Lamb, and perhaps several
+others. However, these were the exceptions instead of the rule, since a
+biographical study of the instrument makers in general reveals that they
+were for the most part native to America. It is not likely that the one
+or two isolated practitioners that had been trained in England could
+have taught so many others who worked in the same epoch.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.--Title page of _The Surveyor_ by Aaron
+Rathborne, published in London in 1616. The book was one of the sources
+of information for American makers of mathematical instruments.]
+
+Another source for this knowledge of instrument making was probably the
+reference works on the subject that had been published in England and in
+France. As an example, Nicolas Bion's _Traite de la Construction et des
+Principaux Usages des Instruments de Mathematique_, which had been first
+published in 1686, was translated into English by Edmund Stone in 1723,
+and went into several English editions. Copies of this work in English
+undoubtedly found their way to America soon after publication. Other
+popular works were Aaron Rathbone's _The Surveyor_, which appeared in
+London in 1616 (see fig. 2); William Leybourn's _The Compleat Surveyor_,
+in 1653; and George Atwell's _Faithfull Surveyour_, in 1662. Other works
+popular in the Colonies were R. Norwood's _Epitome, or The Doctrine of
+Triangles_ (London, 1659) and J. Love's _Geodasia, or the Art of
+Surveying_ (London, 1688).
+
+These works undoubtedly inspired similar publications in America, for
+many books on surveying and navigation appeared there before the
+beginning of the 19th century. Chief among them were S. Moore's _An
+Accurate System of Surveying_ (Litchfield, Conn., 1796), Z. Jess's _A
+Compendious System of Practical Surveying_ (Wilmington, 1799), Abel
+Flint's _Surveying_ (Hartford, 1804), and J. Day's _Principles of
+Navigation and Surveying_ (New Haven, 1817).
+
+The published works were unquestionably responsible for much of the
+training in the making of mathematical instruments in America, although
+no documentary evidence has yet been recovered to prove it.
+
+Another important influence on early American instrument-making which
+must be noted was that of the clockmaker as an artisan. A comprehensive
+study of surviving instruments and related records has revealed that
+only a few of the many clockmakers working in the American Colonies in
+the 18th century made mathematical instruments. Yet, a large proportion
+of the surviving surveying and nautical instruments produced before 1800
+were the work of clockmakers. Classic among these must be noted the
+instruments produced by the brothers David and Benjamin Rittenhouse (see
+p. 15 and figs. 3 and 4), as well as the fine surveying instruments made
+by four separate members of the Chandlee family, whose clockmaking
+traditions began early in the 17th century (see p. 54).
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.--Transit telescope made by David Rittenhouse
+and used by him for the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769.
+Brass, 33-1/2-in. tube on a 25-in. axis, with an aperture of 1-3/4 in.
+and a focal length of 32 in. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical
+Society.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.--Surveying compass marked "Potts and
+Rittenhouse." Believed to be the work of David Rittenhouse in
+partnership with Thomas Potts. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical
+Society.]
+
+Finally, one must not overlook the fact that examples of English and
+other European instruments were available in the Colonies, and that at
+least some of the early colonial makers undoubtedly copied them. It is
+apparent from some surviving early American instruments that the
+materials, designs, dimensions, and details of European prototypes had
+been deliberately copied. It is possible to see in public collections,
+for instance, a Davis quadrant of English manufacture exhibited beside a
+later example, signed by a New England maker, which comes
+extraordinarily close to duplicating it in every feature.
+
+As with the presumed influence of published works, the practice of
+copying imported instruments cannot be documented, but it must have been
+engaged in by many of the unschooled New England instrument makers. By
+this means some may even have profited to the degree that they became
+professional craftsmen without benefit of formal apprenticeship.
+
+Yet it is remarkable that although numerous instruments were produced by
+native artisans, in addition to the substantial number which were
+imported before the end of the 18th century, relatively few specimens
+have survived in public collections as well as in private hands. Despite
+the exhaustive combing of attics and barns throughout the country by
+dealers in antiques and by avid collectors during the past several
+decades, the number of surviving instruments now known is incredibly
+small in comparison with the numbers known to have been made locally or
+imported before the beginning of the 19th century. Since instruments are
+not items which would ordinarily be deliberately discarded or destroyed,
+or melted down for the recovery of the metal, this small percentage of
+survival presents a puzzle which has not been resolved.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.--David Rittenhouse. Engraving from portrait by
+Charles Wilson Peale.]
+
+
+
+
+_The Mathematical Practitioners_
+
+
+The Rittenhouse Brothers
+
+Notable among the American practitioners was David Rittenhouse
+(1732-1796) of Norristown and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who was
+established as a clockmaker and surveyor in Philadelphia by 1749. He
+surveyed the boundary between Pennsylvania and Delaware in 1763 with
+instruments of his own design and construction. Six years later, in
+1769, he successfully calculated the transit of Venus and later
+observed that planet with astronomical instruments he had constructed
+himself. In the following year, 1770, he built the first American
+astronomical observatory, in Philadelphia. Two orreries that he designed
+and built--at the University of Pennsylvania and at Princeton
+University--survive as outstanding examples of American craftsmanship.[8]
+Several of his surveying and astronomical instruments are exhibited in the
+collections of the U.S. National Museum. David Rittenhouse is credited
+with being the originator of a declination arc on the surveying compass,
+a feature to be copied by a number of later instrument makers.
+
+David's brother, Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820), served in the
+Revolution and was wounded at Brandywine. He superintended the
+Government's gunlock factory at Philadelphia in 1778 and achieved
+recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying instruments (see fig.
+8).[9] During one period of his career he worked in partnership with his
+brother David. An interesting advertisement appeared in the May 14,
+1785, issue of _The Pennsylvania Packet_:
+
+     WANTED, An ingenious Lad not exceeding 14 years of age, of a
+     reputable family, as an Apprentice to learn the Art and Mistery of
+     making Clocks and Surveying Instruments. Any lad inclining to go an
+     apprentice to the above Trade, the terms on which he will be taken
+     may [be] known by enquiring of Mr. David Rittenhouse, in
+     Philadelphia, or at the subscriber's house in Worcester township,
+     Montgomery county. Benjamin Rittenhouse.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.--Astronomical clock made by David Rittenhouse
+for his observatory at Norristown, Pa., and used by him for the
+observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. Unembellished pine case
+83-1/2 in. high, 13-1/4 in. wide at the waist with a silvered brass dial
+10-5/8 in. diameter. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical Society.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.--Orrery built by David Rittenhouse for the
+University of Pennsylvania. The center section shows the motions of the
+planets and their satellites and the right-hand section the eclipses of
+the Sun and Moon. The case, considered to be an outstanding example of
+colonial cabinet-work, was made by John Folwell.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.--Brass surveying compass inscribed "Made by
+Benjamin Rittenhouse, 1787." Photo courtesy Ohio State Museum, Columbus,
+Ohio.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.--Portrait of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) by
+unknown artist.]
+
+
+Andrew Ellicott
+
+A name closely associated with that of the Rittenhouse brothers was that
+of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) of Solebury, Pennsylvania, and Ellicotts
+Mills, Maryland. Andrew was the son of Joseph Ellicott, the clockmaker
+and pioneer industrialist who founded Ellicotts Mills. Although a
+Quaker, Andrew (fig. 9) served in the Revolution, and he became one of
+the most distinguished engineers of the new republic. He worked as a
+clockmaker and instrument maker from 1774 to 1780. In 1784 he ran the
+boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania and in the following year he
+was a member of the survey that continued Mason and Dixon's line. In
+1785 and 1786 he served on the Pennsylvania commissions that surveyed
+the western and northern boundaries of the state, and in 1789 he served
+on the commission that fixed the boundary between New York and
+Pennsylvania. Between 1791 and 1793 he surveyed the site of the city of
+Washington, D.C., and redrew L'Enfant's plan for the city.
+
+In early 1793 Ellicott was appointed commissioner by the Commonwealth of
+Pennsylvania for the project of viewing and locating a road from Reading
+to Presque Isle, now Erie. It was an extremely difficult undertaking,
+but Ellicott completed the work by the autumn of 1796, including laying
+out the towns of Erie, Warren, and Franklin.
+
+In May 1796 Ellicott was commissioned by President Washington to survey
+and mark the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish
+Province of Florida in accordance with the provisions of the
+Pinkney-Godoy Treaty of October 27, 1795. This line was to begin at the
+point where the 31st parallel of north latitude intersected the
+Mississippi River, and to proceed thence along that parallel eastward to
+the Appalachicola River for about 400 miles.
+
+In 1801 Ellicott was offered the position of surveyor general of the
+United States by President Jefferson. Ellicott declined, but
+subsequently accepted the secretaryship of the land office of
+Pennsylvania, a post he held until 1808.
+
+In 1811 Ellicott became commissioner to represent Georgia in locating
+the Georgia-North Carolina boundary, a project on which he was engaged
+for the major part of the following year.
+
+In 1815 President Madison appointed Ellicott professor of mathematics at
+West Point, with the rank of major. This is an appointment he kept until
+his death in 1820. It was interrupted in 1817 when the Government
+required his services as astronomer to locate a portion of the United
+States-Canadian boundary in accordance with the fifth article of the
+Treaty of Ghent.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.--Transit and equal-altitude instrument (left)
+made by Ellicott in 1789 and used by him in the survey of the boundary
+between the United States and Florida and in other surveys. USNM
+152080.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.--Zenith sector with focal length of 6 ft.,
+made by David Rittenhouse and revised by Andrew Ellicott. Described in
+_Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ (Philadelphia, 1803). USNM 152078.]
+
+Ellicott was a member of a number of learned societies, including the
+American Philosophical Society, the Society for the Promotion of Useful
+Arts of Albany, and of the National Institute of France.
+
+Ellicott constructed a number of instruments for surveying and
+astronomical observation, and he designed and used others that were
+produced by his friend David Rittenhouse[10] (see figs. 10, 11). Of
+particular interest in connection with Ellicott's career as a clockmaker
+and instrument maker are two advertisements that appeared in the
+Baltimore newspapers. The first one was in the _Maryland Journal and
+Baltimore Daily Advertiser on April 7, 1778_:
+
+     Ellicott's Upper Mills, April 4, 1778. Wanted, a person acquainted
+     with the Clock-Making business, and able to work by directions.
+     Such a person will meet with good encouragement by applying to
+     Andrew Ellicott, sen.
+
+The second advertisement, in the same vein, appeared in the May 16,
+1780, issue of the _Maryland Journal_:
+
+     Good Encouragement will be given to either Clock or Mathematical
+     instrument makers, by the subscriber, living in Baltimore-Town.
+     Andrew Ellicott.
+
+
+Owen Biddle
+
+Another mathematical practitioner associated with David Rittenhouse in
+his observations of the transit of Venus was Owen Biddle (1737-1799) of
+the North Ward, Philadelphia.
+
+In early life Biddle was an apothecary and a clock and watchmaker. In
+his shop "next door to Roberts warehouse" he sold clock and watch parts
+and tools. From 1764 to 1770 he advertised himself as "Clockmaker, and
+scientist, statesman and patriot." As a Quaker, he participated actively
+in civic and patriotic affairs of Philadelphia. During the American
+Revolution, in spite of his religious affiliation, he fought for the
+defense of the Colonies and was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Forage.
+Evidencing sincere repentance, he was permitted to rejoin the Society of
+Friends.
+
+In 1769 Biddle took an active part in the preparations made by the
+American Philosophical Society for the observation of the transit of
+Venus. With Joel Baily he was sent to Cape Henlopen, Delaware, with a
+large reflecting telescope borrowed from the Library Company. The
+expedition was described in the _Transactions of the American
+Philosophical Society_ in 1771 in an article entitled "An Account of the
+Transit of Venus, over the Sun's Disk, as observed near Cape Henlopen,
+on Delaware Bay, June 3rd, 1769 by Owen Biddle, Joel Baily and (Richard
+Thomas) Drawn by Owen Biddle." In addition to his trade in clocks and
+watches, Biddle also made mathematical instruments and was well known in
+his native city as a merchant, inventor, and ironmaster.
+
+
+Benjamin Banneker
+
+A name that is too often ignored in the history of science in colonial
+America is that of a free Negro, Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806) of
+Baltimore. A farmer by occupation, Banneker was the son of a native
+African slave and a free mulatto woman. In his spare time he attended
+the school of a Quaker farmer; the only book he owned was the Bible.
+When he was a young man he acquired a watch from a trader, and from it
+he developed his love of science and instruments. Although he had never
+seen a clock, he constructed one based on drawings he made from the
+watch. Banneker was called upon to assist in the construction of the
+mills for the Ellicotts, and it was natural that his clock, which was
+the marvel of the Negro settlement, should come to the attention of
+Joseph Ellicott. Ellicott became interested in Banneker's thirst for
+knowledge and allowed him the use of his tools, scientific instruments,
+and technical books. Among the books were Mayer's _Tables_, James
+Ferguson's _Astronomy_, and Leadbeater's _Lunar Tables_. Banneker
+absorbed these and other works that he borrowed and went on to explore
+the wonderful new world they opened up for him. He pursued astronomical
+studies, and within three years he began to make calculations (fig. 12)
+for an almanac. After completing the calculations for the year 1791, he
+went on to produce a set of calculations for 1792. During this period he
+mastered the use of surveying instruments and made a firsthand study of
+tides in the region. His great opportunity came when Andrew Ellicott was
+chosen to make a survey for the city of Washington and hired Banneker as
+an assistant. While thus employed, Banneker completed his almanac and
+gave it to George Ellicott, Andrew's cousin, as a subject of possible
+interest. Apparently George Ellicott turned it over to the Honorable
+James McHenry of Baltimore, who in turned submitted it to the
+Philadelphia firm of Goddard & Angell, who published it (fig. 13).
+Banneker mailed a copy of his _Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania,
+Delaware, Virginia And Maryland Almanac and Ephemeris For the Year of
+Our Lord, 1792_ to Thomas Jefferson, who was so impressed with it that
+he forwarded it to the Marquis de Condorcet, secretary of the French
+Academy of Sciences. After his work with Ellicott had been completed,
+Banneker retired to his farm to produce almanacs annually until 1802.
+When he died in 1806 he was eulogized before the French Academy by the
+Marquis de Condorcet, and William Pitt placed his name in the records of
+the English Parliament.[11]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.--Letter from Benjamin Banneker to George
+Ellicott dated October 13, 1789, regarding astronomical data for the
+compilation of Banneker's almanac. Photo courtesy Maryland Historical
+Society.]
+
+
+Joel Baily
+
+Still another 18th-century practitioner was Joel Baily (1732-1797), a
+Quaker of West Bradford, Pennsylvania. In addition to his trade as a
+clockmaker and gunsmith, Baily achieved local eminence as an astronomer,
+mathematician, and surveyor.[12]
+
+In 1764, at the time that Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon established
+their headquarters near his farm, Baily was the local surveyor.
+Obtaining employment with the expedition, he worked with Mason and Dixon
+until the completion of their survey in 1768. Baily was subsequently
+employed by Mason and Dixon to build pine frames for carrying the
+20-foot rods to be used in the second measurement of courses from the
+Stargazers' Stone southward.
+
+In 1769 Baily was appointed by the American Philosophical Society to
+work with Owen Biddle in setting up the station at Cape Henlopen for
+observation of the transit of Venus. In 1770 he again worked with Biddle
+in taking the courses and distances from the New Castle Court House to
+the State House Observatory in Philadelphia for determining the latitude
+and longitude of each. In the same year Baily was elected a member of
+the American Philosophical Society.
+
+
+Reverend John Prince
+
+Another noteworthy mathematical practitioner of the period was the
+Reverend John Prince (1751-1836) of Salem, Massachusetts. The son of a
+hatter and mechanic, Prince studied natural philosophy under John
+Winthrop at Harvard and received his B.A. degree in 1776. He was a
+student of divinity under Samuel Williams and was ordained in 1779 at
+the First Church in Salem. Although an amateur of the sciences, Prince
+became a skilled maker of scientific instruments. He made, sold, and
+repaired instruments for the use of numerous colleges, schools, and
+academies, including Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Harvard, Union, Amherst,
+and Williams. Among other accomplishments, he effected "improvements" on
+the lucernal microscope and the air pump.[13]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.--Title page of one of Banneker's almanacs. The
+portrait of Banneker was made by Timothy Woods in 1793 for the publisher
+and reproduced by woodcut. Banneker's first almanac was published in
+Philadelphia in 1792.]
+
+
+Amasa Holcomb
+
+Although he was born in the 18th century, Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875)
+properly belongs to a later period. An astronomer and telescope maker of
+Southwick, Massachusetts, Holcomb became a surveyor in 1808. An
+autobiographical sketch noted that "he manufactured about this time a
+good many sets of surveyors instruments--compasses, chains, scales,
+protractors and dividers, some for his pupils and some for others."[14]
+
+
+
+
+Instruments of Metal
+
+
+Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers
+
+According to present evidence, only a few makers of metal instruments
+emigrated from England to the Colonies before the beginning of the
+Revolutionary War. A slightly larger number emigrated after the war had
+ended. In almost every instance, the immigrant instrument makers settled
+in the major cities, which were the shipping centers of the new country.
+The reason is obvious: in these cities there was the greatest demand for
+nautical and other instruments.
+
+One of the earliest immigrant instrument makers arrived in Boston in
+1739. According to an advertisement that appeared in _The Boston
+Gazette_ in the issue of July 16-23, 1739, there had
+
+     Arriv'd here by Capt. _Gerry_ from _London_ John Dabney, junr. who
+     serv'd his time to Mr. Jonathan Sisson, Mathematical Instrument
+     Maker to his Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales. Makes and sells
+     all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass, or Ivory,
+     at Reasonable Rates, at Mr. Rowland Houghton's Shop the north side
+     of the Town Huse in Boston.
+
+     N.B. Said Dabney, sets Loadstones to a greater Perfection than any
+     heretofore.
+
+Dabney's master, Jonathan Sisson (1694-1749) originally of Lincolnshire,
+with a shop in the Strand, London, was a well-known maker of optical and
+mathematical instruments in the early decades of the 18th century. He
+was particularly noted for the exact division of scales, and examples of
+his work are to be found in the major collections.
+
+Dabney's name appeared again several years later, in the Supplement to
+the _Boston Evening Post_ for December 12, 1743, and again in the
+_Boston Evening Post_ for December 19 of the same year, with the
+following advertisement:
+
+     To be shown by John Dabney, Mathematical Instrument maker, in Milk
+     Street, Boston, on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday Evenings, from five
+     to eight o'clock, for the Entertainment of the Curious, the Magic
+     Lanthorn an Optick Machine, which exhibits a great Number of
+     wonderful and surprising Figures, prodigious large, and vivid, at
+     Half a Crown each, Old Tenor.
+
+In New York City, one of the earliest immigrant instrument makers was
+Charles Walpole, who established a shop at a corner in Wall Street,
+according to a notice in the May 26, 1746, issue of the _New York
+Evening Post_. The announcement stated that Walpole was a "citizen of
+London" and that at his shop "all sorts of Mathematical Instruments,
+whether in silver or brass, are made and mended...."
+
+In the May 21, 1753, issue of _The New York Gazette or The Weekly Post
+Boy_ there was an announcement by the widow of Balthaser Sommer who
+lived on Pot-Baker's Hill in Smith Street in New York City and who
+advertised herself as a "grinder of all sorts of optic glasses, spying
+glasses, of all lengths, spectacles, reading glasses for near-sighted
+people or others; also spying glasses of 3 feet long which are to set on
+a common Walking-Cane and yet be carried as a Pocket-Book."
+
+John Benson emigrated from Birmingham, England, and established a
+lapidary and optical store in May 1793 at 12 Princess Street in New
+York, where he produced miniatures, lockets, rings, glasses, "as well as
+Spectacles, single reading and burning glasses, and where he also
+polished scratch'd glasses." In July 1797 he moved to 106 Pearl Street
+where he sold green goggles, thermometers, and opera and spy glasses, in
+addition to an assortment of jewelry. In September 1798 he was
+established at a new location, 147 Pearl Street, "At the sign of The
+Green Spectacles" where he specialized in optical goods. He featured for
+rent or sale a "Portable Camera Obscura" for the use of artists in
+drawing landscapes. His advertisements chronicled each change in
+location in the issues of _The New York Daily Advertiser_.
+
+A craftsman whose name is well known in scientific circles was Anthony
+Lamb, who advertised in 1753 as a mathematical instrument maker living
+on Hunter's Key, New York. He claimed that he could furnish
+
+     Godfrey's newly invented quadrant, for taking the latitude or other
+     altitudes at sea; hydrometers for trying the exact strength of
+     spirits, large surveying instruments in a more curious manner than
+     usual; which may be used in any weather without exception, small
+     ditto which may be fixed on the end of a walking stick, and
+     lengthened to a commodious height, gauging instruments as now in
+     use, according to an act of assembly with all other mathematical
+     instruments for sea or land, by wholesale or retail at reasonable
+     rates.[15]
+
+Lamb had served an apprenticeship with Henry Carter, a mathematical
+instrument maker in London. In July 1724 he became an accomplice of
+Jack Sheppard, a notorious burglar, and was arrested and sentenced to
+the gallows in 1724. As he was awaiting execution on the gallows at
+Tyburn, his sentence was commuted to transportation to Virginia for a
+period of seven years, inasmuch as this was his first offence. After he
+had completed his term of seven years in Virginia he moved to
+Philadelphia, where he opened a shop as an instrument maker and a
+private school for teaching technical subjects. The curriculum included
+surveying, navigation, and mathematics. Although his enterprises
+prospered, he moved to New York. There he married a Miss Ham and
+established himself in a respectable position. Lamb's first
+advertisement in New York appeared on January 23, 1749. He died on
+December 11, 1784, at the age of 81, and two days later he was eulogized
+in _The New York Packet_ where he was mentioned as "a steady friend to
+the liberties of America."
+
+John Lamb (1735-1800), Anthony's son, learned and practiced his father's
+craft for a time and worked as a partner in the firm of A. Lamb & Son.
+He subsequently became a wine and sugar merchant, achieved considerable
+wealth, married well, and was accepted by the gentry of the city. He was
+a firm patriot and from 1765 he was active as the leader of the Sons of
+Liberty. He served in several major engagements in the American
+Revolution and in 1783 was brevetted a brigadier-general.[16]
+
+The immigrant instrument makers were not confined to those working in
+glass, however. One of the earlier immigrant craftsmen was Charles
+Blundy, a London watchmaker who established himself on Church Street in
+Charleston, South Carolina, in 1753. He notified the public that in
+addition to watches he sold thermometers of all sizes and types.
+Presumably his merchandise was imported from England.[17] He was absent
+from the city between 1753 and 1760 but returned and continued in
+business in the latter year.
+
+Another pre-Revolution immigrant was Thomas Harland (1735-1807), a clock
+maker who settled in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1773. It is claimed that
+he sailed from England on one of the ships carrying the tea destroyed by
+the Boston Tea Party. Over the course of the years his business
+prospered to such a degree that he hired from ten to twelve apprentices
+at one time. Some of the leading American 18th-century clockmakers
+served apprenticeships with Harland. In 1802 his newspaper notice stated
+that he had for sale "Surveyors Compasses, with agate centre needles;
+chains and Protractors ..."[18]
+
+A most interesting instrument that has recently come to light is a brass
+sundial made in Philadelphia in 1764. The dial, about 10-1/2 inches in
+diameter, is signed by the maker, "Daniel Jay Philad^a. fecit." It is
+dated 1764 and inscribed with the name of the person for whom it was
+made, "James Pemberton." In the center is "Lat. 40," which coincides
+with the latitude for Philadelphia. The style of the dial is very much
+in the English tradition of the period, indicating that Jay was probably
+an emigrant trained in England.
+
+
+Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers
+
+A large proportion of the English craftsmen who came to the American
+Colonies after the Revolution settled in Philadelphia, There was John
+Gould for instance, a mathematical instrument maker from London who had
+opened a shop at 47 Water Street by 1794. He sold nautical, surveying,
+and optical instruments as well as mirrors, presumably all imported from
+England. He moved to 70 South Front Street "At the Sign of the Quadrant"
+in 1796. He was succeeded in business in 1798 by Thomas Whitney, another
+emigrant from London. Whitney made and sold instruments (see fig. 85) in
+Gould's former shop, and featured also a vast array of department store
+merchandise. John Whitney, who may have been his son, was listed at the
+same address in the Philadelphia directory of 1801 as a "Mathematical
+Instrument Maker and Optician."[19]
+
+In the Philadelphia directory and register for 1821 Thomas Whitney
+advertised that he
+
+     ... presents his sincere thanks to his friends and the public and
+     respectfully soliciting the continuation of their favors, wishes to
+     inform them that he has devoted his attention principally to the
+     making of surveying compasses for 16 years past, and has made 500
+     of them; the good qualities of which are well known to many
+     surveyors, in at least 16 of the States and Territories of the
+     Union ... [he also makes] many other instruments, protractors,
+     gunner's Calibers and quadrants, etc.
+
+George Evans was another instrument maker who arrived from London after
+the end of the Revolution. He established himself in a shop at 33 North
+Front Street in 1796, where he sold imported instruments as well as
+stationery, Bibles, and cloth. He died in 1798.[20]
+
+Thomas Dring, who migrated from England, settled in Westtown Township of
+Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he was first noted in the tax
+records of 1786. He married Hanna Griffith, a native of the region, and
+their son, Jeptha Dring, subsequently was mentioned as a carpenter by
+trade, and a vagrant by inclination, who could quote Shakespeare from
+memory. According to local legend, Dring raised money from a number of
+townspeople for the purpose of purchasing clocks for them in England. He
+set sail for his homeland in about 1798 and never returned.
+
+Although the tax records for 1796 described Dring as an "Optician" he
+was also a clockmaker and maker of scientific instruments. At least
+three of his tall-case clocks have survived, and a stick type of
+barometer which he made for Edward and Hannah Hicks in 1796. The
+instrument is now in the collection of the Chester County Historical
+Society. It measures 39 inches in height, and is signed on the
+thermometer dial THOMAS DRING/West Chester. This instrument (fig. 14) is
+one of the very rare barometers produced in America in the 18th century.
+
+Another craftsman who emigrated from England was Robert Clark, who
+opened a shop at 5-1/2 Church Street in Charleston, South Carolina, in
+1785. In that year he announced himself as a
+
+     Math., Optical and Philosophical Instruments maker and Clockmaker
+     from London ... As the Advertiser has lately had an opportunity of
+     working and receiving instruction under the first masters in the
+     above branches in Great Britain, flatters himself that he shall
+     give satisfaction to those who may be pleased to favor him with
+     their orders ... for Surveyors compasses, Quadrants, Telescopes,
+     Microscopes, Spirit Levels, etc.[21]
+
+W. Fosbrook was another craftsman originally from London. He was a
+cutler and maker of surgical instruments, with a shop in Beekman's Slip
+in New York City in 1786 or earlier. He specialized in leg irons and
+rupture trusses, and he made instruments and files for setting the
+teeth as well as standard items for surgeons.[22]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.--Barometer made in 1796 by Thomas Dring of
+West Chester, Pa., for Edward and Hannah Hicks. Photo courtesy the
+Chester County Historical Society.]
+
+Several immigrant instrument makers established themselves in
+Philadelphia during the same period. John Denegan (or Donegan), stated
+to have been "late from Italy," moved his shop in March 1787 to the
+corner of Race and Fourth Streets at "the sign of the Seven Stars".[23]
+There he made barometers and thermometers as well as glasses for
+philosophical experiments. It seems too much of a coincidence that in
+October 1787 an instrument maker named Joseph Donegany established a
+shop at 54 Smith Street in New York City,[24] where--according to an
+advertisement in the October 17, 1787, issue of _The New York Daily
+Advertiser_--he made "thermometers, barometers and sold hydrostatic
+Bubbles and hygrometers for proving spirits, and also ... glasses for
+experimental purposes." It is probable that Denegan and Donegany were
+one and the same; since Denegan was stated to have been of Italian
+origin, the name may originally have been "De Negani."
+
+Joseph Gatty advertised himself as an "Artist from Italy" with a shop at
+341 Pearl Street in New York City where he "made and sold every simple
+and compound form of barometer and thermometer as well as curious
+Hygrometers for assaying spirits which show the actual strength with the
+greatest precision and are not liable to be corroded, in addition to
+several new Philosophical Instruments of his own invention, and all
+types of artificial fireworks."[25] By 1796 Gatty (or Gatti?) had moved
+to Philadelphia where he had a shop at 79 South Front Street and
+advertised the same items that had appeared in his advertisements in New
+York. The Philadelphia directory for 1800 listed Gatty as a "Weather
+Glass Maker."[26]
+
+
+Native American Makers
+
+Comparatively speaking, the greater proportion of the early American
+instrument makers were native born. Among these were to be found a
+substantial number of artisans trained as clockmakers who subsequently
+produced scientific instruments to meet the surveying and nautical needs
+of their communities. Together with the other craftsmen throughout the
+colonies who established and advertised themselves specifically as
+instrument makers, they produced a large number of the mathematical
+instruments used in the American Colonies in the 18th century. A careful
+study of their regional distribution reveals that most of them were
+concentrated in the major coastal cities of commerce.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.--James Wilson, first American maker of globes.
+From a sketch by John Ross Dix in _Ballou's Pictorial Drawing Room
+Companion_ (Boston, 1857), vol. 12, p. 156.]
+
+
+_New Hampshire_
+
+Among the artisans who combined clockmaking with instrument making
+before the beginning of the 19th century was Benjamin C. Gilman
+(1763-1835) of Exeter, New Hampshire. He made mathematical instruments
+and clocks in addition to working as a silversmith, clockmaker, and
+hydraulic engineer.
+
+
+_Vermont_
+
+A New England instrument maker who had a most unusual career was James
+Wilson (1763-1855) of Bradford, Vermont. He was a native of Francestown,
+New Hampshire, where he was born in a log cabin and brought up on a
+farm. In 1796 he purchased his own farm, at Bradford.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.--Globe made by James Wilson (1763-1855) of
+Bradford, Vermont. Diameter is 13 in. Photo courtesy Houghton Library,
+Harvard University.]
+
+When a young man of 36 he saw a pair of globes at Dartmouth College in
+neighboring Hanover and tried to duplicate them. He made balls of wood
+turned from solid blocks, covered them with paper, and finished them off
+with lines and drawings. He later improved this method by coating the
+wooden balls thickly with layers of paper pasted together. He then cut
+the globes into hemispheres, removed the wooden molds, and joined the
+paper shells to make the globes.
+
+Wilson next proceeded to procure copper plates of the necessary sizes
+for his globes, and he projected his maps on them in sections. He
+received a few lessons in engraving from Amos Doolittle of New Haven,
+but he was otherwise completely self-taught.
+
+Wilson exhibited the first edition of his globes in Boston in 1814. They
+created a sensation, and many persons asked to see the maker, but Wilson
+was reluctant to come forward because of his coarse clothing and rustic
+manners. He was greatly encouraged, however, by the public interest in
+his work, and he continued to make globes in Bradford (see fig. 16). In
+about 1815 Wilson and his three sons, all of whom were as ingenious as
+the father, formed a company to manufacture globes in Albany. There they
+produced terrestrial and celestial globes, the latter showing as many as
+5,000 stars. Wilson produced a new set of plates in 1826 and made globes
+in several sizes. Even after he had reached the age of 83 years he
+constructed an excellent planetarium, engraving the large copperplate
+himself.
+
+Wilson was married three times and was the father of 14 children. He
+died at the age of 92 in March 1855 at Bradford.[27]
+
+
+_Massachusetts_
+
+A surprisingly small number of the Massachusetts craftsmen working
+before the end of the 18th century produced scientific instruments.
+Among the very earliest were several members of the King family of
+Salem. Daniel King (1704-1790) was born in Salem on November 17, 1704.
+At the time of his death Rev. William Bentley spoke of him as a "maker
+of Mathematical Instruments" and a "teacher of Mathematics."[28]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.--Brass surveying compass made by Stephen
+Greenleaf (fl. 1745) of Boston. Photo courtesy New Hampshire Historical
+Society, Concord.]
+
+Following Daniel's death, his business in instruments was inherited by
+his son Benjamin King (1740-1804), of Salem. Benjamin specialized in
+producing nautical instruments, and several of his Davis quadrants have
+survived in public collections. When he died on December 26, 1804,
+Reverend Bentley wrote that King was "... a Mathematical Instrument
+maker, in that branch which immediately regarded practical navigation by
+quadrant and compass. He supported a very good character through life &
+was much esteemed."[29]
+
+Another of the very early mathematical instrument makers in
+Massachusetts was Stephen Greenleaf (see fig. 17), who kept a shop on
+Queen Street opposite the prison in Boston where
+
+     He makes and Mends all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, as
+     Theodolites, Spirit Levels, Semicircles, Circumferences, and
+     Protractors, Horizontal and Equinoctial Sun Dials, Azimuth and
+     Amplitude Compasses, Elliptical and Triangular Compasses, and all
+     sorts of Common Compasses ... N.B. He sets Load Stones on Silver or
+     Brass, after the best manner.[30]
+
+Jonathan Dakin worked as a mathematical balance-maker "at the Sign of
+the Hand & Beam, opposite to Dr. Colman's Meeting House" where he made a
+variety of scale beams in 1745.[31]
+
+An interesting advertisement by Rowland Houghton appeared in the January
+17-24, 1737, issue of the _Boston Gazette_. Houghton announced that he
+had "lately improv'd on his new Theodolite, by which the Art of
+Surveying is rendered more plain & easy than heretofore." Houghton was
+active in the political scene in Boston, as evidenced by the fact that
+in various issues of the _Boston Gazette_ for January and February 1739
+he is listed variously as "Commissioner," "Proprietors' Clerk" and as
+"Collector."
+
+Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803), was born at Cambridge, where he
+married Mary I'ams in 1757. He maintained a shop where he combined the
+business of mathematical instrument maker and ivory turner, and also
+imported hardware. After the Revolution, he engaged in dentistry,
+specializing in making artificial teeth and in the manufacture of
+"umbrilloes." Paul Revere apparently did printing for him on five
+different occasions between 1762 and 1774, and in about 1771 engraved
+his trade card, which read:
+
+     ISAAC GREENWOOD, Ivory Turner Next door to Doctor John Clark's at
+     the North End Boston. Turns all sorts of work in Ivory, Silver,
+     Brass, Iron, Horn, Wood, etc. Such as Billiard Balls, Tea Boards,
+     Scallop^d and Plain Salvers, Decanters ...[32]
+
+Isaac's father, Isaac Greenwood, Sr., was "Professor of Mathematicks and
+Natural and Experimental Philosophy" at Harvard. In the _Boston Gazette_
+for February 19-26, 1728, there appeared the following notice of his
+installation:
+
+     On the 13th of this Month at Ten in the Morning, The Honorable &
+     Reverend Overseers of the College at Cambridge, met the Corporation
+     in the College Hall, to Inaugurate Mr. Isaac Greenwood into the
+     Office of Professor of the Mathematicks, and Natural and
+     Experimental Philosophy, lately founded by that great and living
+     Benefactor to this Society, Mr. Thomas Hollis of London Merchant.
+     The Rev. President being detain'd by illness, Mr. Flint the Senior
+     Fellow perform'd the part of Moderator, began with Prayer, and then
+     Pronounc'd a Latin Oration proper to the Occasion: Mr. Wiggleworth
+     Divinity Professor, read the Founders Instructions. Mr. Greenwood
+     took the Oaths and made the Declarations required in them: and
+     pronounc'd a Latin Oration. The Rev. Mr. Appleton Pray'd: and
+     Singing part of the 104 Psalm concluded the Solemnity. After which
+     the Overseers & Corporation repair'd to the Library; till the
+     Publick Dinner in the Hall was ready, where all the Gentlemen
+     Spectators of the Solemnity were hansomely Entertained.
+
+Greenwood continued to teach privately for a decade. In various issues
+of _The Boston Gazette_ of 1738 and 1739 he featured an advertisement,
+the text of which always stated:
+
+     Such as are desirous of learning any Part of Practical or
+     Theoretical Mathematics may be taught by Isaac Greenwood, A.M. &c.
+     in Clark's Square, near the North Meeting House, where Attendance
+     will be given between the Hours of 9 and 12 in the Forenoon, and 2
+     and 5 in the Afternoons.
+
+     N.B. Instructions may also be had in any Branch of Natural
+     Philosophy, when there is a sufficient Number to attend.[33]
+
+John Bailey II (1752-1823) of Hanover and Lynn, Massachusetts worked as
+a clockmaker from about 1770. His father, John Bailey I, and his
+brothers Calvin and Lebbeus also were clockmakers. Bailey married Mary
+Hall of Berwick, Maine, and settled in Hanover where he made scientific
+instruments and clocks. A brass surveying compass in the collection of
+the New York Historical Society is inscribed "J. BAILEY HANOVER
+1804."[34]
+
+Undoubtedly the best known instrument maker in Massachusetts was Joseph
+Pope (1750-1826), of Boston, who was described by contemporaries as the
+"local mathematician, watch-maker and mechanical genius." In 1787 he
+completed the construction of a gear-driven orrery displaying the
+motions of the solar system in a horizontal plane with eccentric and
+inclined orbits. At each of the twelve corners were mounted cast bronze
+figures, claimed to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast
+in bronze by Paul Revere. Although the instrument was made for Harvard,
+the university lacked funds for its purchase. Accordingly, it held a
+public lottery which realized a substantial sum in excess of the
+L450.3.0 paid to Pope, and the orrery was delivered in December
+1788.[35] The orrery (fig. 18) has survived and is part of the
+collection of historical scientific instruments at Harvard University.
+
+According to a statement in the _Boston Gazette_ for February 16, 1789,
+an apparatus for displaying planets in their proper orbits by means of
+wires was made and exhibited in Boston by Bartholomew Burges.
+
+Mention must also be made of several members of the Folger family of
+Nantucket, Massachusetts. Peter Folger (1617-1690), founder of the
+American branch of the family, emigrated from Norfolk, England, in 1635
+and occupied himself in Nantucket as blacksmith, schoolmaster,
+watchmaker, and surveyor. He was a grandfather of Benjamin Franklin.
+Another notable descendant was Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), professor of
+astronomy and director of the observatory at Vassar College.
+
+The best known member of the family was Walter Folger, Jr. (1765-1849),
+a self-taught clockmaker and watchmaker with great interest in the
+sciences. A telescope that he produced about 1818 was considered to be
+the finest in the country at that time. His greatest achievement was a
+tall case astronomical clock that he devised and constructed; it was
+completed in 1790 and is considered to be the most complicated domestic
+clock on record.[36] Folger also produced quadrants and compasses, and
+made astronomical observations. His observations of the solar eclipse of
+September 17, 1811, were published in 1815 in _Memoirs of the Academy of
+Arts and Sciences_.
+
+Probably one of the most significant of the surviving early American
+scientific instruments is a pair of gunners' calipers made and used by
+PAUL REVERE (1735-1818) of Boston. The calipers are made of incised
+brass, measuring 7 inches in length and 1-3/4 inches in width. They are
+signed on the reverse side with the name "Revere" in the style of script
+signature used by this maker in many of his engravings. The design of
+the instrument is substantially different from that which is commonly
+found in English, French, and German gunners' calipers of the period,
+and was probably Revere's own. (See figs. 19, 20.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18.--Orrery by Joseph Pope completed in 1787 for
+Harvard University. Engraved plates and bronze figures were made by Paul
+Revere. The orrery is 6-1/2 ft. in diameter and 6-1/2 ft. high. The
+twelve figures at the corners are said to have been carved in wood by
+Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze by Paul Revere. Photo courtesy Harvard
+University.]
+
+It is believed that these calipers, which are preserved in the
+collection of the Bostonian Society in Boston, were probably used by
+Revere in 1775-1776. This was the period during which he was in charge
+of ordnance repairs for the Continental Army, and involved in various
+ventures for the manufacture of gunpowder and the casting of cannon.
+There is no evidence of other scientific instruments made by Revere,
+lending some weight to the belief that these calipers were made for his
+own use.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 19.--Brass gunnery calipers made and probably used
+by Paul Revere (1735-1818). The calipers are 7 in. long and 1-3/4 in.
+wide.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 20.--Reverse side of gunnery calipers, showing the
+inscribed signature. Photos courtesy the Bostonian Society, Boston,
+Mass.]
+
+Other Massachusetts instrument makers include Gideon Fairman (1774-1827)
+of Newburyport who was a partner of William Hooker in the firm of Hooker
+& Fairman, which dealt in mathematical instruments before 1810.[37]
+Fairman later moved to Philadelphia, where he was associated with the
+engraving firm of Draper, Murray & Fairman.
+
+At the end of the 18th century Samuel Emery was making mathematical
+instruments in Salem, at the same time that John Jayne was engaged in
+the same work in that community.[38]
+
+John Potter of Brookfield, Massachusetts, produced surveying instruments
+in the last quarter of the 18th century. A graphometer signed with his
+name and dated 1785 is in the collection of the firm of W. & L. E.
+Gurley in Troy, New York.
+
+
+_Rhode Island_
+
+One of the earliest and most important of the instrument makers of Rhode
+Island was Benjamin King (1707-1786), of Newport. He was the son of
+Capt. Samuel King of Salem, Massachusetts, where he was born and
+baptized on March 13, 1707. He was a brother of Daniel King of Salem.
+Benjamin eventually moved to Newport, where he married Mary Hagger in
+July 1742. They had four children: Benjamin, Mehitable, Samuel, and
+Mary. He established himself as a respectable businessman in the
+community, and in 1759 or 1760 he became the senior partner in the
+importing and retailing firm of King & Hagger, "near the sign of Mr.
+Pitt," dealing in general merchandise, mathematical and nautical
+instruments, and stationery. William Hagger was probably the junior
+partner, and may have been King's brother-in-law. King began making his
+own instruments for sale, surviving examples dated as early as 1762. The
+partnership was dissolved early in the 1760's. In 1766 Benjamin King was
+importing, making, and selling quadrants and other instruments "At the
+Sign of the Mathematical Instruments" next to the Golden Eagle on Thames
+Street. His son Samuel King occupied the same premises, where he dealt
+in paints and artists supplies.
+
+When the British occupied Newport, King moved to North Kingstown, but he
+returned after the British vacated the city. He was 79 when he died in
+1786, and his son Samuel King succeeded him in business.[39]
+
+William Guyse Hagger (c. 1744-1830?), born in Newport, is believed to
+have been the son of William Hagar and Mary Knowlton. He was a quadrant
+maker (see fig. 21). In 1774 he headed a household that consisted of
+his wife, five children, and a colored servant. Whether it was he or his
+father who was the partner of Benjamin King cannot be determined with
+certainty. When Newport was occupied by the British, Hagger moved to
+Cranston, where he joined the Pawtuxet Rangers and served as a sentinel
+at Pawtuxet Fort in 1778. No members of the Hagger family appear in the
+1790 census of Newport, but a William Hager is reported as having died
+in Boston in 1830 at the age of 82. It seems likely from the age and
+dates that it was William Hagger the elder who worked as a partner in
+the firm of King & Hagger, which was established in 1759 or 1760.[40]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 21.--Davis quadrant or backstaff made and signed
+by William Guyse Hagger of Newport, Rhode Island, about 1760-1770. USNM
+319029.]
+
+Another instrument maker of Rhode Island was William Hamlin (1772-1869).
+He had established himself in Providence by the beginning of the 19th
+century in the manufacturing and repairing of mathematical and nautical
+instruments, for which there was an active market in that city. Hamlin
+was one of the first engravers in America and the first in Rhode Island.
+He designed and engraved banknotes for many banks in the State and for
+other institutions. At the same time he carried on a general trade in
+the sale of musical instruments. Hamlin moved his shop several times,
+but from 1847 until his death he worked at "The Sign of the Quadrant"
+(see fig. 22) at 131 South Water Street. He was equally interested in
+optics and astronomy, and it has been claimed that he constructed the
+first telescope in America. It is well established that he worked for
+many years to perfect a reflecting telescope for his own use.[41]
+
+Instruments were made also by Paul Pease, who may have been the husband
+of the daughter of Nathaniel Folger of Nantucket. This Elizabeth Folger
+Pease, wife of a Paul Pease, was born in 1720 and died in 1795. Little
+is known about Pease except for the name "Paul Pease 1750" inscribed on
+a quadrant in the collection of the Rhode Island Historical Society.[42]
+
+
+_Connecticut_
+
+The clockmakers who worked in Connecticut during the span of the 18th
+century numbered almost a hundred. Yet only a half dozen appear on
+record to have made or sold instruments in addition to clocks. Among
+these were several members of the Doolittle family, including Isaac
+Doolittle (1721-1800) of New Haven. In 1763 he advertised that he sold
+surveying compasses in addition to clocks, watches, bar iron, and
+chocolate.[43] His son Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821), also of New
+Haven, established a shop of his own, which he advertised in 1781 as
+having
+
+     Compasses of all kinds, both for sea and land, surveyors scales,
+     and protractors, gauging rods, walking sticks, silver and plated
+     buttons, turned upon horn; also clocks and watches made and
+     repaired ...[44]
+
+Although not very active as a clockmaker, Isaac Jr. appears to have
+specialized more in the production of surveying and nautical
+instruments. He took over his father's business just before the latter's
+death, and in 1799 he advertised[45]:
+
+[Illustration: Figure 22.--Trade cards of William Hamlin (1772-1869),
+engraver and instrument maker of Providence, Rhode Island. In collection
+of Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence.]
+
+     The subscriber having commenced business at the shop lately
+     occupied by Mr. Isaac Doolittle, in Chapel Street, where he repairs
+     watches, makes and repairs Surveyors Compasses and Chains, Brass
+     Amplitude, plain brass and common Ship's Compasses, Gauging Rods,
+     Quadrants, repair'd &c. every favor gratefully received by the
+     public's humble servant, Isaac Doolittle, jun.
+
+Enos Doolittle (1751-1806), a nephew of Isaac Doolittle, Sr., made,
+sold, cleaned, and repaired clocks and surveying and marine compasses
+from 1772 through 1788 at his shop in Hartford. He also sold these items
+through agents in Saybrook and Middleton.[46]
+
+One of the best known of the Connecticut clockmakers was Peregrine White
+(1747-1834), of Woodstock. White was a descendant of the first Pilgrim
+child, and a native of Boston. After serving an apprenticeship, he
+worked as a clockmaker and silversmith in Boston. He was accused of
+forging silver spoons and left the city to settle in Woodstock. He
+established his own shop west of Muddy Brook Village.[47] In addition to
+fine tall-case clocks, for which he was noted, White also produced
+surveying compasses, one of which is in the collection of the U.S.
+National Museum (fig. 23). A similar specimen in Old Sturbridge Village
+is reputed to have been used for surveying the town of Southbridge,
+Mass.
+
+Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824), of Mansfield and Litchfield, inserted a
+notice in a newspaper in 1808 to notify the public that he and his son
+Truman Hanks, in partnership, had "surveyors compasses upon the
+Rittenhouse improved plan" in addition to such other commodities as
+brass cannon, bells from their own foundry, clocks, goldsmith's items,
+and stocking looms.[48]
+
+Ziba Blakslee (1768-1834), of Newton, worked as a clockmaker, goldsmith,
+and bell founder and he advertised that he made and sold surveying
+instruments.[49]
+
+In New Haven, Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble organized the firm of
+Sibley & Marble and advertised that in addition to repairing swords and
+cutlasses, clocks and watches, they also repaired mathematical and
+surgical instruments.[50]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 23.--Brass surveying compass made about 1790 by
+Peregrine White (1747-1834) of Woodstock, Connecticut. USNM 388993.]
+
+One of the instrument makers of New England who has remained relatively
+unknown was Benjamin Platt (1757-1833), who was born in Danbury,
+Connecticut, on January 3, 1757.[51] He married Adah Fairchild of the
+same city in 1776, and it is believed that he must have completed his
+apprenticeship by that date inasmuch as apprentices usually were not
+allowed to marry.
+
+It is not known how long Platt worked in his native city, but by 1780 he
+had moved to Litchfield, where he worked in gold, silver, and brass. He
+became established as a clockmaker and produced tall case clocks and
+other types. In 1787 he was in New Milford, a town adjacent to Danbury,
+where he produced surveying compasses (see fig. 24). Three years later,
+in 1790, he was at Milford, where he invented a "Compass for measuring
+distance in hilly country." In 1793 he returned to New Milford, where he
+made a clock to order for Eli Todd, and by 1800 he had moved to
+Lanesboro, Massachusetts.
+
+
+_Ohio_
+
+Benjamin Platt was the migratory type. In 1817 he migrated from
+Lanesboro to Columbus, Ohio. His son, Augustus Platt (1793-1886), also
+made mathematical instruments (see fig. 25) in Columbus. In 1809 a
+grandson, named William Augustus Platt was born. When the child's mother
+died, Benjamin and Adah Platt adopted the boy, and when he came of age
+he went into the watchmaking trade. William Platt married Fanny Hayes,
+sister of President Hayes.[52] His shop was listed in the 1843 city
+directory; it was the first jewelry and clock and watch store in the
+community.
+
+An interesting account of instrument making in Ohio is found in the
+report of a missionary, John Heckewelder. He mentioned the brothers
+Joseph and Francois Devacht who worked as watchmakers and instrument
+makers in Gallipolis, Ohio. Writing in 1792, Heckewelder stated that
+"the most interesting shops of the Workmen [in Gallipolis] were those of
+the Goldsmiths and Watchmakers. They showed us work on watches,
+compasses, sundials finer than I have ever beheld."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 24.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin
+Platt (1757-1833) of New Milford, Connecticut, about 1795-1800. Shown in
+original wooden case and separately (opposite page). Photos courtesy
+Ohio State Museum.]
+
+
+_New York_
+
+There were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments in New York
+City before the end of the 18th century. Perhaps the earliest was John
+Bailey, who moved from Fredericksburg, Virginia, to Fishkill, New York,
+in 1778. He was a cutler by trade, and he made and sold surgical
+instruments.[53]
+
+"Bulmain & Dennies" at 59 Water Street in New York were the appointed
+agents to sell the "Perpetual Log or Distance Clock to find a ship's way
+at sea." The device had been patented in the United States, and one of
+the instruments was displayed at the bar of the Tontine Coffee House,
+according to an advertisement in the July 23, 1799, issue of the _New
+York Gazette and General Advertiser_.
+
+H. Caritat, at 153 Broadway in New York, imported and sold "The
+Planispherical Planetarium." This item was described in an
+advertisement[54] as "a graphic representation of the earth, in twelve
+particular positions during its revolutionary course around the sun, as
+also of the Moon's revolution around the earth, together with literal
+description of parts and motions, etc." The advertisement also stated
+that Caritat sold "Carey's newly improved Terrestrial and Celestial
+Globes which omitted the Constellary Configurations."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 25.--Surveying theodolite made by Augustus Platt
+(1793-1886) of Columbus, Ohio, in the early 19th century. Photo courtesy
+Ohio State Museum.]
+
+In 1785 M. Morris of New York City made and sold his own invention of a
+"Nautical Protractor for the price of One Dollar." In an advertisement
+in _The Independent Journal or the General Advertiser_ of May 25, 1785,
+he explained that the device was for use in the construction of globular
+maps and Mercator charts. He also made another protractor for attaching
+to the end of a ruler for measuring distances on charts. He planned to
+publish a treatise on the subject of his inventions.
+
+James Youle, a cutler and mechanician with a shop located first on Fly
+Street and then at 64 Water Street "at the Sign of the Cross-Knives and
+Gun," sold a large variety of cutlery and hardware for gun repair. He
+also made surgical instruments. He died in February 1786 at the age of
+46 as the result of an injury to his chest from a breaking grindstone
+while working in his shop. He was survived by a widow and nine children
+and was succeeded in business by his son John Youle.[55]
+
+
+_New Jersey_
+
+One of the few instrument makers known to have worked in New Jersey was
+Aaron Miller of "Elizabeth-town." He was first noted in the New York
+newspapers in 1748 when he notified the public that, in addition to
+clocks, he made compasses, chains for surveyors, and church bells, for
+which he maintained his own foundry. When he died in 1771 he left all
+his tools to a son-in-law, Isaac Brokaw.[56]
+
+Another craftsman who is entitled to being included as an instrument
+maker was Richard Wistar. When Casper Wistar died in 1752, his son
+Richard succeeded him as owner of the famous glass works. In addition to
+window glass and glassware, Richard Wistar also produced such special
+products as retorts for use in chemistry and "electerizing globes and
+tubes," as well as bottles for Leyden jars that Benjamin Franklin had
+urged him to attempt in the early 1750's.[57]
+
+
+_Delaware_
+
+George Crow (ca. 1725-1771/72) of Wilmington, Delaware, was apparently
+well established as a clockmaker in the community by the time of his
+marriage in 1746 to Mary Laudonet. They had four children, and Crow's
+two sons followed his trade. George Crow was active in civic affairs,
+and in addition to clocks, he produced surveying compasses, several of
+which have survived.[58]
+
+
+_Maryland and Virginia_
+
+Brief mention has already been made of the Chandlee family of
+clockmakers and instrument makers of the 18th century. The founder of
+the line and first of interest was Benjamin Chandlee, Sr., who migrated
+in 1702 from Ireland to Philadelphia, where he was apprenticed to Abel
+Cottey, clockmaker, and eventually married his daughter. His son
+Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791), worked as a clockmaker in
+Nottingham, Maryland, where he produced instruments as well as clocks. A
+fine example of a brass surveying compass--inscribed with his name, and
+which is believed to have been made for the Gilpin family in about
+1761--is on exhibition in the Chester County Historical Society. He had
+four sons, and a few years before his death he established the firm of
+Chandlee & Sons, the name of which was changed to Ellis Chandlee &
+Brothers a year before he died.
+
+The oldest of Benjamin Jr.'s four sons was Goldsmith Chandlee
+(c.1746-1821). After serving an apprenticeship with his father,
+Goldsmith moved to Virginia and worked near Stephensburg (now Stephens
+City). He eventually established himself at Winchester and built a brass
+foundry and a shop where he produced clocks, surveying compasses,
+sundials, apothecary and money scales, surgical instruments, compasses,
+telescopes, and other items in metal. Numerous examples of his clocks
+and instruments have survived. Their fine quality attests to the claim
+that he was one of the foremost craftsmen of the 18th century. Several
+of his surveying compasses exist in modern collections. An instrument
+(fig. 26) that he made about 1794 for a surveyor named Robert Lyle is in
+the writer's collection; an almost identical instrument that Chandlee
+made for Lawrence Augustine Washington, George Washington's nephew, is
+exhibited in the library at Mount Vernon, Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 26.--The label of Goldsmith Chandlee. In the
+collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State Museum.]
+
+Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816) also was apprenticed to his father, and he
+worked with his brothers in the shop. He established the firm of Ellis
+Chandlee & Brothers, in 1790, shortly before his father's death. The
+firm was dissolved in 1797 when the youngest brother, John Chandlee,
+left the firm. Ellis continued in partnership with his other brother,
+Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813), until about 1804, producing clocks,
+surveying instruments, and other metal articles. Their products were
+signed "Ellis and Isaac Chandlee, Nottingham," or, in the case of a
+surveying compass in the collection of the Chester County Historical
+Society, "E. & I. Chandlee, Nottingham." Isaac Chandlee also produced
+clocks and instruments under his own name only, for there are a number
+of surviving clocks and surveying compasses signed in such manner (see
+fig. 28).[59]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 27.--Brass surveying compass with outkeeper made
+by Goldsmith Chandlee (c. 1746-1821) of Winchester, Virginia, for Robert
+Lyle. Over-all length, 14-1/2 in.; diameter, 7 in. Instrument, in
+original wooden case, bears ink signature of Robert Lyle. In collection
+of the writer.]
+
+One of the most important craftsmen of Maryland was Frederick A. Heisely
+(1759-1839). A native of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he served an
+apprenticeship there with John Hoff, the master clockmaker, from 1777 to
+1783. Heisely served in the Revolution. In 1783, presumably upon the
+completion of his apprenticeship, he married Catherine Hoff, the
+clockmaker's daughter. He moved to Frederick, Maryland, where he
+established his own clockmaking shop and where he specialized in making
+mathematical instruments. A tower clock made in Frederick is in the
+collection of the U.S. National Museum. Heisely returned to Lancaster to
+become Hoff's partner, and worked with him until 1802. He then moved his
+shop to Harrisburg and worked there until 1820. He moved once more, this
+time to Pittsburgh where he advertised himself as a "Clock, Watch and
+Instrument Maker," with a shop at No. 6 St. Clair Street.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 28.--Brass surveying compass made by Goldsmith
+Chandlee for Laurence Augustine Washington in about 1795. In the library
+at Mount Vernon. Photo courtesy the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of
+the Union.]
+
+George Heisely (1789-1880), Frederick's son, who was born at Frederick,
+Maryland, achieved note in his own right as a maker of clocks and
+instruments. He worked at Second and Walnut Streets in Harrisburg. He
+is credited with being the person who selected the melody of "To
+Anacreon in Heaven" for "The Star-Spangled Banner," while he was serving
+as a member of the Pennsylvania State Militia.[60]
+
+
+_Pennsylvania_
+
+A number of instrument makers worked in Philadelphia, which was one of
+the important shipping centers during the 18th century and consequently
+one of the important markets for nautical instruments.
+
+Probably the earliest Philadelphia instrument maker of record was Thomas
+Godfrey (1704-1749) who was born in Bristol Township. After serving an
+apprenticeship, Godfrey developed his own business as a glazier and
+plumber. He is stated to have done the major part of the glazing of the
+State House in 1732, as well as similar work on Christ Church. He also
+worked for Andrew Hamilton and for James Logan.
+
+Godfrey had a natural inclination and interest in science and
+mathematics, which may have been further encouraged by his friendship
+with Benjamin Franklin, who resided in the same house. Godfrey was also
+a fellow member of Franklin's Junto.
+
+In 1730 Godfrey invented an improved backstaff or Davis quadrant, and
+loaned the instrument to Joshua Fisher to be used in the latter's survey
+of Delaware Bay. It is claimed that the location of Cape Henlopen was
+established on Fisher's map (published in London in 1756) by means of
+Godfrey's instrument. James Logan became interested in the improved
+backstaff invented by Godfrey and at Logan's request, the instrument was
+taken on a voyage to the West Indies by a Captain Wright for the purpose
+of testing it.[61]
+
+At the same time Logan sent a description of the instrument to London to
+the Royal Astronomer, Edmund Halley. No acknowledgment was made, and in
+1734 Logan sent a second description to Sir Hans Sloane and to Peter
+Collison for forwarding to the Royal Society. The arrival of this
+description coincided with the submission of the description of a
+similar instrument to the Society by its vice president, James Hadley.
+The Royal Society decided in favor of both inventors, and Godfrey was
+awarded the equivalent of 200 pounds in household furniture.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 29.--Brass surveying compass made by Isaac
+Chandlee (1760-1813) of Nottingham, Maryland. Photo courtesy Ohio State
+Museum.]
+
+Godfrey is often confused with his son, also named Thomas Godfrey
+(1736-1763), who worked as a watchmaker in Philadelphia, and
+subsequently became active in literary arts.
+
+Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798) was an instrument maker with a
+shop on South Front Street in Philadelphia. As early as 1756 he worked
+for most of the merchant shippers of the port, supplying them with a
+considerable number of sand glasses that ranged from the quarter-minute
+to the two-hour varieties. Although he made his own mathematical
+instruments, it is likely that he imported the sand glasses. According
+to Customs House clearances of 1789, he had imported from London on the
+ship _Pigou_ "three cases of merchandise" valued at L160/17/6 with a
+duty of $32.19, which may have included sand glasses.[62]
+
+When Condy retired in 1792 he was succeeded in business by Thomas Biggs
+at the same address. Biggs had originally served an apprenticeship with
+Condy, and then fought for the American cause in the Revolution for five
+years. Following the termination of his military service he had engaged
+in instrument making in New York for eight years before returning to
+Philadelphia, his native city. Biggs prospered and his advertisements
+continued until early in 1795.
+
+Thomas Pryor made instruments in a shop on Chestnut Street in 1778, but
+he evidently retired from business in the 1790's because the city
+directory of 1795 listed him merely as "gentleman." He is reported to
+have been one of those who, from the State House Yard, witnessed the
+transit of Venus.[63]
+
+Among the early makers of mathematical instruments in Philadelphia
+was William Dean (?-1797), who is believed to have been working in that
+city as early as 1778. His name first appears in local directories in
+June 1792, where his shop address was listed as No. 43 South Front
+Street. Later he advertised that he made and sold "Surveying
+instruments--Telescopes, Sextants, Quadrants--and every article
+requisite for navigation, surveying, levelling, &c...."
+
+According to details which were noted in his last will, which was dated
+June 1, 1797, and filed and proved in the following month, Dean's death
+appears to have been preceded by a long illness. He designated his two
+sisters as his executrices, and the fact that his will specified the
+appointment of a Mr. Thomas Yardley, Jr., as guardian of his three
+children indicates that he may have been a widower at the time of his
+death.
+
+A surveying compass by this maker was recently brought to light in, the
+Clark County Historical Society, Springfield, Ohio, by Dr. Donald A.
+Hutzlar of the Ohio State Museum. The instrument is a plain compass in
+brass without levels, 13-1/2 inches in length, and with a 5-inch needle.
+The dial is marked "DEAN PHILAD^a." The wooden cover for the instrument
+is marked with the names of previous owners and dates, as follows:
+
+    Jno. C. Symes, Aug. 10, 1778
+    I. Ludlow, 1791
+    Henry Donnel, July 24, 1794
+    Jonathan Donnel, 1796
+    John Dyherty
+    Thomas J. Kizer, 1838
+    David J. Kizer, '78.
+
+A description of this instrument in "_The History of Clark County,
+Ohio_" by A. P. Steele, published in 1881 by the W. H. Beers Co. of
+Chicago, adds considerably to its interest as a historical record of
+American scientific instruments and their use: "Col. Thomas Kizer, the
+veteran surveyor, has in his possession a compass made by Dean of
+Philadelphia; this instrument was owned and used by his father, David
+Kizer, who obtained it from John Dougherty about 1813; Dougherty got it
+from Jonathan Donnel. This relic is marked I. Ludlow, 1791; Henry
+Donnel, 1794; J. Donnel, 1796, John Dougherty, 1799; these marks are
+rudely scratched upon the cover of the instrument, and bear every
+evidence of being genuine; there is no doubt but that this old compass
+was used in making the first surveys in this county, or that it is the
+identical instrument used by John Dougherty, in laying off Demint's
+first plat of Springfield, and by Jonathan Donnel on the survey of 'New
+Boston.'" It is to be noted that some discrepancies exist in the listing
+of names and dates of the previous owners between Steele's _History_ and
+those which actually appear on the cover of the instrument. Steele
+apparently made the changes he deemed necessary in his account of the
+instrument.
+
+Between 1791 and 1795 the same address was also occupied by a cooper
+named Michael Davenport, and from 1797 to 1801 by "the Widow Davenport,"
+presumably widow of Michael. From 1802 to 1804 the same address is
+listed for William Davenport, "Mathematical Instrument Maker,"
+apprentice to William Dean, and believed to be the son of Michael.
+During the next ten years Davenport's address was 45 South Front Street,
+and then, to 1820, was 25 South Front Street.[64] Several brass
+surveying compasses bearing his name have survived.
+
+Another maker of mathematical instruments about whom nothing further is
+known is Charles Taws, who was listed in this manner in the Philadelphia
+directory of 1795.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 30.--Brass surveying compass marked "F. Heisely
+Fred:*town." In collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State
+Museum.]
+
+The making of instruments in glass appears to have been a specialized
+business in the Colonies, because those who worked in this field do not
+appear to have produced instruments in other materials. One of these
+makers of glass instruments--specifically barometers, thermometers and
+"Glass Bubbles to prove spirits, of different kinds"--was Alloysius
+Ketterer. He maintained a shop in the house of a Charles Kugler at "the
+sign of the Seven Stars," corner of Race and Fourth Streets in
+Philadelphia, in 1789. He moved to another address in Race Street in
+1790 and was eventually succeeded in business by Martin Fisher, who
+increased the number of types of glass instruments made and sold at the
+shop.[65]
+
+Henry Voight (1738-1814) was a man with a varied career. Of German
+ancestry, he was trained as a clock-and watchmaker, and he was a skilled
+mechanic. He operated a wire mill in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1780 and
+moved shortly thereafter to Philadelphia, where he established a
+clockmaker's shop on Second Street. He became a close friend of the
+inventor John Fitch in about 1786, and in the following year he became a
+shareholder in Fitch's company for producing steamboats. In 1792 he
+entered into a short-lived partnership with Fitch to manufacture steam
+engines. In 1793 he invented a process for making steel from bar iron.
+In the same year President Washington appointed Voight to the position
+of chief coiner of the Philadelphia Mint, and he continued in that
+position until his death in 1814. He was closely associated with David
+Rittenhouse, Andrew Ellicott, Edward Duffield, and others.
+
+Although there is no record of Voight's career as an instrument maker,
+there is nevertheless some evidence that he worked in that field. In the
+collection of the U.S. National Museum there is a brass equal-altitude
+telescope (fig. 31) made about 1790, that is signed "Henry Voigt." His
+name was spelled "Voigt" and "Voight" interchangeably.
+
+Henry's son Thomas Voight worked as a clockmaker on North Seventh Street
+in Philadelphia around 1811. He was the maker of a tall case clock,
+ordered by Thomas Jefferson, that Jefferson's daughter presented in 1826
+to her father's physician, Dr. Dunglison, for settlement of medical
+services.[66]
+
+There were several instrument makers in provincial Pennsylvania, but the
+majority of such craftsmen worked in Philadelphia. Dr. Christopher Witt
+(1675-1765), an emigrant from England, worked in Germantown from about
+1710 to 1765. He was well known locally as a medical doctor, scientist,
+"hexmeister", clockmaker, and teacher. It is traditionally claimed that
+he produced mathematical instruments in addition to timepieces. He
+described the great comet of 1743 and built his own 8-foot telescope.
+One of his apprentices may have been Christopher Sower (1693-1740), of
+Germantown and Philadelphia, who achieved renown as a doctor, farmer,
+author, printer, papermaker, and clockmaker. He also produced
+mathematical instruments.[67]
+
+George Wall, Jr., of Bucks County, was the author of a pamphlet on the
+subject of "a newly invented Surveying Instrument, called the
+Trigonometer." The instrument was described and illustrated in the
+pamphlet, which was published in Philadelphia in 1788. Washington's own
+copy, bearing the inscription "To the President of the United States
+from the Author" is in the collection of the Boston Athenaeum.
+
+George Ford of Lancaster maintained a shop on West King Street, probably
+from the end of the 18th century until 1840. There he made tall case and
+other clocks, surveying compasses, and other instruments for the retail
+trade. However, he "did not push the business of Watchmaking and
+Clockmaking so hard, for the manufacture of nautical instruments and
+surveyors instruments was a more important part of his business."[68]
+Upon his death in 1842 he was succeeded by his son George Ford II.
+
+Thomas Mendenhall repaired clocks and mathematical instruments in a shop
+on King and Queen Streets in the borough of Lancaster in 1775.[69]
+
+John Wood of Philadelphia was a wholesale supplier of parts for
+clockmakers and watchmakers. According to a notice in the May 7, 1790,
+issue of _Pennsylvania Packet_, he had "pocket compasses, steel magnets,
+Surveying compass needles, surveyors chains, etc." Since no mention was
+made of making or mending instruments, it is probable that Wood was
+merely importer and wholesaler.
+
+Another instrument maker of Philadelphia about whom little is known is
+Bryan Gilmur, who worked at the close of the 18th century making
+instruments and, possibly, clocks.[70]
+
+James Jacks (also listed as James Jack) first worked as clockmaker and
+watchmaker in Charleston, South Carolina, in the 1780's; he later moved
+to Philadelphia where he maintained a shop on Market Street where he
+sold a variety of instruments. In the June 5, 1797, issue of _The
+Federal Gazette_ he announced that, in addition to jewelry, clocks and
+watches, he "also had for sale mathematical instruments in cases very
+compleat; Surveyors Compasses and Theodolites; ship's Quadrants; Fishing
+Rods and Reels; Billiard Balls and sheet ivory; silver and plated coach,
+chaise and chair Whips."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 31.--Equal altitude telescope, 17 in. long, made
+and signed by Henry Voight (1738-1814) of Philadelphia. USNM 311772.]
+
+
+
+
+_Instruments of Wood_
+
+
+The Use of Wood
+
+An interesting fact concerning the instruments produced by 18th-century
+craftsmen is the relatively high incidence of instruments constructed of
+wood instead of brass or other metals. A significant reference to this
+use of wood is found in Alexander Hamilton's "Report on the Subject of
+Manufactures," published in 1821,[71] which refers to such items of wood
+as "Ships, cabinet-wares and turnery, wool and cotton cards, and other
+machinery for manufactures and husbandry, mathematical instruments," ...
+and "coopers' wares of every kind."
+
+Most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying compass,
+possibly the instrument most needed and produced in America. Recorded in
+public and private collections are 31 known examples of such compasses
+made of wood, a rather large number. Furthermore, a substantial number
+of these were being produced simultaneously by skilled craftsmen who at
+the same time were making similar instruments in brass.
+
+Finally, from a study of the surviving examples of wooden surveying
+compasses comes the interesting and perhaps significant fact that all
+the known makers were from New England. The towns and cities in which
+they worked were Boston and Plymouth in Massachusetts, Windsor and New
+Milford in Connecticut, and Walpole and Portsmouth in New Hampshire. A
+careful study of the advertisements and works of the instrument makers
+in the other large cities of the Colonies, such as New York, Baltimore,
+and Philadelphia, reveals no examples of wooden scientific instruments.
+Excluded, of course, are those instruments normally made of wood, such
+as the octant and the mariners quadrant.
+
+Two possible exceptions are instrument makers of New York City. The
+first is James Ham, a maker of mathematical instruments "at the house
+wherein the Widow Ratsey lately lived near the Old Dutch Church on
+Smith Street" who advertised in the May 27, 1754, issue of _The New York
+Mercury_ that he made and sold
+
+     mathematical instruments in wood, brass, or ivory, theodolites,
+     circumferentors, sectors, parallel rules, protractors, plain
+     scales, and dividers, the late instrument called an Octant, Davis'
+     quadrants, gauging rods, sliding and gunter's scales, amplitude
+     wood box and hanging and pocket compasses, surveying chains,
+     japanned telescopes, dice and dice boxes, mariners compasses and
+     kalenders, etc.[72]
+
+Ham subsequently moved his business to Philadelphia where he first
+advertised in 1764, stating that he worked at the sign of "Hadley's
+Quadrant" at Front and Water Streets in Philadelphia and sold all forms
+of instruments in silver, brass, and ivory as well as "large brass
+pocket dials, fitted to the latitude of Philadelphia." In 1780 his son
+James Ham, Jr., advertised from the same address as a maker of
+mathematical instruments, specializing in "Hadley and Davis
+Quadrants."[73]
+
+The second exception is William Hinton, who advertised in _The New York
+Gazette and the Weekly Mercury_ of May 4, 1772, as follows:
+
+     WILLIAM HINTON, Mathematical Instrument Maker, at Hadley's
+     Quadrant, facing the East Side of the New Coffee House, Makes and
+     sells all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass,
+     Ivory or Wood, viz. Hadley's Quadrants, Davis's do. Crostaf's
+     Nocturnals, Gunters Scales, Plotting do. Cases of Instruments,
+     Surveyors Chains, Dividers with and without Points, Protractors,
+     paralelled Rulers, Rods for Guaging, Amplitude, hanging and common
+     Wood Compasses, Pocket do. three Foot Telescopes, Pocket do.
+     Backgammon Tables, Dice and Dice Boxes, Billiard Balls and Tacks,
+     Violin Bows and Bridges; with a Variety of other Articles too
+     tedious to mention: And as he is a young Beginner, he flatters
+     himself, he shall meet with Encouragement; and all those who please
+     to favour him with their Custom, may depend upon having their Work
+     done in the neatest and best Manner, and at reasonable Rates.
+
+It is mentioned that both Ham and Hinton worked in wood in addition to
+other materials, but it appears very likely that the use of wood
+referred specifically to those instruments normally made of wood, such
+as quadrants and octants, and not to other instruments.
+
+Any attempt to relate the making of wooden scientific instruments with
+the production of wooden clocks in New England has no conclusive result,
+yet there appears to be some relationship between the two. Wooden
+clocks were made as early as the 17th century in Germany and Holland,
+and they were known in England in the early 18th century. In the
+Colonies the wooden clock was first produced in Connecticut, and the
+earliest type was associated with Hartford County. This form was quite
+common in East Hartford in 1761, and its first production may have had
+some association with Ebenezer Parmele (1690-1777), since an association
+between Parmele and all of the earliest makers of wooden clocks can be
+traced.[74] Little is known about Parmele. His father was a cabinetmaker
+in Guilford, Connecticut, and Ebenezer practiced the same craft, in
+addition to being a boat builder. He was a man of means, held various
+town offices, and served as town treasurer. For a while he operated a
+cargo sloop on Long Island Sound. In 1726 he built the first tower clock
+in Connecticut for the Guilford meeting house. He was a versatile worker
+in wood, and it is believed that he served an apprenticeship in New York
+City with a Dutch clockmaker from 1705 to 1710, where he may have
+learned to make wooden clocks.
+
+This early type of wooden clock is associated with Benjamin Cheney
+(1725-1815), a clockmaker of East Hartford. The early or "Cheney" type
+of wooden clock was produced in Connecticut as late as 1812. A later
+form of the wooden movement began to appear about 1790, and was probably
+introduced by Gideon Roberts (1749-1813) of Bristol. Roberts had lived
+in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania before 1790, and it is conjectured
+that he became familiar with the wooden clocks produced by the German
+settlers of that region.[75]
+
+It is not surprising that the wooden clock had its colonial origins in
+Connecticut, so completely was it adaptable to the pioneer conditions in
+that colony. The materials were the abundant native woods-cherry, apple,
+oak, and laurel. The parts were made with simple carpenter tools and a
+wooden foot lathe, using the methods of the cabinetmaker. Although it
+has been suggested that some relationship may have existed between the
+makers of wooden instruments in England, and the makers of wooden clocks
+and scientific instruments in the New England Colonies,[76] a careful
+study has failed to reveal any connection, and there appears to be
+little if any parallel between the two groups. Basically, the use of
+wood for making some mathematical instruments in New England resulted
+from the native familiarity with this material, which was also employed
+to a considerable degree for the construction of domestic and
+agricultural implements, and from the fact that many of the early
+clockmakers had been trained as or by cabinet makers, carpenters, and
+even dish turners. Random examples of a few of the more prominent
+clockmakers are Joseph Hopkins, a wood turner; Chauncey Jerome, who had
+been apprenticed to a wood turner; and Silas Hoadley, who had worked
+with a cabinet maker.
+
+Perhaps a basis for the prevalence of wood in these trades is to be
+found in the lines from a familiar poem:
+
+    The Yankee boy, before he's sent to school,
+    Knows well the mystery of that magic tool,
+    The Pocket knife.[77]
+
+But, from the technical point of view, it should be noted that those
+craftsmen who produced clocks and instruments and did not have their own
+brass foundries probably found that a good piece of straight-grained
+hardwood was as stable for holding its dimensions with the grain as a
+piece of brass. Shrinkage was at right angles to the grain; hence, for
+fixed linear stability wood was as good as brass. For rigidity per unit
+weight, wood was better than brass; and for availability and ease of
+working, wood was superior to brass.
+
+It has often been ventured that wooden clocks were first produced in
+Connecticut, because of the scarcity of brass for this purpose during
+the years between the beginning of the Revolution to the end of the War
+of 1812. The claim is made that brass was not being produced in the
+Colonies and that it was imported exclusively from England during this
+period. Certainly, the wholesale price index of metal and metal products
+shows a steady increase during this period, and a considerable jump
+during the period of the War of 1812, making brass an extremely
+expensive material. This may explain why the makers of clocks and
+instruments who made and sold brass clocks and instruments were
+producing the same products at the same time in wood which, as we have
+seen, was both plentiful and a satisfactory substitute.
+
+It can be surmised, therefore, that surveying instruments, as well as
+instruments for other purposes, were produced in both brass and wood
+simultaneously by many of the New England makers in order to provide
+suitable instruments in a flexible price range to meet the demands of
+the trade. Whereas today modern manufacturing methods make it possible
+to produce instruments in a wide variety, both in quality and price, to
+suit the needs and capabilities of every prospective purchaser, the
+production facilities of the 18th century were much more limited. The
+constant factor of skilled hand labor was costly. Metal was expensive.
+As evidenced in the records of Daniel Burnap, for instance, it was
+possible to produce surveying compasses in brass in two grades,
+presumably one more elaborate than the other. Yet Burnap's prices ranged
+between six pounds and four pounds for the metal instruments, making
+them still well out of reach of many of the would-be surveyors.
+Accordingly, Burnap--and presumably numerous other instrument makers of
+the period--produced from wood an economy model that sold for not more
+than two pounds, thus placing the item within the reach of the
+nonprofessional surveyor.
+
+This theory is supported amply by the discovery that several of the
+instrument makers who worked in brass also made instruments of wood
+during the same periods. In addition to the evidence in the records of
+Daniel Burnap, there are the surviving surveying instruments in brass
+and wood made by Samuel Thaxter, Thomas Greenough, and John Dupee,
+leaving little if any doubt that the reason for producing surveying
+compasses and similar items of wood during the 18th century was to
+satisfy the need for reasonably accurate yet inexpensive instruments.
+
+
+Surviving Instruments
+
+The fact that the surviving examples of the wooden instruments were
+produced only in New England seems to indicate merely that the New
+England instrument makers were more familiar with the use of wood as a
+material, and had greater facility in working with it.
+
+Undoubtedly other instruments produced by the 18th-century American
+makers have survived in addition to those already found. Quite likely
+examples of these wooden instruments still remain hidden in unexplored
+attics and other repositories. Yet, if the few thus far discovered is
+any criterion, the number ultimately recoverable will probably be but a
+fraction of the great number produced by the 18th-century makers during
+the half century or more in which they worked. Even allowing for those
+probably destroyed in the natural course of events, one cannot help but
+wonder what has happened to the remainder.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 32.--Wooden graphometer used by Rev. Eleazar
+Wheelock (1711-1779) about 1769 for surveying the area of Dartmouth
+College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The hardwood block is covered with a
+brass plate with brass sighting bars mounted on a swivel and a spirit
+level under a brass strip on edge of instrument. The instrument is 8-5/8
+in. long, 4-5/8 in. wide, and 7/16 in. thick. In collection of Dartmouth
+College Museum.]
+
+A list of the surviving wooden instruments is given in the Appendix (p.
+153). Many of these wooden instruments bear signatures or other marks
+that permit identification of their makers, but a number of specimens
+have been found that are not signed. In most instances they show
+evidence of professional workmanship, and they may have been the work of
+known craftsmen. One or two examples are obviously homemade by unskilled
+amateur practitioners.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 33.--Wooden surveying instrument, maker not known.
+Compass dial is of metal, painted green, with degrees marked to 90 deg. with
+metal punches and the letter "N" to designate the north point. The
+instrument is 12 in. long; diameter is 8 in. In collection of Dartmouth
+College Museum.]
+
+Several unsigned wooden instruments of professional quality are in the
+collection of the Dartmouth College Museum. Of particular interest is a
+semicircumferentor (fig. 32) that belonged to the Reverend Eleazar
+Wheelock (1711-1779) who founded Moor's Indian Charity School at
+Lebanon, Connecticut, which subsequently developed into Dartmouth
+College. It is claimed that it was with this instrument that the area of
+the college was surveyed when it moved to Hanover, N.H. The instrument
+is actually a graphometer consisting of a block of hard wood faced with
+a brass plate with a trough compass; it is tentatively dated about 1769.
+The identity of the maker is unknown, but it may have been the product
+of Hagger, who made a similar instrument, illustrated here, or it may
+have been produced by any one of the other makers noted. The type of
+instrument is an old one. It is described in John Love's _Geodaesia, Or
+the Art of Surveying and Measuring Land_, published in London in 1688.
+Abel Flint[78] also commented on this semicircle as being sometime used,
+as well as the plane table and perambulator--
+
+     ... but of these instruments very little [use] is made in New
+     England; and they are not often to be met with. For general
+     practice none will be found more useful than a common chain and a
+     compass upon Rittenhouse's construction.
+
+Another of the unusual wooden surveying instruments in the collection of
+the Dartmouth College Museum is a wooden surveying compass (fig. 33) in
+which the sighting bars appear relatively close to the dial. A metal
+plate, painted green, is stamped with the degrees marked to 90 deg.. A
+single N for the north point is stamped into it, presumably with steel
+punches. The instrument is relatively primitive, and is sufficiently
+different from the other examples noted to merit mention. There is no
+maker's name, nor any clue to the date or place or period of origin.
+
+An unsigned semicircumferentor made of wood is owned by Mr. Roleigh Lee
+Stubbs of Charleston, West Virginia. The instrument measures 3-3/4 in.
+by 7-1/2 in. by 1 in., and there are sighting bars 3 in. high on a
+swinging brass bar pinned at the center of the base. It has a trough
+compass, and the gradations around the edge of the semicircle are marked
+with tiny brass pins. The date "1784" is stamped into the wood with the
+same type of figures as appear in the degree markings, probably with
+small steel punches.
+
+A surveying compass of the conventional type, also made of wood, is in
+The Farmer's Museum at Cooperstown, New York. The wood is ash or oak,
+12-3/4 in. long and 6-1/2 in. in diameter, with the sighting bars 5 in.
+high. The compass card consists of cut-out printed letters pasted upon a
+printed compass rose, and the fleur-de-lis at North is inked-in by hand.
+This may be a homemade replacement of the original card. The instrument
+is believed to date between 1760-1775.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 34.--18th-century semicircumferentor. Inscribed
+brass plate is mounted on a mahogany block; brass sighting bars are
+mounted on a swivelling bar. The trough compass is on a silvered dial.
+In collection of the writer.]
+
+Of equal interest is a large semicircumferentor made by an unknown
+American instrument maker in the second half of the 18th century. The
+instrument (fig. 34) consists of a plate of hammered brass attached to a
+quarter circle block of mahogany, with a glass covered trough compass
+within a silvered opening, and the gradations stamped into the brass.
+The brass sighting bars are attached to a swivelling bar that can be
+fixed in place with a set screw underneath the block. The instrument,
+which is in the collection of the writer, is not signed with a maker's
+name. Its workmanship is excellent, and professional.
+
+On the basis of a comparison of these instruments with those produced by
+known professional makers, it becomes apparent that all of them were
+made professionally. The possibility that some of these wooden surveying
+compasses may have been produced by the farmer or local surveyor for his
+own use is extremely unlikely. Homemade instruments such as those
+described below were unquestionably the exception instead of the
+rule.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 35.--Homemade wooden surveying compass carved from
+block of maple entirely with a jackknife; painted in red. In collection
+of Preston R. Bassett, Ridgefield, Connecticut.]
+
+An exception to this generalization, and an extremely fine example of
+the whittler's art, is a surveying compass (fig. 35) in the collection
+of Mr. Preston R. Bassett of Ridgefield, Connecticut. This is a
+comparatively small instrument made of maple; the body was painted red.
+It is carved entirely by means of a jackknife, and the sighting bars are
+also whittled to shape and mortised permanently into the frame. A lid
+covering the dial is carved from soft pine. The compass dial is
+handdrawn in black ink, and the North point is painted in the form of a
+decorative fleur-de-lis in red and green. A homemade ring of pewter
+surrounds the compass rose at needle level. This is graduated in
+degrees, with every 10 deg. marked, stamped with steel punches. The ring is
+set into the base by means of wooden pegs. The steel needle is nicely
+cut, and it is probably the only part purchased by the maker.
+
+This is unquestionably a homemade instrument produced by a skillful
+whittler early in the 18th century.
+
+
+Compass Cards
+
+A fact that becomes apparent in a comparison of the surviving examples
+of wooden surveying compasses made in New England is the similarity of
+the compass cards used by makers in the seaport cities (see fig. 36).
+The compass card in each of these instances is the type designed for a
+mariner's compass, bearing a star of 32 rays to mark the 32 points of
+the heavens. The North point is designated with an elaborate
+fleur-de-lis, and the East is emphasized with scrollwork. These are
+features which were not designed primarily for land surveying.
+Presumably, these makers had a quantity of engraved or printed compass
+cards that they used in both marine and land surveying compasses. This
+is true in the case of the compasses made by James and Joseph Halsy,
+Greenough, Clough, Warren, Thaxter, Dupee, Breed, and Bowles. On the
+other hand, the dial of Huntington's compass was painted directly on the
+wood, and the semicircumferentors do not utilize the marine compass
+card. Obviously these makers resorted to this practice for reasons of
+economy--to reduce costs of engraving and printing, and using the same
+card for both types of instruments that they produced.
+
+
+Trade Signs
+
+An interesting sidelight in the study of the makers of scientific
+instruments is the advertising they used, particularly the design of
+their signboards. The most popular symbol appears to have been the
+quadrant, as the phrase "At the Sign of the Quadrant" is found
+repeatedly in advertising in several of the seaport cities of the 18th
+century.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 36.--Unsigned wooden surveying compass, with an
+interesting example of a mariner's compass card.]
+
+In Providence, William Hamlin used the designation in the first part of
+the 19th century, while Philadelphian John Gould featured the sign at
+the end of the 18th century. During an even earlier period, William
+Hinton designated his address to be "At Hadley's Quadrant" in New York
+City. Both Gould and Hinton were English, which may have had some
+bearing on their selection of the quadrant as a symbol of their
+merchandise.
+
+Other signboards were as colorful, such as Jonathan Dakin's "Sign of the
+Hand and Beam," James Youle's "Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun," and
+Charles Kugler's house in Philadelphia with its "Sign of the Seven
+Stars" (that is, Great Bear), which housed the shops of several
+instrument makers.
+
+The two most interesting and significant of the instrument makers' trade
+signs were those advertising the shop of Samuel Thaxter. The first of
+these was the carved wooden figure of "The Little Admiral," which was a
+favorite landmark at No. 1 Long Wharf in Boston for almost a century and
+a half. It was the handiwork of John Skillin, the 18th-century
+woodcarver of Boston, upon whose death on January 24, 1800, the
+_Chronicle_ commented that "he was for many years the most eminent of
+his profession." John Skillin and his brother Simeon worked in Boston
+from about 1777 and produced most of the figureheads that issued from
+that port during that period, as well as a number of other notable
+ornamental wooden figures.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 37.--"The Little Admiral," trade sign used for
+almost a century and a half in Boston, first by William Williams and
+later by Samuel Thaxter. Reputed to have been carved by John Skillin of
+Boston. In collection of the Bostonian Society.]
+
+According to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society, the figure of
+"The Little Admiral" (fig. 37) had been carved for William Williams, who
+brought it with him to Boston from Marblehead in 1770 when he
+established his shop. The figure was installed in front of the Crown
+Coffee House, and Williams's shop was thereafter designated by this
+symbol. The trade sign survived through the years of the Revolutionary
+War. When the original building of the Coffee House was burned, the
+carving was saved and installed on the new building erected in its
+place. In an account of Boston landmarks, Porter[79] related the figure
+to the Admiral Vernon Tavern at the eastern corner of Merchants Row. He
+was proved to have been in error, however, since the trade sign of that
+public-house was a portrait bust of Admiral Vernon and the place was
+known as the Vernon Head Tavern for half a century, even after the end
+of the Revolution.
+
+When Samuel Thaxter purchased the business from Williams's estate he
+acquired the figure as well, and he moved it to each new location for
+his shop. The figure of "The Little Admiral" continued to designate the
+firm even after Thaxter's death, until the firm finally went out of
+existence at the beginning of the 20th century. When the old store was
+torn down in 1901, the figure was preserved, presumably by the last
+owner's family. In 1916 it was acquired for the Bostonian Society by
+several of its members, and the figure has been preserved in the
+Society's Council Chamber since that time.
+
+The other interesting trade sign utilized by Samuel Thaxter is a carved
+figure of Father Time that is credited to John Skillin (see fig. 38).
+The figure is believed to have been commissioned by Thaxter during the
+last decade of the 18th century and installed by him in the interior of
+his shop. It is an important example of the American woodcarver's art,
+and is equivalent to the best work of the Skillin brothers.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 38.--"Father Time" trade sign used by Samuel
+Thaxter in his shop in 18th and 19th centuries. Made of wood, it was
+carved by John Skillin of Boston. In collection of the Bostonian
+Society.]
+
+
+The Makers
+
+Surprisingly, the names of the craftsmen who produced wooden instruments
+are not noted among the instrument makers. With only one or two
+exceptions, their names are hitherto unknown in the history of American
+science, and for that reason it has been considered advisable to present
+all available information that could be accumulated about them.
+
+
+_Joseph Halsy_
+
+The earliest known maker of wooden scientific instruments of Boston was
+Joseph Halsy. He appears to have been one of the sons of the James
+Halsie I, who was mentioned in a land deed of 1674 as a mathematician.[80]
+The land records indicate that James I was the father of several
+children, including Rebecca, a spinster; John Halsey, a mariner who died
+before 1716; Sarah, who later became Mrs. Dorsan; another daughter, name
+unknown, who became the wife of a Joseph Gilbert and the mother of two
+daughters and a son who inherited her share of her father's estate;
+Nathaniel Halsie; and probably Joseph Halsy. James Halsie I appears to
+have owned property consisting of land, a wooden house, and wharves on
+the North End, on North Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street.[81]
+
+The date of birth of Joseph Halsy of Boston has not been found, but
+mention is made of the fact that on January 29, 1697, he was married to
+Elizabeth Eldridge, the daughter of a mariner named Joseph Eldridge, and
+that five children resulted from the marriage, three sons and two
+daughters.[82] One son, Joseph, died in infancy and a daughter,
+Elizabeth, died at an early age.
+
+On February 26, 1704/5 Halsy purchased from Rebecca Halsey, the spinster
+daughter of James, her share in the house and land of her late father on
+North Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street.
+
+On April 19, 1714, Halsy and his wife deeded a house and land on North
+End, at the corner of Hanover and Salutation Streets, to a shipwright
+named Joseph Hood. Two years later, on March 2, 1716, he purchased from
+Jane, his sister-in-law, who was the widow of the mariner John Halsy,
+her share of the house and land of James Halsie, being the same property
+on North Street. On March 27 of the same year he purchased the share in
+the same property belonging to Sarah Dorsan, his widowed sister. In
+August 1719 he was forced to mortgage some of the property to a merchant
+named John Frizell, but the mortgage was cancelled in 1741.
+
+Halsy was married for a second time on January 10, 1731, to Mrs. Anna
+Lloyd, a widow.[83]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 39.--Wooden surveying compass "Made and sold by
+Joseph Halsy, Boston, New England." The instrument, made of maple, is 11
+in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In the collection of New
+Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.]
+
+During the 1730's, Halsy continued to buy out the heirs of James Halsie.
+On March 6, 1730, he acquired the share of Mary Gilbert, a
+granddaughter, and on the same date he purchased from the James Halsey
+heirs their inheritance "part to land, wharf, house, shop and buildings
+on North Street." Other heirs remained, for in June 9, 1732, he bought
+out the share of Marty Partridge, another granddaughter, and on June 27
+the share of Joseph Gilbert, Jr., a grandson. In October 1740 he was
+forced to mortgage as security to James Bowdoin a house and land on the
+southwest side of North Street, but this was cancelled when on August
+26, 1751, Joseph Halsey and his wife, Anna, deeded to James Noble the
+land, wooden house, and wharves near Fish Street on North Street between
+Sun Court and Fleet Street, which apparently was formerly the property
+of James Halsey that Joseph had acquired with so much trouble over a
+period of 40 years.[84]
+
+The following advertisement relating to instruments sold by Halsy
+appeared in the issues of _The Boston Gazette_ for the months of
+September and October 1738:
+
+     Made and sold by Joseph Halsey jun. Hadley's New Invented Quadrant
+     or Octant the best and exacted Instrument for taking the Latitude
+     or Other Altitudes at Sea, as ever yet Invented.[85]
+
+The last dated record relating to Joseph Halsy which has been found is a
+letter dated February 3, 1762, that he wrote to Robert Treat Paine
+concerning legal matters.
+
+Only one complete instrument produced by Joseph Halsy appears to have
+survived--an especially fine wooden surveyors compass (fig. 39) in the
+collection of the New Hampshire Historical Society. It is made of maple.
+The compass card, probably the most interesting of any found in the
+wooden instruments, is hand-colored in black, blue, red, and gold. A
+fleur-de-lis marks the North point, and triangular pointers indicate the
+other compass directions. Inside the pointers are crudely painted female
+figures representing the seven arts: NW, Grammar; W, Logick; SW,
+Geometry; S, Arithmetick; SE, Astronomy; E, Rhetorick; and NE, Musick.
+Within a medallion at the center of the compass card is depicted a
+sailing vessel at sea; surrounding the medallion is a riband inscribed
+"Made and Sold by JOSEPH HALSY Boston--New England."[86]
+
+Another, but much less elaborate, compass card used by Joseph Halsy, is
+an engraved example (fig. 40) found glued in Thomas Paine's own
+manuscript copy of Charles Morton's _Compendium Physicae_, which is
+preserved in the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+John Halsy (fl. 1700-1750), also a mathematical instrument maker, had a
+shop on Green Street, in Boston, according to the Record Commissioner's
+"Report of the City of Boston." He was married on December 10, 1700, by
+the Reverend Cotton Mather. He probably was a brother of Joseph Halsy
+who worked in the same period.
+
+John Halsy subsequently abandoned his instrument-making business to
+become a pirate. He went out to Madagascar, where it is reported that he
+died in his own bed. He was buried with the rites of the Church of
+England in his own watermelon patch.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 40.--Compass card of Joseph Halsy found glued into
+Thomas Paine's personal copy of Charles Morton's _Compendium Physicae_.
+In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society.]
+
+
+_James Halsy II_
+
+James Halsy II (1695-1767), a mathematical instrument maker, was born in
+Boston on April 10, 1695, the son of Nathaniel and Hannah (Gross)
+Halsie. The parents had been married by the Reverend Cotton Mather in
+June 1693.[87] In 1716 young James Halsy was a member of the Artillery
+Company, and by 1720 he had the rating of 4th sergeant. He held town
+offices and was one of the founders of the New Brick Church of Boston.
+On May 30, 1717, he married Anna Gutridge (Goodrich). Ten years later,
+on September 22, 1727, he bought a house and land on North Bennett and
+Tileston Streets from Hugh Hall, a merchant; at the same time he deeded
+to Hall some land and a house adjacent to the latter on the southwest
+side of Green Street. On January 5, 1837, he deeded to his aunt(?), a
+single woman named Huldah Gross, a house and land on Ann Street that he
+had inherited from Thomas Gross, his grandfather. Several more real
+estate negotiations were recorded in the course of the next few years.
+In October 1740 he purchased a house and land on the north side of North
+Bennet Street from John Endicott; in January 1741 land on the east side
+of North Bennett Street; and in November 1748 half of the house and land
+of Edward Pell, adjacent to Huldah Gross, on Cross Street; finally, in
+October 1753, he purchased land on Tileston and North Bennett Streets
+from John Grant.[88]
+
+Halsy died on January 2, 1767, at the age of 72. In his will dated May
+1, 1766, and probated January 2, 1767, by which his wife Anna was the
+executrix of his estate, he left her the income of his real and personal
+estate. He apparently was survived by three daughters and a son, also
+named James Halsy. He divided his real estate in Boston amongst his
+daughters, and to his son he left land in New Hampshire.[89]
+
+The only known surviving instrument bearing James Halsy's name is a
+wooden surveying compass (fig. 41) in the collection of the Peabody
+Museum in Salem. The engraved compass card is quite similar to the one
+used by Thomas Greenough. In the central medallion is an elaborate royal
+crown, and in the circle around the medallion is inscribed "Made and
+Sold by JAMES HALSY near Ye Draw Bridge in Boston."[90]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 41.--Wooden surveying compass made by James Halsy
+(1695-1767) of Boston. The instrument is 11 in. long. In collection of
+East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+
+_Thomas Greenough_
+
+Contemporary with James Halsy II was Thomas Greenough (1710-1785), who
+was born in Boston in 1710, the son of John and Elizabeth (Gross)
+Greenough. His father was a shipwright in the North End of Boston, and
+one of Thomas's brothers, Newman Greenough, became a sailmaker. Thomas
+also had a sister named Jerusha, who later figured in his real estate
+negotiations.
+
+The earliest known record relating to Greenough is of his marriage in
+1734 to Martha Clarke, daughter of William and Sarah Clarke of Boston.
+Nine children resulted from this marriage over the course of the next 16
+years; four of these were sons. On January 27 of the year of his
+marriage he purchased a house on the northwest side of North Street,
+between Mill Creek and Union Street, from John White and Nathaniel
+Roberts. On August 1, 1736, Greenough purchased the house and land of
+his father-in-law, William Clarke, on the south side of Portland Street.
+On October 28 he mortgaged to his mother his house on Ann Street (which
+appears to have been the house he had purchased on North Street), and at
+the same time he deeded to his brother Newman all his right and title in
+his father's estate at the North End. Greenough was only 24 at the time
+of his marriage, and he apparently became involved in real estate, by
+choice or by necessity, to a considerable degree.
+
+Greenough, in 1744, was a member of a militia company in Boston,[91] and
+three years later, in 1747, he was listed as third sergeant. He was a
+firm patriot, held a town office, and was a founder and deacon of the
+New Brick Church in Boston.
+
+Greenough had a substantial interest in the holdings of his late
+father-in-law. For example, on August 11, 1744, he and his wife deeded
+to a merchant named James Pitts the seawall, or new wharf, "before the
+Town of Boston in the front and rear lying to the northward of King
+Street Pier, North Wharf and flats of James Bowdoin," all of which was
+part of the estate of his deceased father-in-law that apparently had
+been inherited by his wife. In the following year, on November 1, 1745,
+he purchased a house and land on Portland Street from his widowed
+mother-in-law and then on March 31, 1746, he and his wife deeded the
+same house and land to a merchant named Stephen Hall. Numerous other
+negotiations of the same nature are on record.
+
+At some time between 1748 and 1750 Greenough's first wife, Martha, died,
+and in 1750 he married Sarah Stoddard. Three more children, all sons,
+resulted from this second marriage. His real estate negotiations
+continued full pace during the second marriage as during the first.[92]
+
+Greenough's second wife preceded him in death, and Greenough died in
+1785 at the age of 75. His will, probated on August 23, 1785, had been
+made on May 21, 1782;[93] it contained some interesting bequests:
+
+     Executors: my two sons, David S. and William Greenough. Legatees:
+     to the children of my son Thomas, deceased, Rachel, Ann, and Sally
+     Greenough, L13.6.8 each. To their sister Betty L5. To the children
+     of my son John deceased, 200 acres of land. I also give his eldest
+     son John my silver can, fellow to the one I gave his father. To his
+     sons Wm. and David, and to his daughters, Sarah, Abigail, and
+     Mehitible L5 each and the house they live in. My daughter, Sarah
+     Edwards, L10 and a silver chafing dish. My daughter Martha Stone
+     all my lands in the County of York, Cape Porpoise, and Wells, and
+     my silver salver, and her son Thomas L5 and a silver porringer. My
+     daughter Elizabeth Brooks L10 and a silver tea pot. My daughter
+     Mary Savage L40 and to her son Thomas one silver porringer. To the
+     children of my daughter Jerusha, deceased, Martha Clark Lepear and
+     Sally Lepear each of them, L50, and a pair of salt shovels, and a
+     pepper box, silver. All the rest of my estate to my two sons, David
+     Stoddard Greenough, and Wm. Greenough. The late Shute Shrimpton
+     Yeoman, Esq., left an estate to my late spouse Sarah, and to her
+     children, in the Island of Antigua. In case my son David should
+     have a legal possession of same, and Wm. no part, in that case I
+     give my son David L100 and sundry pieces as per schedule amount to
+     L63.11.3. All the rest of my estate to my son, William Greenough.
+
+Of particular interest with relation to Greenough's business in
+instruments is the following advertisement that appeared on May 11,
+1742, in _The Boston Gazette_:
+
+     To be sold by Capt. Cyprian Southack at his House near the Orange
+     Tree and at Mr. Tho. Greenough's Mathematical Instrument Maker near
+     the Draw Bridge, said Southack's Char[t]s of the Coast from Sandy
+     Point of New York to Canso.
+
+Invaluable for this study are Thomas Greenough's manuscript accounts
+that have survived in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical
+Society. The following itemized entries are selected from Greenough's
+business accounts over a period of two decades to provide data on the
+prices current in the second half of the 18th century for new
+instruments and for repairing others:
+
+      In Account with Thomas James Gruchy:
+          1754, April 27: 1 Compass for the Schooner _Sea Flour_  L0.8.0.
+          1758, Nov. 28:  1 Spyglass                             L1.13.8.
+          1759, Jan. 25:  Mending 3 Compasses for the Schooner
+                            _Susanna_                             L0.6.0.
+
+      In Account with Nathaniel Bethune:
+          1760, August: A gauging rod                             L0.6.0.
+                    Mending a telescope                           L0.3.0.
+
+      In Account with Captain McAndrew Mirick of Nantucket:
+           1772, March 21: For 2 compasses, 1 leaded             L0.16.8.
+
+      In Account with Captain Roberson Crockett:
+          1773, April: For mending 2 Compasses                    L0.6.2.
+                       For mending 1 Hanging Compass              L0.3.2.
+
+      In Account with Captain Reworth of the Brig _Fortune_:
+          1774, March 30: For mending 2 compasses & Glasses       L0.7.0.
+
+      In Account with Captain Thomas Godfrey:
+          1774, April 7: For 1 Telescope                          L0.8.0.
+
+Other documents in the same collection indicate that Greenough's
+business interests were substantial and not limited merely to the
+construction of instruments. On July 31, 1769, Greenough's name appeared
+on the Boston Citizens' Non-Importation Agreement. Subsequently, on
+December 14, 1774, there is Greenough's signed receipt, with the amount
+left blank, stating that he had "REC'D. of Capt. Thomas Godfrey the Sum
+of ---- in full for my Negro man Cuffes Shair in the Whaling Voige
+----."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 42.--Brass surveying compass made by Thomas
+Greenough (1710-1785) of Boston. Compass face is mounted on main blade
+with two copper rivets. Screws for vanes and tripod mounting are hand
+cut, with wing nut ends. Sighting bars are 1/16 in. wide and 5-1/4 in.
+high; over-all length is 11-7/8 in. and diameter is 5-1/4 in. Owned by
+Greenough family of Boston. Photo courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough.]
+
+Greenough apparently was succeeded in business by his son William
+Greenough. Mr. Lawrence B. Romaine of Middleboro, Massachusetts, in 1939
+described a wooden surveying compass with its own hand-whittled tripod
+made of oak which bore a compass card inscribed "Made by William
+Greenough, Boston, N.E."[94] The compass was protected by a pine cover
+that fitted closely between the sights. The present location of this
+instrument is not known, but it appears to be the only known example by
+William Greenough made of wood.[95]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 43.--Wooden surveying compass, made and sold by
+Thomas Greenough. The instrument is made of gumwood and has a paper
+compass card; it is 13-1/4 in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In
+collection of Franklin Institute, Philadelphia.]
+
+In the Greenough family at the present time is a brass surveying compass
+(fig. 42) of fine quality and of the period before or during the
+American Revolution. The dial is finely engraved with a Tudor rose at
+its center, and around it is the inscription "THOMAS GREENOUGH BOSTON
+Fecit." The compass face is mounted to the main blade with two copper
+rivets. The holding screws for the vane and tripod mounting are rather
+crudely hand cut with wing-nut ends.[96]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 44.--Wooden surveying compass made and sold by
+Thomas Greenough. Made of hickory, it is 11 in. long and has a diameter
+of 5-1/2 in. Compass card is of paper. Allegedly, this compass was used
+by Joseph Frye for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg,
+Maine, in 1762. Loaned to the U.S. National Museum by Laurits C. Eichner
+of Clifton, New Jersey. USNM 315001.]
+
+Five other surveying compasses made by Thomas Greenough are known, and
+all are made of wood: the one in the Franklin Institute is made of gum
+(fig. 43), one in Old Sturbridge is made of maple, one in the Bucks
+County Historical collection at the Mercer Museum is made of cherry, one
+owned by this writer is made of basswood, and one on loan to the U.S.
+National Museum from Mr. Laurits C. Eichner is made of hickory (fig.
+44).
+
+The compass at the Mercer Museum forms part of the surveyor's gear used
+to lay out the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts. The example in hickory
+on loan to the U.S. National Museum, as is usually the case with the
+compass cards of the Thomas Greenough instruments, has the central ring
+printed in gilt, and the inscription has turned black, making the
+inscription almost illegible. This specimen was owned by Joseph Frye,
+who was given a land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine, in 1762. He
+allegedly used this compass for surveying that land. In 1783 he
+assembled a manuscript book of tables (see fig. 45) for use in
+surveying for his son Joseph Frye, Jr. This manuscript also is part of
+the loan to the U.S. National Museum.[97]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 45.--Pages from a booklet of "Tables Useful in
+Surveying Land, Made and presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph
+Frye, Jr., November 18, A.D. 1783." Loaned to the U.S. National Museum
+by Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, N.J. USNM 315062.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 46.--Compass card from a wooden surveying compass
+"Made by Thomas Greenough, Boston, New England." In collection of the
+writer.]
+
+The compass card in each of these five instruments is identical,
+designed for use in the mariner's compass (see fig. 46). A gentleman in
+the dress of about 1740 stands on the shore using a Davis quadrant.
+Offshore in the harbor is a schooner of the 1750 period. Minor features
+of the scene are touched up in red, presumably printed, since they are
+consistent in all of the cards.
+
+
+_William Williams_
+
+Although not one of the earliest instrument makers in Boston, but
+certainly one of the more significant, was William Williams
+(1737/8-1792). He was the son of Capt. John Williams, a shopkeeper who
+died on March 22, 1748, at the age of 41, and who was buried in King's
+Chapel Burial Ground.[98]
+
+William Williams was born in 1737 or 1738. He was ten years of age when
+his father died, and he had two brothers and two sisters. His father
+left a substantial estate of L6,575, of which L4,544/9/4 was for the
+inventory of the shop merchandise. One of the appraisers for his estate,
+Jotham Maverick, married the widowed Mrs. Williams less than a year
+later, on January 20, 1748/9.[99]
+
+In 1770 William Williams established himself as a mathematical
+instrument maker and clockmaker at No. 1 Long Wharf, at the Crown Coffee
+House, as it was then known. The shop was located on the corner of State
+and Chatham Streets, on premises owned by Robert Shillcock.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 47.--Quadrant, showing signature of Thomas
+Greenough. Photo courtesy Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.]
+
+Williams may have worked as an instrument maker in Marblehead before
+returning to his native Boston. According to Felt,[100] an instrument
+maker named William Williams at Marblehead advertised in the Salem
+newspapers in the early 1770's. However, in 1768 Williams was producing
+instruments from an address in King Street, Boston. (See figure 48.) An
+advertisement inserted by Williams appeared in the March 12, 1770, issue
+of _The Boston Gazette_. It was this same issue that reported the Boston
+Massacre. One of the victims was Williams' step-brother Samuel Maverick,
+the son of his stepfather Jotham Maverick by a first marriage.
+
+In 1773 Williams married Joyce Shillcock, the daughter of his landlord.
+During the Revolutionary War, Williams saw active service as a private
+in Captain Mills' company, of Col. Jeduthan Baldwin's regiment of
+artificers, during the years 1777-1779. In 1780 he served in Captain
+Pattin's company of General Knox's artillery, which was stationed at
+West Point.[101]
+
+With the conclusion of the war Williams returned to the craft of
+instrument-making in his shop, at No. 1 Long Wharf. In 1782 his wife,
+Joyce, inherited the property from her mother, the widow Hannah
+Shillcock, following the latter's death in that year. In the following
+May it is recorded that Williams purchased the warehouse and land on the
+north side of State Street from Benjamin Brown, a trader. By a separate
+deed, he and his wife released to Brown the warehouse and land which had
+been the property of his father-in-law in exchange for a clear title to
+one-half share of the store and land under it "which is next to the
+street called King Street." On February 7, 1784, he bought a share of
+the lower division at Long Wharf, No. 7, from Arnold Welles. On May 17
+of the same year he succeeded in buying out Brown's half share of the
+lower division of Long Wharf at Nos. 1 and 7, and at the same time he
+deeded to Brown one-half share of No. 7 Long Wharf, together with all
+its dockage and wharfage. Finally, on January 20, 1785, Williams and his
+wife deeded to Brown all rights to land of No. 7 Long Wharf, reserving
+for himself his rights in the flats, wharfage, and dockage.
+
+On March 23, 1787, Williams deeded to Joseph Helyer, a blockmaker, the
+store and land under same, and half the wharfage properly belonging to
+Lot No. 1. On October 20 of the same year he sold to Brown a part or
+share of No. 7 Long Wharf, and on March 24, 1788, he purchased land with
+a wooden store at State Street and Long Wharf from Benjamin Brown. On
+June 26 he bought the land and store of Joseph Helyer on the north side
+of Long Wharf.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 48.--Advertisement of William Williams in _The
+Boston Gazette_, March 12, 1770. Photo courtesy Harvard University
+Library.]
+
+Williams engaged in only two more transactions before his death. On
+March 28, 1790, he mortgaged to Joseph Greene, a merchant, the land with
+wooden store at the head of Long Wharf on the northeast side of State
+Street; this mortgage was cancelled on May 29, 1793. On October 1, 1791,
+he deeded to Benjamin Brown a one-half share or 1/48th of all the
+dockage and wharfage of Long Wharf that appertained to one-half of Lot
+No. 1, which he had previously purchased from Welles as noted, as well
+as 1/48th of the proprietor's purchase of Gordon's lands and buildings
+adjoining the Wharf.
+
+Williams died on January 15, 1792, at age 44. The administrator of his
+estate was a merchant named Abraham Quincy. By order of the Supreme
+Court, in order to settle his estate, Williams' store building at No. 1
+Long Wharf was ordered sold at public auction. Although on the site of
+the Crown Coffee House, it was a new building erected in 1780 after the
+Coffee House had burned. The purchaser appears to have been John Osborn,
+a merchant, because on May 10, 1793, Quincy, Williams' administrator,
+deeded to Osborn the land with wooden store at Long Wharf on State
+Street.[102]
+
+The only instrument made by Williams which appears to have survived is a
+Davis backstaff (fig. 49) marked "By Wm. Williams, King Street, Boston,
+for Malachi Allen, 1768"; this instrument is now in the collection of
+the Peabody Museum in Salem, Massachusetts. It is to be noted from this
+inscription that this instrument was an early example of Williams' work,
+produced at the age of 20, prior to the opening of his shop at the Crown
+Coffee House.
+
+In 1770, when Williams opened his shop, the carved sign of "The Little
+Admiral" (fig. 37) was installed in front of the Crown Coffee House, and
+Williams' establishment was thereafter designated by this symbol.[103]
+
+In his shop at No. 1 Long Wharf, Williams exercised his crafts of
+instrument-and clockmaking, and he made and sold a large assortment of
+instruments, as well as time glasses which measured from one quarter
+minute to two hours.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 49.--Detail of wooden Davis quadrant inscribed
+"Made by William Williams in King Street Boston" for "Malachi Allen
+1768." In collection of East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+The name of Williams appears also in the Day Books of Paul Revere. Under
+date of April 16, 1792, there is the following entry:
+
+    Mr. William Williams Dr
+    To Engravg plate for hatt bills 0-18-0
+    To 2 hund prints 0-6-0.
+
+From June 24, 1792, to January 28, 1797, Revere entered 12 charges
+against Williams for 8,500 hat bills for the total amount of
+L14/15/0.[104]
+
+
+_Samuel Thaxter_
+
+Closely associated with the name of William Williams is that of another
+instrument maker of Boston, Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842). Thaxter was born
+in Hingham, Massachusetts, on December 13, 1769, the son of Samuel and
+Bathsheba (Lincoln) Thaxter. His father, who had been born in Hingham in
+1744, was married on December 27, 1768, and he became the father of six
+children, of whom Samuel was the eldest. Samuel Thaxter, Sr., was
+apparently a man of means, for he is listed as a "Gentleman" and a loyal
+subject of King George. He resided on North Street in Hingham, near Ship
+Street. He died on the island of Campobello at the age of 44 years on
+May 27, 1788.[105]
+
+Samuel Thaxter, as well as several generations of his family before him,
+was born in the old Thomas Thaxter mansion that was built by the settler
+of that name in 1652. During the Revolution Samuel's father, Maj. Samuel
+Thaxter, concealed Tories from the Committee of Safety in a blind
+passage with a secret door in the old house. From there he smuggled them
+to Boston. At the massacre of Fort William, Major Thaxter was one of
+those captured by the Indians. While tied to a tree, he saw two French
+officers, and demanded whether this was the treatment they gave to
+commissioned officers. They allowed him to go free and he dragged
+himself to Fort Edward. Meanwhile, his comrades had reported him missing
+in action, and Dr. Gay preached his funeral sermon in Hingham shortly
+before Thaxter's return. The old Thaxter mansion was torn down in
+1864.[106]
+
+Young Samuel Thaxter moved from Hingham to Boston, where he is first
+heard of in 1792. On June 14, 1792, Thaxter married Polly Helyer, the
+niece of William Williams.
+
+Within a month after the sale of Williams' property at public auction,
+Thaxter acquired the instrument-making business. Apparently the new
+owner of the premises required the business to move, and Thaxter
+established himself at No. 9 Butler's Row. A month after the Williams
+auction Thaxter announced his new location in an advertisement (fig. 50)
+in _The Columbia Centinel_ of May 22, 1793.
+
+Thaxter's new location was a wooden store structure, on the north side
+of Butler's Row that was owned by Andrew Hall and Eunice Fitch in 1798.
+It was in the rear of the north side of State Street, running from
+Merchants Row to the water.
+
+By 1796 Thaxter had moved from this location to No. 49 State Street, on
+the north side opposite to Broad Street, a brick store owned by Joseph
+Lovering & Sons, tallow chandlers. He continued to do business at this
+address until 1815, when he moved to 27 State Street, on the opposite
+side of the street. The new location was in a brick dwelling, opposite
+Merchants Row, that was owned by Joseph Clough, a housewright.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 50.--Advertisement of Samuel Thaxter in _The
+Columbia Centinel_, May 22, 1793. Photo courtesy Harvard University
+Library.]
+
+In about 1825 Thaxter moved his business once more, to 125 State Street,
+the east corner of Broad Street. This building was occupied by Charles
+Stimpson, Jr., a stationer who was one of the publishers of the _Boston
+Annual Advertiser_, which was annexed to the Boston Directory of 1826.
+The building was owned by Jonathan Phillips, the first mayor of Boston.
+In the cellar of the building was a victualler named Augustus
+Adams.[107]
+
+The dominating feature of Thaxter's shop from the time it was opened was
+the carved figure of "The Little Admiral," the trade sign first used by
+Williams.
+
+The firm of Samuel Thaxter eventually became Samuel Thaxter & Son, and
+it continued with that name until past the middle of the 19th century.
+Samuel Thaxter died in April 1842 at the age of 72 years. The entry for
+the firm in the 1843 City Directory listed S. T. Cushing as the new
+owner. From the initials, it seems likely that his full name was
+Samuel Thaxter Cushing, and that he was the grandson of the original
+Samuel Thaxter. S. T. Cushing continued to be listed as the owner of the
+firm until 1899, when he was succeeded by A. T. Cushing, presumably a
+son of the former. The old store was finally demolished in 1901.[108]
+Comparison of a photograph of the building just before its demolition
+with a copy of Thaxter's trade card (fig. 51) of the mid-19th century
+shows that the building underwent little change in the period. The
+"Little Admiral" is barely visible in both views.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 51.--19th-century trade card in collection of the
+Bostonian Society.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 52.--Mahogany surveying compass made by Samuel
+Thaxter of Boston. Length, 13 in.; diameter, 7-1/2 in. Wooden frame
+slides off to permit removal of glass and adjustment of needle. Sighting
+bars are of boxwood. In collection of the writer.]
+
+In 1796, shortly after his marriage, Thaxter made his home on
+
+Fish Street (now North Street), but in 1800 he was living at 54 Middle
+Street (Hanover Street). By 1807 he had moved to a new home on Fleet
+Street. His last home address, at the time of his death, was 41 Pinckney
+Street.[109]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 53.--Compass card from earlier form of wooden
+surveying compass made by Samuel Thaxter of Boston. From an instrument
+in the collection of the writer.]
+
+In the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society there is a
+receipted bill (fig. 55) from Samuel Thaxter dated July 1, 1801, to Sam
+Brown, for touching up and repairing nine compasses for the French
+corvelle _Berceau_.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 54.--Brass surveying compass made and sold by S.
+Thaxter & Son, Boston, in late 18th or early 19th century. Over-all
+length, 14 in.; diameter of dial, 6 in.; length of needle, 5-1/8 in.;
+height of sighting bars, 6-1/2 in. In collection of the writer.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 55.--Receipted bill from Samuel Thaxter to Sam
+Brown, Boston, August 4, 1801. In collection of Massachusetts Historical
+Society.]
+
+
+_John Dupee_
+
+John Dupee of Boston apparently was another instrument maker of the
+pre-Revolutionary period actively engaged in producing wooden surveying
+compasses. Three wooden instruments with his compass card exist in
+private and public collections. The instruments are quite similar: the
+wood in each case is walnut or applewood, with an engraved paper
+mariner's compass card; a schooner at sea is figured within the central
+medallion, and inscribed within the riband enclosing it are the words
+"Made and Sold by JOHN DUPEE Ye North Side of Swing Bridge Boston New
+Eng." One of the instruments is owned by the South Natick
+[Massachusetts] Historical Society; a second example is in the
+collection of the Bostonian Society; and a third is owned by a private
+collector.
+
+There is no record of a maker of scientific instruments or clocks by the
+name of Dupee, although the name John Dupee occurs in the city records
+of Boston during the early decades of the 18th century. An advertisement
+in the February 9, 1761, issue of _The Boston Gazette_ states that
+
+     ISAAC DUPEE, Carver, Advertises his Customers and others, that
+     since the late Fire (on Dock Square) he has opened a shop the North
+     side of the Swing-Bridge, opposite to _Thomas Tyler's_, Esq.; where
+     Business will be carried on as usual with Fidelity and Dispatch.
+
+The natural assumption would be that the three instruments were produced
+in Isaac Dupee's shop after 1761, perhaps by the carver's son. The use
+of an engraved compass card indicates that the instruments were not
+unique, and that a number of others were produced or contemplated. On
+the other hand, it is likely that the maker produced other types of
+instruments utilizing such a card, such as mariner's compasses.
+
+
+_Jere Clough_
+
+Another instrument maker, presumably of Boston, is Jere Clough. The only
+instrument bearing his name known at present is a surveying compass
+(fig. 56), made of wood, in the Streeter Collection of Weights and
+Measures at Yale University. Clough's name does not appear on any of the
+lists of instrument makers or clockmakers, yet it is a name that is
+fairly prevalent in Boston. In 1741, for instance, one Joseph Clough of
+Boston was a maker of bellows. He produced bellows of all types--for
+furnaces, refiners, blacksmiths, braziers, and goldsmiths.[110]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 56.--Wooden instrument made by Jere Clough. In
+Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 57.--Wooden surveying compass made by Andrew
+Newell (1749-1798) of Boston. It is made of mahogany, is 11-1/2 in.
+long, and has a diameter of 5 in. The engraved compass card is signed by
+Nathaniel Hurd, goldsmith, silversmith, and engraver of Boston. In
+collection of Yale University Art Gallery.]
+
+
+_Andrew Newell_
+
+An instrument of considerable significance is another wooden surveyor's
+compass, in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery. This
+compass (fig. 57) is made of rich brown San Domingo mahogany with
+sighting bars of boxwood. A mariner's card, set into the opening with a
+metal vernier scale, is in the usual form of the mariner's compass card
+of the 18th century; it is executed as a line engraving. A ship and the
+Boston harbor lighthouse are featured in the central medallion. On a
+riband encircling the medallion is the inscription "Made by ANDW. NEWELL
+East End of the MARKET BOSTON," Engraved in script at the southern tip
+of the star is the signature "N. Hurd Sct."
+
+Relatively little is known about Andrew Newell (1749-1798) except that
+he was a maker of mathematical instruments. An entry in the first Boston
+directory, in 1789, listed "Andrew Newell, instrument maker, 61 State
+Street." The directory of 1796 mentioned Newell as having a shop on the
+"East side of the Market," the address that appears on the surveying
+compass.
+
+Two years later the Boston directory listed Andrew Newell and Son, and
+in 1800 the listing included only the name of Joseph Newell, who may
+have been the son. Another mathematical instrument maker named Charles
+Newell may have been another son of Andrew Newell; his name does not
+appear in the city Directory until in the 19th century. An instrument
+with the signature "Newell & Son, Makers, East End of Faneuil Hall,
+Boston" is in the collection of the Bostonian Society.
+
+An important feature of the Newell instrument is the fact that the
+engraver of the compass card was Nathaniel Hurd (1729-1777), the peer of
+goldsmiths and engravers of the colonial period. This compass card is a
+previously unrecorded example of Hurd's work, and constitutes a work of
+art, making the compass a historic scientific instrument.[111] The
+compass was presented to the Yale University Art Gallery by a Yale
+alumnus, Mr. Henry G. Schiff of New York City. No other examples have
+thus far been found.
+
+
+_Aaron Breed_
+
+Aaron Breed (1791-1861) is a relatively unknown maker of mathematical
+instruments who worked in Boston into the 19th century. He specialized
+in nautical, mathematical and optical instruments, with an address at
+173 Broad Street, and another at No. 2 Rowe's Wharf, "At the Sign of the
+Quadrant." Breed made surveying instruments in brass and in wood. A
+brass instrument is in the Henry Ford Museum, and a wooden instrument is
+in the collection of Old Sturbridge Village. The latter is fashioned
+from walnut with an engraved compass card inscribed "Aaron Breed
+Boston."
+
+
+_Charles Thacher_
+
+The name of Charles Thacher appears on the compass card of a wooden
+surveying compass (fig. 58) in the collection of the Mariners' Museum,
+Norfolk, Virginia. No record of this maker has been found, but the
+engraved compass card indicates that he probably worked in New England.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 58.--Wooden surveying compass made by Charles
+Thacher. It is made of cherry or maple; sighting bars are of oak.
+Over-all length, 13-5/8 in. Photos courtesy Mariners Museum, Newport
+News, Virginia.]
+
+
+_Benjamin King Hagger_
+
+Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) was the scion of two well-known
+families of instrument makers in New England, so it is not surprising
+that he worked in the same craft.
+
+It is believed that Hagger was born in Newport, Rhode Island, about
+1769, the son of William Guyse Hagger and of a sister of Benjamin King.
+Although his father made instruments--at first in partnership with
+Benjamin King, and then working alone--in Newport at least as late as
+1776, the family appears to have moved after the Revolution. William
+Guyse Hagger's name did not appear in the 1790 census of Newport, and it
+is presumed that he moved with his family to Boston.
+
+Benjamin King Hagger was listed in the first city directory of Boston in
+1789 as "a mathematical instrument maker" with an address on Ann Street;
+he was only 20 years of age at this time.
+
+On November 10, 1793, Benjamin King Hagger, "mathematical instrument
+maker," purchased land with buildings on Prince Street near Snow Hill
+Street from one Peter Greene. Two years later, on December 1, 1795,
+Hagger, now listed simply as a "merchant," purchased a brick house, a
+wooden house, and a shed with land from William Ballard, a tailor of
+Framingham and an heir of Samuel Ballard. The property was located on
+the east side of North Street, south of Mill Creek. At the time of
+purchase, Hagger mortgaged the property to Ballard, and also mortgaged
+to him the house and land previously purchased from Greene.
+
+Hagger was listed as a ship chandler in the following year when on March
+24, 1796, he deeded part of his land on Prince Street to William and
+George Hillman, minors.
+
+On June 22, 1796, three months later, Hagger, now listed as
+"mathematical instrument maker, and ship-chandler" deeded to a mariner
+named Thomas Wallis a house and land that formed part of his original
+purchase near Copp's Hill from Peter Greene. Then on July 21, 1796, he
+purchased from William Ballard all his right to the brick house and land
+on North Street (Ann Street), at the same time mortgaging the property
+to William Ballard, Jr., of Framingham. This mortgage was cancelled on
+April 11, 1798.[112]
+
+These negotiations took place before marriage. A report of the Record
+Commissioners of Boston, states that "William King Hagger of Boston and
+Mehitable Ballard of Framingham were married October 6, 1796." The
+entry appears to be in error because the marriage intentions had read
+"Benjamin King Hagger." It is presumed that Mehitable was the daughter
+of William Ballard, the tailor of Framingham, from whom Hagger had
+bought his house on Ann Street, south of Mill Creek.[113]
+
+Benjamin King Hagger is listed in the city directory of Boston for 1798
+as a "mathematical instrument maker" on Ann Street. This, however, is
+the last listing for his name in Boston, as his name does not appear in
+the 1803 or subsequent directories.
+
+Shortly after 1798 Hagger appears to have left Boston together with his
+wife, and it is probable that he established himself as an instrument
+maker in another Massachusetts community, at present unknown. In about
+1816 Hagger moved with his family to Baltimore and continued his
+instrument-making business.
+
+The records of the 1850 Federal census of Baltimore indicate that two of
+Hagger's sons, John W. and William G. Hagger, had been born in 1800 and
+1806 respectively, in Massachusetts, presumably in the community to
+which Hagger had moved from Boston before moving once more to Baltimore.
+
+According to Matchett's Baltimore directory for 1824, Hagger was a
+"mathematical and optical instrument maker" with a shop at 57 South
+Street. His advertisement in the directory stated that he
+
+     Respectfully acquaints his fellow citizens that he executes all
+     orders in the line of his business with punctuality and confidently
+     professes to give satisfaction to his employers, from the
+     experience of a regular apprenticeship and 37 years practice.
+
+This indicates that Hagger completed his apprenticeship in 1787, when he
+was 18, and since then had been established in his own business or had
+worked for another as a journeyman instrument maker. His first
+advertisement in the Boston directory appeared in 1789, wherein his shop
+was listed as being on Ann Street.
+
+Hagger died in Baltimore on November 8, 1834, at the age of 65, after a
+residence of 18 years in that city.[114]
+
+Thus far only one instrument by Hagger has been found--a wooden
+surveying instrument or semicircumferentor (fig. 59). It is in the
+possession of the writer.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 59.--Wooden graphometer made by Benjamin King
+Hagger (c. 1769-1834) of Boston and Baltimore. Made of yellow birch,
+with the name and gradations and lines incised into the wood by means of
+tiny punches, and filled. Trough compass; sighting bars mounted on a
+swivelling brass bar; collapsible tripod made of maple. In collection of
+the writer.]
+
+
+_Benjamin Warren_
+
+[Illustration: Figure 60.--An advertisement of Benjamin Warren in _The
+Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_. Photos courtesy The
+American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.]
+
+Production of wooden surveying compasses was not limited to Boston.
+Another instrument maker who produced them was Benjamin Warren (c.
+1740-?) of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The name of Benjamin Warren was a
+fairly common one in Plymouth, being a name handed down in the family
+from father to son for at least five generations before 1800. The first
+Benjamin Warren at Plymouth was married in 1697, and his son Benjamin
+(2) was born in 1698. Benjamin (2) was married in due course, and his
+son Benjamin (3) was born in 1740. The third Benjamin was the father of
+Benjamin (4), who was born in 1766. In 1789 Benjamin (4) married Sarah
+Young, the daughter of Daniel Young, and their son Benjamin (5) was born
+in 1792. The Benjamin Warren who operated the shop in Plymouth probably
+was Benjamin Warren (3), who was then about 45 years of age.[115]
+
+A search of _The Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_ has
+revealed several advertisements and notices (fig. 60) about Benjamin
+Warren from which some information can be derived about the man and his
+business during this period. The first known notice dated March 19,
+1785, probably is the most important one. Later in the same year, on
+August 16, 1785, Warren published the following notice:
+
+     WHEREAS on Friday Morning of the 5th inst. eloped from the House of
+     the subscriber, _Inholder_ in Plymouth, JOHN MOREY, of NORTON, of
+     tall stature, & round shoulder'd. Had on when he absconded, a
+     shabby claret coloured coat, adorned with patches, and a pair of
+     dirty smoak'd coloured breeches; without knee-buckles; and an old
+     flopped hatt, defaced with grease.
+
+     As he appeared to be an enterprising genius, without abilities,
+     politeness or honesty, and went off in an abrupt and clandestine
+     manner; a reward of _Sixpence_ will be paid, to any person or
+     persons, who will persuade or induce the said Morey to make his
+     appearance once more to the subscriber.
+
+It is obvious that Warren was not considerably concerned about the
+return of John Morey, for the reward offered was scarcely conducive to
+obtain the public's cooperation. Warren's first ventures with public
+sales must have been successful, for early in the next year, in the
+issue of January 3, 1786, he announced that
+
+     _Benjamin Warren_,
+
+     PROPOSES to open a convenient AUCTION-ROOM, over the Shop he now
+     trades in, next week. Any Gentlemen that will furnish him with
+     goods of any kind for Public or Private sale, on Commission, shall
+     be served with fidelity, and the smallest favours in that way
+     gratefully acknowledged.
+
+The next notice of the auction-room appeared on February 21, 1786, when
+the newspaper advertised that
+
+     _To-morrow_ will be SOLD, by Public Vendue, At WARREN'S Auction
+     Room,
+
+     A VARIETY of articles, _viz_. Nails, Bar Lead, Glass Pewter,
+     Buttons, Buckles, Chairs, Stands, &c, &c, &c.
+
+     *** The SALE to begin at 10 o'Clock, A.M.
+
+No other notices of public sales appeared in the _Journal_ for the next
+several months. The last notice of this period was another announcement
+of a sale, which was published in the issue of May 30, 1786:
+
+     _Publick Vendue_,
+
+     _At_ WARREN's Auction Room, in PLYMOUTH: at Ten o'clock this
+     morning. WILL be Sold, a quantity of bar lead, boxes of glass, 6 x
+     8. English Shovels and Tongs, bridle-Bits, and a variety of other
+     articles of Hard-Ware. Also, a few Anvils at private sale.
+
+Only one instrument signed by Warren is known to survive; it is a wooden
+surveying compass (fig. 61) in the Streeter Collection of Weights and
+Measures at Yale University. The instrument, which appears to have been
+made from walnut, has a compass card with the following inscription
+around the central medallion: "Made and sold by BENJAMIN WARREN Plymouth
+New Eng^d."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 61.--Wooden surveying compass made by Benjamin
+Warren (c. 1740-c. 1800) of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and detail of the
+compass card. The compass, made of cherry wood, is 12 in. long and has a
+diameter of 6 in. In Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale
+University.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 62.--Detail of card, Warren surveying compass
+shown in figure 61.]
+
+The medallion (fig. 62) encloses a harbor scene with a brigantine of the
+1740 period off a promontory on which is prominently situated a
+lighthouse with a smaller building partly visible at the left. The
+lighthouse is unusual in construction in that it features twin towers
+rising from a large rectangular wooden building.
+
+As far as can be determined from available records, the only lighthouse
+in America of this period having such construction was the noted Gurnet
+Light, which was built at the tip of Duxbury Beach in Plymouth Bay in
+1768. D. Alan Stevenson[116] relates that the Governor's Council of
+Massachusetts, when it decided in 1768 to erect the Gurnet Lighthouse
+at Plymouth, adopted a novel plan to distinguish it from other American
+lighthouses. "This consisted of double lights set horizontally in the
+same structure. A timber house built at a cost of L660, 30' long and 20'
+high, had a lanthorn at each end to contain two four-wick lamps.
+
+"In 1802 fire destroyed the house but the merchants of the town promptly
+subscribed to replace it by temporary lights, as the Government had no
+immediate funds at its disposal. An Act of Congress of 1802 allotted
+$2500 for building another set of twin lights and reimbursing the
+merchants for their expenditure.
+
+"Though the idea of twin lights at Plymouth seemed an excellent
+distinction from a single navigation light shown at Barnstable harbor in
+the vicinity, they proved not entirely advantageous and a sea captain
+blamed them for causing his shipwreck. He had seen the light from only
+one tower and identified it with confidence as the Barnstable light;
+apparently, from a particular direction one tower hid the other. But
+local prejudice in favor of retaining the twin lights as a distinction
+prevailed until 1924 when, at last, opposition ceased to the
+recommendation which the Lighthouse Board expressed frequently that a
+single light would be preferable."
+
+It seems quite likely that the compass card bears one of the very few
+surviving contemporary representations of the first Gurnet Light in
+Plymouth Bay. A search of the archives of the historical societies in
+Plymouth, Boston, and Worcester and the files of the U.S. National
+Archives has failed to reveal any illustration of this famous
+lighthouse.
+
+Quite by coincidence, the name of Benjamin Warren was discovered among
+the entries of the day books of Paul Revere, the famous patriot,
+silversmith, and engraver. The entry[117] (fig. 63) appears as follows:
+
+    1786 March 13. Benjm Warren Dr. Plimouth
+    To printing one hundred Compass Cards 0-18-0.
+
+Whether the compass card on the Warren instrument was produced by Revere
+is difficult to determine. Authorities on Revere's engravings agree that
+it could have been engraved by Revere but are unable to state it
+positively. It has been suggested that the entry in Revere's day book
+indicates that he merely printed the compass cards for Warren and that
+he did not engrave a plate. The charge for the work bears out this
+supposition; and furthermore, Revere's bills seemed to make a definite
+distinction between the engraving of plates and actual prints. Whether
+or not Revere was responsible for making the original engraving remains
+to be determined, but it is very probable that he printed the compass
+card of the instrument in the Streeter Collection of Weights and
+Measures at Yale.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 63.--Page from the "day books" of Paul Revere with
+entry for the printing of compass cards for Benjamin Warren of Plymouth.
+In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.]
+
+
+_Daniel Burnap_
+
+One of the best known and most respected names among Connecticut
+clockmakers is that of Daniel Burnap (1759-1838) of East Windsor. Burnap
+was born in Coventry in 1759 and served an apprenticeship with Thomas
+Harland, clockmaker of Norwich. In about 1780 Burnap opened his own
+establishment, where he combined the crafts of clockmaking,
+cabinetmaking, and engraving of brass, in all of which he was greatly
+skilled. One of his apprentices was Eli Terry, who later achieved fame
+in the craft in his own right.[118]
+
+Burnap's business included clients in Windsor, Hartford, and Coventry,
+as well as some of the leading merchants and cabinetmakers of the nearby
+cities and towns. Although clockmaking was the primary business in which
+Burnap engaged, he also had a large trade for his surveying instruments,
+silver spoons, gold beads, harness and saddlery hardware, and shoe
+buckles.
+
+Burnap prospered, and in about 1800 he moved back to his native town,
+Coventry. There he purchased a large farm and erected a shop and a
+sawmill, and in due course became the leading citizen of the community.
+He died in 1838, leaving a valuable technological record in the
+completeness of his journals and account books. A study of the entries
+of his day books and ledgers (see fig. 64) reveals that Burnap did a
+substantial amount of business in surveying compasses, chains, and
+protractors. Among his shop equipment after his death there was found an
+unfinished protractor, but no examples of his instruments are known
+except for a compass dial, inscribed with his name, that was discovered
+recently in the collection of a midwestern historical society.[119]
+
+It is significant to note that Burnap made instruments of varying
+quality. For instance, he charged three different prices for his
+surveyor's compasses. The highest-priced compasses cost L6; they were
+made of brass, and were of the more elaborate conventional type used by
+surveyors. A few examples that appeared in his records cost L4; these
+also were made of brass, but probably were of a simpler form. Several
+entries list surveying compasses priced at L2 and L2/8. One of these was
+made for Capt. Solomon Dewie (1750-1813) in September 1790 for L2/8. At
+the same time, Burnap charged him L0/1/6 for touching the needle of
+another compass.[120] The entries in Burnap's account books do not state
+that these inexpensive compasses were constructed of wood, but it seems
+to be sufficiently conclusive that they were.
+
+
+_Gurdon Huntington_
+
+Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804) was not primarily a maker of scientific
+instruments, but he was established as a goldsmith and clockmaker. He
+was born in Windham, Connecticut, on April 30, 1763, the son of
+Hezekiah and Submit (Murdock) Huntington.[121]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 64.--Entry in the manuscript ledgers of Daniel
+Burnap (1759-1838) of East Windsor and Coventry, Connecticut, for sale
+of surveying compass in 1790. Reproduced from the Burnap shop records in
+the collection of Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.]
+
+The Huntington family was one of the most important in Connecticut
+colonial history. Gurdon's father, Hezekiah, was in service during the
+Revolutionary War, going to Boston as a major with the first troops
+raised in Connecticut. When in Boston he witnessed the miserable
+condition of the arms then in the hands of the soldiers. Major
+Huntington went immediately to Philadelphia, where Congress was in
+session, and proposed to the Congress that he would return to his home
+in Windham and that there he would open a manufactory for repairing
+muskets and other arms. He claimed to have been the first man to have
+made a gun in the Colonies.
+
+Gurdon was too young to have served in the Revolution, but he
+undoubtedly worked in his father's gun manufactory as a boy. In due
+course he learned the trades of goldsmith and clockmaker and established
+his own shop in Windham, which, according to an advertisement (fig. 65)
+in _The Connecticut Gazette_ of June 11, 1784, was "a few rods north of
+Major Ebenezer Backus' store."
+
+On Christmas Day, 1785, Gurdon was married in New London to Temperance
+Williams of Groton. In 1789 their first child, Marvin, was born, and in
+October of the same year the Huntingtons moved from Windham to Walpole,
+New Hampshire. No reason can be found for the move, other than the
+possibility that Gurdon might have anticipated greater opportunity in
+the new community. There he applied himself to his trade as goldsmith
+and clockmaker, but apparently he was not very successful. His family
+grew, and by the time of his death there were eight children. Possibly
+in an effort to supplement his income, Huntington served as postmaster
+of the community. In about 1797, seven or eight years after he had moved
+to Walpole, his father and mother joined him there, and it is believed
+that Major Hezekiah may have worked as a gunsmith during that period.
+Eventually the senior Huntington returned to Windham, Connecticut, where
+he died in 1807.[122]
+
+Meanwhile Gurdon Huntington struggled on until his death on July 26,
+1804. He died insolvent, which created a considerable problem in view of
+the large family he left behind him. Huntington's estate was
+administered by Asa Sibley, a clockmaker in Walpole. Sibley had moved
+to Walpole from his home in Woodstock, Connecticut, in the 1790's and he
+remained there until 1808, when he again returned to Woodstock. Gurdon
+Huntington's widow removed to Bloomfield, Ohio, with her children, and
+she died there on May 25, 1823. Most of her children settled in
+Bloomfield, but several of them moved to New Hartford, New York.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 65.--Advertisement of Gurdon Huntington
+(1763-1804) in _The Connecticut Gazette_, June 11, 1784. In collection
+of Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 66.--Views of wooden surveying compass made by
+Gurdon Huntington, clockmaker in Walpole, New Hampshire, between
+1789-1804. Made of cherry with folding brass sighting bars, the
+instrument is 14 in. long and 5-1/2 in. wide. In collection of the
+writer.]
+
+Several examples of Huntington's clocks are known to exist in private
+collections in the United States. However, only one example of his
+scientific instruments appears to have survived. This is a surveying
+compass (fig. 66) made of wood, with brass sighting bars and a painted
+dial under glass with a steel needle. The dial is inscribed "G.
+HUNTINGTON/WALPOLE." The instrument, which is in the collection of the
+writer, is made of cherry wood, with a riveted ball-and-socket joint of
+brass for insertion on a tripod.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+_Jedidiah Baldwin_
+
+Jedidiah Baldwin (fl. 1790's) was another early New England clock and
+instrument maker, but little is known of his early life. He was a
+brother of Jabes Baldwin (c. 1777-1829), who worked as a clockmaker in
+Salem and Boston after serving an apprenticeship with Thomas Harland in
+Norwich, Connecticut.
+
+Jedidiah Baldwin also served an apprenticeship with Harland. In 1791 he
+was working in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a member of the firm of
+Stiles and Baldwin, and from 1792 to 1794 he was a member of the firm of
+Stiles and Storrs, in partnership with Nathan Storrs.[123] In about 1794
+Baldwin moved to Hanover, New Hampshire, where he became the local
+postmaster, and where Dartmouth College records his death.
+
+Only one existing instrument is known to have been made by Baldwin; it
+is a wooden surveying compass with a brass dial having two scales, one
+for degrees and one for eight divisions per 90 deg.. The dial is inscribed
+"JED BALDWIN/HANOVER." According to its present owner, Mr. Worth
+Shampeny of Rochester, Vermont, the compass was used for surveying in
+Vermont during the early 1800's.
+
+Another Jedidiah Baldwin worked as a clockmaker in Morrisville, New
+York, from 1818-1820 and then in Fairfield, New York; he appears also in
+the city directory of Rochester, New York, as a clockmaker during the
+years 1834-1844. He may have been a son or grandson of the first
+Jedidiah, or a nephew.
+
+
+_Thomas Salter Bowles_
+
+Thomas Salter Bowles (c. 1765-?) is another elusive New England
+instrument maker about whom little information is available. He is
+believed to have been the son of Deacon Samuel and Hannah (Salter)
+Bowles, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, probably between 1765 and
+1770. His father was born in 1739; his mother, who was the daughter of
+Captain Titus Salter, was born in 1748 and died in 1831.[124] Deacon
+Bowles was clerk of the Brick Market in Portsmouth from 1801 to the time
+of his death, November 3, 1802. There is a minimum of information
+available from church and city records in the community, but it is
+believed that he was a member of one of the offshoots of the established
+Puritan Church, and hence he would not appear in its records. He kept
+the lower school in the Brick School House on State Street for a number
+of years.
+
+It is believed that the Bowles family first came to Portsmouth during
+the few years immediately before the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
+It is known that a Thomas Bowles and a Samuel Bowles both signed the
+Association Test on August 14, 1776, promising to oppose the hostile
+proceedings of the British fleets and armies. Furthermore, one of the
+principal taxpayers in Portsmouth in 1770 was a firm named Griffith and
+Bowles, which paid L17 in taxes in 1770. The name of the Bowles who
+formed part of this firm is not known, but it was either Samuel or the
+first Thomas Bowles. The other partner was Nathaniel S. Griffith, a
+watchmaker. It is possible that a tradition of instrument making existed
+in the Bowles family even then.[125]
+
+On file in the office of the City Clerk in Portsmouth are two
+certificates of marriage made out by Thomas Salter Bowles. The first is
+for his marriage to Hannah Ham, a ceremony performed on September 21,
+1809, by Joseph Walton, one of the pastors of a church dissenting from
+the Puritan regime. Hannah was the daughter of William Ham, a brother of
+Supply Ham (1788-1862), a noted local clockmaker. Bowles may have served
+an apprenticeship in that shop before he married Hannah. Two other
+members of the Ham family--George Ham and Henry H. Ham--worked as
+watchmakers in Portsmouth in the same period.
+
+A search of the cemeteries has indicated that Hannah Ham Bowles died in
+1811, age 20. She is buried with her infant son in North Cemetery.[126]
+
+Thomas Bowles's second marriage certificate in Portsmouth is for his
+marriage on September 29, 1813--two years after Hannah's death--to Abiah
+Emerly Bradley of Haverhill, Massachusetts.
+
+Little is known about the work of Bowles as an instrument maker except
+through a few of his instruments. He is listed in the first Portsmouth
+directory, of 1821, as a "mathematical instrument maker" with a place of
+business on Daniel Street; his home was given as Austin Street in
+Portsmouth. He did not appear in the city's directories of 1827 and
+1834. It is assumed that he may have left Portsmouth in the interim,
+possibly to settle in his wife's home town of Haverhill.
+
+Three instruments signed by Bowles have survived, and all show signs of
+considerable wear. They are surveying compasses made of walnut, having
+maple sighting bars and a silvered brass vernier set under the glass.
+Two examples, one in the Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures at
+Yale University and one owned by this writer are almost identical in
+size, form, and details. The only variation is that the Yale example
+(fig. 67) has a bubble level under a brass strip set into one end, an
+item lacking in the other example (fig. 68).
+
+The compass card, made from a line engraving, is identical in each of
+the three examples. A floriated fleur-de-lis on the North point has a
+compass and square at its base, and the name T. S. BOWLES is on a riband
+over it. Adorning the East point is an American eagle bearing a shield
+with stars and stripes and clutching arrows in one claw and a laurel
+twig in the other. In a ring within the central medallion is inscribed
+(see fig. 68), "* T. S. BOWLES * PORTSMOUTH, N.H. *"
+
+[Illustration: Figure 67.--Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas
+Salter Bowles of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. With spirit level. Made of
+birch, the compass is 13 in. long and has a diameter of 6 in. In the
+Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.]
+
+The most interesting of the three instruments was acquired by the
+Dartmouth Museum as part of a collection of the late Frank C. Churchill,
+an inspector in the Indian Service. The instrument (fig. 69) is a
+quarter circle with a compass in its center and sighting bars mounted on
+a swinging arm that reads the angle of the brass scale on the arc by
+means of a vernier. It is mounted on a wooden tripod with the customary
+ball-and-socket joint, which permits it to be placed on a vertical
+plane. A built-in plumb bob at the side helps to establish the
+vertical.[127]
+
+Interesting features of this instrument are two inscriptions engraved on
+the brass strip on the top of the dial. One states that it was "INVENTED
+BY P. MERRILL ESQ." and the other relates that it was "MADE BY JOHN
+KENNARD NEWMARKET." No information about P. Merrill has been found, and
+it is presumed that it was he who conceived the idea of combining the
+various elements into a single instrument and that it was made under his
+direction by Kennard.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 68.--Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas
+Salter Bowles (1765/70-post 1821) of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Made of
+walnut, it is 12 in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/8 in. With walnut
+sighting bars. In collection of writer.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 69.--Wooden surveying instrument inscribed
+"Invented by P. Merrill, Esq." and "Made by John Kennard, Newmarket."
+Made of walnut, 7-3/4 in. long; in its original pine case, with cover.
+The compass card and dial (see opposite) were made by Thomas Salter
+Bowles of Portsmouth. In Frank C. Churchill Collection, Dartmouth
+College Museum, Hanover, New Hampshire.]
+
+Some data on Kennard is available in a history of Newfields (formerly
+Newmarket) by Reverend Fitts. John Kennard was born in Kittery, Maine,
+in 1782. He learned the trade of clockmaker in Portsmouth, New
+Hampshire, presumably working with the members of the Ham family or
+others. On July 3, 1806, he married Sarah Ewer. He lived for various
+periods in Nashua and Concord before moving to Newfields in 1812. He
+lived in the Palmer house (which was burned in September 1899), and he
+kept a store in the little community and also served as its postmaster
+from 1822 to 1824. The post office was the only public office in the
+town until the cotton mills were built on the Lamprey River in 1823.
+Kennard later built and occupied the Kennard house on Piscassic Street,
+which was subsequently owned by Jeremiah Towle and has since been
+burned. In December 1830 he established an iron foundry together with
+Temple Paul and the Drake family, but in 1834 he sold his interest to
+Amos Paul and others. He was the father of six children and he died in
+1861. During his lifetime he had specialized in making tall case and
+banjo clocks.[128]
+
+
+
+
+_The New Era_
+
+
+The beginning of the 19th century saw increased trading and shipping
+resulting from the economic development of the new republic, and the
+westward surge brought increased preoccupation with the settlement of
+communities and the development of land areas. As a consequence, the
+demand for instruments likewise increased.
+
+Whereas during the 18th century and until some time after the end of the
+Revolutionary War probably not more than a dozen instrument makers and
+dealers are known to have emigrated from England or elsewhere to make
+their homes and careers in the American Colonies, the beginning of the
+19th century saw substantial numbers of English and French instrument
+makers and dealers immigrate to the United States, to establish shops in
+the major centers of trade.
+
+And whereas the names of scarcely a hundred mathematical-instrument
+makers who worked in the American Colonies during the 18th century are
+known today, the names of hundreds of similar 19th-century craftsmen and
+dealers are to be found.
+
+As Derek Price[129] has so cogently stated: "For scientific instrument
+makers, one need only examine the nineteenth century city directories of
+Boston, Philadelphia and New York to find hundreds of names of craftsmen
+and firms. It is, to be sure, an antiquarian research, for one does not
+expect to find great discoveries coming from these people. But just as
+in Europe, it is a populous trade, influential in the growth of science
+and highly effective in spreading and intensifying the itch for
+ingenious instruments and devices. It is by these men that the basic
+skills of the Industrial Revolution were populated...." By such means
+did American science and technology come of age.
+
+
+
+
+_The National Collection_
+
+_Early American Scientific Instruments and Related Materials in the
+United States National Museum, Listed by Makers and Users_
+
+
+ADAMS, GEORGE; Fleet Street, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew; Surveying
+Instrument.)
+
+BARDIN, W. & T. M.; 16 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London. (See
+Priestley, Joseph: Globes.)
+
+BENNET, N. (fl. 1777); Middleboro, Mass., or Middleboro, Pa. _Alidade_,
+plane table, scale 7-7/8 in. radius, compass 5-3/8 in. long. Brass scale
+and sights with compass in wooden box. Instrument inscribed "N.
+Bennet--Middlebor 1777." Although the name of this instrument maker does
+not appear on list of English or American makers, it is believed that he
+was American. USNM 319076.
+
+ELLICOTT, ANDREW (1754-1820); Baltimore, Md. _Instrument Box_ for
+astronomical instruments. Made of rosewood, with a hinged top, green
+felt underlining, brass lock, size 3 in. by 3 in. by 11 in. Owned and
+used by Andrew Ellicott for storage and transportation of small
+astronomical equipment.
+
+Gift of John E. Reynolds, Ellicott's great-grandson, of Meadville, Pa.,
+in 1932. USNM 310418.
+
+_Journal_ and _Astronomical Notebook_, manuscript written by Andrew
+Ellicott while locating the U.S. boundary line between the United States
+and the Spanish territory of Florida, 1797-1801. Contains day-by-day
+entries of experiences, field notes, and calculations made by Ellicott.
+The major part of the manuscript was published in _The Journal of Andrew
+Ellicott_.[130] Bound volume with brown leather covers, end opening,
+marked "And. Ellicott," 6-1/2 in. by 8 in. by 2 in. First page has
+signature "Andrew Ellicott 1788."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 70.--Pages from manuscript "Journal and
+Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417) written by Andrew Ellicott while
+locating the boundary between the United States and the Spanish
+territory of Florida. These pages relate to the observations made in
+1799 at the cord of the guide line on Mobile River for determining the
+latitude.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 71.--Folding plate from Andrew Ellicott's "Journal
+and Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417), relating the results of
+observations made in February 1800 with the large and small sectors for
+determining Ellicott's position on St. Mary's River.]
+
+Formerly the property of Ellicott's eldest daughter, Jane Judith
+Ellicott, from whom it passed to her youngest son, William Reynolds. It
+was inherited by the latter's son, John Reynolds of Meadville, Pa., who
+presented it as a gift to the U.S. National Museum in 1932. USNM 310417.
+FIGURES 70, 71.
+
+_Pocket Slate_ 7-1/4 in. long and 4 in. wide, with wooden frame 7-1/4
+in. long and 4 in. wide. Slate 5-3/4 in. long and 2-1/2 in. wide. Part
+of field equipment used by Ellicott.
+
+Gift of Charles Ellicott of Dansville, N.Y., in 1960. USNM 318292.
+
+_Quadrant_ of brass made and used by Ellicott. Quadrant has a radius of
+12 in., is on a stand 17 in. high, and has the original lenses. Simple
+construction with easy adjustment, accomplished by means of two plumb
+lines. A tangent screw for slow motions was designed and added in 1885
+by Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Ellicott's grandson. Instrument was made by
+Ellicott about 1790 and was used in running the southern boundary of the
+United States in 1796 and 1800, and on other surveys.
+
+Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM
+152081. FIGURE 72.
+
+_Surveying Instrument_, with brass disk 10-1/2 in. in diameter laid off
+in degrees, minutes, and seconds with vernier points. Two telescopes,
+one fixed and the other revolving. The instrument is mounted on a tripod
+or Jacob's staff by means of a socket on the underside. Complete with
+original painted pine case. The name of the maker, "G. Adams London," is
+engraved on the dial.
+
+George Adams (1704-1773) was mathematical instrument maker to King
+George III. After serving an apprenticeship from 1718, he made
+instruments for the East India Company in 1735 and 1736, and established
+a shop at "Tycho Brahe's Head" at the corner of Raquet Court, Fleet
+Street. He specialized in terrestrial and celestial globes and
+microscopes. Following his death he was succeeded in business by his son
+George Adams the Younger (1750-1795), who also served as
+mathematical-instrument maker to the king.
+
+This instrument is believed by the donor to have been used by either
+Andrew Ellicott or by his son-in-law David Bates Douglass.
+
+Gift of Charles B. Curtis of Litchfield, Conn., in 1945. USNM 312932.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 72.--Brass quadrant made by Andrew Ellicott about
+1790 and used for running the southern boundary of the United States
+about 1796 and 1800, and on later surveys. USNM 152081.]
+
+_Telescope_, consisting of a brass tube 3-1/2 in. long with an aperture
+of 2-3/4 in.; on its original brass tripod, with a serviceable
+altazimuth mounting. Late 18th century. Made by "W. & S. Jones/135
+Holborn/London."
+
+The firm of "W. & S. Jones" was a partnership of two brothers, Samuel
+and William Jones, opticians, who worked at 30 Lower Holborn and at 135
+Holborn in London, from 1793. They bought the copyright to the books of
+George Adams, and subsequently largely carried on the original business
+of the Adams instrument makers.
+
+In _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author describes this instrument
+as the first of "Two Acromatic Telescopes for Taking signals, with
+sliding tubes, one of them drew out to upwards of 4 feet, and the other
+to about 15 inches, the latter for its length is remarkably good, it
+shows the satellites of Jupiter very distinctly."
+
+Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1899. USNM
+152082. FIGURE 73.
+
+_Telescope_, draw type, made of brass with acromatic lens, length 11 in.
+Incomplete, and maker not known. The second of the instruments described
+in _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ as an acromatic telescope. Used for
+taking signals, with sliding tubes, which draw out to about 15 in. It
+was considered to be remarkably good for its length, and showed the
+satellites of Jupiter very distinctly.
+
+Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM
+152085.
+
+_Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument_, made entirely of brass, with
+original lens now broken. The instrument is described by Ellicott in the
+following extract from _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_:
+
+     Preparatory to beginning the ten mile square [of Washington] a
+     Meridian was traced at Jones' Point on the West of the Potomac.
+     From this Meridian an angle of 45 degrees was laid off North
+     Westerly and a straight line continued in that direction ten
+     miles.... From the termination of this second line a third making a
+     right angle with it was carried South-Easterly ten miles: and from
+     the beginning on Jones' Point a fourth was carried ten miles to the
+     termination of the third. These lines were measured with a chain
+     which was examined and corrected daily, and plumbed whenever the
+     ground was uneven, and traced with a transit and equal altitude
+     instrument which I constructed and executed in 1789 and used in
+     running the Western boundary of the State of New York. This
+     instrument was similar to that described by Le Monnier in his
+     preface to the French "Histoire Celeste." ... All the lines in this
+     city in which I have been concerned were traced with the same
+     instrument which I used on the lines of the ten mile square but as
+     the Northern part was not finished when I left that place, I cannot
+     pretend to say what method has since been pursued.
+
+Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM
+152080. FIGURE 10.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 73.--Telescope used by Andrew Ellicott for his
+survey of the boundary between the United States and the Spanish
+territory of Florida. The instrument is signed "W. & S. Jones, 135
+Holborn, London." USNM 152082.]
+
+ELLIS, ORANGE WARNER (18th century). _Theodolite_, about 1780, brass;
+horizontal circle 5 in., vertical circle 5 in., telescope 7-1/2 in.,
+compass 3 in.; spirit level set into compass card; spirit level attached
+to telescope; fixed vertical circle; unsigned. Used by Orange Warner
+Ellis about 1780 in the surveying of the boundary between the United
+States and Canada, the area which is now Vermont.
+
+Acquired from Miss Mary N. Ellis of Chicago, Ill., in 1929. USNM 309596.
+FIGURE 74.
+
+FRYE, JOSEPH (fl. 1762-1783), Fryeburg, Maine. _Manuscript Booklet_ of
+"Tables Useful in Surveying Land, made and presented by Joseph Frye to
+his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November 18, A. D. 1783." Size 6-1/4 in. by
+3-7/8 in., 16 pages, paper covers, marked "Fryeburg Joseph Frye AD
+MDCCLXXXIII."
+
+Loan from Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey, in 1957. USNM
+315062. FIGURE 45.
+
+(See Greenough, Thomas, for surveying compass used by Joseph Frye.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 74.--Theodolite used by Orange Warner Ellis about
+1780 for surveying boundary between the United States and Canada in the
+area which is now Vermont. USNM 309596.]
+
+GREENOUGH, THOMAS (1710-1785), Boston, Mass. _Surveying Compass_, made
+of hickory with engraved paper compass card. Over-all length 11 ft.;
+dial 5-1/2 in. in diameter. Central medallion on card depicts man along
+shoreline using a Davis quadrant with a schooner offshore, with touches
+of red. Inscribed in gilt in band around central medallion: "Made and
+Sold by THOMAS GREENOUGH, Boston, New Eng." Used by Joseph Frye in 1762
+for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine. Loan from
+Laurits C. Eichner, Clifton, N.J., in 1957. USNM 315001. FIGURE 44.
+
+(See also, Frye, Joseph, manuscript booklet of "Tables Useful for
+Surveying Land ...")
+
+HAGGER, WILLIAM GUYSE, (C. 1748?-1830?), Newport, R.I. _Backstaff_, or
+_Davis Quadrant_, about 1760-1770, made of dark wood with scales and
+sights of boxwood, 25 in. long, 14 in. wide at large arc and 5 in. wide
+at small arc. Inscribed as follows: "W^m G. Hagger Newp^t R. Island/For
+M^r----." The name of the original owner has been blocked out by the
+insertion of a piece of ivory. This quadrant was acquired from Mrs.
+Carola Paine of Bethel, Conn., in 1961. USNM 319029. FIGURE 59.
+
+Davis quadrants signed by Hagger are in the Comstock Memorial Collection
+of the Rhode Island Historical Society (dated 1776); in the Shepley
+Library in Providence, R.I. (dated 1768); and in the Peabody Museum at
+Salem, Mass. (dated 1775).
+
+Also in the U.S. National Museum is an unsigned quadrant (USNM 178975)
+that is almost identical in detail to the one signed by Hagger. It is
+the gift of A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. Another almost identical
+instrument, in the collection of the Franklin Institute, is signed "C.
+Elliott, New London, 1764"; it differs from the other two only in that a
+lens is combined in the middle sight.
+
+HOLBECHER, JOHN, (fl. 1738). _Backstaff_, or _Davis Quadrant_, of dark
+wood with boxwood scales and vanes. Length 25-1/2 in.; large arc 15 in.
+Inscribed "Made by John Holbecher/ For Capt. Joseph Swan--1738."
+
+Holbecher is not listed as an English or American instrument maker, but
+it is believed that the instrument is American.
+
+Acquired from Bern C. Ritchie & Co., Chicago, Ill., in 1960. USNM
+318439.
+
+JOHNSON, JOHN, Surveyor, 1818. (See Rittenhouse & Evans, surveying
+compass.)
+
+JONES, W. & S., 135 Holborn, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew, telescope.)
+
+PIERCE, ABNER, (c. 1790). _Surveying Compass_ with Jacob's staff. Made
+of brass; 12 in. long; 5 in. in diameter; with needle lift. Jacob's
+staff 4 ft. high and with wood shaft about 1-1/2 in.; brass head.
+Unsigned. Used about 1790 by Abner Pierce, who built Pierce's Mill in
+Rock Creek, District of Columbia.
+
+Gift of Mrs. Francis D. Shoemaker of Washington, D.C., in 1930. USNM
+309826.
+
+PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804), Northumberland, Pa.
+
+_Chemical Apparatus_ that formed part of the laboratory of Joseph
+Priestley at his home. It includes the following specimens: 3 chemical
+retorts, 6 bell jars, 1 gas collecting flask, 6 flasks, 4 funnels, 23
+miscellaneous metal and glass objects, and 1 eudiometer. A special
+exhibition of some of this chemical apparatus was held in the U.S.
+National Museum in 1958 (see fig. 69).
+
+Gift of Miss Frances D. Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM
+315341-315358. FIGURE 75.
+
+_Globes_, one terrestrial (fig. 76) and one celestial (fig. 77), that
+formed part of the equipment used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. The
+terrestrial globe, of 26 in. diameter, has a Sheraton mahogany tripod
+stand and is inscribed--
+
+     To the Rt. Honorable/Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B./President of the
+     Royal Society/containing all the latest Discoveries and
+     Communications from the most/correct surveys to the year 1798/by
+     Capt. Cook and more recent Navigators. Engraved upon an accurate
+     degree by Mr. Arrowsmith, Geographer/Respectfully Dedicated/by
+     his most obedient servant/W. & T. M. Bardin/Manufactured and Sold
+     Wholesale and Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet
+     Street, London.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 75.--Special exhibition of chemical laboratory
+apparatus used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. USNM 315341-351358.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 76.--Terrestrial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin
+of London and used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 26 in. USNM
+53253.]
+
+The celestial globe, also with a Sheraton mahogany tripod stand, has a
+diameter of 23 in. and is inscribed--
+
+     To the Rev./Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S./Astronomer Royal/This
+     New British Celestial Globe/containing the positions of nearly
+     6,000 stars, clusters, nebulae, Planetary Nebulae/& correctly
+     computed & laid down for the year 1800 from the latest observations
+     and discoveries by Dr. Maskelyne, Dr. Herschel, the Rev. Mr.
+     Wollaston, etc., etc./Is respectfully dedicated by his most
+     obedient hmbl Servants W. & T. M. Bardin, Manufactured and sold
+     Wholesale & Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet
+     Street, London.
+
+Gifts of Mrs. Eliza R. Lyon of Williamsport, Pa., in 1893. USNM 53253,
+53254. FIGURES 76, 77.
+
+_Orrery_, mounted on three legs 31 in. high, round top 22-1/2 in. in
+diameter. The planets shown are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter,
+and Saturn. The base is not original. Maker not known; English, 18th
+century.
+
+Gift of Miss Frances Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM
+315353. FIGURES 76, 77.
+
+RITTENHOUSE, BENJAMIN (1740-c. 1820).
+
+_Surveying Compass_, about 1796, of brass, 13-1/2 in. long over-all and
+6-1/2 in. diameter. Supported on a tripod by means of a ball-and-socket
+joint and screw-tightening device. The name "A. Ellicott" is inscribed
+on one arm outside the bezel of the dial, and the name "B. Rittenhouse"
+is inscribed on the other arm. The number "10" is marked on the reverse
+of this instrument, which is listed in the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_
+as Item 9: "A Surveying Compass made by Mr. Benjamin Rittenhouse upon
+the newest and most approved plans."
+
+Gift of Henry B. Douglass of Newton, N.J., in 1934. USNM 310815. FIGURE
+78.
+
+RITTENHOUSE, DAVID (1732-1796), Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+_Surveying Compass_, brass, over-all length 14 in., diameter 6-1/2 in.,
+silvered dial marked with eight-pointed star indicating the cardinal and
+intermediate points, glazed. Inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia."
+Fitted with a ball-and-socket joint for mounting on a tripod, and
+complete with wooden field case.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 77.--Celestial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin of
+London and used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 23 in. USNM 53254.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 78.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin
+Rittenhouse for Andrew Ellicott and inscribed with both names. The
+instrument is described in _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ (Philadelphia,
+1803). USNM 310815.]
+
+Stated to have been used by General Washington for laying out the
+estate of Mount Vernon, according to family manuscripts. It was made by
+David Rittenhouse and presented by him to General Washington, who
+subsequently gave it to Capt. Samuel Duvall.
+
+A manuscript consisting of 14 letters relating to the surveying compass
+is filed in the U.S. National Museum (USNM 92542). The letters were
+written in 1851 and 1852 by George Washington Parke Custis, Anthony
+Kimmel, and other Washington descendants.
+
+Gift of Anthony Kimmel to the U.S. Government, and transferred to the
+U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92538. FIGURE 79.
+
+_Zenith Sector_ for measuring the angle between a star at its zenith and
+the vertical. Made of brass, with focal length of 6 ft. and an aperture
+of 2-1/2 in. The original lens was made in London about 1780. The
+instrument was made in the old pattern with brass tube and mountings and
+a wooden supporting post. The tube is suspended by trunnions at the top
+and swings against a graduated arc extending north and south for
+measuring zenith distances in the meridian. It is adjusted in the
+vertical by a plumb line whose errors are eliminated by reversing the
+whole mounting about the supporting post. Constructed principally by
+David Rittenhouse, with some modifications by Andrew Ellicott.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 79.--Surveying compass made by David Rittenhouse
+for Gen. George Washington, inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia." This
+instrument was used by Washington in making a complete survey of his
+estate at Mount Vernon, 1796-1799. The survey was assisted by Capt.
+Samuel Duval, surveyor of Frederick County, Maryland. Washington gave
+the instrument to Captain Duval, from whom it descended to the Hon.
+Anthony Kimmel, who donated it to the U.S. National Museum. USNM 92538.]
+
+In the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author referred to this sector
+as follows:
+
+     The boundary line to the North of Pennsylvania was fixed by Dr.
+     Rittenhouse and Captain Holland in the year 1774 and completed in
+     1786 and 1787. We commenced operations by running a guide line west
+     from the point mentioned on the Delaware 20-1/4 miles and there
+     corrected by the following Zenith distances taken at its West
+     termination by a most excellent sector constructed and executed by
+     Dr. Rittenhouse.
+
+The zenith sector is again mentioned in the appendix of the _Journal_:
+"One Zenith Sector of nearly six feet radius similar to the one made by
+Mr. [George] Graham for Dr. Bradley and Mr. Molyneux, with which the
+aberrations of the stars and mutation of the earth's axis were
+discovered, and the quantities determined."
+
+Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM 152078.
+FIGURE 11.
+
+_Zenith Sector_, made of brass, original lens broken. Constructed by
+David Rittenhouse with some additions made by Andrew Ellicott. In The
+_Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ the instrument is described as a Zenith
+Sector of 19 inches radius to be used when the utmost accuracy was not
+necessary, and where the transportation of the large one could not be
+effected without great expense and difficulty. These instruments were
+principally executed by my late worthy and ingenious friend, Mr.
+Rittenhouse, except some additions which I have made myself. The plumb
+lines of both Sectors are suspended from a notch above the axis of the
+instruments in the manner described by the Rev. Dr. Maskelyne, the
+present Astronomer Royal at Greenwich, in the introduction to the first
+volume of his Astronomical Observations. A particular description of
+those instruments is rendered unnecessary by being accurately done in a
+number of scientific works, particularly by M. de Maupertius in his
+account of the measurement of a degree of the meridian under the Arctic
+Circle--The Sector is of all instruments the best calculated for
+measuring zenith distances which come within its arc. The large one
+above mentioned [large Zenith Sector] extends to 5 degrees North, and
+South of the Zenith. Stars when so near the Zenith are insensibly
+affected by the different refractive powers of the Atmosphere arising
+from its different degrees of density. Add to this that the error of the
+visual axis is completely corrected by taking the Zenith distances of
+the stars with the plane, or face of the instrument both East and West.
+
+USNM 152079. FIGURE 80.
+
+RITTENHOUSE & EVANS, Philadelphia, Pa., 18th century.
+
+_Surveying Compass_, about 1780, made of brass, overall length 13-3/4
+in., diameter of dial 5-1/4 in., silvered bubble level, vernier on
+alidade. The glazed dial, engraved "Rittenhouse & Evans," is fitted with
+a brass cover.
+
+This instrument was made during a brief partnership between David
+Rittenhouse and David Evans, a clock- and watchmaker of Philadelphia and
+Baltimore. It was one of several owned and used by John Johnson in 1818
+for surveying the boundaries between Canada and Maine.
+
+The survey, made in compliance with the Treaty of Ghent, is described in
+_The Collections of the Maine Historical Society_ (Portland: Hoyt, Fogg
+& Donham, 1881, vol. 8, p. 20):
+
+     Thomas Barclay, of whom we have heard more than once before, as a
+     Commissioner under the treaty, on the part of Great Britain, and
+     Cornelius P. Van Ness, on the part of the United States, were
+     appointed Commissioners to ascertain and run the line. An actual
+     survey was arranged, and surveyors appointed, to wit: Charles
+     Turner, Jr., on the part of the United States, and Colin Campbell
+     on the part of Great Britain. About twenty miles of the line was
+     surveyed, then the work was discontinued, never to be resumed; but
+     an exploring survey was commenced by Colonel Bouchette, on the part
+     of Great Britain, and John Johnson, on the part of the United
+     States. These gentlemen made an exploring line in 1817, extending
+     ninety-nine miles from the monument at the head of the river St.
+     Croix, and made separate reports of their doings. In 1818 Mr.
+     Johnson, with Mr. Odell, who had taken the place of Col.
+     Bouchette, finished running the exploring line to the Beaver or
+     Metis River....
+
+[Illustration: Figure 80.--Zenith sector, with a radius of 19 in.,
+constructed by David Rittenhouse for Andrew Ellicott. USNM 152079.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 81.--Brass surveying compass marked "Rittenhouse &
+Evans," about 1780. Over-all length, 13-3/4 in.; diameter of dial, 5-1/4
+in. This instrument, made about 1780, was owned and used by John Johnson
+in 1818 for surveying the boundaries between Canada and Maine. USNM
+309543.]
+
+Gift of John Johnson Allen of Burlington, Vt., in 1927. USNM 309543.
+FIGURE 81.
+
+THOMPSON, Captain SAMUEL ROWLAND (18th century); Lewes, Del. _Octant_
+made of dark wood and with lignum vitae; brass fittings. This
+harbormaster's instrument, used by Captain Thompson during the second
+half of the 18th century, is without numerical designations on the arc.
+The eighth part of a circle is connected to an apex by two side pieces
+with a swinging arm hinged at the apex, with a blade at its end that
+moves along a checkered scale on the arc.
+
+Gift of George Andrews Thompson of Baltimore, Md., in 1926. USNM 308473.
+
+VOIGHT, HENRY (1738-1814), Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+_Equal Altitude Telescope_ of brass, 17 in. long, on wooden tripod about
+46 in. high. Objective lens is missing. Signed "Henry Voigt." Made about
+1790 and used for determining meridian lines and time observation of the
+sun's noon transit. This form of instrument was originally invented
+about 1716 by Roger Cotes, professor of astronomy at Cambridge, as a
+simple instrument for the determination of time.
+
+Deposited in the U.S. National Museum by the Smithsonian Institution in
+1939. USNM 311772. FIGURE 31.
+
+WASHINGTON, GENERAL GEORGE (1732-1799), Mount Vernon, Va.
+
+_Compass Sundial_ described by the donor as having been presented to
+Gen. George Washington by General Braddock on the retreat through Paris
+Gap, Fairfax County, Va. Gift of Samuel Keese in 1902. USNM 9842.
+
+_Field Glass_, brass tube in three sections, length closed 9 in., opened
+22-1/2 in. Diameter of object lens 1-3/4 in., of ocular lens 1-1/8 in.
+With original case of russet leather, which is 9-1/2 in. long and 2-1/2
+in. in diameter. Maker not known. Stated to have been used by Washington
+during the Revolutionary War at the campaign of Valley Forge.
+
+According to related correspondence, when not in use the instrument was
+carried by the General's body servant, Billy Lee. The General presented
+the field glass to Major Lawrence Lewis, his favorite nephew, in 1799,
+the last year of his life.
+
+Purchased by the U.S. Government from the Lewis heirs in 1878 and
+transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92424, 92425.
+FIGURE 82.
+
+_Spyglass or Telescope_, made of wood, 9-sided, wrapped throughout with
+twine, 62 in. long. Brass mountings for object and ocular lenses made by
+"Cole, Fleet Street, London." Diameter of object lens 2-3/4 in.,
+diameter of ocular lens 1 in.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 82.--Brass field glass in case of russet leather,
+stated to have been used by General George Washington at Valley Forge.
+USNM 92424, 92425.]
+
+The maker, Benjamin Cole (1725-1813), was the third generation of
+instrument makers of the same name. Other instruments by this maker are
+in the National Maritime Museum and the Whipple Museum, Cambridge.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 83.--Telescope, 62 in. long, made of wood wrapped
+with twine. It was made by Benjamin Cole of London and was owned and
+used by Gen. George Washington at Mount Vernon. USNM 92423.]
+
+This telescope, used by General Washington at Mount Vernon, "was kept
+behind the hall door and his favorite amusement was to look out over the
+river with it." According to Mrs. Lewis, the General used it to observe
+life on the river and especially to discover guests approaching Mount
+Vernon, as many of their visitors arrived by boat. Benjamin Latrobe, the
+architect, on a visit to Mount Vernon made an amusing sketch of his host
+looking anxiously up the stream for some belated dinner guests.
+
+Part of the collection purchased from the Lewis heirs in 1878 by the
+U.S. Government and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883.
+USNM 92423. FIGURE 83.
+
+_Survey of Land_, drawn and documented by George Washington on April 2,
+1751 for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va. Paper, 12 in. wide by
+7-3/4 in. high.
+
+This survey was made by Washington when he was 19 years of age, and it
+is believed to be the only such document relating to his earliest period
+as a surveyor. Washington was licensed as a surveyor by the President
+and Masters of William and Mary College in 1749. On July 20th of the
+same year he was appointed surveyor in Culpepper County, Va., by
+Governor Dinwiddie.
+
+Acquired in 1961. USNM 238367. FIGURE 84.
+
+WHITE, PEREGRINE (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.
+
+_Surveying Compass_, about 1790, made of brass, complete with original
+case, tripod, and gunter's chain. The instrument measures 12-1/4 in.
+overall. The dial, with a diameter of 5-5/8 in. and a pewter vernier
+ring, is inscribed "PEREGRINE WHITE/Woodstock." Tripod is 57-1/2 in.
+long and has walnut legs and a brass universal socket joint. Gift of Dr.
+and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood.
+
+USNM 388993. FIGURE 23.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 84.--Survey of land drawn and documented by George
+Washington for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va., in 1751. Size: 12
+in. wide, 7-3/4 in. high. USNM 238367.]
+
+WHITNEY, THOMAS (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+_Pocket Compass_ of brass encased in brassbound mahogany box with
+separate carrying case. Paper dial is inscribed "T. Whitney/ Phil^a."
+Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the
+Pacific Coast in 1803-1806.
+
+USNM 38366. FIGURE 85.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 85.--Pocket compass made and signed by Thomas
+Whitney of Philadelphia. With original carrying case. Carried by Capt.
+William Clark on the Lewis and Clark expedition to the Pacific Coast,
+1803-1806. USNM 38366.]
+
+
+
+
+Appendix
+
+SURVIVING WOODEN SURVEYING COMPASSES
+
+(Asterisk denotes information unavailable)
+
+
+                                                  _Length
+                                           _Height  of     _Maker
+  _Collection_      _Type  _Length _Width  of bars needle   and
+                     of     (in.)_  (in.)_  (in.)_ (in.)_ period_
+                    wood_
+
+  Preston R.        Maple      9      5    3-1/4    *    Unsigned (18th
+  Bassett                                                century)
+
+  Bucks County     Cherry     11    5-1/2  6-5/8  2-3/8  Thomas Greenough
+  Historical                                             of Boston
+  Society                                                (1710-1785)
+
+  Bostonian       Apple or  13-7/8    *      *    4-3/4  John Dupee of
+  Society          walnut                                Boston (after
+                                                         1761)
+
+  Dartmouth        Walnut    7-3/4    *      *      *    Thomas S. Bowles
+  College Museum                                         of Portsmouth,
+                                                         N.H. (c.
+                                                         1765-1821)
+
+                      *       12      8      *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                      *      8-3/8  4-5/8    *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+  L. C. Eichner    Hickory    11    5-1/2    3      4    Thomas Greenough
+  (U.S. National                                         of Boston
+  Museum)                                                (1710-1785)
+
+  Farmer's Museum    Oak    12-3/4  6-1/2    5      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+  Franklin           Gum    13-3/4  5-3/4    4      5    Thomas Greenough
+  Institute                                              of Boston
+                                                         (1710-1785)
+
+  Mariner's           *        *      *      *      *    Charles Thacher
+  Museum                                                 (18th century)
+
+  Old Sturbridge    Maple     13      4      *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                    Maple   11-5/8  5-7/8    *      *    Thomas Greenough
+                                                         of Boston
+                                                         (1710-1785)
+
+                   Walnut     18      8      *      *    Aaron Breed of
+                                                         Boston (1791-1861)
+
+  New Hampshire     Maple     11    5-3/4  2-1/2  4-5/8  Joseph Halsy of
+  Historical                                             Boston (fl.
+  Society                                                1697-1762)
+
+  N. Parker        Walnut   13-1/2  4-7/8    5      *    John Dupee of
+                                                         Boston (after
+                                                         1761)
+
+  Peabody Museum      *       11      *      *      3    James Halsy II of
+                                                         Boston (1695-1767)
+
+  Worth Shampeny      *        *      *      *      *    Jedidiah Baldwin
+                                                         of Hanover, N.H.
+                                                         (c. 1777-1829)
+
+  South Natick    Apple or   13-16    *      *    4-7/8  John Dupee of
+  Historical       walnut                                Boston (after
+  Society                                                1761)
+
+  Streeter Coll.,   Birch     13      6      *      4    Thomas S. Bowles
+  Yale University                                        of Portsmouth,
+                                                         N.H. (c.1765-1821)
+
+                   Cherry   11-5/6    6      4      *    Jere Clough of
+                                                         Boston (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                   Cherry     12      6    3-1/2    *    Benjamin Warren of
+                                                         Plymouth, Mass.
+                                                         (fl. 1740-1790)
+
+  Roleigh L.       Cherry    7-1/2  3-3/4    3      *    Unsigned
+  Stubbs
+
+  Silvio A.        Walnut     12    5-3/8    5      4    Thomas S. Bowles
+  Bedini                                                 of Portsmouth,
+                                                         N.H. (c.
+                                                         1765-1821)
+
+                    Pine     5-3/4  3-1/2  2-1/2    *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                  Mahogany     *      *      *      *    Unsigned (18th
+                                                         century)
+
+                  Basswood    12    5-3/4  2-3/4    4    Thomas Greenough
+                                                         of Boston
+                                                         (1710-1785)
+
+                    Birch     18    7-1/2  7-1/2    6    Samuel Thaxter of
+                                                         Boston (1769-1842)
+
+                  Mahogany    13    7-1/4  4-1/4    6    Samuel Thaxter of
+                                                         Boston (1769-1842)
+
+                   Yellow    8-1/4    4      *    4-1/4  Benjamin K. Hagger
+                    birch                                of Boston and
+                                                         Baltimore (c.
+                                                         1769-1834)
+
+                   Cherry     14    5-1/2  6-3/8  4-3/4  Gurdon Huntington
+                                                         of Windham, Conn.
+                                                         and Walpole, N.H.
+                                                         (1763-1804)
+
+  Yale Gallery    Mahogany  11-1/2    5      *      *    Andrew Newell of
+  of Fine Art                                            Boston (1749-c.
+                                                         1798)
+
+
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS
+
+_Alphabetical List_
+
+
+(Asterisk denotes information unavailable.)
+
+  _Name_              _Period_       _Place_           _Types of
+                                                       instruments_
+
+  Bailey, John        fl. 1778       Fishkill, N. Y.   Surveying; surgical
+
+  Bailey, John, II    1752-1823      Hanover and Lynn, Surveying
+                                     Mass.
+
+  Baily, Joel         1732-1797      West Bradford,
+  (practitioner)                     Pa.
+
+  Baldwin, Jedidiah   c. 1777-1829   Salem, Boston,    Surveying
+                                     and Northampton,
+                                     Mass.; Hanover,
+                                     N. H.
+
+  Banneker, Benjamin  c. 1734-1806   Baltimore
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Benson, John        fl. 1793-1797  *                 Optical
+
+  Biddle, Owen        1737-1799      Philadelphia
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Biggs, Thomas       fl. 1792-1795  New York and      Surveying
+                                     Philadelphia
+
+  Blakslee, Ziba      1768-1834      Newtown, Conn.    Surveying
+
+  Blundy, Charles     fl. 1753       Charleston, S. C. Thermometric;
+                                                       watches
+
+  Bowles, Thomas S.   c. 1765-1821   Portsmouth, N. H. Surveying
+
+  Breed, Aaron        1791-1861      Boston            Surveying
+
+  Brokaw, Isaac       fl. 1771       Philadelphia      *
+
+  Bulmain & Dennies   fl. 1799       New York          Nautical
+
+  Burges, Bartholomew fl. 1789       Boston            Scientific
+
+  Burnap, Daniel      1759-1838      East Windsor and  Surveying; clocks
+                                     Coventry, Conn.
+
+  Caritat, H.         fl. 1799       New York          Astronomical
+
+  Chandlee, Benjamin, 1723-1791      Nottingham, Md.   Surveying; clocks
+  Jr.
+
+  Chandlee & Bros.    fl. 1790-1791  Nottingham, Md.   Clocks; surveying
+
+  Chandlee, Ellis     1755-1816      Nottingham, Md.   Surveying; clocks
+
+  Chandlee, Ellis &   fl. 1791-1797  Nottingham, Md.   Clocks; surveying
+  Bros.
+
+  Chandlee, Goldsmith c. 1751-1821   Winchester, Va.   Surveying;
+                                                       astronomical;
+                                                       clocks
+
+  Chandlee, Isaac     1760-1813      Nottingham, Md.   Surveying; clocks
+
+  Clark, Robert       fl. 1785       Charleston, S.C.  Nautical; surveying
+                                                       optical
+
+  Clough, Jere        18th century   Boston            Surveying
+
+  Condy, Benjamin     fl. 1756-1798, Philadelphia      Mathematical; sand
+                      d. 1798                          glasses
+
+  Crow, George        c. 1726-1772   Wilmington, Del.  Surveying; clocks
+
+  Dabney, John, Jr.   fl. 1739       Boston            Mathematical
+
+  Dakin, Jonathan     fl. 1745       Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       balances
+
+  Davenport, William  1778-1829      Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Dean, William       (?-1797)       Philadelphia      Surveying; nautical
+
+  Devacht, Joseph and fl. 1792       Gallipolis, Ohio  Watches; compasses;
+  Francois                                             sundials
+
+  Donegan (or         fl. 1787       New York          Glass;
+  Denegan), John                                       philosophical
+
+  Donegany, John (see
+  Donegan)
+
+  Doolittle, Enos     1751-1806      Hartford, Conn.   Surveying;
+  clocks                                               nautical;
+
+  Doolittle, Isaac    1721-1800      New Haven, Conn.  Clocks; scientific
+
+  Doolittle, Isaac,   1759-1821      New Haven, Conn.  Surveying; clocks
+  Jr.
+
+  Dupee, John         fl. after 1761 Boston            Surveying
+
+  Ellicott, Andrew    1754-1820      Baltimore         Surveying;
+  (also practitioner)                                  astronomical
+
+  Emery, Samuel       1787-1882      Salem, Mass.      Mathematical
+
+  Evans, George       fl. 1796; d.   Philadelphia      Mathematical
+                      1798
+
+  Fairman, Gideon     1774-1827      Newburyport,      Mathematical
+  (See Hooker and                    Mass.
+  Fairman)
+
+  Fisher, Martin      fl. 1790       Philadelphia      Glass
+
+  Folger, Peter       1617-1690      Nantucket
+  (practitioner?)
+
+  Folger, Walter, Jr. 1765-1849      Nantucket         Astronomical;
+  surveying
+
+  Ford, George        fl. late 18th  Lancaster, Pa.    Surveying; nautical
+                      century to
+                      1842
+
+  Ford, George, II    fl. 1842       Lancaster, Pa.    Surveying; nautical
+
+  Fosbrook, W.        fl. 1786 or    New York          Surgical; dental
+                      earlier
+
+  Gatty, Joseph       fl. 1794       New York and      Glass;
+                                     Philadelphia      philosophical
+
+  Gilman, Benjamin C. 1763-1835      Exeter, N.H.      Mathematical;
+                                                       clocks
+
+  Gilmur, Bryan       fl. end of     Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                      18th century                     clocks
+
+  Godfrey, Thomas     1704-1749      Philadelphia      Improved reflecting
+                                                       backstaff
+
+  Gould, John         fl. 1794       Philadelphia      Nautical; surgical;
+                                                       optical
+
+  Grainger, Samuel    fl. 1719       Boston
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Greenleaf, Stephen  1704-1795      Boston            Mathematical
+
+  Greenough, Thomas   1710-1785      Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying;
+                                                       nautical;
+                                                       astronomical
+
+  Greenough, William  fl. 1785       Boston            Surveying
+
+  Greenwood, Isaac,   fl. 1726       Boston            Surveying
+  Sr. (practitioner)
+
+  Greenwood, Isaac,   1730-1803      Boston            Mathematical
+  Jr.
+
+  Grew, Theophilus    fl. 1753       Philadelphia
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Hagger, Benjamin    c. 1769-1834   Boston and        Mathematical;
+  King                               Baltimore         surveying
+
+  Hagger, William     c. 1744-1830?  Newport, R.I.     Nautical
+  Guyse
+
+  Halsie, James, I    fl. 1674       Boston
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Halsy, James, II    1695-1767      Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Halsy, John         fl. 1700       Boston            Mathematical
+
+  Halsy, Joseph       fl. 1697-1762  Boston            Surveying; nautical
+
+  Ham, James          fl. 1754-1764  New York and      Mathematical
+                                     Philadelphia
+
+  Ham, James, Jr.     fl. 1780       Philadelphia      Mathematical
+
+  Hamlin, William     1772-1869      Providence, R. I. Mathematical;
+                                                       nautical;
+                                                       astronomical
+
+  Hanks, Benjamin     1755-1824      Mansfield and     Surveying
+                                     Litchfield, Conn.
+
+  Hanks, Truman       fl. 1808       Mansfield and     Surveying
+                                     Litchfield, Conn.
+
+  Harland, Thomas     1735-1807      Norwich, Conn.    Surveying; clocks
+
+  Heisely, Frederick  1759-1839      Frederick, Md.;   Mathematical;
+  A.                                 Lancaster,        surveying; clocks
+                                     Harrisburg, and
+                                     Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+  Heisely, George     1789-1880      Harrisburg, Pa.   Clocks;
+                                                       mathematical
+
+  Hinton, William     fl. 1772       New York          Mathematical
+
+  Hoff, George        1740-1816      Lancaster, Pa.    Clocks; surveying
+
+  Holcomb, Amasa      1787-1875      Southwick, Mass.  Surveying;
+  (also practitioner)                                  astronomical
+
+  Hooker & Fairman    before 1810    Newburyport,      Mathematical
+  (William Hooker and                Mass.
+  Gideon Fairman)
+
+  Houghton, Rowland   c. 1678-1744   Boston            Surveying
+
+  Huntington, Gurdon  1763-1804      Windham, Conn.,   Surveying and
+                                     and Walpole, N.H. other; clocks
+
+  Jacks, James        fl. 1780's     Charleston, S.C.  Mathematical;
+                                     surveying
+
+  Jayne, John         late 18th      Salem, Mass.      Mathematical
+                      century
+
+  Kennard, John       1782-1861      Newmarket, N.H.   Surveying; clocks
+
+  Ketterer, Alloysius fl. 1789       Philadelphia      Glass
+
+  King & Hagger       1759 or 1760   Newport, R.I.     Mathematical;
+  (Benjamin King and  until early                      nautical
+  William Guyse       1760's
+  Hagger)
+
+  King, Benjamin      1707-1786      Newport, R.I.     Mathematical;
+                                                       nautical
+
+  King, Benjamin      1740-1804      Salem, Mass.      Nautical
+
+  King, Daniel        1704-1790      Salem, Mass.      Mathematical
+
+  King, Samuel        1748-1819      Newport, R.I.     Mathematical
+
+  Lamb, A. & Son      1780's         New York          Mathematical
+
+  Lamb, Anthony       1703-1784      England;          Mathematical;
+                                     Virginia;         surveying; nautical
+                                     Philadelphia; New
+                                     York; Hunter's
+                                     Key, N.Y.
+
+  Lamb, John          1735-1800      New York          Mathematical
+
+  Mendenhall, Thomas  fl. 1775       Lancaster, Pa.    Mathematical;
+                                                       clocks
+
+  Miller, Aaron       fl. 1748-1771  Elizabethtown,    Surveying; clocks;
+                                     N.J.              compasses
+
+  Morris, M.          fl. 1785       New York          Protractors
+
+  Newell, Andrew      1749-1798      Boston            Mathematical;
+                                                       compasses
+
+  Newell, Joseph      fl. 1800-1813  Boston            Surveying
+
+  Pease, Paul         fl. 1750       Probably Rhode    Quadrant
+                                     Island
+
+  Platt, Augustus     1793-1886      Columbus, Ohio    Mathematical;
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Platt, Benjamin     1757-1833      Danbury,          Compasses;
+                                     Litchfield, and   surveying; clocks
+                                     New Milford,
+                                     Conn.; Lanesboro,
+                                     Mass.; Columbus,
+                                     Ohio
+
+  Pope, Joseph        1750-1826      Boston            Scientific; clocks
+
+  Potter, John        fl. 1746-1818  Brookfield, Mass. Surveying
+
+  Potts, W. L.        late 18th      Bucks County, Pa. Surveying
+                      century
+
+  Prince, John        1751-1836      Salem, Mass.      Scientific
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Prince, Nathan      fl. 1743       Boston
+  (practitioner)
+
+  Pryor, Thomas       fl. 1778       Philadelphia      Mathematical
+
+  Revere, Paul        1735-1818      Boston            Gunnery
+
+  Rittenhouse,        1740-c.1820    Philadelphia      Astronomical;
+  Benjamin                                             surveying
+
+  Rittenhouse, David  1732-1796      Philadelphia and  Astronomical;
+  (practitioner)                     Norriton, Pa.     surveying
+
+  Rittenhouse & Evans fl. 1770's     Philadelphia      Surveying
+
+  Sibley & Marble     late 18th      New Haven, Conn.  Mathematical;
+  (Clark Sibley and   century                          clocks; watches
+  Simeon Marble)
+
+  Smith, Cordial      fl. 1775       Connecticut       Surveying
+
+  Sommer, widow       fl. 1753       New York          Optical
+  Balthaser
+
+  Sower, Christopher  c. 1724-1740   Germantown and    Mathematical;
+                                     Philadelphia, Pa. clocks
+
+  Stiles & Baldwin    fl. 1791       Northampton,      Surveying
+  (Jedidiah Baldwin)                 Mass.
+
+  Stiles & Storrs     fl. 1792       Northampton,      Surveying
+  (Nathan Storrs and                 Mass.
+  Jedidiah Baldwin)
+
+  Taws, Charles       fl. 1795       Philadelphia      Mathematical
+
+  Thacher, Charles    18th century   Probably Boston   Surveying
+
+  Thaxter, Samuel     1769-1842      Boston            Nautical;
+                                                       mathematical
+                                                       surveying
+
+  Voight, Henry       1738-1814      Philadelphia      Astronomical;
+                                                       clocks; watches
+
+  Wall, George, Jr.   fl. 1788       Bucks County, Pa. Surveying
+
+  Walpole, Charles    fl. 1746       New York          Mathematical
+
+  Warren, Benjamin    fl. 1740-1790  Plymouth, Mass.   Surveying; nautical
+
+  White, Peregrine    1747-1834      Woodstock, Conn.  Surveying; clocks
+
+  Whitney, John       fl. 1801       Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                                                       optical
+
+  Whitney, Thomas     fl. 1798-1823  Philadelphia      Mathematical;
+                                                       optical; surveying
+
+  Williams, William   1737 or        Boston            Mathematical;
+                      1738-1792                        nautical
+
+  Willis, Arthur      fl. 1674       Possibly
+  (practitioner)                     Massachusetts
+
+  Wilson, James       1763-1855      Bradford, Vt.     Globes
+
+  Wistar, Richard     fl. 1752       Wistarburg, N.J.  Glass
+
+  Witt, Christopher   fl. 1710-1765  Germantown, Pa.   Mathematical;
+  (practitioner)                                       clocks
+
+  Wood, John          fl. 1790       Philadelphia      Compasses
+
+  Youle, James        1740-1786      New York          Surgical
+
+  Youle, John         fl. 1786       New York          Surgical
+
+
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS
+
+_Geographical Listing_
+
+                              CONNECTICUT
+
+  Coventry:         Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  Danbury:          Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.
+
+  East Windsor:     Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  Hartford:         Enos Doolittle  (1751-1806); surveying and navigational
+                      instruments, compasses, and clocks.
+
+  Litchfield:       Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+                    Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.
+
+                    Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.
+
+  Mansfield:        Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments.
+
+                    Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.
+
+  New Haven:        Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800); clocks and scientific
+                      instruments.
+
+                    Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821); surveying instruments
+                      and clocks.
+
+                    Sibley & Marble (late 18th century); clocks and
+                      mathematical instruments.
+
+  New Milford:      Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.
+
+  Newtown:          Ziba Blakeslee (1768-1834); surveying instruments.
+
+  Norwich:          Thomas Harland (1735-1807); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  Windham:          Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying
+                      and other instruments.
+
+  Woodstock:        Peregrine White (1747-1834); surveying instruments and
+                      clocks.
+
+  ----:             Smith, Cordial (fl. 1775); surveying instruments.
+
+
+                                DELAWARE
+
+  Wilmington:       George Crow (c. 1726-1772); surveying instruments
+                      and clocks.
+
+
+                                  MARYLAND
+
+  Baltimore:        Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806), practitioner.
+
+                    Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820), practitioner; surveying
+                      and astronomical instruments.
+
+                    Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and
+                      surveying instruments.
+
+  Frederick:       Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+  Nottingham:      Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791); clocks and
+                     surveying instruments.
+
+                   Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791); clocks and surveying
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816); surveying instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+                   Ellis Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797); clocks and
+                     surveying instruments.
+
+                   Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813); surveying instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+
+                              MASSACHUSETTS
+
+  Boston:          Jedidiah Baldwin (c. 1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Aaron Breed (1791-1861); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Bartholomew Burges (fl. 1789); scientific instruments.
+
+                   Jere Clough (18th century); surveying instruments.
+
+                   John Dabney, Jr. (fl. 1739); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Jonathan Dakin (fl. 1745); mathematical instruments
+                     and balances.
+
+                   John Dupee (fl. after 1761); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Samuel Grainger (fl. 1719), practitioner.
+
+                   Stephen Greenleaf (1704-1795); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Greenough (1710-1785); mathematical, surveying,
+                     astronomical, and nautical instruments.
+
+                   William Greenough (fl. 1785); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Isaac Greenwood, Sr. (c.1725-1750), practitioner.
+
+                   Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and
+                     surveying instruments.
+
+                   James Halsie I (fl. 1674), practitioner.
+
+                   James Halsy II (1695-1767); mathematical and surveying
+                     instruments.
+
+                   John Halsy (fl. 1700); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Halsy (fl. 1697-1762); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Rowland Houghton (1678-1744); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Andrew Newell (1749-1798); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Newell (fl. 1800-1813); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Pope (1750-1826); scientific instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+                   Nathan Prince (fl. 1743), practitioner; scientific
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Paul Revere (1735-1818); gunnery instruments.
+
+                   Charles Thacher (18th century); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842); surveying, nautical, and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   William Williams (1737/8-1792); mathematical and
+                     nautical instruments.
+
+  Brookfield:      John Potter (1746-1818); surveying instruments.
+
+  Hanover:         John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.
+
+  Lanesboro:       Benjamin Platt  (1757-1833); surveying instruments,
+                     clocks, and compasses.
+
+  Lynn:            John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.
+
+  Nantucket:       Peter Folger (1617-1690), practitioner(?).
+
+                   Walter Folger (1765-1849), practitioner; clocks and
+                     astronomical instruments.
+
+  Newburyport:     Gideon Fairman (1774-1827); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Hooker & Fairman (before 1810); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+  Northampton:     Jedidiah Baldwin  (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Stiles & Baldwin  (fl.1791); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Stiles & Storrs (fl.1792); surveying instruments.
+
+  Plymouth:        Benjamin Warren (fl.1740-1790); surveying and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+  Salem:           Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Samuel Emery (1787-1882); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   John Jayne (late 18th century); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin King (1740-1804); nautical instruments.
+
+                   Daniel King (1704-1790); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   John Prince (1751-1836), practitioner; scientific
+                     instruments.
+
+  Southwick:       Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875); surveying and mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+
+                              NEW  HAMPSHIRE
+
+  Exeter:          Benjamin C. Gilman (1763-1835); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+  Hanover:         Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.
+
+  Newmarket:       John Kennard (1782-1861); surveying instruments.
+
+  Portsmouth:      Thomas S. Bowles (c.1765-1821); surveying instruments.
+
+  Walpole:         Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804);  clocks and surveying
+                     and other instruments.
+
+
+                                  NEW JERSEY
+
+  Elizabeth:       Aaron Miller (fl. 1748-1771); surveying instruments,
+                     clocks, and compasses.
+
+  Wistarburg:      Richard Wistar (fl. 1752); glass and thermometric
+                     instruments.
+
+
+                                   NEW YORK
+
+  Fishkill:        John Bailey (fl. 1778); surveying and surgical
+                     instruments.
+
+  New York:        Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799); nautical instruments.
+
+                   H. Caritat (fl. 1799); astronomical prints.
+
+                   John Donegan (fl. 1787); barometers, thermometers,
+                     and philosophical instruments.
+
+                   W. Fosbrook (fl. 1786); surgical and dental
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers and
+                     philosophical instruments.
+
+                   James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   William Hinton (fl. 1772); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   A. Lamb & Son (fl. late 18th century); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   John Lamb (1735-1800); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   M. Morris (fl. 1785); protractors.
+
+                   Widow Balthaser Sommer (fl. 1753); optical instruments.
+
+                   Charles Walpole (fl. 1746); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   James Youle (1740-1786); surgical instruments.
+
+                   John Youle (fl. 1786); surgical instruments.
+
+
+                                 OHIO
+
+  Columbus:        Augustus Platt (1793-1886); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments and
+                     clocks.
+
+  Gallipolis:      Joseph (fl. 1792) and Francois Devacht; watches,
+                     compasses, and sundials.
+
+
+                             PENNSYLVANIA
+
+  Bucks County:    W. L. Potts (late 18th century); surveying instruments.
+
+                   George Wall, Jr. (fl. 1788); surveying instruments.
+
+  Germantown:      Christopher Sower (c. 1724-1740); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Christopher Witt  (fl.  1710-1765); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+  Harrisburg:      Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   George Heisely (1789-1880); clocks and mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+  Lancaster:       George Ford (late 18th century to 1842); surveying
+                     and nautical instruments.
+
+                   George Ford II (fl. 1842); surveying and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   George Hoff (1740-1816); clocks, surveying instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Mendenhall (fl. 1775); mathematical instruments
+                     and clocks.
+
+  Norristown:      David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner;
+                     astronomical and surveying instruments.
+
+  Philadelphia:    Owen Biddle (1737-1799), practitioner.
+
+                   Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792-1795); surveying instruments.
+
+                   Isaac Brokaw (fl. 1771).
+
+                   Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756, d. 1798); mathematical
+                     instruments and sand glasses.
+
+                   William Davenport (1778-1829); surveying and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+                   William Dean (?-1797); surveying and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   George Evans (fl. 1796, d. 1798); mathematical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Martin Fisher (fl. 1790); glass instruments.
+
+                   Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers,
+                     and philosophical instruments.
+
+                   Bryan Gilmur (end of 18th century); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749); improved reflecting
+                     backstaff.
+
+                   John Gould (fl. 1794); nautical, surveying,
+                     and optical instruments.
+
+                   Theophilus Grew (fl. 1753), practitioner.
+
+                   James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   James Ham, Jr. (fl. 1780); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Alloysius Ketterer (fl. 1789); glass instruments.
+
+                   Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Pryor (fl. 1778); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin  Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820); surveying and
+                     astronomical instruments.
+
+                   David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner;
+                     astronomical and surveying instruments.
+
+                   Christopher Sower [Sauer] (c. 1724-1740); mathematical
+                     instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Charles Taws (fl. 1795); mathematical instruments.
+
+                   Henry Voight (1738-1814); clocks, watches, and
+                     astronomical instruments.
+
+                   John Whitney (fl. 1801); mathematical and optical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Thomas Whitney (fl. 1798-1823); mathematical and
+                     optical instruments.
+
+                   John Wood (fl. 1790); compasses.
+
+  Pittsburgh:      Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
+                     mathematical instruments.
+
+  West Bradford:   Joel Baily (1732-1797), practitioner.
+
+
+                           RHODE ISLAND
+
+  Newport:         William G. Hagger (c.1744-1830?); quadrants.
+
+                   King & Hagger (1759/60); mathematical and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Benjamin King (1707-1786); mathematical and nautical
+                     instruments.
+
+                   Samuel King (1748-1819); mathematical instrument.
+
+                   Paul Pease (fl. 1750); quadrants.
+
+  Providence:      William Hamlin (1772-1869); mathematical,
+                     astronomical, and nautical instruments.
+
+
+                                SOUTH CAROLINA
+
+  Charleston:      Charles Blundy (fl. 1753); thermometric instruments.
+
+                   Robert Clark (fl. 1785); nautical, surveying, and
+                     optical instruments.
+
+                   James Jacks (fl. 1780's); mathematical and surveying
+                     instruments.
+
+
+                                    VERMONT
+
+  Bradford:        James Wilson (1763-1855); globes.
+
+
+                               VIRGINIA
+
+  Winchester:      Goldsmith Chandlee (c.1746-1821); surveying and
+                    astronomical instruments and clocks.
+
+                   Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.
+
+
+TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR MAKERS
+
+_(Categories based on specific designations noted in advertisements)_
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL
+
+Caritat, H. (fl. 1799), New York.
+
+Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made surveying
+instruments and clocks.
+
+Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Folger, Walter, Jr. (1765-1849), Nantucket, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical,
+surveying, and nautical instruments.
+
+Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical
+and nautical instruments.
+
+Holcomb, Amasa (1787-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c.1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia and Norristown, Pa.; also
+made surveying instruments.
+
+Voight, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made clocks and watches.
+
+
+GLASS AND THERMOMETRIC
+
+Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made watches.
+
+Donegan, Joseph (fl. 1787), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+philosophical instruments.
+
+Fisher, Martin (fl. 1790), Philadelphia.
+
+Gatty, Joseph (fl. 1794), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+philosophical instruments.
+
+Ketterer, Alloysius (fl. 1789), Philadelphia.
+
+Wistar, Richard (fl. 1752), Wistarburg, N.J.
+
+
+HOROLOGICAL
+
+Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made thermometric
+instruments.
+
+Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made
+surveying instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Benjamin (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Goldsmith (1751-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made astronomical
+and surveying instruments.
+
+Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Crow, George (c.1726-1772), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+DeVacht, Joseph and Francois (fl. 1792), Gallipolis, Ohio; also made
+compasses and sundials.
+
+Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying and
+nautical instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made scientific
+instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Gilmur, Bryan (fl. end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md.; also made
+mathematical and surveying instruments.
+
+Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Hoff, George (1740-1816), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also
+made surveying and other instruments.
+
+Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabethtown, N.J.; also made compasses
+and surveying instruments.
+
+Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford,
+Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio; also made compasses and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Pope, Joseph (1750-1826), Boston; also made scientific instruments.
+
+Sibley & Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble) (late 18th century),
+New Haven, Conn.; also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.;
+also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Voigt, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Witt, Christopher (practitioner) (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also
+made mathematical instruments.
+
+
+MATHEMATICAL (GENERAL)
+
+Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798), Philadelphia.
+
+Dabney, John, Jr. (fl. 1739), Boston.
+
+Dakin, Jonathan (fl. 1745), Boston; also made balances.
+
+Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Emery, Samuel (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.
+
+Evans, George (fl. 1796, d. 1798), Philadelphia.
+
+Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.
+
+Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made clocks.
+
+Gilmur, Bryan (end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made clocks.
+
+Greenleaf, Stephen (fl. 1745), Boston.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made surveying,
+astronomical, and nautical instruments.
+
+Greenwood, Isaac, Jr. (1730-1803), Boston.
+
+Hagger, Benjamin K. (c.1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made
+surveying instruments.
+
+Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments.
+
+Halsy, John (fl. 1700), Boston.
+
+Ham, James (fl. 1754-1764), New York and Philadelphia.
+
+Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia.
+
+Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made nautical and
+astronomical instruments.
+
+Heisely, Frederick (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster,
+Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and surveying
+instruments.
+
+Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks.
+
+Hinton, William (fl. 1772), New York.
+
+Hooker & Fairman (before 1810), Newburyport, Mass.
+
+Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.
+
+King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made
+nautical instruments.
+
+King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.
+
+King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.
+
+Lamb, A. & Son (1780's), New York.
+
+Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and
+Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made surveying and nautical instruments.
+
+Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made nautical and surveying
+instruments.
+
+Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made clocks.
+
+Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made compasses and surveying
+instruments.
+
+Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Pryor, Thomas (fl. 1778), Philadelphia.
+
+Revere, Paul (1735-1818), Boston, Mass.
+
+Sibley & Marble (late 18th century), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks
+and watches.
+
+Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.;
+also made clocks.
+
+Taws, Charles (fl. 1795), Philadelphia.
+
+Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made surveying and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Walpole, Charles (fl. 1746), New York.
+
+Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made optical instruments.
+
+Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made optical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+Witt, Christopher (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also made clocks.
+
+
+NAUTICAL
+
+Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799), New York.
+
+Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying and
+optical instruments.
+
+Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-92, d. 1798), Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and surveying instruments.
+
+Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying
+instruments, directional compasses and clocks.
+
+Emery, Samuel (1787-1882), Salem, Mass.
+
+Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made
+surveying instruments.
+
+Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Godfrey, Thomas (1704-1749), Philadelphia.
+
+Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made surveying and optical
+instruments.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Hagger, William G. (c.1744-1830?), Newport, R.I.
+
+Ham, James (fl. 1754-64), New York and Philadelphia; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+King, Benjamin (1740-1804), Salem, Mass.
+
+King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and
+Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.
+
+Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made surveying and mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments.
+
+Pease, Paul (fl. 1750), probably Rhode Island.
+
+Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+
+OPTICAL
+
+Benson, John (fl. 1793-1797).
+
+Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Sommer, Widow Balthaser (fl. 1753), New York.
+
+Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and surveying instruments.
+
+
+SURGICAL
+
+Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surveying
+instruments.
+
+Fosbrook, W. (fl. 1786), New York; also made dental instruments.
+
+Youle, James (1740-1786), New York.
+
+Youle, John (fl. 1786), New York.
+
+
+SURVEYING
+
+Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surgical instruments.
+
+Bailey, John, II (1752-1823), Hanover and Lynn, Mass.
+
+Baldwin, Jedidiah (c. 1777-1829), Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass.,
+and Hanover, N.H.
+
+Biggs, Thomas (fl. 1792-1795), New York and Philadelphia.
+
+Blakeslee, Ziba (1768-1834), Newtown, Conn.
+
+Bowles, Thomas S. (c. 1765-1821?), Portsmouth, N.H.
+
+Breed, Aaron (late 18th to mid-19th centuries), Boston.
+
+Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made
+clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr. (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Ellis & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797), Nottingham, Md.; also made
+clocks.
+
+Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made clocks and
+sundials.
+
+Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.
+
+Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and
+optical instruments.
+
+Clough, Jere (18th century), Boston.
+
+Crow, George (fl. 1754-1772), Wilmington, Del.; also made clocks.
+
+Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made nautical instruments.
+
+Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made nautical
+instruments and clocks.
+
+Doolittle, Isaac, Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Dupee, John (after 1761), Boston.
+
+Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made
+nautical instruments.
+
+Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made nautical and optical
+instruments.
+
+Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston, also made nautical and
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Greenough, William (fl. 1785), Boston.
+
+Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Halsy, Joseph (fl. 1697-1762), Boston.
+
+Hagger, Benjamin K. (c. 1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Hanks, Benjamin (1755-1824), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.
+
+Hanks, Truman (fl. 1808), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn.
+
+Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster,
+Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks and
+mathematical instruments.
+
+Holcomb, Amasa (1785-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+Houghton, Rowland (c. 1678-1744), Boston.
+
+Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also
+made clocks and other scientific instruments.
+
+Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made clocks.
+
+Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made mathematical and nautical
+instruments.
+
+Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabeth, N.J.; also made clocks and
+directional compasses.
+
+Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments
+and directional compasses.
+
+Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made mathematical and
+surveying instruments.
+
+Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford,
+Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; and Columbus, Ohio; also made directional
+compasses and clocks.
+
+Potter, John (fl. 1785), Brookfield, Mass.
+
+Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c. 1820), Philadelphia; also made
+astronomical instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia; also made astronomical
+instruments.
+
+Rittenhouse & Evans (fl. 1770's), Philadelphia.
+
+Stiles & Baldwin (fl. 1791), Northampton, Mass.
+
+Stiles & Storrs (fl. 1792), Northampton, Mass.
+
+Thacher, Charles, probably Boston.
+
+Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made nautical and mathematical
+instruments.
+
+Wall, George Jr. (fl. 1788), Bucks County, Pa.
+
+Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made clocks.
+
+Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical
+and optical instruments.
+
+Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical
+instruments.
+
+
+
+
+Bibliography of Published Sources
+
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+
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+
+BABB, MAURICE J. David Rittenhouse. _The Pennsylvania Magazine of
+History and Biography_ (July 1932), vol. 56, no. 223, pp. 193-224.
+
+BARTON, WILLIAM. _Memoirs of the life of David Rittenhouse, L.L.D.,
+F.R.S_. Philadelphia, 1813.
+
+BEDINI, SILVIO A. A compass card by Paul Revere (?). _Yale Library
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+
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+
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+N. Y. Historical Society, 1938.
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+
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+
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+
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+New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1930.
+
+----. _Early clockmaking in Connecticut._ New Haven: Yale University
+Press, 1934.
+
+----. _Shop records of Daniel Burnap, clockmaker._ Hartford, Conn.:
+Connecticut Historical Society, 1958.
+
+HUNTER, FREDERICK W. _Stiegel glass._ Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.,
+1914.
+
+[Huntington], _Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association_, Hartford,
+Conn.: privately printed, 1915.
+
+JAFFE, BERNARD. _Men of science in America._ New York: Simon & Schuster,
+1944.
+
+JAMES, ARTHUR E. _Chester County clocks and their makers._ West Chester,
+Pa., 1947.
+
+KARPINSKI, L. C. _Bibliography of mathematical works printed in America
+through 1850._ Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1940.
+
+KIELY, EDMOND R. _Surveying instruments, their history and classroom
+use._ New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947.
+
+KIMBALL, LEROY E. James Wilson of Vermont, America's first globe maker.
+_Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_ (April 1938), new
+ser., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 29-48.
+
+KING, RUFUS. _Pedigree of King of Lynn._ Salem, Mass., 1891.
+
+KINGMAN, E. D. Roger Sherman, colonial surveyor. _Civil Engineering_
+(August 1940), vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 514-515.
+
+LANE, GLADYS R. Rhode Island's earliest engraver. _Antiques_ (March
+1925), vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 133-137.
+
+LATROBE, JOHN H. B. Memoir of Benjamin Banneker. _Maryland Colonization
+Journal_ (May 1845).
+
+LEAKE, ISAAC Q. _Memoir of the life and times of General John Lamb._
+Albany: Munsell, 1850.
+
+LEPHILLIPS, PHILIP. The Negro, Benjamin Benneker. _Records of the
+Columbia Historical Society_ (1916), vol. 20, pp. 114-120.
+
+LEYBOURN, WILLIAM. _The compleat surveyor._ London, 1653.
+
+LOVE, JOHN. _Geodasia, or the art of surveying._ London, 1688.
+
+LOWNES, A. E. The 1769 transit of Venus and its relation to early
+American astronomy. _Sky and Telescope_ (1943), vol. 2.
+
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+Lancaster County. Paper read before the Lancaster (Pa.) _Historical
+Society_, 1917.
+
+MATHEWS, CATHERINE VAN CORTLANDT. _Andrew Ellicott, his life and
+letters_. New York: Grafton Press, 1908.
+
+MCCABE, WILLIAM. Benjamin Platt of New Fairfield, Connecticut.
+_Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-29.
+
+MILHAM, WILLIS I. Early American observatories. _Popular Astronomy_
+(November and December 1937), vol. 14, nos. 9 and 10.
+
+----. _The history of astronomy in Williams College and the founding of
+Hopkins Observatory_. Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1937.
+
+----. _Early American observatories: Which was the first astronomical
+observatory in America?_ Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1938.
+
+MITCHELL, EDWIN VALENTINE. _The romance of New England antiques_. New
+York, A. A. Wyn, 1950.
+
+MOORE, S. _An accurate system of surveying_. Litchfield, Conn.: T.
+Collier, 1796.
+
+MULTHAUF, ROBERT P. Early instruments in the history of surveying: Their
+use and invention. _Surveying and Mapping_ (October-December, 1958), pp.
+399-415.
+
+----. ed. Holcomb, Fitz and Peate, three 19th-century American telescope
+makers. Paper 26 in _Contributions from the Museum of History and
+Technology Papers 19-30_ (U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228),
+Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1962.
+
+PALMER, BROOKS. _The book of American clocks_. New York: Macmillan Co.,
+1950.
+
+PHILLIPS, JOHN M. An unrecorded engraving by Nathaniel Hurd. _Bulletin
+of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University_ (June 1936), vol. 7,
+no. 2, pp. 26-27.
+
+PRICE, DEREK J. DE SOLLA. _Science since Babylon_. New Haven: Yale
+University Press, 1961.
+
+PRIME, ALFRED COXE. _The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and
+South Carolina_, 1721-1785. Ser. 1. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society,
+1929.
+
+----. _The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and South Carolina,
+1786-1800_. Ser. 2. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society, 1929.
+
+RATHBORNE, AARON. _The surveyor; in four bookes_. London: W. Standsby,
+1616.
+
+RAYNER, W. H. _From Columbus' compass to the first transit. Civil
+Engineering_ (1939), vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 661-664.
+
+Report of the Committee on the Rooms. _Proceedings of the Bostonian
+Society_ (1917), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 14-16.
+
+SAVAGE, JAMES. _A genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of New
+England._ 2 vols. Boston, 1860.
+
+SCHOEN, H. H. The making of maps and charts. In _Ninth Yearbook of the
+Council for Social Studies._ Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938.
+
+SEYBOLD, R. F. The evening school in colonial America. _University of
+Illinois Bureau of Educational Research_, Bulletin 31. 1925.
+
+STEELE, A. P. _The history of Clark County, Ohio._ Chicago: W. H. Beers
+Co., 1881.
+
+STEVENSON, D. ALAN. _The world's lighthouses before 1820._ London:
+Oxford University Press, 1959.
+
+STRETCH, CAROLYN WOOD. Early colonial clockmakers in Philadelphia.
+_Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_ (July 1932), vol. 56,
+no. 223, p. 666.
+
+STRUIK, DIRK J. _Yankee science in the making._ Boston: Little Brown &
+Co., 1948.
+
+TAYLOR, E. G. R. _The mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart
+England._ Cambridge University Press, 1954.
+
+THOMPSON, SYLVANUS. The rose of the winds. _Proceedings of the British
+Academy, 1913-14, 10th Annual Conference_, pp. 179-211.
+
+UPHAM, C. W. Memoir of the Reverend John Prince. _American Journal of
+Science_ (1837), vol. 31, pp. 201-222.
+
+WHITTLESEY, C. Origin of the American system of land surveys. _Journal
+of the Association of Engineering Societies_ (July 1883), vol. 3.
+
+WIENBERGER, BERNARD W. _Introduction to the history of dentistry._ St.
+Louis: Mosby Co., 1948.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] DEREK J. DE SOLLA PRICE, _Science Since Babylon_ (New Haven: Yale
+University Press, 1961), pp. 62-64.
+
+[2] JAMES SAVAGE, _A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of
+New England_ (Boston, 1860), vol. 2, p. 341.
+
+[3] _The Chronicle_ (Early American Industries Association), March 1936,
+vol. 1, no. 16, p. 8; and personal correspondence with Mr. William L.
+Warren, Connecticut Historical Society.
+
+[4] R. F. SEYBOLD, "The Evening School in Colonial America," _Bureau of
+Educational Research, Bulletin 31_ (University of Illinois, 1925), p.
+28.
+
+[5] H. H. SCHOEN, "The Making of Maps and Charts," _Ninth Yearbook of
+the Council for the Social Studies_ (Cambridge, 1938), p. 83; also
+EDMOND R. KIELY, _Surveying Instruments: Their History and Classroom
+Use_ (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947), pp.
+239-250.
+
+[6] BROOKE HINDLE, _The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America
+1735-1789_ (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press,
+1956), pp. 337-338.
+
+[7] LEROY E. KIMBALL, "James Wilson of Vermont, America's First Globe
+Maker," _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_ (April 1938),
+p. 31.
+
+[8] HINDLE, op. cit. (footnote 6).
+
+[9] GEORGE H. ECKHARDT, _Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers_ (New York:
+Devin-Adair Co., 1955), p. 190.
+
+[10] CATHERINE VAN C. MATHEWS, _Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters_
+(New York, 1908).
+
+[11] JOHN H. B. LATROBE, "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker," _Maryland
+Colonization Journal_ (Baltimore, May 1845); PHILIP LEPHILLIPS, "The
+Negro, Benjamin Benneker," _Records of the Columbia Historical Society_
+(1916), vol. 20.
+
+[12] ARTHUR E. JAMES, _Chester County Clocks and Their Makers_ (West
+Chester, Pa.: Chester Historical Society, 1947), pp. 29-39;
+_Transactions of the American Philosophical Society_, ser. I, vol. 1,
+pp. 85-97.
+
+[13] DIRK J. STRUIK, _Yankee Science in the Making_ (Boston: Little
+Brown & Co., 1948), pp. 47, 70-71.
+
+[14] ROBERT P. MULTHAUF, ed., "Holcomb, Fitz, and Peate; Three 19th
+Century American Telescope Makers" (paper 26 in _Contributions from the
+Museum of History and Technology_, U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228,
+Washington, 1962), p. 162.
+
+[15] _New York Gazette, Revived in the Weekly Post-Boy_, January 23,
+1749.
+
+[16] CARL BRIDENBAUGH, _The Colonial Craftsman_ (New York: New York
+University Press, 1950), pp. 160-161; ISAAC Q. LEAKE, _Memoir of the
+Life and Times of General John Lamb_ (Albany: Munsell, 1850); SILVIO A.
+BEDINI, _Ridgefield in Review_ (New Haven: Walker-Rackliffe, 1958), pp.
+71, 84.
+
+[17] ALFRED COXE PRIME, _The Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland
+and South Carolina, 1786-1800_ (The Walpole Society, 1929), p. 230.
+
+[18] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Connecticut Clockmakers of the Eighteenth
+Century_ (New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1930), p. 86; _The Norwich
+Courier_, February 10, 1802.
+
+[19] HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM, "Some Early Philadelphia Instrument Makers,"
+_The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_ (1927), vol. 51,
+no. 3, p. 303-305.
+
+[20] Ibid., p. 304.
+
+[21] _Charleston Evening Gazette_, July 24, 1785; PRIME, op. cit.
+(footnote 17), p. 234.
+
+[22] RITA S. GOTTESMAN, _The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1777-1799_
+(New York: New York Historical Society, 1954), pp. 220-221.
+
+[23] _The Pennsylvania Evening Herald_, March 17, 1787.
+
+[24] GOTTESMAN, op cit. (footnote 22), pp. 311-312.
+
+[25] _The Diary, or Evening Register_, November 3, 1794.
+
+[26] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 26), p. 306.
+
+[27] EDWIN VALENTINE MITCHELL, _The Romance of New England Antiques_
+(New York: A. A. Wyn, 1950), pp. 257-160; KIMBALL op. cit. (footnote 7).
+
+[28] WILLIAM BENTLEY, _Diary of William Bentley, D. D._ (Salem, Mass.:
+1905), vol. 1, p. 182, vol. 2, p. 414.
+
+[29] Ibid., vol. 3, p. 130.
+
+[30] _Boston Gazette_, June 18, 1745.
+
+[31] Ibid., November 12, 1745.
+
+[32] CLARENCE S. BRIGHAM, _Paul Revere's Engravings_ (Worcester, Mass.:
+American Antiquarian Society, 1954), p. 118; BERNARD W. WIENBERGER,
+_Introduction to the History of Dentistry_ (St. Louis, Mosby Co., 1948),
+2 vols., vol. 2, pp. 119-134; ISAAC J. GREENWOOD, _The Greenwood
+Family_, 1934, pp. 68-78.
+
+[33] _Boston Gazette_, November 6-13 and November 20-27, 1738, March
+26-April 2 and April 2-9, 1739.
+
+[34] BROOKS PALMER, _The Book of American Clocks_ (New York: Macmillan
+Co., 1950), pp. 141-142.
+
+[35] _Massachusetts Magazine_ (1789), vol. 1, pp. 36, 37; _Boston
+Gazette_, January 12, 1789; I. BERNARD COHEN, _Some Early Tools of
+American Science_, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), pp.
+6465, 157; HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM, "The First Orreries In America,"
+_Journal of the Franklin Institute_ (1940), vol. 229, pp. 92-97.
+
+[36] WILL GARDNER, _The Clock that Talks and What It Tells_ (Nantucket
+Whaling Museum, 1954), pp. 34-40, 97, 106.
+
+[37] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 190.
+
+[38] JOSEPH B. FELT, _Annals of Salem_ (Salem, Mass.: Ives, 1827), vol.
+2, p. 173.
+
+[39] HOWARD M. CHAPIN, "Davis Quadrants," _Antiques_ (November 1927),
+vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 397-399; also RUFUS KING, _Pedigree of King of Lynn_
+(Salem, Mass., 1891).
+
+[40] CHAPIN, op. cit. (footnote 39), pp. 398-399.
+
+[41] GLADYS R. LANE, "Rhode Island's Earliest Engraver," _Antiques_
+(March 1925), pp. 133-137.
+
+[42] CHAPIN, op. cit. (footnote 39), p. 399.
+
+[43] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 70-72.
+
+[44] _The Connecticut Journal_, June 7, 1781.
+
+[45] Ibid., May 22, 1799.
+
+[46] _The Connecticut Courant_, December 15, 1772, and October 22, 1787;
+HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 66-70.
+
+[47] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), p. 122.
+
+[48] Ibid., pp. 79-83.
+
+[49] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 159.
+
+[50] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Early Clockmaking in Connecticut_ (New Haven:
+Yale University Press, 1934), pp. 8-9.
+
+[51] WILLIAM MCCABE, "Benjamin Platt of New Fairfield, Connecticut,"
+_Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-28.
+
+[52] Ibid.
+
+[53] _New York Packet_, May 14, 1778.
+
+[54] GOTTESMAN, op. cit. (footnote 22), p. 270.
+
+[55] _New York Packet_, February 3, 1785, and February 27, 1786, and
+_New York Daily Advertiser_, February 8, 1787.
+
+[56] _The New York Gazette Revived in The Weekly Post-Boy_, January 4,
+1748.
+
+[57] BRIDENBAUGH op. cit. (footnote 16), p. 63; FREDERICK W. HUNTER,
+_Stiegel Glass_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), pp. 157-161.
+
+[58] HENRY C. CONRAD, "Old Delaware Clockmakers," _The Historical and
+Biographical Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware_ (1897), vol.
+3, chap. 20, pp. 4-34.
+
+[59] EDWARD E. CHANDLEE, _Six Quaker Clockmakers_ (Philadelphia:
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943), pp. 70, 193, 212, 220-223.
+
+[60] "Frederick A. Heisely, Watch and Clockmaker and His Recorded Years,
+1759-1839," _Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, p.
+33.
+
+[61] HINDLE, op. cit. (footnote 6), pp. 22, 68.
+
+[62] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 293-294.
+
+[63] Ibid., p. 303; _Royal Pennsylvania Gazette_, April 19, 1778.
+
+[64] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 19), p. 302.
+
+[65] Ibid., pp. 305-306.
+
+[66] ECKHARDT, op. cit. (footnote 9), p. 195; GEORGE EVANS, _Illustrated
+History of the United States Mint_ (Philadelphia: Evans, 1890), p. 114.
+
+[67] CAROLYN WOOD STRETCH, "Early Colonial Clockmakers in Philadelphia,"
+_Pennsylvania Magazine_ (July 1932), vol. 56, pp. 225, 235; ECKHARDT,
+op. cit. (footnote 9), pp. 18, 24, 198.
+
+[68] D. F. MAGEE, "Grandfather's Clocks: Their Making and Their Makers
+in Lancaster County," Papers read before the Lancaster (Pa.) Historical
+Society, 1917, pp. 63-77.
+
+[69] PRIME, op. cit. (footnote 17), p. 260.
+
+[70] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 200.
+
+[71] ALEXANDER HAMILTON, _Official Reports on Publick Credit, A National
+Bank, Manufactures and a Mint_ (Philadelphia: Wm. McKean, 1821), pp.
+208-209.
+
+[72] RITA GOTTESMAN, _The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776_ (New
+York: New York Historical Society, 1938), p. 307.
+
+[73] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 35), p. 295.
+
+[74] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 50), p. 3; and HOOPES, op. cit.
+(footnote 24), pp. 101-103.
+
+[75] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 106-107.
+
+[76] E. G. R. TAYLOR, _The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and
+Stuart England_ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), pp.
+185-292.
+
+[77] JOHN PIERPONT, "Whittling, A Yankee Portrait."
+
+[78] ABEL FLINT, _System of Geometry and Trigonometry together with a
+Treatise of Surveying_ (Hartford: Olive D. Cooke, 1804), p. 86.
+
+[79] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the
+Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 16.
+
+[80] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.
+
+[81] "James Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[82] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341.
+
+[83] Ibid.
+
+[84] "Joseph Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[85] _Boston Gazette_, September 18-25, October 2-9, and October 16-23,
+1738.
+
+[86] Description courtesy of Mr. Philip N. Guyol, director, New
+Hampshire Historical Society.
+
+[87] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341; "Joseph Halsy," in
+Thwing Catalogue, and "Cotton Mather" in Record of Marriages,
+Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[88] Land deeds listed in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[89] Massachusetts Historical Society, Inventory L.450, S.P.R. 92.505.
+
+[90] Description courtesy of Mr. M. V. Brewington, Peabody Museum,
+Salem, Mass.
+
+[91] Called the "r r Co.," which has not been further identified but is
+believed to have been one of the many militia companies that were formed
+in Boston during this period.
+
+[92] "Thomas Greenough," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[93] M.S. identified as Folio 495, Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[94] _The Chronicle_ (Early American Industries Association), December
+1939, vol. 2, no. 12, p. 96.
+
+[95] Ibid.
+
+[96] Description courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough, Cooperstown, N. Y.
+
+[97] ROBERT P. MULTHAUF, "Early Instruments in the History of Surveying:
+Their Use and Invention," _Surveying and Mapping_ (October-December
+1958), pp. 401, 403.
+
+[98] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the
+Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 14.
+
+[99] Ibid., p. 15.
+
+[100] FELT, op. cit. (footnote 38), p. 173.
+
+[101] "William Williams," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[102] Land record data from Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical
+Society.
+
+[103] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the
+Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 16.
+
+[104] BRIGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 32), p. 121.
+
+[105] _History of Hingham_ [Massachusetts], Hingham [n. d.], vol. 3, p.
+236.
+
+[106] KATHERINE M. ABBOTT, _Old Paths and Legends of New England_ (New
+York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909), pp. 341-342.
+
+[107] _Proceedings of the Bostonian Society_ loc. cit. (footnote 103).
+
+[108] Photograph and records in the collection of the Bostonian Society.
+
+[109] Land records, Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[110] GEORGE FRANCIS DOW, _The Arts and Crafts in New England 1704-1775_
+(Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927), p. 256.
+
+[111] JOHN M. PHILLIPS, "An Unrecorded Engraving by Nathaniel Hurd,"
+_Bulletin of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University_ (June
+1936), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 26-27.
+
+[112] Land records on Benjamin King Hagger listed in Thwing Catalogue,
+Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[113] Marriage Document no. 101, Report of the Record Commissioners of
+Boston, p. 298.
+
+[114] _The Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser_, November 9,
+1834.
+
+[115] SILVIO A. BEDINI, "A Compass Card by Paul Revere (?)", _Yale
+Library Gazette_ (July 1962), no. 2. pp. 36-38; WILLIAM T. DAVIS,
+_Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth_ (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1883).
+
+[116] D. ALAN STEVENSON, _The World's Lighthouses before 1820_ (London:
+Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 179.
+
+[117] PAUL REVERE, _Day Books_, MS., Massachusetts Historical Society.
+
+[118] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 50), pp. 7-8.
+
+[119] Information from Mr. C. E. Smart, of W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, New
+York.
+
+[120] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Shop Records of Daniel Burnap, Clockmaker_,
+(Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society, 1958), pp. 63-66.
+
+[121] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 92-93.
+
+[122] _Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association_ (Hartford, Conn.,
+1915), Index no. 1.3.4.4.2.4.
+
+[123] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 143.
+
+[124] Correspondence with Mr. Ray Brighton, Portsmouth, N. H.
+
+[125] CHARLES W. BREWSTER, _Rambles about Portsmouth_ (Portsmouth, N.
+H.: L. W. Brewster, 1859, 1873), ser. 1, pp. 165, 329.
+
+[126] CHARLES W. BREWSTER, _Rambles about Portsmouth_ (Portsmouth, N.
+H.: L. W. Brewster, 1869), ser. 2, pp. 27, 90, 93, 136, 233, 263, 277,
+316, 322, 367.
+
+[127] Information from Prof. Alfred F. Whiting, Dartmouth College
+Museum.
+
+[128] REV. JAMES HILL FITTS, _History of Newfields, New Hampshire,
+1638-1911_, (Concord: Rumford Press, 1912).
+
+[129] PRICE, op. cit. (footnote 1), p. 64.
+
+[130] The full title is _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott, Late
+Commissioner on behalf of the United States During Part of the Year
+1796, the Years 1797, 1798, 1799 and Part of the Year 1800 For
+Determining the Boundary Between the United States and the Possessions
+of His Catholic Majesty in America._ It was published by Budd and Barton
+for Thomas Dobson at "the Stone House, No. 41 South Second Street" in
+Philadelphia in 1803.
+
+
+
+
+Index
+
+  Abbott, Katherine M., 98
+
+  Adams, Augustus, 99
+
+  Adams, George, 131, 134, 136
+
+  Allen, John Johnson, 148
+
+  almanac, 22, 24, 25
+
+  American Antiquarian Society, 38, 112
+
+  American Philosophical Society, 11, 12, 16, 21, 22, 24
+
+  Amherst College, 26
+
+  _Annals of Salem_, 43
+
+  _Antiques_, 43, 45
+
+  apparatus, scientific teaching, 3
+
+  astronomical observatory, 15, 24
+
+  Atwell, George, 10
+
+  backstaff, 58, 96, 139
+
+  Backus, Ebenezer, 120
+
+  Bailey, Calvin, 39
+
+  Bailey, John, 39, 51, 155, 162, 169, 170
+
+    John II, 39, 155, 161, 170
+
+      Lebbeus, 39
+
+  Baily, Joel, 21, 22, 24, 155, 164
+
+  Baldwin, Jabes, 123
+
+    Jedidiah, 123, 124, 154, 155, 160, 162, 170
+
+    Jeduthan, 94
+
+  Ballard, Mehitable, 109, 110
+
+    Samuel, 109
+
+    William, 109, 110
+
+  _Baltimore American & Commercial Advertiser_, 110
+
+  Banks, Sir Joseph, 140
+
+  Banneker, Benjamin, 22, 23, 24, 25, 155, 160
+
+  Barclay, Thomas, 146
+
+  Bardin, W. & T. M., 131, 141, 142, 143
+
+  barometer, 31, 32, 33
+
+  Bassett, Preston R., 74, 75, 153
+
+  Bedini, Silvio A., 29, 113
+
+  _Banneker's_ ... _Almanac and Ephemeris_, _For_ ... 1792, 24, 25
+
+  Bennet, N., 131
+
+  Benson, John, 28, 155, 169
+
+  Bentley, William, 36, 37
+
+  Bethune, Nathaniel, 87
+
+  Biddle, Owen, 21, 22, 24, 155, 163
+
+  Biggs, Thomas, 59, 155, 162, 163, 170
+
+  Bion, Nicolas, 10
+
+  Blakslee, Ziba, 47, 155, 160, 170
+
+  Blundy, Charles, 29, 155, 165, 166
+
+  _Boston Annual Advertiser_, 99
+
+  _Boston Evening Post_, 27
+
+  _Boston Gazette, The_, 6, 27, 38, 39, 40, 82, 87, 95, 105
+
+  Bostonian Society, 42, 77, 78, 79, 99, 100, 101, 105, 153
+
+  Bouchette, Col., 146, 148
+
+  boundsgoer, 7
+
+  Bowdoin, James, 81, 86
+
+  Bowles, Hannah, 124
+
+    Samuel, 124
+
+    Thomas Salter, 75, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 153, 154, 155, 162, 170
+
+  Braddock, Gen., 149
+
+  Bradley, Abiah Emerly, 125
+
+  Brainard, Newton C., 5, 6
+
+  Breed, Aaron, 75, 107, 153, 155, 160, 170
+
+  Brewington, M. V., 85
+
+  Brewster, Charles W., 125
+
+  Bridenbaugh, Carl, 29, 53
+
+  Brigham, Clarence S., 38, 97
+
+  Brighton, Ray, 124
+
+  Brokaw, Isaac, 53, 155, 163
+
+  Brown, Benjamin, 94, 96
+
+    Sam, 102, 104
+
+  Brown University, 26
+
+  Bucks County Historical Society, 90, 153
+
+  Bulmain & Dennies, 51, 155, 162, 168
+
+  Burges, Bartholomew, 40, 155, 160
+
+  Burnap, Daniel, 69, 117, 118, 119, 155, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Cabot, Mrs. H. Ropes, ix
+
+  camera obscura, 28
+
+  Campbell, Colin, 146
+
+  Cape Henlopen, 21, 22, 24, 58
+
+  Carey, W., 51
+
+  Caritat, H., 51, 155, 162, 165
+
+  Carter, Henry, 28
+
+  Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr., 54, 155, 161, 166, 170
+
+    Benjamin, Sr., 54
+
+    Edward E., 55
+
+    Ellis, 55, 155, 161, 166, 170
+
+    Ellis, & Bros., 54, 55, 155, 161, 170
+
+    Goldsmith, 54, 55, 56, 57, 155, 165, 166, 170
+
+    Isaac, 55, 59, 155, 161, 170
+
+    John, 55
+
+  Chandlee & Bros. [John and Isaac Chandlee], 161, 166, 170
+
+  Chandlee [Benjamin, Jr.] & Sons, 54
+
+  Chapin, Howard M., 43, 44, 45
+
+  _Charleston Evening Gazette_, 31
+
+  Cheney, Benjamin, 67
+
+  Chester County Historical Society, 24, 31, 32, 54, 55
+
+  _Chronicle_ [E.A.I.A.], 6
+
+  Churchill, Frank C., 126, 129
+
+  Clark, Robert, 31, 165, 168, 169, 170
+
+    William, 152
+
+  Clark County Historical Society, 60
+
+  Clarke, Martha, 85
+
+    Sarah, 85
+
+    William, 85
+
+  clockmaker, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40, 45, 47,
+    49, 54, 57, 59, 62, 63, 67, 117, 118, 123, 124, 125, 129, 146
+
+  Clough, Jere, 75, 105, 154, 155, 161, 170
+
+  Joseph, 99, 105
+
+  Cohen, I. Bernard, 40
+
+  Cole, Benjamin, 149, 150
+
+  Collison, Peter, 58
+
+  _Columbia Centinel_, 98, 99
+
+  compass, 53, 54, 63, 152
+
+  compass card, 75, 76, 82, 83, 90, 92, 102, 104, 106, 107, 113, 115
+
+  Comstock Memorial Collection, 139
+
+  Condorcet, Marquis de, 24
+
+  Condy, Benjamin, 59, 155, 163, 167, 168
+
+  _Connecticut Courant_, 47
+
+  _Connecticut Gazette_, 120, 121
+
+  Connecticut Historical Society, 5, 6, 93, 118, 119, 121
+
+  _Connecticut Journal_, 45
+
+  Conrad, Henry C., 54
+
+  Cosgrove, James, 7
+
+  Cotes, Roger, 149
+
+  Crittenden, A. R., 139
+
+  Crockett, Roberson, 87
+
+  Crow, George, 54, 155, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Curtis, Charles B., 134
+
+  Cushing, A. T., 101
+
+    S. T., 99, 101
+
+  Custis, George Washington Parke, 144
+
+  Dabney, John, Jr., 27, 156, 161, 167
+
+  Dakin, Jonathan, 38, 76, 156, 161, 167
+
+  Dartmouth College, 26, 36, 72, 124
+
+    Museum, 70, 71, 72, 126, 129, 153
+
+  Davenport, Michael, 61
+
+    William, 61, 156, 164, 167, 168, 170
+
+  Davis, William T., 113
+
+  Davis quadrant, 13, 37, 44, 58, 66, 92, 97, 139
+
+  Day, J., 10
+
+  Dean, William, 60, 61, 156, 164, 168, 170
+
+  Denegan, John, 33
+
+  De Negani, 33
+
+  Devacht, Francois, 49, 156, 163, 166
+
+    Joseph, 49, 156, 163, 166
+
+  Dewie, Captain Solomon, 118
+
+  dialing rule, 4, 5
+
+  _Diary, or Evening Register_, 33
+
+  Dinwiddie, Gov., 150
+
+  Dix, John Ross, 34
+
+  Dixon, Jeremiah, 24
+
+  Donegan, [or Denegan] John, 33, 156, 162, 166
+
+  Donegany, Joseph, 33, 156, 162, 166
+
+  Donnel, Henry, 60
+
+    Jonathan, 60, 61
+
+  Doolittle, Amos, 36
+
+    Enos, 47, 156, 160, 166, 168, 170
+
+    Isaac, 45, 47, 156, 160, 166, 167
+
+    Isaac, Jr., 45, 156, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Dorsan, Sarah Halsy, 80, 81
+
+  Dougherty, John, 60, 61
+
+  Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 134, 136, 145
+
+    David Bates, 134
+
+    Henry B., 142
+
+  Dow, George Francis, 106
+
+  Draper, Murray & Fairman, 43
+
+  Dring, Jeptha, 31
+
+   Thomas, 31, 32
+
+  Duffield, Edward, 62
+
+  Dunglison, Dr., 62
+
+  Dupee, Isaac, 105
+
+    John, 69, 75, 104, 105, 153, 154, 156, 161, 170
+
+  Duvall, Samuel, 144, 145
+
+  Dyherty, John, 60
+
+  Early American Industries Association, 6, 89
+
+  Eckhardt, George H., 15, 62, 63
+
+  Eichner, Laurits C., 90, 91, 137, 138, 153
+
+  Eldridge, Elizabeth, 80
+
+    Joseph, 80
+
+  Ellicott, Andrew, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 62, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137,
+    139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 156, 160, 165, 170
+
+    Charles, 134
+
+    George, 22, 23
+
+    Jane Judith, 134
+
+    Joseph, 19, 22
+
+  Ellicotts Mills, 19, 21
+
+  Ellis, Mary N., 137
+
+    Orange Warner, 137, 138
+
+  Emery, Samuel, 43, 156, 164, 167, 168
+
+  Endicott, John, 84
+
+  equal altitude instrument, 20
+
+  Evans, David, 146
+
+    George, 31, 62, 156, 163, 167
+
+  Ewer, Sarah, 129
+
+  Fairchild, Adah, 49
+
+  Fairman, Gideon, 42, 156, 157, 162, 167, 168 (see also Hooker and
+    Fairman)
+
+  Farmer's Museum, 73, 153
+
+  Felt, Joseph B., 43, 94
+
+  Ferguson, James, 22
+
+  Fisher, Joshua, 58
+
+    Martin, 62, 156, 164, 166
+
+  Fitch, Eunice, 98
+
+    John, 62
+
+  Fitts, Rev. James Hill, 129
+
+  Flint, Abel, 10, 72
+
+  Folger, Nathaniel, 45
+
+    Peter, 40, 156, 162
+
+    Walter, Jr., 40, 156, 162, 165
+
+  Folwell, John, 16
+
+  Footes, Nathaniel, 4, 5
+
+  Ford, George, 63, 156, 163, 168, 170
+
+    George, II, 63, 156, 163, 168, 170
+
+  Fosbrook, W., 31, 156, 162, 169
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 40, 53, 58
+
+  Franklin Institute, 40, 89, 90, 139, 153
+
+  Frizell, John, 81
+
+  Frye, Joseph, 90, 91, 137, 138, 139
+
+    Joseph, Jr., 91, 137
+
+  Fryeburg, 90, 137, 138
+
+  Gardner, Will, 40
+
+  Gatty, Joseph, 33, 156, 162, 164, 166
+
+  Gerry, Capt., 27
+
+  Gilbert, Joseph, 80, 81
+
+    Mary, 81
+
+  Gillingham, Harold E., 30, 33, 59, 61, 66
+
+  Gilman, Benjamin C., 34, 156, 162, 166, 167
+
+  Gilmur, Bryan, 63, 156, 164, 166, 167
+
+  Gilpin family, 54
+
+  glass and thermometric instruments, 53, 59, 62
+
+  globes, 8, 34, 35, 36, 53, 131, 140, 142, 143
+
+  Goddard & Angell, 22
+
+  Godfrey, Thomas, 58, 59, 88, 156, 164, 168
+
+  Godfrey's quadrant, 28
+
+  Gottesman, Rita S., 33, 51, 66
+
+  Gould, John, 30, 76, 156, 164, 168, 170
+
+  Graham, George, 145
+
+  Grainger, Samuel, 6, 156, 161
+
+  Greene, Joseph, 96
+
+    Peter, 109
+
+  Greenleaf, Stephen, 37, 38, 157, 161, 167
+
+  Greenough, David, 86
+
+    Elizabeth, 85
+
+    Jerusha, 85
+
+    John, 85
+
+    Newman, 85
+
+    Thomas, 69, 75, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 137, 138, 153, 157,
+      160, 165, 167, 169, 170
+
+    Thomas, Dr., 88, 89
+
+    William, 86, 87, 88, 89, 157, 161, 170
+
+  Greenwood, Dr. & Mrs. Arthur, 150
+
+    Isaac, Jr., 38, 157, 161, 167
+
+    Isaac, Sr., 38, 39, 157, 161
+
+  Grew, Theophilus, 8, 157, 164
+
+  Griffith, Nathaniel S., 125
+
+  Griffith & Bowles, 124
+
+  Gross, Huldah, 84
+
+    Thomas, 84
+
+  Gruchy, Thomas James, 87
+
+  gunnery calipers, 40
+
+  Gurley, W. & L. E., 43, 118
+
+  Gurnet lighthouse, 115, 116
+
+  Gutridge, Anna, 84
+
+  Guyol, Philip N., 82
+
+  Hadley, James, 58
+
+  Hadley quadrant, 66, 82
+
+  Hagger, Benjamin King, 109, 110, 111, 154, 157, 160, 161, 167, 170
+
+    John W., 110
+
+    Mary, 43
+
+    William Guyse, 43, 44, 72, 109, 110, 139, 157, 158, 164, 169
+
+    William King, 109
+
+  Hall, Andrew, 98
+
+    Stephen, 86
+
+  Halley, Edmond, 58
+
+  Halsie, Hannah, 84
+
+    James, I, 4, 80, 81, 157, 161
+
+    Nathaniel, 80, 84
+
+  Halsy, Anna, 81
+
+    James, II, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 154, 157, 161, 167, 170
+
+    John, 80, 81, 82, 157, 167
+
+    Joseph, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 153, 157, 161, 170
+
+    Rebecca, 80
+
+    Sarah, 80
+
+  Ham, George, 125
+
+    Hannah, 125
+
+    Henry, 125
+
+    James, 65, 157, 163, 164, 167, 169
+
+    James, Jr., 66, 164, 167, 169
+
+    Supply, 125
+
+    William, 125
+
+  Hamilton, Alexander, 58, 65
+
+  Hamlin, William, 44, 45, 46, 76, 157, 164, 165, 167, 169
+
+  Hanks, Benjamin, 47, 157, 160, 170
+
+    Truman, 47, 157, 160, 170
+
+  Harland, Thomas, 10, 29, 30, 117, 123, 157, 160, 166, 170
+
+  Harvard University, 8, 26, 35, 40, 41, 95, 99
+
+  Hayes, Fanny, 49
+
+    Rutherford B., 49
+
+  Heckewelder, John, 49
+
+  Heisely, Frederick A., 57, 58, 61, 157, 160, 163, 166, 167, 170
+
+    George, 57, 157, 163, 166, 167, 170
+
+  Helyer, Joseph, 94, 96
+
+    Polly, 98
+
+  Henry Ford Museum, 107
+
+  Hicks, Edward, 31, 32
+
+    Hannah, 31, 32
+
+  Hillman, George, 109
+
+    William, 109
+
+  Hindle, Brooke, 8, 15, 58
+
+  Hinton, William, 66, 76, 157, 163, 167
+
+  Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 55
+
+  Hoadley, Silas, 68
+
+  Hobby, Sir Charles, 6
+
+  Hoff, Catherine, 57
+
+    George, 163, 166
+
+    John, 57, 157
+
+  Holbecher, John, 139
+
+  Holcomb, Amasa, 26, 157, 162, 165, 171
+
+  Holland, Captain, 145
+
+  Hood, Joseph, 80
+
+  Hooker, William, 42, 157
+
+  Hooker & Fairman [William Hooker and Gideon Fairman], 42, 157, 162, 167
+
+  Hoopes, Penrose R., 30, 45, 47, 67, 117, 118, 120
+
+  Hopkins, Joseph, 68
+
+  Houghton, Rowland, 27, 38, 157, 161, 171
+
+  Houghton Library, 35
+
+  Hunter, Frederick W., 53
+
+  Huntington, Gurdon, 75, 118, 120, 121, 122, 154, 157, 160, 162, 166, 171
+
+    Hezekiah, 120
+
+    Submit, 120
+
+  Hurd, Nathaniel, 106, 107
+
+  Hutzlar, Dr. Donald A., 60
+
+  hydrometer, 28
+
+  hygrometer, 33
+
+  _Independent Journal, or The General Advertiser_, 53
+
+  Irving, Washington, iv
+
+  Jacks, James, 63, 158, 165, 167, 171
+
+  James, Arthur E., 24
+
+  Jay, Daniel, 30
+
+  Jayne, John, 43, 158, 162, 167, 169
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 19, 24, 62
+
+  Jerome, Chauncey, 68
+
+  Jess, Z., 10
+
+  Johnson, John, 139, 146, 148
+
+  Jones, Samuel, 135
+
+    William, 135
+
+    W. & S., 135, 137, 139
+
+  _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_, 20, 131, 132, 133, 136, 142, 144, 145
+
+  Keese, Samuel, 149
+
+  Kennard, John, 126, 129, 158, 162, 166, 171
+
+  Ketterer, Alloysius, 61, 158, 164, 166
+
+  Kiely, Edmond R., 7
+
+  Kimball, LeRoy E., 8, 36
+
+  Kimmel, Anthony, 144, 145
+
+  King, Benjamin, I, 37, 43, 44, 109, 158, 169
+
+    Benjamin, II, 43,  158,  162,  164, 167, 169
+
+    Daniel, 36, 43, 158, 162, 168, 169
+
+    Mary, 43
+
+    Mehitable, 43
+
+    Rufus, 43
+
+    Samuel, 43, 158, 164, 168, 169
+
+  King & Hagger  [Benjamin King and William Guyse Hagger], 43, 44, 158,
+    164, 167, 169
+
+  Kizer, David J., 60
+
+    Thomas J., 60
+
+  Knowlton, Mary, 43
+
+  Kugler, Charles, 62, 76
+
+  Lamb, A., & Son, 29, 158, 163, 168, 169, 171
+
+    Anthony, 10, 28, 158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 171
+
+    John, 29, 158, 163, 168, 169, 171
+
+  Lane, Gladys R., 45
+
+  Latrobe, Benjamin, 150
+
+    John H. B., 24
+
+  Laudonet, Mary, 54
+
+  Leadbeater, 22
+
+  Leake, Isaac Q., 29
+
+  Lee, Billy, 149
+
+  L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, 19
+
+  LePhillips, Philip, 24
+
+  Lewis, John, 7
+
+    Lawrence, 149
+
+  Leybourn, William, 10
+
+  Library Company of Philadelphia, 21-22
+
+  Lloyd, Anna, 81
+
+  loadstones, 27, 38
+
+  Loftan, Thomas, 150, 151
+
+  Logan, James, 58
+
+  Love, J., 10, 72
+
+  Lovering & Sons, Joseph, 98
+
+  Ludlow, I., 60
+
+  Lyle, Robert, 54, 56
+
+  Lyon, Mrs. Eliza R., 142
+
+  Madison, James, 19
+
+  Magee, D. F., 63
+
+  magic lantern, 27
+
+  magnets, 63
+
+  maps, 7, 53
+
+  Mariner's Museum, 107, 108, 153
+
+  Maryland Historical Society, 23
+
+  _Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser_, 21
+
+  Maskelyne, Nevil, 142, 146
+
+  Mason, Charles, 24
+
+  Mason-Dixon Line, 19
+
+  Massachusetts Historical Society, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 94, 96, 102,
+    104, 109, 116, 117
+
+  _Massachusetts Magazine_, 40
+
+  _Matchett's Baltimore Directory_, 110
+
+  Mather, Rev. Cotton, 82, 84
+
+  Mathews, Catherine Van C., 21
+
+  Maupertius, de, 146
+
+  Maverick, Jotham, 93, 94
+
+    Samuel, 94
+
+  Mayer's _Tables_, 22
+
+  McCabe, William, 49
+
+  McHenry, James, 22
+
+  _Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences_, 40
+
+  Mendenhall, Thomas, 63, 158, 163, 166, 168
+
+  Mercer Museum, 90, 153
+
+  Merrill, P., Esq., 126, 129
+
+  Miller, Aaron, 53, 158, 162, 166, 171
+
+  Mirick, McAndrew, 87
+
+  Mitchell, Edwin Valentine, 36
+
+    Maria, 40
+
+  Moore, S., 10
+
+  Moor's Indian Charity School, 72
+
+  Morey, John, 113
+
+  Morris, M., 53, 158, 163
+
+  Morton, Charles, 82, 83
+
+  Mount Vernon, 54, 57, 144
+
+  Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union, 57
+
+  Nantucket, 40
+
+  National Maritime Museum, 150
+
+  Newell, Andrew, 106, 107, 154, 158, 161, 168, 169, 171
+
+    Charles, 107, 161
+
+    Joseph, 107, 161
+
+  New Hampshire Historical Society, 81, 82, 153
+
+  _New York Daily Advertiser_, 28, 33, 53
+
+  _New York Gazette_, 28, 51, 53, 66
+
+  New York Historical Society, 33, 39, 66
+
+  _New York Mercury_, 66
+
+  _New York Packet_, 29, 51, 53
+
+  Noble, James, 81
+
+  _Norwich Courier_, 30
+
+  Norwood, R., 10
+
+  Odell, 146
+
+  Ohio Historical Society, 55, 61
+
+  Ohio State Museum, 16, 51, 52, 55, 59, 60, 61
+
+  Old Sturbridge, 90, 107, 153
+
+  optical instruments, 26, 28
+
+  orrery, 15, 16, 39, 40, 41
+
+  Osborn, John, 96
+
+  Paine, Robert Treat, 82
+
+    Thomas, 82, 83
+
+  Palmer, Brooks, 39, 47, 63, 123
+
+  Parker, N., 153
+
+  Parmele, Ebenezer, 67
+
+  Partridge, Marty, 81
+
+  Paul, Amos, 129
+
+    Temple, 129
+
+  Peabody Museum, 85, 96, 97, 139, 153
+
+  Peale, Charles Wilson, 14
+
+  Pease, Elizabeth Folger, 45
+
+    Paul, 45, 158, 164, 169
+
+  Pell, Edward, 84
+
+  Pemberton, James, 30
+
+  _Pennsylvania Evening Herald_, 33
+
+  _Pennsylvania Magazine_, 30
+
+  _Pennsylvania Packet_, The, 15
+
+  Pennsylvania, University of, 8, 15, 16
+
+  perpetual log, 51
+
+  Phillips, John M., 107
+
+    Jonathan, 99
+
+    Mrs. Mary W., ix
+
+  Pierce, Abner, 139
+
+  Pierpont, John, 68
+
+  Pitt, William, 24
+
+  Pitts, James, 86
+
+  planetarium, 36
+
+  planisphere, 51
+
+  Platt, Adah, 49
+
+    Augustus, 49, 52, 158, 163, 168, 171
+
+    Benjamin, 49, 51, 158, 160, 162, 163, 167, 171
+
+    William Augustus, 49
+
+  _Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_, 112, 113
+
+  Pope, Joseph, 39, 41, 158, 161, 167
+
+  Potter, John, 43, 158, 161, 171
+
+  Potts, Thomas, 12
+
+    W. L., 158, 163
+
+  Power, Alexander, 7
+
+  Price, Derek J. de Solla, ix, 3, 130
+
+  Priestley, Frances D., 140, 142
+
+    Dr. Joseph, 131, 140, 141, 143
+
+  Prime, Alfred Coxe, 29, 31, 63
+
+  Prince, John, 24, 158, 161, 162
+
+    Nathan, 8, 158
+
+  Princeton University, 15
+
+  Pryor, Thomas, 59, 159, 164, 168
+
+  Quincy, Abraham, 96
+
+  Rathborne, Aaron, 9, 10
+
+  Ratsey, Widow, 65
+
+  Revere, Paul, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 97, 113, 116, 117, 159, 161, 168
+
+  Reynolds, John E., 131, 134
+
+    William, 134
+
+  Reworth, Captain, 87
+
+  Rhode Island Historical Society, 45, 46, 139
+
+  Riley, Stephen T., ix
+
+  Ritchie & Co., Bern C., 139
+
+  Rittenhouse, Benjamin, 11, 15, 16, 142, 144, 159, 164, 165, 171
+
+    David, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 47, 62, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147,
+      159, 163, 164, 165, 171
+
+  Rittenhouse & Evans [David Rittenhouse & David Evans], 139, 146, 148,
+    159, 171
+
+  Roberts, Gideon, 67
+
+    Nathaniel, 85
+
+  Romaine, Lawrence, 88
+
+  _Royal Pennsylvania Gazette_, 59
+
+  Royal Society of London, 58
+
+  Rutgers University, 26
+
+  Salter, Titus, 124
+
+  sand glasses, 59
+
+  Savage, James, 4, 80, 84
+
+  Schiff, Henry G., 107
+
+  Schoen, H. H., 7
+
+  Seybold, R. F., 7
+
+  Shampeny, Worth, 153
+
+  Shepley Library, 139
+
+  Sheppard, Jack, 29
+
+  Shillcock, Hannah, 94
+
+    Joyce, 94
+
+    Robert, 93
+
+  Shoemaker, Mrs. Francis D., 140
+
+  Shrimpton, Shute, 87
+
+  Sibley, Asa, 120, 121
+
+  Sibley & Marble [Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble], 47, 159, 160, 167, 168
+
+  Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun, At the, 53, 76
+
+  Sign of "Hadley's Quadrant," At the, 66, 76
+
+  Sign of the Hand & Beam, At the, 38, 76
+
+  Sign of the Mathematical Instruments, At the, 43
+
+  Sign of the Quadrant, At the, 30, 45, 76, 107
+
+  Sign of the Seven Stars, At the, 62, 76
+
+  Sission, Jonathan, 27
+
+  Skillin, John, 77, 78, 79
+
+    Simeon, 39, 41, 78
+
+  Sloane, Sir Hans, 58
+
+  Smart, C. E., ix, 118
+
+  Smith, Cordial, 159, 160
+
+  Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts of Albany, 21
+
+  Solebury, 19
+
+  Sommer, Widow Balthaser, 28, 159, 163, 169
+
+  South Natick Historical Society, 104, 153
+
+  Sower, Christopher, 63, 159, 163, 164, 167, 168
+
+  Stargazers' Stone, 24
+
+  Steele, A.P., 60, 61
+
+  Stevenson, D. Alan, 115
+
+  Stiles & Storrs [Nathan Storrs and Jedidiah Baldwin], 123, 159, 162, 171
+
+  Stiles & Baldwin [Jedidiah Baldwin], 123, 159, 162, 171
+
+  Stimpson, Charles Jr., 99
+
+  Stoddard, Sarah, 86
+
+  Stone, Edmund, 10
+
+  Storrs, Nathan, 123
+
+  Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures [Yale University], 105, 114,
+    115, 117, 125, 126, 153
+
+  Stretch, Carolyn Wood, 63
+
+  Struik, Dirk J., 26
+
+  Stubbs, Roleigh L. 72, 153
+
+  sundial, 4, 38, 49, 54, 149
+
+  surgical instruments, 31, 47, 51, 53, 54
+
+  Sutton, Henry, 4
+
+  Swan, Joseph, 139
+
+  Symes, Jno. C., 60
+
+  Taws, Charles, 61, 159, 164, 168
+
+  Taylor, E. G. R., 67
+
+  telescope, 11, 21, 40, 45, 54, 60, 62, 64, 136, 137, 148, 149, 150
+
+  Terry, Eli, 117
+
+  Thacher, Charles, 107, 108, 153, 159, 161, 171
+
+  Thaxter, Bathsheba, 97
+
+    Samuel, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 154, 159,
+      161, 168, 169, 171
+
+    Samuel, Sr., 98
+
+    Thomas, 98
+
+  Thaxter & Son, S., 103
+
+  theodolite, 38, 52, 64, 137, 138
+
+  thermometer, 28, 29, 33
+
+  Thomas, Richard, 22
+
+  Thompson, George Andrews, 148
+
+    Samuel Rowland, 148
+
+  "Thwing Catalogue," 80, 82, 84, 86, 94, 96, 109
+
+  Todd, Eli, 49
+
+  Towle, Jeremiah, 129
+
+  trade cards, 46, 100
+
+  trade signs, 30, 38, 43, 45, 53, 62, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 96, 99,
+     101, 107 (see also under Sign)
+
+  transit of Venus, 11, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 59
+
+  Turner, Charles Jr., 146
+
+  Tyler, Thomas, 105
+
+  Union College, 26
+
+  United States National Archives, 116
+
+  United States National Museum, 15, 57, 62, 90, 91, 134, 139, 140, 144,
+     149
+
+  Van Ness, Cornelius P., 146
+
+  Vassar College, 40
+
+  Voight, Henry, 62, 64, 148, 159, 164, 165, 167
+
+  Wall, George, Jr., 63, 159, 163, 171
+
+  Wallis, Thomas, 109
+
+  Walpole, Charles, 28, 159, 163, 168
+
+  Walton, Joseph, 125
+
+  Warren, Benjamin, 75, 112, 114, 115, 116, 154, 159, 162, 169, 171
+
+    William L., 6
+
+  Washington, George, iv, 19, 54, 62, 63, 142, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151
+
+    Lawrence Augustine, 54, 57
+
+  weather glass, 33
+
+  Welles, Arnold, 94
+
+  Wienberger, Bernard W., 38
+
+  Wheelock, Rev. Eleazar, 70, 72
+
+  Whipple Museum, 150
+
+  White, John, 85
+
+    Peregrine, 47, 48, 150, 159, 160, 167, 171
+
+  Whiting, Alfred F., 126
+
+  Whitney, John, 30, 159, 164, 168, 169
+
+    Thomas, 30, 152, 159, 168, 169, 171
+
+  William & Mary College, 150
+
+  Williams, John, 93
+
+    Marvin, 120
+
+    Samuel, 26
+
+    Temperance, 120
+
+    William, 77, 78, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 159, 161, 168, 169, 171
+
+  Williams College, 26
+
+  Willis, Arthur, 4, 5, 6, 159
+
+  Wilson, James, 8, 34, 35, 159, 165
+
+  Winthrop, John, 26
+
+  Wistar, Casper, 53
+
+  Wistar, Richard, 53, 159, 162, 166
+
+  Witt, Christopher, 62, 159, 163, 167, 168
+
+  Wollaston, Rev., 142
+
+  Wood, John, 63, 159, 164
+
+  Woods, Timothy, 25
+
+  Wright, Captain, 58
+
+  Yale University, 105, 114, 125, 126
+
+    Art Gallery, 106, 107, 153
+
+    Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, 105, 114, 115, 117, 125,
+      126, 153
+
+  Yardley, Thomas, Jr., 60
+
+  Youle, James, 53, 76, 159, 163, 169
+
+    John, 53, 159, 163, 169
+
+  Young, Daniel, 113
+
+    Sarah, 113
+
+  zenith sector, 114, 145, 146, 147
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Clear punctuation errors such as missing periods at the ends of
+sentences have been silently corrected. Hyphenation has not been
+standardized, for instance, Elizabeth-town, watch-maker, and over-all.
+The spelling of proper names has not been standardized, for instance,
+Blakslee and Blakeslee, Appalachicola and Apalachicola.
+
+
+Figure 7 caption - "make" replaced with "made"
+
+Page 38 - "Eliptical" replaced with "Elliptical"
+
+Page 38 - "Guaging" replaced with "Gauging"
+
+Page 98 - "Samue" replaced with "Samuel"
+
+Page 146 - "worth" replaced with "worthy"
+
+Page 146 - "Federick" replaced with "Frederick"
+
+Page 162 - "Philadephia" replaced with "Philadelphia"
+
+Page 162 - "Ephermeris" replaced with "Ephemeris"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments
+and Their Makers, by Silvio A. Bedini
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC ***
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