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diff --git a/39141-8.txt b/39141-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8741973 --- /dev/null +++ b/39141-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7989 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments and +Their Makers, by Silvio A. Bedini + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers + +Author: Silvio A. Bedini + +Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39141] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Hunter Monroe, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + SMITHSONIAN + INSTITUTION + + [Illustration] + + UNITED STATES + NATIONAL MUSEUM + BULLETIN 231 + + WASHINGTON, D.C. + + 1964 + + + + +Publications of the United States National Museum + + +The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum include +two series, _Proceedings of the United States National Museum_ and +_United States National Museum Bulletin_. + +In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing +with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly +acquired facts in the fields of anthropology, biology, geology, history, +and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries +and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in +the various subjects. + +The _Proceedings_, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in +separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo +in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table +of contents of the volume. + +In the _Bulletin_ series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear +longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in +several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related +subjects. _Bulletins_ are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on +the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the +botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the +_Bulletin_ series under the heading _Contributions from the United +States National Herbarium_. + + FRANK A. TAYLOR, + _Director, United States National Museum_. + + For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, + U.S. Government Printing Office + Washington, D.C., 20402--Price $1.00 (Paper Cover) + +[Illustration: Frontispiece.--"Washington as a Surveyor." Engraving +reproduced from Washington Irving's _Life of George Washington_ (New +York: 1857, vol. 1).] + + + + + EARLY AMERICAN + SCIENTIFIC + INSTRUMENTS + + _and Their Makers_ + + SILVIO A. BEDINI + + _Curator of Mechanical + and Civil Engineering_ + + MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY + + SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION + + WASHINGTON, 1964 + + + + + Contents + + + Page + + Acknowledgments ix + + Preface xi + + THE TOOLS OF SCIENCE 3 + Philosophical and Practical Instruments 3 + The Need for Instruments 6 + Colonial Training in Instrument Making 8 + + THE MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS 15 + The Rittenhouse Brothers 15 + Andrew Ellicott 19 + Owen Biddle 21 + Benjamin Banneker 22 + Joel Baily 24 + Reverend John Prince 24 + Amasa Holcomb 26 + + INSTRUMENTS OF METAL 27 + Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers 27 + Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers 30 + Native American Makers 33 + New Hampshire 34 + Vermont 34 + Massachusetts 36 + Rhode Island 43 + Connecticut 45 + Ohio 49 + New York 51 + New Jersey 53 + Delaware 54 + Maryland and Virginia 54 + Pennsylvania 58 + + INSTRUMENTS OF WOOD 65 + The Use of Wood 65 + Surviving Instruments 69 + Compass Cards 75 + Trade Signs 75 + The Makers 80 + Joseph Halsy 80 + James Halsy II 84 + Thomas Greenough 85 + William Williams 93 + Samuel Thaxter 97 + John Dupee 104 + Jere Clough 105 + Andrew Newell 106 + Aaron Breed 107 + Charles Thacher 107 + Benjamin King Hagger 109 + Benjamin Warren 112 + Daniel Burnap 117 + Gurdon Huntington 118 + Jedidiah Baldwin 123 + Thomas Salter Bowles 124 + + THE NEW ERA 130 + + THE NATIONAL COLLECTION 131 + + Appendix 153 + Surviving Wooden Surveying Compasses 153 + Mathematical Practitioners and + Instrument Makers 155 + + Bibliography 172 + + Index 177 + + + + +Acknowledgments + + +The writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to the various +compilations relating to clockmakers and instruments which have been +consulted in the preparation of this work, and which have provided an +invaluable basis for it. + +He is especially grateful for the generous and interested assistance of +the many who have cooperated in making this work possible. Particular +credit must be given to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society; +Mrs. Mary W. Phillips of the Department of Science and Technology of the +U.S. National Museum; Prof. Derek J. de Solla Price, Avalon Professor of +the History of Science at Yale University; Mr. Stephen T. Riley, +Director of the Massachusetts Historical Society; and Mr. Charles E. +Smart of Troy, New York. + + + + +Preface + + +Within recent years fairly exhaustive studies have been made on many +aspects of American science and technology. For example, there have been +numerous works relating to clocks and clockmakers, so that the collector +and horological student have a number of useful sources on which to +rely. More recently there has been a series of publications on the +development of American tools and their makers. Until now, however, no +systematic study has been attempted of the scientific instruments used +in the United States from its colonial beginnings. While several useful +regional lists of instrument makers in early America have been compiled +from advertisements in contemporary newspapers and published as short +articles, these, however, are fragmentary, and are inadequate to the +need for documentation in this field. + +With the rapidly growing interest in the history of science, it becomes +necessary to have a more complete background for the student and the +historian alike. It is desirable to have a more comprehensive picture of +the work of the scientific practitioners of the earlier periods of +American scientific development, and of their tools. At the same time it +is essential to have a history of the development and distribution and +use of scientific instruments by others than the practitioners and +teachers. The role of the instrument maker in the American Colonies was +an important one--as it was in each epoch of the history of science in +Europe--and it deserves to be reported. + +To make a comprehensive study of American scientific instruments and +instrument makers in the American Colonies is no simple matter, partly +because of an indifference to the subject in the past, and partly +because of the great volume of sources that must be sifted to accomplish +it. Such a project would require an organized search of all published +reference works relating to the field and associated topics, of all +contemporary newspapers for advertisements and notices, of civil records +filed in state and community archives, of business account-books and +records that have been preserved, and of business directories of the +period under consideration. In addition, such a study would require the +compilation of an inventory of all surviving instruments in private and +public collections, and a correlation of all the data that could be +assembled from these sources. + +The present study attempts only in part to accomplish this aim, being no +more than a preliminary compilation of the scientific instruments known +to have been used during the first two centuries of American colonial +existence. It merely attempts to assemble all the data that is presently +available in scattered sources, and to organize it in a usable form for +the student and historian of American science. A supplement relating to +19th-century instruments and instrument makers is in progress. + +The most that is hoped for the present work is that it will be of +temporary assistance, serving to bring forth additional information on +the subject from sources not previously available or known. + + _February 1, 1964_ S.A.B. + + EARLY AMERICAN + SCIENTIFIC + INSTRUMENTS + + _and Their Makers_ + + + + +_The Tools of Science_ + + +Philosophical and Practical Instruments + +Development of the sciences in the American Colonies was critically +dependent upon the available tools--scientific instruments--and the men +who made and used them. These tools may be separated into two groups. +The first group consists of philosophical instruments and scientific +teaching apparatus produced and employed for experimentation and +teaching in educational institutions. The second includes the so-called +"mathematical instruments" of practical use, which were employed by +mathematical practitioners and laymen alike for the mensural and +nautical needs of the Colonies. It is particularly with this second +group that the present study is concerned. + +It has been generally assumed that scientific instruments, as well as +the instrument makers, of the first two centuries of American +colonization were imported from England, and that the movement declined +by the beginning of the 19th century with the development of skilled +native craftsmen.[1] This assumption is basically true for those +instruments grouped under philosophical and scientific apparatus for +experimentation and teaching. Almost all of these items were in fact +imported from England and France until well into the 19th century. + +Likewise, the very earliest examples of mathematical instruments for +surveying and navigation in the Colonies were imported with the settlers +from England. It was not long after the establishment of the first +settlements, however, that the settlers, and later the first generation +of native Americans, began to produce their own instruments. Records +derived from historical archives and from the instruments themselves +reveal that a considerable number of the instruments available and used +in the Colonies before 1800 were of native production. Apparently, +relatively few instrument makers immigrated to the American continent +before the end of the Revolutionary War. Later, with the beginning of +the 19th century, makers of and dealers in instruments in England and +France became aware of the growing new market, and emigrated in numbers +to establish shops in the major cities of commerce in the United States. + +Quite possibly the few instrument makers trained in England who +immigrated to the Colonies in the early epoch of Colonial development +may have in turn trained others in their communities, although no +evidence has yet been found. Perhaps more data on this aspect of the +subject will eventually come to light. + +There is reason to believe that a few mathematical practitioners and +instrument makers lived and worked in the New England colonies as early +as the first century of colonization. + +The evidence, frankly meager, consists of two items. The first is a +reference relating to James Halsie of Boston. In a land deed made out to +him in 1674 he was referred to as a "Mathematician."[2] Halsie was +listed as a freeman of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690. He +apparently was the forbear of the several members of the Halsy family of +instrument makers of Boston of the 18th century, mentioned later in this +study. It is uncertain whether the use of the term "mathematician" in +this connection meant an artisan, but if not it may be inferred that +Halsie was a practitioner. + +The second piece of evidence is even more slender; it consists of an +inscription upon a dialing rule (fig. 1) for making sundials and charts. +The instrument is of cast brass, 20-7/16 inches long and 1-11/16 inches +wide. The date "1674" is inscribed on the rule together with the name of +its original owner, "Arthur Willis." The instrument almost certainly was +produced by the school of Henry Sutton, the notable English instrument +maker who worked in Threadneedle Street in London from about 1637 +through 1665. The name and date inscriptions are consistent and +contemporary with the workmanship of the rule, and were probably +inscribed by the maker for the original owner. It is conceivable that +Arthur Willis was an Englishman and that the rule was brought into this +country even in relatively recent times. However, it is claimed that the +rule was owned and used by Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of Springfield, +Massachusetts. Nathaniel Footes, believed to have been originally from +Salem, subsequently moved from Springfield to Wethersfield, Conn. The +instrument was later owned and used in Connecticut not later than the +early 19th century[3] by the forbears of Mr. Newton C. Brainard of +Hartford, Connecticut. If records relating to Willis as a resident of +the New England colonies can be recovered, it may then be possible to +establish whether he worked in the Colonies as a mathematical +practitioner in the 17th century. His name is included on a tentative +basis. + +[Illustration: Figure 1.--Dialing rule made of brass and inscribed with +the name "Arthur Willis" and the date "1674." Allegedly used by +Nathaniel Footes, surveyor of Springfield, Massachusetts. Photo courtesy +Newton C. Brainard, Hartford, Connecticut, and the Connecticut +Historical Society.] + + +The Need for Instruments + +The production and use of scientific instruments in the American +Colonies reflected colonial development in education and in territorial +and economic expansion, and closely paralleled the same development in +England, where the first mathematical practitioners were the teachers of +navigational and commercial arithmetic and the surveyors employed in the +redistribution of land following the dissolution of the monasteries. As +the communities became established and the settlers gained a foothold on +the soil, their attention naturally turned to improving their lot by +expanding the land under cultivation and by trading their products for +other needs. The growth of the communities became increasingly rapid +from the end of the 17th century, and the land expansion closely +paralleled the development of trade. The educational institutions placed +greater emphasis on the sciences as their curriculums developed. +Particularly there was a greater preoccupation with the sciences on the +part of the layman because of the need for knowledge of surveying and +navigation. + +The colonial school curriculum was accordingly designed from the +practical point of view to emphasize practical mathematics, and there +was an increasing demand for instruction in all aspects of the subject. +One of the earliest advertisements of this nature appeared in _The +Boston Gazette_ in March 1719. In the issue of February 19 to March 7 +the advertisement stated that: + + This day Mr. Samuel Grainger opens his school at the House formerly + Sir Charles Hobby's, where will be taught Grammar Writing after a + free and easy manner in all the usual Hands, Arithmetick in a + concise and Practical Method, Merchants Accompts, and the + Mathematicks. + + He hopes that more thinking People will in no wise be discouraged + from sending their children thither, on the account of the reports + newly reviv'd, because these dancing Phaenomena's were never seen + nor heard of in School Hours. + +The advertisement was further amplified in its second appearance, in the +issue of March 21-22, 1719: + + At the house formerly Sir Charles Hobby's are taught grammar, + writing, after a free & easy manner in all hands usually practiced, + Arithmetick Vulgar and Decimal in a concise and Practical Method, + Merchants Accompts, Geometry, Algebra, Mensuration, Geography, + Trigonometry, Astronomy, Navigation and other parts of the + Mathematicks, with the use of the Globes and other Mathematical + Instruments, by Samuel Grainger. + + They whose business won't permit 'em to attend the usual School + Hours, shall be carefully attended and Instructed in the Evenings. + +R. F. Seybold[4] has noted that: "In advertisements of 1753 and 1754, +John Lewis, of New York City, announced 'What is called a New Method of +Navigation, is an excellent Method of Trigonometry here particularly +applied to Navigation; But it is of great use in all kinds of measuring +and in solving many Arithmetical Questions.' James Cosgrove, of +Philadelphia, in 1755, taught 'geometry, trigonometry, and their +application in surveying, navigation, etc.,' and Alexander Power, in +1766, 'With their Application to Surveying, Navigation, Geography, and +Astronomy'." These subjects were featured also in the evening schools of +the colonial period, maintained by private schoolmasters in some of the +larger communities for the education of those who could not attend +school in the daytime. + +According to Seybold, surveying and navigation were the most popular +mathematical subjects taught. Some explanation is to be derived from the +statement by Schoen[5] that: "In the days when the 'bounds' of great +wilderness tracts were being marked off by deep-cut blazes in the trees +along a line, a knowledge of land surveying was a useful skill, and many +a boy learned its elements by following the 'boundsgoer' in his work of +'running the line.' And those who did not actually take part in running +the line must have attended many a gay springtime 'processioning' when +neighbors made a festive occasion out of 'perambulating the bounds'." +"Vague land grants and inaccurate surveys," he adds, "made the subject +of boundary lines a prime issue in the everyday life of colonial homes." + +At the same time there was interest in the other aspects of the +mathematical sciences. As early as 1743, for instance, a Harvard +mathematician named Nathan Prince advertised in Boston that if he were +given "suitable Encouragement" he would establish a school to teach +"Geography and Astronomy, With the Use of the Globes, and the several +kinds of Projecting the Sphere" among other things.[6] A decade later, +Theophilus Grew, professor in the academy at Philadelphia which has +become the University of Pennsylvania, published a treatise on globes, +with the title: + + _The Description_ and _Use_ of the _Globes_, Celestial and + Terrestrial; With Variety for _Examples_ for the Learner's + _Exercises_: Intended for the Use of Such Persons as would attain + to the Knowledge of those _Instruments_; But Chiefly designed for + the _Instruction_ of the young _Gentlemen_ at the _Academy_ in + Philadelphia. To which is added Rules for working all the Cases in + Plain and Spherical Triangles without a Scheme. By _Theophilus + Grew_, Mathematical Professor. Germantown, Printed by Christopher + Sower, 1753.[7] + +Thus, the need for practical mathematical instruments for the surveyor +and navigator became critical in proportion to the need for men to make +and use them, and it is not surprising to discover that the majority of +the instruments produced and advertised by early American makers were +for surveying, with nautical instruments in second place. Generally, the +surveyors were not professionals; they were farmers, tradesmen, or +craftsmen with a sound knowledge of basic arithmetic and occasionally +with some advanced study of the subject as taught in the evening +schools. The surveying of provincial and intercolonial boundaries +required greater skill, however, as well as a knowledge of astronomy, +and this work was relegated to the scientific men of the period. + +As the increasing preoccupation with subdivision of land and with +surveying led to a greater demand for suitable instruments, it was the +skilled craftsmen of the community, such as the clockmaker and the +silversmith, that were called upon to produce them. Superb examples also +were produced by the advanced scientific men, or "mathematical +practitioners," of the period. + + +Colonial Training in Instrument Making + +One may well ask, where did these native craftsmen acquire the knowledge +that enabled them to produce so skillfully the accurate and often +delicate mathematical instruments? There were a number of possible +sources for this knowledge. The first source lies in England, where some +of these craftsmen could have studied or served apprenticeships. After +completing their apprenticeship with English mathematical practitioners, +they may have immigrated to the Colonies and taught the craft to others. +This seems to be entirely plausible, and was probably true, for example, +of Thomas Harland the clockmaker, Anthony Lamb, and perhaps several +others. However, these were the exceptions instead of the rule, since a +biographical study of the instrument makers in general reveals that they +were for the most part native to America. It is not likely that the one +or two isolated practitioners that had been trained in England could +have taught so many others who worked in the same epoch. + +[Illustration: Figure 2.--Title page of _The Surveyor_ by Aaron +Rathborne, published in London in 1616. The book was one of the sources +of information for American makers of mathematical instruments.] + +Another source for this knowledge of instrument making was probably the +reference works on the subject that had been published in England and in +France. As an example, Nicolas Bion's _Traitè de la Construction et des +Principaux Usages des Instruments de Mathematique_, which had been first +published in 1686, was translated into English by Edmund Stone in 1723, +and went into several English editions. Copies of this work in English +undoubtedly found their way to America soon after publication. Other +popular works were Aaron Rathbone's _The Surveyor_, which appeared in +London in 1616 (see fig. 2); William Leybourn's _The Compleat Surveyor_, +in 1653; and George Atwell's _Faithfull Surveyour_, in 1662. Other works +popular in the Colonies were R. Norwood's _Epitome, or The Doctrine of +Triangles_ (London, 1659) and J. Love's _Geodasia, or the Art of +Surveying_ (London, 1688). + +These works undoubtedly inspired similar publications in America, for +many books on surveying and navigation appeared there before the +beginning of the 19th century. Chief among them were S. Moore's _An +Accurate System of Surveying_ (Litchfield, Conn., 1796), Z. Jess's _A +Compendious System of Practical Surveying_ (Wilmington, 1799), Abel +Flint's _Surveying_ (Hartford, 1804), and J. Day's _Principles of +Navigation and Surveying_ (New Haven, 1817). + +The published works were unquestionably responsible for much of the +training in the making of mathematical instruments in America, although +no documentary evidence has yet been recovered to prove it. + +Another important influence on early American instrument-making which +must be noted was that of the clockmaker as an artisan. A comprehensive +study of surviving instruments and related records has revealed that +only a few of the many clockmakers working in the American Colonies in +the 18th century made mathematical instruments. Yet, a large proportion +of the surviving surveying and nautical instruments produced before 1800 +were the work of clockmakers. Classic among these must be noted the +instruments produced by the brothers David and Benjamin Rittenhouse (see +p. 15 and figs. 3 and 4), as well as the fine surveying instruments made +by four separate members of the Chandlee family, whose clockmaking +traditions began early in the 17th century (see p. 54). + +[Illustration: Figure 3.--Transit telescope made by David Rittenhouse +and used by him for the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. +Brass, 33-1/2-in. tube on a 25-in. axis, with an aperture of 1-3/4 in. +and a focal length of 32 in. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical +Society.] + +[Illustration: Figure 4.--Surveying compass marked "Potts and +Rittenhouse." Believed to be the work of David Rittenhouse in +partnership with Thomas Potts. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical +Society.] + +Finally, one must not overlook the fact that examples of English and +other European instruments were available in the Colonies, and that at +least some of the early colonial makers undoubtedly copied them. It is +apparent from some surviving early American instruments that the +materials, designs, dimensions, and details of European prototypes had +been deliberately copied. It is possible to see in public collections, +for instance, a Davis quadrant of English manufacture exhibited beside a +later example, signed by a New England maker, which comes +extraordinarily close to duplicating it in every feature. + +As with the presumed influence of published works, the practice of +copying imported instruments cannot be documented, but it must have been +engaged in by many of the unschooled New England instrument makers. By +this means some may even have profited to the degree that they became +professional craftsmen without benefit of formal apprenticeship. + +Yet it is remarkable that although numerous instruments were produced by +native artisans, in addition to the substantial number which were +imported before the end of the 18th century, relatively few specimens +have survived in public collections as well as in private hands. Despite +the exhaustive combing of attics and barns throughout the country by +dealers in antiques and by avid collectors during the past several +decades, the number of surviving instruments now known is incredibly +small in comparison with the numbers known to have been made locally or +imported before the beginning of the 19th century. Since instruments are +not items which would ordinarily be deliberately discarded or destroyed, +or melted down for the recovery of the metal, this small percentage of +survival presents a puzzle which has not been resolved. + +[Illustration: Figure 5.--David Rittenhouse. Engraving from portrait by +Charles Wilson Peale.] + + + + +_The Mathematical Practitioners_ + + +The Rittenhouse Brothers + +Notable among the American practitioners was David Rittenhouse +(1732-1796) of Norristown and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who was +established as a clockmaker and surveyor in Philadelphia by 1749. He +surveyed the boundary between Pennsylvania and Delaware in 1763 with +instruments of his own design and construction. Six years later, in +1769, he successfully calculated the transit of Venus and later +observed that planet with astronomical instruments he had constructed +himself. In the following year, 1770, he built the first American +astronomical observatory, in Philadelphia. Two orreries that he designed +and built--at the University of Pennsylvania and at Princeton +University--survive as outstanding examples of American craftsmanship.[8] +Several of his surveying and astronomical instruments are exhibited in the +collections of the U.S. National Museum. David Rittenhouse is credited +with being the originator of a declination arc on the surveying compass, +a feature to be copied by a number of later instrument makers. + +David's brother, Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820), served in the +Revolution and was wounded at Brandywine. He superintended the +Government's gunlock factory at Philadelphia in 1778 and achieved +recognition as a maker of clocks and surveying instruments (see fig. +8).[9] During one period of his career he worked in partnership with his +brother David. An interesting advertisement appeared in the May 14, +1785, issue of _The Pennsylvania Packet_: + + WANTED, An ingenious Lad not exceeding 14 years of age, of a + reputable family, as an Apprentice to learn the Art and Mistery of + making Clocks and Surveying Instruments. Any lad inclining to go an + apprentice to the above Trade, the terms on which he will be taken + may [be] known by enquiring of Mr. David Rittenhouse, in + Philadelphia, or at the subscriber's house in Worcester township, + Montgomery county. Benjamin Rittenhouse. + +[Illustration: Figure 6.--Astronomical clock made by David Rittenhouse +for his observatory at Norristown, Pa., and used by him for the +observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. Unembellished pine case +83-1/2 in. high, 13-1/4 in. wide at the waist with a silvered brass dial +10-5/8 in. diameter. Photo courtesy the American Philosophical Society.] + +[Illustration: Figure 7.--Orrery built by David Rittenhouse for the +University of Pennsylvania. The center section shows the motions of the +planets and their satellites and the right-hand section the eclipses of +the Sun and Moon. The case, considered to be an outstanding example of +colonial cabinet-work, was made by John Folwell.] + +[Illustration: Figure 8.--Brass surveying compass inscribed "Made by +Benjamin Rittenhouse, 1787." Photo courtesy Ohio State Museum, Columbus, +Ohio.] + +[Illustration: Figure 9.--Portrait of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) by +unknown artist.] + + +Andrew Ellicott + +A name closely associated with that of the Rittenhouse brothers was that +of Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820) of Solebury, Pennsylvania, and Ellicotts +Mills, Maryland. Andrew was the son of Joseph Ellicott, the clockmaker +and pioneer industrialist who founded Ellicotts Mills. Although a +Quaker, Andrew (fig. 9) served in the Revolution, and he became one of +the most distinguished engineers of the new republic. He worked as a +clockmaker and instrument maker from 1774 to 1780. In 1784 he ran the +boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania and in the following year he +was a member of the survey that continued Mason and Dixon's line. In +1785 and 1786 he served on the Pennsylvania commissions that surveyed +the western and northern boundaries of the state, and in 1789 he served +on the commission that fixed the boundary between New York and +Pennsylvania. Between 1791 and 1793 he surveyed the site of the city of +Washington, D.C., and redrew L'Enfant's plan for the city. + +In early 1793 Ellicott was appointed commissioner by the Commonwealth of +Pennsylvania for the project of viewing and locating a road from Reading +to Presque Isle, now Erie. It was an extremely difficult undertaking, +but Ellicott completed the work by the autumn of 1796, including laying +out the towns of Erie, Warren, and Franklin. + +In May 1796 Ellicott was commissioned by President Washington to survey +and mark the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish +Province of Florida in accordance with the provisions of the +Pinkney-Godoy Treaty of October 27, 1795. This line was to begin at the +point where the 31st parallel of north latitude intersected the +Mississippi River, and to proceed thence along that parallel eastward to +the Appalachicola River for about 400 miles. + +In 1801 Ellicott was offered the position of surveyor general of the +United States by President Jefferson. Ellicott declined, but +subsequently accepted the secretaryship of the land office of +Pennsylvania, a post he held until 1808. + +In 1811 Ellicott became commissioner to represent Georgia in locating +the Georgia-North Carolina boundary, a project on which he was engaged +for the major part of the following year. + +In 1815 President Madison appointed Ellicott professor of mathematics at +West Point, with the rank of major. This is an appointment he kept until +his death in 1820. It was interrupted in 1817 when the Government +required his services as astronomer to locate a portion of the United +States-Canadian boundary in accordance with the fifth article of the +Treaty of Ghent. + +[Illustration: Figure 10.--Transit and equal-altitude instrument (left) +made by Ellicott in 1789 and used by him in the survey of the boundary +between the United States and Florida and in other surveys. USNM +152080.] + +[Illustration: Figure 11.--Zenith sector with focal length of 6 ft., +made by David Rittenhouse and revised by Andrew Ellicott. Described in +_Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ (Philadelphia, 1803). USNM 152078.] + +Ellicott was a member of a number of learned societies, including the +American Philosophical Society, the Society for the Promotion of Useful +Arts of Albany, and of the National Institute of France. + +Ellicott constructed a number of instruments for surveying and +astronomical observation, and he designed and used others that were +produced by his friend David Rittenhouse[10] (see figs. 10, 11). Of +particular interest in connection with Ellicott's career as a clockmaker +and instrument maker are two advertisements that appeared in the +Baltimore newspapers. The first one was in the _Maryland Journal and +Baltimore Daily Advertiser on April 7, 1778_: + + Ellicott's Upper Mills, April 4, 1778. Wanted, a person acquainted + with the Clock-Making business, and able to work by directions. + Such a person will meet with good encouragement by applying to + Andrew Ellicott, sen. + +The second advertisement, in the same vein, appeared in the May 16, +1780, issue of the _Maryland Journal_: + + Good Encouragement will be given to either Clock or Mathematical + instrument makers, by the subscriber, living in Baltimore-Town. + Andrew Ellicott. + + +Owen Biddle + +Another mathematical practitioner associated with David Rittenhouse in +his observations of the transit of Venus was Owen Biddle (1737-1799) of +the North Ward, Philadelphia. + +In early life Biddle was an apothecary and a clock and watchmaker. In +his shop "next door to Roberts warehouse" he sold clock and watch parts +and tools. From 1764 to 1770 he advertised himself as "Clockmaker, and +scientist, statesman and patriot." As a Quaker, he participated actively +in civic and patriotic affairs of Philadelphia. During the American +Revolution, in spite of his religious affiliation, he fought for the +defense of the Colonies and was appointed Deputy Commissioner of Forage. +Evidencing sincere repentance, he was permitted to rejoin the Society of +Friends. + +In 1769 Biddle took an active part in the preparations made by the +American Philosophical Society for the observation of the transit of +Venus. With Joel Baily he was sent to Cape Henlopen, Delaware, with a +large reflecting telescope borrowed from the Library Company. The +expedition was described in the _Transactions of the American +Philosophical Society_ in 1771 in an article entitled "An Account of the +Transit of Venus, over the Sun's Disk, as observed near Cape Henlopen, +on Delaware Bay, June 3rd, 1769 by Owen Biddle, Joel Baily and (Richard +Thomas) Drawn by Owen Biddle." In addition to his trade in clocks and +watches, Biddle also made mathematical instruments and was well known in +his native city as a merchant, inventor, and ironmaster. + + +Benjamin Banneker + +A name that is too often ignored in the history of science in colonial +America is that of a free Negro, Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806) of +Baltimore. A farmer by occupation, Banneker was the son of a native +African slave and a free mulatto woman. In his spare time he attended +the school of a Quaker farmer; the only book he owned was the Bible. +When he was a young man he acquired a watch from a trader, and from it +he developed his love of science and instruments. Although he had never +seen a clock, he constructed one based on drawings he made from the +watch. Banneker was called upon to assist in the construction of the +mills for the Ellicotts, and it was natural that his clock, which was +the marvel of the Negro settlement, should come to the attention of +Joseph Ellicott. Ellicott became interested in Banneker's thirst for +knowledge and allowed him the use of his tools, scientific instruments, +and technical books. Among the books were Mayer's _Tables_, James +Ferguson's _Astronomy_, and Leadbeater's _Lunar Tables_. Banneker +absorbed these and other works that he borrowed and went on to explore +the wonderful new world they opened up for him. He pursued astronomical +studies, and within three years he began to make calculations (fig. 12) +for an almanac. After completing the calculations for the year 1791, he +went on to produce a set of calculations for 1792. During this period he +mastered the use of surveying instruments and made a firsthand study of +tides in the region. His great opportunity came when Andrew Ellicott was +chosen to make a survey for the city of Washington and hired Banneker as +an assistant. While thus employed, Banneker completed his almanac and +gave it to George Ellicott, Andrew's cousin, as a subject of possible +interest. Apparently George Ellicott turned it over to the Honorable +James McHenry of Baltimore, who in turned submitted it to the +Philadelphia firm of Goddard & Angell, who published it (fig. 13). +Banneker mailed a copy of his _Benjamin Banneker's Pennsylvania, +Delaware, Virginia And Maryland Almanac and Ephemeris For the Year of +Our Lord, 1792_ to Thomas Jefferson, who was so impressed with it that +he forwarded it to the Marquis de Condorcet, secretary of the French +Academy of Sciences. After his work with Ellicott had been completed, +Banneker retired to his farm to produce almanacs annually until 1802. +When he died in 1806 he was eulogized before the French Academy by the +Marquis de Condorcet, and William Pitt placed his name in the records of +the English Parliament.[11] + +[Illustration: Figure 12.--Letter from Benjamin Banneker to George +Ellicott dated October 13, 1789, regarding astronomical data for the +compilation of Banneker's almanac. Photo courtesy Maryland Historical +Society.] + + +Joel Baily + +Still another 18th-century practitioner was Joel Baily (1732-1797), a +Quaker of West Bradford, Pennsylvania. In addition to his trade as a +clockmaker and gunsmith, Baily achieved local eminence as an astronomer, +mathematician, and surveyor.[12] + +In 1764, at the time that Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon established +their headquarters near his farm, Baily was the local surveyor. +Obtaining employment with the expedition, he worked with Mason and Dixon +until the completion of their survey in 1768. Baily was subsequently +employed by Mason and Dixon to build pine frames for carrying the +20-foot rods to be used in the second measurement of courses from the +Stargazers' Stone southward. + +In 1769 Baily was appointed by the American Philosophical Society to +work with Owen Biddle in setting up the station at Cape Henlopen for +observation of the transit of Venus. In 1770 he again worked with Biddle +in taking the courses and distances from the New Castle Court House to +the State House Observatory in Philadelphia for determining the latitude +and longitude of each. In the same year Baily was elected a member of +the American Philosophical Society. + + +Reverend John Prince + +Another noteworthy mathematical practitioner of the period was the +Reverend John Prince (1751-1836) of Salem, Massachusetts. The son of a +hatter and mechanic, Prince studied natural philosophy under John +Winthrop at Harvard and received his B.A. degree in 1776. He was a +student of divinity under Samuel Williams and was ordained in 1779 at +the First Church in Salem. Although an amateur of the sciences, Prince +became a skilled maker of scientific instruments. He made, sold, and +repaired instruments for the use of numerous colleges, schools, and +academies, including Brown, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Harvard, Union, Amherst, +and Williams. Among other accomplishments, he effected "improvements" on +the lucernal microscope and the air pump.[13] + +[Illustration: Figure 13.--Title page of one of Banneker's almanacs. The +portrait of Banneker was made by Timothy Woods in 1793 for the publisher +and reproduced by woodcut. Banneker's first almanac was published in +Philadelphia in 1792.] + + +Amasa Holcomb + +Although he was born in the 18th century, Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875) +properly belongs to a later period. An astronomer and telescope maker of +Southwick, Massachusetts, Holcomb became a surveyor in 1808. An +autobiographical sketch noted that "he manufactured about this time a +good many sets of surveyors instruments--compasses, chains, scales, +protractors and dividers, some for his pupils and some for others."[14] + + + + +Instruments of Metal + + +Pre-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers + +According to present evidence, only a few makers of metal instruments +emigrated from England to the Colonies before the beginning of the +Revolutionary War. A slightly larger number emigrated after the war had +ended. In almost every instance, the immigrant instrument makers settled +in the major cities, which were the shipping centers of the new country. +The reason is obvious: in these cities there was the greatest demand for +nautical and other instruments. + +One of the earliest immigrant instrument makers arrived in Boston in +1739. According to an advertisement that appeared in _The Boston +Gazette_ in the issue of July 16-23, 1739, there had + + Arriv'd here by Capt. _Gerry_ from _London_ John Dabney, junr. who + serv'd his time to Mr. Jonathan Sisson, Mathematical Instrument + Maker to his Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales. Makes and sells + all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass, or Ivory, + at Reasonable Rates, at Mr. Rowland Houghton's Shop the north side + of the Town Huse in Boston. + + N.B. Said Dabney, sets Loadstones to a greater Perfection than any + heretofore. + +Dabney's master, Jonathan Sisson (1694-1749) originally of Lincolnshire, +with a shop in the Strand, London, was a well-known maker of optical and +mathematical instruments in the early decades of the 18th century. He +was particularly noted for the exact division of scales, and examples of +his work are to be found in the major collections. + +Dabney's name appeared again several years later, in the Supplement to +the _Boston Evening Post_ for December 12, 1743, and again in the +_Boston Evening Post_ for December 19 of the same year, with the +following advertisement: + + To be shown by John Dabney, Mathematical Instrument maker, in Milk + Street, Boston, on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday Evenings, from five + to eight o'clock, for the Entertainment of the Curious, the Magic + Lanthorn an Optick Machine, which exhibits a great Number of + wonderful and surprising Figures, prodigious large, and vivid, at + Half a Crown each, Old Tenor. + +In New York City, one of the earliest immigrant instrument makers was +Charles Walpole, who established a shop at a corner in Wall Street, +according to a notice in the May 26, 1746, issue of the _New York +Evening Post_. The announcement stated that Walpole was a "citizen of +London" and that at his shop "all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, +whether in silver or brass, are made and mended...." + +In the May 21, 1753, issue of _The New York Gazette or The Weekly Post +Boy_ there was an announcement by the widow of Balthaser Sommer who +lived on Pot-Baker's Hill in Smith Street in New York City and who +advertised herself as a "grinder of all sorts of optic glasses, spying +glasses, of all lengths, spectacles, reading glasses for near-sighted +people or others; also spying glasses of 3 feet long which are to set on +a common Walking-Cane and yet be carried as a Pocket-Book." + +John Benson emigrated from Birmingham, England, and established a +lapidary and optical store in May 1793 at 12 Princess Street in New +York, where he produced miniatures, lockets, rings, glasses, "as well as +Spectacles, single reading and burning glasses, and where he also +polished scratch'd glasses." In July 1797 he moved to 106 Pearl Street +where he sold green goggles, thermometers, and opera and spy glasses, in +addition to an assortment of jewelry. In September 1798 he was +established at a new location, 147 Pearl Street, "At the sign of The +Green Spectacles" where he specialized in optical goods. He featured for +rent or sale a "Portable Camera Obscura" for the use of artists in +drawing landscapes. His advertisements chronicled each change in +location in the issues of _The New York Daily Advertiser_. + +A craftsman whose name is well known in scientific circles was Anthony +Lamb, who advertised in 1753 as a mathematical instrument maker living +on Hunter's Key, New York. He claimed that he could furnish + + Godfrey's newly invented quadrant, for taking the latitude or other + altitudes at sea; hydrometers for trying the exact strength of + spirits, large surveying instruments in a more curious manner than + usual; which may be used in any weather without exception, small + ditto which may be fixed on the end of a walking stick, and + lengthened to a commodious height, gauging instruments as now in + use, according to an act of assembly with all other mathematical + instruments for sea or land, by wholesale or retail at reasonable + rates.[15] + +Lamb had served an apprenticeship with Henry Carter, a mathematical +instrument maker in London. In July 1724 he became an accomplice of +Jack Sheppard, a notorious burglar, and was arrested and sentenced to +the gallows in 1724. As he was awaiting execution on the gallows at +Tyburn, his sentence was commuted to transportation to Virginia for a +period of seven years, inasmuch as this was his first offence. After he +had completed his term of seven years in Virginia he moved to +Philadelphia, where he opened a shop as an instrument maker and a +private school for teaching technical subjects. The curriculum included +surveying, navigation, and mathematics. Although his enterprises +prospered, he moved to New York. There he married a Miss Ham and +established himself in a respectable position. Lamb's first +advertisement in New York appeared on January 23, 1749. He died on +December 11, 1784, at the age of 81, and two days later he was eulogized +in _The New York Packet_ where he was mentioned as "a steady friend to +the liberties of America." + +John Lamb (1735-1800), Anthony's son, learned and practiced his father's +craft for a time and worked as a partner in the firm of A. Lamb & Son. +He subsequently became a wine and sugar merchant, achieved considerable +wealth, married well, and was accepted by the gentry of the city. He was +a firm patriot and from 1765 he was active as the leader of the Sons of +Liberty. He served in several major engagements in the American +Revolution and in 1783 was brevetted a brigadier-general.[16] + +The immigrant instrument makers were not confined to those working in +glass, however. One of the earlier immigrant craftsmen was Charles +Blundy, a London watchmaker who established himself on Church Street in +Charleston, South Carolina, in 1753. He notified the public that in +addition to watches he sold thermometers of all sizes and types. +Presumably his merchandise was imported from England.[17] He was absent +from the city between 1753 and 1760 but returned and continued in +business in the latter year. + +Another pre-Revolution immigrant was Thomas Harland (1735-1807), a clock +maker who settled in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1773. It is claimed that +he sailed from England on one of the ships carrying the tea destroyed by +the Boston Tea Party. Over the course of the years his business +prospered to such a degree that he hired from ten to twelve apprentices +at one time. Some of the leading American 18th-century clockmakers +served apprenticeships with Harland. In 1802 his newspaper notice stated +that he had for sale "Surveyors Compasses, with agate centre needles; +chains and Protractors ..."[18] + +A most interesting instrument that has recently come to light is a brass +sundial made in Philadelphia in 1764. The dial, about 10-1/2 inches in +diameter, is signed by the maker, "Daniel Jay Philad^a. fecit." It is +dated 1764 and inscribed with the name of the person for whom it was +made, "James Pemberton." In the center is "Lat. 40," which coincides +with the latitude for Philadelphia. The style of the dial is very much +in the English tradition of the period, indicating that Jay was probably +an emigrant trained in England. + + +Post-Revolutionary Immigrant Makers + +A large proportion of the English craftsmen who came to the American +Colonies after the Revolution settled in Philadelphia, There was John +Gould for instance, a mathematical instrument maker from London who had +opened a shop at 47 Water Street by 1794. He sold nautical, surveying, +and optical instruments as well as mirrors, presumably all imported from +England. He moved to 70 South Front Street "At the Sign of the Quadrant" +in 1796. He was succeeded in business in 1798 by Thomas Whitney, another +emigrant from London. Whitney made and sold instruments (see fig. 85) in +Gould's former shop, and featured also a vast array of department store +merchandise. John Whitney, who may have been his son, was listed at the +same address in the Philadelphia directory of 1801 as a "Mathematical +Instrument Maker and Optician."[19] + +In the Philadelphia directory and register for 1821 Thomas Whitney +advertised that he + + ... presents his sincere thanks to his friends and the public and + respectfully soliciting the continuation of their favors, wishes to + inform them that he has devoted his attention principally to the + making of surveying compasses for 16 years past, and has made 500 + of them; the good qualities of which are well known to many + surveyors, in at least 16 of the States and Territories of the + Union ... [he also makes] many other instruments, protractors, + gunner's Calibers and quadrants, etc. + +George Evans was another instrument maker who arrived from London after +the end of the Revolution. He established himself in a shop at 33 North +Front Street in 1796, where he sold imported instruments as well as +stationery, Bibles, and cloth. He died in 1798.[20] + +Thomas Dring, who migrated from England, settled in Westtown Township of +Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he was first noted in the tax +records of 1786. He married Hanna Griffith, a native of the region, and +their son, Jeptha Dring, subsequently was mentioned as a carpenter by +trade, and a vagrant by inclination, who could quote Shakespeare from +memory. According to local legend, Dring raised money from a number of +townspeople for the purpose of purchasing clocks for them in England. He +set sail for his homeland in about 1798 and never returned. + +Although the tax records for 1796 described Dring as an "Optician" he +was also a clockmaker and maker of scientific instruments. At least +three of his tall-case clocks have survived, and a stick type of +barometer which he made for Edward and Hannah Hicks in 1796. The +instrument is now in the collection of the Chester County Historical +Society. It measures 39 inches in height, and is signed on the +thermometer dial THOMAS DRING/West Chester. This instrument (fig. 14) is +one of the very rare barometers produced in America in the 18th century. + +Another craftsman who emigrated from England was Robert Clark, who +opened a shop at 5-1/2 Church Street in Charleston, South Carolina, in +1785. In that year he announced himself as a + + Math., Optical and Philosophical Instruments maker and Clockmaker + from London ... As the Advertiser has lately had an opportunity of + working and receiving instruction under the first masters in the + above branches in Great Britain, flatters himself that he shall + give satisfaction to those who may be pleased to favor him with + their orders ... for Surveyors compasses, Quadrants, Telescopes, + Microscopes, Spirit Levels, etc.[21] + +W. Fosbrook was another craftsman originally from London. He was a +cutler and maker of surgical instruments, with a shop in Beekman's Slip +in New York City in 1786 or earlier. He specialized in leg irons and +rupture trusses, and he made instruments and files for setting the +teeth as well as standard items for surgeons.[22] + +[Illustration: Figure 14.--Barometer made in 1796 by Thomas Dring of +West Chester, Pa., for Edward and Hannah Hicks. Photo courtesy the +Chester County Historical Society.] + +Several immigrant instrument makers established themselves in +Philadelphia during the same period. John Denegan (or Donegan), stated +to have been "late from Italy," moved his shop in March 1787 to the +corner of Race and Fourth Streets at "the sign of the Seven Stars".[23] +There he made barometers and thermometers as well as glasses for +philosophical experiments. It seems too much of a coincidence that in +October 1787 an instrument maker named Joseph Donegany established a +shop at 54 Smith Street in New York City,[24] where--according to an +advertisement in the October 17, 1787, issue of _The New York Daily +Advertiser_--he made "thermometers, barometers and sold hydrostatic +Bubbles and hygrometers for proving spirits, and also ... glasses for +experimental purposes." It is probable that Denegan and Donegany were +one and the same; since Denegan was stated to have been of Italian +origin, the name may originally have been "De Negani." + +Joseph Gatty advertised himself as an "Artist from Italy" with a shop at +341 Pearl Street in New York City where he "made and sold every simple +and compound form of barometer and thermometer as well as curious +Hygrometers for assaying spirits which show the actual strength with the +greatest precision and are not liable to be corroded, in addition to +several new Philosophical Instruments of his own invention, and all +types of artificial fireworks."[25] By 1796 Gatty (or Gatti?) had moved +to Philadelphia where he had a shop at 79 South Front Street and +advertised the same items that had appeared in his advertisements in New +York. The Philadelphia directory for 1800 listed Gatty as a "Weather +Glass Maker."[26] + + +Native American Makers + +Comparatively speaking, the greater proportion of the early American +instrument makers were native born. Among these were to be found a +substantial number of artisans trained as clockmakers who subsequently +produced scientific instruments to meet the surveying and nautical needs +of their communities. Together with the other craftsmen throughout the +colonies who established and advertised themselves specifically as +instrument makers, they produced a large number of the mathematical +instruments used in the American Colonies in the 18th century. A careful +study of their regional distribution reveals that most of them were +concentrated in the major coastal cities of commerce. + +[Illustration: Figure 15.--James Wilson, first American maker of globes. +From a sketch by John Ross Dix in _Ballou's Pictorial Drawing Room +Companion_ (Boston, 1857), vol. 12, p. 156.] + + +_New Hampshire_ + +Among the artisans who combined clockmaking with instrument making +before the beginning of the 19th century was Benjamin C. Gilman +(1763-1835) of Exeter, New Hampshire. He made mathematical instruments +and clocks in addition to working as a silversmith, clockmaker, and +hydraulic engineer. + + +_Vermont_ + +A New England instrument maker who had a most unusual career was James +Wilson (1763-1855) of Bradford, Vermont. He was a native of Francestown, +New Hampshire, where he was born in a log cabin and brought up on a +farm. In 1796 he purchased his own farm, at Bradford. + +[Illustration: Figure 16.--Globe made by James Wilson (1763-1855) of +Bradford, Vermont. Diameter is 13 in. Photo courtesy Houghton Library, +Harvard University.] + +When a young man of 36 he saw a pair of globes at Dartmouth College in +neighboring Hanover and tried to duplicate them. He made balls of wood +turned from solid blocks, covered them with paper, and finished them off +with lines and drawings. He later improved this method by coating the +wooden balls thickly with layers of paper pasted together. He then cut +the globes into hemispheres, removed the wooden molds, and joined the +paper shells to make the globes. + +Wilson next proceeded to procure copper plates of the necessary sizes +for his globes, and he projected his maps on them in sections. He +received a few lessons in engraving from Amos Doolittle of New Haven, +but he was otherwise completely self-taught. + +Wilson exhibited the first edition of his globes in Boston in 1814. They +created a sensation, and many persons asked to see the maker, but Wilson +was reluctant to come forward because of his coarse clothing and rustic +manners. He was greatly encouraged, however, by the public interest in +his work, and he continued to make globes in Bradford (see fig. 16). In +about 1815 Wilson and his three sons, all of whom were as ingenious as +the father, formed a company to manufacture globes in Albany. There they +produced terrestrial and celestial globes, the latter showing as many as +5,000 stars. Wilson produced a new set of plates in 1826 and made globes +in several sizes. Even after he had reached the age of 83 years he +constructed an excellent planetarium, engraving the large copperplate +himself. + +Wilson was married three times and was the father of 14 children. He +died at the age of 92 in March 1855 at Bradford.[27] + + +_Massachusetts_ + +A surprisingly small number of the Massachusetts craftsmen working +before the end of the 18th century produced scientific instruments. +Among the very earliest were several members of the King family of +Salem. Daniel King (1704-1790) was born in Salem on November 17, 1704. +At the time of his death Rev. William Bentley spoke of him as a "maker +of Mathematical Instruments" and a "teacher of Mathematics."[28] + +[Illustration: Figure 17.--Brass surveying compass made by Stephen +Greenleaf (fl. 1745) of Boston. Photo courtesy New Hampshire Historical +Society, Concord.] + +Following Daniel's death, his business in instruments was inherited by +his son Benjamin King (1740-1804), of Salem. Benjamin specialized in +producing nautical instruments, and several of his Davis quadrants have +survived in public collections. When he died on December 26, 1804, +Reverend Bentley wrote that King was "... a Mathematical Instrument +maker, in that branch which immediately regarded practical navigation by +quadrant and compass. He supported a very good character through life & +was much esteemed."[29] + +Another of the very early mathematical instrument makers in +Massachusetts was Stephen Greenleaf (see fig. 17), who kept a shop on +Queen Street opposite the prison in Boston where + + He makes and Mends all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, as + Theodolites, Spirit Levels, Semicircles, Circumferences, and + Protractors, Horizontal and Equinoctial Sun Dials, Azimuth and + Amplitude Compasses, Elliptical and Triangular Compasses, and all + sorts of Common Compasses ... N.B. He sets Load Stones on Silver or + Brass, after the best manner.[30] + +Jonathan Dakin worked as a mathematical balance-maker "at the Sign of +the Hand & Beam, opposite to Dr. Colman's Meeting House" where he made a +variety of scale beams in 1745.[31] + +An interesting advertisement by Rowland Houghton appeared in the January +17-24, 1737, issue of the _Boston Gazette_. Houghton announced that he +had "lately improv'd on his new Theodolite, by which the Art of +Surveying is rendered more plain & easy than heretofore." Houghton was +active in the political scene in Boston, as evidenced by the fact that +in various issues of the _Boston Gazette_ for January and February 1739 +he is listed variously as "Commissioner," "Proprietors' Clerk" and as +"Collector." + +Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803), was born at Cambridge, where he +married Mary I'ams in 1757. He maintained a shop where he combined the +business of mathematical instrument maker and ivory turner, and also +imported hardware. After the Revolution, he engaged in dentistry, +specializing in making artificial teeth and in the manufacture of +"umbrilloes." Paul Revere apparently did printing for him on five +different occasions between 1762 and 1774, and in about 1771 engraved +his trade card, which read: + + ISAAC GREENWOOD, Ivory Turner Next door to Doctor John Clark's at + the North End Boston. Turns all sorts of work in Ivory, Silver, + Brass, Iron, Horn, Wood, etc. Such as Billiard Balls, Tea Boards, + Scallop^d and Plain Salvers, Decanters ...[32] + +Isaac's father, Isaac Greenwood, Sr., was "Professor of Mathematicks and +Natural and Experimental Philosophy" at Harvard. In the _Boston Gazette_ +for February 19-26, 1728, there appeared the following notice of his +installation: + + On the 13th of this Month at Ten in the Morning, The Honorable & + Reverend Overseers of the College at Cambridge, met the Corporation + in the College Hall, to Inaugurate Mr. Isaac Greenwood into the + Office of Professor of the Mathematicks, and Natural and + Experimental Philosophy, lately founded by that great and living + Benefactor to this Society, Mr. Thomas Hollis of London Merchant. + The Rev. President being detain'd by illness, Mr. Flint the Senior + Fellow perform'd the part of Moderator, began with Prayer, and then + Pronounc'd a Latin Oration proper to the Occasion: Mr. Wiggleworth + Divinity Professor, read the Founders Instructions. Mr. Greenwood + took the Oaths and made the Declarations required in them: and + pronounc'd a Latin Oration. The Rev. Mr. Appleton Pray'd: and + Singing part of the 104 Psalm concluded the Solemnity. After which + the Overseers & Corporation repair'd to the Library; till the + Publick Dinner in the Hall was ready, where all the Gentlemen + Spectators of the Solemnity were hansomely Entertained. + +Greenwood continued to teach privately for a decade. In various issues +of _The Boston Gazette_ of 1738 and 1739 he featured an advertisement, +the text of which always stated: + + Such as are desirous of learning any Part of Practical or + Theoretical Mathematics may be taught by Isaac Greenwood, A.M. &c. + in Clark's Square, near the North Meeting House, where Attendance + will be given between the Hours of 9 and 12 in the Forenoon, and 2 + and 5 in the Afternoons. + + N.B. Instructions may also be had in any Branch of Natural + Philosophy, when there is a sufficient Number to attend.[33] + +John Bailey II (1752-1823) of Hanover and Lynn, Massachusetts worked as +a clockmaker from about 1770. His father, John Bailey I, and his +brothers Calvin and Lebbeus also were clockmakers. Bailey married Mary +Hall of Berwick, Maine, and settled in Hanover where he made scientific +instruments and clocks. A brass surveying compass in the collection of +the New York Historical Society is inscribed "J. BAILEY HANOVER +1804."[34] + +Undoubtedly the best known instrument maker in Massachusetts was Joseph +Pope (1750-1826), of Boston, who was described by contemporaries as the +"local mathematician, watch-maker and mechanical genius." In 1787 he +completed the construction of a gear-driven orrery displaying the +motions of the solar system in a horizontal plane with eccentric and +inclined orbits. At each of the twelve corners were mounted cast bronze +figures, claimed to have been carved in wood by Simeon Skillin and cast +in bronze by Paul Revere. Although the instrument was made for Harvard, +the university lacked funds for its purchase. Accordingly, it held a +public lottery which realized a substantial sum in excess of the +£450.3.0 paid to Pope, and the orrery was delivered in December +1788.[35] The orrery (fig. 18) has survived and is part of the +collection of historical scientific instruments at Harvard University. + +According to a statement in the _Boston Gazette_ for February 16, 1789, +an apparatus for displaying planets in their proper orbits by means of +wires was made and exhibited in Boston by Bartholomew Burges. + +Mention must also be made of several members of the Folger family of +Nantucket, Massachusetts. Peter Folger (1617-1690), founder of the +American branch of the family, emigrated from Norfolk, England, in 1635 +and occupied himself in Nantucket as blacksmith, schoolmaster, +watchmaker, and surveyor. He was a grandfather of Benjamin Franklin. +Another notable descendant was Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), professor of +astronomy and director of the observatory at Vassar College. + +The best known member of the family was Walter Folger, Jr. (1765-1849), +a self-taught clockmaker and watchmaker with great interest in the +sciences. A telescope that he produced about 1818 was considered to be +the finest in the country at that time. His greatest achievement was a +tall case astronomical clock that he devised and constructed; it was +completed in 1790 and is considered to be the most complicated domestic +clock on record.[36] Folger also produced quadrants and compasses, and +made astronomical observations. His observations of the solar eclipse of +September 17, 1811, were published in 1815 in _Memoirs of the Academy of +Arts and Sciences_. + +Probably one of the most significant of the surviving early American +scientific instruments is a pair of gunners' calipers made and used by +PAUL REVERE (1735-1818) of Boston. The calipers are made of incised +brass, measuring 7 inches in length and 1-3/4 inches in width. They are +signed on the reverse side with the name "Revere" in the style of script +signature used by this maker in many of his engravings. The design of +the instrument is substantially different from that which is commonly +found in English, French, and German gunners' calipers of the period, +and was probably Revere's own. (See figs. 19, 20.) + +[Illustration: Figure 18.--Orrery by Joseph Pope completed in 1787 for +Harvard University. Engraved plates and bronze figures were made by Paul +Revere. The orrery is 6-1/2 ft. in diameter and 6-1/2 ft. high. The +twelve figures at the corners are said to have been carved in wood by +Simeon Skillin and cast in bronze by Paul Revere. Photo courtesy Harvard +University.] + +It is believed that these calipers, which are preserved in the +collection of the Bostonian Society in Boston, were probably used by +Revere in 1775-1776. This was the period during which he was in charge +of ordnance repairs for the Continental Army, and involved in various +ventures for the manufacture of gunpowder and the casting of cannon. +There is no evidence of other scientific instruments made by Revere, +lending some weight to the belief that these calipers were made for his +own use. + +[Illustration: Figure 19.--Brass gunnery calipers made and probably used +by Paul Revere (1735-1818). The calipers are 7 in. long and 1-3/4 in. +wide.] + +[Illustration: Figure 20.--Reverse side of gunnery calipers, showing the +inscribed signature. Photos courtesy the Bostonian Society, Boston, +Mass.] + +Other Massachusetts instrument makers include Gideon Fairman (1774-1827) +of Newburyport who was a partner of William Hooker in the firm of Hooker +& Fairman, which dealt in mathematical instruments before 1810.[37] +Fairman later moved to Philadelphia, where he was associated with the +engraving firm of Draper, Murray & Fairman. + +At the end of the 18th century Samuel Emery was making mathematical +instruments in Salem, at the same time that John Jayne was engaged in +the same work in that community.[38] + +John Potter of Brookfield, Massachusetts, produced surveying instruments +in the last quarter of the 18th century. A graphometer signed with his +name and dated 1785 is in the collection of the firm of W. & L. E. +Gurley in Troy, New York. + + +_Rhode Island_ + +One of the earliest and most important of the instrument makers of Rhode +Island was Benjamin King (1707-1786), of Newport. He was the son of +Capt. Samuel King of Salem, Massachusetts, where he was born and +baptized on March 13, 1707. He was a brother of Daniel King of Salem. +Benjamin eventually moved to Newport, where he married Mary Hagger in +July 1742. They had four children: Benjamin, Mehitable, Samuel, and +Mary. He established himself as a respectable businessman in the +community, and in 1759 or 1760 he became the senior partner in the +importing and retailing firm of King & Hagger, "near the sign of Mr. +Pitt," dealing in general merchandise, mathematical and nautical +instruments, and stationery. William Hagger was probably the junior +partner, and may have been King's brother-in-law. King began making his +own instruments for sale, surviving examples dated as early as 1762. The +partnership was dissolved early in the 1760's. In 1766 Benjamin King was +importing, making, and selling quadrants and other instruments "At the +Sign of the Mathematical Instruments" next to the Golden Eagle on Thames +Street. His son Samuel King occupied the same premises, where he dealt +in paints and artists supplies. + +When the British occupied Newport, King moved to North Kingstown, but he +returned after the British vacated the city. He was 79 when he died in +1786, and his son Samuel King succeeded him in business.[39] + +William Guyse Hagger (c. 1744-1830?), born in Newport, is believed to +have been the son of William Hagar and Mary Knowlton. He was a quadrant +maker (see fig. 21). In 1774 he headed a household that consisted of +his wife, five children, and a colored servant. Whether it was he or his +father who was the partner of Benjamin King cannot be determined with +certainty. When Newport was occupied by the British, Hagger moved to +Cranston, where he joined the Pawtuxet Rangers and served as a sentinel +at Pawtuxet Fort in 1778. No members of the Hagger family appear in the +1790 census of Newport, but a William Hager is reported as having died +in Boston in 1830 at the age of 82. It seems likely from the age and +dates that it was William Hagger the elder who worked as a partner in +the firm of King & Hagger, which was established in 1759 or 1760.[40] + +[Illustration: Figure 21.--Davis quadrant or backstaff made and signed +by William Guyse Hagger of Newport, Rhode Island, about 1760-1770. USNM +319029.] + +Another instrument maker of Rhode Island was William Hamlin (1772-1869). +He had established himself in Providence by the beginning of the 19th +century in the manufacturing and repairing of mathematical and nautical +instruments, for which there was an active market in that city. Hamlin +was one of the first engravers in America and the first in Rhode Island. +He designed and engraved banknotes for many banks in the State and for +other institutions. At the same time he carried on a general trade in +the sale of musical instruments. Hamlin moved his shop several times, +but from 1847 until his death he worked at "The Sign of the Quadrant" +(see fig. 22) at 131 South Water Street. He was equally interested in +optics and astronomy, and it has been claimed that he constructed the +first telescope in America. It is well established that he worked for +many years to perfect a reflecting telescope for his own use.[41] + +Instruments were made also by Paul Pease, who may have been the husband +of the daughter of Nathaniel Folger of Nantucket. This Elizabeth Folger +Pease, wife of a Paul Pease, was born in 1720 and died in 1795. Little +is known about Pease except for the name "Paul Pease 1750" inscribed on +a quadrant in the collection of the Rhode Island Historical Society.[42] + + +_Connecticut_ + +The clockmakers who worked in Connecticut during the span of the 18th +century numbered almost a hundred. Yet only a half dozen appear on +record to have made or sold instruments in addition to clocks. Among +these were several members of the Doolittle family, including Isaac +Doolittle (1721-1800) of New Haven. In 1763 he advertised that he sold +surveying compasses in addition to clocks, watches, bar iron, and +chocolate.[43] His son Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821), also of New +Haven, established a shop of his own, which he advertised in 1781 as +having + + Compasses of all kinds, both for sea and land, surveyors scales, + and protractors, gauging rods, walking sticks, silver and plated + buttons, turned upon horn; also clocks and watches made and + repaired ...[44] + +Although not very active as a clockmaker, Isaac Jr. appears to have +specialized more in the production of surveying and nautical +instruments. He took over his father's business just before the latter's +death, and in 1799 he advertised[45]: + +[Illustration: Figure 22.--Trade cards of William Hamlin (1772-1869), +engraver and instrument maker of Providence, Rhode Island. In collection +of Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence.] + + The subscriber having commenced business at the shop lately + occupied by Mr. Isaac Doolittle, in Chapel Street, where he repairs + watches, makes and repairs Surveyors Compasses and Chains, Brass + Amplitude, plain brass and common Ship's Compasses, Gauging Rods, + Quadrants, repair'd &c. every favor gratefully received by the + public's humble servant, Isaac Doolittle, jun. + +Enos Doolittle (1751-1806), a nephew of Isaac Doolittle, Sr., made, +sold, cleaned, and repaired clocks and surveying and marine compasses +from 1772 through 1788 at his shop in Hartford. He also sold these items +through agents in Saybrook and Middleton.[46] + +One of the best known of the Connecticut clockmakers was Peregrine White +(1747-1834), of Woodstock. White was a descendant of the first Pilgrim +child, and a native of Boston. After serving an apprenticeship, he +worked as a clockmaker and silversmith in Boston. He was accused of +forging silver spoons and left the city to settle in Woodstock. He +established his own shop west of Muddy Brook Village.[47] In addition to +fine tall-case clocks, for which he was noted, White also produced +surveying compasses, one of which is in the collection of the U.S. +National Museum (fig. 23). A similar specimen in Old Sturbridge Village +is reputed to have been used for surveying the town of Southbridge, +Mass. + +Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824), of Mansfield and Litchfield, inserted a +notice in a newspaper in 1808 to notify the public that he and his son +Truman Hanks, in partnership, had "surveyors compasses upon the +Rittenhouse improved plan" in addition to such other commodities as +brass cannon, bells from their own foundry, clocks, goldsmith's items, +and stocking looms.[48] + +Ziba Blakslee (1768-1834), of Newton, worked as a clockmaker, goldsmith, +and bell founder and he advertised that he made and sold surveying +instruments.[49] + +In New Haven, Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble organized the firm of +Sibley & Marble and advertised that in addition to repairing swords and +cutlasses, clocks and watches, they also repaired mathematical and +surgical instruments.[50] + +[Illustration: Figure 23.--Brass surveying compass made about 1790 by +Peregrine White (1747-1834) of Woodstock, Connecticut. USNM 388993.] + +One of the instrument makers of New England who has remained relatively +unknown was Benjamin Platt (1757-1833), who was born in Danbury, +Connecticut, on January 3, 1757.[51] He married Adah Fairchild of the +same city in 1776, and it is believed that he must have completed his +apprenticeship by that date inasmuch as apprentices usually were not +allowed to marry. + +It is not known how long Platt worked in his native city, but by 1780 he +had moved to Litchfield, where he worked in gold, silver, and brass. He +became established as a clockmaker and produced tall case clocks and +other types. In 1787 he was in New Milford, a town adjacent to Danbury, +where he produced surveying compasses (see fig. 24). Three years later, +in 1790, he was at Milford, where he invented a "Compass for measuring +distance in hilly country." In 1793 he returned to New Milford, where he +made a clock to order for Eli Todd, and by 1800 he had moved to +Lanesboro, Massachusetts. + + +_Ohio_ + +Benjamin Platt was the migratory type. In 1817 he migrated from +Lanesboro to Columbus, Ohio. His son, Augustus Platt (1793-1886), also +made mathematical instruments (see fig. 25) in Columbus. In 1809 a +grandson, named William Augustus Platt was born. When the child's mother +died, Benjamin and Adah Platt adopted the boy, and when he came of age +he went into the watchmaking trade. William Platt married Fanny Hayes, +sister of President Hayes.[52] His shop was listed in the 1843 city +directory; it was the first jewelry and clock and watch store in the +community. + +An interesting account of instrument making in Ohio is found in the +report of a missionary, John Heckewelder. He mentioned the brothers +Joseph and Francois Devacht who worked as watchmakers and instrument +makers in Gallipolis, Ohio. Writing in 1792, Heckewelder stated that +"the most interesting shops of the Workmen [in Gallipolis] were those of +the Goldsmiths and Watchmakers. They showed us work on watches, +compasses, sundials finer than I have ever beheld." + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: Figure 24.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin +Platt (1757-1833) of New Milford, Connecticut, about 1795-1800. Shown in +original wooden case and separately (opposite page). Photos courtesy +Ohio State Museum.] + + +_New York_ + +There were relatively few makers of mathematical instruments in New York +City before the end of the 18th century. Perhaps the earliest was John +Bailey, who moved from Fredericksburg, Virginia, to Fishkill, New York, +in 1778. He was a cutler by trade, and he made and sold surgical +instruments.[53] + +"Bulmain & Dennies" at 59 Water Street in New York were the appointed +agents to sell the "Perpetual Log or Distance Clock to find a ship's way +at sea." The device had been patented in the United States, and one of +the instruments was displayed at the bar of the Tontine Coffee House, +according to an advertisement in the July 23, 1799, issue of the _New +York Gazette and General Advertiser_. + +H. Caritat, at 153 Broadway in New York, imported and sold "The +Planispherical Planetarium." This item was described in an +advertisement[54] as "a graphic representation of the earth, in twelve +particular positions during its revolutionary course around the sun, as +also of the Moon's revolution around the earth, together with literal +description of parts and motions, etc." The advertisement also stated +that Caritat sold "Carey's newly improved Terrestrial and Celestial +Globes which omitted the Constellary Configurations." + +[Illustration: Figure 25.--Surveying theodolite made by Augustus Platt +(1793-1886) of Columbus, Ohio, in the early 19th century. Photo courtesy +Ohio State Museum.] + +In 1785 M. Morris of New York City made and sold his own invention of a +"Nautical Protractor for the price of One Dollar." In an advertisement +in _The Independent Journal or the General Advertiser_ of May 25, 1785, +he explained that the device was for use in the construction of globular +maps and Mercator charts. He also made another protractor for attaching +to the end of a ruler for measuring distances on charts. He planned to +publish a treatise on the subject of his inventions. + +James Youle, a cutler and mechanician with a shop located first on Fly +Street and then at 64 Water Street "at the Sign of the Cross-Knives and +Gun," sold a large variety of cutlery and hardware for gun repair. He +also made surgical instruments. He died in February 1786 at the age of +46 as the result of an injury to his chest from a breaking grindstone +while working in his shop. He was survived by a widow and nine children +and was succeeded in business by his son John Youle.[55] + + +_New Jersey_ + +One of the few instrument makers known to have worked in New Jersey was +Aaron Miller of "Elizabeth-town." He was first noted in the New York +newspapers in 1748 when he notified the public that, in addition to +clocks, he made compasses, chains for surveyors, and church bells, for +which he maintained his own foundry. When he died in 1771 he left all +his tools to a son-in-law, Isaac Brokaw.[56] + +Another craftsman who is entitled to being included as an instrument +maker was Richard Wistar. When Casper Wistar died in 1752, his son +Richard succeeded him as owner of the famous glass works. In addition to +window glass and glassware, Richard Wistar also produced such special +products as retorts for use in chemistry and "electerizing globes and +tubes," as well as bottles for Leyden jars that Benjamin Franklin had +urged him to attempt in the early 1750's.[57] + + +_Delaware_ + +George Crow (ca. 1725-1771/72) of Wilmington, Delaware, was apparently +well established as a clockmaker in the community by the time of his +marriage in 1746 to Mary Laudonet. They had four children, and Crow's +two sons followed his trade. George Crow was active in civic affairs, +and in addition to clocks, he produced surveying compasses, several of +which have survived.[58] + + +_Maryland and Virginia_ + +Brief mention has already been made of the Chandlee family of +clockmakers and instrument makers of the 18th century. The founder of +the line and first of interest was Benjamin Chandlee, Sr., who migrated +in 1702 from Ireland to Philadelphia, where he was apprenticed to Abel +Cottey, clockmaker, and eventually married his daughter. His son +Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791), worked as a clockmaker in +Nottingham, Maryland, where he produced instruments as well as clocks. A +fine example of a brass surveying compass--inscribed with his name, and +which is believed to have been made for the Gilpin family in about +1761--is on exhibition in the Chester County Historical Society. He had +four sons, and a few years before his death he established the firm of +Chandlee & Sons, the name of which was changed to Ellis Chandlee & +Brothers a year before he died. + +The oldest of Benjamin Jr.'s four sons was Goldsmith Chandlee +(c.1746-1821). After serving an apprenticeship with his father, +Goldsmith moved to Virginia and worked near Stephensburg (now Stephens +City). He eventually established himself at Winchester and built a brass +foundry and a shop where he produced clocks, surveying compasses, +sundials, apothecary and money scales, surgical instruments, compasses, +telescopes, and other items in metal. Numerous examples of his clocks +and instruments have survived. Their fine quality attests to the claim +that he was one of the foremost craftsmen of the 18th century. Several +of his surveying compasses exist in modern collections. An instrument +(fig. 26) that he made about 1794 for a surveyor named Robert Lyle is in +the writer's collection; an almost identical instrument that Chandlee +made for Lawrence Augustine Washington, George Washington's nephew, is +exhibited in the library at Mount Vernon, Virginia. + +[Illustration: Figure 26.--The label of Goldsmith Chandlee. In the +collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State Museum.] + +Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816) also was apprenticed to his father, and he +worked with his brothers in the shop. He established the firm of Ellis +Chandlee & Brothers, in 1790, shortly before his father's death. The +firm was dissolved in 1797 when the youngest brother, John Chandlee, +left the firm. Ellis continued in partnership with his other brother, +Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813), until about 1804, producing clocks, +surveying instruments, and other metal articles. Their products were +signed "Ellis and Isaac Chandlee, Nottingham," or, in the case of a +surveying compass in the collection of the Chester County Historical +Society, "E. & I. Chandlee, Nottingham." Isaac Chandlee also produced +clocks and instruments under his own name only, for there are a number +of surviving clocks and surveying compasses signed in such manner (see +fig. 28).[59] + +[Illustration: Figure 27.--Brass surveying compass with outkeeper made +by Goldsmith Chandlee (c. 1746-1821) of Winchester, Virginia, for Robert +Lyle. Over-all length, 14-1/2 in.; diameter, 7 in. Instrument, in +original wooden case, bears ink signature of Robert Lyle. In collection +of the writer.] + +One of the most important craftsmen of Maryland was Frederick A. Heisely +(1759-1839). A native of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, he served an +apprenticeship there with John Hoff, the master clockmaker, from 1777 to +1783. Heisely served in the Revolution. In 1783, presumably upon the +completion of his apprenticeship, he married Catherine Hoff, the +clockmaker's daughter. He moved to Frederick, Maryland, where he +established his own clockmaking shop and where he specialized in making +mathematical instruments. A tower clock made in Frederick is in the +collection of the U.S. National Museum. Heisely returned to Lancaster to +become Hoff's partner, and worked with him until 1802. He then moved his +shop to Harrisburg and worked there until 1820. He moved once more, this +time to Pittsburgh where he advertised himself as a "Clock, Watch and +Instrument Maker," with a shop at No. 6 St. Clair Street. + +[Illustration: Figure 28.--Brass surveying compass made by Goldsmith +Chandlee for Laurence Augustine Washington in about 1795. In the library +at Mount Vernon. Photo courtesy the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of +the Union.] + +George Heisely (1789-1880), Frederick's son, who was born at Frederick, +Maryland, achieved note in his own right as a maker of clocks and +instruments. He worked at Second and Walnut Streets in Harrisburg. He +is credited with being the person who selected the melody of "To +Anacreon in Heaven" for "The Star-Spangled Banner," while he was serving +as a member of the Pennsylvania State Militia.[60] + + +_Pennsylvania_ + +A number of instrument makers worked in Philadelphia, which was one of +the important shipping centers during the 18th century and consequently +one of the important markets for nautical instruments. + +Probably the earliest Philadelphia instrument maker of record was Thomas +Godfrey (1704-1749) who was born in Bristol Township. After serving an +apprenticeship, Godfrey developed his own business as a glazier and +plumber. He is stated to have done the major part of the glazing of the +State House in 1732, as well as similar work on Christ Church. He also +worked for Andrew Hamilton and for James Logan. + +Godfrey had a natural inclination and interest in science and +mathematics, which may have been further encouraged by his friendship +with Benjamin Franklin, who resided in the same house. Godfrey was also +a fellow member of Franklin's Junto. + +In 1730 Godfrey invented an improved backstaff or Davis quadrant, and +loaned the instrument to Joshua Fisher to be used in the latter's survey +of Delaware Bay. It is claimed that the location of Cape Henlopen was +established on Fisher's map (published in London in 1756) by means of +Godfrey's instrument. James Logan became interested in the improved +backstaff invented by Godfrey and at Logan's request, the instrument was +taken on a voyage to the West Indies by a Captain Wright for the purpose +of testing it.[61] + +At the same time Logan sent a description of the instrument to London to +the Royal Astronomer, Edmund Halley. No acknowledgment was made, and in +1734 Logan sent a second description to Sir Hans Sloane and to Peter +Collison for forwarding to the Royal Society. The arrival of this +description coincided with the submission of the description of a +similar instrument to the Society by its vice president, James Hadley. +The Royal Society decided in favor of both inventors, and Godfrey was +awarded the equivalent of 200 pounds in household furniture. + +[Illustration: Figure 29.--Brass surveying compass made by Isaac +Chandlee (1760-1813) of Nottingham, Maryland. Photo courtesy Ohio State +Museum.] + +Godfrey is often confused with his son, also named Thomas Godfrey +(1736-1763), who worked as a watchmaker in Philadelphia, and +subsequently became active in literary arts. + +Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798) was an instrument maker with a +shop on South Front Street in Philadelphia. As early as 1756 he worked +for most of the merchant shippers of the port, supplying them with a +considerable number of sand glasses that ranged from the quarter-minute +to the two-hour varieties. Although he made his own mathematical +instruments, it is likely that he imported the sand glasses. According +to Customs House clearances of 1789, he had imported from London on the +ship _Pigou_ "three cases of merchandise" valued at £160/17/6 with a +duty of $32.19, which may have included sand glasses.[62] + +When Condy retired in 1792 he was succeeded in business by Thomas Biggs +at the same address. Biggs had originally served an apprenticeship with +Condy, and then fought for the American cause in the Revolution for five +years. Following the termination of his military service he had engaged +in instrument making in New York for eight years before returning to +Philadelphia, his native city. Biggs prospered and his advertisements +continued until early in 1795. + +Thomas Pryor made instruments in a shop on Chestnut Street in 1778, but +he evidently retired from business in the 1790's because the city +directory of 1795 listed him merely as "gentleman." He is reported to +have been one of those who, from the State House Yard, witnessed the +transit of Venus.[63] + +Among the early makers of mathematical instruments in Philadelphia +was William Dean (?-1797), who is believed to have been working in that +city as early as 1778. His name first appears in local directories in +June 1792, where his shop address was listed as No. 43 South Front +Street. Later he advertised that he made and sold "Surveying +instruments--Telescopes, Sextants, Quadrants--and every article +requisite for navigation, surveying, levelling, &c...." + +According to details which were noted in his last will, which was dated +June 1, 1797, and filed and proved in the following month, Dean's death +appears to have been preceded by a long illness. He designated his two +sisters as his executrices, and the fact that his will specified the +appointment of a Mr. Thomas Yardley, Jr., as guardian of his three +children indicates that he may have been a widower at the time of his +death. + +A surveying compass by this maker was recently brought to light in, the +Clark County Historical Society, Springfield, Ohio, by Dr. Donald A. +Hutzlar of the Ohio State Museum. The instrument is a plain compass in +brass without levels, 13-1/2 inches in length, and with a 5-inch needle. +The dial is marked "DEAN PHILAD^a." The wooden cover for the instrument +is marked with the names of previous owners and dates, as follows: + + Jno. C. Symes, Aug. 10, 1778 + I. Ludlow, 1791 + Henry Donnel, July 24, 1794 + Jonathan Donnel, 1796 + John Dyherty + Thomas J. Kizer, 1838 + David J. Kizer, '78. + +A description of this instrument in "_The History of Clark County, +Ohio_" by A. P. Steele, published in 1881 by the W. H. Beers Co. of +Chicago, adds considerably to its interest as a historical record of +American scientific instruments and their use: "Col. Thomas Kizer, the +veteran surveyor, has in his possession a compass made by Dean of +Philadelphia; this instrument was owned and used by his father, David +Kizer, who obtained it from John Dougherty about 1813; Dougherty got it +from Jonathan Donnel. This relic is marked I. Ludlow, 1791; Henry +Donnel, 1794; J. Donnel, 1796, John Dougherty, 1799; these marks are +rudely scratched upon the cover of the instrument, and bear every +evidence of being genuine; there is no doubt but that this old compass +was used in making the first surveys in this county, or that it is the +identical instrument used by John Dougherty, in laying off Demint's +first plat of Springfield, and by Jonathan Donnel on the survey of 'New +Boston.'" It is to be noted that some discrepancies exist in the listing +of names and dates of the previous owners between Steele's _History_ and +those which actually appear on the cover of the instrument. Steele +apparently made the changes he deemed necessary in his account of the +instrument. + +Between 1791 and 1795 the same address was also occupied by a cooper +named Michael Davenport, and from 1797 to 1801 by "the Widow Davenport," +presumably widow of Michael. From 1802 to 1804 the same address is +listed for William Davenport, "Mathematical Instrument Maker," +apprentice to William Dean, and believed to be the son of Michael. +During the next ten years Davenport's address was 45 South Front Street, +and then, to 1820, was 25 South Front Street.[64] Several brass +surveying compasses bearing his name have survived. + +Another maker of mathematical instruments about whom nothing further is +known is Charles Taws, who was listed in this manner in the Philadelphia +directory of 1795. + +[Illustration: Figure 30.--Brass surveying compass marked "F. Heisely +Fred:*town." In collection of Ohio Historical Society, Ohio State +Museum.] + +The making of instruments in glass appears to have been a specialized +business in the Colonies, because those who worked in this field do not +appear to have produced instruments in other materials. One of these +makers of glass instruments--specifically barometers, thermometers and +"Glass Bubbles to prove spirits, of different kinds"--was Alloysius +Ketterer. He maintained a shop in the house of a Charles Kugler at "the +sign of the Seven Stars," corner of Race and Fourth Streets in +Philadelphia, in 1789. He moved to another address in Race Street in +1790 and was eventually succeeded in business by Martin Fisher, who +increased the number of types of glass instruments made and sold at the +shop.[65] + +Henry Voight (1738-1814) was a man with a varied career. Of German +ancestry, he was trained as a clock-and watchmaker, and he was a skilled +mechanic. He operated a wire mill in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1780 and +moved shortly thereafter to Philadelphia, where he established a +clockmaker's shop on Second Street. He became a close friend of the +inventor John Fitch in about 1786, and in the following year he became a +shareholder in Fitch's company for producing steamboats. In 1792 he +entered into a short-lived partnership with Fitch to manufacture steam +engines. In 1793 he invented a process for making steel from bar iron. +In the same year President Washington appointed Voight to the position +of chief coiner of the Philadelphia Mint, and he continued in that +position until his death in 1814. He was closely associated with David +Rittenhouse, Andrew Ellicott, Edward Duffield, and others. + +Although there is no record of Voight's career as an instrument maker, +there is nevertheless some evidence that he worked in that field. In the +collection of the U.S. National Museum there is a brass equal-altitude +telescope (fig. 31) made about 1790, that is signed "Henry Voigt." His +name was spelled "Voigt" and "Voight" interchangeably. + +Henry's son Thomas Voight worked as a clockmaker on North Seventh Street +in Philadelphia around 1811. He was the maker of a tall case clock, +ordered by Thomas Jefferson, that Jefferson's daughter presented in 1826 +to her father's physician, Dr. Dunglison, for settlement of medical +services.[66] + +There were several instrument makers in provincial Pennsylvania, but the +majority of such craftsmen worked in Philadelphia. Dr. Christopher Witt +(1675-1765), an emigrant from England, worked in Germantown from about +1710 to 1765. He was well known locally as a medical doctor, scientist, +"hexmeister", clockmaker, and teacher. It is traditionally claimed that +he produced mathematical instruments in addition to timepieces. He +described the great comet of 1743 and built his own 8-foot telescope. +One of his apprentices may have been Christopher Sower (1693-1740), of +Germantown and Philadelphia, who achieved renown as a doctor, farmer, +author, printer, papermaker, and clockmaker. He also produced +mathematical instruments.[67] + +George Wall, Jr., of Bucks County, was the author of a pamphlet on the +subject of "a newly invented Surveying Instrument, called the +Trigonometer." The instrument was described and illustrated in the +pamphlet, which was published in Philadelphia in 1788. Washington's own +copy, bearing the inscription "To the President of the United States +from the Author" is in the collection of the Boston Athenaeum. + +George Ford of Lancaster maintained a shop on West King Street, probably +from the end of the 18th century until 1840. There he made tall case and +other clocks, surveying compasses, and other instruments for the retail +trade. However, he "did not push the business of Watchmaking and +Clockmaking so hard, for the manufacture of nautical instruments and +surveyors instruments was a more important part of his business."[68] +Upon his death in 1842 he was succeeded by his son George Ford II. + +Thomas Mendenhall repaired clocks and mathematical instruments in a shop +on King and Queen Streets in the borough of Lancaster in 1775.[69] + +John Wood of Philadelphia was a wholesale supplier of parts for +clockmakers and watchmakers. According to a notice in the May 7, 1790, +issue of _Pennsylvania Packet_, he had "pocket compasses, steel magnets, +Surveying compass needles, surveyors chains, etc." Since no mention was +made of making or mending instruments, it is probable that Wood was +merely importer and wholesaler. + +Another instrument maker of Philadelphia about whom little is known is +Bryan Gilmur, who worked at the close of the 18th century making +instruments and, possibly, clocks.[70] + +James Jacks (also listed as James Jack) first worked as clockmaker and +watchmaker in Charleston, South Carolina, in the 1780's; he later moved +to Philadelphia where he maintained a shop on Market Street where he +sold a variety of instruments. In the June 5, 1797, issue of _The +Federal Gazette_ he announced that, in addition to jewelry, clocks and +watches, he "also had for sale mathematical instruments in cases very +compleat; Surveyors Compasses and Theodolites; ship's Quadrants; Fishing +Rods and Reels; Billiard Balls and sheet ivory; silver and plated coach, +chaise and chair Whips." + +[Illustration: Figure 31.--Equal altitude telescope, 17 in. long, made +and signed by Henry Voight (1738-1814) of Philadelphia. USNM 311772.] + + + + +_Instruments of Wood_ + + +The Use of Wood + +An interesting fact concerning the instruments produced by 18th-century +craftsmen is the relatively high incidence of instruments constructed of +wood instead of brass or other metals. A significant reference to this +use of wood is found in Alexander Hamilton's "Report on the Subject of +Manufactures," published in 1821,[71] which refers to such items of wood +as "Ships, cabinet-wares and turnery, wool and cotton cards, and other +machinery for manufactures and husbandry, mathematical instruments," ... +and "coopers' wares of every kind." + +Most common of these mathematical instruments is the surveying compass, +possibly the instrument most needed and produced in America. Recorded in +public and private collections are 31 known examples of such compasses +made of wood, a rather large number. Furthermore, a substantial number +of these were being produced simultaneously by skilled craftsmen who at +the same time were making similar instruments in brass. + +Finally, from a study of the surviving examples of wooden surveying +compasses comes the interesting and perhaps significant fact that all +the known makers were from New England. The towns and cities in which +they worked were Boston and Plymouth in Massachusetts, Windsor and New +Milford in Connecticut, and Walpole and Portsmouth in New Hampshire. A +careful study of the advertisements and works of the instrument makers +in the other large cities of the Colonies, such as New York, Baltimore, +and Philadelphia, reveals no examples of wooden scientific instruments. +Excluded, of course, are those instruments normally made of wood, such +as the octant and the mariners quadrant. + +Two possible exceptions are instrument makers of New York City. The +first is James Ham, a maker of mathematical instruments "at the house +wherein the Widow Ratsey lately lived near the Old Dutch Church on +Smith Street" who advertised in the May 27, 1754, issue of _The New York +Mercury_ that he made and sold + + mathematical instruments in wood, brass, or ivory, theodolites, + circumferentors, sectors, parallel rules, protractors, plain + scales, and dividers, the late instrument called an Octant, Davis' + quadrants, gauging rods, sliding and gunter's scales, amplitude + wood box and hanging and pocket compasses, surveying chains, + japanned telescopes, dice and dice boxes, mariners compasses and + kalenders, etc.[72] + +Ham subsequently moved his business to Philadelphia where he first +advertised in 1764, stating that he worked at the sign of "Hadley's +Quadrant" at Front and Water Streets in Philadelphia and sold all forms +of instruments in silver, brass, and ivory as well as "large brass +pocket dials, fitted to the latitude of Philadelphia." In 1780 his son +James Ham, Jr., advertised from the same address as a maker of +mathematical instruments, specializing in "Hadley and Davis +Quadrants."[73] + +The second exception is William Hinton, who advertised in _The New York +Gazette and the Weekly Mercury_ of May 4, 1772, as follows: + + WILLIAM HINTON, Mathematical Instrument Maker, at Hadley's + Quadrant, facing the East Side of the New Coffee House, Makes and + sells all sorts of Mathematical Instruments, in Silver, Brass, + Ivory or Wood, viz. Hadley's Quadrants, Davis's do. Crostaf's + Nocturnals, Gunters Scales, Plotting do. Cases of Instruments, + Surveyors Chains, Dividers with and without Points, Protractors, + paralelled Rulers, Rods for Guaging, Amplitude, hanging and common + Wood Compasses, Pocket do. three Foot Telescopes, Pocket do. + Backgammon Tables, Dice and Dice Boxes, Billiard Balls and Tacks, + Violin Bows and Bridges; with a Variety of other Articles too + tedious to mention: And as he is a young Beginner, he flatters + himself, he shall meet with Encouragement; and all those who please + to favour him with their Custom, may depend upon having their Work + done in the neatest and best Manner, and at reasonable Rates. + +It is mentioned that both Ham and Hinton worked in wood in addition to +other materials, but it appears very likely that the use of wood +referred specifically to those instruments normally made of wood, such +as quadrants and octants, and not to other instruments. + +Any attempt to relate the making of wooden scientific instruments with +the production of wooden clocks in New England has no conclusive result, +yet there appears to be some relationship between the two. Wooden +clocks were made as early as the 17th century in Germany and Holland, +and they were known in England in the early 18th century. In the +Colonies the wooden clock was first produced in Connecticut, and the +earliest type was associated with Hartford County. This form was quite +common in East Hartford in 1761, and its first production may have had +some association with Ebenezer Parmele (1690-1777), since an association +between Parmele and all of the earliest makers of wooden clocks can be +traced.[74] Little is known about Parmele. His father was a cabinetmaker +in Guilford, Connecticut, and Ebenezer practiced the same craft, in +addition to being a boat builder. He was a man of means, held various +town offices, and served as town treasurer. For a while he operated a +cargo sloop on Long Island Sound. In 1726 he built the first tower clock +in Connecticut for the Guilford meeting house. He was a versatile worker +in wood, and it is believed that he served an apprenticeship in New York +City with a Dutch clockmaker from 1705 to 1710, where he may have +learned to make wooden clocks. + +This early type of wooden clock is associated with Benjamin Cheney +(1725-1815), a clockmaker of East Hartford. The early or "Cheney" type +of wooden clock was produced in Connecticut as late as 1812. A later +form of the wooden movement began to appear about 1790, and was probably +introduced by Gideon Roberts (1749-1813) of Bristol. Roberts had lived +in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania before 1790, and it is conjectured +that he became familiar with the wooden clocks produced by the German +settlers of that region.[75] + +It is not surprising that the wooden clock had its colonial origins in +Connecticut, so completely was it adaptable to the pioneer conditions in +that colony. The materials were the abundant native woods-cherry, apple, +oak, and laurel. The parts were made with simple carpenter tools and a +wooden foot lathe, using the methods of the cabinetmaker. Although it +has been suggested that some relationship may have existed between the +makers of wooden instruments in England, and the makers of wooden clocks +and scientific instruments in the New England Colonies,[76] a careful +study has failed to reveal any connection, and there appears to be +little if any parallel between the two groups. Basically, the use of +wood for making some mathematical instruments in New England resulted +from the native familiarity with this material, which was also employed +to a considerable degree for the construction of domestic and +agricultural implements, and from the fact that many of the early +clockmakers had been trained as or by cabinet makers, carpenters, and +even dish turners. Random examples of a few of the more prominent +clockmakers are Joseph Hopkins, a wood turner; Chauncey Jerome, who had +been apprenticed to a wood turner; and Silas Hoadley, who had worked +with a cabinet maker. + +Perhaps a basis for the prevalence of wood in these trades is to be +found in the lines from a familiar poem: + + The Yankee boy, before he's sent to school, + Knows well the mystery of that magic tool, + The Pocket knife.[77] + +But, from the technical point of view, it should be noted that those +craftsmen who produced clocks and instruments and did not have their own +brass foundries probably found that a good piece of straight-grained +hardwood was as stable for holding its dimensions with the grain as a +piece of brass. Shrinkage was at right angles to the grain; hence, for +fixed linear stability wood was as good as brass. For rigidity per unit +weight, wood was better than brass; and for availability and ease of +working, wood was superior to brass. + +It has often been ventured that wooden clocks were first produced in +Connecticut, because of the scarcity of brass for this purpose during +the years between the beginning of the Revolution to the end of the War +of 1812. The claim is made that brass was not being produced in the +Colonies and that it was imported exclusively from England during this +period. Certainly, the wholesale price index of metal and metal products +shows a steady increase during this period, and a considerable jump +during the period of the War of 1812, making brass an extremely +expensive material. This may explain why the makers of clocks and +instruments who made and sold brass clocks and instruments were +producing the same products at the same time in wood which, as we have +seen, was both plentiful and a satisfactory substitute. + +It can be surmised, therefore, that surveying instruments, as well as +instruments for other purposes, were produced in both brass and wood +simultaneously by many of the New England makers in order to provide +suitable instruments in a flexible price range to meet the demands of +the trade. Whereas today modern manufacturing methods make it possible +to produce instruments in a wide variety, both in quality and price, to +suit the needs and capabilities of every prospective purchaser, the +production facilities of the 18th century were much more limited. The +constant factor of skilled hand labor was costly. Metal was expensive. +As evidenced in the records of Daniel Burnap, for instance, it was +possible to produce surveying compasses in brass in two grades, +presumably one more elaborate than the other. Yet Burnap's prices ranged +between six pounds and four pounds for the metal instruments, making +them still well out of reach of many of the would-be surveyors. +Accordingly, Burnap--and presumably numerous other instrument makers of +the period--produced from wood an economy model that sold for not more +than two pounds, thus placing the item within the reach of the +nonprofessional surveyor. + +This theory is supported amply by the discovery that several of the +instrument makers who worked in brass also made instruments of wood +during the same periods. In addition to the evidence in the records of +Daniel Burnap, there are the surviving surveying instruments in brass +and wood made by Samuel Thaxter, Thomas Greenough, and John Dupee, +leaving little if any doubt that the reason for producing surveying +compasses and similar items of wood during the 18th century was to +satisfy the need for reasonably accurate yet inexpensive instruments. + + +Surviving Instruments + +The fact that the surviving examples of the wooden instruments were +produced only in New England seems to indicate merely that the New +England instrument makers were more familiar with the use of wood as a +material, and had greater facility in working with it. + +Undoubtedly other instruments produced by the 18th-century American +makers have survived in addition to those already found. Quite likely +examples of these wooden instruments still remain hidden in unexplored +attics and other repositories. Yet, if the few thus far discovered is +any criterion, the number ultimately recoverable will probably be but a +fraction of the great number produced by the 18th-century makers during +the half century or more in which they worked. Even allowing for those +probably destroyed in the natural course of events, one cannot help but +wonder what has happened to the remainder. + +[Illustration: Figure 32.--Wooden graphometer used by Rev. Eleazar +Wheelock (1711-1779) about 1769 for surveying the area of Dartmouth +College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The hardwood block is covered with a +brass plate with brass sighting bars mounted on a swivel and a spirit +level under a brass strip on edge of instrument. The instrument is 8-5/8 +in. long, 4-5/8 in. wide, and 7/16 in. thick. In collection of Dartmouth +College Museum.] + +A list of the surviving wooden instruments is given in the Appendix (p. +153). Many of these wooden instruments bear signatures or other marks +that permit identification of their makers, but a number of specimens +have been found that are not signed. In most instances they show +evidence of professional workmanship, and they may have been the work of +known craftsmen. One or two examples are obviously homemade by unskilled +amateur practitioners. + +[Illustration: Figure 33.--Wooden surveying instrument, maker not known. +Compass dial is of metal, painted green, with degrees marked to 90° with +metal punches and the letter "N" to designate the north point. The +instrument is 12 in. long; diameter is 8 in. In collection of Dartmouth +College Museum.] + +Several unsigned wooden instruments of professional quality are in the +collection of the Dartmouth College Museum. Of particular interest is a +semicircumferentor (fig. 32) that belonged to the Reverend Eleazar +Wheelock (1711-1779) who founded Moor's Indian Charity School at +Lebanon, Connecticut, which subsequently developed into Dartmouth +College. It is claimed that it was with this instrument that the area of +the college was surveyed when it moved to Hanover, N.H. The instrument +is actually a graphometer consisting of a block of hard wood faced with +a brass plate with a trough compass; it is tentatively dated about 1769. +The identity of the maker is unknown, but it may have been the product +of Hagger, who made a similar instrument, illustrated here, or it may +have been produced by any one of the other makers noted. The type of +instrument is an old one. It is described in John Love's _Geodaesia, Or +the Art of Surveying and Measuring Land_, published in London in 1688. +Abel Flint[78] also commented on this semicircle as being sometime used, +as well as the plane table and perambulator-- + + ... but of these instruments very little [use] is made in New + England; and they are not often to be met with. For general + practice none will be found more useful than a common chain and a + compass upon Rittenhouse's construction. + +Another of the unusual wooden surveying instruments in the collection of +the Dartmouth College Museum is a wooden surveying compass (fig. 33) in +which the sighting bars appear relatively close to the dial. A metal +plate, painted green, is stamped with the degrees marked to 90°. A +single N for the north point is stamped into it, presumably with steel +punches. The instrument is relatively primitive, and is sufficiently +different from the other examples noted to merit mention. There is no +maker's name, nor any clue to the date or place or period of origin. + +An unsigned semicircumferentor made of wood is owned by Mr. Roleigh Lee +Stubbs of Charleston, West Virginia. The instrument measures 3-3/4 in. +by 7-1/2 in. by 1 in., and there are sighting bars 3 in. high on a +swinging brass bar pinned at the center of the base. It has a trough +compass, and the gradations around the edge of the semicircle are marked +with tiny brass pins. The date "1784" is stamped into the wood with the +same type of figures as appear in the degree markings, probably with +small steel punches. + +A surveying compass of the conventional type, also made of wood, is in +The Farmer's Museum at Cooperstown, New York. The wood is ash or oak, +12-3/4 in. long and 6-1/2 in. in diameter, with the sighting bars 5 in. +high. The compass card consists of cut-out printed letters pasted upon a +printed compass rose, and the fleur-de-lis at North is inked-in by hand. +This may be a homemade replacement of the original card. The instrument +is believed to date between 1760-1775. + +[Illustration: Figure 34.--18th-century semicircumferentor. Inscribed +brass plate is mounted on a mahogany block; brass sighting bars are +mounted on a swivelling bar. The trough compass is on a silvered dial. +In collection of the writer.] + +Of equal interest is a large semicircumferentor made by an unknown +American instrument maker in the second half of the 18th century. The +instrument (fig. 34) consists of a plate of hammered brass attached to a +quarter circle block of mahogany, with a glass covered trough compass +within a silvered opening, and the gradations stamped into the brass. +The brass sighting bars are attached to a swivelling bar that can be +fixed in place with a set screw underneath the block. The instrument, +which is in the collection of the writer, is not signed with a maker's +name. Its workmanship is excellent, and professional. + +On the basis of a comparison of these instruments with those produced by +known professional makers, it becomes apparent that all of them were +made professionally. The possibility that some of these wooden surveying +compasses may have been produced by the farmer or local surveyor for his +own use is extremely unlikely. Homemade instruments such as those +described below were unquestionably the exception instead of the +rule. + +[Illustration: Figure 35.--Homemade wooden surveying compass carved from +block of maple entirely with a jackknife; painted in red. In collection +of Preston R. Bassett, Ridgefield, Connecticut.] + +An exception to this generalization, and an extremely fine example of +the whittler's art, is a surveying compass (fig. 35) in the collection +of Mr. Preston R. Bassett of Ridgefield, Connecticut. This is a +comparatively small instrument made of maple; the body was painted red. +It is carved entirely by means of a jackknife, and the sighting bars are +also whittled to shape and mortised permanently into the frame. A lid +covering the dial is carved from soft pine. The compass dial is +handdrawn in black ink, and the North point is painted in the form of a +decorative fleur-de-lis in red and green. A homemade ring of pewter +surrounds the compass rose at needle level. This is graduated in +degrees, with every 10° marked, stamped with steel punches. The ring is +set into the base by means of wooden pegs. The steel needle is nicely +cut, and it is probably the only part purchased by the maker. + +This is unquestionably a homemade instrument produced by a skillful +whittler early in the 18th century. + + +Compass Cards + +A fact that becomes apparent in a comparison of the surviving examples +of wooden surveying compasses made in New England is the similarity of +the compass cards used by makers in the seaport cities (see fig. 36). +The compass card in each of these instances is the type designed for a +mariner's compass, bearing a star of 32 rays to mark the 32 points of +the heavens. The North point is designated with an elaborate +fleur-de-lis, and the East is emphasized with scrollwork. These are +features which were not designed primarily for land surveying. +Presumably, these makers had a quantity of engraved or printed compass +cards that they used in both marine and land surveying compasses. This +is true in the case of the compasses made by James and Joseph Halsy, +Greenough, Clough, Warren, Thaxter, Dupee, Breed, and Bowles. On the +other hand, the dial of Huntington's compass was painted directly on the +wood, and the semicircumferentors do not utilize the marine compass +card. Obviously these makers resorted to this practice for reasons of +economy--to reduce costs of engraving and printing, and using the same +card for both types of instruments that they produced. + + +Trade Signs + +An interesting sidelight in the study of the makers of scientific +instruments is the advertising they used, particularly the design of +their signboards. The most popular symbol appears to have been the +quadrant, as the phrase "At the Sign of the Quadrant" is found +repeatedly in advertising in several of the seaport cities of the 18th +century. + +[Illustration: Figure 36.--Unsigned wooden surveying compass, with an +interesting example of a mariner's compass card.] + +In Providence, William Hamlin used the designation in the first part of +the 19th century, while Philadelphian John Gould featured the sign at +the end of the 18th century. During an even earlier period, William +Hinton designated his address to be "At Hadley's Quadrant" in New York +City. Both Gould and Hinton were English, which may have had some +bearing on their selection of the quadrant as a symbol of their +merchandise. + +Other signboards were as colorful, such as Jonathan Dakin's "Sign of the +Hand and Beam," James Youle's "Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun," and +Charles Kugler's house in Philadelphia with its "Sign of the Seven +Stars" (that is, Great Bear), which housed the shops of several +instrument makers. + +The two most interesting and significant of the instrument makers' trade +signs were those advertising the shop of Samuel Thaxter. The first of +these was the carved wooden figure of "The Little Admiral," which was a +favorite landmark at No. 1 Long Wharf in Boston for almost a century and +a half. It was the handiwork of John Skillin, the 18th-century +woodcarver of Boston, upon whose death on January 24, 1800, the +_Chronicle_ commented that "he was for many years the most eminent of +his profession." John Skillin and his brother Simeon worked in Boston +from about 1777 and produced most of the figureheads that issued from +that port during that period, as well as a number of other notable +ornamental wooden figures. + +[Illustration: Figure 37.--"The Little Admiral," trade sign used for +almost a century and a half in Boston, first by William Williams and +later by Samuel Thaxter. Reputed to have been carved by John Skillin of +Boston. In collection of the Bostonian Society.] + +According to Mrs. H. Ropes Cabot of the Bostonian Society, the figure of +"The Little Admiral" (fig. 37) had been carved for William Williams, who +brought it with him to Boston from Marblehead in 1770 when he +established his shop. The figure was installed in front of the Crown +Coffee House, and Williams's shop was thereafter designated by this +symbol. The trade sign survived through the years of the Revolutionary +War. When the original building of the Coffee House was burned, the +carving was saved and installed on the new building erected in its +place. In an account of Boston landmarks, Porter[79] related the figure +to the Admiral Vernon Tavern at the eastern corner of Merchants Row. He +was proved to have been in error, however, since the trade sign of that +public-house was a portrait bust of Admiral Vernon and the place was +known as the Vernon Head Tavern for half a century, even after the end +of the Revolution. + +When Samuel Thaxter purchased the business from Williams's estate he +acquired the figure as well, and he moved it to each new location for +his shop. The figure of "The Little Admiral" continued to designate the +firm even after Thaxter's death, until the firm finally went out of +existence at the beginning of the 20th century. When the old store was +torn down in 1901, the figure was preserved, presumably by the last +owner's family. In 1916 it was acquired for the Bostonian Society by +several of its members, and the figure has been preserved in the +Society's Council Chamber since that time. + +The other interesting trade sign utilized by Samuel Thaxter is a carved +figure of Father Time that is credited to John Skillin (see fig. 38). +The figure is believed to have been commissioned by Thaxter during the +last decade of the 18th century and installed by him in the interior of +his shop. It is an important example of the American woodcarver's art, +and is equivalent to the best work of the Skillin brothers. + +[Illustration: Figure 38.--"Father Time" trade sign used by Samuel +Thaxter in his shop in 18th and 19th centuries. Made of wood, it was +carved by John Skillin of Boston. In collection of the Bostonian +Society.] + + +The Makers + +Surprisingly, the names of the craftsmen who produced wooden instruments +are not noted among the instrument makers. With only one or two +exceptions, their names are hitherto unknown in the history of American +science, and for that reason it has been considered advisable to present +all available information that could be accumulated about them. + + +_Joseph Halsy_ + +The earliest known maker of wooden scientific instruments of Boston was +Joseph Halsy. He appears to have been one of the sons of the James +Halsie I, who was mentioned in a land deed of 1674 as a mathematician.[80] +The land records indicate that James I was the father of several +children, including Rebecca, a spinster; John Halsey, a mariner who died +before 1716; Sarah, who later became Mrs. Dorsan; another daughter, name +unknown, who became the wife of a Joseph Gilbert and the mother of two +daughters and a son who inherited her share of her father's estate; +Nathaniel Halsie; and probably Joseph Halsy. James Halsie I appears to +have owned property consisting of land, a wooden house, and wharves on +the North End, on North Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street.[81] + +The date of birth of Joseph Halsy of Boston has not been found, but +mention is made of the fact that on January 29, 1697, he was married to +Elizabeth Eldridge, the daughter of a mariner named Joseph Eldridge, and +that five children resulted from the marriage, three sons and two +daughters.[82] One son, Joseph, died in infancy and a daughter, +Elizabeth, died at an early age. + +On February 26, 1704/5 Halsy purchased from Rebecca Halsey, the spinster +daughter of James, her share in the house and land of her late father on +North Street between Sun Court and Fleet Street. + +On April 19, 1714, Halsy and his wife deeded a house and land on North +End, at the corner of Hanover and Salutation Streets, to a shipwright +named Joseph Hood. Two years later, on March 2, 1716, he purchased from +Jane, his sister-in-law, who was the widow of the mariner John Halsy, +her share of the house and land of James Halsie, being the same property +on North Street. On March 27 of the same year he purchased the share in +the same property belonging to Sarah Dorsan, his widowed sister. In +August 1719 he was forced to mortgage some of the property to a merchant +named John Frizell, but the mortgage was cancelled in 1741. + +Halsy was married for a second time on January 10, 1731, to Mrs. Anna +Lloyd, a widow.[83] + +[Illustration: Figure 39.--Wooden surveying compass "Made and sold by +Joseph Halsy, Boston, New England." The instrument, made of maple, is 11 +in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In the collection of New +Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.] + +During the 1730's, Halsy continued to buy out the heirs of James Halsie. +On March 6, 1730, he acquired the share of Mary Gilbert, a +granddaughter, and on the same date he purchased from the James Halsey +heirs their inheritance "part to land, wharf, house, shop and buildings +on North Street." Other heirs remained, for in June 9, 1732, he bought +out the share of Marty Partridge, another granddaughter, and on June 27 +the share of Joseph Gilbert, Jr., a grandson. In October 1740 he was +forced to mortgage as security to James Bowdoin a house and land on the +southwest side of North Street, but this was cancelled when on August +26, 1751, Joseph Halsey and his wife, Anna, deeded to James Noble the +land, wooden house, and wharves near Fish Street on North Street between +Sun Court and Fleet Street, which apparently was formerly the property +of James Halsey that Joseph had acquired with so much trouble over a +period of 40 years.[84] + +The following advertisement relating to instruments sold by Halsy +appeared in the issues of _The Boston Gazette_ for the months of +September and October 1738: + + Made and sold by Joseph Halsey jun. Hadley's New Invented Quadrant + or Octant the best and exacted Instrument for taking the Latitude + or Other Altitudes at Sea, as ever yet Invented.[85] + +The last dated record relating to Joseph Halsy which has been found is a +letter dated February 3, 1762, that he wrote to Robert Treat Paine +concerning legal matters. + +Only one complete instrument produced by Joseph Halsy appears to have +survived--an especially fine wooden surveyors compass (fig. 39) in the +collection of the New Hampshire Historical Society. It is made of maple. +The compass card, probably the most interesting of any found in the +wooden instruments, is hand-colored in black, blue, red, and gold. A +fleur-de-lis marks the North point, and triangular pointers indicate the +other compass directions. Inside the pointers are crudely painted female +figures representing the seven arts: NW, Grammar; W, Logick; SW, +Geometry; S, Arithmetick; SE, Astronomy; E, Rhetorick; and NE, Musick. +Within a medallion at the center of the compass card is depicted a +sailing vessel at sea; surrounding the medallion is a riband inscribed +"Made and Sold by JOSEPH HALSY Boston--New England."[86] + +Another, but much less elaborate, compass card used by Joseph Halsy, is +an engraved example (fig. 40) found glued in Thomas Paine's own +manuscript copy of Charles Morton's _Compendium Physicae_, which is +preserved in the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society. + +John Halsy (fl. 1700-1750), also a mathematical instrument maker, had a +shop on Green Street, in Boston, according to the Record Commissioner's +"Report of the City of Boston." He was married on December 10, 1700, by +the Reverend Cotton Mather. He probably was a brother of Joseph Halsy +who worked in the same period. + +John Halsy subsequently abandoned his instrument-making business to +become a pirate. He went out to Madagascar, where it is reported that he +died in his own bed. He was buried with the rites of the Church of +England in his own watermelon patch. + +[Illustration: Figure 40.--Compass card of Joseph Halsy found glued into +Thomas Paine's personal copy of Charles Morton's _Compendium Physicae_. +In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society.] + + +_James Halsy II_ + +James Halsy II (1695-1767), a mathematical instrument maker, was born in +Boston on April 10, 1695, the son of Nathaniel and Hannah (Gross) +Halsie. The parents had been married by the Reverend Cotton Mather in +June 1693.[87] In 1716 young James Halsy was a member of the Artillery +Company, and by 1720 he had the rating of 4th sergeant. He held town +offices and was one of the founders of the New Brick Church of Boston. +On May 30, 1717, he married Anna Gutridge (Goodrich). Ten years later, +on September 22, 1727, he bought a house and land on North Bennett and +Tileston Streets from Hugh Hall, a merchant; at the same time he deeded +to Hall some land and a house adjacent to the latter on the southwest +side of Green Street. On January 5, 1837, he deeded to his aunt(?), a +single woman named Huldah Gross, a house and land on Ann Street that he +had inherited from Thomas Gross, his grandfather. Several more real +estate negotiations were recorded in the course of the next few years. +In October 1740 he purchased a house and land on the north side of North +Bennet Street from John Endicott; in January 1741 land on the east side +of North Bennett Street; and in November 1748 half of the house and land +of Edward Pell, adjacent to Huldah Gross, on Cross Street; finally, in +October 1753, he purchased land on Tileston and North Bennett Streets +from John Grant.[88] + +Halsy died on January 2, 1767, at the age of 72. In his will dated May +1, 1766, and probated January 2, 1767, by which his wife Anna was the +executrix of his estate, he left her the income of his real and personal +estate. He apparently was survived by three daughters and a son, also +named James Halsy. He divided his real estate in Boston amongst his +daughters, and to his son he left land in New Hampshire.[89] + +The only known surviving instrument bearing James Halsy's name is a +wooden surveying compass (fig. 41) in the collection of the Peabody +Museum in Salem. The engraved compass card is quite similar to the one +used by Thomas Greenough. In the central medallion is an elaborate royal +crown, and in the circle around the medallion is inscribed "Made and +Sold by JAMES HALSY near Ye Draw Bridge in Boston."[90] + +[Illustration: Figure 41.--Wooden surveying compass made by James Halsy +(1695-1767) of Boston. The instrument is 11 in. long. In collection of +East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts.] + + +_Thomas Greenough_ + +Contemporary with James Halsy II was Thomas Greenough (1710-1785), who +was born in Boston in 1710, the son of John and Elizabeth (Gross) +Greenough. His father was a shipwright in the North End of Boston, and +one of Thomas's brothers, Newman Greenough, became a sailmaker. Thomas +also had a sister named Jerusha, who later figured in his real estate +negotiations. + +The earliest known record relating to Greenough is of his marriage in +1734 to Martha Clarke, daughter of William and Sarah Clarke of Boston. +Nine children resulted from this marriage over the course of the next 16 +years; four of these were sons. On January 27 of the year of his +marriage he purchased a house on the northwest side of North Street, +between Mill Creek and Union Street, from John White and Nathaniel +Roberts. On August 1, 1736, Greenough purchased the house and land of +his father-in-law, William Clarke, on the south side of Portland Street. +On October 28 he mortgaged to his mother his house on Ann Street (which +appears to have been the house he had purchased on North Street), and at +the same time he deeded to his brother Newman all his right and title in +his father's estate at the North End. Greenough was only 24 at the time +of his marriage, and he apparently became involved in real estate, by +choice or by necessity, to a considerable degree. + +Greenough, in 1744, was a member of a militia company in Boston,[91] and +three years later, in 1747, he was listed as third sergeant. He was a +firm patriot, held a town office, and was a founder and deacon of the +New Brick Church in Boston. + +Greenough had a substantial interest in the holdings of his late +father-in-law. For example, on August 11, 1744, he and his wife deeded +to a merchant named James Pitts the seawall, or new wharf, "before the +Town of Boston in the front and rear lying to the northward of King +Street Pier, North Wharf and flats of James Bowdoin," all of which was +part of the estate of his deceased father-in-law that apparently had +been inherited by his wife. In the following year, on November 1, 1745, +he purchased a house and land on Portland Street from his widowed +mother-in-law and then on March 31, 1746, he and his wife deeded the +same house and land to a merchant named Stephen Hall. Numerous other +negotiations of the same nature are on record. + +At some time between 1748 and 1750 Greenough's first wife, Martha, died, +and in 1750 he married Sarah Stoddard. Three more children, all sons, +resulted from this second marriage. His real estate negotiations +continued full pace during the second marriage as during the first.[92] + +Greenough's second wife preceded him in death, and Greenough died in +1785 at the age of 75. His will, probated on August 23, 1785, had been +made on May 21, 1782;[93] it contained some interesting bequests: + + Executors: my two sons, David S. and William Greenough. Legatees: + to the children of my son Thomas, deceased, Rachel, Ann, and Sally + Greenough, £13.6.8 each. To their sister Betty £5. To the children + of my son John deceased, 200 acres of land. I also give his eldest + son John my silver can, fellow to the one I gave his father. To his + sons Wm. and David, and to his daughters, Sarah, Abigail, and + Mehitible £5 each and the house they live in. My daughter, Sarah + Edwards, £10 and a silver chafing dish. My daughter Martha Stone + all my lands in the County of York, Cape Porpoise, and Wells, and + my silver salver, and her son Thomas £5 and a silver porringer. My + daughter Elizabeth Brooks £10 and a silver tea pot. My daughter + Mary Savage £40 and to her son Thomas one silver porringer. To the + children of my daughter Jerusha, deceased, Martha Clark Lepear and + Sally Lepear each of them, £50, and a pair of salt shovels, and a + pepper box, silver. All the rest of my estate to my two sons, David + Stoddard Greenough, and Wm. Greenough. The late Shute Shrimpton + Yeoman, Esq., left an estate to my late spouse Sarah, and to her + children, in the Island of Antigua. In case my son David should + have a legal possession of same, and Wm. no part, in that case I + give my son David £100 and sundry pieces as per schedule amount to + £63.11.3. All the rest of my estate to my son, William Greenough. + +Of particular interest with relation to Greenough's business in +instruments is the following advertisement that appeared on May 11, +1742, in _The Boston Gazette_: + + To be sold by Capt. Cyprian Southack at his House near the Orange + Tree and at Mr. Tho. Greenough's Mathematical Instrument Maker near + the Draw Bridge, said Southack's Char[t]s of the Coast from Sandy + Point of New York to Canso. + +Invaluable for this study are Thomas Greenough's manuscript accounts +that have survived in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical +Society. The following itemized entries are selected from Greenough's +business accounts over a period of two decades to provide data on the +prices current in the second half of the 18th century for new +instruments and for repairing others: + + In Account with Thomas James Gruchy: + 1754, April 27: 1 Compass for the Schooner _Sea Flour_ £0.8.0. + 1758, Nov. 28: 1 Spyglass £1.13.8. + 1759, Jan. 25: Mending 3 Compasses for the Schooner + _Susanna_ £0.6.0. + + In Account with Nathaniel Bethune: + 1760, August: A gauging rod £0.6.0. + Mending a telescope £0.3.0. + + In Account with Captain McAndrew Mirick of Nantucket: + 1772, March 21: For 2 compasses, 1 leaded £0.16.8. + + In Account with Captain Roberson Crockett: + 1773, April: For mending 2 Compasses £0.6.2. + For mending 1 Hanging Compass £0.3.2. + + In Account with Captain Reworth of the Brig _Fortune_: + 1774, March 30: For mending 2 compasses & Glasses £0.7.0. + + In Account with Captain Thomas Godfrey: + 1774, April 7: For 1 Telescope £0.8.0. + +Other documents in the same collection indicate that Greenough's +business interests were substantial and not limited merely to the +construction of instruments. On July 31, 1769, Greenough's name appeared +on the Boston Citizens' Non-Importation Agreement. Subsequently, on +December 14, 1774, there is Greenough's signed receipt, with the amount +left blank, stating that he had "REC'D. of Capt. Thomas Godfrey the Sum +of ---- in full for my Negro man Cuffes Shair in the Whaling Voige +----." + +[Illustration: Figure 42.--Brass surveying compass made by Thomas +Greenough (1710-1785) of Boston. Compass face is mounted on main blade +with two copper rivets. Screws for vanes and tripod mounting are hand +cut, with wing nut ends. Sighting bars are 1/16 in. wide and 5-1/4 in. +high; over-all length is 11-7/8 in. and diameter is 5-1/4 in. Owned by +Greenough family of Boston. Photo courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough.] + +Greenough apparently was succeeded in business by his son William +Greenough. Mr. Lawrence B. Romaine of Middleboro, Massachusetts, in 1939 +described a wooden surveying compass with its own hand-whittled tripod +made of oak which bore a compass card inscribed "Made by William +Greenough, Boston, N.E."[94] The compass was protected by a pine cover +that fitted closely between the sights. The present location of this +instrument is not known, but it appears to be the only known example by +William Greenough made of wood.[95] + +[Illustration: Figure 43.--Wooden surveying compass, made and sold by +Thomas Greenough. The instrument is made of gumwood and has a paper +compass card; it is 13-1/4 in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/4 in. In +collection of Franklin Institute, Philadelphia.] + +In the Greenough family at the present time is a brass surveying compass +(fig. 42) of fine quality and of the period before or during the +American Revolution. The dial is finely engraved with a Tudor rose at +its center, and around it is the inscription "THOMAS GREENOUGH BOSTON +Fecit." The compass face is mounted to the main blade with two copper +rivets. The holding screws for the vane and tripod mounting are rather +crudely hand cut with wing-nut ends.[96] + +[Illustration: Figure 44.--Wooden surveying compass made and sold by +Thomas Greenough. Made of hickory, it is 11 in. long and has a diameter +of 5-1/2 in. Compass card is of paper. Allegedly, this compass was used +by Joseph Frye for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, +Maine, in 1762. Loaned to the U.S. National Museum by Laurits C. Eichner +of Clifton, New Jersey. USNM 315001.] + +Five other surveying compasses made by Thomas Greenough are known, and +all are made of wood: the one in the Franklin Institute is made of gum +(fig. 43), one in Old Sturbridge is made of maple, one in the Bucks +County Historical collection at the Mercer Museum is made of cherry, one +owned by this writer is made of basswood, and one on loan to the U.S. +National Museum from Mr. Laurits C. Eichner is made of hickory (fig. +44). + +The compass at the Mercer Museum forms part of the surveyor's gear used +to lay out the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts. The example in hickory +on loan to the U.S. National Museum, as is usually the case with the +compass cards of the Thomas Greenough instruments, has the central ring +printed in gilt, and the inscription has turned black, making the +inscription almost illegible. This specimen was owned by Joseph Frye, +who was given a land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine, in 1762. He +allegedly used this compass for surveying that land. In 1783 he +assembled a manuscript book of tables (see fig. 45) for use in +surveying for his son Joseph Frye, Jr. This manuscript also is part of +the loan to the U.S. National Museum.[97] + +[Illustration: Figure 45.--Pages from a booklet of "Tables Useful in +Surveying Land, Made and presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph +Frye, Jr., November 18, A.D. 1783." Loaned to the U.S. National Museum +by Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, N.J. USNM 315062.] + +[Illustration: Figure 46.--Compass card from a wooden surveying compass +"Made by Thomas Greenough, Boston, New England." In collection of the +writer.] + +The compass card in each of these five instruments is identical, +designed for use in the mariner's compass (see fig. 46). A gentleman in +the dress of about 1740 stands on the shore using a Davis quadrant. +Offshore in the harbor is a schooner of the 1750 period. Minor features +of the scene are touched up in red, presumably printed, since they are +consistent in all of the cards. + + +_William Williams_ + +Although not one of the earliest instrument makers in Boston, but +certainly one of the more significant, was William Williams +(1737/8-1792). He was the son of Capt. John Williams, a shopkeeper who +died on March 22, 1748, at the age of 41, and who was buried in King's +Chapel Burial Ground.[98] + +William Williams was born in 1737 or 1738. He was ten years of age when +his father died, and he had two brothers and two sisters. His father +left a substantial estate of £6,575, of which £4,544/9/4 was for the +inventory of the shop merchandise. One of the appraisers for his estate, +Jotham Maverick, married the widowed Mrs. Williams less than a year +later, on January 20, 1748/9.[99] + +In 1770 William Williams established himself as a mathematical +instrument maker and clockmaker at No. 1 Long Wharf, at the Crown Coffee +House, as it was then known. The shop was located on the corner of State +and Chatham Streets, on premises owned by Robert Shillcock. + +[Illustration: Figure 47.--Quadrant, showing signature of Thomas +Greenough. Photo courtesy Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.] + +Williams may have worked as an instrument maker in Marblehead before +returning to his native Boston. According to Felt,[100] an instrument +maker named William Williams at Marblehead advertised in the Salem +newspapers in the early 1770's. However, in 1768 Williams was producing +instruments from an address in King Street, Boston. (See figure 48.) An +advertisement inserted by Williams appeared in the March 12, 1770, issue +of _The Boston Gazette_. It was this same issue that reported the Boston +Massacre. One of the victims was Williams' step-brother Samuel Maverick, +the son of his stepfather Jotham Maverick by a first marriage. + +In 1773 Williams married Joyce Shillcock, the daughter of his landlord. +During the Revolutionary War, Williams saw active service as a private +in Captain Mills' company, of Col. Jeduthan Baldwin's regiment of +artificers, during the years 1777-1779. In 1780 he served in Captain +Pattin's company of General Knox's artillery, which was stationed at +West Point.[101] + +With the conclusion of the war Williams returned to the craft of +instrument-making in his shop, at No. 1 Long Wharf. In 1782 his wife, +Joyce, inherited the property from her mother, the widow Hannah +Shillcock, following the latter's death in that year. In the following +May it is recorded that Williams purchased the warehouse and land on the +north side of State Street from Benjamin Brown, a trader. By a separate +deed, he and his wife released to Brown the warehouse and land which had +been the property of his father-in-law in exchange for a clear title to +one-half share of the store and land under it "which is next to the +street called King Street." On February 7, 1784, he bought a share of +the lower division at Long Wharf, No. 7, from Arnold Welles. On May 17 +of the same year he succeeded in buying out Brown's half share of the +lower division of Long Wharf at Nos. 1 and 7, and at the same time he +deeded to Brown one-half share of No. 7 Long Wharf, together with all +its dockage and wharfage. Finally, on January 20, 1785, Williams and his +wife deeded to Brown all rights to land of No. 7 Long Wharf, reserving +for himself his rights in the flats, wharfage, and dockage. + +On March 23, 1787, Williams deeded to Joseph Helyer, a blockmaker, the +store and land under same, and half the wharfage properly belonging to +Lot No. 1. On October 20 of the same year he sold to Brown a part or +share of No. 7 Long Wharf, and on March 24, 1788, he purchased land with +a wooden store at State Street and Long Wharf from Benjamin Brown. On +June 26 he bought the land and store of Joseph Helyer on the north side +of Long Wharf. + +[Illustration: Figure 48.--Advertisement of William Williams in _The +Boston Gazette_, March 12, 1770. Photo courtesy Harvard University +Library.] + +Williams engaged in only two more transactions before his death. On +March 28, 1790, he mortgaged to Joseph Greene, a merchant, the land with +wooden store at the head of Long Wharf on the northeast side of State +Street; this mortgage was cancelled on May 29, 1793. On October 1, 1791, +he deeded to Benjamin Brown a one-half share or 1/48th of all the +dockage and wharfage of Long Wharf that appertained to one-half of Lot +No. 1, which he had previously purchased from Welles as noted, as well +as 1/48th of the proprietor's purchase of Gordon's lands and buildings +adjoining the Wharf. + +Williams died on January 15, 1792, at age 44. The administrator of his +estate was a merchant named Abraham Quincy. By order of the Supreme +Court, in order to settle his estate, Williams' store building at No. 1 +Long Wharf was ordered sold at public auction. Although on the site of +the Crown Coffee House, it was a new building erected in 1780 after the +Coffee House had burned. The purchaser appears to have been John Osborn, +a merchant, because on May 10, 1793, Quincy, Williams' administrator, +deeded to Osborn the land with wooden store at Long Wharf on State +Street.[102] + +The only instrument made by Williams which appears to have survived is a +Davis backstaff (fig. 49) marked "By Wm. Williams, King Street, Boston, +for Malachi Allen, 1768"; this instrument is now in the collection of +the Peabody Museum in Salem, Massachusetts. It is to be noted from this +inscription that this instrument was an early example of Williams' work, +produced at the age of 20, prior to the opening of his shop at the Crown +Coffee House. + +In 1770, when Williams opened his shop, the carved sign of "The Little +Admiral" (fig. 37) was installed in front of the Crown Coffee House, and +Williams' establishment was thereafter designated by this symbol.[103] + +In his shop at No. 1 Long Wharf, Williams exercised his crafts of +instrument-and clockmaking, and he made and sold a large assortment of +instruments, as well as time glasses which measured from one quarter +minute to two hours. + +[Illustration: Figure 49.--Detail of wooden Davis quadrant inscribed +"Made by William Williams in King Street Boston" for "Malachi Allen +1768." In collection of East India Marine Hall, Peabody Museum, Salem, +Massachusetts.] + +The name of Williams appears also in the Day Books of Paul Revere. Under +date of April 16, 1792, there is the following entry: + + Mr. William Williams Dr + To Engravg plate for hatt bills 0-18-0 + To 2 hund prints 0-6-0. + +From June 24, 1792, to January 28, 1797, Revere entered 12 charges +against Williams for 8,500 hat bills for the total amount of +£14/15/0.[104] + + +_Samuel Thaxter_ + +Closely associated with the name of William Williams is that of another +instrument maker of Boston, Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842). Thaxter was born +in Hingham, Massachusetts, on December 13, 1769, the son of Samuel and +Bathsheba (Lincoln) Thaxter. His father, who had been born in Hingham in +1744, was married on December 27, 1768, and he became the father of six +children, of whom Samuel was the eldest. Samuel Thaxter, Sr., was +apparently a man of means, for he is listed as a "Gentleman" and a loyal +subject of King George. He resided on North Street in Hingham, near Ship +Street. He died on the island of Campobello at the age of 44 years on +May 27, 1788.[105] + +Samuel Thaxter, as well as several generations of his family before him, +was born in the old Thomas Thaxter mansion that was built by the settler +of that name in 1652. During the Revolution Samuel's father, Maj. Samuel +Thaxter, concealed Tories from the Committee of Safety in a blind +passage with a secret door in the old house. From there he smuggled them +to Boston. At the massacre of Fort William, Major Thaxter was one of +those captured by the Indians. While tied to a tree, he saw two French +officers, and demanded whether this was the treatment they gave to +commissioned officers. They allowed him to go free and he dragged +himself to Fort Edward. Meanwhile, his comrades had reported him missing +in action, and Dr. Gay preached his funeral sermon in Hingham shortly +before Thaxter's return. The old Thaxter mansion was torn down in +1864.[106] + +Young Samuel Thaxter moved from Hingham to Boston, where he is first +heard of in 1792. On June 14, 1792, Thaxter married Polly Helyer, the +niece of William Williams. + +Within a month after the sale of Williams' property at public auction, +Thaxter acquired the instrument-making business. Apparently the new +owner of the premises required the business to move, and Thaxter +established himself at No. 9 Butler's Row. A month after the Williams +auction Thaxter announced his new location in an advertisement (fig. 50) +in _The Columbia Centinel_ of May 22, 1793. + +Thaxter's new location was a wooden store structure, on the north side +of Butler's Row that was owned by Andrew Hall and Eunice Fitch in 1798. +It was in the rear of the north side of State Street, running from +Merchants Row to the water. + +By 1796 Thaxter had moved from this location to No. 49 State Street, on +the north side opposite to Broad Street, a brick store owned by Joseph +Lovering & Sons, tallow chandlers. He continued to do business at this +address until 1815, when he moved to 27 State Street, on the opposite +side of the street. The new location was in a brick dwelling, opposite +Merchants Row, that was owned by Joseph Clough, a housewright. + +[Illustration: Figure 50.--Advertisement of Samuel Thaxter in _The +Columbia Centinel_, May 22, 1793. Photo courtesy Harvard University +Library.] + +In about 1825 Thaxter moved his business once more, to 125 State Street, +the east corner of Broad Street. This building was occupied by Charles +Stimpson, Jr., a stationer who was one of the publishers of the _Boston +Annual Advertiser_, which was annexed to the Boston Directory of 1826. +The building was owned by Jonathan Phillips, the first mayor of Boston. +In the cellar of the building was a victualler named Augustus +Adams.[107] + +The dominating feature of Thaxter's shop from the time it was opened was +the carved figure of "The Little Admiral," the trade sign first used by +Williams. + +The firm of Samuel Thaxter eventually became Samuel Thaxter & Son, and +it continued with that name until past the middle of the 19th century. +Samuel Thaxter died in April 1842 at the age of 72 years. The entry for +the firm in the 1843 City Directory listed S. T. Cushing as the new +owner. From the initials, it seems likely that his full name was +Samuel Thaxter Cushing, and that he was the grandson of the original +Samuel Thaxter. S. T. Cushing continued to be listed as the owner of the +firm until 1899, when he was succeeded by A. T. Cushing, presumably a +son of the former. The old store was finally demolished in 1901.[108] +Comparison of a photograph of the building just before its demolition +with a copy of Thaxter's trade card (fig. 51) of the mid-19th century +shows that the building underwent little change in the period. The +"Little Admiral" is barely visible in both views. + +[Illustration: Figure 51.--19th-century trade card in collection of the +Bostonian Society.] + +[Illustration: Figure 52.--Mahogany surveying compass made by Samuel +Thaxter of Boston. Length, 13 in.; diameter, 7-1/2 in. Wooden frame +slides off to permit removal of glass and adjustment of needle. Sighting +bars are of boxwood. In collection of the writer.] + +In 1796, shortly after his marriage, Thaxter made his home on + +Fish Street (now North Street), but in 1800 he was living at 54 Middle +Street (Hanover Street). By 1807 he had moved to a new home on Fleet +Street. His last home address, at the time of his death, was 41 Pinckney +Street.[109] + +[Illustration: Figure 53.--Compass card from earlier form of wooden +surveying compass made by Samuel Thaxter of Boston. From an instrument +in the collection of the writer.] + +In the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society there is a +receipted bill (fig. 55) from Samuel Thaxter dated July 1, 1801, to Sam +Brown, for touching up and repairing nine compasses for the French +corvelle _Berceau_. + +[Illustration: Figure 54.--Brass surveying compass made and sold by S. +Thaxter & Son, Boston, in late 18th or early 19th century. Over-all +length, 14 in.; diameter of dial, 6 in.; length of needle, 5-1/8 in.; +height of sighting bars, 6-1/2 in. In collection of the writer.] + +[Illustration: Figure 55.--Receipted bill from Samuel Thaxter to Sam +Brown, Boston, August 4, 1801. In collection of Massachusetts Historical +Society.] + + +_John Dupee_ + +John Dupee of Boston apparently was another instrument maker of the +pre-Revolutionary period actively engaged in producing wooden surveying +compasses. Three wooden instruments with his compass card exist in +private and public collections. The instruments are quite similar: the +wood in each case is walnut or applewood, with an engraved paper +mariner's compass card; a schooner at sea is figured within the central +medallion, and inscribed within the riband enclosing it are the words +"Made and Sold by JOHN DUPEE Ye North Side of Swing Bridge Boston New +Eng." One of the instruments is owned by the South Natick +[Massachusetts] Historical Society; a second example is in the +collection of the Bostonian Society; and a third is owned by a private +collector. + +There is no record of a maker of scientific instruments or clocks by the +name of Dupee, although the name John Dupee occurs in the city records +of Boston during the early decades of the 18th century. An advertisement +in the February 9, 1761, issue of _The Boston Gazette_ states that + + ISAAC DUPEE, Carver, Advertises his Customers and others, that + since the late Fire (on Dock Square) he has opened a shop the North + side of the Swing-Bridge, opposite to _Thomas Tyler's_, Esq.; where + Business will be carried on as usual with Fidelity and Dispatch. + +The natural assumption would be that the three instruments were produced +in Isaac Dupee's shop after 1761, perhaps by the carver's son. The use +of an engraved compass card indicates that the instruments were not +unique, and that a number of others were produced or contemplated. On +the other hand, it is likely that the maker produced other types of +instruments utilizing such a card, such as mariner's compasses. + + +_Jere Clough_ + +Another instrument maker, presumably of Boston, is Jere Clough. The only +instrument bearing his name known at present is a surveying compass +(fig. 56), made of wood, in the Streeter Collection of Weights and +Measures at Yale University. Clough's name does not appear on any of the +lists of instrument makers or clockmakers, yet it is a name that is +fairly prevalent in Boston. In 1741, for instance, one Joseph Clough of +Boston was a maker of bellows. He produced bellows of all types--for +furnaces, refiners, blacksmiths, braziers, and goldsmiths.[110] + +[Illustration: Figure 56.--Wooden instrument made by Jere Clough. In +Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.] + +[Illustration: Figure 57.--Wooden surveying compass made by Andrew +Newell (1749-1798) of Boston. It is made of mahogany, is 11-1/2 in. +long, and has a diameter of 5 in. The engraved compass card is signed by +Nathaniel Hurd, goldsmith, silversmith, and engraver of Boston. In +collection of Yale University Art Gallery.] + + +_Andrew Newell_ + +An instrument of considerable significance is another wooden surveyor's +compass, in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery. This +compass (fig. 57) is made of rich brown San Domingo mahogany with +sighting bars of boxwood. A mariner's card, set into the opening with a +metal vernier scale, is in the usual form of the mariner's compass card +of the 18th century; it is executed as a line engraving. A ship and the +Boston harbor lighthouse are featured in the central medallion. On a +riband encircling the medallion is the inscription "Made by ANDW. NEWELL +East End of the MARKET BOSTON," Engraved in script at the southern tip +of the star is the signature "N. Hurd Sct." + +Relatively little is known about Andrew Newell (1749-1798) except that +he was a maker of mathematical instruments. An entry in the first Boston +directory, in 1789, listed "Andrew Newell, instrument maker, 61 State +Street." The directory of 1796 mentioned Newell as having a shop on the +"East side of the Market," the address that appears on the surveying +compass. + +Two years later the Boston directory listed Andrew Newell and Son, and +in 1800 the listing included only the name of Joseph Newell, who may +have been the son. Another mathematical instrument maker named Charles +Newell may have been another son of Andrew Newell; his name does not +appear in the city Directory until in the 19th century. An instrument +with the signature "Newell & Son, Makers, East End of Faneuil Hall, +Boston" is in the collection of the Bostonian Society. + +An important feature of the Newell instrument is the fact that the +engraver of the compass card was Nathaniel Hurd (1729-1777), the peer of +goldsmiths and engravers of the colonial period. This compass card is a +previously unrecorded example of Hurd's work, and constitutes a work of +art, making the compass a historic scientific instrument.[111] The +compass was presented to the Yale University Art Gallery by a Yale +alumnus, Mr. Henry G. Schiff of New York City. No other examples have +thus far been found. + + +_Aaron Breed_ + +Aaron Breed (1791-1861) is a relatively unknown maker of mathematical +instruments who worked in Boston into the 19th century. He specialized +in nautical, mathematical and optical instruments, with an address at +173 Broad Street, and another at No. 2 Rowe's Wharf, "At the Sign of the +Quadrant." Breed made surveying instruments in brass and in wood. A +brass instrument is in the Henry Ford Museum, and a wooden instrument is +in the collection of Old Sturbridge Village. The latter is fashioned +from walnut with an engraved compass card inscribed "Aaron Breed +Boston." + + +_Charles Thacher_ + +The name of Charles Thacher appears on the compass card of a wooden +surveying compass (fig. 58) in the collection of the Mariners' Museum, +Norfolk, Virginia. No record of this maker has been found, but the +engraved compass card indicates that he probably worked in New England. + +[Illustration: Figure 58.--Wooden surveying compass made by Charles +Thacher. It is made of cherry or maple; sighting bars are of oak. +Over-all length, 13-5/8 in. Photos courtesy Mariners Museum, Newport +News, Virginia.] + + +_Benjamin King Hagger_ + +Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) was the scion of two well-known +families of instrument makers in New England, so it is not surprising +that he worked in the same craft. + +It is believed that Hagger was born in Newport, Rhode Island, about +1769, the son of William Guyse Hagger and of a sister of Benjamin King. +Although his father made instruments--at first in partnership with +Benjamin King, and then working alone--in Newport at least as late as +1776, the family appears to have moved after the Revolution. William +Guyse Hagger's name did not appear in the 1790 census of Newport, and it +is presumed that he moved with his family to Boston. + +Benjamin King Hagger was listed in the first city directory of Boston in +1789 as "a mathematical instrument maker" with an address on Ann Street; +he was only 20 years of age at this time. + +On November 10, 1793, Benjamin King Hagger, "mathematical instrument +maker," purchased land with buildings on Prince Street near Snow Hill +Street from one Peter Greene. Two years later, on December 1, 1795, +Hagger, now listed simply as a "merchant," purchased a brick house, a +wooden house, and a shed with land from William Ballard, a tailor of +Framingham and an heir of Samuel Ballard. The property was located on +the east side of North Street, south of Mill Creek. At the time of +purchase, Hagger mortgaged the property to Ballard, and also mortgaged +to him the house and land previously purchased from Greene. + +Hagger was listed as a ship chandler in the following year when on March +24, 1796, he deeded part of his land on Prince Street to William and +George Hillman, minors. + +On June 22, 1796, three months later, Hagger, now listed as +"mathematical instrument maker, and ship-chandler" deeded to a mariner +named Thomas Wallis a house and land that formed part of his original +purchase near Copp's Hill from Peter Greene. Then on July 21, 1796, he +purchased from William Ballard all his right to the brick house and land +on North Street (Ann Street), at the same time mortgaging the property +to William Ballard, Jr., of Framingham. This mortgage was cancelled on +April 11, 1798.[112] + +These negotiations took place before marriage. A report of the Record +Commissioners of Boston, states that "William King Hagger of Boston and +Mehitable Ballard of Framingham were married October 6, 1796." The +entry appears to be in error because the marriage intentions had read +"Benjamin King Hagger." It is presumed that Mehitable was the daughter +of William Ballard, the tailor of Framingham, from whom Hagger had +bought his house on Ann Street, south of Mill Creek.[113] + +Benjamin King Hagger is listed in the city directory of Boston for 1798 +as a "mathematical instrument maker" on Ann Street. This, however, is +the last listing for his name in Boston, as his name does not appear in +the 1803 or subsequent directories. + +Shortly after 1798 Hagger appears to have left Boston together with his +wife, and it is probable that he established himself as an instrument +maker in another Massachusetts community, at present unknown. In about +1816 Hagger moved with his family to Baltimore and continued his +instrument-making business. + +The records of the 1850 Federal census of Baltimore indicate that two of +Hagger's sons, John W. and William G. Hagger, had been born in 1800 and +1806 respectively, in Massachusetts, presumably in the community to +which Hagger had moved from Boston before moving once more to Baltimore. + +According to Matchett's Baltimore directory for 1824, Hagger was a +"mathematical and optical instrument maker" with a shop at 57 South +Street. His advertisement in the directory stated that he + + Respectfully acquaints his fellow citizens that he executes all + orders in the line of his business with punctuality and confidently + professes to give satisfaction to his employers, from the + experience of a regular apprenticeship and 37 years practice. + +This indicates that Hagger completed his apprenticeship in 1787, when he +was 18, and since then had been established in his own business or had +worked for another as a journeyman instrument maker. His first +advertisement in the Boston directory appeared in 1789, wherein his shop +was listed as being on Ann Street. + +Hagger died in Baltimore on November 8, 1834, at the age of 65, after a +residence of 18 years in that city.[114] + +Thus far only one instrument by Hagger has been found--a wooden +surveying instrument or semicircumferentor (fig. 59). It is in the +possession of the writer. + +[Illustration: Figure 59.--Wooden graphometer made by Benjamin King +Hagger (c. 1769-1834) of Boston and Baltimore. Made of yellow birch, +with the name and gradations and lines incised into the wood by means of +tiny punches, and filled. Trough compass; sighting bars mounted on a +swivelling brass bar; collapsible tripod made of maple. In collection of +the writer.] + + +_Benjamin Warren_ + +[Illustration: Figure 60.--An advertisement of Benjamin Warren in _The +Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_. Photos courtesy The +American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.] + +Production of wooden surveying compasses was not limited to Boston. +Another instrument maker who produced them was Benjamin Warren (c. +1740-?) of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The name of Benjamin Warren was a +fairly common one in Plymouth, being a name handed down in the family +from father to son for at least five generations before 1800. The first +Benjamin Warren at Plymouth was married in 1697, and his son Benjamin +(2) was born in 1698. Benjamin (2) was married in due course, and his +son Benjamin (3) was born in 1740. The third Benjamin was the father of +Benjamin (4), who was born in 1766. In 1789 Benjamin (4) married Sarah +Young, the daughter of Daniel Young, and their son Benjamin (5) was born +in 1792. The Benjamin Warren who operated the shop in Plymouth probably +was Benjamin Warren (3), who was then about 45 years of age.[115] + +A search of _The Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_ has +revealed several advertisements and notices (fig. 60) about Benjamin +Warren from which some information can be derived about the man and his +business during this period. The first known notice dated March 19, +1785, probably is the most important one. Later in the same year, on +August 16, 1785, Warren published the following notice: + + WHEREAS on Friday Morning of the 5th inst. eloped from the House of + the subscriber, _Inholder_ in Plymouth, JOHN MOREY, of NORTON, of + tall stature, & round shoulder'd. Had on when he absconded, a + shabby claret coloured coat, adorned with patches, and a pair of + dirty smoak'd coloured breeches; without knee-buckles; and an old + flopped hatt, defaced with grease. + + As he appeared to be an enterprising genius, without abilities, + politeness or honesty, and went off in an abrupt and clandestine + manner; a reward of _Sixpence_ will be paid, to any person or + persons, who will persuade or induce the said Morey to make his + appearance once more to the subscriber. + +It is obvious that Warren was not considerably concerned about the +return of John Morey, for the reward offered was scarcely conducive to +obtain the public's cooperation. Warren's first ventures with public +sales must have been successful, for early in the next year, in the +issue of January 3, 1786, he announced that + + _Benjamin Warren_, + + PROPOSES to open a convenient AUCTION-ROOM, over the Shop he now + trades in, next week. Any Gentlemen that will furnish him with + goods of any kind for Public or Private sale, on Commission, shall + be served with fidelity, and the smallest favours in that way + gratefully acknowledged. + +The next notice of the auction-room appeared on February 21, 1786, when +the newspaper advertised that + + _To-morrow_ will be SOLD, by Public Vendue, At WARREN'S Auction + Room, + + A VARIETY of articles, _viz_. Nails, Bar Lead, Glass Pewter, + Buttons, Buckles, Chairs, Stands, &c, &c, &c. + + *** The SALE to begin at 10 o'Clock, A.M. + +No other notices of public sales appeared in the _Journal_ for the next +several months. The last notice of this period was another announcement +of a sale, which was published in the issue of May 30, 1786: + + _Publick Vendue_, + + _At_ WARREN's Auction Room, in PLYMOUTH: at Ten o'clock this + morning. WILL be Sold, a quantity of bar lead, boxes of glass, 6 × + 8. English Shovels and Tongs, bridle-Bits, and a variety of other + articles of Hard-Ware. Also, a few Anvils at private sale. + +Only one instrument signed by Warren is known to survive; it is a wooden +surveying compass (fig. 61) in the Streeter Collection of Weights and +Measures at Yale University. The instrument, which appears to have been +made from walnut, has a compass card with the following inscription +around the central medallion: "Made and sold by BENJAMIN WARREN Plymouth +New Eng^d." + +[Illustration: Figure 61.--Wooden surveying compass made by Benjamin +Warren (c. 1740-c. 1800) of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and detail of the +compass card. The compass, made of cherry wood, is 12 in. long and has a +diameter of 6 in. In Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale +University.] + +[Illustration: Figure 62.--Detail of card, Warren surveying compass +shown in figure 61.] + +The medallion (fig. 62) encloses a harbor scene with a brigantine of the +1740 period off a promontory on which is prominently situated a +lighthouse with a smaller building partly visible at the left. The +lighthouse is unusual in construction in that it features twin towers +rising from a large rectangular wooden building. + +As far as can be determined from available records, the only lighthouse +in America of this period having such construction was the noted Gurnet +Light, which was built at the tip of Duxbury Beach in Plymouth Bay in +1768. D. Alan Stevenson[116] relates that the Governor's Council of +Massachusetts, when it decided in 1768 to erect the Gurnet Lighthouse +at Plymouth, adopted a novel plan to distinguish it from other American +lighthouses. "This consisted of double lights set horizontally in the +same structure. A timber house built at a cost of £660, 30' long and 20' +high, had a lanthorn at each end to contain two four-wick lamps. + +"In 1802 fire destroyed the house but the merchants of the town promptly +subscribed to replace it by temporary lights, as the Government had no +immediate funds at its disposal. An Act of Congress of 1802 allotted +$2500 for building another set of twin lights and reimbursing the +merchants for their expenditure. + +"Though the idea of twin lights at Plymouth seemed an excellent +distinction from a single navigation light shown at Barnstable harbor in +the vicinity, they proved not entirely advantageous and a sea captain +blamed them for causing his shipwreck. He had seen the light from only +one tower and identified it with confidence as the Barnstable light; +apparently, from a particular direction one tower hid the other. But +local prejudice in favor of retaining the twin lights as a distinction +prevailed until 1924 when, at last, opposition ceased to the +recommendation which the Lighthouse Board expressed frequently that a +single light would be preferable." + +It seems quite likely that the compass card bears one of the very few +surviving contemporary representations of the first Gurnet Light in +Plymouth Bay. A search of the archives of the historical societies in +Plymouth, Boston, and Worcester and the files of the U.S. National +Archives has failed to reveal any illustration of this famous +lighthouse. + +Quite by coincidence, the name of Benjamin Warren was discovered among +the entries of the day books of Paul Revere, the famous patriot, +silversmith, and engraver. The entry[117] (fig. 63) appears as follows: + + 1786 March 13. Benjm Warren Dr. Plimouth + To printing one hundred Compass Cards 0-18-0. + +Whether the compass card on the Warren instrument was produced by Revere +is difficult to determine. Authorities on Revere's engravings agree that +it could have been engraved by Revere but are unable to state it +positively. It has been suggested that the entry in Revere's day book +indicates that he merely printed the compass cards for Warren and that +he did not engrave a plate. The charge for the work bears out this +supposition; and furthermore, Revere's bills seemed to make a definite +distinction between the engraving of plates and actual prints. Whether +or not Revere was responsible for making the original engraving remains +to be determined, but it is very probable that he printed the compass +card of the instrument in the Streeter Collection of Weights and +Measures at Yale. + +[Illustration: Figure 63.--Page from the "day books" of Paul Revere with +entry for the printing of compass cards for Benjamin Warren of Plymouth. +In collection of Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.] + + +_Daniel Burnap_ + +One of the best known and most respected names among Connecticut +clockmakers is that of Daniel Burnap (1759-1838) of East Windsor. Burnap +was born in Coventry in 1759 and served an apprenticeship with Thomas +Harland, clockmaker of Norwich. In about 1780 Burnap opened his own +establishment, where he combined the crafts of clockmaking, +cabinetmaking, and engraving of brass, in all of which he was greatly +skilled. One of his apprentices was Eli Terry, who later achieved fame +in the craft in his own right.[118] + +Burnap's business included clients in Windsor, Hartford, and Coventry, +as well as some of the leading merchants and cabinetmakers of the nearby +cities and towns. Although clockmaking was the primary business in which +Burnap engaged, he also had a large trade for his surveying instruments, +silver spoons, gold beads, harness and saddlery hardware, and shoe +buckles. + +Burnap prospered, and in about 1800 he moved back to his native town, +Coventry. There he purchased a large farm and erected a shop and a +sawmill, and in due course became the leading citizen of the community. +He died in 1838, leaving a valuable technological record in the +completeness of his journals and account books. A study of the entries +of his day books and ledgers (see fig. 64) reveals that Burnap did a +substantial amount of business in surveying compasses, chains, and +protractors. Among his shop equipment after his death there was found an +unfinished protractor, but no examples of his instruments are known +except for a compass dial, inscribed with his name, that was discovered +recently in the collection of a midwestern historical society.[119] + +It is significant to note that Burnap made instruments of varying +quality. For instance, he charged three different prices for his +surveyor's compasses. The highest-priced compasses cost £6; they were +made of brass, and were of the more elaborate conventional type used by +surveyors. A few examples that appeared in his records cost £4; these +also were made of brass, but probably were of a simpler form. Several +entries list surveying compasses priced at £2 and £2/8. One of these was +made for Capt. Solomon Dewie (1750-1813) in September 1790 for £2/8. At +the same time, Burnap charged him £0/1/6 for touching the needle of +another compass.[120] The entries in Burnap's account books do not state +that these inexpensive compasses were constructed of wood, but it seems +to be sufficiently conclusive that they were. + + +_Gurdon Huntington_ + +Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804) was not primarily a maker of scientific +instruments, but he was established as a goldsmith and clockmaker. He +was born in Windham, Connecticut, on April 30, 1763, the son of +Hezekiah and Submit (Murdock) Huntington.[121] + +[Illustration: Figure 64.--Entry in the manuscript ledgers of Daniel +Burnap (1759-1838) of East Windsor and Coventry, Connecticut, for sale +of surveying compass in 1790. Reproduced from the Burnap shop records in +the collection of Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.] + +The Huntington family was one of the most important in Connecticut +colonial history. Gurdon's father, Hezekiah, was in service during the +Revolutionary War, going to Boston as a major with the first troops +raised in Connecticut. When in Boston he witnessed the miserable +condition of the arms then in the hands of the soldiers. Major +Huntington went immediately to Philadelphia, where Congress was in +session, and proposed to the Congress that he would return to his home +in Windham and that there he would open a manufactory for repairing +muskets and other arms. He claimed to have been the first man to have +made a gun in the Colonies. + +Gurdon was too young to have served in the Revolution, but he +undoubtedly worked in his father's gun manufactory as a boy. In due +course he learned the trades of goldsmith and clockmaker and established +his own shop in Windham, which, according to an advertisement (fig. 65) +in _The Connecticut Gazette_ of June 11, 1784, was "a few rods north of +Major Ebenezer Backus' store." + +On Christmas Day, 1785, Gurdon was married in New London to Temperance +Williams of Groton. In 1789 their first child, Marvin, was born, and in +October of the same year the Huntingtons moved from Windham to Walpole, +New Hampshire. No reason can be found for the move, other than the +possibility that Gurdon might have anticipated greater opportunity in +the new community. There he applied himself to his trade as goldsmith +and clockmaker, but apparently he was not very successful. His family +grew, and by the time of his death there were eight children. Possibly +in an effort to supplement his income, Huntington served as postmaster +of the community. In about 1797, seven or eight years after he had moved +to Walpole, his father and mother joined him there, and it is believed +that Major Hezekiah may have worked as a gunsmith during that period. +Eventually the senior Huntington returned to Windham, Connecticut, where +he died in 1807.[122] + +Meanwhile Gurdon Huntington struggled on until his death on July 26, +1804. He died insolvent, which created a considerable problem in view of +the large family he left behind him. Huntington's estate was +administered by Asa Sibley, a clockmaker in Walpole. Sibley had moved +to Walpole from his home in Woodstock, Connecticut, in the 1790's and he +remained there until 1808, when he again returned to Woodstock. Gurdon +Huntington's widow removed to Bloomfield, Ohio, with her children, and +she died there on May 25, 1823. Most of her children settled in +Bloomfield, but several of them moved to New Hartford, New York. + +[Illustration: Figure 65.--Advertisement of Gurdon Huntington +(1763-1804) in _The Connecticut Gazette_, June 11, 1784. In collection +of Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford.] + +[Illustration: Figure 66.--Views of wooden surveying compass made by +Gurdon Huntington, clockmaker in Walpole, New Hampshire, between +1789-1804. Made of cherry with folding brass sighting bars, the +instrument is 14 in. long and 5-1/2 in. wide. In collection of the +writer.] + +Several examples of Huntington's clocks are known to exist in private +collections in the United States. However, only one example of his +scientific instruments appears to have survived. This is a surveying +compass (fig. 66) made of wood, with brass sighting bars and a painted +dial under glass with a steel needle. The dial is inscribed "G. +HUNTINGTON/WALPOLE." The instrument, which is in the collection of the +writer, is made of cherry wood, with a riveted ball-and-socket joint of +brass for insertion on a tripod. + +[Illustration] + + +_Jedidiah Baldwin_ + +Jedidiah Baldwin (fl. 1790's) was another early New England clock and +instrument maker, but little is known of his early life. He was a +brother of Jabes Baldwin (c. 1777-1829), who worked as a clockmaker in +Salem and Boston after serving an apprenticeship with Thomas Harland in +Norwich, Connecticut. + +Jedidiah Baldwin also served an apprenticeship with Harland. In 1791 he +was working in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a member of the firm of +Stiles and Baldwin, and from 1792 to 1794 he was a member of the firm of +Stiles and Storrs, in partnership with Nathan Storrs.[123] In about 1794 +Baldwin moved to Hanover, New Hampshire, where he became the local +postmaster, and where Dartmouth College records his death. + +Only one existing instrument is known to have been made by Baldwin; it +is a wooden surveying compass with a brass dial having two scales, one +for degrees and one for eight divisions per 90°. The dial is inscribed +"JED BALDWIN/HANOVER." According to its present owner, Mr. Worth +Shampeny of Rochester, Vermont, the compass was used for surveying in +Vermont during the early 1800's. + +Another Jedidiah Baldwin worked as a clockmaker in Morrisville, New +York, from 1818-1820 and then in Fairfield, New York; he appears also in +the city directory of Rochester, New York, as a clockmaker during the +years 1834-1844. He may have been a son or grandson of the first +Jedidiah, or a nephew. + + +_Thomas Salter Bowles_ + +Thomas Salter Bowles (c. 1765-?) is another elusive New England +instrument maker about whom little information is available. He is +believed to have been the son of Deacon Samuel and Hannah (Salter) +Bowles, born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, probably between 1765 and +1770. His father was born in 1739; his mother, who was the daughter of +Captain Titus Salter, was born in 1748 and died in 1831.[124] Deacon +Bowles was clerk of the Brick Market in Portsmouth from 1801 to the time +of his death, November 3, 1802. There is a minimum of information +available from church and city records in the community, but it is +believed that he was a member of one of the offshoots of the established +Puritan Church, and hence he would not appear in its records. He kept +the lower school in the Brick School House on State Street for a number +of years. + +It is believed that the Bowles family first came to Portsmouth during +the few years immediately before the beginning of the Revolutionary War. +It is known that a Thomas Bowles and a Samuel Bowles both signed the +Association Test on August 14, 1776, promising to oppose the hostile +proceedings of the British fleets and armies. Furthermore, one of the +principal taxpayers in Portsmouth in 1770 was a firm named Griffith and +Bowles, which paid £17 in taxes in 1770. The name of the Bowles who +formed part of this firm is not known, but it was either Samuel or the +first Thomas Bowles. The other partner was Nathaniel S. Griffith, a +watchmaker. It is possible that a tradition of instrument making existed +in the Bowles family even then.[125] + +On file in the office of the City Clerk in Portsmouth are two +certificates of marriage made out by Thomas Salter Bowles. The first is +for his marriage to Hannah Ham, a ceremony performed on September 21, +1809, by Joseph Walton, one of the pastors of a church dissenting from +the Puritan regime. Hannah was the daughter of William Ham, a brother of +Supply Ham (1788-1862), a noted local clockmaker. Bowles may have served +an apprenticeship in that shop before he married Hannah. Two other +members of the Ham family--George Ham and Henry H. Ham--worked as +watchmakers in Portsmouth in the same period. + +A search of the cemeteries has indicated that Hannah Ham Bowles died in +1811, age 20. She is buried with her infant son in North Cemetery.[126] + +Thomas Bowles's second marriage certificate in Portsmouth is for his +marriage on September 29, 1813--two years after Hannah's death--to Abiah +Emerly Bradley of Haverhill, Massachusetts. + +Little is known about the work of Bowles as an instrument maker except +through a few of his instruments. He is listed in the first Portsmouth +directory, of 1821, as a "mathematical instrument maker" with a place of +business on Daniel Street; his home was given as Austin Street in +Portsmouth. He did not appear in the city's directories of 1827 and +1834. It is assumed that he may have left Portsmouth in the interim, +possibly to settle in his wife's home town of Haverhill. + +Three instruments signed by Bowles have survived, and all show signs of +considerable wear. They are surveying compasses made of walnut, having +maple sighting bars and a silvered brass vernier set under the glass. +Two examples, one in the Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures at +Yale University and one owned by this writer are almost identical in +size, form, and details. The only variation is that the Yale example +(fig. 67) has a bubble level under a brass strip set into one end, an +item lacking in the other example (fig. 68). + +The compass card, made from a line engraving, is identical in each of +the three examples. A floriated fleur-de-lis on the North point has a +compass and square at its base, and the name T. S. BOWLES is on a riband +over it. Adorning the East point is an American eagle bearing a shield +with stars and stripes and clutching arrows in one claw and a laurel +twig in the other. In a ring within the central medallion is inscribed +(see fig. 68), "* T. S. BOWLES * PORTSMOUTH, N.H. *" + +[Illustration: Figure 67.--Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas +Salter Bowles of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. With spirit level. Made of +birch, the compass is 13 in. long and has a diameter of 6 in. In the +Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.] + +The most interesting of the three instruments was acquired by the +Dartmouth Museum as part of a collection of the late Frank C. Churchill, +an inspector in the Indian Service. The instrument (fig. 69) is a +quarter circle with a compass in its center and sighting bars mounted on +a swinging arm that reads the angle of the brass scale on the arc by +means of a vernier. It is mounted on a wooden tripod with the customary +ball-and-socket joint, which permits it to be placed on a vertical +plane. A built-in plumb bob at the side helps to establish the +vertical.[127] + +Interesting features of this instrument are two inscriptions engraved on +the brass strip on the top of the dial. One states that it was "INVENTED +BY P. MERRILL ESQ." and the other relates that it was "MADE BY JOHN +KENNARD NEWMARKET." No information about P. Merrill has been found, and +it is presumed that it was he who conceived the idea of combining the +various elements into a single instrument and that it was made under his +direction by Kennard. + +[Illustration: Figure 68.--Wooden surveying compass made by Thomas +Salter Bowles (1765/70-post 1821) of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Made of +walnut, it is 12 in. long and has a diameter of 5-3/8 in. With walnut +sighting bars. In collection of writer.] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration: Figure 69.--Wooden surveying instrument inscribed +"Invented by P. Merrill, Esq." and "Made by John Kennard, Newmarket." +Made of walnut, 7-3/4 in. long; in its original pine case, with cover. +The compass card and dial (see opposite) were made by Thomas Salter +Bowles of Portsmouth. In Frank C. Churchill Collection, Dartmouth +College Museum, Hanover, New Hampshire.] + +Some data on Kennard is available in a history of Newfields (formerly +Newmarket) by Reverend Fitts. John Kennard was born in Kittery, Maine, +in 1782. He learned the trade of clockmaker in Portsmouth, New +Hampshire, presumably working with the members of the Ham family or +others. On July 3, 1806, he married Sarah Ewer. He lived for various +periods in Nashua and Concord before moving to Newfields in 1812. He +lived in the Palmer house (which was burned in September 1899), and he +kept a store in the little community and also served as its postmaster +from 1822 to 1824. The post office was the only public office in the +town until the cotton mills were built on the Lamprey River in 1823. +Kennard later built and occupied the Kennard house on Piscassic Street, +which was subsequently owned by Jeremiah Towle and has since been +burned. In December 1830 he established an iron foundry together with +Temple Paul and the Drake family, but in 1834 he sold his interest to +Amos Paul and others. He was the father of six children and he died in +1861. During his lifetime he had specialized in making tall case and +banjo clocks.[128] + + + + +_The New Era_ + + +The beginning of the 19th century saw increased trading and shipping +resulting from the economic development of the new republic, and the +westward surge brought increased preoccupation with the settlement of +communities and the development of land areas. As a consequence, the +demand for instruments likewise increased. + +Whereas during the 18th century and until some time after the end of the +Revolutionary War probably not more than a dozen instrument makers and +dealers are known to have emigrated from England or elsewhere to make +their homes and careers in the American Colonies, the beginning of the +19th century saw substantial numbers of English and French instrument +makers and dealers immigrate to the United States, to establish shops in +the major centers of trade. + +And whereas the names of scarcely a hundred mathematical-instrument +makers who worked in the American Colonies during the 18th century are +known today, the names of hundreds of similar 19th-century craftsmen and +dealers are to be found. + +As Derek Price[129] has so cogently stated: "For scientific instrument +makers, one need only examine the nineteenth century city directories of +Boston, Philadelphia and New York to find hundreds of names of craftsmen +and firms. It is, to be sure, an antiquarian research, for one does not +expect to find great discoveries coming from these people. But just as +in Europe, it is a populous trade, influential in the growth of science +and highly effective in spreading and intensifying the itch for +ingenious instruments and devices. It is by these men that the basic +skills of the Industrial Revolution were populated...." By such means +did American science and technology come of age. + + + + +_The National Collection_ + +_Early American Scientific Instruments and Related Materials in the +United States National Museum, Listed by Makers and Users_ + + +ADAMS, GEORGE; Fleet Street, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew; Surveying +Instrument.) + +BARDIN, W. & T. M.; 16 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London. (See +Priestley, Joseph: Globes.) + +BENNET, N. (fl. 1777); Middleboro, Mass., or Middleboro, Pa. _Alidade_, +plane table, scale 7-7/8 in. radius, compass 5-3/8 in. long. Brass scale +and sights with compass in wooden box. Instrument inscribed "N. +Bennet--Middlebor 1777." Although the name of this instrument maker does +not appear on list of English or American makers, it is believed that he +was American. USNM 319076. + +ELLICOTT, ANDREW (1754-1820); Baltimore, Md. _Instrument Box_ for +astronomical instruments. Made of rosewood, with a hinged top, green +felt underlining, brass lock, size 3 in. by 3 in. by 11 in. Owned and +used by Andrew Ellicott for storage and transportation of small +astronomical equipment. + +Gift of John E. Reynolds, Ellicott's great-grandson, of Meadville, Pa., +in 1932. USNM 310418. + +_Journal_ and _Astronomical Notebook_, manuscript written by Andrew +Ellicott while locating the U.S. boundary line between the United States +and the Spanish territory of Florida, 1797-1801. Contains day-by-day +entries of experiences, field notes, and calculations made by Ellicott. +The major part of the manuscript was published in _The Journal of Andrew +Ellicott_.[130] Bound volume with brown leather covers, end opening, +marked "And. Ellicott," 6-1/2 in. by 8 in. by 2 in. First page has +signature "Andrew Ellicott 1788." + +[Illustration: Figure 70.--Pages from manuscript "Journal and +Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417) written by Andrew Ellicott while +locating the boundary between the United States and the Spanish +territory of Florida. These pages relate to the observations made in +1799 at the cord of the guide line on Mobile River for determining the +latitude.] + +[Illustration: Figure 71.--Folding plate from Andrew Ellicott's "Journal +and Astronomical Notebook" (USNM 310417), relating the results of +observations made in February 1800 with the large and small sectors for +determining Ellicott's position on St. Mary's River.] + +Formerly the property of Ellicott's eldest daughter, Jane Judith +Ellicott, from whom it passed to her youngest son, William Reynolds. It +was inherited by the latter's son, John Reynolds of Meadville, Pa., who +presented it as a gift to the U.S. National Museum in 1932. USNM 310417. +FIGURES 70, 71. + +_Pocket Slate_ 7-1/4 in. long and 4 in. wide, with wooden frame 7-1/4 +in. long and 4 in. wide. Slate 5-3/4 in. long and 2-1/2 in. wide. Part +of field equipment used by Ellicott. + +Gift of Charles Ellicott of Dansville, N.Y., in 1960. USNM 318292. + +_Quadrant_ of brass made and used by Ellicott. Quadrant has a radius of +12 in., is on a stand 17 in. high, and has the original lenses. Simple +construction with easy adjustment, accomplished by means of two plumb +lines. A tangent screw for slow motions was designed and added in 1885 +by Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Ellicott's grandson. Instrument was made by +Ellicott about 1790 and was used in running the southern boundary of the +United States in 1796 and 1800, and on other surveys. + +Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM +152081. FIGURE 72. + +_Surveying Instrument_, with brass disk 10-1/2 in. in diameter laid off +in degrees, minutes, and seconds with vernier points. Two telescopes, +one fixed and the other revolving. The instrument is mounted on a tripod +or Jacob's staff by means of a socket on the underside. Complete with +original painted pine case. The name of the maker, "G. Adams London," is +engraved on the dial. + +George Adams (1704-1773) was mathematical instrument maker to King +George III. After serving an apprenticeship from 1718, he made +instruments for the East India Company in 1735 and 1736, and established +a shop at "Tycho Brahe's Head" at the corner of Raquet Court, Fleet +Street. He specialized in terrestrial and celestial globes and +microscopes. Following his death he was succeeded in business by his son +George Adams the Younger (1750-1795), who also served as +mathematical-instrument maker to the king. + +This instrument is believed by the donor to have been used by either +Andrew Ellicott or by his son-in-law David Bates Douglass. + +Gift of Charles B. Curtis of Litchfield, Conn., in 1945. USNM 312932. + +[Illustration: Figure 72.--Brass quadrant made by Andrew Ellicott about +1790 and used for running the southern boundary of the United States +about 1796 and 1800, and on later surveys. USNM 152081.] + +_Telescope_, consisting of a brass tube 3-1/2 in. long with an aperture +of 2-3/4 in.; on its original brass tripod, with a serviceable +altazimuth mounting. Late 18th century. Made by "W. & S. Jones/135 +Holborn/London." + +The firm of "W. & S. Jones" was a partnership of two brothers, Samuel +and William Jones, opticians, who worked at 30 Lower Holborn and at 135 +Holborn in London, from 1793. They bought the copyright to the books of +George Adams, and subsequently largely carried on the original business +of the Adams instrument makers. + +In _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author describes this instrument +as the first of "Two Acromatic Telescopes for Taking signals, with +sliding tubes, one of them drew out to upwards of 4 feet, and the other +to about 15 inches, the latter for its length is remarkably good, it +shows the satellites of Jupiter very distinctly." + +Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1899. USNM +152082. FIGURE 73. + +_Telescope_, draw type, made of brass with acromatic lens, length 11 in. +Incomplete, and maker not known. The second of the instruments described +in _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ as an acromatic telescope. Used for +taking signals, with sliding tubes, which draw out to about 15 in. It +was considered to be remarkably good for its length, and showed the +satellites of Jupiter very distinctly. + +Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM +152085. + +_Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument_, made entirely of brass, with +original lens now broken. The instrument is described by Ellicott in the +following extract from _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_: + + Preparatory to beginning the ten mile square [of Washington] a + Meridian was traced at Jones' Point on the West of the Potomac. + From this Meridian an angle of 45 degrees was laid off North + Westerly and a straight line continued in that direction ten + miles.... From the termination of this second line a third making a + right angle with it was carried South-Easterly ten miles: and from + the beginning on Jones' Point a fourth was carried ten miles to the + termination of the third. These lines were measured with a chain + which was examined and corrected daily, and plumbed whenever the + ground was uneven, and traced with a transit and equal altitude + instrument which I constructed and executed in 1789 and used in + running the Western boundary of the State of New York. This + instrument was similar to that described by Le Monnier in his + preface to the French "Histoire Celeste." ... All the lines in this + city in which I have been concerned were traced with the same + instrument which I used on the lines of the ten mile square but as + the Northern part was not finished when I left that place, I cannot + pretend to say what method has since been pursued. + +Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM +152080. FIGURE 10. + +[Illustration: Figure 73.--Telescope used by Andrew Ellicott for his +survey of the boundary between the United States and the Spanish +territory of Florida. The instrument is signed "W. & S. Jones, 135 +Holborn, London." USNM 152082.] + +ELLIS, ORANGE WARNER (18th century). _Theodolite_, about 1780, brass; +horizontal circle 5 in., vertical circle 5 in., telescope 7-1/2 in., +compass 3 in.; spirit level set into compass card; spirit level attached +to telescope; fixed vertical circle; unsigned. Used by Orange Warner +Ellis about 1780 in the surveying of the boundary between the United +States and Canada, the area which is now Vermont. + +Acquired from Miss Mary N. Ellis of Chicago, Ill., in 1929. USNM 309596. +FIGURE 74. + +FRYE, JOSEPH (fl. 1762-1783), Fryeburg, Maine. _Manuscript Booklet_ of +"Tables Useful in Surveying Land, made and presented by Joseph Frye to +his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November 18, A. D. 1783." Size 6-1/4 in. by +3-7/8 in., 16 pages, paper covers, marked "Fryeburg Joseph Frye AD +MDCCLXXXIII." + +Loan from Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey, in 1957. USNM +315062. FIGURE 45. + +(See Greenough, Thomas, for surveying compass used by Joseph Frye.) + +[Illustration: Figure 74.--Theodolite used by Orange Warner Ellis about +1780 for surveying boundary between the United States and Canada in the +area which is now Vermont. USNM 309596.] + +GREENOUGH, THOMAS (1710-1785), Boston, Mass. _Surveying Compass_, made +of hickory with engraved paper compass card. Over-all length 11 ft.; +dial 5-1/2 in. in diameter. Central medallion on card depicts man along +shoreline using a Davis quadrant with a schooner offshore, with touches +of red. Inscribed in gilt in band around central medallion: "Made and +Sold by THOMAS GREENOUGH, Boston, New Eng." Used by Joseph Frye in 1762 +for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine. Loan from +Laurits C. Eichner, Clifton, N.J., in 1957. USNM 315001. FIGURE 44. + +(See also, Frye, Joseph, manuscript booklet of "Tables Useful for +Surveying Land ...") + +HAGGER, WILLIAM GUYSE, (C. 1748?-1830?), Newport, R.I. _Backstaff_, or +_Davis Quadrant_, about 1760-1770, made of dark wood with scales and +sights of boxwood, 25 in. long, 14 in. wide at large arc and 5 in. wide +at small arc. Inscribed as follows: "W^m G. Hagger Newp^t R. Island/For +M^r----." The name of the original owner has been blocked out by the +insertion of a piece of ivory. This quadrant was acquired from Mrs. +Carola Paine of Bethel, Conn., in 1961. USNM 319029. FIGURE 59. + +Davis quadrants signed by Hagger are in the Comstock Memorial Collection +of the Rhode Island Historical Society (dated 1776); in the Shepley +Library in Providence, R.I. (dated 1768); and in the Peabody Museum at +Salem, Mass. (dated 1775). + +Also in the U.S. National Museum is an unsigned quadrant (USNM 178975) +that is almost identical in detail to the one signed by Hagger. It is +the gift of A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. Another almost identical +instrument, in the collection of the Franklin Institute, is signed "C. +Elliott, New London, 1764"; it differs from the other two only in that a +lens is combined in the middle sight. + +HOLBECHER, JOHN, (fl. 1738). _Backstaff_, or _Davis Quadrant_, of dark +wood with boxwood scales and vanes. Length 25-1/2 in.; large arc 15 in. +Inscribed "Made by John Holbecher/ For Capt. Joseph Swan--1738." + +Holbecher is not listed as an English or American instrument maker, but +it is believed that the instrument is American. + +Acquired from Bern C. Ritchie & Co., Chicago, Ill., in 1960. USNM +318439. + +JOHNSON, JOHN, Surveyor, 1818. (See Rittenhouse & Evans, surveying +compass.) + +JONES, W. & S., 135 Holborn, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew, telescope.) + +PIERCE, ABNER, (c. 1790). _Surveying Compass_ with Jacob's staff. Made +of brass; 12 in. long; 5 in. in diameter; with needle lift. Jacob's +staff 4 ft. high and with wood shaft about 1-1/2 in.; brass head. +Unsigned. Used about 1790 by Abner Pierce, who built Pierce's Mill in +Rock Creek, District of Columbia. + +Gift of Mrs. Francis D. Shoemaker of Washington, D.C., in 1930. USNM +309826. + +PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804), Northumberland, Pa. + +_Chemical Apparatus_ that formed part of the laboratory of Joseph +Priestley at his home. It includes the following specimens: 3 chemical +retorts, 6 bell jars, 1 gas collecting flask, 6 flasks, 4 funnels, 23 +miscellaneous metal and glass objects, and 1 eudiometer. A special +exhibition of some of this chemical apparatus was held in the U.S. +National Museum in 1958 (see fig. 69). + +Gift of Miss Frances D. Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM +315341-315358. FIGURE 75. + +_Globes_, one terrestrial (fig. 76) and one celestial (fig. 77), that +formed part of the equipment used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. The +terrestrial globe, of 26 in. diameter, has a Sheraton mahogany tripod +stand and is inscribed-- + + To the Rt. Honorable/Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B./President of the + Royal Society/containing all the latest Discoveries and + Communications from the most/correct surveys to the year 1798/by + Capt. Cook and more recent Navigators. Engraved upon an accurate + degree by Mr. Arrowsmith, Geographer/Respectfully Dedicated/by + his most obedient servant/W. & T. M. Bardin/Manufactured and Sold + Wholesale and Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet + Street, London. + +[Illustration: Figure 75.--Special exhibition of chemical laboratory +apparatus used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. USNM 315341-351358.] + +[Illustration: Figure 76.--Terrestrial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin +of London and used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 26 in. USNM +53253.] + +The celestial globe, also with a Sheraton mahogany tripod stand, has a +diameter of 23 in. and is inscribed-- + + To the Rev./Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S./Astronomer Royal/This + New British Celestial Globe/containing the positions of nearly + 6,000 stars, clusters, nebulae, Planetary Nebulae/& correctly + computed & laid down for the year 1800 from the latest observations + and discoveries by Dr. Maskelyne, Dr. Herschel, the Rev. Mr. + Wollaston, etc., etc./Is respectfully dedicated by his most + obedient hmbl Servants W. & T. M. Bardin, Manufactured and sold + Wholesale & Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet + Street, London. + +Gifts of Mrs. Eliza R. Lyon of Williamsport, Pa., in 1893. USNM 53253, +53254. FIGURES 76, 77. + +_Orrery_, mounted on three legs 31 in. high, round top 22-1/2 in. in +diameter. The planets shown are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, +and Saturn. The base is not original. Maker not known; English, 18th +century. + +Gift of Miss Frances Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM +315353. FIGURES 76, 77. + +RITTENHOUSE, BENJAMIN (1740-c. 1820). + +_Surveying Compass_, about 1796, of brass, 13-1/2 in. long over-all and +6-1/2 in. diameter. Supported on a tripod by means of a ball-and-socket +joint and screw-tightening device. The name "A. Ellicott" is inscribed +on one arm outside the bezel of the dial, and the name "B. Rittenhouse" +is inscribed on the other arm. The number "10" is marked on the reverse +of this instrument, which is listed in the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ +as Item 9: "A Surveying Compass made by Mr. Benjamin Rittenhouse upon +the newest and most approved plans." + +Gift of Henry B. Douglass of Newton, N.J., in 1934. USNM 310815. FIGURE +78. + +RITTENHOUSE, DAVID (1732-1796), Philadelphia, Pa. + +_Surveying Compass_, brass, over-all length 14 in., diameter 6-1/2 in., +silvered dial marked with eight-pointed star indicating the cardinal and +intermediate points, glazed. Inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia." +Fitted with a ball-and-socket joint for mounting on a tripod, and +complete with wooden field case. + +[Illustration: Figure 77.--Celestial globe made by W. & T. M. Bardin of +London and used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. Diameter, 23 in. USNM 53254.] + +[Illustration: Figure 78.--Brass surveying compass made by Benjamin +Rittenhouse for Andrew Ellicott and inscribed with both names. The +instrument is described in _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ (Philadelphia, +1803). USNM 310815.] + +Stated to have been used by General Washington for laying out the +estate of Mount Vernon, according to family manuscripts. It was made by +David Rittenhouse and presented by him to General Washington, who +subsequently gave it to Capt. Samuel Duvall. + +A manuscript consisting of 14 letters relating to the surveying compass +is filed in the U.S. National Museum (USNM 92542). The letters were +written in 1851 and 1852 by George Washington Parke Custis, Anthony +Kimmel, and other Washington descendants. + +Gift of Anthony Kimmel to the U.S. Government, and transferred to the +U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92538. FIGURE 79. + +_Zenith Sector_ for measuring the angle between a star at its zenith and +the vertical. Made of brass, with focal length of 6 ft. and an aperture +of 2-1/2 in. The original lens was made in London about 1780. The +instrument was made in the old pattern with brass tube and mountings and +a wooden supporting post. The tube is suspended by trunnions at the top +and swings against a graduated arc extending north and south for +measuring zenith distances in the meridian. It is adjusted in the +vertical by a plumb line whose errors are eliminated by reversing the +whole mounting about the supporting post. Constructed principally by +David Rittenhouse, with some modifications by Andrew Ellicott. + +[Illustration: Figure 79.--Surveying compass made by David Rittenhouse +for Gen. George Washington, inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia." This +instrument was used by Washington in making a complete survey of his +estate at Mount Vernon, 1796-1799. The survey was assisted by Capt. +Samuel Duval, surveyor of Frederick County, Maryland. Washington gave +the instrument to Captain Duval, from whom it descended to the Hon. +Anthony Kimmel, who donated it to the U.S. National Museum. USNM 92538.] + +In the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author referred to this sector +as follows: + + The boundary line to the North of Pennsylvania was fixed by Dr. + Rittenhouse and Captain Holland in the year 1774 and completed in + 1786 and 1787. We commenced operations by running a guide line west + from the point mentioned on the Delaware 20-1/4 miles and there + corrected by the following Zenith distances taken at its West + termination by a most excellent sector constructed and executed by + Dr. Rittenhouse. + +The zenith sector is again mentioned in the appendix of the _Journal_: +"One Zenith Sector of nearly six feet radius similar to the one made by +Mr. [George] Graham for Dr. Bradley and Mr. Molyneux, with which the +aberrations of the stars and mutation of the earth's axis were +discovered, and the quantities determined." + +Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM 152078. +FIGURE 11. + +_Zenith Sector_, made of brass, original lens broken. Constructed by +David Rittenhouse with some additions made by Andrew Ellicott. In The +_Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ the instrument is described as a Zenith +Sector of 19 inches radius to be used when the utmost accuracy was not +necessary, and where the transportation of the large one could not be +effected without great expense and difficulty. These instruments were +principally executed by my late worthy and ingenious friend, Mr. +Rittenhouse, except some additions which I have made myself. The plumb +lines of both Sectors are suspended from a notch above the axis of the +instruments in the manner described by the Rev. Dr. Maskelyne, the +present Astronomer Royal at Greenwich, in the introduction to the first +volume of his Astronomical Observations. A particular description of +those instruments is rendered unnecessary by being accurately done in a +number of scientific works, particularly by M. de Maupertius in his +account of the measurement of a degree of the meridian under the Arctic +Circle--The Sector is of all instruments the best calculated for +measuring zenith distances which come within its arc. The large one +above mentioned [large Zenith Sector] extends to 5 degrees North, and +South of the Zenith. Stars when so near the Zenith are insensibly +affected by the different refractive powers of the Atmosphere arising +from its different degrees of density. Add to this that the error of the +visual axis is completely corrected by taking the Zenith distances of +the stars with the plane, or face of the instrument both East and West. + +USNM 152079. FIGURE 80. + +RITTENHOUSE & EVANS, Philadelphia, Pa., 18th century. + +_Surveying Compass_, about 1780, made of brass, overall length 13-3/4 +in., diameter of dial 5-1/4 in., silvered bubble level, vernier on +alidade. The glazed dial, engraved "Rittenhouse & Evans," is fitted with +a brass cover. + +This instrument was made during a brief partnership between David +Rittenhouse and David Evans, a clock- and watchmaker of Philadelphia and +Baltimore. It was one of several owned and used by John Johnson in 1818 +for surveying the boundaries between Canada and Maine. + +The survey, made in compliance with the Treaty of Ghent, is described in +_The Collections of the Maine Historical Society_ (Portland: Hoyt, Fogg +& Donham, 1881, vol. 8, p. 20): + + Thomas Barclay, of whom we have heard more than once before, as a + Commissioner under the treaty, on the part of Great Britain, and + Cornelius P. Van Ness, on the part of the United States, were + appointed Commissioners to ascertain and run the line. An actual + survey was arranged, and surveyors appointed, to wit: Charles + Turner, Jr., on the part of the United States, and Colin Campbell + on the part of Great Britain. About twenty miles of the line was + surveyed, then the work was discontinued, never to be resumed; but + an exploring survey was commenced by Colonel Bouchette, on the part + of Great Britain, and John Johnson, on the part of the United + States. These gentlemen made an exploring line in 1817, extending + ninety-nine miles from the monument at the head of the river St. + Croix, and made separate reports of their doings. In 1818 Mr. + Johnson, with Mr. Odell, who had taken the place of Col. + Bouchette, finished running the exploring line to the Beaver or + Metis River.... + +[Illustration: Figure 80.--Zenith sector, with a radius of 19 in., +constructed by David Rittenhouse for Andrew Ellicott. USNM 152079.] + +[Illustration: Figure 81.--Brass surveying compass marked "Rittenhouse & +Evans," about 1780. Over-all length, 13-3/4 in.; diameter of dial, 5-1/4 +in. This instrument, made about 1780, was owned and used by John Johnson +in 1818 for surveying the boundaries between Canada and Maine. USNM +309543.] + +Gift of John Johnson Allen of Burlington, Vt., in 1927. USNM 309543. +FIGURE 81. + +THOMPSON, Captain SAMUEL ROWLAND (18th century); Lewes, Del. _Octant_ +made of dark wood and with lignum vitae; brass fittings. This +harbormaster's instrument, used by Captain Thompson during the second +half of the 18th century, is without numerical designations on the arc. +The eighth part of a circle is connected to an apex by two side pieces +with a swinging arm hinged at the apex, with a blade at its end that +moves along a checkered scale on the arc. + +Gift of George Andrews Thompson of Baltimore, Md., in 1926. USNM 308473. + +VOIGHT, HENRY (1738-1814), Philadelphia, Pa. + +_Equal Altitude Telescope_ of brass, 17 in. long, on wooden tripod about +46 in. high. Objective lens is missing. Signed "Henry Voigt." Made about +1790 and used for determining meridian lines and time observation of the +sun's noon transit. This form of instrument was originally invented +about 1716 by Roger Cotes, professor of astronomy at Cambridge, as a +simple instrument for the determination of time. + +Deposited in the U.S. National Museum by the Smithsonian Institution in +1939. USNM 311772. FIGURE 31. + +WASHINGTON, GENERAL GEORGE (1732-1799), Mount Vernon, Va. + +_Compass Sundial_ described by the donor as having been presented to +Gen. George Washington by General Braddock on the retreat through Paris +Gap, Fairfax County, Va. Gift of Samuel Keese in 1902. USNM 9842. + +_Field Glass_, brass tube in three sections, length closed 9 in., opened +22-1/2 in. Diameter of object lens 1-3/4 in., of ocular lens 1-1/8 in. +With original case of russet leather, which is 9-1/2 in. long and 2-1/2 +in. in diameter. Maker not known. Stated to have been used by Washington +during the Revolutionary War at the campaign of Valley Forge. + +According to related correspondence, when not in use the instrument was +carried by the General's body servant, Billy Lee. The General presented +the field glass to Major Lawrence Lewis, his favorite nephew, in 1799, +the last year of his life. + +Purchased by the U.S. Government from the Lewis heirs in 1878 and +transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92424, 92425. +FIGURE 82. + +_Spyglass or Telescope_, made of wood, 9-sided, wrapped throughout with +twine, 62 in. long. Brass mountings for object and ocular lenses made by +"Cole, Fleet Street, London." Diameter of object lens 2-3/4 in., +diameter of ocular lens 1 in. + +[Illustration: Figure 82.--Brass field glass in case of russet leather, +stated to have been used by General George Washington at Valley Forge. +USNM 92424, 92425.] + +The maker, Benjamin Cole (1725-1813), was the third generation of +instrument makers of the same name. Other instruments by this maker are +in the National Maritime Museum and the Whipple Museum, Cambridge. + +[Illustration: Figure 83.--Telescope, 62 in. long, made of wood wrapped +with twine. It was made by Benjamin Cole of London and was owned and +used by Gen. George Washington at Mount Vernon. USNM 92423.] + +This telescope, used by General Washington at Mount Vernon, "was kept +behind the hall door and his favorite amusement was to look out over the +river with it." According to Mrs. Lewis, the General used it to observe +life on the river and especially to discover guests approaching Mount +Vernon, as many of their visitors arrived by boat. Benjamin Latrobe, the +architect, on a visit to Mount Vernon made an amusing sketch of his host +looking anxiously up the stream for some belated dinner guests. + +Part of the collection purchased from the Lewis heirs in 1878 by the +U.S. Government and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. +USNM 92423. FIGURE 83. + +_Survey of Land_, drawn and documented by George Washington on April 2, +1751 for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va. Paper, 12 in. wide by +7-3/4 in. high. + +This survey was made by Washington when he was 19 years of age, and it +is believed to be the only such document relating to his earliest period +as a surveyor. Washington was licensed as a surveyor by the President +and Masters of William and Mary College in 1749. On July 20th of the +same year he was appointed surveyor in Culpepper County, Va., by +Governor Dinwiddie. + +Acquired in 1961. USNM 238367. FIGURE 84. + +WHITE, PEREGRINE (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn. + +_Surveying Compass_, about 1790, made of brass, complete with original +case, tripod, and gunter's chain. The instrument measures 12-1/4 in. +overall. The dial, with a diameter of 5-5/8 in. and a pewter vernier +ring, is inscribed "PEREGRINE WHITE/Woodstock." Tripod is 57-1/2 in. +long and has walnut legs and a brass universal socket joint. Gift of Dr. +and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood. + +USNM 388993. FIGURE 23. + +[Illustration: Figure 84.--Survey of land drawn and documented by George +Washington for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va., in 1751. Size: 12 +in. wide, 7-3/4 in. high. USNM 238367.] + +WHITNEY, THOMAS (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia, Pa. + +_Pocket Compass_ of brass encased in brassbound mahogany box with +separate carrying case. Paper dial is inscribed "T. Whitney/ Phil^a." +Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the +Pacific Coast in 1803-1806. + +USNM 38366. FIGURE 85. + +[Illustration: Figure 85.--Pocket compass made and signed by Thomas +Whitney of Philadelphia. With original carrying case. Carried by Capt. +William Clark on the Lewis and Clark expedition to the Pacific Coast, +1803-1806. USNM 38366.] + + + + +Appendix + +SURVIVING WOODEN SURVEYING COMPASSES + +(Asterisk denotes information unavailable) + + + _Length + _Height of _Maker + _Collection_ _Type _Length _Width of bars needle and + of (in.)_ (in.)_ (in.)_ (in.)_ period_ + wood_ + + Preston R. Maple 9 5 3-1/4 * Unsigned (18th + Bassett century) + + Bucks County Cherry 11 5-1/2 6-5/8 2-3/8 Thomas Greenough + Historical of Boston + Society (1710-1785) + + Bostonian Apple or 13-7/8 * * 4-3/4 John Dupee of + Society walnut Boston (after + 1761) + + Dartmouth Walnut 7-3/4 * * * Thomas S. Bowles + College Museum of Portsmouth, + N.H. (c. + 1765-1821) + + * 12 8 * * Unsigned (18th + century) + + * 8-3/8 4-5/8 * * Unsigned (18th + century) + + L. C. Eichner Hickory 11 5-1/2 3 4 Thomas Greenough + (U.S. National of Boston + Museum) (1710-1785) + + Farmer's Museum Oak 12-3/4 6-1/2 5 * Unsigned (18th + century) + + Franklin Gum 13-3/4 5-3/4 4 5 Thomas Greenough + Institute of Boston + (1710-1785) + + Mariner's * * * * * Charles Thacher + Museum (18th century) + + Old Sturbridge Maple 13 4 * * Unsigned (18th + century) + + Maple 11-5/8 5-7/8 * * Thomas Greenough + of Boston + (1710-1785) + + Walnut 18 8 * * Aaron Breed of + Boston (1791-1861) + + New Hampshire Maple 11 5-3/4 2-1/2 4-5/8 Joseph Halsy of + Historical Boston (fl. + Society 1697-1762) + + N. Parker Walnut 13-1/2 4-7/8 5 * John Dupee of + Boston (after + 1761) + + Peabody Museum * 11 * * 3 James Halsy II of + Boston (1695-1767) + + Worth Shampeny * * * * * Jedidiah Baldwin + of Hanover, N.H. + (c. 1777-1829) + + South Natick Apple or 13-16 * * 4-7/8 John Dupee of + Historical walnut Boston (after + Society 1761) + + Streeter Coll., Birch 13 6 * 4 Thomas S. Bowles + Yale University of Portsmouth, + N.H. (c.1765-1821) + + Cherry 11-5/6 6 4 * Jere Clough of + Boston (18th + century) + + Cherry 12 6 3-1/2 * Benjamin Warren of + Plymouth, Mass. + (fl. 1740-1790) + + Roleigh L. Cherry 7-1/2 3-3/4 3 * Unsigned + Stubbs + + Silvio A. Walnut 12 5-3/8 5 4 Thomas S. Bowles + Bedini of Portsmouth, + N.H. (c. + 1765-1821) + + Pine 5-3/4 3-1/2 2-1/2 * Unsigned (18th + century) + + Mahogany * * * * Unsigned (18th + century) + + Basswood 12 5-3/4 2-3/4 4 Thomas Greenough + of Boston + (1710-1785) + + Birch 18 7-1/2 7-1/2 6 Samuel Thaxter of + Boston (1769-1842) + + Mahogany 13 7-1/4 4-1/4 6 Samuel Thaxter of + Boston (1769-1842) + + Yellow 8-1/4 4 * 4-1/4 Benjamin K. Hagger + birch of Boston and + Baltimore (c. + 1769-1834) + + Cherry 14 5-1/2 6-3/8 4-3/4 Gurdon Huntington + of Windham, Conn. + and Walpole, N.H. + (1763-1804) + + Yale Gallery Mahogany 11-1/2 5 * * Andrew Newell of + of Fine Art Boston (1749-c. + 1798) + + + + +MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS + +_Alphabetical List_ + + +(Asterisk denotes information unavailable.) + + _Name_ _Period_ _Place_ _Types of + instruments_ + + Bailey, John fl. 1778 Fishkill, N. Y. Surveying; surgical + + Bailey, John, II 1752-1823 Hanover and Lynn, Surveying + Mass. + + Baily, Joel 1732-1797 West Bradford, + (practitioner) Pa. + + Baldwin, Jedidiah c. 1777-1829 Salem, Boston, Surveying + and Northampton, + Mass.; Hanover, + N. H. + + Banneker, Benjamin c. 1734-1806 Baltimore + (practitioner) + + Benson, John fl. 1793-1797 * Optical + + Biddle, Owen 1737-1799 Philadelphia + (practitioner) + + Biggs, Thomas fl. 1792-1795 New York and Surveying + Philadelphia + + Blakslee, Ziba 1768-1834 Newtown, Conn. Surveying + + Blundy, Charles fl. 1753 Charleston, S. C. Thermometric; + watches + + Bowles, Thomas S. c. 1765-1821 Portsmouth, N. H. Surveying + + Breed, Aaron 1791-1861 Boston Surveying + + Brokaw, Isaac fl. 1771 Philadelphia * + + Bulmain & Dennies fl. 1799 New York Nautical + + Burges, Bartholomew fl. 1789 Boston Scientific + + Burnap, Daniel 1759-1838 East Windsor and Surveying; clocks + Coventry, Conn. + + Caritat, H. fl. 1799 New York Astronomical + + Chandlee, Benjamin, 1723-1791 Nottingham, Md. Surveying; clocks + Jr. + + Chandlee & Bros. fl. 1790-1791 Nottingham, Md. Clocks; surveying + + Chandlee, Ellis 1755-1816 Nottingham, Md. Surveying; clocks + + Chandlee, Ellis & fl. 1791-1797 Nottingham, Md. Clocks; surveying + Bros. + + Chandlee, Goldsmith c. 1751-1821 Winchester, Va. Surveying; + astronomical; + clocks + + Chandlee, Isaac 1760-1813 Nottingham, Md. Surveying; clocks + + Clark, Robert fl. 1785 Charleston, S.C. Nautical; surveying + optical + + Clough, Jere 18th century Boston Surveying + + Condy, Benjamin fl. 1756-1798, Philadelphia Mathematical; sand + d. 1798 glasses + + Crow, George c. 1726-1772 Wilmington, Del. Surveying; clocks + + Dabney, John, Jr. fl. 1739 Boston Mathematical + + Dakin, Jonathan fl. 1745 Boston Mathematical; + balances + + Davenport, William 1778-1829 Philadelphia Mathematical; + surveying + + Dean, William (?-1797) Philadelphia Surveying; nautical + + Devacht, Joseph and fl. 1792 Gallipolis, Ohio Watches; compasses; + Francois sundials + + Donegan (or fl. 1787 New York Glass; + Denegan), John philosophical + + Donegany, John (see + Donegan) + + Doolittle, Enos 1751-1806 Hartford, Conn. Surveying; + clocks nautical; + + Doolittle, Isaac 1721-1800 New Haven, Conn. Clocks; scientific + + Doolittle, Isaac, 1759-1821 New Haven, Conn. Surveying; clocks + Jr. + + Dupee, John fl. after 1761 Boston Surveying + + Ellicott, Andrew 1754-1820 Baltimore Surveying; + (also practitioner) astronomical + + Emery, Samuel 1787-1882 Salem, Mass. Mathematical + + Evans, George fl. 1796; d. Philadelphia Mathematical + 1798 + + Fairman, Gideon 1774-1827 Newburyport, Mathematical + (See Hooker and Mass. + Fairman) + + Fisher, Martin fl. 1790 Philadelphia Glass + + Folger, Peter 1617-1690 Nantucket + (practitioner?) + + Folger, Walter, Jr. 1765-1849 Nantucket Astronomical; + surveying + + Ford, George fl. late 18th Lancaster, Pa. Surveying; nautical + century to + 1842 + + Ford, George, II fl. 1842 Lancaster, Pa. Surveying; nautical + + Fosbrook, W. fl. 1786 or New York Surgical; dental + earlier + + Gatty, Joseph fl. 1794 New York and Glass; + Philadelphia philosophical + + Gilman, Benjamin C. 1763-1835 Exeter, N.H. Mathematical; + clocks + + Gilmur, Bryan fl. end of Philadelphia Mathematical; + 18th century clocks + + Godfrey, Thomas 1704-1749 Philadelphia Improved reflecting + backstaff + + Gould, John fl. 1794 Philadelphia Nautical; surgical; + optical + + Grainger, Samuel fl. 1719 Boston + (practitioner) + + Greenleaf, Stephen 1704-1795 Boston Mathematical + + Greenough, Thomas 1710-1785 Boston Mathematical; + surveying; + nautical; + astronomical + + Greenough, William fl. 1785 Boston Surveying + + Greenwood, Isaac, fl. 1726 Boston Surveying + Sr. (practitioner) + + Greenwood, Isaac, 1730-1803 Boston Mathematical + Jr. + + Grew, Theophilus fl. 1753 Philadelphia + (practitioner) + + Hagger, Benjamin c. 1769-1834 Boston and Mathematical; + King Baltimore surveying + + Hagger, William c. 1744-1830? Newport, R.I. Nautical + Guyse + + Halsie, James, I fl. 1674 Boston + (practitioner) + + Halsy, James, II 1695-1767 Boston Mathematical; + surveying + + Halsy, John fl. 1700 Boston Mathematical + + Halsy, Joseph fl. 1697-1762 Boston Surveying; nautical + + Ham, James fl. 1754-1764 New York and Mathematical + Philadelphia + + Ham, James, Jr. fl. 1780 Philadelphia Mathematical + + Hamlin, William 1772-1869 Providence, R. I. Mathematical; + nautical; + astronomical + + Hanks, Benjamin 1755-1824 Mansfield and Surveying + Litchfield, Conn. + + Hanks, Truman fl. 1808 Mansfield and Surveying + Litchfield, Conn. + + Harland, Thomas 1735-1807 Norwich, Conn. Surveying; clocks + + Heisely, Frederick 1759-1839 Frederick, Md.; Mathematical; + A. Lancaster, surveying; clocks + Harrisburg, and + Pittsburgh, Pa. + + Heisely, George 1789-1880 Harrisburg, Pa. Clocks; + mathematical + + Hinton, William fl. 1772 New York Mathematical + + Hoff, George 1740-1816 Lancaster, Pa. Clocks; surveying + + Holcomb, Amasa 1787-1875 Southwick, Mass. Surveying; + (also practitioner) astronomical + + Hooker & Fairman before 1810 Newburyport, Mathematical + (William Hooker and Mass. + Gideon Fairman) + + Houghton, Rowland c. 1678-1744 Boston Surveying + + Huntington, Gurdon 1763-1804 Windham, Conn., Surveying and + and Walpole, N.H. other; clocks + + Jacks, James fl. 1780's Charleston, S.C. Mathematical; + surveying + + Jayne, John late 18th Salem, Mass. Mathematical + century + + Kennard, John 1782-1861 Newmarket, N.H. Surveying; clocks + + Ketterer, Alloysius fl. 1789 Philadelphia Glass + + King & Hagger 1759 or 1760 Newport, R.I. Mathematical; + (Benjamin King and until early nautical + William Guyse 1760's + Hagger) + + King, Benjamin 1707-1786 Newport, R.I. Mathematical; + nautical + + King, Benjamin 1740-1804 Salem, Mass. Nautical + + King, Daniel 1704-1790 Salem, Mass. Mathematical + + King, Samuel 1748-1819 Newport, R.I. Mathematical + + Lamb, A. & Son 1780's New York Mathematical + + Lamb, Anthony 1703-1784 England; Mathematical; + Virginia; surveying; nautical + Philadelphia; New + York; Hunter's + Key, N.Y. + + Lamb, John 1735-1800 New York Mathematical + + Mendenhall, Thomas fl. 1775 Lancaster, Pa. Mathematical; + clocks + + Miller, Aaron fl. 1748-1771 Elizabethtown, Surveying; clocks; + N.J. compasses + + Morris, M. fl. 1785 New York Protractors + + Newell, Andrew 1749-1798 Boston Mathematical; + compasses + + Newell, Joseph fl. 1800-1813 Boston Surveying + + Pease, Paul fl. 1750 Probably Rhode Quadrant + Island + + Platt, Augustus 1793-1886 Columbus, Ohio Mathematical; + surveying + + Platt, Benjamin 1757-1833 Danbury, Compasses; + Litchfield, and surveying; clocks + New Milford, + Conn.; Lanesboro, + Mass.; Columbus, + Ohio + + Pope, Joseph 1750-1826 Boston Scientific; clocks + + Potter, John fl. 1746-1818 Brookfield, Mass. Surveying + + Potts, W. L. late 18th Bucks County, Pa. Surveying + century + + Prince, John 1751-1836 Salem, Mass. Scientific + (practitioner) + + Prince, Nathan fl. 1743 Boston + (practitioner) + + Pryor, Thomas fl. 1778 Philadelphia Mathematical + + Revere, Paul 1735-1818 Boston Gunnery + + Rittenhouse, 1740-c.1820 Philadelphia Astronomical; + Benjamin surveying + + Rittenhouse, David 1732-1796 Philadelphia and Astronomical; + (practitioner) Norriton, Pa. surveying + + Rittenhouse & Evans fl. 1770's Philadelphia Surveying + + Sibley & Marble late 18th New Haven, Conn. Mathematical; + (Clark Sibley and century clocks; watches + Simeon Marble) + + Smith, Cordial fl. 1775 Connecticut Surveying + + Sommer, widow fl. 1753 New York Optical + Balthaser + + Sower, Christopher c. 1724-1740 Germantown and Mathematical; + Philadelphia, Pa. clocks + + Stiles & Baldwin fl. 1791 Northampton, Surveying + (Jedidiah Baldwin) Mass. + + Stiles & Storrs fl. 1792 Northampton, Surveying + (Nathan Storrs and Mass. + Jedidiah Baldwin) + + Taws, Charles fl. 1795 Philadelphia Mathematical + + Thacher, Charles 18th century Probably Boston Surveying + + Thaxter, Samuel 1769-1842 Boston Nautical; + mathematical + surveying + + Voight, Henry 1738-1814 Philadelphia Astronomical; + clocks; watches + + Wall, George, Jr. fl. 1788 Bucks County, Pa. Surveying + + Walpole, Charles fl. 1746 New York Mathematical + + Warren, Benjamin fl. 1740-1790 Plymouth, Mass. Surveying; nautical + + White, Peregrine 1747-1834 Woodstock, Conn. Surveying; clocks + + Whitney, John fl. 1801 Philadelphia Mathematical; + optical + + Whitney, Thomas fl. 1798-1823 Philadelphia Mathematical; + optical; surveying + + Williams, William 1737 or Boston Mathematical; + 1738-1792 nautical + + Willis, Arthur fl. 1674 Possibly + (practitioner) Massachusetts + + Wilson, James 1763-1855 Bradford, Vt. Globes + + Wistar, Richard fl. 1752 Wistarburg, N.J. Glass + + Witt, Christopher fl. 1710-1765 Germantown, Pa. Mathematical; + (practitioner) clocks + + Wood, John fl. 1790 Philadelphia Compasses + + Youle, James 1740-1786 New York Surgical + + Youle, John fl. 1786 New York Surgical + + + + +MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS + +_Geographical Listing_ + + CONNECTICUT + + Coventry: Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + Danbury: Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks. + + East Windsor: Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + Hartford: Enos Doolittle (1751-1806); surveying and navigational + instruments, compasses, and clocks. + + Litchfield: Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments. + + Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks. + + Mansfield: Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments. + + Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments. + + New Haven: Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800); clocks and scientific + instruments. + + Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821); surveying instruments + and clocks. + + Sibley & Marble (late 18th century); clocks and + mathematical instruments. + + New Milford: Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks. + + Newtown: Ziba Blakeslee (1768-1834); surveying instruments. + + Norwich: Thomas Harland (1735-1807); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + Windham: Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying + and other instruments. + + Woodstock: Peregrine White (1747-1834); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + ----: Smith, Cordial (fl. 1775); surveying instruments. + + + DELAWARE + + Wilmington: George Crow (c. 1726-1772); surveying instruments + and clocks. + + + MARYLAND + + Baltimore: Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806), practitioner. + + Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820), practitioner; surveying + and astronomical instruments. + + Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and + surveying instruments. + + Frederick: Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and + mathematical instruments. + + Nottingham: Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791); clocks and + surveying instruments. + + Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791); clocks and surveying + instruments. + + Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + Ellis Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797); clocks and + surveying instruments. + + Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + + MASSACHUSETTS + + Boston: Jedidiah Baldwin (c. 1777-1829); surveying instruments. + + Aaron Breed (1791-1861); surveying instruments. + + Bartholomew Burges (fl. 1789); scientific instruments. + + Jere Clough (18th century); surveying instruments. + + John Dabney, Jr. (fl. 1739); mathematical instruments. + + Jonathan Dakin (fl. 1745); mathematical instruments + and balances. + + John Dupee (fl. after 1761); surveying instruments. + + Samuel Grainger (fl. 1719), practitioner. + + Stephen Greenleaf (1704-1795); mathematical instruments. + + Thomas Greenough (1710-1785); mathematical, surveying, + astronomical, and nautical instruments. + + William Greenough (fl. 1785); surveying instruments. + + Isaac Greenwood, Sr. (c.1725-1750), practitioner. + + Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803); mathematical + instruments. + + Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and + surveying instruments. + + James Halsie I (fl. 1674), practitioner. + + James Halsy II (1695-1767); mathematical and surveying + instruments. + + John Halsy (fl. 1700); mathematical instruments. + + Joseph Halsy (fl. 1697-1762); surveying instruments. + + Rowland Houghton (1678-1744); surveying instruments. + + Andrew Newell (1749-1798); surveying instruments. + + Joseph Newell (fl. 1800-1813); surveying instruments. + + Joseph Pope (1750-1826); scientific instruments and + clocks. + + Nathan Prince (fl. 1743), practitioner; scientific + instruments. + + Paul Revere (1735-1818); gunnery instruments. + + Charles Thacher (18th century); surveying instruments. + + Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842); surveying, nautical, and + mathematical instruments. + + William Williams (1737/8-1792); mathematical and + nautical instruments. + + Brookfield: John Potter (1746-1818); surveying instruments. + + Hanover: John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments. + + Lanesboro: Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments, + clocks, and compasses. + + Lynn: John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments. + + Nantucket: Peter Folger (1617-1690), practitioner(?). + + Walter Folger (1765-1849), practitioner; clocks and + astronomical instruments. + + Newburyport: Gideon Fairman (1774-1827); mathematical instruments. + + Hooker & Fairman (before 1810); mathematical + instruments. + + Northampton: Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments. + + Stiles & Baldwin (fl.1791); surveying instruments. + + Stiles & Storrs (fl.1792); surveying instruments. + + Plymouth: Benjamin Warren (fl.1740-1790); surveying and nautical + instruments. + + Salem: Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments. + + Samuel Emery (1787-1882); mathematical instruments. + + John Jayne (late 18th century); mathematical + instruments. + + Benjamin King (1740-1804); nautical instruments. + + Daniel King (1704-1790); mathematical instruments. + + John Prince (1751-1836), practitioner; scientific + instruments. + + Southwick: Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875); surveying and mathematical + instruments. + + + NEW HAMPSHIRE + + Exeter: Benjamin C. Gilman (1763-1835); mathematical + instruments and clocks. + + Hanover: Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments. + + Newmarket: John Kennard (1782-1861); surveying instruments. + + Portsmouth: Thomas S. Bowles (c.1765-1821); surveying instruments. + + Walpole: Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying + and other instruments. + + + NEW JERSEY + + Elizabeth: Aaron Miller (fl. 1748-1771); surveying instruments, + clocks, and compasses. + + Wistarburg: Richard Wistar (fl. 1752); glass and thermometric + instruments. + + + NEW YORK + + Fishkill: John Bailey (fl. 1778); surveying and surgical + instruments. + + New York: Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792); surveying instruments. + + Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799); nautical instruments. + + H. Caritat (fl. 1799); astronomical prints. + + John Donegan (fl. 1787); barometers, thermometers, + and philosophical instruments. + + W. Fosbrook (fl. 1786); surgical and dental + instruments. + + Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers and + philosophical instruments. + + James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments. + + William Hinton (fl. 1772); mathematical instruments. + + A. Lamb & Son (fl. late 18th century); mathematical + instruments. + + Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments. + + John Lamb (1735-1800); mathematical instruments. + + M. Morris (fl. 1785); protractors. + + Widow Balthaser Sommer (fl. 1753); optical instruments. + + Charles Walpole (fl. 1746); mathematical instruments. + + James Youle (1740-1786); surgical instruments. + + John Youle (fl. 1786); surgical instruments. + + + OHIO + + Columbus: Augustus Platt (1793-1886); mathematical instruments. + + Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments and + clocks. + + Gallipolis: Joseph (fl. 1792) and Francois Devacht; watches, + compasses, and sundials. + + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Bucks County: W. L. Potts (late 18th century); surveying instruments. + + George Wall, Jr. (fl. 1788); surveying instruments. + + Germantown: Christopher Sower (c. 1724-1740); mathematical + instruments and clocks. + + Christopher Witt (fl. 1710-1765); mathematical + instruments and clocks. + + Harrisburg: Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and + mathematical instruments. + + George Heisely (1789-1880); clocks and mathematical + instruments. + + Lancaster: George Ford (late 18th century to 1842); surveying + and nautical instruments. + + George Ford II (fl. 1842); surveying and nautical + instruments. + + Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and + mathematical instruments. + + George Hoff (1740-1816); clocks, surveying instruments. + + Thomas Mendenhall (fl. 1775); mathematical instruments + and clocks. + + Norristown: David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner; + astronomical and surveying instruments. + + Philadelphia: Owen Biddle (1737-1799), practitioner. + + Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792-1795); surveying instruments. + + Isaac Brokaw (fl. 1771). + + Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756, d. 1798); mathematical + instruments and sand glasses. + + William Davenport (1778-1829); surveying and + mathematical instruments. + + William Dean (?-1797); surveying and nautical + instruments. + + George Evans (fl. 1796, d. 1798); mathematical + instruments. + + Martin Fisher (fl. 1790); glass instruments. + + Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers, + and philosophical instruments. + + Bryan Gilmur (end of 18th century); mathematical + instruments and clocks. + + Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749); improved reflecting + backstaff. + + John Gould (fl. 1794); nautical, surveying, + and optical instruments. + + Theophilus Grew (fl. 1753), practitioner. + + James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments. + + James Ham, Jr. (fl. 1780); mathematical instruments. + + Alloysius Ketterer (fl. 1789); glass instruments. + + Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments. + + Thomas Pryor (fl. 1778); mathematical instruments. + + Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820); surveying and + astronomical instruments. + + David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner; + astronomical and surveying instruments. + + Christopher Sower [Sauer] (c. 1724-1740); mathematical + instruments and clocks. + + Charles Taws (fl. 1795); mathematical instruments. + + Henry Voight (1738-1814); clocks, watches, and + astronomical instruments. + + John Whitney (fl. 1801); mathematical and optical + instruments. + + Thomas Whitney (fl. 1798-1823); mathematical and + optical instruments. + + John Wood (fl. 1790); compasses. + + Pittsburgh: Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and + mathematical instruments. + + West Bradford: Joel Baily (1732-1797), practitioner. + + + RHODE ISLAND + + Newport: William G. Hagger (c.1744-1830?); quadrants. + + King & Hagger (1759/60); mathematical and nautical + instruments. + + Benjamin King (1707-1786); mathematical and nautical + instruments. + + Samuel King (1748-1819); mathematical instrument. + + Paul Pease (fl. 1750); quadrants. + + Providence: William Hamlin (1772-1869); mathematical, + astronomical, and nautical instruments. + + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + Charleston: Charles Blundy (fl. 1753); thermometric instruments. + + Robert Clark (fl. 1785); nautical, surveying, and + optical instruments. + + James Jacks (fl. 1780's); mathematical and surveying + instruments. + + + VERMONT + + Bradford: James Wilson (1763-1855); globes. + + + VIRGINIA + + Winchester: Goldsmith Chandlee (c.1746-1821); surveying and + astronomical instruments and clocks. + + Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments. + + +TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR MAKERS + +_(Categories based on specific designations noted in advertisements)_ + + +ASTRONOMICAL + +Caritat, H. (fl. 1799), New York. + +Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made surveying +instruments and clocks. + +Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made surveying +instruments. + +Folger, Walter, Jr. (1765-1849), Nantucket, Mass.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical, +surveying, and nautical instruments. + +Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical +and nautical instruments. + +Holcomb, Amasa (1787-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c.1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying +instruments. + +Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia and Norristown, Pa.; also +made surveying instruments. + +Voight, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made clocks and watches. + + +GLASS AND THERMOMETRIC + +Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made watches. + +Donegan, Joseph (fl. 1787), New York and Philadelphia; also made +philosophical instruments. + +Fisher, Martin (fl. 1790), Philadelphia. + +Gatty, Joseph (fl. 1794), New York and Philadelphia; also made +philosophical instruments. + +Ketterer, Alloysius (fl. 1789), Philadelphia. + +Wistar, Richard (fl. 1752), Wistarburg, N.J. + + +HOROLOGICAL + +Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made thermometric +instruments. + +Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made +surveying instruments. + +Chandlee, Benjamin (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Chandlee, Goldsmith (1751-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made astronomical +and surveying instruments. + +Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Crow, George (c.1726-1772), Philadelphia; also made surveying +instruments. + +DeVacht, Joseph and Francois (fl. 1792), Gallipolis, Ohio; also made +compasses and sundials. + +Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying and +nautical instruments. + +Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made scientific +instruments. + +Doolittle, Isaac Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Gilmur, Bryan (fl. end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made +mathematical instruments. + +Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md.; also made +mathematical and surveying instruments. + +Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Hoff, George (1740-1816), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also +made surveying and other instruments. + +Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabethtown, N.J.; also made compasses +and surveying instruments. + +Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford, +Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio; also made compasses and +surveying instruments. + +Pope, Joseph (1750-1826), Boston; also made scientific instruments. + +Sibley & Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble) (late 18th century), +New Haven, Conn.; also made mathematical instruments. + +Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.; +also made mathematical instruments. + +Voigt, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made astronomical +instruments. + +White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Witt, Christopher (practitioner) (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also +made mathematical instruments. + + +MATHEMATICAL (GENERAL) + +Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798), Philadelphia. + +Dabney, John, Jr. (fl. 1739), Boston. + +Dakin, Jonathan (fl. 1745), Boston; also made balances. + +Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying +instruments. + +Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks. + +Emery, Samuel (late 18th century), Salem, Mass. + +Evans, George (fl. 1796, d. 1798), Philadelphia. + +Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass. + +Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made clocks. + +Gilmur, Bryan (end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made clocks. + +Greenleaf, Stephen (fl. 1745), Boston. + +Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made surveying, +astronomical, and nautical instruments. + +Greenwood, Isaac, Jr. (1730-1803), Boston. + +Hagger, Benjamin K. (c.1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made +surveying instruments. + +Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments. + +Halsy, John (fl. 1700), Boston. + +Ham, James (fl. 1754-1764), New York and Philadelphia. + +Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia. + +Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made nautical and +astronomical instruments. + +Heisely, Frederick (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster, +Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and surveying +instruments. + +Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks. + +Hinton, William (fl. 1772), New York. + +Hooker & Fairman (before 1810), Newburyport, Mass. + +Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass. + +King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made +nautical instruments. + +King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made nautical +instruments. + +King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass. + +King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I. + +Lamb, A. & Son (1780's), New York. + +Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and +Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made surveying and nautical instruments. + +Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made nautical and surveying +instruments. + +Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made clocks. + +Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made compasses and surveying +instruments. + +Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made surveying +instruments. + +Pryor, Thomas (fl. 1778), Philadelphia. + +Revere, Paul (1735-1818), Boston, Mass. + +Sibley & Marble (late 18th century), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks +and watches. + +Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.; +also made clocks. + +Taws, Charles (fl. 1795), Philadelphia. + +Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made surveying and nautical +instruments. + +Walpole, Charles (fl. 1746), New York. + +Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made optical instruments. + +Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made optical and +surveying instruments. + +Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical +instruments. + +Witt, Christopher (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also made clocks. + + +NAUTICAL + +Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799), New York. + +Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying and +optical instruments. + +Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-92, d. 1798), Philadelphia; also made +mathematical instruments. + +Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +and surveying instruments. + +Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments. + +Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying +instruments, directional compasses and clocks. + +Emery, Samuel (1787-1882), Salem, Mass. + +Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made +surveying instruments. + +Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Godfrey, Thomas (1704-1749), Philadelphia. + +Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made surveying and optical +instruments. + +Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical and +surveying instruments. + +Hagger, William G. (c.1744-1830?), Newport, R.I. + +Ham, James (fl. 1754-64), New York and Philadelphia; also made +mathematical instruments. + +Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made +mathematical instruments. + +King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +King, Benjamin (1740-1804), Salem, Mass. + +King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical instruments. + +Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and +Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made mathematical and surveying instruments. + +Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made surveying and mathematical +instruments. + +Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments. + +Pease, Paul (fl. 1750), probably Rhode Island. + +Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made mathematical and +surveying instruments. + +Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made mathematical +instruments. + + +OPTICAL + +Benson, John (fl. 1793-1797). + +Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and +surveying instruments. + +Sommer, Widow Balthaser (fl. 1753), New York. + +Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +and surveying instruments. + + +SURGICAL + +Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surveying +instruments. + +Fosbrook, W. (fl. 1786), New York; also made dental instruments. + +Youle, James (1740-1786), New York. + +Youle, John (fl. 1786), New York. + + +SURVEYING + +Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surgical instruments. + +Bailey, John, II (1752-1823), Hanover and Lynn, Mass. + +Baldwin, Jedidiah (c. 1777-1829), Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass., +and Hanover, N.H. + +Biggs, Thomas (fl. 1792-1795), New York and Philadelphia. + +Blakeslee, Ziba (1768-1834), Newtown, Conn. + +Bowles, Thomas S. (c. 1765-1821?), Portsmouth, N.H. + +Breed, Aaron (late 18th to mid-19th centuries), Boston. + +Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made +clocks. + +Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr. (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks. + +Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks. + +Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks. + +Chandlee, Ellis & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797), Nottingham, Md.; also made +clocks. + +Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made clocks and +sundials. + +Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks. + +Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and +optical instruments. + +Clough, Jere (18th century), Boston. + +Crow, George (fl. 1754-1772), Wilmington, Del.; also made clocks. + +Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made nautical instruments. + +Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made nautical +instruments and clocks. + +Doolittle, Isaac, Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks. + +Dupee, John (after 1761), Boston. + +Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made astronomical +instruments. + +Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made +nautical instruments. + +Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made nautical +instruments. + +Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made nautical and optical +instruments. + +Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston, also made nautical and +mathematical instruments. + +Greenough, William (fl. 1785), Boston. + +Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Halsy, Joseph (fl. 1697-1762), Boston. + +Hagger, Benjamin K. (c. 1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made +mathematical instruments. + +Hanks, Benjamin (1755-1824), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn. + +Hanks, Truman (fl. 1808), Mansfield and Litchfield, Conn. + +Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made clocks. + +Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster, +Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and mathematical +instruments. + +Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks and +mathematical instruments. + +Holcomb, Amasa (1785-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made astronomical +instruments. + +Houghton, Rowland (c. 1678-1744), Boston. + +Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also +made clocks and other scientific instruments. + +Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made mathematical +instruments. + +Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made clocks. + +Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical and nautical +instruments. + +Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), New York; also made mathematical and nautical +instruments. + +Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made mathematical and nautical +instruments. + +Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabeth, N.J.; also made clocks and +directional compasses. + +Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments +and directional compasses. + +Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made mathematical and +surveying instruments. + +Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford, +Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; and Columbus, Ohio; also made directional +compasses and clocks. + +Potter, John (fl. 1785), Brookfield, Mass. + +Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c. 1820), Philadelphia; also made +astronomical instruments. + +Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia; also made astronomical +instruments. + +Rittenhouse & Evans (fl. 1770's), Philadelphia. + +Stiles & Baldwin (fl. 1791), Northampton, Mass. + +Stiles & Storrs (fl. 1792), Northampton, Mass. + +Thacher, Charles, probably Boston. + +Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made nautical and mathematical +instruments. + +Wall, George Jr. (fl. 1788), Bucks County, Pa. + +Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made nautical +instruments. + +White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made clocks. + +Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical +and optical instruments. + +Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical +instruments. + + + + +Bibliography of Published Sources + +ADAMS, GEORGE. _Mathematical and geographical essays_. 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Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1937. + +----. _Early American observatories: Which was the first astronomical +observatory in America?_ Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College, 1938. + +MITCHELL, EDWIN VALENTINE. _The romance of New England antiques_. New +York, A. A. Wyn, 1950. + +MOORE, S. _An accurate system of surveying_. Litchfield, Conn.: T. +Collier, 1796. + +MULTHAUF, ROBERT P. Early instruments in the history of surveying: Their +use and invention. _Surveying and Mapping_ (October-December, 1958), pp. +399-415. + +----. ed. Holcomb, Fitz and Peate, three 19th-century American telescope +makers. Paper 26 in _Contributions from the Museum of History and +Technology Papers 19-30_ (U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228), +Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1962. + +PALMER, BROOKS. _The book of American clocks_. New York: Macmillan Co., +1950. + +PHILLIPS, JOHN M. An unrecorded engraving by Nathaniel Hurd. _Bulletin +of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University_ (June 1936), vol. 7, +no. 2, pp. 26-27. + +PRICE, DEREK J. DE SOLLA. _Science since Babylon_. New Haven: Yale +University Press, 1961. + +PRIME, ALFRED COXE. _The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and +South Carolina_, 1721-1785. Ser. 1. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society, +1929. + +----. _The arts and crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland and South Carolina, +1786-1800_. Ser. 2. Topsfield, Mass.: Walpole Society, 1929. + +RATHBORNE, AARON. _The surveyor; in four bookes_. London: W. Standsby, +1616. + +RAYNER, W. H. _From Columbus' compass to the first transit. Civil +Engineering_ (1939), vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 661-664. + +Report of the Committee on the Rooms. _Proceedings of the Bostonian +Society_ (1917), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 14-16. + +SAVAGE, JAMES. _A genealogical dictionary of the first settlers of New +England._ 2 vols. Boston, 1860. + +SCHOEN, H. H. The making of maps and charts. In _Ninth Yearbook of the +Council for Social Studies._ Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938. + +SEYBOLD, R. F. The evening school in colonial America. _University of +Illinois Bureau of Educational Research_, Bulletin 31. 1925. + +STEELE, A. P. _The history of Clark County, Ohio._ Chicago: W. H. Beers +Co., 1881. + +STEVENSON, D. ALAN. _The world's lighthouses before 1820._ London: +Oxford University Press, 1959. + +STRETCH, CAROLYN WOOD. Early colonial clockmakers in Philadelphia. +_Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_ (July 1932), vol. 56, +no. 223, p. 666. + +STRUIK, DIRK J. _Yankee science in the making._ Boston: Little Brown & +Co., 1948. + +TAYLOR, E. G. R. _The mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart +England._ Cambridge University Press, 1954. + +THOMPSON, SYLVANUS. The rose of the winds. _Proceedings of the British +Academy, 1913-14, 10th Annual Conference_, pp. 179-211. + +UPHAM, C. W. Memoir of the Reverend John Prince. _American Journal of +Science_ (1837), vol. 31, pp. 201-222. + +WHITTLESEY, C. Origin of the American system of land surveys. _Journal +of the Association of Engineering Societies_ (July 1883), vol. 3. + +WIENBERGER, BERNARD W. _Introduction to the history of dentistry._ St. +Louis: Mosby Co., 1948. + + + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] DEREK J. DE SOLLA PRICE, _Science Since Babylon_ (New Haven: Yale +University Press, 1961), pp. 62-64. + +[2] JAMES SAVAGE, _A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of +New England_ (Boston, 1860), vol. 2, p. 341. + +[3] _The Chronicle_ (Early American Industries Association), March 1936, +vol. 1, no. 16, p. 8; and personal correspondence with Mr. William L. +Warren, Connecticut Historical Society. + +[4] R. F. SEYBOLD, "The Evening School in Colonial America," _Bureau of +Educational Research, Bulletin 31_ (University of Illinois, 1925), p. +28. + +[5] H. H. SCHOEN, "The Making of Maps and Charts," _Ninth Yearbook of +the Council for the Social Studies_ (Cambridge, 1938), p. 83; also +EDMOND R. KIELY, _Surveying Instruments: Their History and Classroom +Use_ (New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947), pp. +239-250. + +[6] BROOKE HINDLE, _The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America +1735-1789_ (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, +1956), pp. 337-338. + +[7] LEROY E. KIMBALL, "James Wilson of Vermont, America's First Globe +Maker," _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_ (April 1938), +p. 31. + +[8] HINDLE, op. cit. (footnote 6). + +[9] GEORGE H. ECKHARDT, _Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers_ (New York: +Devin-Adair Co., 1955), p. 190. + +[10] CATHERINE VAN C. MATHEWS, _Andrew Ellicott, His Life and Letters_ +(New York, 1908). + +[11] JOHN H. B. LATROBE, "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker," _Maryland +Colonization Journal_ (Baltimore, May 1845); PHILIP LEPHILLIPS, "The +Negro, Benjamin Benneker," _Records of the Columbia Historical Society_ +(1916), vol. 20. + +[12] ARTHUR E. JAMES, _Chester County Clocks and Their Makers_ (West +Chester, Pa.: Chester Historical Society, 1947), pp. 29-39; +_Transactions of the American Philosophical Society_, ser. I, vol. 1, +pp. 85-97. + +[13] DIRK J. STRUIK, _Yankee Science in the Making_ (Boston: Little +Brown & Co., 1948), pp. 47, 70-71. + +[14] ROBERT P. MULTHAUF, ed., "Holcomb, Fitz, and Peate; Three 19th +Century American Telescope Makers" (paper 26 in _Contributions from the +Museum of History and Technology_, U.S. National Museum Bulletin 228, +Washington, 1962), p. 162. + +[15] _New York Gazette, Revived in the Weekly Post-Boy_, January 23, +1749. + +[16] CARL BRIDENBAUGH, _The Colonial Craftsman_ (New York: New York +University Press, 1950), pp. 160-161; ISAAC Q. LEAKE, _Memoir of the +Life and Times of General John Lamb_ (Albany: Munsell, 1850); SILVIO A. +BEDINI, _Ridgefield in Review_ (New Haven: Walker-Rackliffe, 1958), pp. +71, 84. + +[17] ALFRED COXE PRIME, _The Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, Maryland +and South Carolina, 1786-1800_ (The Walpole Society, 1929), p. 230. + +[18] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Connecticut Clockmakers of the Eighteenth +Century_ (New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1930), p. 86; _The Norwich +Courier_, February 10, 1802. + +[19] HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM, "Some Early Philadelphia Instrument Makers," +_The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_ (1927), vol. 51, +no. 3, p. 303-305. + +[20] Ibid., p. 304. + +[21] _Charleston Evening Gazette_, July 24, 1785; PRIME, op. cit. +(footnote 17), p. 234. + +[22] RITA S. GOTTESMAN, _The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1777-1799_ +(New York: New York Historical Society, 1954), pp. 220-221. + +[23] _The Pennsylvania Evening Herald_, March 17, 1787. + +[24] GOTTESMAN, op cit. (footnote 22), pp. 311-312. + +[25] _The Diary, or Evening Register_, November 3, 1794. + +[26] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 26), p. 306. + +[27] EDWIN VALENTINE MITCHELL, _The Romance of New England Antiques_ +(New York: A. A. Wyn, 1950), pp. 257-160; KIMBALL op. cit. (footnote 7). + +[28] WILLIAM BENTLEY, _Diary of William Bentley, D. D._ (Salem, Mass.: +1905), vol. 1, p. 182, vol. 2, p. 414. + +[29] Ibid., vol. 3, p. 130. + +[30] _Boston Gazette_, June 18, 1745. + +[31] Ibid., November 12, 1745. + +[32] CLARENCE S. BRIGHAM, _Paul Revere's Engravings_ (Worcester, Mass.: +American Antiquarian Society, 1954), p. 118; BERNARD W. WIENBERGER, +_Introduction to the History of Dentistry_ (St. Louis, Mosby Co., 1948), +2 vols., vol. 2, pp. 119-134; ISAAC J. GREENWOOD, _The Greenwood +Family_, 1934, pp. 68-78. + +[33] _Boston Gazette_, November 6-13 and November 20-27, 1738, March +26-April 2 and April 2-9, 1739. + +[34] BROOKS PALMER, _The Book of American Clocks_ (New York: Macmillan +Co., 1950), pp. 141-142. + +[35] _Massachusetts Magazine_ (1789), vol. 1, pp. 36, 37; _Boston +Gazette_, January 12, 1789; I. BERNARD COHEN, _Some Early Tools of +American Science_, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), pp. +6465, 157; HARROLD E. GILLINGHAM, "The First Orreries In America," +_Journal of the Franklin Institute_ (1940), vol. 229, pp. 92-97. + +[36] WILL GARDNER, _The Clock that Talks and What It Tells_ (Nantucket +Whaling Museum, 1954), pp. 34-40, 97, 106. + +[37] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 190. + +[38] JOSEPH B. FELT, _Annals of Salem_ (Salem, Mass.: Ives, 1827), vol. +2, p. 173. + +[39] HOWARD M. CHAPIN, "Davis Quadrants," _Antiques_ (November 1927), +vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 397-399; also RUFUS KING, _Pedigree of King of Lynn_ +(Salem, Mass., 1891). + +[40] CHAPIN, op. cit. (footnote 39), pp. 398-399. + +[41] GLADYS R. LANE, "Rhode Island's Earliest Engraver," _Antiques_ +(March 1925), pp. 133-137. + +[42] CHAPIN, op. cit. (footnote 39), p. 399. + +[43] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 70-72. + +[44] _The Connecticut Journal_, June 7, 1781. + +[45] Ibid., May 22, 1799. + +[46] _The Connecticut Courant_, December 15, 1772, and October 22, 1787; +HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 66-70. + +[47] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), p. 122. + +[48] Ibid., pp. 79-83. + +[49] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 159. + +[50] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Early Clockmaking in Connecticut_ (New Haven: +Yale University Press, 1934), pp. 8-9. + +[51] WILLIAM MCCABE, "Benjamin Platt of New Fairfield, Connecticut," +_Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 26-28. + +[52] Ibid. + +[53] _New York Packet_, May 14, 1778. + +[54] GOTTESMAN, op. cit. (footnote 22), p. 270. + +[55] _New York Packet_, February 3, 1785, and February 27, 1786, and +_New York Daily Advertiser_, February 8, 1787. + +[56] _The New York Gazette Revived in The Weekly Post-Boy_, January 4, +1748. + +[57] BRIDENBAUGH op. cit. (footnote 16), p. 63; FREDERICK W. HUNTER, +_Stiegel Glass_ (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), pp. 157-161. + +[58] HENRY C. CONRAD, "Old Delaware Clockmakers," _The Historical and +Biographical Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware_ (1897), vol. +3, chap. 20, pp. 4-34. + +[59] EDWARD E. CHANDLEE, _Six Quaker Clockmakers_ (Philadelphia: +Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943), pp. 70, 193, 212, 220-223. + +[60] "Frederick A. Heisely, Watch and Clockmaker and His Recorded Years, +1759-1839," _Timepieces Quarterly_ (November 1948), vol. 1, no. 1, p. +33. + +[61] HINDLE, op. cit. (footnote 6), pp. 22, 68. + +[62] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 293-294. + +[63] Ibid., p. 303; _Royal Pennsylvania Gazette_, April 19, 1778. + +[64] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 19), p. 302. + +[65] Ibid., pp. 305-306. + +[66] ECKHARDT, op. cit. (footnote 9), p. 195; GEORGE EVANS, _Illustrated +History of the United States Mint_ (Philadelphia: Evans, 1890), p. 114. + +[67] CAROLYN WOOD STRETCH, "Early Colonial Clockmakers in Philadelphia," +_Pennsylvania Magazine_ (July 1932), vol. 56, pp. 225, 235; ECKHARDT, +op. cit. (footnote 9), pp. 18, 24, 198. + +[68] D. F. MAGEE, "Grandfather's Clocks: Their Making and Their Makers +in Lancaster County," Papers read before the Lancaster (Pa.) Historical +Society, 1917, pp. 63-77. + +[69] PRIME, op. cit. (footnote 17), p. 260. + +[70] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 200. + +[71] ALEXANDER HAMILTON, _Official Reports on Publick Credit, A National +Bank, Manufactures and a Mint_ (Philadelphia: Wm. McKean, 1821), pp. +208-209. + +[72] RITA GOTTESMAN, _The Arts and Crafts in New York, 1726-1776_ (New +York: New York Historical Society, 1938), p. 307. + +[73] GILLINGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 35), p. 295. + +[74] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 50), p. 3; and HOOPES, op. cit. +(footnote 24), pp. 101-103. + +[75] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 19), pp. 106-107. + +[76] E. G. R. TAYLOR, _The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and +Stuart England_ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), pp. +185-292. + +[77] JOHN PIERPONT, "Whittling, A Yankee Portrait." + +[78] ABEL FLINT, _System of Geometry and Trigonometry together with a +Treatise of Surveying_ (Hartford: Olive D. Cooke, 1804), p. 86. + +[79] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the +Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 16. + +[80] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341. + +[81] "James Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical +Society. + +[82] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341. + +[83] Ibid. + +[84] "Joseph Halsy," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical +Society. + +[85] _Boston Gazette_, September 18-25, October 2-9, and October 16-23, +1738. + +[86] Description courtesy of Mr. Philip N. Guyol, director, New +Hampshire Historical Society. + +[87] SAVAGE, op. cit. (footnote 2), vol. 2, p. 341; "Joseph Halsy," in +Thwing Catalogue, and "Cotton Mather" in Record of Marriages, +Massachusetts Historical Society. + +[88] Land deeds listed in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical +Society. + +[89] Massachusetts Historical Society, Inventory L.450, S.P.R. 92.505. + +[90] Description courtesy of Mr. M. V. Brewington, Peabody Museum, +Salem, Mass. + +[91] Called the "r r Co.," which has not been further identified but is +believed to have been one of the many militia companies that were formed +in Boston during this period. + +[92] "Thomas Greenough," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical +Society. + +[93] M.S. identified as Folio 495, Massachusetts Historical Society. + +[94] _The Chronicle_ (Early American Industries Association), December +1939, vol. 2, no. 12, p. 96. + +[95] Ibid. + +[96] Description courtesy of Dr. Thomas Greenough, Cooperstown, N. Y. + +[97] ROBERT P. MULTHAUF, "Early Instruments in the History of Surveying: +Their Use and Invention," _Surveying and Mapping_ (October-December +1958), pp. 401, 403. + +[98] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the +Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 14. + +[99] Ibid., p. 15. + +[100] FELT, op. cit. (footnote 38), p. 173. + +[101] "William Williams," in Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical +Society. + +[102] Land record data from Thwing Catalogue, Massachusetts Historical +Society. + +[103] "Report of the Committee on the Rooms," _Proceedings of the +Bostonian Society_ (1917), no. 1, p. 16. + +[104] BRIGHAM, op. cit. (footnote 32), p. 121. + +[105] _History of Hingham_ [Massachusetts], Hingham [n. d.], vol. 3, p. +236. + +[106] KATHERINE M. ABBOTT, _Old Paths and Legends of New England_ (New +York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909), pp. 341-342. + +[107] _Proceedings of the Bostonian Society_ loc. cit. (footnote 103). + +[108] Photograph and records in the collection of the Bostonian Society. + +[109] Land records, Massachusetts Historical Society. + +[110] GEORGE FRANCIS DOW, _The Arts and Crafts in New England 1704-1775_ +(Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927), p. 256. + +[111] JOHN M. PHILLIPS, "An Unrecorded Engraving by Nathaniel Hurd," +_Bulletin of the Associates in Fine Arts at Yale University_ (June +1936), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 26-27. + +[112] Land records on Benjamin King Hagger listed in Thwing Catalogue, +Massachusetts Historical Society. + +[113] Marriage Document no. 101, Report of the Record Commissioners of +Boston, p. 298. + +[114] _The Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser_, November 9, +1834. + +[115] SILVIO A. BEDINI, "A Compass Card by Paul Revere (?)", _Yale +Library Gazette_ (July 1962), no. 2. pp. 36-38; WILLIAM T. DAVIS, +_Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth_ (Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1883). + +[116] D. ALAN STEVENSON, _The World's Lighthouses before 1820_ (London: +Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 179. + +[117] PAUL REVERE, _Day Books_, MS., Massachusetts Historical Society. + +[118] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 50), pp. 7-8. + +[119] Information from Mr. C. E. Smart, of W. & L. E. Gurley, Troy, New +York. + +[120] PENROSE R. HOOPES, _Shop Records of Daniel Burnap, Clockmaker_, +(Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society, 1958), pp. 63-66. + +[121] HOOPES, op. cit. (footnote 18), pp. 92-93. + +[122] _Memoirs of the Huntington Family Association_ (Hartford, Conn., +1915), Index no. 1.3.4.4.2.4. + +[123] PALMER, op. cit. (footnote 34), p. 143. + +[124] Correspondence with Mr. Ray Brighton, Portsmouth, N. H. + +[125] CHARLES W. BREWSTER, _Rambles about Portsmouth_ (Portsmouth, N. +H.: L. W. Brewster, 1859, 1873), ser. 1, pp. 165, 329. + +[126] CHARLES W. BREWSTER, _Rambles about Portsmouth_ (Portsmouth, N. +H.: L. W. Brewster, 1869), ser. 2, pp. 27, 90, 93, 136, 233, 263, 277, +316, 322, 367. + +[127] Information from Prof. Alfred F. Whiting, Dartmouth College +Museum. + +[128] REV. JAMES HILL FITTS, _History of Newfields, New Hampshire, +1638-1911_, (Concord: Rumford Press, 1912). + +[129] PRICE, op. cit. (footnote 1), p. 64. + +[130] The full title is _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott, Late +Commissioner on behalf of the United States During Part of the Year +1796, the Years 1797, 1798, 1799 and Part of the Year 1800 For +Determining the Boundary Between the United States and the Possessions +of His Catholic Majesty in America._ It was published by Budd and Barton +for Thomas Dobson at "the Stone House, No. 41 South Second Street" in +Philadelphia in 1803. + + + + +Index + + Abbott, Katherine M., 98 + + Adams, Augustus, 99 + + Adams, George, 131, 134, 136 + + Allen, John Johnson, 148 + + almanac, 22, 24, 25 + + American Antiquarian Society, 38, 112 + + American Philosophical Society, 11, 12, 16, 21, 22, 24 + + Amherst College, 26 + + _Annals of Salem_, 43 + + _Antiques_, 43, 45 + + apparatus, scientific teaching, 3 + + astronomical observatory, 15, 24 + + Atwell, George, 10 + + backstaff, 58, 96, 139 + + Backus, Ebenezer, 120 + + Bailey, Calvin, 39 + + Bailey, John, 39, 51, 155, 162, 169, 170 + + John II, 39, 155, 161, 170 + + Lebbeus, 39 + + Baily, Joel, 21, 22, 24, 155, 164 + + Baldwin, Jabes, 123 + + Jedidiah, 123, 124, 154, 155, 160, 162, 170 + + Jeduthan, 94 + + Ballard, Mehitable, 109, 110 + + Samuel, 109 + + William, 109, 110 + + _Baltimore American & Commercial Advertiser_, 110 + + Banks, Sir Joseph, 140 + + Banneker, Benjamin, 22, 23, 24, 25, 155, 160 + + Barclay, Thomas, 146 + + Bardin, W. & T. M., 131, 141, 142, 143 + + barometer, 31, 32, 33 + + Bassett, Preston R., 74, 75, 153 + + Bedini, Silvio A., 29, 113 + + _Banneker's_ ... _Almanac and Ephemeris_, _For_ ... 1792, 24, 25 + + Bennet, N., 131 + + Benson, John, 28, 155, 169 + + Bentley, William, 36, 37 + + Bethune, Nathaniel, 87 + + Biddle, Owen, 21, 22, 24, 155, 163 + + Biggs, Thomas, 59, 155, 162, 163, 170 + + Bion, Nicolas, 10 + + Blakslee, Ziba, 47, 155, 160, 170 + + Blundy, Charles, 29, 155, 165, 166 + + _Boston Annual Advertiser_, 99 + + _Boston Evening Post_, 27 + + _Boston Gazette, The_, 6, 27, 38, 39, 40, 82, 87, 95, 105 + + Bostonian Society, 42, 77, 78, 79, 99, 100, 101, 105, 153 + + Bouchette, Col., 146, 148 + + boundsgoer, 7 + + Bowdoin, James, 81, 86 + + Bowles, Hannah, 124 + + Samuel, 124 + + Thomas Salter, 75, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 153, 154, 155, 162, 170 + + Braddock, Gen., 149 + + Bradley, Abiah Emerly, 125 + + Brainard, Newton C., 5, 6 + + Breed, Aaron, 75, 107, 153, 155, 160, 170 + + Brewington, M. V., 85 + + Brewster, Charles W., 125 + + Bridenbaugh, Carl, 29, 53 + + Brigham, Clarence S., 38, 97 + + Brighton, Ray, 124 + + Brokaw, Isaac, 53, 155, 163 + + Brown, Benjamin, 94, 96 + + Sam, 102, 104 + + Brown University, 26 + + Bucks County Historical Society, 90, 153 + + Bulmain & Dennies, 51, 155, 162, 168 + + Burges, Bartholomew, 40, 155, 160 + + Burnap, Daniel, 69, 117, 118, 119, 155, 160, 166, 170 + + Cabot, Mrs. H. Ropes, ix + + camera obscura, 28 + + Campbell, Colin, 146 + + Cape Henlopen, 21, 22, 24, 58 + + Carey, W., 51 + + Caritat, H., 51, 155, 162, 165 + + Carter, Henry, 28 + + Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr., 54, 155, 161, 166, 170 + + Benjamin, Sr., 54 + + Edward E., 55 + + Ellis, 55, 155, 161, 166, 170 + + Ellis, & Bros., 54, 55, 155, 161, 170 + + Goldsmith, 54, 55, 56, 57, 155, 165, 166, 170 + + Isaac, 55, 59, 155, 161, 170 + + John, 55 + + Chandlee & Bros. [John and Isaac Chandlee], 161, 166, 170 + + Chandlee [Benjamin, Jr.] & Sons, 54 + + Chapin, Howard M., 43, 44, 45 + + _Charleston Evening Gazette_, 31 + + Cheney, Benjamin, 67 + + Chester County Historical Society, 24, 31, 32, 54, 55 + + _Chronicle_ [E.A.I.A.], 6 + + Churchill, Frank C., 126, 129 + + Clark, Robert, 31, 165, 168, 169, 170 + + William, 152 + + Clark County Historical Society, 60 + + Clarke, Martha, 85 + + Sarah, 85 + + William, 85 + + clockmaker, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40, 45, 47, + 49, 54, 57, 59, 62, 63, 67, 117, 118, 123, 124, 125, 129, 146 + + Clough, Jere, 75, 105, 154, 155, 161, 170 + + Joseph, 99, 105 + + Cohen, I. Bernard, 40 + + Cole, Benjamin, 149, 150 + + Collison, Peter, 58 + + _Columbia Centinel_, 98, 99 + + compass, 53, 54, 63, 152 + + compass card, 75, 76, 82, 83, 90, 92, 102, 104, 106, 107, 113, 115 + + Comstock Memorial Collection, 139 + + Condorcet, Marquis de, 24 + + Condy, Benjamin, 59, 155, 163, 167, 168 + + _Connecticut Courant_, 47 + + _Connecticut Gazette_, 120, 121 + + Connecticut Historical Society, 5, 6, 93, 118, 119, 121 + + _Connecticut Journal_, 45 + + Conrad, Henry C., 54 + + Cosgrove, James, 7 + + Cotes, Roger, 149 + + Crittenden, A. R., 139 + + Crockett, Roberson, 87 + + Crow, George, 54, 155, 160, 166, 170 + + Curtis, Charles B., 134 + + Cushing, A. T., 101 + + S. T., 99, 101 + + Custis, George Washington Parke, 144 + + Dabney, John, Jr., 27, 156, 161, 167 + + Dakin, Jonathan, 38, 76, 156, 161, 167 + + Dartmouth College, 26, 36, 72, 124 + + Museum, 70, 71, 72, 126, 129, 153 + + Davenport, Michael, 61 + + William, 61, 156, 164, 167, 168, 170 + + Davis, William T., 113 + + Davis quadrant, 13, 37, 44, 58, 66, 92, 97, 139 + + Day, J., 10 + + Dean, William, 60, 61, 156, 164, 168, 170 + + Denegan, John, 33 + + De Negani, 33 + + Devacht, Francois, 49, 156, 163, 166 + + Joseph, 49, 156, 163, 166 + + Dewie, Captain Solomon, 118 + + dialing rule, 4, 5 + + _Diary, or Evening Register_, 33 + + Dinwiddie, Gov., 150 + + Dix, John Ross, 34 + + Dixon, Jeremiah, 24 + + Donegan, [or Denegan] John, 33, 156, 162, 166 + + Donegany, Joseph, 33, 156, 162, 166 + + Donnel, Henry, 60 + + Jonathan, 60, 61 + + Doolittle, Amos, 36 + + Enos, 47, 156, 160, 166, 168, 170 + + Isaac, 45, 47, 156, 160, 166, 167 + + Isaac, Jr., 45, 156, 160, 166, 170 + + Dorsan, Sarah Halsy, 80, 81 + + Dougherty, John, 60, 61 + + Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 134, 136, 145 + + David Bates, 134 + + Henry B., 142 + + Dow, George Francis, 106 + + Draper, Murray & Fairman, 43 + + Dring, Jeptha, 31 + + Thomas, 31, 32 + + Duffield, Edward, 62 + + Dunglison, Dr., 62 + + Dupee, Isaac, 105 + + John, 69, 75, 104, 105, 153, 154, 156, 161, 170 + + Duvall, Samuel, 144, 145 + + Dyherty, John, 60 + + Early American Industries Association, 6, 89 + + Eckhardt, George H., 15, 62, 63 + + Eichner, Laurits C., 90, 91, 137, 138, 153 + + Eldridge, Elizabeth, 80 + + Joseph, 80 + + Ellicott, Andrew, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 62, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, + 139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 156, 160, 165, 170 + + Charles, 134 + + George, 22, 23 + + Jane Judith, 134 + + Joseph, 19, 22 + + Ellicotts Mills, 19, 21 + + Ellis, Mary N., 137 + + Orange Warner, 137, 138 + + Emery, Samuel, 43, 156, 164, 167, 168 + + Endicott, John, 84 + + equal altitude instrument, 20 + + Evans, David, 146 + + George, 31, 62, 156, 163, 167 + + Ewer, Sarah, 129 + + Fairchild, Adah, 49 + + Fairman, Gideon, 42, 156, 157, 162, 167, 168 (see also Hooker and + Fairman) + + Farmer's Museum, 73, 153 + + Felt, Joseph B., 43, 94 + + Ferguson, James, 22 + + Fisher, Joshua, 58 + + Martin, 62, 156, 164, 166 + + Fitch, Eunice, 98 + + John, 62 + + Fitts, Rev. James Hill, 129 + + Flint, Abel, 10, 72 + + Folger, Nathaniel, 45 + + Peter, 40, 156, 162 + + Walter, Jr., 40, 156, 162, 165 + + Folwell, John, 16 + + Footes, Nathaniel, 4, 5 + + Ford, George, 63, 156, 163, 168, 170 + + George, II, 63, 156, 163, 168, 170 + + Fosbrook, W., 31, 156, 162, 169 + + Franklin, Benjamin, 40, 53, 58 + + Franklin Institute, 40, 89, 90, 139, 153 + + Frizell, John, 81 + + Frye, Joseph, 90, 91, 137, 138, 139 + + Joseph, Jr., 91, 137 + + Fryeburg, 90, 137, 138 + + Gardner, Will, 40 + + Gatty, Joseph, 33, 156, 162, 164, 166 + + Gerry, Capt., 27 + + Gilbert, Joseph, 80, 81 + + Mary, 81 + + Gillingham, Harold E., 30, 33, 59, 61, 66 + + Gilman, Benjamin C., 34, 156, 162, 166, 167 + + Gilmur, Bryan, 63, 156, 164, 166, 167 + + Gilpin family, 54 + + glass and thermometric instruments, 53, 59, 62 + + globes, 8, 34, 35, 36, 53, 131, 140, 142, 143 + + Goddard & Angell, 22 + + Godfrey, Thomas, 58, 59, 88, 156, 164, 168 + + Godfrey's quadrant, 28 + + Gottesman, Rita S., 33, 51, 66 + + Gould, John, 30, 76, 156, 164, 168, 170 + + Graham, George, 145 + + Grainger, Samuel, 6, 156, 161 + + Greene, Joseph, 96 + + Peter, 109 + + Greenleaf, Stephen, 37, 38, 157, 161, 167 + + Greenough, David, 86 + + Elizabeth, 85 + + Jerusha, 85 + + John, 85 + + Newman, 85 + + Thomas, 69, 75, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 137, 138, 153, 157, + 160, 165, 167, 169, 170 + + Thomas, Dr., 88, 89 + + William, 86, 87, 88, 89, 157, 161, 170 + + Greenwood, Dr. & Mrs. Arthur, 150 + + Isaac, Jr., 38, 157, 161, 167 + + Isaac, Sr., 38, 39, 157, 161 + + Grew, Theophilus, 8, 157, 164 + + Griffith, Nathaniel S., 125 + + Griffith & Bowles, 124 + + Gross, Huldah, 84 + + Thomas, 84 + + Gruchy, Thomas James, 87 + + gunnery calipers, 40 + + Gurley, W. & L. E., 43, 118 + + Gurnet lighthouse, 115, 116 + + Gutridge, Anna, 84 + + Guyol, Philip N., 82 + + Hadley, James, 58 + + Hadley quadrant, 66, 82 + + Hagger, Benjamin King, 109, 110, 111, 154, 157, 160, 161, 167, 170 + + John W., 110 + + Mary, 43 + + William Guyse, 43, 44, 72, 109, 110, 139, 157, 158, 164, 169 + + William King, 109 + + Hall, Andrew, 98 + + Stephen, 86 + + Halley, Edmond, 58 + + Halsie, Hannah, 84 + + James, I, 4, 80, 81, 157, 161 + + Nathaniel, 80, 84 + + Halsy, Anna, 81 + + James, II, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 154, 157, 161, 167, 170 + + John, 80, 81, 82, 157, 167 + + Joseph, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 153, 157, 161, 170 + + Rebecca, 80 + + Sarah, 80 + + Ham, George, 125 + + Hannah, 125 + + Henry, 125 + + James, 65, 157, 163, 164, 167, 169 + + James, Jr., 66, 164, 167, 169 + + Supply, 125 + + William, 125 + + Hamilton, Alexander, 58, 65 + + Hamlin, William, 44, 45, 46, 76, 157, 164, 165, 167, 169 + + Hanks, Benjamin, 47, 157, 160, 170 + + Truman, 47, 157, 160, 170 + + Harland, Thomas, 10, 29, 30, 117, 123, 157, 160, 166, 170 + + Harvard University, 8, 26, 35, 40, 41, 95, 99 + + Hayes, Fanny, 49 + + Rutherford B., 49 + + Heckewelder, John, 49 + + Heisely, Frederick A., 57, 58, 61, 157, 160, 163, 166, 167, 170 + + George, 57, 157, 163, 166, 167, 170 + + Helyer, Joseph, 94, 96 + + Polly, 98 + + Henry Ford Museum, 107 + + Hicks, Edward, 31, 32 + + Hannah, 31, 32 + + Hillman, George, 109 + + William, 109 + + Hindle, Brooke, 8, 15, 58 + + Hinton, William, 66, 76, 157, 163, 167 + + Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 55 + + Hoadley, Silas, 68 + + Hobby, Sir Charles, 6 + + Hoff, Catherine, 57 + + George, 163, 166 + + John, 57, 157 + + Holbecher, John, 139 + + Holcomb, Amasa, 26, 157, 162, 165, 171 + + Holland, Captain, 145 + + Hood, Joseph, 80 + + Hooker, William, 42, 157 + + Hooker & Fairman [William Hooker and Gideon Fairman], 42, 157, 162, 167 + + Hoopes, Penrose R., 30, 45, 47, 67, 117, 118, 120 + + Hopkins, Joseph, 68 + + Houghton, Rowland, 27, 38, 157, 161, 171 + + Houghton Library, 35 + + Hunter, Frederick W., 53 + + Huntington, Gurdon, 75, 118, 120, 121, 122, 154, 157, 160, 162, 166, 171 + + Hezekiah, 120 + + Submit, 120 + + Hurd, Nathaniel, 106, 107 + + Hutzlar, Dr. Donald A., 60 + + hydrometer, 28 + + hygrometer, 33 + + _Independent Journal, or The General Advertiser_, 53 + + Irving, Washington, iv + + Jacks, James, 63, 158, 165, 167, 171 + + James, Arthur E., 24 + + Jay, Daniel, 30 + + Jayne, John, 43, 158, 162, 167, 169 + + Jefferson, Thomas, 19, 24, 62 + + Jerome, Chauncey, 68 + + Jess, Z., 10 + + Johnson, John, 139, 146, 148 + + Jones, Samuel, 135 + + William, 135 + + W. & S., 135, 137, 139 + + _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_, 20, 131, 132, 133, 136, 142, 144, 145 + + Keese, Samuel, 149 + + Kennard, John, 126, 129, 158, 162, 166, 171 + + Ketterer, Alloysius, 61, 158, 164, 166 + + Kiely, Edmond R., 7 + + Kimball, LeRoy E., 8, 36 + + Kimmel, Anthony, 144, 145 + + King, Benjamin, I, 37, 43, 44, 109, 158, 169 + + Benjamin, II, 43, 158, 162, 164, 167, 169 + + Daniel, 36, 43, 158, 162, 168, 169 + + Mary, 43 + + Mehitable, 43 + + Rufus, 43 + + Samuel, 43, 158, 164, 168, 169 + + King & Hagger [Benjamin King and William Guyse Hagger], 43, 44, 158, + 164, 167, 169 + + Kizer, David J., 60 + + Thomas J., 60 + + Knowlton, Mary, 43 + + Kugler, Charles, 62, 76 + + Lamb, A., & Son, 29, 158, 163, 168, 169, 171 + + Anthony, 10, 28, 158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 171 + + John, 29, 158, 163, 168, 169, 171 + + Lane, Gladys R., 45 + + Latrobe, Benjamin, 150 + + John H. B., 24 + + Laudonet, Mary, 54 + + Leadbeater, 22 + + Leake, Isaac Q., 29 + + Lee, Billy, 149 + + L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, 19 + + LePhillips, Philip, 24 + + Lewis, John, 7 + + Lawrence, 149 + + Leybourn, William, 10 + + Library Company of Philadelphia, 21-22 + + Lloyd, Anna, 81 + + loadstones, 27, 38 + + Loftan, Thomas, 150, 151 + + Logan, James, 58 + + Love, J., 10, 72 + + Lovering & Sons, Joseph, 98 + + Ludlow, I., 60 + + Lyle, Robert, 54, 56 + + Lyon, Mrs. Eliza R., 142 + + Madison, James, 19 + + Magee, D. F., 63 + + magic lantern, 27 + + magnets, 63 + + maps, 7, 53 + + Mariner's Museum, 107, 108, 153 + + Maryland Historical Society, 23 + + _Maryland Journal and Baltimore Daily Advertiser_, 21 + + Maskelyne, Nevil, 142, 146 + + Mason, Charles, 24 + + Mason-Dixon Line, 19 + + Massachusetts Historical Society, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 94, 96, 102, + 104, 109, 116, 117 + + _Massachusetts Magazine_, 40 + + _Matchett's Baltimore Directory_, 110 + + Mather, Rev. Cotton, 82, 84 + + Mathews, Catherine Van C., 21 + + Maupertius, de, 146 + + Maverick, Jotham, 93, 94 + + Samuel, 94 + + Mayer's _Tables_, 22 + + McCabe, William, 49 + + McHenry, James, 22 + + _Memoirs of the Academy of Arts and Sciences_, 40 + + Mendenhall, Thomas, 63, 158, 163, 166, 168 + + Mercer Museum, 90, 153 + + Merrill, P., Esq., 126, 129 + + Miller, Aaron, 53, 158, 162, 166, 171 + + Mirick, McAndrew, 87 + + Mitchell, Edwin Valentine, 36 + + Maria, 40 + + Moore, S., 10 + + Moor's Indian Charity School, 72 + + Morey, John, 113 + + Morris, M., 53, 158, 163 + + Morton, Charles, 82, 83 + + Mount Vernon, 54, 57, 144 + + Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union, 57 + + Nantucket, 40 + + National Maritime Museum, 150 + + Newell, Andrew, 106, 107, 154, 158, 161, 168, 169, 171 + + Charles, 107, 161 + + Joseph, 107, 161 + + New Hampshire Historical Society, 81, 82, 153 + + _New York Daily Advertiser_, 28, 33, 53 + + _New York Gazette_, 28, 51, 53, 66 + + New York Historical Society, 33, 39, 66 + + _New York Mercury_, 66 + + _New York Packet_, 29, 51, 53 + + Noble, James, 81 + + _Norwich Courier_, 30 + + Norwood, R., 10 + + Odell, 146 + + Ohio Historical Society, 55, 61 + + Ohio State Museum, 16, 51, 52, 55, 59, 60, 61 + + Old Sturbridge, 90, 107, 153 + + optical instruments, 26, 28 + + orrery, 15, 16, 39, 40, 41 + + Osborn, John, 96 + + Paine, Robert Treat, 82 + + Thomas, 82, 83 + + Palmer, Brooks, 39, 47, 63, 123 + + Parker, N., 153 + + Parmele, Ebenezer, 67 + + Partridge, Marty, 81 + + Paul, Amos, 129 + + Temple, 129 + + Peabody Museum, 85, 96, 97, 139, 153 + + Peale, Charles Wilson, 14 + + Pease, Elizabeth Folger, 45 + + Paul, 45, 158, 164, 169 + + Pell, Edward, 84 + + Pemberton, James, 30 + + _Pennsylvania Evening Herald_, 33 + + _Pennsylvania Magazine_, 30 + + _Pennsylvania Packet_, The, 15 + + Pennsylvania, University of, 8, 15, 16 + + perpetual log, 51 + + Phillips, John M., 107 + + Jonathan, 99 + + Mrs. Mary W., ix + + Pierce, Abner, 139 + + Pierpont, John, 68 + + Pitt, William, 24 + + Pitts, James, 86 + + planetarium, 36 + + planisphere, 51 + + Platt, Adah, 49 + + Augustus, 49, 52, 158, 163, 168, 171 + + Benjamin, 49, 51, 158, 160, 162, 163, 167, 171 + + William Augustus, 49 + + _Plymouth Journal & Massachusetts Advertiser_, 112, 113 + + Pope, Joseph, 39, 41, 158, 161, 167 + + Potter, John, 43, 158, 161, 171 + + Potts, Thomas, 12 + + W. L., 158, 163 + + Power, Alexander, 7 + + Price, Derek J. de Solla, ix, 3, 130 + + Priestley, Frances D., 140, 142 + + Dr. Joseph, 131, 140, 141, 143 + + Prime, Alfred Coxe, 29, 31, 63 + + Prince, John, 24, 158, 161, 162 + + Nathan, 8, 158 + + Princeton University, 15 + + Pryor, Thomas, 59, 159, 164, 168 + + Quincy, Abraham, 96 + + Rathborne, Aaron, 9, 10 + + Ratsey, Widow, 65 + + Revere, Paul, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 97, 113, 116, 117, 159, 161, 168 + + Reynolds, John E., 131, 134 + + William, 134 + + Reworth, Captain, 87 + + Rhode Island Historical Society, 45, 46, 139 + + Riley, Stephen T., ix + + Ritchie & Co., Bern C., 139 + + Rittenhouse, Benjamin, 11, 15, 16, 142, 144, 159, 164, 165, 171 + + David, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 47, 62, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, + 159, 163, 164, 165, 171 + + Rittenhouse & Evans [David Rittenhouse & David Evans], 139, 146, 148, + 159, 171 + + Roberts, Gideon, 67 + + Nathaniel, 85 + + Romaine, Lawrence, 88 + + _Royal Pennsylvania Gazette_, 59 + + Royal Society of London, 58 + + Rutgers University, 26 + + Salter, Titus, 124 + + sand glasses, 59 + + Savage, James, 4, 80, 84 + + Schiff, Henry G., 107 + + Schoen, H. H., 7 + + Seybold, R. F., 7 + + Shampeny, Worth, 153 + + Shepley Library, 139 + + Sheppard, Jack, 29 + + Shillcock, Hannah, 94 + + Joyce, 94 + + Robert, 93 + + Shoemaker, Mrs. Francis D., 140 + + Shrimpton, Shute, 87 + + Sibley, Asa, 120, 121 + + Sibley & Marble [Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble], 47, 159, 160, 167, 168 + + Sign of the Cross-Knives and Gun, At the, 53, 76 + + Sign of "Hadley's Quadrant," At the, 66, 76 + + Sign of the Hand & Beam, At the, 38, 76 + + Sign of the Mathematical Instruments, At the, 43 + + Sign of the Quadrant, At the, 30, 45, 76, 107 + + Sign of the Seven Stars, At the, 62, 76 + + Sission, Jonathan, 27 + + Skillin, John, 77, 78, 79 + + Simeon, 39, 41, 78 + + Sloane, Sir Hans, 58 + + Smart, C. E., ix, 118 + + Smith, Cordial, 159, 160 + + Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts of Albany, 21 + + Solebury, 19 + + Sommer, Widow Balthaser, 28, 159, 163, 169 + + South Natick Historical Society, 104, 153 + + Sower, Christopher, 63, 159, 163, 164, 167, 168 + + Stargazers' Stone, 24 + + Steele, A.P., 60, 61 + + Stevenson, D. Alan, 115 + + Stiles & Storrs [Nathan Storrs and Jedidiah Baldwin], 123, 159, 162, 171 + + Stiles & Baldwin [Jedidiah Baldwin], 123, 159, 162, 171 + + Stimpson, Charles Jr., 99 + + Stoddard, Sarah, 86 + + Stone, Edmund, 10 + + Storrs, Nathan, 123 + + Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures [Yale University], 105, 114, + 115, 117, 125, 126, 153 + + Stretch, Carolyn Wood, 63 + + Struik, Dirk J., 26 + + Stubbs, Roleigh L. 72, 153 + + sundial, 4, 38, 49, 54, 149 + + surgical instruments, 31, 47, 51, 53, 54 + + Sutton, Henry, 4 + + Swan, Joseph, 139 + + Symes, Jno. C., 60 + + Taws, Charles, 61, 159, 164, 168 + + Taylor, E. G. R., 67 + + telescope, 11, 21, 40, 45, 54, 60, 62, 64, 136, 137, 148, 149, 150 + + Terry, Eli, 117 + + Thacher, Charles, 107, 108, 153, 159, 161, 171 + + Thaxter, Bathsheba, 97 + + Samuel, 69, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 154, 159, + 161, 168, 169, 171 + + Samuel, Sr., 98 + + Thomas, 98 + + Thaxter & Son, S., 103 + + theodolite, 38, 52, 64, 137, 138 + + thermometer, 28, 29, 33 + + Thomas, Richard, 22 + + Thompson, George Andrews, 148 + + Samuel Rowland, 148 + + "Thwing Catalogue," 80, 82, 84, 86, 94, 96, 109 + + Todd, Eli, 49 + + Towle, Jeremiah, 129 + + trade cards, 46, 100 + + trade signs, 30, 38, 43, 45, 53, 62, 66, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 96, 99, + 101, 107 (see also under Sign) + + transit of Venus, 11, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 59 + + Turner, Charles Jr., 146 + + Tyler, Thomas, 105 + + Union College, 26 + + United States National Archives, 116 + + United States National Museum, 15, 57, 62, 90, 91, 134, 139, 140, 144, + 149 + + Van Ness, Cornelius P., 146 + + Vassar College, 40 + + Voight, Henry, 62, 64, 148, 159, 164, 165, 167 + + Wall, George, Jr., 63, 159, 163, 171 + + Wallis, Thomas, 109 + + Walpole, Charles, 28, 159, 163, 168 + + Walton, Joseph, 125 + + Warren, Benjamin, 75, 112, 114, 115, 116, 154, 159, 162, 169, 171 + + William L., 6 + + Washington, George, iv, 19, 54, 62, 63, 142, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151 + + Lawrence Augustine, 54, 57 + + weather glass, 33 + + Welles, Arnold, 94 + + Wienberger, Bernard W., 38 + + Wheelock, Rev. Eleazar, 70, 72 + + Whipple Museum, 150 + + White, John, 85 + + Peregrine, 47, 48, 150, 159, 160, 167, 171 + + Whiting, Alfred F., 126 + + Whitney, John, 30, 159, 164, 168, 169 + + Thomas, 30, 152, 159, 168, 169, 171 + + William & Mary College, 150 + + Williams, John, 93 + + Marvin, 120 + + Samuel, 26 + + Temperance, 120 + + William, 77, 78, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 159, 161, 168, 169, 171 + + Williams College, 26 + + Willis, Arthur, 4, 5, 6, 159 + + Wilson, James, 8, 34, 35, 159, 165 + + Winthrop, John, 26 + + Wistar, Casper, 53 + + Wistar, Richard, 53, 159, 162, 166 + + Witt, Christopher, 62, 159, 163, 167, 168 + + Wollaston, Rev., 142 + + Wood, John, 63, 159, 164 + + Woods, Timothy, 25 + + Wright, Captain, 58 + + Yale University, 105, 114, 125, 126 + + Art Gallery, 106, 107, 153 + + Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, 105, 114, 115, 117, 125, + 126, 153 + + Yardley, Thomas, Jr., 60 + + Youle, James, 53, 76, 159, 163, 169 + + John, 53, 159, 163, 169 + + Young, Daniel, 113 + + Sarah, 113 + + zenith sector, 114, 145, 146, 147 + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + +Clear punctuation errors such as missing periods at the ends of +sentences have been silently corrected. Hyphenation has not been +standardized, for instance, Elizabeth-town, watch-maker, and over-all. +The spelling of proper names has not been standardized, for instance, +Blakslee and Blakeslee, Appalachicola and Apalachicola. + + +Figure 7 caption - "make" replaced with "made" + +Page 38 - "Eliptical" replaced with "Elliptical" + +Page 38 - "Guaging" replaced with "Gauging" + +Page 98 - "Samue" replaced with "Samuel" + +Page 146 - "worth" replaced with "worthy" + +Page 146 - "Federick" replaced with "Frederick" + +Page 162 - "Philadephia" replaced with "Philadelphia" + +Page 162 - "Ephermeris" replaced with "Ephemeris" + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Early American Scientific Instruments +and Their Makers, by Silvio A. 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