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+Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. Gabel
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: A Racial Study of the Fijians
+
+Author: Norman E. Gabel
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39140]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jude Eylander, Joseph Cooper
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of
+population made by the author.]
+
+ A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS
+
+ BY
+ NORMAN E. GABEL
+
+ ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
+
+ Vol. 20, No. I
+
+ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
+
+ ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
+
+ Editors: C. W. Meighan, Harry Hoijer. Eshref Shevky
+ Volume 20, No. 1. pp. 1-44, plates 1-15
+
+ Submitted by editors April 11, 1957
+ Issued March 27, 1958
+ Price. $1.00
+
+ University of California Press
+ Berkeley and Los Angeles
+ California
+
+ Cambridge University Press
+ London, England
+
+ Manufactured in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ _Page_
+ Introduction 1
+ The problem and procedure 1
+ The habitat 2
+ History 3
+ Population 3
+ Racial background 4
+ Acknowledgments 4
+
+ Measurements and indices 5
+ General 5
+ Weight 5
+ Stature 5
+ Span 5
+ Span-stature index 5
+ The trunk 5
+ Sitting height 5
+ Relative sitting height 5
+ Biacromial 6
+ Relative shoulder breadth 6
+ Bi-iliac 6
+ Shoulder-hip 6
+ Chest breadth 6
+ Chest depth 6
+ Thoracic 6
+ Arms and legs 6
+ Arm length 6
+ Humeral length 6
+ Radial length 7
+ Radial-humeral 7
+ Leg length 7
+ Tibial length 7
+ Calf circumference 7
+ The head 7
+ Head circumference 7
+ Head length 7
+ Head breadth 7
+ Cephalic index 7
+ Head height 8
+ Length-height 8
+ Breadth-height 8
+ Cranial module 8
+ Minimum frontal 8
+ Fronto-parietal 8
+ The face 8
+ Bizygomatic 8
+ Cephalo-facial 9
+ Zygo-frontal 9
+ Total face height 9
+ Total facial index 9
+ Upper face height 9
+ Upper facial index 9
+ Bigonial 9
+ Fronto-gonial 9
+ Zygo-gonial 10
+ Nasal height 10
+ Nasal breadth 10
+ Nasal index 10
+ Nasal depth 10
+ Nasal-depth index 10
+ Mouth breadth 10
+ Lip thickness 10
+ Ear length 10
+ Ear breadth 11
+ Ear index 11
+ Bicanine breadth 11
+
+ Morphological observations 12
+ Pigmentation 12
+ Skin color: exposed 12
+ Skin color: unexposed 12
+ Hair color 13
+ Eye color 13
+ Hair 13
+ Hair form 13
+ Hair texture 14
+ Head hair quantity 14
+ Hair length 14
+ Baldness 14
+ Beard quantity 14
+ Body hair 15
+ Grayness: head 15
+ Grayness: beard 16
+ The face 16
+ Prognathism: total 16
+ Prognathism: mid-facial 16
+ Prognathism: alveolar 16
+ Malar projection: lateral 16
+ Malar projection: frontal 16
+ Gonial angles 16
+ Palate shape 16
+ Chin prominence 17
+ Chin type 17
+ The head 17
+ Temporal fullness 17
+ Occipital protrusion 17
+ Lambdoidal flattening 17
+ Occipital flattening 17
+ Median sagittal crest 17
+ Parietal bosses 17
+ Cranial asymmetry 17
+ Facial asymmetry 18
+ Eyes 18
+ Eye folds: external 18
+ Eye fold: median 18
+ Eye folds: internal 18
+ Eye obliquity 18
+ Eye opening 18
+ Forehead 18
+ Brow ridges 18
+ Forehead height 19
+ Forehead slope 19
+ Nose 19
+ Nasion depression 19
+ Root height 19
+ Root breadth 19
+ Nasal septum 19
+ Bridge height 19
+ Bridge breadth 19
+ Nasal profile 19
+ Nasal-tip thickness 20
+ Nasal-tip inclination 20
+ Nasal wings 20
+ Mouth 20
+ Lip thickness: membranous 20
+ Lip thickness: integumental 20
+ Lip eversion 20
+ Lip seam 20
+ Teeth 21
+ Bite 21
+ Caries 21
+ Crowding 21
+ Tooth eruption 21
+ Wear 21
+ Ears 21
+ Ear helix 21
+ Darwin's point 21
+ Ear-lobe type 22
+ Ear-lobe size 22
+ Ear protrusion 22
+ Ear slant 22
+ Body build 22
+ Body build: endomorph 22
+ Body build: mesomorph 22
+ Body build: ectomorph 22
+ Summary 23
+
+ Conclusions 25
+
+ Literature cited 26
+
+ Plates 27
+
+
+MAP
+
+ Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of population
+ made by the author ... frontispiece
+
+
+
+
+A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS
+BY
+NORMAN E. GABEL
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+This paper concerns itself with a physical survey of the native male
+population of Fiji. The main objective is a description of these people
+by means of anthropometric procedure.[1] The treatment includes, first,
+a description of the Fijians as a whole, second, a comparison with
+neighboring people, and third, regional differences among the Fijians
+themselves.
+
+
+THE PROBLEM AND PROCEDURE
+
+The data used in this survey were secured in 1954 during a stay of seven
+months in Fiji. My plan was to obtain anthropometric samples from
+several parts of the archipelago; this plan was only slightly altered as
+time and transportation facilities directed. Each of the three main
+administrative districts into which the islands are divided were visited
+and within each district samples were secured from most of the
+constituent provinces. The original sample consisted of 880 subjects.
+Later, 65 subjects were excluded for various reasons: some were part
+Samoan or Tongan, a few were Rotumans, and others were immature. The
+number finally used stands at 815.
+
+A limited amount of comparative material has been included in order to
+help locate the Fijians in the overall Pacific picture. These data were
+drawn from W. W. Howells, "Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the
+Solomon Islands" in The American Museum of Natural History,
+Anthropological Papers, volume 33, part 4, 1933, and from L. R.
+Sullivan, "A Contribution to Tongan Somatology" based on the field
+studies of E. W. Gifford and W. C. McKern, in Memoires of the Bernice P.
+Bishop Museum, volume 8, number 4, 1922. The latter report provides
+comparison with what may be termed western Polynesians who are also the
+nearest Polynesians to the Fijians. The Fijian data in Howell's paper
+make it possible for me to check some of my own Fijian material, and the
+Solomon Island data in the same report provide a Melanesian measuring
+stick.
+
+Since an over-all description of the Fijians is the initial concern of
+this paper, each physical trait measured or derived from measurement is
+tabulated according to range, average, and deviation. Traits observed
+but not measured are presented according to degree of development, e.g.,
+absent, medium, and pronounced, and according to percentage of
+occurrence. Further statistical manipulation is not deemed necessary for
+the writer's purposes.
+
+It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people. They are
+regarded, and with good reason, as a hybrid of, mainly, Melanesian and
+Polynesian components. Their geographical location, their history, and
+their physical appearance bear this out.
+
+The proportions of Polynesian and Melanesian elements are, of course,
+not evenly distributed throughout Fiji. Even superficial observation
+indicates that the natives range from strongly Melanesian to markedly
+Polynesian. To demonstrate how this variability follows certain regional
+trends, the data have been broken down into four geographical areas.
+This subdivision rests on several considerations and merits further
+comment.
+
+One of the subgroups represents the people of the mountainous interior
+of Viti Levu, the main island of Fiji (see accompanying map). This
+region may be regarded as something of a refuge area. Fijians from this
+relatively isolated locality might reasonably be expected to exhibit
+more of the earlier racial elements of the total composition. It should
+be pointed out, however, that the degree of isolation associated with
+this; interior; group is not extreme. Fiji tradition and history
+indicate extensive interregional movement. Particularly in early
+historic times, when the advent of firearms and other Western culture
+greatly stimulated intergroup warfare and cannibalism, there was much
+moving about from one region to another. With all this, the interior
+people still remained, as indeed they are today, more apart from the
+rest of the population and less subject to outside influence.
+
+The second segment chosen for interregional comparison is in the central
+Lau Islands and is designated in this paper as the "eastern" group.
+Lying as they do, at the eastern end of Fiji, they are closest to Tonga,
+the nearest Polynesian neighbors. Tongan contact with Fiji in
+prehistoric as well as more recent times is well established.[2] It is
+in the Lau Islands that Polynesian cultural affinities are most marked.
+Hence, it seems a logical choice for a second and separate glance in the
+racial history.
+
+The third comparative sample might be termed an intermediate group. It
+is taken from the coastal villages of eastern Viti Levu, largely from
+the provinces of Rewa and Tailevu. This area is geographically between
+the "interior" and "eastern" groups and is referred to in this paper as
+the "coastal" group.
+
+The final regional division represents the northwestern parts of Viti
+Levu. This is the place where, according to Fiji tradition, their
+ancestors first landed after migrating from the west.[3] Fijian legend,
+which gives this hint of their ancestry, does not include a physical
+description of these immigrants. Nor does it define the physical
+appearance of the earlier people whom the newcomers encountered and with
+whom they mingled. On the rather slim hope that anthropometry might shed
+a little light on this questionable phase of Fijian history, this area,
+along with the first three, has received separate treatment.
+
+
+THE HABITAT
+
+The islands of Fiji are centrally located in the southwest Pacific. Over
+three hundred islands and islets make up the archipelago, which spreads
+between latitudes 15' and 22' south of the equator for 300 miles. The
+international date line runs through Fiji at the Koro Sea and the Moala
+Island group.
+
+The total land area of the islands is about the equivalent of the state
+of Delaware, somewhat over 7,000 square miles. Two great islands account
+for nearly 95 per cent of the total area: Viti Levu, the largest, is
+over 4,000 square miles, and Vanua Levu, about half as large. Over 90
+per cent of the native population lives on these two islands although
+nearly a hundred other islands are inhabited.
+
+Most of the islands are made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The
+largest islands rest on a submerged portion of an ancient land mass,
+sometimes called the Melanesian continent, which goes back in time to
+the Paleozoic and, in its prime, intermittently connected Fiji with
+southeastern Asia and Australia. Subsequent submergence, followed by
+cycles of volcanic upbuilding, erosion, and more submergence over eons
+of time, gave the big islands their upper foundations. The last
+extensive volcanic activity and land uplift occurred in the Pleistocene
+and accounts for many of the present mountain masses. The final touches
+to the Fiji profile have been wrought by more recent weathering and
+erosion. Sedimentation is still going on at river mouths and along the
+coasts, where deltas are being built and mangrove thickets flourish.
+
+Many of the smaller islands are old limestone masses that were pushed up
+from the sea. Unlike the high craggy volcanic islands, these are lower
+and flat-topped. Typically, they contain a basin-shaped depressed area
+that is surrounded by a rim. These depressions are usually fertile and
+heavily forested.
+
+Coral islands make up the third variety of land forms. These are always
+small and low. Their small size, thinner soil, and lack of fresh water
+make them much less suitable for human habitation. But even a thin layer
+of soil produces a luxurious vegetation.
+
+Fringing and barrier reefs are abundant throughout the archipelago,
+surrounding nearly every island. The most striking of these formations
+is the Great Sea Reef, which forms an arc of nearly 300 miles along the
+western fringe of Fiji and encloses large areas of coral-infested sea.
+
+Moderately high mountains give to the larger islands a generally rugged
+terrain. The more extensive ranges lie across the path of the prevailing
+south and easterly winds producing windward and leeward climatic areas.
+On the windward side rainfall is heavy and rather evenly distributed
+over the year. Here the valleys and mountain slopes support a typical
+dense tropical growth. The leeward side, however, receives much less
+moisture and has wet and dry seasons. Scattered patches of trees and
+grasses cover the ground, whereas heavy stands of forest are confined to
+valley bottoms and higher mountain slopes. The mountainous interior of
+Viti Levu contains a number of peaks over 3,000 feet, the highest of
+which is Mt. Victoria, 4,341 feet.
+
+Surface water is abundant on the bigger islands. Several large and
+navigable rivers drain Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. The Rewa River, on the
+east side of Viti Levu is the largest and is navigable for small craft
+for 70 miles. Smaller rivers and hundreds of streams are important
+sources of food and drink for the people of the interior.
+
+Great flood plains are formed at the mouths of the larger rivers. These
+and the fertile flats that run back along the valleys contain the
+greatest population densities.
+
+The climate is generally pleasant and healthful. Tropical extremes of
+heat and humidity are moderated by the prevailing trades, which usually
+supply cool and pleasant breezes from the east. Still, days of
+uncomfortable heat and oppressive humidity are not unknown; however,
+such periods are protracted only in the interior. The climate is far
+from uniform throughout the islands. The windward sides, where rainfall
+often exceeds a hundred inches, have a more even temperature and
+sunshine is more moderate. On the leeward sides there is less general
+cloudiness and more sunshine, especially during the dry season. The
+smaller islands generally resemble the leeward areas in climate.
+
+Native plant and animal life, like much of the southwest Pacific, is
+southeastern Asiatic in type and in origin. In the more profuse and
+varied windward sides there are several general vegetation zones. Along
+the coasts and in the larger river basins occur alluvial vegetation
+largely dominated by several kinds of mangrove, which is densest in mud
+flats washed by the tide. In this zone trees are scattered, and many of
+them bear useful nuts and fruits. On the slopes and ridges behind the
+coastal belts are the great tropical rain forests. They make up a dense
+cover of evergreen trees interwoven with wild creepers and vines. Thick
+stands of shrubs and smaller trees add to the tropical profusion. Above
+2,000 feet the forests thin out and become more heavily coated with moss
+and lichens, and ferns and orchids attach themselves to the branches.
+Beyond 3,000 feet is the cloud belt, and above this trees become stunted
+and are finally replaced by hardy shrubs that cling to the rocks and
+crags.
+
+On the leeward sides, patches of rain forest are found only in the
+moister areas. More typical of this zone are thin-leaved trees
+interspersed in large expanses of meadow and grassland.
+
+A number of native plants are very vital to the Fijian livelihood and
+some have modern economic importance. Several timber trees are essential
+to house building, canoe construction, and wood carving. The ubiquitous
+palms, here as elsewhere in the Pacific, are vital sources of food,
+drink, building, and weaving materials and cordage. The mangrove
+provides firewood, house poles, fishing fences, and traps, laths for
+bows and black dye for their hair and tapa. Valuable starch is secured
+from the sago palm, which is cut just before flowering, and the leaves
+are a common thatching material. Various reeds, canes, and bamboos and
+lianas are useful to Fiji economy. In the drier areas reeds and grasses
+provide material for house walls, thatch, fish fences, and arrow shafts.
+Several kinds of trees yield edible nuts and fruits.
+
+Like other central-Pacific island groups, Fiji is poorly provided with
+indigenous mammals. A small gray rat is a considerable pest in gardens
+and homes, and a large nocturnal bat, which is called a flying fox,
+lives in tree colonies and is often seen at dusk in banana groves or
+other feeding places. All the economically important animals of Fiji
+have been introduced, such as pigs, fowl, dogs, cattle, horses, sheep,
+and goats.
+
+Bird life is diverse and interesting, although in a number of places
+introduced forms, like mynahs and turtle doves, have forced the native
+varieties back into the jungle. Several game birds such as doves,
+pigeons, and ducks are occasionally hunted.
+
+Snakes and lizards are fairly common on the islands; none is poisonous.
+Some are eaten, but the practice is not usual. Snakes had a more
+important place in the former religious and totemic practices.
+
+Much more vital to the native economy is the abundant and varied marine
+life. This, with gardening, provides the foundation of Fijian
+subsistence. Turtles, crabs, prawns, eels, to say nothing of scores of
+fishes, are hunted, trapped, poisoned, speared, and netted. The cycle of
+the balolo worm has here the same importance as in other Pacific
+islands.
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+The first western contact with Fiji was made in 1643 when Captain Abel
+Tasman entered Fijian waters and sighted several islands and reefs
+without realizing the nature of his discovery. Over a hundred years
+later, Captain Cook made a second contact by stopping at one of the
+southern Lau Islands. Real knowledge of the area began in 1792 when
+Captain Bligh sailed through the archipelago from the southeast to the
+northwest, following the famous mutiny of the _Bounty_. Bligh made an
+attempt to land, was attacked by natives, and continued through the
+islands with no more landings. He did, however, make a record of most of
+the islands he passed.
+
+In the nineteenth century, commercial contacts began in the form of
+sandalwood trade. This profitable commodity brought Europeans and
+Americans first to the Sandalwood Coast on the west side of Vanua Levu.
+During this period the first systematic survey of Fijian waters was
+made by the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1840. After little more
+than a decade the sandalwood supply was depleted to the point where
+trade virtually ceased.
+
+As a result of this initial commercial contact, which was mainly around
+western Vanua Levu and eastern Viti Levu, some marked changes were
+effected in Fijian culture. After the sandalwood traders abandoned Fiji
+for more profitable fields, a number of deserters and ship-wrecked men
+remained. These beachcombers, along with firearms that had been
+introduced by trade or salvaged from wrecks, brought about the first
+striking alterations. Rival chiefs competed for the acquisition of
+muskets, gunpowder, and beachcombers. The latter in some instances
+became attached to royal households as dubious advisors and instructors
+in the use of guns, powder, and shot. Some of these coaches enjoyed a
+status resembling that of household pets.
+
+The introduction of firearms changed the native political scene and
+increased the scope and destructiveness of warfare. For a time the
+rulers of Mbau in eastern Viti nearly monopolized the supply of muskets
+and white men. This established their political supremacy over rival
+leaders. Larger and stronger political and military alliances, some
+resembling small kingdoms, developed for purposes of defense or
+aggression. As warfare grew more frequent, new diseases entered the
+islands and trade in liquor advanced.
+
+After the third decade of the nineteenth century better elements began
+to enter Fiji and ensuing culture contact was not so consistently
+deplorable. _Bêche-de-mer_ traders and whalers began to visit the islands
+for trade goods and supplies. Some began to settle at the east end of
+Viti Levu. Missionaries came in the 1830's and the Christianization of
+Fiji began.
+
+Internal conflict between rival chiefs, attacks on French, British, and
+American ships, with subsequent reprisals, continued and intensified. By
+mid-century, rivalry between the local kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa reached
+a peak. At this time the powerful ruler of Mbau, Thakombau, who
+dominated a large segment of eastern Viti Levu, had become hard pressed
+by his Rewa enemies. Thakombau submitted to the missionaries who had
+been pressing his conversion. With his support of the missionaries, the
+native struggles became a religious war between Christianity and
+paganism as well as between nativism and westernism. Thakombau's cause
+was rescued in 1855 when King George of Tonga brought an army of 2,000
+warriors to Fiji and combined his strength with that of the kingdom of
+Mbau. Thenceforth Thakombau remained the paramount chief in eastern Fiji
+and for some twenty ensuing years ruled under the dominance of Tongan
+princes. Another Tongan chief, Ma'afu, arrived in 1848 and set up a
+political domain that rivaled the kingdom of Thakombau.
+
+Throughout these struggles and particularly with the conversion of
+Thakombau and the leadership of the already Christianized Tongan chiefs,
+native religion, including cannibalism, rapidly declined. Meanwhile,
+English, Australian, and New Zealand settlers were augmenting earlier
+trade contacts. Plantations and trade centers developed, and in 1857 a
+British consul was appointed and set up at Levuka on the east coast of
+Viti Levu. A few years later Thakombau sought relief from the payment of
+indemnities to foreign powers and from internal harassments by an offer
+to cede his dominions to Great Britain. The initial offer was declined
+and the British consul was recalled in 1860.
+
+The next ten years saw a continuation of political and military turmoil
+stemming from rival interests of native rulers, Tongan interlopers, and
+European immigrants. A second appeal to the British government resulted
+in an unconditional deed of cession on October 10, 1874, which marks the
+beginning of Fiji's status as a British Crown Colony.
+
+
+POPULATION
+
+Over 300,000 people live in the Fiji Islands. Of these about 140,000 are
+native Fijians. The others are arranged in the following divisions:[4]
+
+ Indians 154,803
+ Europeans 6,500
+ Part European 7,496
+ Polynesians }
+ Melanesians } 4,133
+ Micronesians }
+ Rotumans 3,990
+ Chinese 3,857
+ Others 649
+
+When Fiji became a British Crown Colony in 1874 the population was
+entirely native except for a handful of outsiders. At that time the
+population has been variously estimated at approximately 200,000.
+Shortly thereafter a measles epidemic reduced their number severely.
+This, with other epidemics and maladies for which they had little or no
+immunity or resistence, continued the decimation until by 1905 there
+were only 87,000. During the next decade they held their own, until in
+1919 the influenza scourge brought them to their lowest level of 83,000.
+This was the last serious setback to their number; since that time the
+population has been on the upgrade.
+
+A present threat to Fijian population, in the opinion of many, stems not
+from disease but from the Indian presence. This began in the latter part
+of the nineteenth century when Indian immigration of indentured laborers
+began. The influx went on until 1916 by which time some 40,000 to 50,000
+Indians had come to Fiji and very few had returned to India. Since then,
+the Indians have increased more rapidly than the Fijians until they now
+outnumber them. This situation has, of course, created numerous problems
+beyond the scope of this paper.
+
+It is significant to point out that intermarriage or interbreeding
+between Fijians and Indians is relatively slight. The amount of mingling
+of Fijians with Europeans or Orientals cannot be demonstrated
+statistically, but it has not been extensive. The Fijians, on the whole,
+retain pretty much of their prehistoric racial make-up.
+
+
+RACIAL BACKGROUND
+
+It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people, derived
+mainly from Melanesian and Polynesian sources. Both of these parental
+strains in turn are commonly believed to be racial blends. Hooton
+describes the Melanesians as Oceanic Negroes whose composition includes
+Negrito, Australoid, "plus convex-nosed Mediterranean plus minor
+fractions of Malay and Polynesian."[5] Birdsell sees the same three
+strains in Melanesia which he believes contribute to the Australians,
+namely Negrito, Murrayan, and Carpentarian, plus a small amount of
+Mongoloid. He believes they differ from Australians in being "basically
+negritic in their genetic composition as a result of the rain forest
+environment."[6] Polynesians, however, are usually thought to be derived
+from Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid strains in which the Caucasoid
+component is more often the strongest.
+
+The composite character of the Fijians has been variously explained as
+far as order and time of the contributing elements are concerned. One
+theory regards a Negroid stock as aboriginal to which a Polynesian
+strain was later added. An early explanation of this sort is that of
+Fornander who held that the ancestors of the modern Polynesians coming
+from southeastern Asia via Indonesia in the early centuries A.D. made a
+prolonged stopover in Fiji as they moved eastward. This left a
+Polynesian imprint on the native Fijian physical appearance as well as
+on their language and culture.[7] Later on, Churchill added a second
+movement of Polynesians from the west about a thousand years later. This
+was used to explain a certain amount of Mongoloid elements that needed
+accounting for in western Polynesia.[8]
+
+A differing interpretation brings the Polynesian influence into Fiji
+from the east in relatively recent times. Thomson, for example, regards
+it as mainly Tongan. There are many references in the eighteenth and
+nineteenth centuries to Tongan presence in Fiji; they came to trade, to
+fight, and merely to visit.
+
+Hocart believes the Polynesians at one time occupied most of Fiji until
+they were driven eastward to Tonga and Samoa by native Melanesians.[9]
+Howells tentatively suggests another possibility: originally all of Fiji
+was occupied by Polynesians except perhaps for some Melanesian tribes in
+the mountainous interior of Viti Levu. Around the eleventh century a
+wave of immigrants from the west reached Fiji. "The newcomers, taking
+possession of the archipelago, partly amalgamated with and partly pushed
+out the Polynesian tenants, just as did the hill tribes of Hocart's
+theory, the refugees fleeing to Somoa and Tonga."[10] Howells associates
+this immigration with the Fijian tradition of an arrival of ancestral
+families from across the western sea.
+
+This Fijian tradition of their own origin includes a landing on the west
+coast of Viti Levu at Nandi by an ancestral chief and his sons who came
+across the sea from the west. Several of his sons moved eastward and
+eventually founded families with native wives in various parts of the
+archipelago. These families ultimately became consolidated into
+present-day tribes or federations. Most Fijian social units derive their
+origin from this or similar legendary immigrations. These eposodes
+occurred eight or ten and, in one case, fifteen generations ago.[11]
+Where these ancestors came from or what their racial affiliations were
+is not described in the stories. On the basis of supposed similarities
+of place-names, claims have been made for Africa as the place of origin,
+but the validity of them is dubious. It is likely that these traditions
+refer only to the more recent immigrations from the west. As to the
+racial make-up of the ancestors, it is commonly believed that they were
+Polynesians who, after settling in various parts of Fiji, took native
+wives, presumably Melanesian, and originated many of the existing family
+lines. This assumption does not rest on any actual physical reference to
+their appearance but on such cultural data as their patrilineal
+succession and their tradition of strong hereditary chieftainship.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+I am indebted to a number of people of Fiji whose assistance and
+coöperation were helpful. Thanks are due to Sir Ronald Garvey, governor
+of Fiji, whose approval of my project gave administrative sanction. Mr.
+G. Kingsley Roth, the Secretary for Fijian Affairs, secured for me the
+coöperation of the Fijian Affairs Department, which in turn gave me
+access to the proper native officers and leaders, furnished me with
+necessary transportation; he also gave me some sound advice. Also of the
+Fijian Affairs Office, Ratu Dr. Dobi helped me make the necessary
+contacts as my work took me from one area to another. Mr. Robbin H.
+Yarrow, safety officer of the Emperor Gold Mining Company, was most
+helpful during my stay at Vatukoula, where I secured an excellent sample
+of the northern provinces.
+
+The young Fijian who acted as my interpreter, guide, and recorder was
+Joji Qalelawe; my especial thanks to him for his intelligent and
+cheerful coöperation.
+
+
+
+
+MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES
+
+
+GENERAL
+
+_Weight_[12]
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 814 105-300 163.0 20.3 12.5
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 0
+ East 73 130-245 168.1 19.3 11.5
+ Coast 210 118-300 160.7 22.8 14.2
+ N.W. 79 120-212 161.9 16.9 10.4
+
+The average weight of 163 pounds, coupled with their rather tall
+stature, describes the Fijian as a large person, on the whole. Their
+generous weight does not reflect excessive obesity; the body build, as
+will be pointed out later, is prevailingly muscular and athletic.
+Variation among the regional samples is not significant; all the groups
+average more than 160 pounds.
+
+_Stature_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 150.1-195.0 172.5 6.1 3.5
+ Interior 154 150.1-183.7 169.6 6.0 3.5
+ East 120 160.2-190.5 173.3 6.0 3.5
+ Coast 210 156.1-195.0 173.4 5.8 3.4
+ N.W. 79 159.8-186.0 172.7 5.8 3.3
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 158-190 170.8 6.1 3.6
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 146-181 160.2 6.8 4.2
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 92 160-188 173.0 5.2 3.0
+
+The stature of the Fijians is moderately tall. Howells' series of
+Fijians, as well as mine, indicate this category. In this measurement,
+the Fijians are similar to the Tongans. They are 12 cm. taller than the
+Melanesians.
+
+Among the Fijian themselves, the interior people of the highlands are
+definitely shorter than the rest of the population.
+
+Rumors still persist of remnants of pygmoid people in the interior
+mountains of Viti Levu. I found no evidence of them either in my travels
+in the interior or by extensive inquiries among natives and Europeans
+who had thorough knowledge of the whole island.
+
+_Span_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 155.0-208.0 180.0 15.1 8.8
+ Interior 154 155.0-201.0 179.5 7.5 4.2
+ East 120 166.4-200.5 178.1 24.3 13.6
+ Coast 210 160.1-208.0 181.2 14.6 8.1
+ N.W. 79 165.1-202.0 180.0 21.6 11.9
+
+Span of the arms also reflects the generous proportions of the Fijians.
+Regional difference is not marked. Relative to stature, the hill people
+have the longer arms and the eastern natives the shortest. The greater
+relative arm length of the hill tribes seems to be owing more to
+deficiency of stature than to excessive arm length or shoulder breadth.
+
+_Span-Stature Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 96.1-116.3 104.3 8.5 8.15
+ Interior 154 99.4-115.1 105.2 2.3 2.2
+ East 120 99.1-108.5 102.7 13.5 13.14
+ Coast 210 97.9-116.3 104.4 7.7 7.4
+ N.W. 79 100.2-109.7 104.1 12.0 11.5
+
+
+THE TRUNK
+
+_Sitting Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 75.1-100 87.0 3.5 3.9
+ Interior 154 75.1-94 84.4 9.4 11.0
+ East 120 81-100 88.5 3.5 3.9
+ Coast 210 80-99 87.7 3.2 3.6
+ N.W. 79 80-94 86.0 2.9 3.3
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 78-101 88.3 3.06 3.46
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 69-95 83.6 3.8 4.5
+
+A total sitting height average of 87 cm. attests the generous general
+body length. A regional trend follows the same curve as that for
+stature. The eastern body length is greatest; it exceeds the over-all
+average by 1-1/2 cm. and is more than 4 cm. larger than the interior
+people who fall at the bottom of the scale of sitting height. Howells'
+Fijian series is close to my eastern average. Compared with the Solomon
+Islands natives, the Fijians are much more elongated.
+
+_Relative Sitting Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 45-58 50.4 1.5 3.0
+ Interior 154 46-56 49.8 1.4 2.8
+ East 120 48-54 51.0 1.3 2.5
+ Coast 210 46-56 50.5 1.4 2.8
+ N.W. 79 47-54 50.2 1.4 2.8
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 46-57 51.7 1.36 2.63
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 46-57 52.1 1.64 2.92
+
+The relative sitting height ratio for all Fijians is 50.4 per cent. The
+eastern average of 51 per cent indicates a little more legginess,
+whereas the interior groups tend somewhat to longer trunks.
+
+_Biacromial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 28-47 39.7 8.2 6.2
+ Interior 154 29-43 39.0 6.2 4.7
+ East 120 35-45 39.9 6.1 4.0
+ Coast 210 28-45 39.7 7.6 4.9
+ N.W. 79 35-47 40.5 6.6 3.9
+
+The Fijians are generally a broad-shouldered people. The inhabitants of
+Ra and Ba have the highest average and the interior people are least
+broad-shouldered.
+
+_Relative Shoulder Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 18-27 22.3 1.3 5.8
+ Interior 154 19-25 22.9 1.0 3.9
+ East 120 20-26 23.0 1.0 3.9
+ Coast 210 18-26 22.9 1.0 4.4
+ N.W. 79 20-27 23.4 3.1 13.2
+
+Relative to total stature, shoulder breadth averages 22.3 per cent. No
+significant regional differences are indicated.
+
+_Bi-Iliac_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 23-40 29.2 5.6 5.3
+ Interior 154 25-38 29.0 5.1 5.2
+ East 120 27-34 29.5 4.1 4.8
+ Coast 210 23-37 29.2 5.9 5.5
+ N.W. 79 26-32 29.3 4.6 5.0
+
+The Fijians, as a whole, are fairly broad-hipped; this condition holds
+with little variation in all the provinces.
+
+_Shoulder-Hip_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 58-101 73.7 4.3 5.8
+ Interior 154 65-100 74.6 4.2 5.6
+ East 120 67-82 73.8 3.2 4.3
+ Coast 210 58-99 73.5 4.3 5.9
+ N.W. 79 62-86 72.8 5.9 8.1
+
+The total shoulder-hip ratio describes the shoulders as 73.7 per cent as
+wide as the hips. These ratios do not vary greatly in different parts of
+Fiji. The somewhat higher index of the hill groups is owing largely to
+their narrower shoulders, whereas the superior shoulder breadth of the
+northwest provinces contributes mostly to the lower hip-shoulder index.
+
+_Chest Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 24-39 28.6 6.4 5.7
+ Interior 154 25-33 28.6 3.3 4.7
+ East 120 26-39 29.4 7.2 5.8
+ Coast 210 25-37 28.7 7.8 6.2
+ N.W. 79 25-32 28.9 4.3 4.9
+
+Broad chests are also characteristic in Fiji. The eastern men surpass
+the Viti Levu males, and the interior groups have the narrowest chests,
+but the regional variations are small.
+
+_Chest Depth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 184-308 22.9 5.5 7.0
+ Interior 154 195-263 22.4 3.2 5.8
+ East 120 189-295 22.5 4.9 6.6
+ Coast 210 184-300 21.7 5.7 7.2
+ N.W. 79 192-250 21.8 3.3 6.0
+
+The chests of the Fijians are also fairly deep. The close similarity in
+chest depth of the interior group and the eastern sample is rather
+striking inasmuch as the former are nearly 4 cm. shorter in stature.
+This would indicate that the interior group, for their size, are
+relatively deep-chested.
+
+_Thoracic_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 59-96 76.4 4.6 6.0
+ Interior 154 69-88 78.5 3.9 5.0
+ East 120 65-85 76.3 4.3 5.6
+ Coast 210 56-89 75.5 4.7 6.2
+ N.W. 79 65-85 75.7 4.4 5.8
+
+The thoracic index shows that the Fijians are deep-chested relative to
+thoracic breadth as well as in absolute values. Again the interior
+people stand out for their deeper chests.
+
+
+ARMS AND LEGS
+
+_Arm Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 45-87 75.2 5.0 6.6
+ Interior 154 45-83 73.6 4.8 6.1
+ East 120 52-84 75.1 3.9 5.2
+ Coast 210 57-87 76.0 4.9 6.4
+ N.W. 79 55-86 75.3 6.6 8.8
+
+The over-all arm length is 75.2 cm. Shorter arms seem to be
+characteristic of the interior population where the average is nearly 2
+cm. less than the over-all average. The eastern group has the longest
+arms; the other samples are intermediate.
+
+_Humeral Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 26-39 32.8 8.6 5.7
+ Interior 154 28-38 32.8 7.1 5.2
+ East 120 28-39 32.9 8.3 5.6
+ Coast 210 26-38 32.9 9.1 5.8
+ N.W. 79 28-38 33.0 7.9 5.4
+
+Length of the upper arm averages 33 cm. for all Fijians; the several
+provinces are closely similar in this trait.
+
+_Radial Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 23-35 27.6 4.1 5.1
+ Interior 154 24-33 27.3 2.4 4.5
+ East 120 23-34 27.5 6.9 6.1
+ Coast 210 24-35 27.9 3.5 4.8
+ N.W. 79 25-32 27.9 3.4 4.8
+
+Lower arm length is 27.6 cm. and also varies but little among the
+regional samples.
+
+_Radial-Humeral_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 65-113 84.0 4.2 5.0
+ Interior 154 77-104 83.0 3.8 4.6
+ East 120 65-95 83.5 4.7 5.6
+ Coast 210 75-113 84.7 4.2 4.9
+ N.W. 79 77-94 82.2 3.6 4.3
+
+The radial-humeral ratio indicates that the lower arm of Fijians is 84
+per cent as long as the upper arm. None of the subgroups deviates
+markedly from this average.
+
+_Leg Length_[13]
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 61-98 84.3 10.5 12.5
+ Interior 154 74-96 81.1 8.6 12.9
+ East 120 73-96 84.1 8.6 10.3
+ Coast 210 68-97 85.3 7.2 8.5
+ N.W. 79 75-95 85.7 4.4 5.2
+
+Average leg length is 84.3 cm., and some regional differences are
+manifest. The legs of the hill people are shorter by 3 cm. than are the
+other groups. Their neighbors to the northwest and east have the longest
+legs, and the eastern are intermediate.
+
+_Tibial Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 34-49 40.9 8.3 6.9
+ Interior 154 35-45 40.3 13.4 10.8
+ East 120 35-47 40.7 6.2 5.2
+ Coast 210 35-47 41.2 6.8 5.1
+ N.W. 79 36-47 40.9 6.1 5.9
+
+Lower leg length is around 40 cm. for all Fijians. The regional pattern
+is similar to that of total leg length: shortest in the highlands,
+intermediate in the east, and longest in the coastal and northwestern
+districts.
+
+_Calf Circumference_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 29-57 37.6 6.7 7.1
+ Interior 154 31-51 37.0 6.4 7.1
+ East 120 33-50 38.1 4.7 6.5
+ Coast 210 29-48 37.2 9.4 7.9
+ N.W. 79 30-43 37.7 7.6 6.3
+
+The generous girth of the calf of the Fijians reflects their sturdily
+muscled legs. The eastern groups excel the other Fijians in this
+respect, whereas the interior groups have the lowest average for calf
+circumference.
+
+
+THE HEAD
+
+_Head Circumference_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 410-630 562.4 7.8 6.7
+ Interior 154 537-613 565.3 4.1 2.5
+ East 120 528-630 566.3 4.9 2.9
+ Coast 210 410-630 563.5 4.6 3.5
+ N.W. 79 537-597 557.7 14.3 11.5
+
+The head circumference average of 562.4 mm. Probably is a little on the
+large size because of the thick wiry hair of most Fijians; the eastern
+groups appear to have the largest heads and the northwestern groups show
+a rather abrupt drop.
+
+_Head Length_[14]
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 162-215 187.9 9.4 5.0
+ Interior 154 170-210 190.1 7.6 4.0
+ East 120 172-209 188.6 6.6 3.5
+ Coast 210 162-215 187.4 13.5 7.2
+ N.W. 79 165-214 187.2 7.9 4.2
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 164-208 188.8 7.29 3.86
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 170-208 188.5 6.5 3.5
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 173-213 191.0 6.6 3.5
+
+Total head length for all Fijians is 187.9 mm; longest heads occur in
+the interior. Both Howells' Fijian average and the Solomon Islands
+series are close to the above value. Gifford's Tongan head length of 191
+mm. Somewhat exceeds the Fijian.
+
+_Head Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 122-186 155.9 6.8 7.7
+ Interior 154 135-170 152.1 6.6 4.3
+ East 120 144-172 157.2 5.2 3.3
+ Coast 210 141-186 158.3 9.3 8.5
+ N.W. 79 122-185 152.9 8.6 8.2
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 135-170 153.7 6.1 3.9
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 126-158 144.7 5.2 3.6
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 145-167 154.8 4.3 2.8
+
+General head breadth is 155.9 mm., and considerable regional variation
+is shown. Fijians of the interior have the narrowest heads, whereas the
+coastal and eastern people have appreciably wider heads. Howells' series
+of Fijians are closest to my highland groups.
+
+The Solomon Islanders are markedly narrower headed than the Fijians,
+whereas Sullivan's Tongan series is nearer the Fijian average.
+
+_Cephalic Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 68-99 83.0 6.4 7.7
+ Interior 154 68-96 80.0 6.0 7.3
+ East 120 72-92 83.9 3.8 4.5
+ Coast 210 72-99 84.2 7.2 8.6
+ N.W. 79 71-95 81.6 10.3 12.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 68-94 81.54 4.7 5.7
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 65-88 76.8 3.9 5.1
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 73-89 81.1 3.1 3.9
+
+Most Fijians tend to brachycephaly. The eastern natives and those of the
+coastal series have the broadest heads. The interior people show
+definitely lesser values in this ratio than do the other groups.
+Howells' Fijian series is close to the northwestern Fijians in their
+mesocephaly, and so is the Tongan mean. The Solomon series borders on
+dolicocephaly.
+
+_Head Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 110-154 129.5 6.8 7.9
+ Interior 154 114-140 127.7 4.8 3.8
+ East 120 114-148 129.6 5.0 3.9
+ Coast 210 112-154 120.0 7.0 5.4
+ N.W. 79 117-142 127.6 9.2 8.9
+
+Head height averages do not differ greatly among the provinces. The
+interior and northwestern people have somewhat lower heads; the coastal
+and eastern people show slight superiority.
+
+_Length-Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 55-84 69.0 3.4 3.6
+ Interior 154 59-77 67.2 3.9 5.8
+ East 120 61-78 68.7 3.2 4.7
+ Coast 210 55-84 69.4 3.7 4.3
+ N.W. 79 58-84 68.1 4.5 3.5
+
+Relative to head length, the cranial vault of Fijians is high. The
+mountain people show the lowest relative head height, whereas the other
+provinces are nearer to the over-all average.
+
+_Breadth-Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 66-102 83.0 3.0 3.3
+ Interior 154 75-96 84.0 3.9 4.6
+ East 120 75-91 82.4 3.4 4.1
+ Coast 210 66-97 82.8 5.3 8.4
+ N.W. 79 73-92 81.2 8.6 9.7
+
+Head height relative to total breadth is 83 per cent. In this ratio the
+interior groups have the highest index, a condition owing more to
+deficiency in cranial breadth than to superior head height.
+
+_Cranial Module_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 141-176 157.7 10.5 6.7
+ Interior 154 147-166 156.6 11.5 7.3
+ East 120 148-172 158.4 4.4 2.7
+ Coast 210 143-176 158.5 15.5 9.7
+ N.W. 79 141-171 155.9 10.7 6.7
+
+Head size as expressed by the cranial module averages 157.7 mm. for all
+Fijians. Regional fluctuation is unimportant.
+
+_Minimum Frontal_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 99-125 109.9 4.0 2.7
+ Interior 154 100-121 109.8 3.6 3.3
+ East 120 99-122 110.8 3.8 3.4
+ Coast 210 100-125 109.7 4.7 4.3
+ N.W. 79 101-120 109.4 3.7 3.4
+
+A minimum frontal diameter of 109.9 mm. indicates a fairly ample
+forehead breadth for the total sample. None of the subgroups depart much
+from this value.
+
+_Fronto-Parietal_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 58-89 70.6 4.3 6.1
+ Interior 154 63-82 72.2 3.3 4.6
+ East 120 64-79 70.5 3.0 4.3
+ Coast 210 58-77 69.9 4.1 5.9
+ N.W. 79 61-89 69.7 8.7 12.5
+
+Forehead breadth relative to total cranial width is 70.6 per cent. The
+greatest deviation from this average occurs in the interior where the
+fronto-parietal ratio is 72.2 per cent and lesser head breadth more than
+greater forehead width causes the higher index.
+
+
+THE FACE
+
+_Bizygomatic_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 110-164 145.7 5.0 3.4
+ Interior 154 110-163 145.8 6.3 4.3
+ East 120 137-161 146.7 4.3 2.9
+ Coast 210 128-164 145.2 4.9 3.4
+ N.W. 79 136-156 145.1 4.3 3.0
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 130-159 144.05 5.05 3.5
+ Solomons (Howells) 84 115-149 138.0 5.5 4.0
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 131-159 143.5 5.9 4.1
+
+Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total
+average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are
+closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight
+superiority in bizygomatic breadth.
+
+Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan
+average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.
+
+_Cephalo-Facial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 82-108 93.5 5.7 6.1
+ Interior 154 84-108 96.0 4.8 5.0
+ East 120 82-102 93.3 3.2 3.4
+ Coast 210 85-103 92.5 5.7 6.2
+ N.W. 79 80-104 92.6 6.4 7.3
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 85-111 93.7 3.5 3.7
+ Solomons (Howells) 84 85-111 95.4 3.8 4.0
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 85-103 92.8 3.5 3.7
+
+Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all
+Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the
+interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there
+is general similarity in the several provinces.
+
+_Zygo-Frontal_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 64-100 75.5 3.0 3.9
+ Interior 154 64-98 75.4 3.2 4.2
+ East 120 68-99 75.5 2.5 3.3
+ Coast 210 66-100 75.5 3.1 4.1
+ N.W. 79 66-93 75.4 2.9 3.8
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-84 73.1 4.2 5.8
+
+The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional
+averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the
+Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the
+breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.
+
+_Total Face Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 100-147 122.5 6.0 4.9
+ Interior 154 103-137 121.3 5.6 4.6
+ East 120 110-147 124.7 5.8 4.7
+ Coast 210 107-142 122.6 6.1 5.0
+ N.W. 79 100-143 121.7 6.8 5.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 105-159 121.8 6.9 5.7
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 100-129 116.4 6.6 5.7
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 112-147 128.2 6.8 5.3
+
+Fijian faces have the moderate average height of 122.5 mm. Slightly
+shorter faces occur in the interior people, whereas the greatest total
+face height average occurs in the east. The Fijian of Howells' series is
+close to mine. The Tongan value for face height describes them as
+definitely longer faced. The Solomon Islanders depart in the other
+direction with decidedly shorter faces.
+
+_Total Facial Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 68-104 84.1 4.6 5.5
+ Interior 154 73-96 83.2 4.4 5.3
+ East 120 75-101 85.0 4.4 5.2
+ Coast 210 73-97 84.5 4.6 5.4
+ N.W. 79 68-104 83.9 5.6 6.7
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 74-105 84.7 5.0 6.0
+ Solomons (Howells) 84 74-97 84.5 4.4 5.2
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 78-102 89.3 4.4 5.0
+
+Relative to maximum breadth, the Fijian face tends to shortness,
+although this is due largely to their generous facial breadth rather
+than absolute deficiency of height. The interior groups have the lowest
+values and the eastern groups show relatively broad faces.
+
+The Tongan average is much higher than any of the Fijian values, whereas
+the Solomon Islanders show similarity to the Fijians in this feature.
+
+_Upper Face Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 56-84 70.2 5.1 7.3
+ Interior 154 59-79 69.1 3.9 5.6
+ East 120 64-83 71.7 4.0 5.6
+ Coast 210 59-84 70.4 6.6 9.4
+ N.W. 79 58-80 69.4 4.8 6.9
+
+The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
+Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
+people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.
+
+_Upper Facial Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 37-65 48.2 3.7 7.7
+ Interior 154 41-65 47.4 3.3 7.0
+ East 120 42-59 48.9 2.9 5.9
+ Coast 210 40-59 48.5 4.8 9.9
+ N.W. 79 39-56 47.8 3.5 7.3
+
+The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
+Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
+people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.
+
+_Bigonial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 95-146 109.7 5.1 4.6
+ Interior 154 95-146 109.8 6.0 3.6
+ East 120 97-125 110.6 5.1 4.6
+ Coast 210 95-129 109.9 5.3 4.8
+ N.W. 79 99-119 109.1 4.5 4.1
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 92-119 104.8 5.8 5.5
+
+Lower jaw breadth as expressed by the bigonial diameter indicates a
+tendency to broadness shared with little variation among all the
+subgroups. The Tongan value is considerably smaller.
+
+_Fronto-Gonial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 80-122 99.9 5.5 5.5
+ Interior 154 84-122 100.0 6.0 6.0
+ East 120 86-115 99.9 5.3 5.3
+ Coast 210 80-114 100.3 6.0 6.0
+ N.W. 79 85-113 99.8 4.8 4.8
+
+Similarly the bigonial diameter in relation to forehead breadth is much
+the same in all groups, the general average nearly 100 per cent.
+
+_Zygo-Gonial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 65-86 75.3 4.1 5.4
+ Interior 154 67-86 75.4 6.0 8.0
+ East 120 65-82 75.4 3.5 4.6
+ Coast 210 66-83 75.7 3.4 4.5
+ N.W. 79 68-83 75.2 3.4 4.5
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-87 73.2 4.6 6.2
+
+Relative to face breadth, jaw width is 75.3 per cent with very little
+geographic variation.
+
+_Nasal Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 42-65 53.9 3.4 6.3
+ Interior 154 45-65 53.2 3.5 6.6
+ East 120 48-62 54.7 3.1 5.7
+ Coast 210 46-63 54.1 3.4 6.3
+ N.W. 79 45-61 52.9 3.5 6.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 44-63 52.4 3.9 7.4
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 40-59 49.9 3.8 7.7
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 47-65 57.4 3.9 6.8
+
+The Fijian nose may be called medium long. Greatest nasal heights occur
+in the eastern and in the coastal series. The interior and northwestern
+groups have shorter noses. The Fijians of Howells' series fall near the
+short end of my averages. Natives of the Solomons are definitely lower
+in nasal height, whereas the Tongan's average is so much higher that one
+suspects a difference in the location of the nasion.
+
+_Nasal Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 31-62 46.7 3.4 7.3
+ Interior 154 40-61 47.6 3.4 7.1
+ East 120 38-53 45.5 3.0 6.6
+ Coast 210 38-62 46.4 3.3 7.1
+ N.W. 79 31-57 47.4 3.6 7.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 37-54 46.19 3.0 6.0
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 34-51 44.6 2.8 6.3
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 38-55 44.4 3.0 6.8
+
+Broad noses are common to most Fijians. The greatest contrast is between
+the narrower-nosed eastern people and the interior people, among whom
+the widest noses occur. The nose of the Solomon Islanders is somewhat
+narrower, according to Howells' data, and the Tongan average is also
+lower.
+
+_Nasal Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 61-112 87.1 8.2 9.4
+ Interior 154 69-109 89.7 8.1 9.0
+ East 120 61-100 83.2 7.6 9.1
+ Coast 210 63-111 86.0 7.1 8.7
+ N.W. 79 63-110 89.9 8.6 9.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 68-123 88.8 8.3 9.3
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 68-119 87.1 8.9 10.2
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 61-98 77.6 7.6 9.8
+
+Platyrrhini is the rule in Fiji, but individual and regional variations
+are great. There are some leptorrine subjects in every province, and
+there are some whose noses are broader than long. The interior people
+and the northwestern groups have the relatively broadest noses, whereas
+the eastern index is more moderate. The noses of Sullivan's Tongans are
+relatively longer than the Lauans. The Solomon Island average is
+identical with the Fijian.
+
+_Nasal Depth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 16-32 22.0 2.9 3.2
+ Interior 154 17-32 22.5 2.1 9.3
+ East 120 17-28 21.9 1.8 8.2
+ Coast 210 17-32 21.8 3.6 6.5
+ N.W. 79 16-29 22.3 1.9 8.5
+
+Nasal depth averages 22 mm.; the regional variation is very small.
+
+_Nasal-Depth Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 32-60 47.2 6.8 6.8
+ Interior 154 34-59 47.4 5.1 6.6
+ East 120 35-60 48.4 4.6 9.5
+ Coast 210 32-58 47.0 8.1 7.2
+ N.W. 79 34-58 47.2 5.5 6.7
+
+_Mouth Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 29-72 57.6 4.7 8.2
+ Interior 154 34-72 59.6 4.4 7.4
+ East 120 33-66 56.5 3.9 6.9
+ Coast 210 29-67 57.3 4.0 7.0
+ N.W. 79 36-65 57.3 4.4 7.8
+
+Mouth breadth averages show the interior groups to have widest mouths,
+the eastern people least wide, and the coastal and northwestern people
+intermediate.
+
+_Lip Thickness_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 9-45 22.4 3.8 6.9
+ Interior 154 12-31 23.4 3.6 5.4
+ East 120 12-29 21.7 3.4 5.7
+ Coast 210 16-45 20.8 3.6 5.3
+ N.W. 79 10-29 22.0 3.9 5.7
+
+Thick lips are characteristic of most Fijians. The interior average is
+highest for this diameter, whereas the northwestern Fijians have
+least-thick lips.
+
+_Ear Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 55-83 66.6 4.5 6.8
+ Interior 154 53-83 66.0 4.8 7.3
+ East 120 55-80 67.2 5.0 7.4
+ Coast 210 55-77 66.7 4.9 7.3
+ N.W. 79 57-75 66.5 3.7 5.6
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 56-81 66.0 4.6 6.9
+
+Fijian ears on the whole tend to be long, as the average 66.6 mm.
+indicates. Regional differences are slight. Tongans closely resemble
+Fijians.
+
+_Ear Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 24-55 34.3 3.2 9.3
+ Interior 154 27-41 33.7 2.5 7.4
+ East 120 29-40 34.1 4.0 11.7
+ Coast 210 29-55 34.7 3.9 11.2
+ N.W. 79 25-42 33.8 2.9 8.6
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 25-42 34.5 2.6 7.6
+
+Ear breadth is also generous, and regional differences hardly exceed 1.5
+mm., including the Tongans.
+
+_Ear Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 38-62 51.6 5.0 9.7
+ Interior 154 40-61 51.1 3.6 7.0
+ East 120 41-59 50.6 5.8 11.5
+ Coast 210 42-62 52.1 6.7 12.9
+ N.W. 79 38-59 50.9 4.0 7.9
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 41-62 52.4 3.9 7.5
+
+Length-breadth ear ratios indicate that coastal groups have somewhat
+broader, and the northwestern people the relative longest, ears.
+
+_Bicanine Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 24-72 39.8 11.7 19.4
+ Interior 154 37-49 39.9 10.7 16.8
+ East 120 36-68 41.8 7.4 7.7
+ Coast 210 24-72 39.0 13.4 14.3
+ N.W. 79 38-49 38.6 14.0 16.3
+
+Bicanine breadth is characteristically great among Fijians, reflecting
+the ample jaws and teeth. Widest diameters are seen in the east,
+followed by the hill people of the interior. The northwestern groups
+have the least bicanine diameter.
+
+
+
+
+MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+PIGMENTATION
+
+_Skin Color: Exposed_
+
+ Brunet Swarthy Lt. Brn Med. Brn Dk. Brn Black Total
+
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 1 .01 5 .6 30 4 400 48 377 46 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 1 1 55 36 97 63 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 3 2 12 10 99 83 6 6 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 1 0 7 3 85 41 116 56 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 1 1 42 53 36 46 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 96 5 4 0 0 133
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 79 93 2 3 85
+ Tonga (Range from Lt. Brown to Dk. Brown.)
+
+Color of skin includes exposed and unexposed areas. The former was
+observed on the face, since the Fijians do not use any kind of face or
+head covering. This condition in the total series divides itself quite
+evenly between medium brown and dark brown. A few have light-brown skin;
+only six individuals are classified as swarthy and brunet. None was
+judged to be completely black. The Fijians of Howells' series are
+described as 96 per cent medium brown[15] and 5 per cent dark brown, a
+discrepancy I would attribute to personal judgment difference. The
+Solomon Islanders are markedly darker than the Fijians, the majority
+have dark-brown skin and 3 per cent are black, whereas 5 per cent have
+medium-brown complexions.
+
+Tongan data on skin color cannot be directly adjusted to my statistics.
+Sullivan's comment on their skin color states that it is "a medium
+yellowish-brown where it is unexposed to the sun. Exposed parts of the
+skin of a few of the persons were a very dark chocolate" (Sullivan,
+1922, p. 248).
+
+Among the Fijians themselves, the greatest contrasts occur between the
+eastern and the interior groups of Viti Levu. Where 63 per cent of the
+latter have dark-brown skin, only 5 per cent of eastern fall into this
+category. The bulk of eastern (83 per cent) have medium-brown skin as
+against 36 per cent of hill people. The coastal and northwestern
+provinces are, like the total series, more evenly divided between medium
+and dark brown.
+
+_Skin Color: Unexposed_
+
+ Brunet Swarthy Lt. Brn Med. Brn Dk. Brn Black Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 6 1 9 1 242 30 545 66 11 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 20 13 133 87 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 3 3 4 3 77 64 36 30 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 1 1 2 1 56 27 148 71 2 1 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 1 1 20 25 57 72 1 1 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 127 96 5 4 0 0 132
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 11 74 87 2 2 85
+
+Unexposed skin color was observed on the under surface of the upper arm
+near the armpit. The anticipated shift in color range results in a
+reduction of dark-skin incidence to a mere 1 per cent, and an increase
+in medium brown to 60 per cent and of light brown to 30 per cent.
+
+Howells' describes 96 per cent of his Fijians as medium brown, 4 per
+cent dark brown, and none light brown. The Solomon Islanders seem
+definitely darker than the Fijians whether they are compared with
+Howells' or my series.
+
+The eastern groups continues to contrast with the interior people. The
+former show a majority of 64 per cent in the light-brown category as
+compared with 13 per cent among the interior groups; the latter have a
+medium-brown incidence of 87 per cent against 30 per cent among Lauans.
+
+_Hair Color_
+
+ Black Dk. Brn Med. Brn Lt. Brn Red-Brown Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 757 93 31 5 1 0 0 0 18 2 807
+ Interior 145 95 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 114 95 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 193 92 11 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 204
+ N.W. 70 89 5 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 75
+ Fiji II 118 91 9 7 0 0 0 0 3 2 130
+ Solomons 55 65 26 31 0 0 3 4 0 0 84
+ Tonga 0 94 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+
+Black hair is the usual color, although 5 per cent are described as dark
+brown and a few red-brown. This latter variation is a rufous color
+(reddish-brown) and it may be a little more frequent than the data
+indicate because the Fijians frequently dye their hair with a substance
+extracted from mangrove bark. This intensifies the usual blackness of
+the hair and adds a satisfying gloss. More sophisticated natives have
+access to modern hair dye and lacking this, some have been known to
+resort to black shoe polish.
+
+Hair bleaching is no longer practiced in Fiji.
+
+The hair of the Solomons Islands is not so uniformly black, nearly a
+third have dark-brown hair and a few are light brown.
+
+_Eye Color_
+
+ Black Dk. Brown Med. Brown Lt. Brown Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 550 68 257 31 4 1 813
+ Interior 0 0 131 86 22 14 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 71 59 48 40 1 1 120
+ Coast 0 0 127 61 81 39 1 0 209
+ N.W. 1 1 53 67 25 32 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 130 98 0 0 2 2 132
+ Solomons 0 0 85 100 0 0 0 0 85
+ Tonga 0 3 0 94 0 0 0 3
+
+A little more than two-thirds of Fijians' eyes are described as dark
+brown. The remaining third have medium-brown eyes. There were four
+individuals who were light brown. Howells, with his Fijian series, is
+more generous with the darker designation; he designated 98 per cent as
+dark brown and 2 per cent light brown. His Solomons sample is described
+as dark brown without exception. The Tongan data also is recorded as
+more uniformly dark brown than my Fijians.
+
+The Fijians of the interior of Viti Levu have more deeply pigmented eyes
+than the others; 86 per cent are classed as dark brown and only 14 per
+cent medium brown.
+
+
+HAIR
+
+_Hair Form_
+
+ Straight Low Wave Deep Wave Curl Frizz Wool Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 7 0.1 13 0.2 91 11.0 702 862 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 149 97 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 1 1 10 8 37 31 72 60 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 1 3 0 18 9 188 90 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 2 3 0 0 7 9 70 89 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 16 38 33 59 51 116
+ Solomons 2 3.3 1 1.6 0 0 16 26 17 28 25 41 61
+
+Frizzly hair is the condition of over 85 per cent of Fijians; 11 per
+cent are curly-haired, whereas over twenty individuals have wavy hair.
+Straight hair is absent. The Fiji II series of Howell distinguishes
+between frizzly and wooly hair, which I do not. Their combined incidence
+is 83 per cent, quite close to my frequency of frizzly. Whether one does
+or does not distinguish between frizzly and wooly hair, there is no
+doubt that most Fijians have Negroid hair form. The Solomon Islanders
+are surprising with somewhat less Negroid hair form than the Fijians.
+Their combined percentage of frizzly and wooly is 69, which is nearly 20
+per cent less than that of the Fijians. Twenty per cent have curly hair
+against 11 per cent among Fijians. Also, the only instances of straight
+hair occur in the Solomons.
+
+In the Fijian breakdown, the interior groups have the most Negroid hair;
+97 per cent have frizzly hair and 3 per cent have curly hair. The
+eastern people are the least Negroid in this respect; frizzly hair drops
+to 60 per cent, whereas curly hair advances to 30 per cent and wavy hair
+to 9 per cent. The coastal and northwestern series are closer to the
+interior groups with about 90 per cent frizzly hair.
+
+_Hair Texture_
+
+ Course Medium Fine Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 804 99 9 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 116 97 4 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 208 100 1 0 0 0 209
+ N.W. 78 99 1 1 0 0 79
+
+Hair texture is prevailingly coarse; only 1 per cent of the total series
+shows medium coarseness and none have fine hair. This preponderance of
+coarse hair is much the same in all the provinces, although the eastern
+people do depart slightly with a 3 per cent incidence of medium-coarse
+hair.
+
+It might be added that Fijian hair is quite stiff or wiry. For example,
+when the hair is unshorn, it stands out like a mop. A Fijian can insert
+a long stemmed flower in his hair and it will stay in place with no
+additional fastening.
+
+_Head Hair Quantity_
+
+ Absent Subm. +[16] ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 61 7 219 27 533 65 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 26 17 27 18 100 65 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 5 4 24 20 91 76 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 11 5 63 30 135 65 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 7 9 21 27 51 65 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 132 92 133
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 80 94 85
+
+Head hair quantity is pronounced in the majority of Fijians (65 per
+cent); it is moderate in 27 per cent and submedium in 7 per cent.
+Howells describes nearly all the Fijians as having very pronounced head
+hair--99 per cent, which would appear to be a personal difference in
+appraisal. In any case, the two series agree that Fijians have hair of
+more than moderate quantity. The Melanesians of the Solomons are also
+characterized by much head hair.
+
+Regionally, the only significant variation in this trait is shown in the
+east, where more individuals have a submedium designation. In the
+absence of age data, this contrast cannot be fairly interpreted.
+
+_Hair Length_
+
+It might be observed here that although hair length was not included in
+this survey, on the basis of personal but unrecorded observation, the
+Fijians conform to the Melanesian pattern. Most Fijian men now cut their
+hair short in the Western style, but some still do not. Women generally
+trim their hair but not short. The natural length of head hair is
+intermediate between the short-haired African Negroes and the
+long-haired Caucasians and Mongolians.
+
+_Baldness_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 731 90 40 3 30 4 12 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 122 80 12 8 12 8 7 5 0 0 153
+ East 112 93 3 3 4 3 1 1 0 0 120
+ Coast 194 93 10 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 209
+ N.W. 72 91 1 1 3 4 3 4 0 0 79
+
+The lack of age correlations also limits the value of data on baldness,
+but some meaning can nevertheless be extracted. Regardless of age, with
+an incidence of pronounced baldness of 1 per cent among all adult males
+and of 4 per cent for a moderate condition, it is a clear indication
+that Fijians are not prone to loss of head hair.
+
+_Beard Quantity_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 234 29 370 44 208 26 1 .01 813
+ Interior 0 0 22 14 67 44 64 42 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 45 38 59 49 16 13 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 60 29 94 45 54 26 1 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 22 28 30 38 27 34 0 0 79
+ Fiji II
+ cheeks 27 21 2 2 44 34 46 35 12 9 131
+ skin 9 7 0 0 52 40 56 43 14 10 131
+ Solomons
+ cheeks 21 25 0 0 42 49 22 26 0 0 85
+ chin 7 8 0 0 53 62 25 29 0 0 85
+ Tonga
+ chin 0 0 0 19 0 31 50 0 0 0 0
+ lower chk. 0 4 0 37 0 18 40 0 0 0 0
+
+Moderate beard quantity is shown by 44 per cent of Fijians; the
+remainder are fairly evenly divided between the submedium and pronounced
+categories. Howells' series, which records beard quantity for the cheeks
+and chin separately, shows a higher frequency of pronounced and very
+pronounced designations. However, his data includes many individuals who
+have no beards at all. Both series are doubtless influenced by the fact
+that they contain a preponderance of young adult; a greater proportion
+of older men would have greatly raised the incidence of the pronounced
+categories.
+
+Nearly all modern Fijians have adopted the Western practice of shaving.
+Examination of earlier pictures and written description of Fijians
+leaves no doubt that the majority of mature men possess luxurious beards
+when nature is unrestrained.
+
+The natives of the Solomon Islands, according to Howells, are a little
+less bearded than the Fijians.
+
+The Tongans are a little more heavily bearded than the Fijians.
+
+Some geographical variation is indicated by my data. The interior people
+of Fiji have the highest incidence of face hair; 42 per cent are
+recorded as pronounced. Least endowed are the eastern Fijians, where 13
+per cent have pronounced beards and 38 per cent are submedium. The
+coastal and northwestern series conform more closely to the overall
+distribution.
+
+_Body Hair_[17]
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 243 30 328 40 162 20 80 10 813
+ Interior 0 0 31 20 56 37 41 27 25 16 153
+ East 0 0 55 46 45 38 14 12 6 5 120
+ Coast 0 0 57 27 82 39 46 22 24 11 209
+ N.W. 0 0 16 20 36 46 19 24 8 8 79
+ Tonga 0 0 23 29 0 26 0 22 0 0 0
+
+The body hair endowment is also not unimpressive. Forty per cent show a
+moderate condition, 20 per cent are pronounced, and 10 per cent very
+pronounced; none are totally devoid of body hair; 30 per cent are
+submedium. Chest hair among the Tongans is somewhat less in evidence;
+although the majority range from submedium to pronounced, 23 per cent
+are described as hairless.
+
+The provincial distribution in Fiji follows that of face hair: the
+interior groups are hairiest and the eastern people least so.
+
+The anatomical distribution of body hair deserves some comment, even
+though specific observations were made on the chest. Not infrequently
+the hair is heavier on the upper legs than on the chest. Occasionally,
+too, the back of the shoulders is quite hairy as well as the belly.
+
+_Grayness: Head_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 621 76 82 10 82 10 28 3 3 3 813
+ Interior 80 52 37 24 19 12 17 11 0 0 153
+ East 91 76 13 11 16 13 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 176 84 14 7 17 8 2 1 0 0 209
+ N.W. 60 76 8 10 9 11 2 3 0 0 79
+
+_Grayness: Beard_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 610 75 61 8 90 11 52 6 0 0 813
+ Interior 72 47 30 20 20 13 31 20 0 0 153
+ East 89 74 9 8 18 15 4 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 178 85 8 4 21 10 2 1 0 0 209
+ N.W. 60 76 6 8 11 14 2 3 0 0 79
+
+Grayness of the hair data without corresponding age incidence is not
+particularly significant. It is clear, nevertheless, that premature
+grayness is not common. I would hazard the judgment that on the whole
+the Fijians show less tendency to grayness than do Caucasians.
+
+The higher incidence of grayness of the interior sample of Fijians is
+likely due to a larger number of older men in that series.
+
+
+THE FACE
+
+_Prognathism: Total_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 206 25 306 38 288 35 13 2 813
+ Interior 40 26 59 39 52 34 2 1 153
+ East 54 45 55 46 11 9 0 0 120
+ Coast 47 22 84 40 73 35 5 2 209
+ N.W. 18 23 29 37 32 41 0 0 79
+ Tonga 63 53 26 22 29 25 0 0 118
+
+_Prognathism: Mid-Facial_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 517 64 184 23 109 13 3 1/2 813
+ Interior 133 87 15 10 5 3 0 0 153
+ East 100 83 17 14 3 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 122 58 49 23 37 18 1 1 209
+ N.W. 48 61 20 25 11 14 0 0 79
+
+_Prognathism: Alveolar_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 798 98 9 1 4 1/2 2 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 120 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 207 99 0 0 1 1/2 1 1/2 209
+ N.W. 76 {96} 2 3 0 0 1 1 79
+
+Slight and moderate total prognathism characterizes most Fijians but it
+is pronounced in only 13 of the 813 subjects. A quarter of the series
+show no prognathism. The eastern people are least prognathic with a zero
+incidence of 45 per cent. The other regional sample are close to the
+general condition.
+
+Mid-facial prognathism has a submedium incidence of 23 per cent and a
+medium of 13 per cent; the remainder lack the condition, except three
+individuals who are pronounced.
+
+The coastal and northwestern groups have more frequent medium
+designations. Alveolar prognathism is almost entirely lacking in all
+groups.
+
+_Malar Projection: Lateral_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 2 0 264 32 543 67 3 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 62 41 91 59 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 0 0 25 21 95 79 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 68 33 141 67 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 28 35 50 63 1 1 79
+
+_Malar Projection: Frontal_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 4 1/2 0 0 709 87 100 12 809
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 139 91 14 9 153
+ East 0 0 0 0 103 86 17 14 120
+ Coast 1 0 0 0 181 87 27 13 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 67 85 12 15 79
+
+The facial contours generally include lateral malar projection;
+two-thirds show a pronounced condition and the balance are medium. The
+eastern people have high cheek bones oftener than do the others.
+
+Frontal malar projection is also common but more often moderately so; 87
+per cent show medium projection and 12 per cent are pronounced.
+
+_Gonial Angles_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 24 3 459 56 325 40 5 1 813
+ Interior 0 0 97 63 55 36 1 1 153
+ East 1 1 65 54 54 45 0 0 120
+ Coast 7 3 110 53 90 43 2 1 209
+ N.W. 3 4 49 62 27 34 0 0 79
+
+_Palate Shape_
+
+ Parabolic Sm. U Lg. U Square Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 493 61 2 0 303 37 15 2 813
+ Interior 94 61 0 0 59 39 0 0 153
+ East 81 68 0 0 38 32 1 1 120
+ Coast 131 63 0 0 71 34 7 3 209
+ N.W. 50 63 1 1 27 34 1 1 79
+
+A fairly strong tendency to well-developed gonial angles is indicated;
+40 per cent show pronounced angles and nearly all the rest are medium.
+These proportions hold pretty much for all groups.
+
+Palate shape also attests to the well-developed jaws of Fijians; it is a
+large U in 37 per cent of the subjects; 2 per cent are square and the
+remainder parabolic.
+
+_Chin Prominence_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 164 20 593 73 54 7 813
+ Interior 0 0 36 24 110 72 7 5 153
+ East 0 0 25 21 89 74 6 5 120
+ Coast 0 0 41 20 153 73 13 6 207
+ N.W. 1 1 11 14 55 70 9 11 76
+
+_Chin Type_
+
+ Median Bilateral Total
+ No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 673 83 140 17 813
+ Interior 130 85 23 15 153
+ East 112 93 8 7 120
+ Coast 162 78 45 22 207
+ N.W. 62 82 14 18 76
+
+A well-developed chin further typifies most Fijian faces; nearly
+three-quarters have a moderate chin prominence, 7 per cent are
+pronounced, and the remainder are submedium. This range is much the same
+in the subgroups.
+
+The chin is commonly median although 17 per cent have the bilateral
+type. The bilateral chin is least frequent in Lau (7 per cent).
+
+
+THE HEAD
+
+_Temporal Fullness_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 563 69 249 31 813
+ Interior 0 0 113 74 40 26 153
+ East 0 0 70 58 50 42 120
+ Coast 1 0 148 71 60 29 208
+ N.W. 0 0 59 75 20 25 79
+
+_Occipital Protrusion_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 13 2 775 95 25 3 813
+ Interior 4 3 149 97 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 116 97 4 3 120
+ Coast 3 1 193 92 13 6 209
+ N.W. 0 0 79 100 0 0 79
+
+A narrowness in the temporal part of the head is indicated. Sixty-nine
+per cent of the subject show submedium temporal fullness, whereas the
+remainder are moderate. This condition is not marked and may best be
+described as a discernable tendency.
+
+The back of the head is generally rather flat as the 95 per cent
+incidence of occipital protrusion indicates. This is a natural
+condition; no intentional flattening is practiced by Fijians.
+
+_Lambdoidal Flattening_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 754 93 32 4 27 3 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 113 94 5 4 2 2 120
+ Coast 188 90 13 6 8 4 209
+ N.W. 72 91 3 4 4 5 79
+
+_Occipital Flattening_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 809 100 2 0 2 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 120 100 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 209 100 0 0 0 0 209
+ N.W. 79 99 0 0 1 1 79
+
+_Median Sagittal Crest_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 600 74 177 22 36 4 813
+ Interior 96 63 46 30 11 7 153
+ East 109 91 10 8 1 1 120
+ Coast 160 77 43 21 6 3 209
+ N.W. 53 57 24 30 2 3 79
+
+_Parietal Bosses_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 17 2 413 51 381 47 2 0 813
+ Interior 1 1 130 85 22 14 0 0 153
+ East 4 3 66 55 50 42 0 0 120
+ Coast 6 3 82 39 120 57 1 0 209
+ N.W. 1 1 40 51 38 48 0 0 79
+
+A median sagittal crest though not striking is recorded in a number of
+cases. It has a submedium incidence of 22 per cent and pronounced 4 per
+cent. Among the interior people, the crest is more common. Because of
+the heavy, bushy, and wiry hair of Fijians it is probable that some
+instances of this feature were not detected by simple palpation, and the
+incidence may be higher than the data indicate.
+
+Submedium development of the parietal bosses is rather common occurring
+in 51 per cent of the series. It is very common in the interior (85 per
+cent).
+
+_Cranial Asymmetry_
+
+ Absent Left Right Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji 813 100 0 0 0 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 119 100 0 0 0 0 119
+ Coast 208 100 0 0 0 0 208
+ N.W. 79 100 0 0 0 0 79
+
+_Facial Asymmetry_
+
+ Absent Left Right Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji 806 100 1 0 0 0 807
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 117 98 0 0 2 2 119
+ Coast 206 99 0 0 2 1 208
+ N.W. 78 99 1 0 0 0 79
+
+Cranial and facial assymetry are generally lacking, at least in any
+marked degree. Normal asymmetries of the face and head were ignored in
+this description.
+
+
+EYES
+
+_Eye Folds: External_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji 804 98 5 1 4 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 152 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 153
+ East 119 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 120
+ Coast 209 99 1 1 1 1 0 0 208
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 79
+
+_Eye Fold: Median_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 782 96 3 1/2 25 3 3 1/2 813
+ Interior 152 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 153
+ East 108 90 1 1 10 8 1 1 120
+ Coast 202 97 1 0 5 2 1 0 209
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 0 0 1 1 79
+
+_Eye Folds: Internal_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 778 96 4 0 30 4 1 0 813
+ Interior 151 99 0 0 2 1 0 0 153
+ East 102 85 1 1 17 14 1 0 120
+ Coast 203 97 0 0 6 3 0 0 209
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 116 89 7 5-1/2 7 5-1/2 0 0 130
+ Solomons 80 94 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 0 0 85
+ Tonga 63 57 33 30 9 8 6 5 111
+
+Eye folds are not a feature of the Fijian facial make-up. The external
+fold is present in only 2 per cent of the total series. The median fold
+shows a 96 per cent absence. The eastern groups exceed the other
+provinces with a 10 per cent occurrence. The internal eye fold has a
+total presence of 4 per cent and is also commoner in the east (14 per
+cent).
+
+_Eye Obliquity_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 251 31 358 43 201 25 3 1 813
+ Interior 92 60 46 30 14 9 1 1 153
+ East 33 28 52 35 45 38 0 0 120
+ Coast 47 22 102 49 58 28 2 1 209
+ N.W. 27 34 32 41 20 25 0 0 79
+
+_Eye Opening_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 75 9-1/2 737 91 1 1/2 813
+ Interior 0 0 24 16 128 84 1 1 153
+ East 0 0 13 11 107 89 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 9 4 200 96 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 7 9 72 91 0 0 79
+
+Some degree of eye obliquity is present in the majority of cases; 43 per
+cent show a submedium condition; 25 per cent are medium and three
+individuals have pronouncedly oblique eyes. The remainder, or 31 per
+cent, have no obliquity. In the east, the natives depart from this total
+distribution in opposite directions. The interior groups have much less
+eye obliquity; the eastern people, a great deal more. The other
+provinces are quite close to the total frequencies.
+
+Eye opening height is preponderately moderate (91 per cent). The
+remaining 10 per cent with one exception show submedium eye opening.
+Regional variation is not great. The eastern and interior groups have a
+little higher frequency in the submedium class.
+
+
+FOREHEAD
+
+_Brow Ridges_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 148 19 364 44 295 36 6 1 813
+ Interior 0 0 16 10 69 45 64 42 4 3 153
+ East 0 0 28 23 42 35 50 42 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 42 20 99 47 67 32 1 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 19 24 40 51 19 24 1 1 79
+
+Brow ridges are a marked feature of Fijians in general. None of them
+lack some supraorbital development. Forty-four per cent have medium brow
+ridges, 36 per cent are pronounced, and 1 per cent are very pronounced.
+The other 19 per cent are small. The interior and eastern groups share a
+little higher incidence of pronounced brow ridges; the other regions are
+nearer the total distribution of variations.
+
+_Forehead Height_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 444 55 369 45 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 90 59 63 41 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 68 57 52 43 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 110 53 99 47 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 46 58 33 42 0 0 79
+
+_Forehead Slope_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 8 1 280 34 460 56 65 8 813
+ Interior 0 0 53 35 87 57 13 8 153
+ East 0 0 38 32 72 60 10 8 120
+ Coast 4 2 78 37 113 54 14 7 209
+ N.W. 2 3 27 34 47 59 4 4 79
+ Tonga 1 1 70 60 45 39 0 0 116
+
+Forehead height is submedium in more than half the cases (55 per cent);
+the others are all medium. There is no significant variation among the
+subgroups.
+
+A sloping forehead is quite characteristic of the Fijian head; 56 per
+cent are moderately sloping, 8 per cent are pronounced, and 34 per cent
+are submedium. Only 1 per cent have foreheads with no recession.
+Regional differences are very slight.
+
+
+NOSE
+
+_Nasion Depression_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 170 21 579 71 63 8 813
+ Interior 0 0 41 27 103 67 9 6 153
+ East 1 1 32 27 85 71 2 2 120
+ Coast 0 0 45 22 144 69 10 10 209
+ N.W. 0 0 18 23 56 71 6 6 79
+
+_Root Height_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 63 8 555 67 194 24 813
+ Interior 0 0 16 10 96 63 41 27 153
+ East 1 1 3 3 77 64 39 33 120
+ Coast 0 0 10 5 157 75 42 20 209
+ N.W. 0 0 4 5 57 72 18 23 79
+
+_Root Breadth_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 1 0 258 32 554 68 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 38 25 115 75 153
+ East 0 0 1 1 53 44 66 55 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 67 32 142 68 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 24 30 55 70 79
+
+_Nasal Septum_
+
+ Straight Concave Convex Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 777 99 0 0 36 4 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 118 98 0 0 2 2 120
+ Coast 196 94 0 0 13 6 199
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 1 1 79
+
+_Bridge Height_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 54 7 644 79 115 14 813
+ Interior 0 0 13 8 124 81 16 10 153
+ East 0 0 1 1 98 82 21 18 120
+ Coast 0 0 10 5 173 83 26 12 209
+ N.W. 0 0 7 9 60 76 12 15 79
+ Tonga 0 0 21 22 81 70 9 8 111
+
+_Bridge Breadth_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 0 0 265 33 546 67 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 29 19 124 81 153
+ East 0 0 0 0 72 60 48 40 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 62 30 147 70 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 23 29 56 71 79
+
+_Nasal Profile_
+
+ Concave Straight Convex Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 14 2 625 77 173 21 812
+ Interior 0 0 123 80 30 20 153
+ East 1 1 88 73 31 26 120
+ Coast 4 2 171 82 34 16 209
+ N.W. 1 1 59 75 19 24 79
+
+Moderate nasion depression characterizes the majority of noses (71 per
+cent). Pronounced depression is recorded for 8 per cent, and submedium
+occurrence in 21 per cent. Only one individual lacks any depression.
+This distribution does not vary much among the provinces.
+
+A well-elevated nasal root is also characteristic; 67 per cent show
+moderate elevation and 24 per cent pronounced, whereas 8 per cent are
+submedium; one individual is without any elevation. The interior Fijians
+have a little higher frequency of low nasal root (10 per cent), whereas
+the eastern people, with a 30 per cent incidence, excel in the
+pronounced category.
+
+More striking is the breadth of the Fijian nasal root. It is pronounced
+in 68 per cent and moderate in the remainder of the series. Pronounced
+breadth is commoner among the interior people (75 per cent) and least
+preponderant in the east (55 per cent).
+
+The nasal septum is nearly always straight; the only departure from this
+condition is a 4 per cent incidence of convexity. Regional differences
+are not significant.
+
+Nasal bridge height is commonly medium (79 per cent) in the totality of
+noses. Fourteen percent are pronouncedly high and 7 per cent are
+submedium. The several provinces do not depart very far from this
+distribution.
+
+The Fijian nose shows a strong tendency to broadness of the bridge.
+Two-thirds show pronounced breadth of bridge and the remainder are
+medium. Pronounced broadness increases in the interior groups (81 per
+cent) and shows a marked decline in the east (40 per cent).
+
+Nasal profiles are most often straight (77 per cent), but convex noses
+are not uncommon (21 per cent). Convexity is slightly more frequent in
+the east (26 percent), whereas in the coastal people its incidence drops
+to 16 per cent.
+
+_Nasal-Tip Thickness_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 344 42 461 58 1 0 812
+ Interior 0 0 55 36 98 64 0 0 153
+ East 1 1 80 67 39 33 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 94 45 114 55 1 1 209
+ N.W. 0 0 27 34 52 66 0 0 79
+
+_Nasal-Tip Inclination_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 731 90 57 7 24 3 0 0 812
+ Interior 147 96 6 4 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 109 91 6 5 5 4 0 0 120
+ Coast 186 89 16 8 7 3 0 0 209
+ N.W. 71 90 6 8 2 3 0 0 79
+
+_Nasal Wings_
+
+ Compressed Medium Flaring Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 198 24 615 76 813
+ Interior 0 0 25 16 128 84 153
+ East 0 0 70 58 50 42 120
+ Coast 0 0 42 20 167 80 209
+ N.W. 0 0 16 20 63 80 79
+
+The nasal tip is pronounced more often than not, 58 per cent showing
+this condition. The remaining 42 per cent have tips of medium thickness.
+Thicker tips occur more often in the interior (64 per cent) and in the
+northwest (66 per cent), least often in the east (33 per cent).
+
+Usually the nasal tip is not inclined downward. Slight and moderate
+inclination has a combined incidence of only 10 per cent.
+
+Flaring nasal wings are a common condition (76 per cent). This incidence
+rises to 84 per cent in the interior and drops to 42 per cent in the
+east.
+
+
+MOUTH
+
+_Lip Thickness: Membranous_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 19 2 428 53 364 45 2 0 813
+ Interior 10 7 43 28 100 65 0 0 153
+ East 1 1 83 69 36 30 0 0 120
+ Coast 1 1/2 88 42 119 57 1 1/2 209
+ N.W. 4 5 39 49 36 46 0 0 79
+ Tonga 12 10 97 84 7 6 0 0 116
+
+_Lip Thickness: Integumental_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 4 1/2 608 75 201 25 0 0 813
+ Interior 1 1/2 114 75 38 25 0 0 153
+ East 1 1 100 83 19 16 0 0 120
+ Coast 2 1 164 78 43 21 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 55 70 24 30 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 1 1/2 26 20 106 80 133
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 12 14 73 86 85
+
+_Lip Eversion_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 12 1 333 41 444 55 24 3 813
+ Interior 0 0 63 41 88 58 2 1 153
+ East 8 7 77 64 35 29 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 63 30 138 66 8 4 209
+ N.W. 1 1 26 33 51 65 1 1 79
+
+_Lip Seam_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 33 4 429 53 343 42 8 1 813
+ Interior 1 1 79 52 73 48 0 0 153
+ East 14 12 77 64 29 24 0 0 120
+ Coast 6 3 105 50 94 45 4 2 209
+ N.W. 3 4 44 56 32 41 0 0 79
+
+Fijian lips are Negroid in thickness in many instances. Membranous lips
+are thick in 45 per cent of the series, medium in 53 per cent, and
+submedium in 25 per cent. Thickest lips occur in the interior and
+coastal areas where the pronounced type registers 65 per cent and 57 per
+cent, respectively. In the east, lips are more moderate in thickness,
+and the pronounced category drops to 30 per cent.
+
+Integumental lips also tend to be heavy but not so much as the mucous
+parts. Twenty-five per cent of the total Fijians have thick integumental
+lips and the remainder are moderate. Howells' Fiji II series classes 80
+per cent as very pronounced and the remainder as pronounced. The Solomon
+Islanders, with an 86 per cent incidence of very pronounced, have the
+heaviest lips of all.
+
+Lip eversion varies largely between moderate and submedium, 55 percent
+and 41 per cent, respectively. The interior and coastal Fijians show
+this trait a little more often than the others, whereas the eastern
+people have least lip eversion. The lip seam is present in nearly all
+cases, but not to a pronounced degree. Fifty-three per cent are
+submedium and 42 per cent are moderate. The eastern groups are
+definitely less endowed with this trait. The other provinces vary but
+little from the total distribution.
+
+
+TEETH
+
+_Bite_
+
+ Under E-E Subm. over + over Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 518 64 274 34 13 2 807
+ Interior 0 0 94 61 59 39 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 73 61 45 38 2 2 120
+ Coast 1 0 130 62 76 36 0 0 207
+ N.W. 1 1 49 62 23 29 3 4 76
+ Fiji II 4 3 50 38 77 59 0 0 131
+ Solomons 1 1 37 45 45 54 0 0 83
+
+_Caries_
+
+ Absent Subm.(1-4) + (5-8) ++ (9-16) +++ (17-x) Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 645 78 80 10 58 7 22 3 8 1 813
+ Interior 130 84 16 10 3 2 1 1 3 2 153
+ East 100 83 10 12 4 3 2 1 4 3 120
+ Coast 153 73 29 14 16 8 8 4 3 1 209
+ N.W. 62 80 9 11 6 8 1 1 0 0 78
+
+_Crowding_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 685 84 115 14 13 2 0 0 813
+ Interior 134 88 19 12 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 100 83 17 14 3 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 180 86 25 12 4 2 0 0 209
+ N.W. 64 81 14 18 0 0 0 0 78
+
+_Tooth Eruption_
+
+ Complete Incomplete Total
+ No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 796 98 15 2 811
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 153
+ East 119 99 1 1 120
+ Coast 199 95 8 4 207
+ N.W. 74 94 2 3 76
+
+_Wear_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 184 23 443 54 144 18 42 5 813
+ Interior 27 {18} 58 {38} 37 {24} 31 {20} 153
+ East 26 {22} 69 {57} 24 {20} 1 {1} 120
+ Coast 60 {29} 120 {57} 28 {13} 1 {1/2} 209
+ N.W. 12 {15} 47 {60} 17 {22} 2 {3} 78
+
+The jaws of Fijians have a rather distinctive frequency of edge-to-edge
+bite. I recorded this as 64 per cent, but Howells' series indicates a 38
+per cent incidence.
+
+The quality of Fijian teeth as reflected by frequency of caries is
+excellent. Nearly 80 per cent of the total show no tooth decay. The
+soundest teeth from this standpoint occur in the interior, the east, and
+the northwest. The coastal people show the highest incidence of caries,
+an interesting point since many of this sample come from around Suva and
+have more access to the Western processed foods.
+
+Tooth crowding is quite uncommon to Fijians, a condition consistent with
+their generous jaw conformation. Crowding is noted in only 16 per cent
+of the series, and most of it is slight.
+
+Tooth eruption is complete in nearly all the subjects. A 2 per cent
+incidence of incomplete eruption is entirely due to the immaturity of
+some of the young adults. No pathological suppression was noted.
+
+Some wear of the teeth is recorded for more than three-quarters of the
+series, but lacking age incidence, the data has limited meaning. The
+Fijian diet is not abrasive the way, for instance, it is for the Indians
+of our Southwest, where the staple food is ground in stone mills.
+
+
+EARS
+
+_Ear Helix_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 230 28 511 63 72 9 0 0 813
+ Interior 45 29 99 65 9 6 0 0 153
+ East 29 24 74 62 17 14 0 0 120
+ Coast 58 28 128 61 23 11 0 0 209
+ N.W. 24 30 51 65 4 5 0 0 79
+
+_Darwin's Point_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 761 94 36 4 15 2 1 0 813
+ Interior 150 98 3 2 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 112 93 6 5 2 2 0 0 120
+ Coast 187 89 13 6 4 4 1 0 209
+ N.W. 77 97 2 3 0 0 0 0 79
+
+_Ear-Lobe Type_
+
+ Soldered Attached Free Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 80 10 531 65 202 25 813
+ Interior 47 31 74 48 32 21 153
+ East 3 3 85 71 32 27 120
+ Coast 9 4 141 67 59 28 209
+ N.W. 5 6 52 66 22 28 79
+
+_Ear-Lobe Size_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 176 22 457 56 178 22 2 0 813
+ Interior 49 32 66 43 38 25 0 0 153
+ East 16 13 76 63 27 23 1 1 120
+ Coast 31 15 123 59 55 26 0 0 209
+ N.W. 20 25 47 59 12 15 0 0 79
+
+_Ear Protrusion_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 262 32 463 57 86 11 813
+ Interior 1 1 47 31 90 59 15 10 153
+ East 0 0 31 26 77 64 12 10 120
+ Coast 1 0 75 36 114 55 19 9 209
+ N.W. 0 0 26 33 49 62 4 5 79
+
+_Ear Slant_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 416 51 332 41 65 8 813
+ Interior 78 51 67 44 8 5 153
+ East 55 46 52 43 13 11 120
+ Coast 118 56 74 35 17 8 209
+ N.W. 38 48 39 49 2 3 79
+
+The Fijian ear is a moderately distinctive appendage from a racial
+standpoint. The helix shows moderate development on the whole and is
+submedium otherwise except for a 9 per cent incidence of pronounced
+appearance. Regional variation is small.
+
+The Darwin's point is noted in a number of cases: 4 per cent to a
+submedium degree and 2 per cent medium.
+
+The ear lobe is somewhat distinctive with a 65 per cent incidence of the
+attached condition and 10 per cent soldered. The remaining 25 per cent
+is free. This distinctiveness is more marked among the interior groups
+where the soldered type of lobe increases to 31 percent.
+
+Ear-lobe size is moderate in more than half the series, pronounced in 22
+per cent, and submedium in 22 per cent. Small lobes are commoner in the
+interior province.
+
+Moderate ear protrusion is the commonest form followed by submedium.
+Marked projection is recorded as 11 per cent.
+
+Ear slant either is lacking or slight in most instances; the series is
+rather evenly divided between these two categories, the zero category
+having a small majority. Moderate slant is noted for 8 per cent.
+
+
+BODY BUILD
+
+_Body Build: Endomorph_
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 260 32 334 42 126 15 46 6 33 4 12 1 811
+ Interior 49 32 66 43 26 17 5 3 6 4 1 1 153
+ East 30 25 54 45 21 18 5 4 8 7 1 1 119
+ Coast 77 37 82 39 28 13 10 5 8 4 3 1 209
+ N.W. 26 33 34 43 9 11 6 8 2 3 2 3 79
+
+_Body Build: Mesomorph_
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 {0.1} 2 {0.2} 33 4 131 16 227 28 419 52 813
+ Interior 0 0 1 1 11 7 27 18 41 27 73 48 153
+ East 1 1 0 0 2 2 14 12 38 32 65 54 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 9 4 29 14 67 32 104 50 209
+ N.W. 0 0 1 1 2 3 15 19 14 18 47 59 79
+
+_Body Build: Ectomorph_
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 351 43 195 24 110 14 88 11 68 8 1 {0.1} 813
+ Interior 54 35 56 37 13 8 15 10 15 10 0 0 153
+ East 49 41 33 28 15 13 12 10 11 9 0 0 120
+ Coast 84 40 51 24 36 17 18 9 19 9 1 1 209
+ N.W. 39 49 19 24 11 14 6 8 4 5 0 0 79
+
+Variations in body build have been expressed with the Sheldon method of
+somatotyping.[18] Accordingly, the Fijians are primarily and definitely
+mesomorphic, with endomorphy the second strongest component, and
+ectomorphy, third. About 80 per cent of the total series had a
+mesomorphic rating of 5 and 6 which leaves no doubt as to the
+prevailingly athletic physique. Endomorphy is seldom pronounced so that
+obesity may be described as no more than occasional. A pronounced linear
+build is likewise relatively infrequent.
+
+The Fijian subgroups do not vary markedly from the over-all pattern.
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+The preceding data may be summarized from three points of view. The
+first will emphasize the physical features that are common to most
+Fijians. At the outset it should be pointed out that a "typical" Fijian
+does not exist, except as a statistical abstraction. The racial
+composition of the Fijian is complex and far from being homogeneous.
+There is no doubt, from the physical and cultural evidence, as well as
+the geographical location, that Fijians are related to both Melanesians
+and Polynesians. The second point is to give a precise indication of
+these affinities with Melanesia and Polynesia. A third concern of this
+analysis is the geographical variability within Fiji. This consists of a
+regional breakdown of the Fijian data into interior, eastern, coastal,
+and northwestern divisions, in order to demonstrate some of the local
+variation of the Melanesian-Polynesian ingredients and their possible
+meaning.
+
+_Body (pl. 1)._--In general size and appearance, the Fijian is tall and
+well proportioned. His body is fairly tall and well muscled, that is,
+predominately athletic in build. Obesity is relatively uncommon except
+in moderate degrees. This rather tall stature allies the Fijians more
+closely with the Polynesians. Shoulder, chest, and hip diameters also
+indicate that Fijians are generously endowed.
+
+The Fijians who occupy the mountainous interior of the main island are
+less tall than the coastal and eastern people; they also have narrower
+shoulders, relatively deeper and narrower chests, whereas their arms and
+legs are somewhat shorter. The eastern Fijians are tallest of all
+subgroups.
+
+_Skin Color._--Most Fijians have either medium- or dark-brown skin on the
+exposed facial surfaces. The more protected body areas show higher
+frequencies of medium brown and light brown. The Fijians are definitely
+less dark than the Melanesians but are darker, on the whole, than the
+Polynesians.
+
+The interior hill tribes are darker than the eastern and coastal groups.
+The lightest average skin shade occurs in the east.
+
+_Hair (pls. 6 and 7)._--In several respects the hair is the most
+consistent endowment of the Fijians. In nearly all instances it is
+black, frizzly, and coarse. The only departure from this condition is an
+occasional instance of dark brown and a few instances of rufous shade.
+Curly hair is a more common exception in the east. The coastal and
+northwestern people are nearer to the interior condition of frizzly
+hair. All in all, the hair form is definitely Melanesian. Hair length
+conforms to the general Melanesian condition, that is, intermediate
+between short Negroid and long Caucasiod or Mongoloid.
+
+Considerable beard and body hair is common to Fijians (pls. 8 and 9).
+Moderate to pronounced beard is shown by nearly three-quarters of the
+total series, and body hair is even more prevelant. General hairiness is
+also exhibited by the Solomon Islanders and the Tongans in the
+comparative data. The interior tribes of Fiji are more hairy than the
+other groups. This prevelence of body and face hair seems to conform to
+parts of Melanesia where it may be regarded as an Australoid element.
+Its presence in the Tongan data does not seem to be representative of
+other Polynesians, who are generally described as more glabrous.
+
+_Head (pl. 2)._--Moderate brachycephaly is the commonest head form of
+Fijians, although the total range is great. In this respect the Fijians
+resemble the broad-headed Tongans, and are quite distinct from the
+longer-headed Melanesians. The Fijian head, despite its general
+brachycephaly, is rather compressed in the temporal area and submedium
+in parietal elevation. The back of the cranium is characteristically
+flattened, a natural conformation as no deformation is practiced.
+
+The interior mountain tribes of Fiji have narrower heads and lower
+cranial indices than do the coastal and eastern groups. The interior
+people also have lesser head heights and a higher breadth-height index.
+
+_Forehead (pl. 10)._--Moderate to strongly developed supraorbital ridges
+are a common Fijian endowment. Similarly are low and sloping foreheads.
+These features have been observed in western Melanesia, where, like
+hairiness, they suggest Australoid of archaic Caucasoid elements.
+
+_Face._--Broadness characterizes the Fijian face. Bizygomatic breadth
+locates them nearer to the Polynesians than to the narrower-faced
+Melanesians. Strongly developed malars are common, and they tend to
+project laterally more than frontally. Widest faces appear among the
+eastern people.
+
+Bigonial and bicanine widths show that generous breadth includes the
+lower parts of the face, a condition born out by strong gonial angles.
+
+Face length falls between the long-faced Tongans and the definitely
+shorter-faced Melanesians (pls. 3 and 4).
+
+Some prognathism is common among Fijians, both total and mid-facial, but
+the condition is not universal nor pronounced. The eastern Fijians are
+the least prognathic (pl. 10).
+
+_Eyes._--Dark brown is the prevailing eye color, although many subjects
+have medium-brown eyes. Eye folds are only occasional and eye-opening
+height is usually moderate. Slight eye obliquity is common, more so in
+the eastern sample.
+
+_Nose (pl. 4)._--Great variability marks the nasal area. The commonest
+condition is a broad and moderately long nose. Medium nasion depression
+is frequent; the root is wide and moderately elevated. Bridge breadth is
+often pronounced and the nasal profile is straight to convex. The nasal
+tip is characteristically thickened and nasal wings are usually flaring.
+On the whole, there is a great deal of Melanesian in the Fijian nose; it
+is Negroid, but not pronouncedly. Those aspects of the nose which may be
+termed Negroid are commoner in the interior hill people and the
+northwest and least evident in the east.
+
+_Lips (pl. 5)._--Thick and moderately everted lips occur in nearly half
+the series. This Negroid combination is more manifest in the interior
+and least in the east. Integumental lips tend to be heavy.
+
+_Teeth._--The condition of the teeth is generally excellent. Most Fijians
+have broad, roomy jaws that permit complete and uncrowded tooth
+development. Dental caries are very infrequent. A rather high incidence
+of edge-to-edge bite is interesting.
+
+_Ears (pl. 5)._--The ears are usually moderate in length and tend to
+protrude. Ear lobes are commonly large and are more often attached or
+soldered than free.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+
+On the whole the Fijians are predominately Melanesian but with numerous
+Polynesian affinities that vary with locality. The Melanesian qualities
+are in part Negroid or Negritoid and in part Australoid. The Negroid
+resemblances are best illustrated by frizzly black hair, broad noses
+with depressed nasion and flaring nostrils, thick lips, and dark
+pigmentation (pls. 11 and 12). Australoid elements are general
+hairiness, strong brow ridges, low, sloping foreheads, compressed
+parietal and temporal areas, and some prognathism (pl. 13). The presence
+of Australoid suggestions need not mean that they come from Australia,
+but that they form a part of the Melanesian make-up. This interpretation
+of the Melanesians as a hybrid people conforms with similar designations
+by such students as Birdsell[19] and Hooton.[20] Polynesian influence in
+Fiji is most clearly demonstrated by lighter pigmentation, tall and
+muscular body build, moderate brachycephaly, broad faces and jaws, high
+and fairly long noses and strong chins. I found much the same
+resemblances between Fijians and Polynesians as did Howells;[21]
+however, in my comparisons the Polynesian similarities are outweighed
+and outnumbered by a greater array of Melanesian characters. The
+essential Melanesian character of the Fijian population is further
+demonstrated by recent blood-analysis comparisons; the conclusions of
+Simmons _et al._, identify the Fijians as Melanesian.[22]
+
+The Fijians who live in the interior of Viti Levu show the most frequent
+Melanesian traits (pls. 11 and 14). These people are shorter, have
+narrower shoulders and chests; their heads are narrower and lower
+vaulted; they have broader noses, thicker lips, are hairier, and have
+darker skins. This condition, occurring as it does in the mountainous
+interior, which may be regarded as a refuge area, supports the theory
+that the Melanesian is the earlier component in Fiji.
+
+The eastern Fijians stand in considerable contrast to the interior
+tribes and are the most Polynesian in appearance (pl. 15). They have
+lighter skins, greater stature, and heavier musculature. Their heads are
+broader, as are their faces and jaws; their noses are larger, narrower,
+and higher bridged, and their chins are more pronounced.
+
+The coastal sample might be called intermediate or a more even blend of
+Melanesian and Polynesian.
+
+The northwestern people resemble the coastal tribes. This means they
+show fewer departures in either a Melanesian or Polynesian direction.
+This also means they do not tell us whether the legendary ancestors, who
+are supposed to have first landed in Fiji on the northwest coast of Viti
+Levu,[23] were Melanesian or Polynesian. These data may mean one of
+three things: (1) the Fijian tradition of a landing at this place eight
+or ten generations ago is groundless, (2) the immigration did take place
+but whatever racial traits predominated, whether Melanesian or
+Polynesian, have been homogenized and obscured by subsequent
+intermixture and by movements back and forth on Viti Levu, (3) the
+landing did occur but the ancestors were already a
+Melanesian-Polynesian blend when they arrived.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+Birdsell. J. B.
+ 1948. Racial Origin of the Extinct Tasmanians. Records of the Queen
+ Victoria Museum, Tasmania, Vol. II, No. 3.
+
+Churchill, W.
+ 1911. The Polynesian Wanderings. Carnegie Institute of Washington,
+ Publ. No. 134, Washington.
+
+Derrick, R. A.
+ 1951. History of Fiji. Printing and Stationery Dept., Suva, Fiji.
+
+Fornander, A.
+ 1878. The Polynesian Race. London.
+
+Hocart, A. M.
+ 1929. Lau Islands, Fiji. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bull. 62,
+ Honolulu.
+
+Hooton, E. A.
+ 1946. Up From the Ape. Macmillan Co., New York.
+
+Howells. W. W.
+ 1933. Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the Solomon Islands.
+ American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Papers,
+ Vol. 33, Pt. 4.
+
+Roth, G. K.
+ 1953. The Fijian Way of Life. Oxford University Press, London.
+
+Simmon, R. T., J. J. Graydon, and G. Barnes
+ 1945. The Medical Journal of Australia, May 26.
+
+Sullivan, L. R.
+ 1922. A Contribution to Tongan Somotology. Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
+ Vol. VIII, No. 4.
+
+Thomson, B.
+ 1908. The Fijians: A Study of the Decay of Custom. Wm. Heinemann,
+ London.
+
+
+
+
+PLATES
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 1. NEAR-AVERAGE BODY FEATURES
+ Stature: 173.3 cm.
+ Weight: 172.1 lbs.
+ Arm length: 75.1 cm.
+ Leg length: 82.2 cm.
+ Shoulder breadth: 41 cm.
+ Hip breadth: 29.1 cm.
+ Shoulder-hip index: 71.0
+ Chest breadth: 28.8 cm.
+ Chest depth: 22.8 cm.
+ Thoracic index: 75.7
+ Sitting height: 86.3 cm.
+ Sitting height-stature index: 50.0
+ Body build: Strongly mesomorphic]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2. NEAR-AVERAGE CRANIAL FEATURES
+ Head length: 187.2 mm.
+ Head breadth: 156.9 mm.
+ Cephalic index: 83.9
+ Head height: 128.6 mm.
+ Length-height index: 68.7
+ Length-breadth index: 81.1
+ Minimum frontal diameter: 109.8 mm.
+ Fronto-parietal index: 70.0]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3. NEAR-AVERAGE FACIAL FEATURES
+ Bizygomatic breadth: 146.7 mm.
+ Cephalo-facial index: 93.2
+ Zygo-frontal index: 75.3
+ Bigonial breadth: 109.6 mm.
+ Fronto-gonial index: 100.1
+ Zygo-gonial index: 74.7
+ Bicanine breadth: 39.8
+ Total facial height: 122.3 mm.
+ Total facial index: 84.1
+ Upper facial height: 71.3
+ Upper facial index: 48.9
+ Nasal height: 53.1
+ Nasal breadth: 45.5
+ Nasal index: 85.6]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 4. NEAR-AVERAGE FACE AND NOSE FEATURES
+
+_FACE_
+ Pronounced malars
+ Moderately long face
+ Wide gonia
+ Moderate chin
+ Moderate prognathism
+
+_NOSE_
+ Broad bridge
+ Wide root
+ Moderate length
+ Thick tip
+ Flaring nostrils
+ Straight profile]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 5. NEAR-AVERAGE LIP AND EAR FEATURES
+
+_LIPS_
+ Moderately thick
+ Pronounced lip seam
+ Moderate eversion
+
+_EARS_
+ Moderate size
+ Small lobe
+ Attached lobe
+ Moderate protrusion]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 6. NEAR-AVERAGE HAIR FEATURES
+ Black color
+ Frizzly form
+ Pronounced quantity
+ Coarse texture
+ Intermediate length]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 7. HAIR FORM VARIANTS
+ CURLY HAIR WAVY HAIR]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 8. PRONOUNCED BODY HAIR
+ 20 per cent occurrence]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 9. PRONOUNCED BEARD
+ 26 per cent occurrence]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 10. FACIAL VARIATIONS
+
+ No prognathism
+ High forehead
+ Moderate browridges
+
+ Moderate prognathism
+ Low, receding forehead
+ Pronounced browridges
+
+ Pronounced prognathism
+ Low, receding forehead
+ Very pronounced browridges]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 11. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE NEGROID)
+ Shorter stature
+ Narrower shoulders
+ Deeper chest
+ Darker skin
+ Narrower head
+ Broader nose
+ Thicker lips]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 12. "NEGROID" FIJIAN]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 13. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE AUSTRALOID)
+ Heavier beard and body hair
+ Lower, more sloping forehead
+ More compressed parietals
+ More pronounced brow ridges
+ More prognathic]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 14. "AUSTRALOID" FIJIANS]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 15. EASTERN SUBJECT (MORE POLYNESIAN)
+ Lighter skin
+ Less beard and body hair
+ Wavy hair
+ Wider head
+ Higher, steeper forehead
+ Less prognathic
+ Higher, narrower nose
+ Moderately thick lips]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 16. "POLYNESIAN" FIJIANS]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Hooton, 1946, pp. 735-763.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Derrick, 1946, pp. 5-6.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Ibid., pp. 7-8.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Population statistics from "Fiji Information," of 1954,
+issued by Public Relations Office, Suva, Fiji.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Hooton, 1946, p. 621.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Fornander, 1878.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Churchill, 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Hocart, 1929, p. 236.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Howells, 1933, p. 335.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Roth, 1953, pp. 54, 55.]
+
+[Footnote 12: One pound deducted for dress (usually shorts only).]
+
+[Footnote 13: By subtracting sitting height from total stature.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Cranial measurements are not distorted by cradling
+practice or other causes of deformation.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Howells records skin color with the von Luschan scale. I
+have adjusted this scale to my own.]
+
+[Footnote 16: + means medium or moderate; ++ means pronounced; +++ means
+very pronounced.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Observation taken on the chest.]
+
+[Footnote 18: W. H. Sheldon, _The Variation of Human Physique_, Harper and
+Bros., 1940.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Hooton, 1946, p. 621.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Howells, 1933, p. 332.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Simmons _et al._, 1945, pp. 3-4]
+
+[Footnote 23: See pp. 1 and 4 of Introduction.]
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Figures incorrectly entered as zero have been calculated
+and inserted in {}.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. Gabel
+
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+Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. Gabel
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: A Racial Study of the Fijians
+
+Author: Norman E. Gabel
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39140]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jude Eylander, Joseph Cooper
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
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+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 544px;">
+<img src="images/grey002.jpg" width="544" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Illustration: Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of population made by the author.</p>
+
+<h1>A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS</h1>
+
+
+<h2>BY</h2>
+
+<h2>NORMAN E. GABEL</h2>
+
+
+<h3>ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS</h3>
+
+<h3>Vol. 20, No. I</h3>
+
+<h3>UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA</h3>
+
+
+<h4>ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS<br />
+<br />
+Editors: C. W. Meighan, Harry Hoijer. Eshref Shevky<br />
+Volume 20, No. 1. pp. 1-44, plates 1-15<br />
+<br />
+Submitted by editors April 11, 1957<br />
+Issued March 27, 1958<br />
+Price. $1.00<br />
+<br />
+University of California Press<br />
+Berkeley and Los Angeles<br />
+California<br />
+<br />
+Cambridge University Press<br />
+London, England<br />
+<br />
+Manufactured in the United States of America<br /></h4>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v." id="Page_v.">[Pg v.]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. -->
+
+<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. -->
+
+<p><!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --></p>
+
+<p class="center"><a href="#CONTENTS"><b>CONTENTS</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MEASUREMENTS_AND_INDICES"><b>MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES</b></a><br />
+<a href="#MORPHOLOGICAL_OBSERVATIONS"><b>MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS</b></a><br />
+<a href="#CONCLUSIONS"><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></a><br />
+<a href="#LITERATURE_CITED"><b>LITERATURE CITED</b></a><br />
+<a href="#PLATES"><b>PLATES</b></a><br /></p>
+
+<p><!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"><i>Page</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Introduction&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The problem and procedure&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The habitat&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">History&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Population&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Racial background&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Acknowledgments&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Measurements and indices&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">General&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Weight&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Stature&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Span&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Span-stature index&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The trunk&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Sitting height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Relative sitting height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Biacromial&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Relative shoulder breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bi-iliac&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Shoulder-hip&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chest breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chest depth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Thoracic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Arms and legs&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Arm length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Humeral length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Radial length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Radial-humeral&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Leg length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tibial length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Calf circumference&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The head&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Head circumference&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Head length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Head breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cephalic index&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Head height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Length-height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Breadth-height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cranial module&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Minimum frontal&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fronto-parietal&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The face&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bizygomatic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cephalo-facial&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Zygo-frontal&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total face height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total facial index&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Upper face height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Upper facial index&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bigonial&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fronto-gonial&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Zygo-gonial&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal index&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal depth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal-depth index&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mouth breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lip thickness&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 10</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear index&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bicanine breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Morphological observations&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Pigmentation&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Skin color: exposed&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Skin color: unexposed&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hair color&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eye color&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hair&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hair form&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hair texture&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Head hair quantity&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Hair length&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Baldness&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Beard quantity&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Body hair&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grayness: head&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Grayness: beard&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The face&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Prognathism: total&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Prognathism: mid-facial&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Prognathism: alveolar&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Malar projection: lateral&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Malar projection: frontal&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Gonial angles&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Palate shape&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chin prominence&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chin type&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">The head&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Temporal fullness&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Occipital protrusion&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lambdoidal flattening&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Occipital flattening&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Median sagittal crest&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Parietal bosses&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Cranial asymmetry&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Facial asymmetry&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eyes&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eye folds: external&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eye fold: median&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eye folds: internal&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eye obliquity&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Eye opening&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Forehead&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Brow ridges&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Forehead height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Forehead slope&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nose&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasion depression&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Root height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Root breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal septum&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bridge height&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bridge breadth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal profile&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal-tip thickness&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal-tip inclination&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Nasal wings&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Mouth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lip thickness: membranous&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lip thickness: integumental&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lip eversion&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lip seam&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Teeth&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Bite&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Caries&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Crowding&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tooth eruption&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Wear&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ears&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear helix&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Darwin's point&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear-lobe type&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear-lobe size&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear protrusion&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Ear slant&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Body build&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Body build: endomorph&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Body build: mesomorph&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Body build: ectomorph&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Summary&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 23</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Conclusions&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Literature cited&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 26</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Plates&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="right"> 27</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<h4>MAP</h4>
+<p class="center">Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of population
+made by the author ... frontispiece</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS</h2>
+
+<h2>BY</h2>
+
+<h2>NORMAN E. GABEL</h2>
+
+
+<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3>
+<p>This paper concerns itself with a physical survey of the native male
+population of Fiji. The main objective is a description of these people
+by means of anthropometric procedure.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The treatment includes, first,
+a description of the Fijians as a whole, second, a comparison with
+neighboring people, and third, regional differences among the Fijians
+themselves.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PROBLEM AND PROCEDURE</h3>
+
+<p>The data used in this survey were secured in 1954 during a stay of seven
+months in Fiji. My plan was to obtain anthropometric samples from
+several parts of the archipelago; this plan was only slightly altered as
+time and transportation facilities directed. Each of the three main
+administrative districts into which the islands are divided were visited
+and within each district samples were secured from most of the
+constituent provinces. The original sample consisted of 880 subjects.
+Later, 65 subjects were excluded for various reasons: some were part
+Samoan or Tongan, a few were Rotumans, and others were immature. The
+number finally used stands at 815.</p>
+
+<p>A limited amount of comparative material has been included in order to
+help locate the Fijians in the overall Pacific picture. These data were
+drawn from W. W. Howells, "Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the
+Solomon Islands" in The American Museum of Natural History,
+Anthropological Papers, volume 33, part 4, 1933, and from L. R.
+Sullivan, "A Contribution to Tongan Somatology" based on the field
+studies of E. W. Gifford and W. C. McKern, in Memoires of the Bernice P.
+Bishop Museum, volume 8, number 4, 1922. The latter report provides
+comparison with what may be termed western Polynesians who are also the
+nearest Polynesians to the Fijians. The Fijian data in Howell's paper
+make it possible for me to check some of my own Fijian material, and the
+Solomon Island data in the same report provide a Melanesian measuring
+stick.</p>
+
+<p>Since an over-all description of the Fijians is the initial concern of
+this paper, each physical trait measured or derived from measurement is
+tabulated according to range, average, and deviation. Traits observed
+but not measured are presented according to degree of development, e.g.,
+absent, medium, and pronounced, and according to percentage of
+occurrence. Further statistical manipulation is not deemed necessary for
+the writer's purposes.</p>
+<p>It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people. They are
+regarded, and with good reason, as a hybrid of, mainly, Melanesian and
+Polynesian components. Their geographical location, their history, and
+their physical appearance bear this out.</p>
+
+<p>The proportions of Polynesian and Melanesian elements are, of course,
+not evenly distributed throughout Fiji. Even superficial observation
+indicates that the natives range from strongly Melanesian to markedly
+Polynesian. To demonstrate how this variability follows certain regional
+trends, the data have been broken down into four geographical areas.
+This subdivision rests on several considerations and merits further
+comment.</p>
+
+<p>One of the subgroups represents the people of the mountainous interior
+of Viti Levu, the main island of Fiji (see accompanying map). This
+region may be regarded as something of a refuge area. Fijians from this
+relatively isolated locality might reasonably be expected to exhibit
+more of the earlier racial elements of the total composition. It should
+be pointed out, however, that the degree of isolation associated with
+this; interior; group is not extreme. Fiji tradition and history
+indicate extensive interregional movement. Particularly in early
+historic times, when the advent of firearms and other Western culture
+greatly stimulated intergroup warfare and cannibalism, there was much
+moving about from one region to another. With all this, the interior
+people still remained, as indeed they are today, more apart from the
+rest of the population and less subject to outside influence.</p>
+
+<p>The second segment chosen for interregional comparison is in the central
+Lau Islands and is designated in this paper as the "eastern" group.
+Lying as they do, at the eastern end of Fiji, they are closest to Tonga,
+the nearest Polynesian neighbors. Tongan contact with Fiji in
+prehistoric as well as more recent times is well established. <a
+name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> It is in the Lau Islands that
+Polynesian cultural affinities are most marked. Hence, it seems a
+logical choice for a second and separate glance in the racial history.</p>
+
+<p>The third comparative sample might be termed an intermediate group. It
+is taken from the coastal villages of eastern Viti Levu, largely from
+the provinces of Rewa and Tailevu. This area is geographically between
+the "interior" and "eastern" groups and is referred to in this paper as
+the "coastal" group.</p>
+
+<p>The final regional division represents the northwestern parts of Viti
+Levu. This is the place where, according to Fiji tradition, their <span class="pagenum"><a
+name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> ancestors first landed after migrating
+from the west. <a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Fijian legend, which gives this hint of their
+ancestry, does not include a physical description of these immigrants.
+Nor does it define the physical appearance of the earlier people whom
+the newcomers encountered and with whom they mingled. On the rather slim
+hope that anthropometry might shed a little light on this questionable
+phase of Fijian history, this area, along with the first three, has
+received separate treatment.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE HABITAT</h3>
+
+<p>The islands of Fiji are centrally located in the southwest Pacific. Over
+three hundred islands and islets make up the archipelago, which spreads
+between latitudes 15' and 22' south of the equator for 300 miles. The
+international date line runs through Fiji at the Koro Sea and the Moala
+Island group.</p>
+
+<p>The total land area of the islands is about the equivalent of the state
+of Delaware, somewhat over 7,000 square miles. Two great islands account
+for nearly 95 per cent of the total area: Viti Levu, the largest, is
+over 4,000 square miles, and Vanua Levu, about half as large. Over 90
+per cent of the native population lives on these two islands although
+nearly a hundred other islands are inhabited.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the islands are made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The
+largest islands rest on a submerged portion of an ancient land mass,
+sometimes called the Melanesian continent, which goes back in time to
+the Paleozoic and, in its prime, intermittently connected Fiji with
+southeastern Asia and Australia. Subsequent submergence, followed by
+cycles of volcanic upbuilding, erosion, and more submergence over eons
+of time, gave the big islands their upper foundations. The last
+extensive volcanic activity and land uplift occurred in the Pleistocene
+and accounts for many of the present mountain masses. The final touches
+to the Fiji profile have been wrought by more recent weathering and
+erosion. Sedimentation is still going on at river mouths and along the
+coasts, where deltas are being built and mangrove thickets flourish.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the smaller islands are old limestone masses that were pushed up
+from the sea. Unlike the high craggy volcanic islands, these are lower
+and flat-topped. Typically, they contain a basin-shaped depressed area
+that is surrounded by a rim. These depressions are usually fertile and
+heavily forested.</p>
+
+<p>Coral islands make up the third variety of land forms. These are always
+small and low. Their small size, thinner soil, and lack of fresh water
+make them much less suitable for human habitation. But even a thin layer
+of soil produces a luxurious vegetation.</p>
+
+<p>Fringing and barrier reefs are abundant throughout the archipelago,
+surrounding nearly every island. The most striking of these formations
+is the Great Sea Reef, which forms an arc of nearly 300 miles along the
+western fringe of Fiji and encloses large areas of coral-infested sea.</p>
+
+<p>Moderately high mountains give to the larger islands a generally rugged
+terrain. The more extensive ranges lie across the path of the prevailing
+south and easterly winds producing windward and leeward climatic areas.
+On the windward side rainfall is heavy and rather evenly distributed
+over the year. Here the valleys and mountain slopes support a typical
+dense tropical growth. The leeward side, however, receives much less
+moisture and has wet and dry seasons. Scattered patches of trees and
+grasses cover the ground, whereas heavy stands of forest are confined to
+valley bottoms and higher mountain slopes. The mountainous interior of
+Viti Levu contains a number of peaks over 3,000 feet, the highest of
+which is Mt. Victoria, 4,341 feet.</p>
+
+<p>Surface water is abundant on the bigger islands. Several large and
+navigable rivers drain Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. The Rewa River, on the
+east side of Viti Levu is the largest and is navigable for small craft
+for 70 miles. Smaller rivers and hundreds of streams are important
+sources of food and drink for the people of the interior.</p>
+
+<p>Great flood plains are formed at the mouths of the larger rivers. These
+and the fertile flats that run back along the valleys contain the
+greatest population densities.</p>
+
+<p>The climate is generally pleasant and healthful. Tropical extremes of
+heat and humidity are moderated by the prevailing trades, which usually
+supply cool and pleasant breezes from the east. Still, days of
+uncomfortable heat and oppressive humidity are not unknown; however,
+such periods are protracted only in the interior. The climate is far
+from uniform throughout the islands. The windward sides, where rainfall
+often exceeds a hundred inches, have a more even temperature and
+sunshine is more moderate. On the leeward sides there is less general
+cloudiness and more sunshine, especially during the dry season. The
+smaller islands generally resemble the leeward areas in climate.</p>
+
+<p>Native plant and animal life, like much of the southwest Pacific, is
+southeastern Asiatic in type and in origin. In the more profuse and
+varied windward sides there are several general vegetation zones. Along
+the coasts and in the larger river basins occur alluvial vegetation
+largely dominated by several kinds of mangrove, which is densest in mud
+flats washed by the tide. In this zone trees are scattered, and many of
+them bear useful nuts and fruits. On the slopes and ridges behind the
+coastal belts are the great tropical rain forests. They make up a dense
+cover of evergreen trees interwoven with wild creepers and vines. Thick
+stands of shrubs and smaller trees add to the tropical profusion. Above
+2,000 feet the forests thin out and become more heavily coated with moss
+and lichens, and ferns and orchids attach themselves to the branches.
+Beyond 3,000 feet is the cloud belt, and above this trees become stunted
+and are finally replaced by hardy shrubs that cling to the rocks and
+crags.</p>
+
+<p>On the leeward sides, patches of rain forest are found only in the
+moister areas. More typical of this zone are thin-leaved trees
+interspersed in large expanses of meadow and grassland.</p>
+
+<p>A number of native plants are very vital to the Fijian livelihood and
+some have modern economic importance. Several timber trees are essential
+to house building, canoe construction, and wood carving. The ubiquitous
+palms, here as elsewhere in the Pacific, are vital sources of food,
+drink, building, and weaving materials and cordage. The mangrove
+provides firewood, house poles, fishing fences, and traps, laths for
+bows and black dye for their hair and tapa. Valuable starch is secured
+from the sago palm, which is cut just before flowering, and the leaves
+are a common thatching material. Various reeds, canes, and bamboos and
+lianas are useful to Fiji economy. In the drier areas reeds and grasses
+provide material for house walls, thatch, fish fences, and arrow shafts.
+Several kinds of trees yield edible nuts and fruits.</p>
+
+<p>Like other central-Pacific island groups, Fiji is poorly provided with
+indigenous mammals. A small gray rat is a considerable pest in garden
+and homes, and a large nocturnal bat, which is called a flying fox,
+lives in tree colonies and is often seen at dusk in banana groves or
+other feeding places. All the economically important animals of Fiji
+have been introduced, such as pigs, fowl, dogs, cattle, horses, sheep,
+and goats.</p>
+
+<p>Bird life is diverse and interesting, although in a number of places
+introduced forms, like mynahs and turtle doves, have forced the native
+varieties back into the jungle. Several game birds such as doves,
+pigeons, and ducks are occasionally hunted.</p>
+
+<p>Snakes and lizards are fairly common on the islands; none is poisonous.
+Some are eaten, but the practice is not usual. Snakes had a more
+important place in the former religious and totemic practices.</p>
+
+<p>Much more vital to the native economy is the abundant and varied marine
+life. This, with gardening, provides the foundation of Fijian
+subsistence. Turtles, crabs, prawns, eels, to say nothing of scores of
+fishes, are hunted, trapped, poisoned, speared, and netted. The cycle of
+the balolo worm has here the same importance as in other Pacific
+islands.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HISTORY</h3>
+
+<p>The first western contact with Fiji was made in 1643 when Captain Abel
+Tasman entered Fijian waters and sighted several islands and reefs
+without realizing the nature of his discovery. Over a hundred years
+later, Captain Cook made a second contact by stopping at one of the
+southern Lau Islands. Real knowledge of the area began in 1792 when
+Captain Bligh sailed through the archipelago from the southeast to the
+northwest, following the famous mutiny of the <i>Bounty</i>. Bligh made an
+attempt to land, was attacked by natives, and continued through the
+islands with no more landings. He did, however, make a record of most of
+the islands he passed.</p>
+
+<p>In the nineteenth century, commercial contacts began in the form of
+sandalwood trade. This profitable commodity brought Europeans and
+Americans first to the Sandalwood Coast on the west side of Vanua Levu.
+During this period the first systematic survey of Fijian waters was
+made by the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1840. After little more
+than a decade the sandalwood supply was depleted to the point where
+trade virtually ceased.</p>
+
+<p>As a result of this initial commercial contact, which was mainly around
+western Vanua Levu and eastern Viti Levu, some marked changes were
+effected in Fijian culture. After the sandalwood traders abandoned Fiji
+for more profitable fields, a number of deserters and ship-wrecked men
+remained. These beachcombers, along with firearms that had been
+introduced by trade or salvaged from wrecks, brought about the first
+striking alterations. Rival chiefs competed for the acquisition of
+muskets, gunpowder, and beachcombers. The latter in some instances
+became attached to royal households as dubious advisors and instructors
+in the use of guns, powder, and shot. Some of these coaches enjoyed a
+status resembling that of household pets.</p>
+
+<p>The introduction of firearms changed the native political scene and
+increased the scope and destructiveness of warfare. For a time the
+rulers of Mbau in eastern Viti nearly monopolized the supply of muskets
+and white men. This established their political supremacy over rival
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+leaders. Larger and stronger political and military alliances, some
+resembling small kingdoms, developed for purposes of defense or
+aggression. As warfare grew more frequent, new diseases entered the
+islands and trade in liquor advanced.</p>
+
+<p>After the third decade of the nineteenth century better elements began
+to enter Fiji and ensuing culture contact was not so consistently
+deplorable. <i>Bêche-de-mer</i> traders and whalers began to visit the islands
+for trade goods and supplies. Some began to settle at the east end of
+Viti Levu. Missionaries came in the 1830's and the Christianization of
+Fiji began.</p>
+
+<p>Internal conflict between rival chiefs, attacks on French, British, and
+American ships, with subsequent reprisals, continued and intensified. By
+mid-century, rivalry between the local kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa reached
+a peak. At this time the powerful ruler of Mbau, Thakombau, who
+dominated a large segment of eastern Viti Levu, had become hard pressed
+by his Rewa enemies. Thakombau submitted to the missionaries who had
+been pressing his conversion. With his support of the missionaries, the
+native struggles became a religious war between Christianity and
+paganism as well as between nativism and westernism. Thakombau's cause
+was rescued in 1855 when King George of Tonga brought an army of 2,000
+warriors to Fiji and combined his strength with that of the kingdom of
+Mbau. Thenceforth Thakombau remained the paramount chief in eastern Fiji
+and for some twenty ensuing years ruled under the dominance of Tongan
+princes. Another Tongan chief, Ma'afu, arrived in 1848 and set up a
+political domain that rivaled the kingdom of Thakombau.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout these struggles and particularly with the conversion of
+Thakombau and the leadership of the already Christianized Tongan chiefs,
+native religion, including cannibalism, rapidly declined. Meanwhile,
+English, Australian, and New Zealand settlers were augmenting earlier
+trade contacts. Plantations and trade centers developed, and in 1857 a
+British consul was appointed and set up at Levuka on the east coast of
+Viti Levu. A few years later Thakombau sought relief from the payment of
+indemnities to foreign powers and from internal harassments by an offer
+to cede his dominions to Great Britain. The initial offer was declined
+and the British consul was recalled in 1860.</p>
+
+<p>The next ten years saw a continuation of political and military turmoil
+stemming from rival interests of native rulers, Tongan interlopers, and
+European immigrants. A second appeal to the British government resulted
+in an unconditional deed of cession on October 10, 1874, which marks the
+beginning of Fiji's status as a British Crown Colony.</p>
+
+
+<h3>POPULATION</h3>
+
+<p>Over 300,000 people live in the Fiji Islands. Of these about 140,000 are
+native Fijians. The others are arranged in the following divisions: <a
+name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">Indians</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="right">154,803</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Europeans</td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="right">6,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Part European</td><td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="right">7,496</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Polynesians<br />Melanesians<br />Micronesians</td><td><span style="font-size: 300%;">}</span></td><td align="right">4,133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Rotumans</td><td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="right">3,990</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Chinese</td><td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="right">3,857</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Others</td><td>&nbsp;</td> <td align="right">649</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+<p>When Fiji became a British Crown Colony in 1874 the population was
+entirely native except for a handful of outsiders. At that time the
+population has been variously estimated at approximately 200,000.
+Shortly thereafter a measles epidemic reduced their number severely.
+This, with other epidemics and maladies for which they had little or no
+immunity or resistence, continued the decimation until by 1905 there
+were only 87,000. During the next decade they held their own, until in
+1919 the influenza scourge brought them to their lowest level of 83,000.
+This was the last serious setback to their number; since that time the
+population has been on the upgrade.</p>
+
+<p>A present threat to Fijian population, in the opinion of many, stems not
+from disease but from the Indian presence. This began in the latter part
+of the nineteenth century when Indian immigration of indentured laborers
+began. The influx went on until 1916 by which time some 40,000 to 50,000
+Indians had come to Fiji and very few had returned to India. Since then,
+the Indians have increased more rapidly than the Fijians until they now
+outnumber them. This situation has, of course, created numerous problems
+beyond the scope of this paper.</p>
+
+<p>It is significant to point out that intermarriage or interbreeding
+between Fijians and Indians is relatively slight. The amount of mingling
+of Fijians with Europeans or Orientals cannot be demonstrated
+statistically, but it has not been extensive. The Fijians, on the whole,
+retain pretty much of their prehistoric racial make-up.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RACIAL BACKGROUND</h3>
+
+<p>It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people, derived
+mainly from Melanesian and Polynesian sources. Both of these parental
+strains in turn are commonly believed to be racial blends. Hooton
+describes the Melanesians as Oceanic Negroes whose composition includes
+Negrito, Australoid, "plus convex-nosed Mediterranean plus minor
+fractions of Malay and Polynesian."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Birdsell sees the same three
+strains in Melanesia which he believes contribute to the Australians,
+namely Negrito, Murrayan, and Carpentarian, plus a small amount of
+Mongoloid. He believes they differ from Australians in being "basically
+negritic in their genetic composition as a result of the rain forest
+environment."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Polynesians, however, are usually thought to be derived
+from Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid strains in which the Caucasoid
+component is more often the strongest.</p>
+
+<p>The composite character of the Fijians has been variously explained as
+far as order and time of the contributing elements are concerned. One
+theory regards a Negroid stock as aboriginal to which a Polynesian
+strain was later added. An early explanation of this sort is that of
+Fornander who held that the ancestors of the modern Polynesians coming
+from southeastern Asia via Indonesia in the early centuries A.D. made a
+prolonged stopover in Fiji as they moved eastward. This left a
+Polynesian imprint on the native Fijian physical appearance as well as
+on their language and culture.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Later on, Churchill added a second
+movement of Polynesians from the west about a thousand years later. This
+was used to explain a certain amount of Mongoloid elements that needed
+accounting for in western Polynesia.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>A differing interpretation brings the Polynesian influence into Fiji
+from the east in relatively recent times. Thomson, for example, regards
+it as mainly Tongan. There are many references in the eighteenth and
+nineteenth centuries to Tongan presence in Fiji; they came to trade, to
+fight, and merely to visit.</p>
+
+<p>Hocart believes the Polynesians at one time occupied most of Fiji until
+they were driven eastward to Tonga and Samoa by native Melanesians.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
+Howells tentatively suggests another possibility: originally all of Fiji
+was occupied by Polynesians except perhaps for some Melanesian tribes in
+the mountainous interior of Viti Levu. Around the eleventh century a
+wave of immigrants from the west reached Fiji. "The newcomers, taking
+possession of the archipelago, partly amalgamated with and partly pushed
+out the Polynesian tenants, just as did the hill tribes of Hocart's
+theory, the refugees fleeing to Somoa and Tonga."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Howells associates
+this immigration with the Fijian tradition of an arrival of ancestral
+families from across the western sea.</p>
+
+<p>This Fijian tradition of their own origin includes a landing on the west
+coast of Viti Levu at Nandi by an ancestral chief and his sons who came
+across the sea from the west. Several of his sons moved eastward and
+eventually founded families with native wives in various parts of the
+archipelago. These families ultimately became consolidated into
+present-day tribes or federations. Most Fijian social units derive their
+origin from this or similar legendary immigrations. These eposodes
+occurred eight or ten and, in one case, fifteen generations ago.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
+Where these ancestors came from or what their racial affiliations were
+is not described in the stories. On the basis of supposed similarities
+of place-names, claims have been made for Africa as the place of origin,
+but the validity of them is dubious. It is likely that these traditions
+refer only to the more recent immigrations from the west. As to the
+racial make-up of the ancestors, it is commonly believed that they were
+Polynesians who, after settling in various parts of Fiji, took native
+wives, presumably Melanesian, and originated many of the existing family
+lines. This assumption does not rest on any actual physical reference to
+their appearance but on such cultural data as their patrilineal
+succession and their tradition of strong hereditary chieftainship.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h3>
+
+<p>I am indebted to a number of people of Fiji whose assistance and
+coöperation were helpful. Thanks are due to Sir Ronald Garvey, governor
+of Fiji, whose approval of my project gave administrative sanction. Mr.
+G. Kingsley Roth, the Secretary for Fijian Affairs, secured for me the
+coöperation of the Fijian Affairs Department, which in turn gave me
+access to the proper native officers and leaders, furnished me with
+necessary transportation; he also gave me some sound advice. Also of the
+Fijian Affairs Office, Ratu Dr. Dobi helped me make the necessary
+contacts as my work took me from one area to another. Mr. Robbin H.
+Yarrow, safety officer of the Emperor Gold Mining Company, was most
+helpful during my stay at Vatukoula, where I secured an excellent sample
+of the northern provinces.</p>
+
+<p>The young Fijian who acted as my interpreter, guide, and recorder was
+Joji Qalelawe; my especial thanks to him for his intelligent and
+cheerful coöperation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MEASUREMENTS_AND_INDICES" id="MEASUREMENTS_AND_INDICES"></a>MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES</h2>
+
+
+<h3>GENERAL</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Weight</i><a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total sample</td><td align="right">814</td><td align="right">105-300</td><td align="right">163.0</td><td align="right">20.3</td><td align="right">12.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Interior</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>East</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">130-245</td><td align="right">168.1</td><td align="right">19.3</td><td align="right">11.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">118-300</td><td align="right">160.7</td><td align="right">22.8</td><td align="right">14.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">120-212</td><td align="right">161.9</td><td align="right">16.9</td><td align="right">10.4</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The average weight of 163 pounds, coupled with their rather tall
+stature, describes the Fijian as a large person, on the whole. Their
+generous weight does not reflect excessive obesity; the body build, as
+will be pointed out later, is prevailingly muscular and athletic.
+Variation among the regional samples is not significant; all the groups
+average more than 160 pounds.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Stature</i></h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">150.1-195.0</td><td align="right">172.5</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">150.1-183.7</td><td align="right">169.6</td><td align="right">6.0</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">160.2-190.5</td><td align="right">173.3</td><td align="right">6.0</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">156.1-195.0</td><td align="right">173.4</td><td align="right">5.8</td><td align="right">3.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">159.8-186.0</td><td align="right">172.7</td><td align="right">5.8</td><td align="right">3.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="center">158-190</td><td align="right">170.8</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">3.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="center">146-181</td><td align="right">160.2</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">4.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">92</td><td align="center">160-188</td><td align="right">173.0</td><td align="right">5.2</td><td align="right">3.0</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The stature of the Fijians is moderately tall. Howells' series of
+Fijians, as well as mine, indicate this category. In this measurement,
+the Fijians are similar to the Tongans. They are 12 cm. taller than the
+Melanesians.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Fijian themselves, the interior people of the highlands are
+definitely shorter than the rest of the population.</p>
+
+<p>Rumors still persist of remnants of pygmoid people in the interior
+mountains of Viti Levu. I found no evidence of them either in my travels
+in the interior or by extensive inquiries among natives and Europeans
+who had thorough knowledge of the whole island.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Span</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">155.0-208.0</td><td align="right">180.0</td><td align="right">15.1</td><td align="right">8.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">155.0-201.0</td><td align="right">179.5</td><td align="right">7.5</td><td align="right">4.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">166.4-200.5</td><td align="right">178.1</td><td align="right">24.3</td><td align="right">13.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">160.1-208.0</td><td align="right">181.2</td><td align="right">14.6</td><td align="right">8.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">165.1-202.0</td><td align="right">180.0</td><td align="right">21.6</td><td align="right">11.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Span of the arms also reflects the generous proportions of the Fijians.
+Regional difference is not marked. Relative to stature, the hill people
+have the longer arms and the eastern natives the shortest. The greater
+relative arm length of the hill tribes seems to be owing more to
+deficiency of stature than to excessive arm length or shoulder breadth.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Span-Stature Index</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">96.1-116.3</td><td align="right">104.3</td><td align="right">8.5</td><td align="right">8.15</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">99.4-115.1</td><td align="right">105.2</td><td align="right">2.3</td><td align="right">2.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">99.1-108.5</td><td align="right">102.7</td><td align="right">13.5</td><td align="right">13.14</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">97.9-116.3</td><td align="right">104.4</td><td align="right">7.7</td><td align="right">7.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">100.2-109.7</td><td align="right">104.1</td><td align="right">12.0</td><td align="right">11.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<h3>THE TRUNK</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Sitting Height</i></h3>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">75.1-100</td><td align="right">87.0</td><td align="right">3.5</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">75.1-94</td><td align="right">84.4</td><td align="right">9.4</td><td align="right">11.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">81-100</td><td align="right">88.5</td><td align="right">3.5</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">80-99</td><td align="right">87.7</td><td align="right">3.2</td><td align="right">3.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">80-94</td><td align="right">86.0</td><td align="right">2.9</td><td align="right">3.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">132</td><td align="right">78-101</td><td align="right">88.3</td><td align="right">3.06</td><td align="right">3.46</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">69-95</td><td align="right">83.6</td><td align="right">3.8</td><td align="right">4.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A total sitting height average of 87 cm. attests the generous general
+body length. A regional trend follows the same curve as that for
+stature. The eastern body length is greatest; it exceeds the over-all
+average by 1-1/2 cm. and is more than 4 cm. larger than the interior
+people who fall at the bottom of the scale of sitting height. Howells'
+Fijian series is close to my eastern average. Compared with the Solomon
+Islands natives, the Fijians are much more elongated.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Relative Sitting Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">45-58</td><td align="right">50.4</td><td align="right">1.5</td><td align="right">3.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">46-56</td><td align="right">49.8</td><td align="right">1.4</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">48-54</td><td align="right">51.0</td><td align="right">1.3</td><td align="right">2.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">46-56</td><td align="right">50.5</td><td align="right">1.4</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">47-54</td><td align="right">50.2</td><td align="right">1.4</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">132</td><td align="right">46-57</td><td align="right">51.7</td><td align="right">1.36</td><td align="right">2.63</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">46-57</td><td align="right">52.1</td><td align="right">1.64</td><td align="right">2.92</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The relative sitting height ratio for all Fijians is 50.4 per cent. The
+eastern average of 51 per cent indicates a little more legginess,
+whereas the interior groups tend somewhat to longer trunks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Biacromial</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">28-47</td><td align="right">39.7</td><td align="right">8.2</td><td align="right">6.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">29-43</td><td align="right">39.0</td><td align="right">6.2</td><td align="right">4.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">35-45</td><td align="right">39.9</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">4.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">28-45</td><td align="right">39.7</td><td align="right">7.6</td><td align="right">4.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">35-47</td><td align="right">40.5</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Fijians are generally a broad-shouldered people. The inhabitants of
+Ra and Ba have the highest average and the interior people are least
+broad-shouldered.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Relative Shoulder Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">18-27</td><td align="right">22.3</td><td align="right">1.3</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">19-25</td><td align="right">22.9</td><td align="right">1.0</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">20-26</td><td align="right">23.0</td><td align="right">1.0</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">18-26</td><td align="right">22.9</td><td align="right">1.0</td><td align="right">4.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">20-27</td><td align="right">23.4</td><td align="right">3.1</td><td align="right">13.2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>Relative to total stature, shoulder breadth averages 22.3 per cent. No
+significant regional differences are indicated.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Bi-Iliac</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">23-40</td><td align="right">29.2</td><td align="right">5.6</td><td align="right">5.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">25-38</td><td align="right">29.0</td><td align="right">5.1</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">27-34</td><td align="right">29.5</td><td align="right">4.1</td><td align="right">4.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">23-37</td><td align="right">29.2</td><td align="right">5.9</td><td align="right">5.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">26-32</td><td align="right">29.3</td><td align="right">4.6</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Fijians, as a whole, are fairly broad-hipped; this condition holds
+with little variation in all the provinces.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Shoulder-Hip</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">58-101</td><td align="right">73.7</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">65-100</td><td align="right">74.6</td><td align="right">4.2</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">67-82</td><td align="right">73.8</td><td align="right">3.2</td><td align="right">4.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">58-99</td><td align="right">73.5</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">5.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">62-86</td><td align="right">72.8</td><td align="right">5.9</td><td align="right">8.1</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The total shoulder-hip ratio describes the shoulders as 73.7 per cent as
+wide as the hips. These ratios do not vary greatly in different parts of
+Fiji. The somewhat higher index of the hill groups is owing largely to
+their narrower shoulders, whereas the superior shoulder breadth of the
+northwest provinces contributes mostly to the lower hip-shoulder index.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Chest Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="right">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">24-39</td><td align="right">28.6</td><td align="right">6.4</td><td align="right">5.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">25-33</td><td align="right">28.6</td><td align="right">3.3</td><td align="right">4.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">26-39</td><td align="right">29.4</td><td align="right">7.2</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">25-37</td><td align="right">28.7</td><td align="right">7.8</td><td align="right">6.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">25-32</td><td align="right">28.9</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">4.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Broad chests are also characteristic in Fiji. The eastern men surpass
+the Viti Levu males, and the interior groups have the narrowest chests,
+but the regional variations are small.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Chest Depth</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">184-308</td><td align="right">22.9</td><td align="right">5.5</td><td align="right">7.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">195-263</td><td align="right">22.4</td><td align="right">3.2</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">189-295</td><td align="right">22.5</td><td align="right">4.9</td><td align="right">6.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">184-300</td><td align="right">21.7</td><td align="right">5.7</td><td align="right">7.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">192-250</td><td align="right">21.8</td><td align="right">3.3</td><td align="right">6.0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The chests of the Fijians are also fairly deep. The close similarity in
+chest depth of the interior group and the eastern sample is rather
+striking inasmuch as the former are nearly 4 cm. shorter in stature.
+This would indicate that the interior group, for their size, are
+relatively deep-chested.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Thoracic</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">59-96</td><td align="right">76.4</td><td align="right">4.6</td><td align="right">6.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">69-88</td><td align="right">78.5</td><td align="right">3.9</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">65-85</td><td align="right">76.3</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">56-89</td><td align="right">75.5</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">6.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">65-85</td><td align="right">75.7</td><td align="right">4.4</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The thoracic index shows that the Fijians are deep-chested relative to
+thoracic breadth as well as in absolute values. Again the interior
+people stand out for their deeper chests.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ARMS AND LEGS</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Arm Length</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">45-87</td><td align="right">75.2</td><td align="right">5.0</td><td align="right">6.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">45-83</td><td align="right">73.6</td><td align="right">4.8</td><td align="right">6.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">52-84</td><td align="right">75.1</td><td align="right">3.9</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">57-87</td><td align="right">76.0</td><td align="right">4.9</td><td align="right">6.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">55-86</td><td align="right">75.3</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">8.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The over-all arm length is 75.2 cm. Shorter arms seem to be
+characteristic of the interior population where the average is nearly 2
+cm. less than the over-all average. The eastern group has the longest
+arms; the other samples are intermediate.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Humeral Length</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">26-39</td><td align="right">32.8</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">5.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">28-38</td><td align="right">32.8</td><td align="right">7.1</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">28-39</td><td align="right">32.9</td><td align="right">8.3</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">26-38</td><td align="right">32.9</td><td align="right">9.1</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">28-38</td><td align="right">33.0</td><td align="right">7.9</td><td align="right">5.4</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Length of the upper arm averages 33 cm. for all Fijians; the several
+provinces are closely similar in this trait.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Radial Length</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="right">No.</td><td align="right">Range</td><td align="right">Mean</td><td align="right">S.D.</td><td align="right">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">23-35</td><td align="right">27.6</td><td align="right">4.1</td><td align="right">5.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">24-33</td><td align="right">27.3</td><td align="right">2.4</td><td align="right">4.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">23-34</td><td align="right">27.5</td><td align="right">6.9</td><td align="right">6.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">24-35</td><td align="right">27.9</td><td align="right">3.5</td><td align="right">4.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">25-32</td><td align="right">27.9</td><td align="right">3.4</td><td align="right">4.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Lower arm length is 27.6 cm. and also varies but little among the
+regional samples.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Radial-Humeral</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="left">65-113</td><td align="right">84.0</td><td align="right">4.2</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="left">77-104</td><td align="right">83.0</td><td align="right">3.8</td><td align="right">4.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="left">65-95</td><td align="right">83.5</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="left">75-113</td><td align="right">84.7</td><td align="right">4.2</td><td align="right">4.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="left">77-94</td><td align="right">82.2</td><td align="right">3.6</td><td align="right">4.3</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The radial-humeral ratio indicates that the lower arm of Fijians is 84
+per cent as long as the upper arm. None of the subgroups deviates
+markedly from this average.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Leg Length</i><a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">61-98</td><td align="right">84.3</td><td align="right">10.5</td><td align="right">12.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">74-96</td><td align="right">81.1</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">12.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">73-96</td><td align="right">84.1</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">10.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">68-97</td><td align="right">85.3</td><td align="right">7.2</td><td align="right">8.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">75-95</td><td align="right">85.7</td><td align="right">4.4</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Average leg length is 84.3 cm., and some regional differences are
+manifest. The legs of the hill people are shorter by 3 cm. than are the
+other groups. Their neighbors to the northwest and east have the longest
+legs, and the eastern are intermediate.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Tibial Length</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="right">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">34-49</td><td align="right">40.9</td><td align="right">8.3</td><td align="right">6.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">35-45</td><td align="right">40.3</td><td align="right">13.4</td><td align="right">10.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">35-47</td><td align="right">40.7</td><td align="right">6.2</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">35-47</td><td align="right">41.2</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">5.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">36-47</td><td align="right">40.9</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">5.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Lower leg length is around 40 cm. for all Fijians. The regional pattern
+is similar to that of total leg length: shortest in the highlands,
+intermediate in the east, and longest in the coastal and northwestern
+districts.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Calf Circumference</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">29-57</td><td align="right">37.6</td><td align="right">6.7</td><td align="right">7.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">31-51</td><td align="right">37.0</td><td align="right">6.4</td><td align="right">7.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">33-50</td><td align="right">38.1</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">6.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">29-48</td><td align="right">37.2</td><td align="right">9.4</td><td align="right">7.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">30-43</td><td align="right">37.7</td><td align="right">7.6</td><td align="right">6.3</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
+<p>The generous girth of the calf of the Fijians reflects their sturdily
+muscled legs. The eastern groups excel the other Fijians in this
+respect, whereas the interior groups have the lowest average for calf
+circumference.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE HEAD</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Head Circumference</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">410-630</td><td align="right">562.4</td><td align="right">7.8</td><td align="right">6.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">537-613</td><td align="right">565.3</td><td align="right">4.1</td><td align="right">2.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">528-630</td><td align="right">566.3</td><td align="right">4.9</td><td align="right">2.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">410-630</td><td align="right">563.5</td><td align="right">4.6</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">537-597</td><td align="right">557.7</td><td align="right">14.3</td><td align="right">11.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The head circumference average of 562.4 mm. Probably is a little on the
+large size because of the thick wiry hair of most Fijians; the eastern
+groups appear to have the largest heads and the northwestern groups show
+a rather abrupt drop.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Head Length</i><a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">162-215</td><td align="right">187.9</td><td align="right">9.4</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">170-210</td><td align="right">190.1</td><td align="right">7.6</td><td align="right">4.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">172-209</td><td align="right">188.6</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">162-215</td><td align="right">187.4</td><td align="right">13.5</td><td align="right">7.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">165-214</td><td align="right">187.2</td><td align="right">7.9</td><td align="right">4.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="right">164-208</td><td align="right">188.8</td><td align="right">7.29</td><td align="right">3.86</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">170-208</td><td align="right">188.5</td><td align="right">6.5</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">117</td><td align="right">173-213</td><td align="right">191.0</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Total head length for all Fijians is 187.9 mm; longest heads occur in
+the interior. Both Howells' Fijian average and the Solomon Islands
+series are close to the above value. Gifford's Tongan head length of 191
+mm. Somewhat exceeds the Fijian.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Head Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">122-186</td><td align="right">155.9</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">7.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">135-170</td><td align="right">152.1</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">4.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">144-172</td><td align="right">157.2</td><td align="right">5.2</td><td align="right">3.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">141-186</td><td align="right">158.3</td><td align="right">9.3</td><td align="right">8.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">122-185</td><td align="right">152.9</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">8.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="right">135-170</td><td align="right">153.7</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">126-158</td><td align="right">144.7</td><td align="right">5.2</td><td align="right">3.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">117</td><td align="right">145-167</td><td align="right">154.8</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>General head breadth is 155.9 mm., and considerable regional variation
+is shown. Fijians of the interior have the narrowest heads, whereas the
+coastal and eastern people have appreciably wider heads. Howells' series
+of Fijians are closest to my highland groups.</p>
+
+<p>The Solomon Islanders are markedly narrower headed than the Fijians,
+whereas Sullivan's Tongan series is nearer the Fijian average.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Cephalic Index</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">68-99</td><td align="left">83.0</td><td align="right">6.4</td><td align="right">7.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">68-96</td><td align="left">80.0</td><td align="right">6.0</td><td align="right">7.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">72-92</td><td align="left">83.9</td><td align="right">3.8</td><td align="right">4.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">72-99</td><td align="left">84.2</td><td align="right">7.2</td><td align="right">8.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">71-95</td><td align="left">81.6</td><td align="right">10.3</td><td align="right">12.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="right">68-94</td><td align="right">81.54</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">5.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">65-88</td><td align="left">76.8</td><td align="right">3.9</td><td align="right">5.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">117</td><td align="right">73-89</td><td align="left">81.1</td><td align="right">3.1</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Most Fijians tend to brachycephaly. The eastern natives and those of the
+coastal series have the broadest heads. The interior people show
+definitely lesser values in this ratio than do the other groups.
+Howells' Fijian series is close to the northwestern Fijians in their
+mesocephaly, and so is the Tongan mean. The Solomon series borders on
+dolicocephaly.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Head Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">110-154</td><td align="right">129.5</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">7.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">114-140</td><td align="right">127.7</td><td align="right">4.8</td><td align="right">3.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">114-148</td><td align="right">129.6</td><td align="right">5.0</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">112-154</td><td align="right">120.0</td><td align="right">7.0</td><td align="right">5.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">117-142</td><td align="right">127.6</td><td align="right">9.2</td><td align="right">8.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Head height averages do not differ greatly among the provinces. The
+interior and northwestern people have somewhat lower heads; the coastal
+and eastern people show slight superiority.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Length-Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="center"></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>55-84</td><td align='right'>69.0</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>3.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>59-77</td><td align='right'>67.2</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>5.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>61-78</td><td align='right'>68.7</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>4.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>55-84</td><td align='right'>69.4</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>58-84</td><td align='right'>68.1</td><td align='right'>4.5</td><td align='right'>3.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>Relative to head length, the cranial vault of Fijians is high. The
+mountain people show the lowest relative head height, whereas the other
+provinces are nearer to the over-all average.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Breadth-Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>66-102</td><td align='right'>83.0</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>3.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>75- 96</td><td align='right'>84.0</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>75- 91</td><td align='right'>82.4</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>66- 97</td><td align='right'>82.8</td><td align='right'>5.3</td><td align='right'>8.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>73- 92</td><td align='right'>81.2</td><td align='right'>8.6</td><td align='right'>9.7</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Head height relative to total breadth is 83 per cent. In this ratio the
+interior groups have the highest index, a condition owing more to
+deficiency in cranial breadth than to superior head height.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Cranial Module</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>141-176</td><td align='right'>157.7</td><td align='right'>10.5</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>147-166</td><td align='right'>156.6</td><td align='right'>11.5</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>148-172</td><td align='right'>158.4</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>2.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>143-176</td><td align='right'>158.5</td><td align='right'>15.5</td><td align='right'>9.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>141-171</td><td align='right'>155.9</td><td align='right'>10.7</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Head size as expressed by the cranial module averages 157.7 mm. for all
+Fijians. Regional fluctuation is unimportant.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Minimum Frontal</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>99-125</td><td align='right'>109.9</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>2.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>100-121</td><td align='right'>109.8</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>3.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>99-122</td><td align='right'>110.8</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>100-125</td><td align='right'>109.7</td><td align='right'>4.7</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>101-120</td><td align='right'>109.4</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A minimum frontal diameter of 109.9 mm. indicates a fairly ample
+forehead breadth for the total sample. None of the subgroups depart much
+from this value.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Fronto-Parietal</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>58-89</td><td align='right'>70.6</td><td align='right'>4.3</td><td align='right'>6.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>63-82</td><td align='right'>72.2</td><td align='right'>3.3</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>64-79</td><td align='right'>70.5</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>58-77</td><td align='right'>69.9</td><td align='right'>4.1</td><td align='right'>5.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>61-89</td><td align='right'>69.7</td><td align='right'>8.7</td><td align='right'>12.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Forehead breadth relative to total cranial width is 70.6 per cent. The
+greatest deviation from this average occurs in the interior where the
+fronto-parietal ratio is 72.2 per cent and lesser head breadth more than
+greater forehead width causes the higher index.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FACE</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Bizygomatic</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>110-164</td><td align='right'>145.7</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>110-163</td><td align='right'>145.8</td><td align='right'>6.3</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>137-161</td><td align='right'>146.7</td><td align='right'>4.3</td><td align='right'>2.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>128-164</td><td align='right'>145.2</td><td align='right'>4.9</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>136-156</td><td align='right'>145.1</td><td align='right'>4.3</td><td align='right'>3.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>132</td><td align='right'>130-159</td><td align='right'>144.05</td><td align='right'>5.05</td><td align='right'>3.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>84</td><td align='right'>115-149</td><td align='right'>138.0</td><td align='right'>5.5</td><td align='right'>4.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>131-159</td><td align='right'>143.5</td><td align='right'>5.9</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total
+average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are
+closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight
+superiority in bizygomatic breadth.</p>
+
+<p>Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan
+average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Cephalo-Facial</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>82-108</td><td align='right'>93.5</td><td align='right'>5.7</td><td align='right'>6.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>84-108</td><td align='right'>96.0</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>5.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>82-102</td><td align='right'>93.3</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>85-103</td><td align='right'>92.5</td><td align='right'>5.7</td><td align='right'>6.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>80-104</td><td align='right'>92.6</td><td align='right'>6.4</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>132</td><td align='right'>85-111</td><td align='right'>93.7</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>3.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>84</td><td align='right'>85-111</td><td align='right'>95.4</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>4.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>85-103</td><td align='right'>92.8</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>3.7</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all
+Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the
+interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there
+is general similarity in the several provinces.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Zygo-Frontal</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>64-100</td><td align='right'>75.5</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>3.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>64-98</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>4.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>68-99</td><td align='right'>75.5</td><td align='right'>2.5</td><td align='right'>3.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>66-100</td><td align='right'>75.5</td><td align='right'>3.1</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>66-93</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>3.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>63-84</td><td align='right'>73.1</td><td align='right'>4.2</td><td align='right'>5.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional
+averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the
+Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the
+breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Total Face Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>100-147</td><td align='right'>122.5</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>4.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>103-137</td><td align='right'>121.3</td><td align='right'>5.6</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>110-147</td><td align='right'>124.7</td><td align='right'>5.8</td><td align='right'>4.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>107-142</td><td align='right'>122.6</td><td align='right'>6.1</td><td align='right'>5.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>100-143</td><td align='right'>121.7</td><td align='right'>6.8</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>105-159</td><td align='right'>121.8</td><td align='right'>6.9</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>100-129</td><td align='right'>116.4</td><td align='right'>6.6</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>112-147</td><td align='right'>128.2</td><td align='right'>6.8</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Fijian faces have the moderate average height of 122.5 mm. Slightly
+shorter faces occur in the interior people, whereas the greatest total
+face height average occurs in the east. The Fijian of Howells' series is
+close to mine. The Tongan value for face height describes them as
+definitely longer faced. The Solomon Islanders depart in the other
+direction with decidedly shorter faces.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Total Facial Index</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>68-104</td><td align='right'>84.1</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>5.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>73-96</td><td align='right'>83.2</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>75-101</td><td align='right'>85.0</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>73-97</td><td align='right'>84.5</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>5.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>68-104</td><td align='right'>83.9</td><td align='right'>5.6</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>132</td><td align='right'>74-105</td><td align='right'>84.7</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>84</td><td align='right'>74-97</td><td align='right'>84.5</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>78-102</td><td align='right'>89.3</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<p>Relative to maximum breadth, the Fijian face tends to shortness,
+although this is due largely to their generous facial breadth rather
+than absolute deficiency of height. The interior groups have the lowest
+values and the eastern groups show relatively broad faces.</p>
+<p>The Tongan average is much higher than any of the Fijian values, whereas
+the Solomon Islanders show similarity to the Fijians in this feature.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Upper Face Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>56-84</td><td align='right'>70.2</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>59-79</td><td align='right'>69.1</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>64-83</td><td align='right'>71.7</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>59-84</td><td align='right'>70.4</td><td align='right'>6.6</td><td align='right'>9.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>58-80</td><td align='right'>69.4</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
+Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
+people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Upper Facial Index</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>37-65</td><td align='right'>48.2</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>7.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>41-65</td><td align='right'>47.4</td><td align='right'>3.3</td><td align='right'>7.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>42-59</td><td align='right'>48.9</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>5.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>40-59</td><td align='right'>48.5</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>9.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>39-56</td><td align='right'>47.8</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
+Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
+people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Bigonial</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>95-146</td><td align='right'>109.7</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>95-146</td><td align='right'>109.8</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>3.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>97-125</td><td align='right'>110.6</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>95-129</td><td align='right'>109.9</td><td align='right'>5.3</td><td align='right'>4.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>99-119</td><td align='right'>109.1</td><td align='right'>4.5</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>92-119</td><td align='right'>104.8</td><td align='right'>5.8</td><td align='right'>5.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Lower jaw breadth as expressed by the bigonial diameter indicates a
+tendency to broadness shared with little variation among all the
+subgroups. The Tongan value is considerably smaller.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Fronto-Gonial</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>80-122</td><td align='right'>99.9</td><td align='right'>5.5</td><td align='right'>5.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>84-122</td><td align='right'>100.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>86-115</td><td align='right'>99.9</td><td align='right'>5.3</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>80-114</td><td align='right'>100.3</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>85-113</td><td align='right'>99.8</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>4.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Similarly the bigonial diameter in relation to forehead breadth is much
+the same in all groups, the general average nearly 100 per cent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Zygo-Gonial</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>65-86</td><td align='right'>75.3</td><td align='right'>4.1</td><td align='right'>5.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>67-86</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>8.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>65-82</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>66-83</td><td align='right'>75.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>4.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>68-83</td><td align='right'>75.2</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>4.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>63-87</td><td align='right'>73.2</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>6.2</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Relative to face breadth, jaw width is 75.3 per cent with very little
+geographic variation.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>42-65</td><td align='right'>53.9</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>6.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>45-65</td><td align='right'>53.2</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>48-62</td><td align='right'>54.7</td><td align='right'>3.1</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>46-63</td><td align='right'>54.1</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>6.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>45-61</td><td align='right'>52.9</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>44-63</td><td align='right'>52.4</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>40-59</td><td align='right'>49.9</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>7.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>47-65</td><td align='right'>57.4</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Fijian nose may be called medium long. Greatest nasal heights occur
+in the eastern and in the coastal series. The interior and northwestern
+groups have shorter noses. The Fijians of Howells' series fall near the
+short end of my averages. Natives of the Solomons are definitely lower
+in nasal height, whereas the Tongan's average is so much higher that one
+suspects a difference in the location of the nasion.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>31-62</td><td align='right'>46.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>40-61</td><td align='right'>47.6</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>7.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>38-53</td><td align='right'>45.5</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>38-62</td><td align='right'>46.4</td><td align='right'>3.3</td><td align='right'>7.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>31-57</td><td align='right'>47.4</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>7.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>37-54</td><td align='right'>46.19</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>34-51</td><td align='right'>44.6</td><td align='right'>2.8</td><td align='right'>6.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>38-55</td><td align='right'>44.4</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Broad noses are common to most Fijians. The greatest contrast is between
+the narrower-nosed eastern people and the interior people, among whom
+the widest noses occur. The nose of the Solomon Islanders is somewhat
+narrower, according to Howells' data, and the Tongan average is also
+lower.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal Index</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>61-112</td><td align='right'>87.1</td><td align='right'>8.2</td><td align='right'>9.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>69-109</td><td align='right'>89.7</td><td align='right'>8.1</td><td align='right'>9.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>61-100</td><td align='right'>83.2</td><td align='right'>7.6</td><td align='right'>9.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>63-111</td><td align='right'>86.0</td><td align='right'>7.1</td><td align='right'>8.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>63-110</td><td align='right'>89.9</td><td align='right'>8.6</td><td align='right'>9.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>68-123</td><td align='right'>88.8</td><td align='right'>8.3</td><td align='right'>9.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>68-119</td><td align='right'>87.1</td><td align='right'>8.9</td><td align='right'>10.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>61-98</td><td align='right'>77.6</td><td align='right'>7.6</td><td align='right'>9.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Platyrrhini is the rule in Fiji, but individual and regional variations
+are great. There are some leptorrine subjects in every province, and
+there are some whose noses are broader than long. The interior people
+and the northwestern groups have the relatively broadest noses, whereas
+the eastern index is more moderate. The noses of Sullivan's Tongans are
+relatively longer than the Lauans. The Solomon Island average is
+identical with the Fijian.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal Depth</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>16-32</td><td align='right'>22.0</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>3.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>17-32</td><td align='right'>22.5</td><td align='right'>2.1</td><td align='right'>9.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>17-28</td><td align='right'>21.9</td><td align='right'>1.8</td><td align='right'>8.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>17-32</td><td align='right'>21.8</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>6.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>16-29</td><td align='right'>22.3</td><td align='right'>1.9</td><td align='right'>8.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Nasal depth averages 22 mm.; the regional variation is very small.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal-Depth Index</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>32-60</td><td align='right'>47.2</td><td align='right'>6.8</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>34-59</td><td align='right'>47.4</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>35-60</td><td align='right'>48.4</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>9.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>32-58</td><td align='right'>47.0</td><td align='right'>8.1</td><td align='right'>7.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>34-58</td><td align='right'>47.2</td><td align='right'>5.5</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Mouth Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>29-72</td><td align='right'>57.6</td><td align='right'>4.7</td><td align='right'>8.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>34-72</td><td align='right'>59.6</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>33-66</td><td align='right'>56.5</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>29-67</td><td align='right'>57.3</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>7.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>36-65</td><td align='right'>57.3</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>7.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Mouth breadth averages show the interior groups to have widest mouths,
+the eastern people least wide, and the coastal and northwestern people
+intermediate.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Lip Thickness</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>9-45</td><td align='right'>22.4</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>12-31</td><td align='right'>23.4</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>5.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>12-29</td><td align='right'>21.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>16-45</td><td align='right'>20.8</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>10-29</td><td align='right'>22.0</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Thick lips are characteristic of most Fijians. The interior average is
+highest for this diameter, whereas the northwestern Fijians have
+least-thick lips.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Ear Length</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>55-83</td><td align='right'>66.6</td><td align='right'>4.5</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>53-83</td><td align='right'>66.0</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>55-80</td><td align='right'>67.2</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>55-77</td><td align='right'>66.7</td><td align='right'>4.9</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>57-75</td><td align='right'>66.5</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>56-81</td><td align='right'>66.0</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+<p>Fijian ears on the whole tend to be long, as the average 66.6 mm.
+indicates. Regional differences are slight. Tongans closely resemble
+Fijians.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Ear Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>24-55</td><td align='right'>34.3</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>9.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>27-41</td><td align='right'>33.7</td><td align='right'>2.5</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>29-40</td><td align='right'>34.1</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>11.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>29-55</td><td align='right'>34.7</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>11.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>25-42</td><td align='right'>33.8</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>8.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>25-42</td><td align='right'>34.5</td><td align='right'>2.6</td><td align='right'>7.6</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Ear breadth is also generous, and regional differences hardly exceed 1.5
+mm., including the Tongans.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Ear Index</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>38-62</td><td align='right'>51.6</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>9.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>40-61</td><td align='right'>51.1</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>7.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>41-59</td><td align='right'>50.6</td><td align='right'>5.8</td><td align='right'>11.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>42-62</td><td align='right'>52.1</td><td align='right'>6.7</td><td align='right'>12.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>38-59</td><td align='right'>50.9</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>7.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>41-62</td><td align='right'>52.4</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>7.5</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Length-breadth ear ratios indicate that coastal groups have somewhat
+broader, and the northwestern people the relative longest, ears.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Bicanine Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>24-72</td><td align='right'>39.8</td><td align='right'>11.7</td><td align='right'>19.4</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>37-49</td><td align='right'>39.9</td><td align='right'>10.7</td><td align='right'>16.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>36-68</td><td align='right'>41.8</td><td align='right'>7.4</td><td align='right'>7.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>24-72</td><td align='right'>39.0</td><td align='right'>13.4</td><td align='right'>14.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>38-49</td><td align='right'>38.6</td><td align='right'>14.0</td><td align='right'>16.3</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Bicanine breadth is characteristically great among Fijians, reflecting
+the ample jaws and teeth. Widest diameters are seen in the east,
+followed by the hill people of the interior. The northwestern groups
+have the least bicanine diameter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="MORPHOLOGICAL_OBSERVATIONS" id="MORPHOLOGICAL_OBSERVATIONS"></a>MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS</h2>
+
+
+<h3>PIGMENTATION</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Skin Color: Exposed</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Brunet</td><td align='right'>Swarthy</td><td align='right'>Lt.&nbsp;Brn</td><td align='right'>Med.&nbsp;Brn</td><td align='right'>Dk.&nbsp;Brn</td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No.&nbsp;%</td><td align='right'>No.&nbsp;%</td><td align='right'>No.&nbsp;%</td><td align='right'>No.&nbsp;%</td><td align='right'>No.&nbsp;%</td><td align='right'>No.&nbsp;%</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total&nbsp;sample</td><td align='right'>1 .01</td><td align='right'>5 .6</td><td align='right'>30 4</td><td align='right'>400 48</td><td align='right'>377 46</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>55 36</td><td align='right'>97 63</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>99 83</td><td align='right'>6 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>85 41</td><td align='right'>116 56</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>42 53</td><td align='right'>36 46</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>128 96</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>79 93</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td colspan="8" align="center">(Range: Lt. Brown to Dk. Brown.)</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Color of skin includes exposed and unexposed areas. The former was
+observed on the face, since the Fijians do not use any kind of face or
+head covering. This condition in the total series divides itself quite
+evenly between medium brown and dark brown. A few have light-brown skin;
+only six individuals are classified as swarthy and brunet. None was
+judged to be completely black. The Fijians of Howells' series are
+described as 96 per cent medium brown<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> and 5 per cent dark brown, a
+discrepancy I would attribute to personal judgment difference. The
+Solomon Islanders are markedly darker than the Fijians, the majority
+have dark-brown skin and 3 per cent are black, whereas 5 per cent have
+medium-brown complexions.</p>
+
+<p>Tongan data on skin color cannot be directly adjusted to my statistics.
+Sullivan's comment on their skin color states that it is "a medium
+yellowish-brown where it is unexposed to the sun. Exposed parts of the
+skin of a few of the persons were a very dark chocolate" (Sullivan,
+1922, p. 248).</p>
+
+<p>Among the Fijians themselves, the greatest contrasts occur between the
+eastern and the interior groups of Viti Levu. Where 63 per cent of the
+latter have dark-brown skin, only 5 per cent of eastern fall into this
+category. The bulk of eastern (83 per cent) have medium-brown skin as
+against 36 per cent of hill people. The coastal and northwestern
+provinces are, like the total series, more evenly divided between medium
+and dark brown.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Skin Color: Unexposed</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Brunet</td><td align='right'>Swarthy</td><td align='right'>Lt.&nbsp;Brn</td><td align='right'>Med.&nbsp;Brn</td><td align='right'>Dk.&nbsp;Brn</td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No.%</td><td align='right'>No.%</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>6 1</td><td align='right'>9 1</td><td align='right'>242 30</td><td align='right'>545 66</td><td align='right'>11 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>20 13</td><td align='right'>133 87</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>36 30</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>56 27</td><td align='right'>148 71</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>57 72</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>127 96</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>132</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>74 87</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Unexposed skin color was observed on the under surface of the upper arm
+near the armpit. The anticipated shift in color range results in a
+reduction of dark-skin incidence to a mere 1 per cent, and an increase
+in medium brown to 60 per cent and of light brown to 30 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Howells' describes 96 per cent of his Fijians as medium brown, 4 per
+cent dark brown, and none light brown. The Solomon Islanders seem
+definitely darker than the Fijians whether they are compared with
+Howells' or my series.</p>
+
+<p>The eastern groups continues to contrast with the interior people. The
+former show a majority of 64 per cent in the light-brown category as
+compared with 13 per cent among the interior groups; the latter have a
+medium-brown incidence of 87 per cent against 30 per cent among Lauans.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Hair Color</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Dk. Brn</td><td align='right'>Med. Brn</td><td align='right'>Lt. Brn</td><td align='right'>Red-Brn</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>757 93</td><td align='right'>31 5</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>18 2</td><td align='right'>807</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>145 95</td><td align='right'>8 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>114 95</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>193 92</td><td align='right'>11 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>5 2</td><td align='right'>204</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>70 89</td><td align='right'>5 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>118 91</td><td align='right'>9 7</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>55 65</td><td align='right'>26 31</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 94</td><td align='right'>0 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Black hair is the usual color, although 5 per cent are described as dark
+brown and a few red-brown. This latter variation is a rufous color
+(reddish-brown) and it may be a little more frequent than the data
+indicate because the Fijians frequently dye their hair with a substance
+extracted from mangrove bark. This intensifies the usual blackness of
+the hair and adds a satisfying gloss. More sophisticated natives have
+access to modern hair dye and lacking this, some have been known to
+resort to black shoe polish.</p>
+
+<p>Hair bleaching is no longer practiced in Fiji.</p>
+
+<p>The hair of the Solomons Islands is not so uniformly black, nearly a
+third have dark-brown hair and a few are light brown.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Eye Color</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Dk. Brn</td><td align='right'>Med. Brn</td><td align='right'>Lt. Brn</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No.%</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>550 68</td><td align='right'>257 31</td><td align='right'>4 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>131 86</td><td align='right'>22 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>71 59</td><td align='right'>48 40</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>127 61</td><td align='right'>81 39</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>53 67</td><td align='right'>25 32</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>130 98</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>132</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 3</td><td align='right'>0 94</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 3</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A little more than two-thirds of Fijians' eyes are described as dark
+brown. The remaining third have medium-brown eyes. There were four
+individuals who were light brown. Howells, with his Fijian series, is
+more generous with the darker designation; he designated 98 per cent as
+dark brown and 2 per cent light brown. His Solomons sample is described
+as dark brown without exception. The Tongan data also is recorded as
+more uniformly dark brown than my Fijians.</p>
+
+<p>The Fijians of the interior of Viti Levu have more deeply pigmented eyes
+than the others; 86 per cent are classed as dark brown and only 14 per
+cent medium brown.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HAIR</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Hair Form</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Straight</td><td align='right'>Low Wave</td><td align='right'>Deep Wave</td><td align='right'>Curl</td><td align='right'>Frizz</td><td align='right'>Wool</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 0.1</td><td align='right'>13 0.2</td><td align='right'>91 11.0</td><td align='right'>702 862</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>149 97</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>37 31</td><td align='right'>72 60</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 1</td><td align='right'>3 0</td><td align='right'>18 9</td><td align='right'>188 90</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>70 89</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>19 16</td><td align='right'>38 33</td><td align='right'>59 51</td><td align='right'>116</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>2 3.3</td><td align='right'>1 1.6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 26</td><td align='right'>17 28</td><td align='right'>25 41</td><td align='right'>61</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Frizzly hair is the condition of over 85 per cent of Fijians; 11 per
+cent are curly-haired, whereas over twenty individuals have wavy hair.
+Straight hair is absent. The Fiji II series of Howell distinguishes
+between frizzly and wooly hair, which I do not. Their combined incidence
+is 83 per cent, quite close to my frequency of frizzly. Whether one does
+or does not distinguish between frizzly and wooly hair, there is no
+doubt that most Fijians have Negroid hair form. The Solomon Islanders
+are surprising with somewhat less Negroid hair form than the Fijians.
+Their combined percentage of frizzly and wooly is 69, which is nearly 20
+per cent less than that of the Fijians. Twenty per cent have curly hair
+against 11 per cent among Fijians. Also, the only instances of straight
+hair occur in the Solomons.</p>
+
+<p>In the Fijian breakdown, the interior groups have the most Negroid hair;
+97 per cent have frizzly hair and 3 per cent have curly hair. The
+eastern people are the least Negroid in this respect; frizzly hair drops
+to 60 per cent, whereas curly hair advances to 30 per cent and wavy hair
+to 9 per cent. The coastal and northwestern series are closer to the
+interior groups with about 90 per cent frizzly hair.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Hair Texture</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Course</td><td align='right'>Medium</td><td align='right'>Fine</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>804 99</td><td align='right'>9 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>116 97</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>208 100</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Hair texture is prevailingly coarse; only 1 per cent of the total series
+shows medium coarseness and none have fine hair. This preponderance of
+coarse hair is much the same in all the provinces, although the eastern
+people do depart slightly with a 3 per cent incidence of medium-coarse
+hair.</p>
+
+<p>It might be added that Fijian hair is quite stiff or wiry. For example,
+when the hair is unshorn, it stands out like a mop. A Fijian can insert
+a long stemmed flower in his hair and it will stay in place with no
+additional fastening.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Head Hair Quantity</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'><a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>61 7</td><td align='right'>219 27</td><td align='right'>533 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>26 17</td><td align='right'>27 18</td><td align='right'>100 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>24 20</td><td align='right'>91 76</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>11 5</td><td align='right'>63 30</td><td align='right'>135 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>21 27</td><td align='right'>51 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>132 92</td><td align='right'>133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>5 6</td><td align='right'>80 94</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Head hair quantity is pronounced in the majority of Fijians (65 per
+cent); it is moderate in 27 per cent and submedium in 7 per cent.
+Howells describes nearly all the Fijians as having very pronounced head
+hair&mdash;99 per cent, which would appear to be a personal difference in
+appraisal. In any case, the two series agree that Fijians have hair of
+more than moderate quantity. The Melanesians of the Solomons are also
+characterized by much head hair.</p>
+
+<p>Regionally, the only significant variation in this trait is shown in the
+east, where more individuals have a submedium designation. In the
+absence of age data, this contrast cannot be fairly interpreted.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Hair Length</i></h3>
+
+<p>It might be observed here that although hair length was not included in
+this survey, on the basis of personal but unrecorded observation, the
+Fijians conform to the Melanesian pattern. Most Fijian men now cut their
+hair short in the Western style, but some still do not. Women generally
+trim their hair but not short. The natural length of head hair is
+intermediate between the short-haired African Negroes and the
+long-haired Caucasians and Mongolians.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Baldness</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>731 90</td><td align='right'>40 3</td><td align='right'>30 4</td><td align='right'>12 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>122 80</td><td align='right'>12 8</td><td align='right'>12 8</td><td align='right'>7 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>112 93</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>194 93</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>72 91</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The lack of age correlations also limits the value of data on baldness,
+but some meaning can nevertheless be extracted. Regardless of age, with
+an incidence of pronounced baldness of 1 per cent among all adult males
+and of 4 per cent for a moderate condition, it is a clear indication
+that Fijians are not prone to loss of head hair.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Beard Quantity</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>234 29</td><td align='right'>370 44</td><td align='right'>208 26</td><td align='right'>1 .01</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>22 14</td><td align='right'>67 44</td><td align='right'>64 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>59 49</td><td align='right'>16 13</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>60 29</td><td align='right'>94 45</td><td align='right'>54 26</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>22 28</td><td align='right'>30 38</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;cheeks</td><td align='right'>27 21</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>44 34</td><td align='right'>46 35</td><td align='right'>12 9</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;skin</td><td align='right'>9 7</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>52 40</td><td align='right'>56 43</td><td align='right'>14 10</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;cheeks</td><td align='right'>21 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>42 49</td><td align='right'>22 26</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;chin</td><td align='right'>7 8</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>53 62</td><td align='right'>25 29</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;chin</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 19</td><td align='right'>0 31</td><td align='right'>50 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;lower chk.</td><td align='right'>0 4</td><td align='right'>0 37</td><td align='right'>0 18</td><td align='right'>40 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Moderate beard quantity is shown by 44 per cent of Fijians; the
+remainder are fairly evenly divided between the submedium and pronounced
+categories. Howells' series, which records beard quantity for the cheeks
+and chin separately, shows a higher frequency of pronounced and very
+pronounced designations. However, his data includes many individuals who
+have no beards at all. Both series are doubtless influenced by the fact
+that they contain a preponderance of young adult; a greater proportion
+of older men would have greatly raised the incidence of the pronounced
+categories.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all modern Fijians have adopted the Western practice of shaving.
+Examination of earlier pictures and written description of Fijians
+leaves no doubt that the majority of mature men possess luxurious beards
+when nature is unrestrained.</p>
+
+<p>The natives of the Solomon Islands, according to Howells, are a little
+less bearded than the Fijians.</p>
+
+<p>The Tongans are a little more heavily bearded than the Fijians.</p>
+
+<p>Some geographical variation is indicated by my data. The interior people
+of Fiji have the highest incidence of face hair; 42 per cent are
+recorded as pronounced. Least endowed are the eastern Fijians, where 13
+per cent have pronounced beards and 38 per cent are submedium. The
+coastal and northwestern series conform more closely to the overall
+distribution.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Body Hair</i><a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>243 30</td><td align='right'>328 40</td><td align='right'>162 20</td><td align='right'>80 10</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>31 20</td><td align='right'>56 37</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>25 16</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>55 46</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>14 12</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>57 27</td><td align='right'>82 39</td><td align='right'>46 22</td><td align='right'>24 11</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 20</td><td align='right'>36 46</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>8 8</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>23 29</td><td align='right'>0 26</td><td align='right'>0 22</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The body hair endowment is also not unimpressive. Forty per cent show a
+moderate condition, 20 per cent are pronounced, and 10 per cent very
+pronounced; none are totally devoid of body hair; 30 per cent are
+submedium. Chest hair among the Tongans is somewhat less in evidence;
+although the majority range from submedium to pronounced, 23 per cent
+are described as hairless.</p>
+
+<p>The provincial distribution in Fiji follows that of face hair: the
+interior groups are hairiest and the eastern people least so.</p>
+
+<p>The anatomical distribution of body hair deserves some comment, even
+though specific observations were made on the chest. Not infrequently
+the hair is heavier on the upper legs than on the chest. Occasionally,
+too, the back of the shoulders is quite hairy as well as the belly.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Grayness: Head</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>621 76</td><td align='right'>82 10</td><td align='right'>82 10</td><td align='right'>28 3</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>80 52</td><td align='right'>37 24</td><td align='right'>19 12</td><td align='right'>17 11</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>91 76</td><td align='right'>13 11</td><td align='right'>16 13</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>176 84</td><td align='right'>14 7</td><td align='right'>17 8</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>60 76</td><td align='right'>8 10</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Grayness: Beard</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>610 75</td><td align='right'>61 8</td><td align='right'>90 11</td><td align='right'>52 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>72 47</td><td align='right'>30 20</td><td align='right'>20 13</td><td align='right'>31 20</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>89 74</td><td align='right'>9 8</td><td align='right'>18 15</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>178 85</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>21 10</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>60 76</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Grayness of the hair data without corresponding age incidence is not
+particularly significant. It is clear, nevertheless, that premature
+grayness is not common. I would hazard the judgment that on the whole
+the Fijians show less tendency to grayness than do Caucasians.</p>
+
+<p>The higher incidence of grayness of the interior sample of Fijians is
+likely due to a larger number of older men in that series.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FACE</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Prognathism: Total</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>206 25</td><td align='right'>306 38</td><td align='right'>288 35</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>40 26</td><td align='right'>59 39</td><td align='right'>52 34</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>54 45</td><td align='right'>55 46</td><td align='right'>11 9</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>47 22</td><td align='right'>84 40</td><td align='right'>73 35</td><td align='right'>5 2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>18 23</td><td align='right'>29 37</td><td align='right'>32 41</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>63 53</td><td align='right'>26 22</td><td align='right'>29 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>118</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Prognathism: Mid-Facial</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>517 64</td><td align='right'>184 23</td><td align='right'>109 13</td><td align='right'>3 1/2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>133 87</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>5 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>122 58</td><td align='right'>49 23</td><td align='right'>37 18</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>48 61</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Prognathism: Alveolar</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>798 98</td><td align='right'>9 1</td><td align='right'>4 1/2</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>207 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>76 {96}</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Slight and moderate total prognathism characterizes most Fijians.but it
+is pronounced in only 13 of the 813 subjects. A quarter of the series
+show no prognathism. The eastern people are least prognathic with a zero
+incidence of 45 per cent. The other regional sample are close to the
+general condition.</p>
+
+<p>Mid-facial prognathism has a submedium incidence of 23 per cent and a
+medium of 13 per cent; the remainder lack the condition, except three
+individuals who are pronounced.</p>
+
+<p>The coastal and northwestern groups have more frequent medium
+designations. Alveolar prognathism is almost entirely lacking in all
+groups.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Malar Projection: Lateral</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>264 32</td><td align='right'>543 67</td><td align='right'>3 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>62 41</td><td align='right'>91 59</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>25 21</td><td align='right'>95 79</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>68 33</td><td align='right'>141 67</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>28 35</td><td align='right'>50 63</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Malar Projection: Frontal</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>4 1/2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>709 87</td><td align='right'>100 12</td><td align='right'>809</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>139 91</td><td align='right'>14 9</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>103 86</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>181 87</td><td align='right'>27 13</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>67 85</td><td align='right'>12 15</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The facial contours generally include lateral malar projection;
+two-thirds show a pronounced condition and the balance are medium. The
+eastern people have high cheek bones oftener than do the others.</p>
+
+<p>Frontal malar projection is also common but more often moderately so; 87
+per cent show medium projection and 12 per cent are pronounced.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Gonial Angles</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Sbm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>24 3</td><td align='right'>459 56</td><td align='right'>325 40</td><td align='right'>5 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>97 63</td><td align='right'>55 36</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>65 54</td><td align='right'>54 45</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>110 53</td><td align='right'>90 43</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>49 62</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Palate Shape</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Parabolic</td><td align='right'>Sm. U</td><td align='right'>Lg. U</td><td align='right'>Square</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>493 61</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>303 37</td><td align='right'>15 2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>94 61</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>59 39</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>81 68</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>38 32</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>131 63</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>71 34</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>50 63</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A fairly strong tendency to well-developed gonial angles is indicated;
+40 per cent show pronounced angles and nearly all the rest are medium.
+These proportions hold pretty much for all groups.</p>
+
+<p>Palate shape also attests to the well-developed jaws of Fijians; it is a
+large U in 37 per cent of the subjects; 2 per cent are square and the
+remainder parabolic.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Chin Prominence</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>164 20</td><td align='right'>593 73</td><td align='right'>54 7</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>36 24</td><td align='right'>110 72</td><td align='right'>7 5</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>25 21</td><td align='right'>89 74</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>41 20</td><td align='right'>153 73</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>55 70</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Chin Type</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Median</td><td align='right'>Bilateral</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>673 83</td><td align='right'>140 17</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>130 85</td><td align='right'>23 15</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>112 93</td><td align='right'>8 7</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>162 78</td><td align='right'>45 22</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>62 82</td><td align='right'>14 18</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A well-developed chin further typifies most Fijian faces; nearly
+three-quarters have a moderate chin prominence, 7 per cent are
+pronounced, and the remainder are submedium. This range is much the same
+in the subgroups.</p>
+
+<p>The chin is commonly median although 17 per cent have the bilateral
+type. The bilateral chin is least frequent in Lau (7 per cent).</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE HEAD</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Temporal Fullness</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>563 69</td><td align='right'>249 31</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>113 74</td><td align='right'>40 26</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>70 58</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>148 71</td><td align='right'>60 29</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>59 75</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Occipital Protrusion</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>775 95</td><td align='right'>25 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>149 97</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>116 97</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>193 92</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A narrowness in the temporal part of the head is indicated. Sixty-nine
+per cent of the subject show submedium temporal fullness, whereas the
+remainder are moderate. This condition is not marked and may best be
+described as a discernable tendency.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<p>The back of the head is generally rather flat as the 95 per cent
+incidence of occipital protrusion indicates. This is a natural
+condition; no intentional flattening is practiced by Fijians.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Lambdoidal Flattening</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>754 93</td><td align='right'>32 4</td><td align='right'>27 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>113 94</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>188 90</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>72 91</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Occipital Flattening</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>809 100</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>209 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Median Sagittal Crest</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>600 74</td><td align='right'>177 22</td><td align='right'>36 4</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>96 63</td><td align='right'>46 30</td><td align='right'>11 7</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>109 91</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>160 77</td><td align='right'>43 21</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>53 57</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Parietal Bosses</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>17 2</td><td align='right'>413 51</td><td align='right'>381 47</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>130 85</td><td align='right'>22 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>66 55</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>82 39</td><td align='right'>120 57</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>40 51</td><td align='right'>38 48</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>A median sagittal crest though not striking is recorded in a number of
+cases. It has a submedium incidence of 22 per cent and pronounced 4 per
+cent. Among the interior people, the crest is more common. Because of
+the heavy, bushy, and wiry hair of Fijians it is probable that some
+instances of this feature were not detected by simple palpation, and the
+incidence may be higher than the data indicate.</p>
+
+<p>Submedium development of the parietal bosses is rather common occurring
+in 51 per cent of the series. It is very common in the interior (85 per
+cent).</p>
+
+<h3><i>Cranial Asymmetry</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Left</td><td align='right'>Right</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji</td><td align='right'>813 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>119 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>119</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>208 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Facial Asymmetry</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Left</td><td align='right'>Right</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji</td><td align='right'>806 100</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>807</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>117 98</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>119</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>206 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Cranial and facial assymetry are generally lacking, at least in any
+marked degree. Normal asymmetries of the face and head were ignored in
+this description.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EYES</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Eye Folds: External</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji</td><td align='right'>804 98</td><td align='right'>5 1</td><td align='right'>4 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>152 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>119 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>209 99</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Eye Fold: Median</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>782 96</td><td align='right'>3 1/2</td><td align='right'>25 3</td><td align='right'>3 1/2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>152 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>108 90</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>202 97</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>5 2</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Eye Folds: Internal</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>778 96</td><td align='right'>4 0</td><td align='right'>30 4</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>151 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>102 85</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>203 97</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>116 89</td><td align='right'>7 5-1/2</td><td align='right'>7 5-1/2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>80 94</td><td align='right'>2 2-1/2</td><td align='right'>3 3-1/2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>63 57</td><td align='right'>33 30</td><td align='right'>9 8</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>111</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Eye folds are not a feature of the Fijian facial make-up. The external
+fold is present in only 2 per cent of the total series. The median fold
+shows a 96 per cent absence. The eastern groups exceed the other
+provinces with a 10 per cent occurrence. The internal eye fold has a
+total presence of 4 per cent and is also commoner in the east (14 per
+cent).</p>
+
+<h3><i>Eye Obliquity</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>251 31</td><td align='right'>358 43</td><td align='right'>201 25</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>92 60</td><td align='right'>46 30</td><td align='right'>14 9</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>33 28</td><td align='right'>52 35</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>47 22</td><td align='right'>102 49</td><td align='right'>58 28</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>32 41</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Eye Opening</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>75 9-1/2</td><td align='right'>737 91</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>24 16</td><td align='right'>128 84</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>13 11</td><td align='right'>107 89</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>9 4</td><td align='right'>200 96</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>72 91</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Some degree of eye obliquity is present in the majority of cases; 43 per
+cent show a submedium condition; 25 per cent are medium and three
+individuals have pronouncedly oblique eyes. The remainder, or 31 per
+cent, have no obliquity. In the east, the natives depart from this total
+distribution in opposite directions. The interior groups have much less
+eye obliquity; the eastern people, a great deal more. The other
+provinces are quite close to the total frequencies.</p>
+
+<p>Eye opening height is preponderately moderate (91 per cent). The
+remaining 10 per cent with one exception show submedium eye opening.
+Regional variation is not great. The eastern and interior groups have a
+little higher frequency in the submedium class.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FOREHEAD</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Brow Ridges</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>148 19</td><td align='right'>364 44</td><td align='right'>295 36</td><td align='right'>6 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>69 45</td><td align='right'>64 42</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>28 23</td><td align='right'>42 35</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>42 20</td><td align='right'>99 47</td><td align='right'>67 32</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>40 51</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Brow ridges are a marked feature of Fijians in general. None of them
+lack some supraorbital development. Forty-four per cent have medium brow
+ridges, 36 per cent are pronounced, and 1 per cent are very pronounced.
+The other 19 per cent are small. The interior and eastern groups share a
+little higher incidence of pronounced brow ridges; the other regions are
+nearer the total distribution of variations.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Forehead Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>444 55</td><td align='right'>369 45</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>90 59</td><td align='right'>63 41</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>68 57</td><td align='right'>52 43</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>110 53</td><td align='right'>99 47</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>46 58</td><td align='right'>33 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Forehead Slope</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>8 1</td><td align='right'>280 34</td><td align='right'>460 56</td><td align='right'>65 8</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>53 35</td><td align='right'>87 57</td><td align='right'>13 8</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>38 32</td><td align='right'>72 60</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>78 37</td><td align='right'>113 54</td><td align='right'>14 7</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>47 59</td><td align='right'>4 4</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>70 60</td><td align='right'>45 39</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>116</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Forehead height is submedium in more than half the cases (55 per cent);
+the others are all medium. There is no significant variation among the
+subgroups.</p>
+
+<p>A sloping forehead is quite characteristic of the Fijian head; 56 per
+cent are moderately sloping, 8 per cent are pronounced, and 34 per cent
+are submedium. Only 1 per cent have foreheads with no recession.
+Regional differences are very slight.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOSE</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Nasion Depression</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>170 21</td><td align='right'>579 71</td><td align='right'>63 8</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>103 67</td><td align='right'>9 6</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>32 27</td><td align='right'>85 71</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>45 22</td><td align='right'>144 69</td><td align='right'>10 10</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>18 23</td><td align='right'>56 71</td><td align='right'>6 6</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Root Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>63 8</td><td align='right'>555 67</td><td align='right'>194 24</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>96 63</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>39 33</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>157 75</td><td align='right'>42 20</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>57 72</td><td align='right'>18 23</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Root Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>258 32</td><td align='right'>554 68</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>38 25</td><td align='right'>115 75</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>53 44</td><td align='right'>66 55</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>67 32</td><td align='right'>142 68</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>55 70</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal Septum</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Straight</td><td align='right'>Concave</td><td align='right'>Convex</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>777 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>36 4</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>118 98</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>196 94</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>199</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Bridge Height</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>54 7</td><td align='right'>644 79</td><td align='right'>115 14</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>13 8</td><td align='right'>124 81</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>98 82</td><td align='right'>21 18</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>173 83</td><td align='right'>26 12</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>60 76</td><td align='right'>12 15</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>21 22</td><td align='right'>81 70</td><td align='right'>9 8</td><td align='right'>111</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Bridge Breadth</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>265 33</td><td align='right'>546 67</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>29 19</td><td align='right'>124 81</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>72 60</td><td align='right'>48 40</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>62 30</td><td align='right'>147 70</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>23 29</td><td align='right'>56 71</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal Profile</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Concave</td><td align='right'>Straight</td><td align='right'>Convex</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>14 2</td><td align='right'>625 77</td><td align='right'>173 21</td><td align='right'>812</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>123 80</td><td align='right'>30 20</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>88 73</td><td align='right'>31 26</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>171 82</td><td align='right'>34 16</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>59 75</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Moderate nasion depression characterizes the majority of noses (71 per
+cent). Pronounced depression is recorded for 8 per cent, and submedium
+occurrence in 21 per cent. Only one individual lacks any depression.
+This distribution does not vary much among the provinces.</p>
+
+<p>A well-elevated nasal root is also characteristic; 67 per cent show
+moderate elevation and 24 per cent pronounced, whereas 8 per cent are
+submedium; one individual is without any elevation. The interior Fijians
+have a little higher frequency of low nasal root (10 per cent), whereas
+the eastern people, with a 30 per cent incidence, excel in the
+pronounced category.</p>
+
+<p>More striking is the breadth of the Fijian nasal root. It is pronounced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+in 68 per cent and moderate in the remainder of the series. Pronounced
+breadth is commoner among the interior people (75 per cent) and least
+preponderant in the east (55 per cent).</p>
+
+<p>The nasal septum is nearly always straight; the only departure from this
+condition is a 4 per cent incidence of convexity. Regional differences
+are not significant.</p>
+
+<p>Nasal bridge height is commonly medium (79 per cent) in the totality of
+noses. Fourteen percent are pronouncedly high and 7 per cent are
+submedium. The several provinces do not depart very far from this
+distribution.</p>
+
+<p>The Fijian nose shows a strong tendency to broadness of the bridge.
+Two-thirds show pronounced breadth of bridge and the remainder are
+medium. Pronounced broadness increases in the interior groups (81 per
+cent) and shows a marked decline in the east (40 per cent).</p>
+
+<p>Nasal profiles are most often straight (77 per cent), but convex noses
+are not uncommon (21 per cent). Convexity is slightly more frequent in
+the east (26 percent), whereas in the coastal people its incidence drops
+to 16 per cent.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal-Tip Thickness</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>344 42</td><td align='right'>461 58</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>812</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>55 36</td><td align='right'>98 64</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>80 67</td><td align='right'>39 33</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>94 45</td><td align='right'>114 55</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>52 66</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal-Tip Inclination</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>731 90</td><td align='right'>57 7</td><td align='right'>24 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>812</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>147 96</td><td align='right'>6 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>109 91</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>186 89</td><td align='right'>16 8</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>71 90</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Nasal Wings</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Compressed</td><td align='right'>Medium</td><td align='right'>Flaring</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>198 24</td><td align='right'>615 76</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>25 16</td><td align='right'>128 84</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>70 58</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>42 20</td><td align='right'>167 80</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 20</td><td align='right'>63 80</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The nasal tip is pronounced more often than not, 58 per cent showing
+this condition. The remaining 42 per cent have tips of medium thickness.
+Thicker tips occur more often in the interior (64 per cent) and in the
+northwest (66 per cent), least often in the east (33 per cent).</p>
+
+<p>Usually the nasal tip is not inclined downward. Slight and moderate
+inclination has a combined incidence of only 10 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Flaring nasal wings are a common condition (76 per cent). This incidence
+rises to 84 per cent in the interior and drops to 42 per cent in the
+east.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOUTH</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Lip Thickness: Membranous</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>19 2</td><td align='right'>428 53</td><td align='right'>364 45</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>10 7</td><td align='right'>43 28</td><td align='right'>100 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>83 69</td><td align='right'>36 30</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>88 42</td><td align='right'>119 57</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>39 49</td><td align='right'>36 46</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>97 84</td><td align='right'>7 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>116</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Lip Thickness: Integumental</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>4 1/2</td><td align='right'>608 75</td><td align='right'>201 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>114 75</td><td align='right'>38 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>19 16</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>164 78</td><td align='right'>43 21</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>55 70</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>26 20</td><td align='right'>106 80</td><td align='right'>133</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>12 14</td><td align='right'>73 86</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Lip Eversion</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>12 1</td><td align='right'>333 41</td><td align='right'>444 55</td><td align='right'>24 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>63 41</td><td align='right'>88 58</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>8 7</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>35 29</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>63 30</td><td align='right'>138 66</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>26 33</td><td align='right'>51 65</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Lip Seam</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>33 4</td><td align='right'>429 53</td><td align='right'>343 42</td><td align='right'>8 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79 52</td><td align='right'>73 48</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>14 12</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>29 24</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>105 50</td><td align='right'>94 45</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>44 56</td><td align='right'>32 41</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Fijian lips are Negroid in thickness in many instances. Membranous lips
+are thick in 45 per cent of the series, medium in 53 per cent, and
+submedium in 25 per cent. Thickest lips occur in the interior and
+coastal areas where the pronounced type registers 65 per cent and 57 per
+cent, respectively. In the east, lips are more moderate in thickness,
+and the pronounced category drops to 30 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Integumental lips also tend to be heavy but not so much as the mucous
+parts. Twenty-five per cent of the total Fijians have thick integumental
+lips and the remainder are moderate. Howells' Fiji II series classes 80
+per cent as very pronounced and the remainder as pronounced. The Solomon
+Islanders, with an 86 per cent incidence of very pronounced, have the
+heaviest lips of all.</p>
+
+<p>Lip eversion varies largely between moderate and submedium, 55 percent
+and 41 per cent, respectively. The interior and coastal Fijians show
+this trait a little more often than the others, whereas the eastern
+people have least lip eversion. The lip seam is present in nearly all
+cases, but not to a pronounced degree. Fifty-three per cent are
+submedium and 42 per cent are moderate. The eastern groups are
+definitely less endowed with this trait. The other provinces vary but
+little from the total distribution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+<h3>TEETH</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Bite</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Under</td><td align='right'>E-E</td><td align='right'>Subm. over</td><td align='right'>+ over</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>518 64</td><td align='right'>274 34</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>807</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>94 61</td><td align='right'>59 39</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>73 61</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>130 62</td><td align='right'>76 36</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>49 62</td><td align='right'>23 29</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>50 38</td><td align='right'>77 59</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>37 45</td><td align='right'>45 54</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>83</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Caries</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.(1-4)</td><td align='right'>+ (5-8)</td><td align='right'>++ (9-16)</td><td align='right'>+++ (17-x)</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>645 78</td><td align='right'>80 10</td><td align='right'>58 7</td><td align='right'>22 3</td><td align='right'>8 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>130 84</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>10 12</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>153 73</td><td align='right'>29 14</td><td align='right'>16 8</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>62 80</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>78</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Crowding</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>685 84</td><td align='right'>115 14</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>134 88</td><td align='right'>19 12</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>180 86</td><td align='right'>25 12</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>64 81</td><td align='right'>14 18</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>78</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Tooth Eruption</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Complete</td><td align='right'>Incomplete</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>796 98</td><td align='right'>15 2</td><td align='right'>811</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>119 99</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>199 95</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>74 94</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Wear</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>184 23</td><td align='right'>443 54</td><td align='right'>144 18</td><td align='right'>42 5</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>27 {18}</td><td align='right'>58 {38}</td><td align='right'>37 {24}</td><td align='right'>31 {20}</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>26 {22}</td><td align='right'>69 {57}</td><td align='right'>24 {20}</td><td align='right'>1 {1}</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>60 {29}</td><td align='right'>120 {57}</td><td align='right'>28 {13}</td><td align='right'>1 {1/2}</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>12 {15}</td><td align='right'>47 {60}</td><td align='right'>17 {22}</td><td align='right'>2 {3}</td><td align='right'>78</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The jaws of Fijians have a rather distinctive frequency of edge-to-edge
+bite. I recorded this as 64 per cent, but Howells' series indicates a 38
+per cent incidence.</p>
+
+<p>The quality of Fijian teeth as reflected by frequency of caries is
+excellent. Nearly 80 per cent of the total show no tooth decay. The
+soundest teeth from this standpoint occur in the interior, the east, and
+the northwest. The coastal people show the highest incidence of caries,
+an interesting point since many of this sample come from around Suva and
+have more access to the Western processed foods.</p>
+
+<p>Tooth crowding is quite uncommon to Fijians, a condition consistent with
+their generous jaw conformation. Crowding is noted in only 16 per cent
+of the series, and most of it is slight.</p>
+
+<p>Tooth eruption is complete in nearly all the subjects. A 2 per cent
+incidence of incomplete eruption is entirely due to the immaturity of
+some of the young adults. No pathological suppression was noted.</p>
+
+<p>Some wear of the teeth is recorded for more than three-quarters of the
+series, but lacking age incidence, the data has limited meaning. The
+Fijian diet is not abrasive the way, for instance, it is for the Indians
+of our Southwest, where the staple food is ground in stone mills.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EARS</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Ear Helix</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>230 28</td><td align='right'>511 63</td><td align='right'>72 9</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>45 29</td><td align='right'>99 65</td><td align='right'>9 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>29 24</td><td align='right'>74 62</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>58 28</td><td align='right'>128 61</td><td align='right'>23 11</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>51 65</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Darwin's Point</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>761 94</td><td align='right'>36 4</td><td align='right'>15 2</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>150 98</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>112 93</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>187 89</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>4 4</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>77 97</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Ear-Lobe Type</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Soldered</td><td align='right'>Attached</td><td align='right'>Free</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>80 10</td><td align='right'>531 65</td><td align='right'>202 25</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>47 31</td><td align='right'>74 48</td><td align='right'>32 21</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>85 71</td><td align='right'>32 27</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>9 4</td><td align='right'>141 67</td><td align='right'>59 28</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>5 6</td><td align='right'>52 66</td><td align='right'>22 28</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Ear-Lobe Size</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>176 22</td><td align='right'>457 56</td><td align='right'>178 22</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>49 32</td><td align='right'>66 43</td><td align='right'>38 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>16 13</td><td align='right'>76 63</td><td align='right'>27 23</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>31 15</td><td align='right'>123 59</td><td align='right'>55 26</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>47 59</td><td align='right'>12 15</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Ear Protrusion</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>262 32</td><td align='right'>463 57</td><td align='right'>86 11</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>47 31</td><td align='right'>90 59</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>31 26</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>75 36</td><td align='right'>114 55</td><td align='right'>19 9</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>26 33</td><td align='right'>49 62</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Ear Slant</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>416 51</td><td align='right'>332 41</td><td align='right'>65 8</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>78 51</td><td align='right'>67 44</td><td align='right'>8 5</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>55 46</td><td align='right'>52 43</td><td align='right'>13 11</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>118 56</td><td align='right'>74 35</td><td align='right'>17 8</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>38 48</td><td align='right'>39 49</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The Fijian ear is a moderately distinctive appendage from a racial
+standpoint. The helix shows moderate development on the whole and is
+submedium otherwise except for a 9 per cent incidence of pronounced
+appearance. Regional variation is small.</p>
+
+<p>The Darwin's point is noted in a number of cases: 4 per cent to a
+submedium degree and 2 per cent medium.</p>
+
+<p>The ear lobe is somewhat distinctive with a 65 per cent incidence of the
+attached condition and 10 per cent soldered. The remaining 25 per cent
+is free. This distinctiveness is more marked among the interior groups
+where the soldered type of lobe increases to 31 percent.</p>
+
+<p>Ear-lobe size is moderate in more than half the series, pronounced in 22
+per cent, and submedium in 22 per cent. Small lobes are commoner in the
+interior province.</p>
+
+<p>Moderate ear protrusion is the commonest form followed by submedium.
+Marked projection is recorded as 11 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Ear slant either is lacking or slight in most instances; the series is
+rather evenly divided between these two categories, the zero category
+having a small majority. Moderate slant is noted for 8 per cent.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BODY BUILD</h3>
+
+<h3><i>Body Build: Endomorph</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>260 32</td><td align='right'>334 42</td><td align='right'>126 15</td><td align='right'>46 6</td><td align='right'>33 4</td><td align='right'>12 1</td><td align='right'>811</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>49 32</td><td align='right'>66 43</td><td align='right'>26 17</td><td align='right'>5 3</td><td align='right'>6 4</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>30 25</td><td align='right'>54 45</td><td align='right'>21 18</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>8 7</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>119</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>77 37</td><td align='right'>82 39</td><td align='right'>28 13</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>26 33</td><td align='right'>34 43</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Body Build: Mesomorph</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 {0.1}</td><td align='right'>2 {0.2}</td><td align='right'>33 4</td><td align='right'>131 16</td><td align='right'>227 28</td><td align='right'>419 52</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>11 7</td><td align='right'>27 18</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>73 48</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>14 12</td><td align='right'>38 32</td><td align='right'>65 54</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>9 4</td><td align='right'>29 14</td><td align='right'>67 32</td><td align='right'>104 50</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>15 19</td><td align='right'>14 18</td><td align='right'>47 59</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<h3><i>Body Build: Ectomorph</i></h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>351 43</td><td align='right'>195 24</td><td align='right'>110 14</td><td align='right'>88 11</td><td align='right'>68 8</td><td align='right'>1 {0.1}</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>54 35</td><td align='right'>56 37</td><td align='right'>13 8</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>49 41</td><td align='right'>33 28</td><td align='right'>15 13</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>11 9</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>84 40</td><td align='right'>51 24</td><td align='right'>36 17</td><td align='right'>18 9</td><td align='right'>19 9</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>39 49</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>Variations in body build have been expressed with the Sheldon method of
+somatotyping.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Accordingly, the Fijians are primarily and definitely
+mesomorphic, with endomorphy the second strongest component, and
+ectomorphy, third. About 80 per cent of the total series had a
+mesomorphic rating of 5 and 6 which leaves no doubt as to the
+prevailingly athletic physique. Endomorphy is seldom pronounced so that
+obesity may be described as no more than occasional. A pronounced linear
+build is likewise relatively infrequent.</p>
+
+<p>The Fijian subgroups do not vary markedly from the over-all pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SUMMARY</h3>
+
+<p>The preceding data may be summarized from three points of view. The
+first will emphasize the physical features that are common to most
+Fijians. At the outset it should be pointed out that a "typical" Fijian
+does not exist, except as a statistical abstraction. The racial
+composition of the Fijian is complex and far from being homogeneous.
+There is no doubt, from the physical and cultural evidence, as well as
+the geographical location, that Fijians are related to both Melanesians
+and Polynesians. The second point is to give a precise indication of
+these affinities with Melanesia and Polynesia. A third concern of this
+analysis is the geographical variability within Fiji. This consists of a
+regional breakdown of the Fijian data into interior, eastern, coastal,
+and northwestern divisions, in order to demonstrate some of the local
+variation of the Melanesian-Polynesian ingredients and their possible
+meaning.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Body (pl. 1).</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;In general size and appearance, the Fijian is tall and well
+proportioned. His body is fairly tall and well muscled, that is,
+predominately athletic in build. Obesity is relatively uncommon except
+in moderate degrees. This rather tall stature allies the Fijians more
+closely with the Polynesians. Shoulder, chest, and hip diameters also
+indicate that Fijians are generously endowed.</p>
+
+<p>The Fijians who occupy the mountainous interior of the main island are
+less tall than the coastal and eastern people; they also have narrower
+shoulders, relatively deeper and narrower chests, whereas their arms and
+legs are somewhat shorter. The eastern Fijians are tallest of all
+subgroups.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Skin Color.</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;Most Fijians have either medium- or dark-brown skin on the
+exposed facial surfaces. The more protected body areas show higher
+frequencies of medium brown and light brown. The Fijians are definitely
+less dark than the Melanesians but are darker, on the whole, than the
+Polynesians.</p>
+
+<p>The interior hill tribes are darker than the eastern and coastal groups.
+The lightest average skin shade occurs in the east.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Hair (pls. 6 and 7).</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;In several respects the hair is the most
+consistent endowment of the Fijians. In nearly all instances it is
+black, frizzly, and coarse. The only departure from this condition is an
+occasional instance of dark brown and a few instances of rufous shade.
+Curly hair is a more common exception in the east. The coastal and
+northwestern people are nearer to the interior condition of frizzly
+hair. All in all, the hair form is definitely Melanesian. Hair length
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+conforms to the general Melanesian condition, that is, intermediate
+between short Negroid and long Caucasiod or Mongoloid.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable beard and body hair is common to Fijians (pls. 8 and 9).
+Moderate to pronounced beard is shown by nearly three-quarters of the
+total series, and body hair is even more prevelant. General hairiness is
+also exhibited by the Solomon Islanders and the Tongans in the
+comparative data. The interior tribes of Fiji are more hairy than the
+other groups. This prevelence of body and face hair seems to conform to
+parts of Melanesia where it may be regarded as an Australoid element.
+Its presence in the Tongan data does not seem to be representative of
+other Polynesians, who are generally described as more glabrous.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Head (pl. 2).</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;Moderate brachycephaly is the commonest head form of
+Fijians, although the total range is great. In this respect the Fijians
+resemble the broad-headed Tongans, and are quite distinct from the
+longer-headed Melanesians. The Fijian head, despite its general
+brachycephaly, is rather compressed in the temporal area and submedium
+in parietal elevation. The back of the cranium is characteristically
+flattened, a natural conformation as no deformation is practiced.</p>
+
+<p>The interior mountain tribes of Fiji have narrower heads and lower
+cranial indices than do the coastal and eastern groups. The interior
+people also have lesser head heights and a higher breadth-height index.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Forehead (pl. 10).</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;Moderate to strongly developed supraorbital ridges
+are a common Fijian endowment. Similarly are low and sloping foreheads.
+These features have been observed in western Melanesia, where, like
+hairiness, they suggest Australoid of archaic Caucasoid elements.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Face.</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;Broadness characterizes the Fijian face. Bizygomatic breadth
+locates them nearer to the Polynesians than to the narrower-faced
+Melanesians. Strongly developed malars are common, and they tend to
+project laterally more than frontally. Widest faces appear among the
+eastern people.</p>
+
+<p>Bigonial and bicanine widths show that generous breadth includes the
+lower parts of the face, a condition born out by strong gonial angles.</p>
+
+<p>Face length falls between the long-faced Tongans and the definitely
+shorter-faced Melanesians (pls. 3 and 4).</p>
+
+<p>Some prognathism is common among Fijians, both total and mid-facial, but
+the condition is not universal nor pronounced. The eastern Fijians are
+the least prognathic (pl. 10).</p>
+
+<h3><i>Eyes.</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;Dark brown is the prevailing eye color, although many subjects
+have medium-brown eyes. Eye folds are only occasional and eye-opening
+height is usually moderate. Slight eye obliquity is common, more so in
+the eastern sample.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Nose (pl. 4).</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;Great variability marks the nasal area. The commonest
+condition is a broad and moderately long nose. Medium nasion depression
+is frequent; the root is wide and moderately elevated. Bridge breadth is
+often pronounced and the nasal profile is straight to convex. The nasal
+tip is characteristically thickened and nasal wings are usually flaring.
+On the whole, there is a great deal of Melanesian in the Fijian nose; it
+is Negroid, but not pronouncedly. Those aspects of the nose which may be
+termed Negroid are commoner in the interior hill people and the
+northwest and least evident in the east.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Lips (pl. 5).</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;Thick and moderately everted lips occur in nearly half
+the series. This Negroid combination is more manifest in the interior
+and least in the east. Integumental lips tend to be heavy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+<h3><i>Teeth.</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;The condition of the teeth is generally excellent. Most Fijians
+have broad, roomy jaws that permit complete and uncrowded tooth
+development. Dental caries are very infrequent. A rather high incidence
+of edge-to-edge bite is interesting.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Ears (pl. 5).</i></h3>
+
+<p>&mdash;The ears are usually moderate in length and tend to
+protrude. Ear lobes are commonly large and are more often attached or
+soldered than free.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="CONCLUSIONS" id="CONCLUSIONS"></a>CONCLUSIONS</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<p>On the whole the Fijians are predominately Melanesian but with numerous
+Polynesian affinities that vary with locality. The Melanesian qualities
+are in part Negroid or Negritoid and in part Australoid. The Negroid
+resemblances are best illustrated by frizzly black hair, broad noses
+with depressed nasion and flaring nostrils, thick lips, and dark
+pigmentation (pls. 11 and 12). Australoid elements are general
+hairiness, strong brow ridges, low, sloping foreheads, compressed
+parietal and temporal areas, and some prognathism (pl. 13). The presence
+of Australoid suggestions need not mean that they come from Australia,
+but that they form a part of the Melanesian make-up. This interpretation
+of the Melanesians as a hybrid people conforms with similar designations
+by such students as Birdsell<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> and Hooton.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Polynesian influence in
+Fiji is most clearly demonstrated by lighter pigmentation, tall and
+muscular body build, moderate brachycephaly, broad faces and jaws, high
+and fairly long noses and strong chins. I found much the same
+resemblances between Fijians and Polynesians as did Howells;<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+however, in my comparisons the Polynesian similarities are outweighed
+and outnumbered by a greater array of Melanesian characters. The
+essential Melanesian character of the Fijian population is further
+demonstrated by recent blood-analysis comparisons; the conclusions of
+Simmons <i>et al.</i>, identify the Fijians as Melanesian.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Fijians who live in the interior of Viti Levu show the most frequent
+Melanesian traits (pls. 11 and 14). These people are shorter, have
+narrower shoulders and chests; their heads are narrower and lower
+vaulted; they have broader noses, thicker lips, are hairier, and have
+darker skins. This condition, occurring as it does in the mountainous
+interior, which may be regarded as a refuge area, supports the theory
+that the Melanesian is the earlier component in Fiji.</p>
+
+<p>The eastern Fijians stand in considerable contrast to the interior
+tribes and are the most Polynesian in appearance (pl. 15). They have
+lighter skins, greater stature, and heavier musculature. Their heads are
+broader, as are their faces and jaws; their noses are larger, narrower,
+and higher bridged, and their chins are more pronounced.</p>
+
+<p>The coastal sample might be called intermediate or a more even blend of
+Melanesian and Polynesian.</p>
+
+<p>The northwestern people resemble the coastal tribes. This means they
+show fewer departures in either a Melanesian or Polynesian direction.
+This also means they do not tell us whether the legendary ancestors, who
+are supposed to have first landed in Fiji on the northwest coast of Viti
+Levu,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> were Melanesian or Polynesian. These data may mean one of
+three things: (1) the Fijian tradition of a landing at this place eight
+or ten generations ago is groundless, (2) the immigration did take place
+but whatever racial traits predominated, whether Melanesian or
+Polynesian, have been homogenized and obscured by subsequent
+intermixture and by movements back and forth on Viti Levu, (3) the
+landing did occur but the ancestors were already a Melanesian-Polynesian
+blend when they arrived.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="literature_box">
+<h2><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a>LITERATURE CITED</h2>
+
+<p>Birdsell. J. B.<br />
+1948. Racial Origin of the Extinct Tasmanians. Records of the Queen<br />
+Victoria Museum, Tasmania, Vol. II, No. 3.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Churchill, W.<br />
+1911. The Polynesian Wanderings. Carnegie Institute of Washington,<br />
+Publ. No. 134, Washington.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Derrick, R. A.<br />
+1951. History of Fiji. Printing and Stationery Dept., Suva, Fiji.<br />
+Fornander, A.<br />
+1878. The Polynesian Race. London.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Hocart, A. M.<br />
+1929. Lau Islands, Fiji. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bull. 62,<br />
+Honolulu.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Hooton, E. A.<br />
+1946. Up From the Ape. Macmillan Co., New York<br /></p>
+
+<p>Howells. W. W.<br />
+1933. Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the Solomon Islands.<br />
+American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Papers, Vol. 33,<br />
+Pt. 4.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Roth, G. K.<br />
+1953. The Fijian Way of Life. Oxford University Press, London.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Simmon, R. T., J. J. Graydon, and G. Barnes<br />
+1945.&nbsp; The Medical Journal of Australia, May 26.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Sullivan, L. R.<br />
+1922.&nbsp; A Contribution to Tongan Somotology. Bernice P. Bishop Museum,<br />
+Vol. VIII, No. 4.<br /></p>
+
+<p>Thomson, B.<br />
+1908.&nbsp; The Fijians: A Study of the Decay of Custom. Wm. Heinemann,<br />
+London.<br /></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PLATES" id="PLATES"></a>PLATES</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 429px;">
+<img src="images/grey0029.jpg" width="429" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 1. NEAR-AVERAGE BODY FEATURES</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>Stature: 173.3 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Weight: 172.1 lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Arm length: 75.1 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Leg length: 82.2 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Shoulder breadth: 41 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Hip breadth: 29.1 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Shoulder-hip index: 71.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Chest breadth: 28.8 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Chest depth: 22.8 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Thoracic index: 75.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Sitting height: 86.3 cm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Sitting height-stature index: 50.0</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Body build: Strongly mesomorphic</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;">
+<img src="images/grey0030.jpg" width="548" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 2. NEAR-AVERAGE CRANIAL FEATURES</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>Head length: 187.2 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Head breadth: 156.9 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Cephalic index: 83.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Head height: 128.6 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Length-height index: 68.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Length-breadth index: 81.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Minimum frontal diameter: 109.8 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Fronto-parietal index: 70.0</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/grey0031.jpg" width="400" height="553" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 3. NEAR-AVERAGE FACIAL FEATURES</h3>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>Bizygomatic breadth: 146.7 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Cephalo-facial index: 93.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Zygo-frontal index: 75.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Bigonial breadth: 109.6 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Fronto-gonial index: 100.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Zygo-gonial index: 74.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Bicanine breadth: 39.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Total facial height: 122.3 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Total facial index: 84.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Upper facial height: 71.3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Upper facial index: 48.9</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Nasal height: 53.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Nasal breadth: 45.5</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Nasal index: 85.6</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 574px;">
+<img src="images/grey0032.jpg" width="574" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 4. NEAR-AVERAGE FACE AND NOSE FEATURES</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><b><i>FACE</i></b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced malars</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderately long face</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Wide gonia</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate chin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate prognathism</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><b><i>NOSE</i></b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Broad bridge</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Wide root</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate length</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Thick tip</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Flaring nostrils</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Straight profile</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 570px;">
+<img src="images/grey0033.jpg" width="570" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 5. NEAR-AVERAGE LIP AND EAR FEATURES</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'><b><i>LIPS</i></b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderately thick</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced lip seam</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate eversion</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'><b><i>EARS</i></b></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate size</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Small lobe</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Attached lobe</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate protrusion</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px;">
+<img src="images/grey0034.jpg" width="575" height="357" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 6. NEAR-AVERAGE HAIR FEATURES</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>Black color</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Frizzly form</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced quantity</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Coarse texture</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Intermediate length</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 580px;">
+<img src="images/grey0035.jpg" width="580" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 7. HAIR FORM VARIANTS</h3>
+<p class="center">CURLY HAIR&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;WAVY HAIR</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 570px;">
+<img src="images/grey0036.jpg" width="570" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 8. PRONOUNCED BODY HAIR</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>20 per cent occurrence</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 570px;">
+<img src="images/grey0037.jpg" width="570" height="400" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 9. PRONOUNCED BEARD</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>26 per cent occurrence</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/grey0038.jpg" width="400" height="492" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 10. FACIAL VARIATIONS</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>No prognathism</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>High forehead</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate browridges</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderate prognathism</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Low, receding forehead</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced browridges</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced prognathism</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Low, receding forehead</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Very pronounced browridges</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/grey0039.jpg" width="400" height="496" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 11. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE NEGROID)</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>Shorter stature</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Narrower shoulders</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Deeper chest</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Darker skin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Narrower head</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Broader nose</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Thicker lips</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;">
+<img src="images/grey0040.jpg" width="365" height="575" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 12. "NEGROID" FIJIAN</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px;">
+<img src="images/grey0041.jpg" width="575" height="342" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 13. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE AUSTRALOID)</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>Heavier beard and body hair</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Lower, more sloping forehead</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>More compressed parietals</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>More pronounced brow ridges</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>More prognathic</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/grey0042.jpg" width="400" height="459" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 14. "AUSTRALOID" FIJIANS</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px;">
+<img src="images/grey0043.jpg" width="575" height="344" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATE 15. EASTERN SUBJECT (MORE POLYNESIAN)</h3>
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='center'>Lighter skin</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Less beard and body hair</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Wavy hair</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Wider head</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Higher, steeper forehead</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Less prognathic</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Higher, narrower nose</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='center'>Moderately thick lips</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/grey0044.jpg" width="400" height="493" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<h3>Illustration: PLATE 16. "POLYNESIAN" FIJIANS</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label"></span>[1]</a> Hooton, 1946, pp. 735-763.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label"></span>[2]</a> Derrick, 1946, pp. 5-6.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label"></span>[3]</a> Ibid., pp. 7-8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label"></span>[4]</a> Population statistics from "Fiji Information," of 1954,
+issued by Public Relations Office, Suva, Fiji.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label"></span>[5]</a> Hooton, 1946, p. 621.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label"></span>[6]</a> Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label"></span>[7]</a> Fornander, 1878.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label"></span>[8]</a> Churchill, 1911.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label"></span>[9]</a> Hocart, 1929, p. 236.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label"></span>[10]</a> Howells, 1933, p. 335.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label"></span>[11]</a> Roth, 1953, pp. 54, 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label"></span>[12]</a> One pound deducted for dress (usually shorts only).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label"></span>[13]</a> By subtracting sitting height from total stature.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label"></span>[14]</a> Cranial measurements are not distorted by cradling
+practice or other causes of deformation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label"></span>[15]</a> Howells records skin color with the von Luschan scale. I
+have adjusted this scale to my own.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label"></span>[16]</a> + means medium or moderate; ++ means pronounced; +++ means
+very pronounced.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label"></span>[17]</a> Observation taken on the chest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label"></span>[18]</a> W. H. Sheldon, <i>The Variation of Human Physique</i>, Harper and
+Bros., 1940.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label"></span>[19]</a> Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label"></span>[20]</a> Hooton, 1946, p. 621.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label"></span>[21]</a> Howells, 1933, p. 332.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label"></span>[22]</a> Simmons <i>et al.</i>, 1945, pp. 3-4</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label"></span>[23]</a> See pp. 1 and 4 of Introduction.</p></div>
+
+<p class="center">[Transcriber's Note: Figures incorrectly entered as zero have been calculated and inserted in {}.]</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. Gabel
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+Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. Gabel
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: A Racial Study of the Fijians
+
+Author: Norman E. Gabel
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39140]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jude Eylander, Joseph Cooper
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of
+population made by the author.]
+
+ A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS
+
+ BY
+ NORMAN E. GABEL
+
+ ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
+
+ Vol. 20, No. I
+
+ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
+
+ ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
+
+ Editors: C. W. Meighan, Harry Hoijer. Eshref Shevky
+ Volume 20, No. 1. pp. 1-44, plates 1-15
+
+ Submitted by editors April 11, 1957
+ Issued March 27, 1958
+ Price. $1.00
+
+ University of California Press
+ Berkeley and Los Angeles
+ California
+
+ Cambridge University Press
+ London, England
+
+ Manufactured in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ _Page_
+ Introduction 1
+ The problem and procedure 1
+ The habitat 2
+ History 3
+ Population 3
+ Racial background 4
+ Acknowledgments 4
+
+ Measurements and indices 5
+ General 5
+ Weight 5
+ Stature 5
+ Span 5
+ Span-stature index 5
+ The trunk 5
+ Sitting height 5
+ Relative sitting height 5
+ Biacromial 6
+ Relative shoulder breadth 6
+ Bi-iliac 6
+ Shoulder-hip 6
+ Chest breadth 6
+ Chest depth 6
+ Thoracic 6
+ Arms and legs 6
+ Arm length 6
+ Humeral length 6
+ Radial length 7
+ Radial-humeral 7
+ Leg length 7
+ Tibial length 7
+ Calf circumference 7
+ The head 7
+ Head circumference 7
+ Head length 7
+ Head breadth 7
+ Cephalic index 7
+ Head height 8
+ Length-height 8
+ Breadth-height 8
+ Cranial module 8
+ Minimum frontal 8
+ Fronto-parietal 8
+ The face 8
+ Bizygomatic 8
+ Cephalo-facial 9
+ Zygo-frontal 9
+ Total face height 9
+ Total facial index 9
+ Upper face height 9
+ Upper facial index 9
+ Bigonial 9
+ Fronto-gonial 9
+ Zygo-gonial 10
+ Nasal height 10
+ Nasal breadth 10
+ Nasal index 10
+ Nasal depth 10
+ Nasal-depth index 10
+ Mouth breadth 10
+ Lip thickness 10
+ Ear length 10
+ Ear breadth 11
+ Ear index 11
+ Bicanine breadth 11
+
+ Morphological observations 12
+ Pigmentation 12
+ Skin color: exposed 12
+ Skin color: unexposed 12
+ Hair color 13
+ Eye color 13
+ Hair 13
+ Hair form 13
+ Hair texture 14
+ Head hair quantity 14
+ Hair length 14
+ Baldness 14
+ Beard quantity 14
+ Body hair 15
+ Grayness: head 15
+ Grayness: beard 16
+ The face 16
+ Prognathism: total 16
+ Prognathism: mid-facial 16
+ Prognathism: alveolar 16
+ Malar projection: lateral 16
+ Malar projection: frontal 16
+ Gonial angles 16
+ Palate shape 16
+ Chin prominence 17
+ Chin type 17
+ The head 17
+ Temporal fullness 17
+ Occipital protrusion 17
+ Lambdoidal flattening 17
+ Occipital flattening 17
+ Median sagittal crest 17
+ Parietal bosses 17
+ Cranial asymmetry 17
+ Facial asymmetry 18
+ Eyes 18
+ Eye folds: external 18
+ Eye fold: median 18
+ Eye folds: internal 18
+ Eye obliquity 18
+ Eye opening 18
+ Forehead 18
+ Brow ridges 18
+ Forehead height 19
+ Forehead slope 19
+ Nose 19
+ Nasion depression 19
+ Root height 19
+ Root breadth 19
+ Nasal septum 19
+ Bridge height 19
+ Bridge breadth 19
+ Nasal profile 19
+ Nasal-tip thickness 20
+ Nasal-tip inclination 20
+ Nasal wings 20
+ Mouth 20
+ Lip thickness: membranous 20
+ Lip thickness: integumental 20
+ Lip eversion 20
+ Lip seam 20
+ Teeth 21
+ Bite 21
+ Caries 21
+ Crowding 21
+ Tooth eruption 21
+ Wear 21
+ Ears 21
+ Ear helix 21
+ Darwin's point 21
+ Ear-lobe type 22
+ Ear-lobe size 22
+ Ear protrusion 22
+ Ear slant 22
+ Body build 22
+ Body build: endomorph 22
+ Body build: mesomorph 22
+ Body build: ectomorph 22
+ Summary 23
+
+ Conclusions 25
+
+ Literature cited 26
+
+ Plates 27
+
+
+MAP
+
+ Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of population
+ made by the author ... frontispiece
+
+
+
+
+A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS
+BY
+NORMAN E. GABEL
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+This paper concerns itself with a physical survey of the native male
+population of Fiji. The main objective is a description of these people
+by means of anthropometric procedure.[1] The treatment includes, first,
+a description of the Fijians as a whole, second, a comparison with
+neighboring people, and third, regional differences among the Fijians
+themselves.
+
+
+THE PROBLEM AND PROCEDURE
+
+The data used in this survey were secured in 1954 during a stay of seven
+months in Fiji. My plan was to obtain anthropometric samples from
+several parts of the archipelago; this plan was only slightly altered as
+time and transportation facilities directed. Each of the three main
+administrative districts into which the islands are divided were visited
+and within each district samples were secured from most of the
+constituent provinces. The original sample consisted of 880 subjects.
+Later, 65 subjects were excluded for various reasons: some were part
+Samoan or Tongan, a few were Rotumans, and others were immature. The
+number finally used stands at 815.
+
+A limited amount of comparative material has been included in order to
+help locate the Fijians in the overall Pacific picture. These data were
+drawn from W. W. Howells, "Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the
+Solomon Islands" in The American Museum of Natural History,
+Anthropological Papers, volume 33, part 4, 1933, and from L. R.
+Sullivan, "A Contribution to Tongan Somatology" based on the field
+studies of E. W. Gifford and W. C. McKern, in Memoires of the Bernice P.
+Bishop Museum, volume 8, number 4, 1922. The latter report provides
+comparison with what may be termed western Polynesians who are also the
+nearest Polynesians to the Fijians. The Fijian data in Howell's paper
+make it possible for me to check some of my own Fijian material, and the
+Solomon Island data in the same report provide a Melanesian measuring
+stick.
+
+Since an over-all description of the Fijians is the initial concern of
+this paper, each physical trait measured or derived from measurement is
+tabulated according to range, average, and deviation. Traits observed
+but not measured are presented according to degree of development, e.g.,
+absent, medium, and pronounced, and according to percentage of
+occurrence. Further statistical manipulation is not deemed necessary for
+the writer's purposes.
+
+It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people. They are
+regarded, and with good reason, as a hybrid of, mainly, Melanesian and
+Polynesian components. Their geographical location, their history, and
+their physical appearance bear this out.
+
+The proportions of Polynesian and Melanesian elements are, of course,
+not evenly distributed throughout Fiji. Even superficial observation
+indicates that the natives range from strongly Melanesian to markedly
+Polynesian. To demonstrate how this variability follows certain regional
+trends, the data have been broken down into four geographical areas.
+This subdivision rests on several considerations and merits further
+comment.
+
+One of the subgroups represents the people of the mountainous interior
+of Viti Levu, the main island of Fiji (see accompanying map). This
+region may be regarded as something of a refuge area. Fijians from this
+relatively isolated locality might reasonably be expected to exhibit
+more of the earlier racial elements of the total composition. It should
+be pointed out, however, that the degree of isolation associated with
+this; interior; group is not extreme. Fiji tradition and history
+indicate extensive interregional movement. Particularly in early
+historic times, when the advent of firearms and other Western culture
+greatly stimulated intergroup warfare and cannibalism, there was much
+moving about from one region to another. With all this, the interior
+people still remained, as indeed they are today, more apart from the
+rest of the population and less subject to outside influence.
+
+The second segment chosen for interregional comparison is in the central
+Lau Islands and is designated in this paper as the "eastern" group.
+Lying as they do, at the eastern end of Fiji, they are closest to Tonga,
+the nearest Polynesian neighbors. Tongan contact with Fiji in
+prehistoric as well as more recent times is well established.[2] It is
+in the Lau Islands that Polynesian cultural affinities are most marked.
+Hence, it seems a logical choice for a second and separate glance in the
+racial history.
+
+The third comparative sample might be termed an intermediate group. It
+is taken from the coastal villages of eastern Viti Levu, largely from
+the provinces of Rewa and Tailevu. This area is geographically between
+the "interior" and "eastern" groups and is referred to in this paper as
+the "coastal" group.
+
+The final regional division represents the northwestern parts of Viti
+Levu. This is the place where, according to Fiji tradition, their
+ancestors first landed after migrating from the west.[3] Fijian legend,
+which gives this hint of their ancestry, does not include a physical
+description of these immigrants. Nor does it define the physical
+appearance of the earlier people whom the newcomers encountered and with
+whom they mingled. On the rather slim hope that anthropometry might shed
+a little light on this questionable phase of Fijian history, this area,
+along with the first three, has received separate treatment.
+
+
+THE HABITAT
+
+The islands of Fiji are centrally located in the southwest Pacific. Over
+three hundred islands and islets make up the archipelago, which spreads
+between latitudes 15' and 22' south of the equator for 300 miles. The
+international date line runs through Fiji at the Koro Sea and the Moala
+Island group.
+
+The total land area of the islands is about the equivalent of the state
+of Delaware, somewhat over 7,000 square miles. Two great islands account
+for nearly 95 per cent of the total area: Viti Levu, the largest, is
+over 4,000 square miles, and Vanua Levu, about half as large. Over 90
+per cent of the native population lives on these two islands although
+nearly a hundred other islands are inhabited.
+
+Most of the islands are made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The
+largest islands rest on a submerged portion of an ancient land mass,
+sometimes called the Melanesian continent, which goes back in time to
+the Paleozoic and, in its prime, intermittently connected Fiji with
+southeastern Asia and Australia. Subsequent submergence, followed by
+cycles of volcanic upbuilding, erosion, and more submergence over eons
+of time, gave the big islands their upper foundations. The last
+extensive volcanic activity and land uplift occurred in the Pleistocene
+and accounts for many of the present mountain masses. The final touches
+to the Fiji profile have been wrought by more recent weathering and
+erosion. Sedimentation is still going on at river mouths and along the
+coasts, where deltas are being built and mangrove thickets flourish.
+
+Many of the smaller islands are old limestone masses that were pushed up
+from the sea. Unlike the high craggy volcanic islands, these are lower
+and flat-topped. Typically, they contain a basin-shaped depressed area
+that is surrounded by a rim. These depressions are usually fertile and
+heavily forested.
+
+Coral islands make up the third variety of land forms. These are always
+small and low. Their small size, thinner soil, and lack of fresh water
+make them much less suitable for human habitation. But even a thin layer
+of soil produces a luxurious vegetation.
+
+Fringing and barrier reefs are abundant throughout the archipelago,
+surrounding nearly every island. The most striking of these formations
+is the Great Sea Reef, which forms an arc of nearly 300 miles along the
+western fringe of Fiji and encloses large areas of coral-infested sea.
+
+Moderately high mountains give to the larger islands a generally rugged
+terrain. The more extensive ranges lie across the path of the prevailing
+south and easterly winds producing windward and leeward climatic areas.
+On the windward side rainfall is heavy and rather evenly distributed
+over the year. Here the valleys and mountain slopes support a typical
+dense tropical growth. The leeward side, however, receives much less
+moisture and has wet and dry seasons. Scattered patches of trees and
+grasses cover the ground, whereas heavy stands of forest are confined to
+valley bottoms and higher mountain slopes. The mountainous interior of
+Viti Levu contains a number of peaks over 3,000 feet, the highest of
+which is Mt. Victoria, 4,341 feet.
+
+Surface water is abundant on the bigger islands. Several large and
+navigable rivers drain Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. The Rewa River, on the
+east side of Viti Levu is the largest and is navigable for small craft
+for 70 miles. Smaller rivers and hundreds of streams are important
+sources of food and drink for the people of the interior.
+
+Great flood plains are formed at the mouths of the larger rivers. These
+and the fertile flats that run back along the valleys contain the
+greatest population densities.
+
+The climate is generally pleasant and healthful. Tropical extremes of
+heat and humidity are moderated by the prevailing trades, which usually
+supply cool and pleasant breezes from the east. Still, days of
+uncomfortable heat and oppressive humidity are not unknown; however,
+such periods are protracted only in the interior. The climate is far
+from uniform throughout the islands. The windward sides, where rainfall
+often exceeds a hundred inches, have a more even temperature and
+sunshine is more moderate. On the leeward sides there is less general
+cloudiness and more sunshine, especially during the dry season. The
+smaller islands generally resemble the leeward areas in climate.
+
+Native plant and animal life, like much of the southwest Pacific, is
+southeastern Asiatic in type and in origin. In the more profuse and
+varied windward sides there are several general vegetation zones. Along
+the coasts and in the larger river basins occur alluvial vegetation
+largely dominated by several kinds of mangrove, which is densest in mud
+flats washed by the tide. In this zone trees are scattered, and many of
+them bear useful nuts and fruits. On the slopes and ridges behind the
+coastal belts are the great tropical rain forests. They make up a dense
+cover of evergreen trees interwoven with wild creepers and vines. Thick
+stands of shrubs and smaller trees add to the tropical profusion. Above
+2,000 feet the forests thin out and become more heavily coated with moss
+and lichens, and ferns and orchids attach themselves to the branches.
+Beyond 3,000 feet is the cloud belt, and above this trees become stunted
+and are finally replaced by hardy shrubs that cling to the rocks and
+crags.
+
+On the leeward sides, patches of rain forest are found only in the
+moister areas. More typical of this zone are thin-leaved trees
+interspersed in large expanses of meadow and grassland.
+
+A number of native plants are very vital to the Fijian livelihood and
+some have modern economic importance. Several timber trees are essential
+to house building, canoe construction, and wood carving. The ubiquitous
+palms, here as elsewhere in the Pacific, are vital sources of food,
+drink, building, and weaving materials and cordage. The mangrove
+provides firewood, house poles, fishing fences, and traps, laths for
+bows and black dye for their hair and tapa. Valuable starch is secured
+from the sago palm, which is cut just before flowering, and the leaves
+are a common thatching material. Various reeds, canes, and bamboos and
+lianas are useful to Fiji economy. In the drier areas reeds and grasses
+provide material for house walls, thatch, fish fences, and arrow shafts.
+Several kinds of trees yield edible nuts and fruits.
+
+Like other central-Pacific island groups, Fiji is poorly provided with
+indigenous mammals. A small gray rat is a considerable pest in gardens
+and homes, and a large nocturnal bat, which is called a flying fox,
+lives in tree colonies and is often seen at dusk in banana groves or
+other feeding places. All the economically important animals of Fiji
+have been introduced, such as pigs, fowl, dogs, cattle, horses, sheep,
+and goats.
+
+Bird life is diverse and interesting, although in a number of places
+introduced forms, like mynahs and turtle doves, have forced the native
+varieties back into the jungle. Several game birds such as doves,
+pigeons, and ducks are occasionally hunted.
+
+Snakes and lizards are fairly common on the islands; none is poisonous.
+Some are eaten, but the practice is not usual. Snakes had a more
+important place in the former religious and totemic practices.
+
+Much more vital to the native economy is the abundant and varied marine
+life. This, with gardening, provides the foundation of Fijian
+subsistence. Turtles, crabs, prawns, eels, to say nothing of scores of
+fishes, are hunted, trapped, poisoned, speared, and netted. The cycle of
+the balolo worm has here the same importance as in other Pacific
+islands.
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+The first western contact with Fiji was made in 1643 when Captain Abel
+Tasman entered Fijian waters and sighted several islands and reefs
+without realizing the nature of his discovery. Over a hundred years
+later, Captain Cook made a second contact by stopping at one of the
+southern Lau Islands. Real knowledge of the area began in 1792 when
+Captain Bligh sailed through the archipelago from the southeast to the
+northwest, following the famous mutiny of the _Bounty_. Bligh made an
+attempt to land, was attacked by natives, and continued through the
+islands with no more landings. He did, however, make a record of most of
+the islands he passed.
+
+In the nineteenth century, commercial contacts began in the form of
+sandalwood trade. This profitable commodity brought Europeans and
+Americans first to the Sandalwood Coast on the west side of Vanua Levu.
+During this period the first systematic survey of Fijian waters was
+made by the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1840. After little more
+than a decade the sandalwood supply was depleted to the point where
+trade virtually ceased.
+
+As a result of this initial commercial contact, which was mainly around
+western Vanua Levu and eastern Viti Levu, some marked changes were
+effected in Fijian culture. After the sandalwood traders abandoned Fiji
+for more profitable fields, a number of deserters and ship-wrecked men
+remained. These beachcombers, along with firearms that had been
+introduced by trade or salvaged from wrecks, brought about the first
+striking alterations. Rival chiefs competed for the acquisition of
+muskets, gunpowder, and beachcombers. The latter in some instances
+became attached to royal households as dubious advisors and instructors
+in the use of guns, powder, and shot. Some of these coaches enjoyed a
+status resembling that of household pets.
+
+The introduction of firearms changed the native political scene and
+increased the scope and destructiveness of warfare. For a time the
+rulers of Mbau in eastern Viti nearly monopolized the supply of muskets
+and white men. This established their political supremacy over rival
+leaders. Larger and stronger political and military alliances, some
+resembling small kingdoms, developed for purposes of defense or
+aggression. As warfare grew more frequent, new diseases entered the
+islands and trade in liquor advanced.
+
+After the third decade of the nineteenth century better elements began
+to enter Fiji and ensuing culture contact was not so consistently
+deplorable. _Beche-de-mer_ traders and whalers began to visit the islands
+for trade goods and supplies. Some began to settle at the east end of
+Viti Levu. Missionaries came in the 1830's and the Christianization of
+Fiji began.
+
+Internal conflict between rival chiefs, attacks on French, British, and
+American ships, with subsequent reprisals, continued and intensified. By
+mid-century, rivalry between the local kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa reached
+a peak. At this time the powerful ruler of Mbau, Thakombau, who
+dominated a large segment of eastern Viti Levu, had become hard pressed
+by his Rewa enemies. Thakombau submitted to the missionaries who had
+been pressing his conversion. With his support of the missionaries, the
+native struggles became a religious war between Christianity and
+paganism as well as between nativism and westernism. Thakombau's cause
+was rescued in 1855 when King George of Tonga brought an army of 2,000
+warriors to Fiji and combined his strength with that of the kingdom of
+Mbau. Thenceforth Thakombau remained the paramount chief in eastern Fiji
+and for some twenty ensuing years ruled under the dominance of Tongan
+princes. Another Tongan chief, Ma'afu, arrived in 1848 and set up a
+political domain that rivaled the kingdom of Thakombau.
+
+Throughout these struggles and particularly with the conversion of
+Thakombau and the leadership of the already Christianized Tongan chiefs,
+native religion, including cannibalism, rapidly declined. Meanwhile,
+English, Australian, and New Zealand settlers were augmenting earlier
+trade contacts. Plantations and trade centers developed, and in 1857 a
+British consul was appointed and set up at Levuka on the east coast of
+Viti Levu. A few years later Thakombau sought relief from the payment of
+indemnities to foreign powers and from internal harassments by an offer
+to cede his dominions to Great Britain. The initial offer was declined
+and the British consul was recalled in 1860.
+
+The next ten years saw a continuation of political and military turmoil
+stemming from rival interests of native rulers, Tongan interlopers, and
+European immigrants. A second appeal to the British government resulted
+in an unconditional deed of cession on October 10, 1874, which marks the
+beginning of Fiji's status as a British Crown Colony.
+
+
+POPULATION
+
+Over 300,000 people live in the Fiji Islands. Of these about 140,000 are
+native Fijians. The others are arranged in the following divisions:[4]
+
+ Indians 154,803
+ Europeans 6,500
+ Part European 7,496
+ Polynesians }
+ Melanesians } 4,133
+ Micronesians }
+ Rotumans 3,990
+ Chinese 3,857
+ Others 649
+
+When Fiji became a British Crown Colony in 1874 the population was
+entirely native except for a handful of outsiders. At that time the
+population has been variously estimated at approximately 200,000.
+Shortly thereafter a measles epidemic reduced their number severely.
+This, with other epidemics and maladies for which they had little or no
+immunity or resistence, continued the decimation until by 1905 there
+were only 87,000. During the next decade they held their own, until in
+1919 the influenza scourge brought them to their lowest level of 83,000.
+This was the last serious setback to their number; since that time the
+population has been on the upgrade.
+
+A present threat to Fijian population, in the opinion of many, stems not
+from disease but from the Indian presence. This began in the latter part
+of the nineteenth century when Indian immigration of indentured laborers
+began. The influx went on until 1916 by which time some 40,000 to 50,000
+Indians had come to Fiji and very few had returned to India. Since then,
+the Indians have increased more rapidly than the Fijians until they now
+outnumber them. This situation has, of course, created numerous problems
+beyond the scope of this paper.
+
+It is significant to point out that intermarriage or interbreeding
+between Fijians and Indians is relatively slight. The amount of mingling
+of Fijians with Europeans or Orientals cannot be demonstrated
+statistically, but it has not been extensive. The Fijians, on the whole,
+retain pretty much of their prehistoric racial make-up.
+
+
+RACIAL BACKGROUND
+
+It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people, derived
+mainly from Melanesian and Polynesian sources. Both of these parental
+strains in turn are commonly believed to be racial blends. Hooton
+describes the Melanesians as Oceanic Negroes whose composition includes
+Negrito, Australoid, "plus convex-nosed Mediterranean plus minor
+fractions of Malay and Polynesian."[5] Birdsell sees the same three
+strains in Melanesia which he believes contribute to the Australians,
+namely Negrito, Murrayan, and Carpentarian, plus a small amount of
+Mongoloid. He believes they differ from Australians in being "basically
+negritic in their genetic composition as a result of the rain forest
+environment."[6] Polynesians, however, are usually thought to be derived
+from Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid strains in which the Caucasoid
+component is more often the strongest.
+
+The composite character of the Fijians has been variously explained as
+far as order and time of the contributing elements are concerned. One
+theory regards a Negroid stock as aboriginal to which a Polynesian
+strain was later added. An early explanation of this sort is that of
+Fornander who held that the ancestors of the modern Polynesians coming
+from southeastern Asia via Indonesia in the early centuries A.D. made a
+prolonged stopover in Fiji as they moved eastward. This left a
+Polynesian imprint on the native Fijian physical appearance as well as
+on their language and culture.[7] Later on, Churchill added a second
+movement of Polynesians from the west about a thousand years later. This
+was used to explain a certain amount of Mongoloid elements that needed
+accounting for in western Polynesia.[8]
+
+A differing interpretation brings the Polynesian influence into Fiji
+from the east in relatively recent times. Thomson, for example, regards
+it as mainly Tongan. There are many references in the eighteenth and
+nineteenth centuries to Tongan presence in Fiji; they came to trade, to
+fight, and merely to visit.
+
+Hocart believes the Polynesians at one time occupied most of Fiji until
+they were driven eastward to Tonga and Samoa by native Melanesians.[9]
+Howells tentatively suggests another possibility: originally all of Fiji
+was occupied by Polynesians except perhaps for some Melanesian tribes in
+the mountainous interior of Viti Levu. Around the eleventh century a
+wave of immigrants from the west reached Fiji. "The newcomers, taking
+possession of the archipelago, partly amalgamated with and partly pushed
+out the Polynesian tenants, just as did the hill tribes of Hocart's
+theory, the refugees fleeing to Somoa and Tonga."[10] Howells associates
+this immigration with the Fijian tradition of an arrival of ancestral
+families from across the western sea.
+
+This Fijian tradition of their own origin includes a landing on the west
+coast of Viti Levu at Nandi by an ancestral chief and his sons who came
+across the sea from the west. Several of his sons moved eastward and
+eventually founded families with native wives in various parts of the
+archipelago. These families ultimately became consolidated into
+present-day tribes or federations. Most Fijian social units derive their
+origin from this or similar legendary immigrations. These eposodes
+occurred eight or ten and, in one case, fifteen generations ago.[11]
+Where these ancestors came from or what their racial affiliations were
+is not described in the stories. On the basis of supposed similarities
+of place-names, claims have been made for Africa as the place of origin,
+but the validity of them is dubious. It is likely that these traditions
+refer only to the more recent immigrations from the west. As to the
+racial make-up of the ancestors, it is commonly believed that they were
+Polynesians who, after settling in various parts of Fiji, took native
+wives, presumably Melanesian, and originated many of the existing family
+lines. This assumption does not rest on any actual physical reference to
+their appearance but on such cultural data as their patrilineal
+succession and their tradition of strong hereditary chieftainship.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+I am indebted to a number of people of Fiji whose assistance and
+cooeperation were helpful. Thanks are due to Sir Ronald Garvey, governor
+of Fiji, whose approval of my project gave administrative sanction. Mr.
+G. Kingsley Roth, the Secretary for Fijian Affairs, secured for me the
+cooeperation of the Fijian Affairs Department, which in turn gave me
+access to the proper native officers and leaders, furnished me with
+necessary transportation; he also gave me some sound advice. Also of the
+Fijian Affairs Office, Ratu Dr. Dobi helped me make the necessary
+contacts as my work took me from one area to another. Mr. Robbin H.
+Yarrow, safety officer of the Emperor Gold Mining Company, was most
+helpful during my stay at Vatukoula, where I secured an excellent sample
+of the northern provinces.
+
+The young Fijian who acted as my interpreter, guide, and recorder was
+Joji Qalelawe; my especial thanks to him for his intelligent and
+cheerful cooeperation.
+
+
+
+
+MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES
+
+
+GENERAL
+
+_Weight_[12]
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 814 105-300 163.0 20.3 12.5
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 0
+ East 73 130-245 168.1 19.3 11.5
+ Coast 210 118-300 160.7 22.8 14.2
+ N.W. 79 120-212 161.9 16.9 10.4
+
+The average weight of 163 pounds, coupled with their rather tall
+stature, describes the Fijian as a large person, on the whole. Their
+generous weight does not reflect excessive obesity; the body build, as
+will be pointed out later, is prevailingly muscular and athletic.
+Variation among the regional samples is not significant; all the groups
+average more than 160 pounds.
+
+_Stature_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 150.1-195.0 172.5 6.1 3.5
+ Interior 154 150.1-183.7 169.6 6.0 3.5
+ East 120 160.2-190.5 173.3 6.0 3.5
+ Coast 210 156.1-195.0 173.4 5.8 3.4
+ N.W. 79 159.8-186.0 172.7 5.8 3.3
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 158-190 170.8 6.1 3.6
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 146-181 160.2 6.8 4.2
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 92 160-188 173.0 5.2 3.0
+
+The stature of the Fijians is moderately tall. Howells' series of
+Fijians, as well as mine, indicate this category. In this measurement,
+the Fijians are similar to the Tongans. They are 12 cm. taller than the
+Melanesians.
+
+Among the Fijian themselves, the interior people of the highlands are
+definitely shorter than the rest of the population.
+
+Rumors still persist of remnants of pygmoid people in the interior
+mountains of Viti Levu. I found no evidence of them either in my travels
+in the interior or by extensive inquiries among natives and Europeans
+who had thorough knowledge of the whole island.
+
+_Span_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 155.0-208.0 180.0 15.1 8.8
+ Interior 154 155.0-201.0 179.5 7.5 4.2
+ East 120 166.4-200.5 178.1 24.3 13.6
+ Coast 210 160.1-208.0 181.2 14.6 8.1
+ N.W. 79 165.1-202.0 180.0 21.6 11.9
+
+Span of the arms also reflects the generous proportions of the Fijians.
+Regional difference is not marked. Relative to stature, the hill people
+have the longer arms and the eastern natives the shortest. The greater
+relative arm length of the hill tribes seems to be owing more to
+deficiency of stature than to excessive arm length or shoulder breadth.
+
+_Span-Stature Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 96.1-116.3 104.3 8.5 8.15
+ Interior 154 99.4-115.1 105.2 2.3 2.2
+ East 120 99.1-108.5 102.7 13.5 13.14
+ Coast 210 97.9-116.3 104.4 7.7 7.4
+ N.W. 79 100.2-109.7 104.1 12.0 11.5
+
+
+THE TRUNK
+
+_Sitting Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 75.1-100 87.0 3.5 3.9
+ Interior 154 75.1-94 84.4 9.4 11.0
+ East 120 81-100 88.5 3.5 3.9
+ Coast 210 80-99 87.7 3.2 3.6
+ N.W. 79 80-94 86.0 2.9 3.3
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 78-101 88.3 3.06 3.46
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 69-95 83.6 3.8 4.5
+
+A total sitting height average of 87 cm. attests the generous general
+body length. A regional trend follows the same curve as that for
+stature. The eastern body length is greatest; it exceeds the over-all
+average by 1-1/2 cm. and is more than 4 cm. larger than the interior
+people who fall at the bottom of the scale of sitting height. Howells'
+Fijian series is close to my eastern average. Compared with the Solomon
+Islands natives, the Fijians are much more elongated.
+
+_Relative Sitting Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 45-58 50.4 1.5 3.0
+ Interior 154 46-56 49.8 1.4 2.8
+ East 120 48-54 51.0 1.3 2.5
+ Coast 210 46-56 50.5 1.4 2.8
+ N.W. 79 47-54 50.2 1.4 2.8
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 46-57 51.7 1.36 2.63
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 46-57 52.1 1.64 2.92
+
+The relative sitting height ratio for all Fijians is 50.4 per cent. The
+eastern average of 51 per cent indicates a little more legginess,
+whereas the interior groups tend somewhat to longer trunks.
+
+_Biacromial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 28-47 39.7 8.2 6.2
+ Interior 154 29-43 39.0 6.2 4.7
+ East 120 35-45 39.9 6.1 4.0
+ Coast 210 28-45 39.7 7.6 4.9
+ N.W. 79 35-47 40.5 6.6 3.9
+
+The Fijians are generally a broad-shouldered people. The inhabitants of
+Ra and Ba have the highest average and the interior people are least
+broad-shouldered.
+
+_Relative Shoulder Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 18-27 22.3 1.3 5.8
+ Interior 154 19-25 22.9 1.0 3.9
+ East 120 20-26 23.0 1.0 3.9
+ Coast 210 18-26 22.9 1.0 4.4
+ N.W. 79 20-27 23.4 3.1 13.2
+
+Relative to total stature, shoulder breadth averages 22.3 per cent. No
+significant regional differences are indicated.
+
+_Bi-Iliac_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 23-40 29.2 5.6 5.3
+ Interior 154 25-38 29.0 5.1 5.2
+ East 120 27-34 29.5 4.1 4.8
+ Coast 210 23-37 29.2 5.9 5.5
+ N.W. 79 26-32 29.3 4.6 5.0
+
+The Fijians, as a whole, are fairly broad-hipped; this condition holds
+with little variation in all the provinces.
+
+_Shoulder-Hip_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 58-101 73.7 4.3 5.8
+ Interior 154 65-100 74.6 4.2 5.6
+ East 120 67-82 73.8 3.2 4.3
+ Coast 210 58-99 73.5 4.3 5.9
+ N.W. 79 62-86 72.8 5.9 8.1
+
+The total shoulder-hip ratio describes the shoulders as 73.7 per cent as
+wide as the hips. These ratios do not vary greatly in different parts of
+Fiji. The somewhat higher index of the hill groups is owing largely to
+their narrower shoulders, whereas the superior shoulder breadth of the
+northwest provinces contributes mostly to the lower hip-shoulder index.
+
+_Chest Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 24-39 28.6 6.4 5.7
+ Interior 154 25-33 28.6 3.3 4.7
+ East 120 26-39 29.4 7.2 5.8
+ Coast 210 25-37 28.7 7.8 6.2
+ N.W. 79 25-32 28.9 4.3 4.9
+
+Broad chests are also characteristic in Fiji. The eastern men surpass
+the Viti Levu males, and the interior groups have the narrowest chests,
+but the regional variations are small.
+
+_Chest Depth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 184-308 22.9 5.5 7.0
+ Interior 154 195-263 22.4 3.2 5.8
+ East 120 189-295 22.5 4.9 6.6
+ Coast 210 184-300 21.7 5.7 7.2
+ N.W. 79 192-250 21.8 3.3 6.0
+
+The chests of the Fijians are also fairly deep. The close similarity in
+chest depth of the interior group and the eastern sample is rather
+striking inasmuch as the former are nearly 4 cm. shorter in stature.
+This would indicate that the interior group, for their size, are
+relatively deep-chested.
+
+_Thoracic_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 59-96 76.4 4.6 6.0
+ Interior 154 69-88 78.5 3.9 5.0
+ East 120 65-85 76.3 4.3 5.6
+ Coast 210 56-89 75.5 4.7 6.2
+ N.W. 79 65-85 75.7 4.4 5.8
+
+The thoracic index shows that the Fijians are deep-chested relative to
+thoracic breadth as well as in absolute values. Again the interior
+people stand out for their deeper chests.
+
+
+ARMS AND LEGS
+
+_Arm Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 45-87 75.2 5.0 6.6
+ Interior 154 45-83 73.6 4.8 6.1
+ East 120 52-84 75.1 3.9 5.2
+ Coast 210 57-87 76.0 4.9 6.4
+ N.W. 79 55-86 75.3 6.6 8.8
+
+The over-all arm length is 75.2 cm. Shorter arms seem to be
+characteristic of the interior population where the average is nearly 2
+cm. less than the over-all average. The eastern group has the longest
+arms; the other samples are intermediate.
+
+_Humeral Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 26-39 32.8 8.6 5.7
+ Interior 154 28-38 32.8 7.1 5.2
+ East 120 28-39 32.9 8.3 5.6
+ Coast 210 26-38 32.9 9.1 5.8
+ N.W. 79 28-38 33.0 7.9 5.4
+
+Length of the upper arm averages 33 cm. for all Fijians; the several
+provinces are closely similar in this trait.
+
+_Radial Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 23-35 27.6 4.1 5.1
+ Interior 154 24-33 27.3 2.4 4.5
+ East 120 23-34 27.5 6.9 6.1
+ Coast 210 24-35 27.9 3.5 4.8
+ N.W. 79 25-32 27.9 3.4 4.8
+
+Lower arm length is 27.6 cm. and also varies but little among the
+regional samples.
+
+_Radial-Humeral_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 65-113 84.0 4.2 5.0
+ Interior 154 77-104 83.0 3.8 4.6
+ East 120 65-95 83.5 4.7 5.6
+ Coast 210 75-113 84.7 4.2 4.9
+ N.W. 79 77-94 82.2 3.6 4.3
+
+The radial-humeral ratio indicates that the lower arm of Fijians is 84
+per cent as long as the upper arm. None of the subgroups deviates
+markedly from this average.
+
+_Leg Length_[13]
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 61-98 84.3 10.5 12.5
+ Interior 154 74-96 81.1 8.6 12.9
+ East 120 73-96 84.1 8.6 10.3
+ Coast 210 68-97 85.3 7.2 8.5
+ N.W. 79 75-95 85.7 4.4 5.2
+
+Average leg length is 84.3 cm., and some regional differences are
+manifest. The legs of the hill people are shorter by 3 cm. than are the
+other groups. Their neighbors to the northwest and east have the longest
+legs, and the eastern are intermediate.
+
+_Tibial Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 34-49 40.9 8.3 6.9
+ Interior 154 35-45 40.3 13.4 10.8
+ East 120 35-47 40.7 6.2 5.2
+ Coast 210 35-47 41.2 6.8 5.1
+ N.W. 79 36-47 40.9 6.1 5.9
+
+Lower leg length is around 40 cm. for all Fijians. The regional pattern
+is similar to that of total leg length: shortest in the highlands,
+intermediate in the east, and longest in the coastal and northwestern
+districts.
+
+_Calf Circumference_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 29-57 37.6 6.7 7.1
+ Interior 154 31-51 37.0 6.4 7.1
+ East 120 33-50 38.1 4.7 6.5
+ Coast 210 29-48 37.2 9.4 7.9
+ N.W. 79 30-43 37.7 7.6 6.3
+
+The generous girth of the calf of the Fijians reflects their sturdily
+muscled legs. The eastern groups excel the other Fijians in this
+respect, whereas the interior groups have the lowest average for calf
+circumference.
+
+
+THE HEAD
+
+_Head Circumference_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 410-630 562.4 7.8 6.7
+ Interior 154 537-613 565.3 4.1 2.5
+ East 120 528-630 566.3 4.9 2.9
+ Coast 210 410-630 563.5 4.6 3.5
+ N.W. 79 537-597 557.7 14.3 11.5
+
+The head circumference average of 562.4 mm. Probably is a little on the
+large size because of the thick wiry hair of most Fijians; the eastern
+groups appear to have the largest heads and the northwestern groups show
+a rather abrupt drop.
+
+_Head Length_[14]
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 162-215 187.9 9.4 5.0
+ Interior 154 170-210 190.1 7.6 4.0
+ East 120 172-209 188.6 6.6 3.5
+ Coast 210 162-215 187.4 13.5 7.2
+ N.W. 79 165-214 187.2 7.9 4.2
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 164-208 188.8 7.29 3.86
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 170-208 188.5 6.5 3.5
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 173-213 191.0 6.6 3.5
+
+Total head length for all Fijians is 187.9 mm; longest heads occur in
+the interior. Both Howells' Fijian average and the Solomon Islands
+series are close to the above value. Gifford's Tongan head length of 191
+mm. Somewhat exceeds the Fijian.
+
+_Head Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 122-186 155.9 6.8 7.7
+ Interior 154 135-170 152.1 6.6 4.3
+ East 120 144-172 157.2 5.2 3.3
+ Coast 210 141-186 158.3 9.3 8.5
+ N.W. 79 122-185 152.9 8.6 8.2
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 135-170 153.7 6.1 3.9
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 126-158 144.7 5.2 3.6
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 145-167 154.8 4.3 2.8
+
+General head breadth is 155.9 mm., and considerable regional variation
+is shown. Fijians of the interior have the narrowest heads, whereas the
+coastal and eastern people have appreciably wider heads. Howells' series
+of Fijians are closest to my highland groups.
+
+The Solomon Islanders are markedly narrower headed than the Fijians,
+whereas Sullivan's Tongan series is nearer the Fijian average.
+
+_Cephalic Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 68-99 83.0 6.4 7.7
+ Interior 154 68-96 80.0 6.0 7.3
+ East 120 72-92 83.9 3.8 4.5
+ Coast 210 72-99 84.2 7.2 8.6
+ N.W. 79 71-95 81.6 10.3 12.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 68-94 81.54 4.7 5.7
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 65-88 76.8 3.9 5.1
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 73-89 81.1 3.1 3.9
+
+Most Fijians tend to brachycephaly. The eastern natives and those of the
+coastal series have the broadest heads. The interior people show
+definitely lesser values in this ratio than do the other groups.
+Howells' Fijian series is close to the northwestern Fijians in their
+mesocephaly, and so is the Tongan mean. The Solomon series borders on
+dolicocephaly.
+
+_Head Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 110-154 129.5 6.8 7.9
+ Interior 154 114-140 127.7 4.8 3.8
+ East 120 114-148 129.6 5.0 3.9
+ Coast 210 112-154 120.0 7.0 5.4
+ N.W. 79 117-142 127.6 9.2 8.9
+
+Head height averages do not differ greatly among the provinces. The
+interior and northwestern people have somewhat lower heads; the coastal
+and eastern people show slight superiority.
+
+_Length-Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 55-84 69.0 3.4 3.6
+ Interior 154 59-77 67.2 3.9 5.8
+ East 120 61-78 68.7 3.2 4.7
+ Coast 210 55-84 69.4 3.7 4.3
+ N.W. 79 58-84 68.1 4.5 3.5
+
+Relative to head length, the cranial vault of Fijians is high. The
+mountain people show the lowest relative head height, whereas the other
+provinces are nearer to the over-all average.
+
+_Breadth-Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 66-102 83.0 3.0 3.3
+ Interior 154 75-96 84.0 3.9 4.6
+ East 120 75-91 82.4 3.4 4.1
+ Coast 210 66-97 82.8 5.3 8.4
+ N.W. 79 73-92 81.2 8.6 9.7
+
+Head height relative to total breadth is 83 per cent. In this ratio the
+interior groups have the highest index, a condition owing more to
+deficiency in cranial breadth than to superior head height.
+
+_Cranial Module_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 141-176 157.7 10.5 6.7
+ Interior 154 147-166 156.6 11.5 7.3
+ East 120 148-172 158.4 4.4 2.7
+ Coast 210 143-176 158.5 15.5 9.7
+ N.W. 79 141-171 155.9 10.7 6.7
+
+Head size as expressed by the cranial module averages 157.7 mm. for all
+Fijians. Regional fluctuation is unimportant.
+
+_Minimum Frontal_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 99-125 109.9 4.0 2.7
+ Interior 154 100-121 109.8 3.6 3.3
+ East 120 99-122 110.8 3.8 3.4
+ Coast 210 100-125 109.7 4.7 4.3
+ N.W. 79 101-120 109.4 3.7 3.4
+
+A minimum frontal diameter of 109.9 mm. indicates a fairly ample
+forehead breadth for the total sample. None of the subgroups depart much
+from this value.
+
+_Fronto-Parietal_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 58-89 70.6 4.3 6.1
+ Interior 154 63-82 72.2 3.3 4.6
+ East 120 64-79 70.5 3.0 4.3
+ Coast 210 58-77 69.9 4.1 5.9
+ N.W. 79 61-89 69.7 8.7 12.5
+
+Forehead breadth relative to total cranial width is 70.6 per cent. The
+greatest deviation from this average occurs in the interior where the
+fronto-parietal ratio is 72.2 per cent and lesser head breadth more than
+greater forehead width causes the higher index.
+
+
+THE FACE
+
+_Bizygomatic_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 110-164 145.7 5.0 3.4
+ Interior 154 110-163 145.8 6.3 4.3
+ East 120 137-161 146.7 4.3 2.9
+ Coast 210 128-164 145.2 4.9 3.4
+ N.W. 79 136-156 145.1 4.3 3.0
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 130-159 144.05 5.05 3.5
+ Solomons (Howells) 84 115-149 138.0 5.5 4.0
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 131-159 143.5 5.9 4.1
+
+Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total
+average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are
+closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight
+superiority in bizygomatic breadth.
+
+Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan
+average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.
+
+_Cephalo-Facial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 82-108 93.5 5.7 6.1
+ Interior 154 84-108 96.0 4.8 5.0
+ East 120 82-102 93.3 3.2 3.4
+ Coast 210 85-103 92.5 5.7 6.2
+ N.W. 79 80-104 92.6 6.4 7.3
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 85-111 93.7 3.5 3.7
+ Solomons (Howells) 84 85-111 95.4 3.8 4.0
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 85-103 92.8 3.5 3.7
+
+Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all
+Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the
+interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there
+is general similarity in the several provinces.
+
+_Zygo-Frontal_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 64-100 75.5 3.0 3.9
+ Interior 154 64-98 75.4 3.2 4.2
+ East 120 68-99 75.5 2.5 3.3
+ Coast 210 66-100 75.5 3.1 4.1
+ N.W. 79 66-93 75.4 2.9 3.8
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-84 73.1 4.2 5.8
+
+The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional
+averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the
+Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the
+breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.
+
+_Total Face Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 100-147 122.5 6.0 4.9
+ Interior 154 103-137 121.3 5.6 4.6
+ East 120 110-147 124.7 5.8 4.7
+ Coast 210 107-142 122.6 6.1 5.0
+ N.W. 79 100-143 121.7 6.8 5.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 105-159 121.8 6.9 5.7
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 100-129 116.4 6.6 5.7
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 112-147 128.2 6.8 5.3
+
+Fijian faces have the moderate average height of 122.5 mm. Slightly
+shorter faces occur in the interior people, whereas the greatest total
+face height average occurs in the east. The Fijian of Howells' series is
+close to mine. The Tongan value for face height describes them as
+definitely longer faced. The Solomon Islanders depart in the other
+direction with decidedly shorter faces.
+
+_Total Facial Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 68-104 84.1 4.6 5.5
+ Interior 154 73-96 83.2 4.4 5.3
+ East 120 75-101 85.0 4.4 5.2
+ Coast 210 73-97 84.5 4.6 5.4
+ N.W. 79 68-104 83.9 5.6 6.7
+ Fiji (Howells) 132 74-105 84.7 5.0 6.0
+ Solomons (Howells) 84 74-97 84.5 4.4 5.2
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 78-102 89.3 4.4 5.0
+
+Relative to maximum breadth, the Fijian face tends to shortness,
+although this is due largely to their generous facial breadth rather
+than absolute deficiency of height. The interior groups have the lowest
+values and the eastern groups show relatively broad faces.
+
+The Tongan average is much higher than any of the Fijian values, whereas
+the Solomon Islanders show similarity to the Fijians in this feature.
+
+_Upper Face Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 56-84 70.2 5.1 7.3
+ Interior 154 59-79 69.1 3.9 5.6
+ East 120 64-83 71.7 4.0 5.6
+ Coast 210 59-84 70.4 6.6 9.4
+ N.W. 79 58-80 69.4 4.8 6.9
+
+The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
+Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
+people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.
+
+_Upper Facial Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 37-65 48.2 3.7 7.7
+ Interior 154 41-65 47.4 3.3 7.0
+ East 120 42-59 48.9 2.9 5.9
+ Coast 210 40-59 48.5 4.8 9.9
+ N.W. 79 39-56 47.8 3.5 7.3
+
+The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the
+Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern
+people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.
+
+_Bigonial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 95-146 109.7 5.1 4.6
+ Interior 154 95-146 109.8 6.0 3.6
+ East 120 97-125 110.6 5.1 4.6
+ Coast 210 95-129 109.9 5.3 4.8
+ N.W. 79 99-119 109.1 4.5 4.1
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 92-119 104.8 5.8 5.5
+
+Lower jaw breadth as expressed by the bigonial diameter indicates a
+tendency to broadness shared with little variation among all the
+subgroups. The Tongan value is considerably smaller.
+
+_Fronto-Gonial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 80-122 99.9 5.5 5.5
+ Interior 154 84-122 100.0 6.0 6.0
+ East 120 86-115 99.9 5.3 5.3
+ Coast 210 80-114 100.3 6.0 6.0
+ N.W. 79 85-113 99.8 4.8 4.8
+
+Similarly the bigonial diameter in relation to forehead breadth is much
+the same in all groups, the general average nearly 100 per cent.
+
+_Zygo-Gonial_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 65-86 75.3 4.1 5.4
+ Interior 154 67-86 75.4 6.0 8.0
+ East 120 65-82 75.4 3.5 4.6
+ Coast 210 66-83 75.7 3.4 4.5
+ N.W. 79 68-83 75.2 3.4 4.5
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-87 73.2 4.6 6.2
+
+Relative to face breadth, jaw width is 75.3 per cent with very little
+geographic variation.
+
+_Nasal Height_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 42-65 53.9 3.4 6.3
+ Interior 154 45-65 53.2 3.5 6.6
+ East 120 48-62 54.7 3.1 5.7
+ Coast 210 46-63 54.1 3.4 6.3
+ N.W. 79 45-61 52.9 3.5 6.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 44-63 52.4 3.9 7.4
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 40-59 49.9 3.8 7.7
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 47-65 57.4 3.9 6.8
+
+The Fijian nose may be called medium long. Greatest nasal heights occur
+in the eastern and in the coastal series. The interior and northwestern
+groups have shorter noses. The Fijians of Howells' series fall near the
+short end of my averages. Natives of the Solomons are definitely lower
+in nasal height, whereas the Tongan's average is so much higher that one
+suspects a difference in the location of the nasion.
+
+_Nasal Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 31-62 46.7 3.4 7.3
+ Interior 154 40-61 47.6 3.4 7.1
+ East 120 38-53 45.5 3.0 6.6
+ Coast 210 38-62 46.4 3.3 7.1
+ N.W. 79 31-57 47.4 3.6 7.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 37-54 46.19 3.0 6.0
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 34-51 44.6 2.8 6.3
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 38-55 44.4 3.0 6.8
+
+Broad noses are common to most Fijians. The greatest contrast is between
+the narrower-nosed eastern people and the interior people, among whom
+the widest noses occur. The nose of the Solomon Islanders is somewhat
+narrower, according to Howells' data, and the Tongan average is also
+lower.
+
+_Nasal Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 61-112 87.1 8.2 9.4
+ Interior 154 69-109 89.7 8.1 9.0
+ East 120 61-100 83.2 7.6 9.1
+ Coast 210 63-111 86.0 7.1 8.7
+ N.W. 79 63-110 89.9 8.6 9.6
+ Fiji (Howells) 133 68-123 88.8 8.3 9.3
+ Solomons (Howells) 85 68-119 87.1 8.9 10.2
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 61-98 77.6 7.6 9.8
+
+Platyrrhini is the rule in Fiji, but individual and regional variations
+are great. There are some leptorrine subjects in every province, and
+there are some whose noses are broader than long. The interior people
+and the northwestern groups have the relatively broadest noses, whereas
+the eastern index is more moderate. The noses of Sullivan's Tongans are
+relatively longer than the Lauans. The Solomon Island average is
+identical with the Fijian.
+
+_Nasal Depth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 16-32 22.0 2.9 3.2
+ Interior 154 17-32 22.5 2.1 9.3
+ East 120 17-28 21.9 1.8 8.2
+ Coast 210 17-32 21.8 3.6 6.5
+ N.W. 79 16-29 22.3 1.9 8.5
+
+Nasal depth averages 22 mm.; the regional variation is very small.
+
+_Nasal-Depth Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 32-60 47.2 6.8 6.8
+ Interior 154 34-59 47.4 5.1 6.6
+ East 120 35-60 48.4 4.6 9.5
+ Coast 210 32-58 47.0 8.1 7.2
+ N.W. 79 34-58 47.2 5.5 6.7
+
+_Mouth Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 29-72 57.6 4.7 8.2
+ Interior 154 34-72 59.6 4.4 7.4
+ East 120 33-66 56.5 3.9 6.9
+ Coast 210 29-67 57.3 4.0 7.0
+ N.W. 79 36-65 57.3 4.4 7.8
+
+Mouth breadth averages show the interior groups to have widest mouths,
+the eastern people least wide, and the coastal and northwestern people
+intermediate.
+
+_Lip Thickness_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 9-45 22.4 3.8 6.9
+ Interior 154 12-31 23.4 3.6 5.4
+ East 120 12-29 21.7 3.4 5.7
+ Coast 210 16-45 20.8 3.6 5.3
+ N.W. 79 10-29 22.0 3.9 5.7
+
+Thick lips are characteristic of most Fijians. The interior average is
+highest for this diameter, whereas the northwestern Fijians have
+least-thick lips.
+
+_Ear Length_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 55-83 66.6 4.5 6.8
+ Interior 154 53-83 66.0 4.8 7.3
+ East 120 55-80 67.2 5.0 7.4
+ Coast 210 55-77 66.7 4.9 7.3
+ N.W. 79 57-75 66.5 3.7 5.6
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 117 56-81 66.0 4.6 6.9
+
+Fijian ears on the whole tend to be long, as the average 66.6 mm.
+indicates. Regional differences are slight. Tongans closely resemble
+Fijians.
+
+_Ear Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 24-55 34.3 3.2 9.3
+ Interior 154 27-41 33.7 2.5 7.4
+ East 120 29-40 34.1 4.0 11.7
+ Coast 210 29-55 34.7 3.9 11.2
+ N.W. 79 25-42 33.8 2.9 8.6
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 25-42 34.5 2.6 7.6
+
+Ear breadth is also generous, and regional differences hardly exceed 1.5
+mm., including the Tongans.
+
+_Ear Index_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 38-62 51.6 5.0 9.7
+ Interior 154 40-61 51.1 3.6 7.0
+ East 120 41-59 50.6 5.8 11.5
+ Coast 210 42-62 52.1 6.7 12.9
+ N.W. 79 38-59 50.9 4.0 7.9
+ Tonga (Sullivan) 116 41-62 52.4 3.9 7.5
+
+Length-breadth ear ratios indicate that coastal groups have somewhat
+broader, and the northwestern people the relative longest, ears.
+
+_Bicanine Breadth_
+
+ No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.
+
+ Total sample 815 24-72 39.8 11.7 19.4
+ Interior 154 37-49 39.9 10.7 16.8
+ East 120 36-68 41.8 7.4 7.7
+ Coast 210 24-72 39.0 13.4 14.3
+ N.W. 79 38-49 38.6 14.0 16.3
+
+Bicanine breadth is characteristically great among Fijians, reflecting
+the ample jaws and teeth. Widest diameters are seen in the east,
+followed by the hill people of the interior. The northwestern groups
+have the least bicanine diameter.
+
+
+
+
+MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+PIGMENTATION
+
+_Skin Color: Exposed_
+
+ Brunet Swarthy Lt. Brn Med. Brn Dk. Brn Black Total
+
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 1 .01 5 .6 30 4 400 48 377 46 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 1 1 55 36 97 63 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 3 2 12 10 99 83 6 6 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 1 0 7 3 85 41 116 56 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 1 1 42 53 36 46 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 96 5 4 0 0 133
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 79 93 2 3 85
+ Tonga (Range from Lt. Brown to Dk. Brown.)
+
+Color of skin includes exposed and unexposed areas. The former was
+observed on the face, since the Fijians do not use any kind of face or
+head covering. This condition in the total series divides itself quite
+evenly between medium brown and dark brown. A few have light-brown skin;
+only six individuals are classified as swarthy and brunet. None was
+judged to be completely black. The Fijians of Howells' series are
+described as 96 per cent medium brown[15] and 5 per cent dark brown, a
+discrepancy I would attribute to personal judgment difference. The
+Solomon Islanders are markedly darker than the Fijians, the majority
+have dark-brown skin and 3 per cent are black, whereas 5 per cent have
+medium-brown complexions.
+
+Tongan data on skin color cannot be directly adjusted to my statistics.
+Sullivan's comment on their skin color states that it is "a medium
+yellowish-brown where it is unexposed to the sun. Exposed parts of the
+skin of a few of the persons were a very dark chocolate" (Sullivan,
+1922, p. 248).
+
+Among the Fijians themselves, the greatest contrasts occur between the
+eastern and the interior groups of Viti Levu. Where 63 per cent of the
+latter have dark-brown skin, only 5 per cent of eastern fall into this
+category. The bulk of eastern (83 per cent) have medium-brown skin as
+against 36 per cent of hill people. The coastal and northwestern
+provinces are, like the total series, more evenly divided between medium
+and dark brown.
+
+_Skin Color: Unexposed_
+
+ Brunet Swarthy Lt. Brn Med. Brn Dk. Brn Black Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 6 1 9 1 242 30 545 66 11 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 20 13 133 87 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 3 3 4 3 77 64 36 30 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 1 1 2 1 56 27 148 71 2 1 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 1 1 20 25 57 72 1 1 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 127 96 5 4 0 0 132
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 11 74 87 2 2 85
+
+Unexposed skin color was observed on the under surface of the upper arm
+near the armpit. The anticipated shift in color range results in a
+reduction of dark-skin incidence to a mere 1 per cent, and an increase
+in medium brown to 60 per cent and of light brown to 30 per cent.
+
+Howells' describes 96 per cent of his Fijians as medium brown, 4 per
+cent dark brown, and none light brown. The Solomon Islanders seem
+definitely darker than the Fijians whether they are compared with
+Howells' or my series.
+
+The eastern groups continues to contrast with the interior people. The
+former show a majority of 64 per cent in the light-brown category as
+compared with 13 per cent among the interior groups; the latter have a
+medium-brown incidence of 87 per cent against 30 per cent among Lauans.
+
+_Hair Color_
+
+ Black Dk. Brn Med. Brn Lt. Brn Red-Brown Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 757 93 31 5 1 0 0 0 18 2 807
+ Interior 145 95 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 114 95 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 193 92 11 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 204
+ N.W. 70 89 5 6 0 0 0 0 4 5 75
+ Fiji II 118 91 9 7 0 0 0 0 3 2 130
+ Solomons 55 65 26 31 0 0 3 4 0 0 84
+ Tonga 0 94 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+
+Black hair is the usual color, although 5 per cent are described as dark
+brown and a few red-brown. This latter variation is a rufous color
+(reddish-brown) and it may be a little more frequent than the data
+indicate because the Fijians frequently dye their hair with a substance
+extracted from mangrove bark. This intensifies the usual blackness of
+the hair and adds a satisfying gloss. More sophisticated natives have
+access to modern hair dye and lacking this, some have been known to
+resort to black shoe polish.
+
+Hair bleaching is no longer practiced in Fiji.
+
+The hair of the Solomons Islands is not so uniformly black, nearly a
+third have dark-brown hair and a few are light brown.
+
+_Eye Color_
+
+ Black Dk. Brown Med. Brown Lt. Brown Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 550 68 257 31 4 1 813
+ Interior 0 0 131 86 22 14 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 71 59 48 40 1 1 120
+ Coast 0 0 127 61 81 39 1 0 209
+ N.W. 1 1 53 67 25 32 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 130 98 0 0 2 2 132
+ Solomons 0 0 85 100 0 0 0 0 85
+ Tonga 0 3 0 94 0 0 0 3
+
+A little more than two-thirds of Fijians' eyes are described as dark
+brown. The remaining third have medium-brown eyes. There were four
+individuals who were light brown. Howells, with his Fijian series, is
+more generous with the darker designation; he designated 98 per cent as
+dark brown and 2 per cent light brown. His Solomons sample is described
+as dark brown without exception. The Tongan data also is recorded as
+more uniformly dark brown than my Fijians.
+
+The Fijians of the interior of Viti Levu have more deeply pigmented eyes
+than the others; 86 per cent are classed as dark brown and only 14 per
+cent medium brown.
+
+
+HAIR
+
+_Hair Form_
+
+ Straight Low Wave Deep Wave Curl Frizz Wool Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 7 0.1 13 0.2 91 11.0 702 862 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 149 97 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 1 1 10 8 37 31 72 60 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 1 3 0 18 9 188 90 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 2 3 0 0 7 9 70 89 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 16 38 33 59 51 116
+ Solomons 2 3.3 1 1.6 0 0 16 26 17 28 25 41 61
+
+Frizzly hair is the condition of over 85 per cent of Fijians; 11 per
+cent are curly-haired, whereas over twenty individuals have wavy hair.
+Straight hair is absent. The Fiji II series of Howell distinguishes
+between frizzly and wooly hair, which I do not. Their combined incidence
+is 83 per cent, quite close to my frequency of frizzly. Whether one does
+or does not distinguish between frizzly and wooly hair, there is no
+doubt that most Fijians have Negroid hair form. The Solomon Islanders
+are surprising with somewhat less Negroid hair form than the Fijians.
+Their combined percentage of frizzly and wooly is 69, which is nearly 20
+per cent less than that of the Fijians. Twenty per cent have curly hair
+against 11 per cent among Fijians. Also, the only instances of straight
+hair occur in the Solomons.
+
+In the Fijian breakdown, the interior groups have the most Negroid hair;
+97 per cent have frizzly hair and 3 per cent have curly hair. The
+eastern people are the least Negroid in this respect; frizzly hair drops
+to 60 per cent, whereas curly hair advances to 30 per cent and wavy hair
+to 9 per cent. The coastal and northwestern series are closer to the
+interior groups with about 90 per cent frizzly hair.
+
+_Hair Texture_
+
+ Course Medium Fine Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 804 99 9 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 116 97 4 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 208 100 1 0 0 0 209
+ N.W. 78 99 1 1 0 0 79
+
+Hair texture is prevailingly coarse; only 1 per cent of the total series
+shows medium coarseness and none have fine hair. This preponderance of
+coarse hair is much the same in all the provinces, although the eastern
+people do depart slightly with a 3 per cent incidence of medium-coarse
+hair.
+
+It might be added that Fijian hair is quite stiff or wiry. For example,
+when the hair is unshorn, it stands out like a mop. A Fijian can insert
+a long stemmed flower in his hair and it will stay in place with no
+additional fastening.
+
+_Head Hair Quantity_
+
+ Absent Subm. +[16] ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 61 7 219 27 533 65 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 26 17 27 18 100 65 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 5 4 24 20 91 76 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 11 5 63 30 135 65 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 7 9 21 27 51 65 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 132 92 133
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 80 94 85
+
+Head hair quantity is pronounced in the majority of Fijians (65 per
+cent); it is moderate in 27 per cent and submedium in 7 per cent.
+Howells describes nearly all the Fijians as having very pronounced head
+hair--99 per cent, which would appear to be a personal difference in
+appraisal. In any case, the two series agree that Fijians have hair of
+more than moderate quantity. The Melanesians of the Solomons are also
+characterized by much head hair.
+
+Regionally, the only significant variation in this trait is shown in the
+east, where more individuals have a submedium designation. In the
+absence of age data, this contrast cannot be fairly interpreted.
+
+_Hair Length_
+
+It might be observed here that although hair length was not included in
+this survey, on the basis of personal but unrecorded observation, the
+Fijians conform to the Melanesian pattern. Most Fijian men now cut their
+hair short in the Western style, but some still do not. Women generally
+trim their hair but not short. The natural length of head hair is
+intermediate between the short-haired African Negroes and the
+long-haired Caucasians and Mongolians.
+
+_Baldness_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 731 90 40 3 30 4 12 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 122 80 12 8 12 8 7 5 0 0 153
+ East 112 93 3 3 4 3 1 1 0 0 120
+ Coast 194 93 10 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 209
+ N.W. 72 91 1 1 3 4 3 4 0 0 79
+
+The lack of age correlations also limits the value of data on baldness,
+but some meaning can nevertheless be extracted. Regardless of age, with
+an incidence of pronounced baldness of 1 per cent among all adult males
+and of 4 per cent for a moderate condition, it is a clear indication
+that Fijians are not prone to loss of head hair.
+
+_Beard Quantity_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 234 29 370 44 208 26 1 .01 813
+ Interior 0 0 22 14 67 44 64 42 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 45 38 59 49 16 13 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 60 29 94 45 54 26 1 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 22 28 30 38 27 34 0 0 79
+ Fiji II
+ cheeks 27 21 2 2 44 34 46 35 12 9 131
+ skin 9 7 0 0 52 40 56 43 14 10 131
+ Solomons
+ cheeks 21 25 0 0 42 49 22 26 0 0 85
+ chin 7 8 0 0 53 62 25 29 0 0 85
+ Tonga
+ chin 0 0 0 19 0 31 50 0 0 0 0
+ lower chk. 0 4 0 37 0 18 40 0 0 0 0
+
+Moderate beard quantity is shown by 44 per cent of Fijians; the
+remainder are fairly evenly divided between the submedium and pronounced
+categories. Howells' series, which records beard quantity for the cheeks
+and chin separately, shows a higher frequency of pronounced and very
+pronounced designations. However, his data includes many individuals who
+have no beards at all. Both series are doubtless influenced by the fact
+that they contain a preponderance of young adult; a greater proportion
+of older men would have greatly raised the incidence of the pronounced
+categories.
+
+Nearly all modern Fijians have adopted the Western practice of shaving.
+Examination of earlier pictures and written description of Fijians
+leaves no doubt that the majority of mature men possess luxurious beards
+when nature is unrestrained.
+
+The natives of the Solomon Islands, according to Howells, are a little
+less bearded than the Fijians.
+
+The Tongans are a little more heavily bearded than the Fijians.
+
+Some geographical variation is indicated by my data. The interior people
+of Fiji have the highest incidence of face hair; 42 per cent are
+recorded as pronounced. Least endowed are the eastern Fijians, where 13
+per cent have pronounced beards and 38 per cent are submedium. The
+coastal and northwestern series conform more closely to the overall
+distribution.
+
+_Body Hair_[17]
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 0 0 243 30 328 40 162 20 80 10 813
+ Interior 0 0 31 20 56 37 41 27 25 16 153
+ East 0 0 55 46 45 38 14 12 6 5 120
+ Coast 0 0 57 27 82 39 46 22 24 11 209
+ N.W. 0 0 16 20 36 46 19 24 8 8 79
+ Tonga 0 0 23 29 0 26 0 22 0 0 0
+
+The body hair endowment is also not unimpressive. Forty per cent show a
+moderate condition, 20 per cent are pronounced, and 10 per cent very
+pronounced; none are totally devoid of body hair; 30 per cent are
+submedium. Chest hair among the Tongans is somewhat less in evidence;
+although the majority range from submedium to pronounced, 23 per cent
+are described as hairless.
+
+The provincial distribution in Fiji follows that of face hair: the
+interior groups are hairiest and the eastern people least so.
+
+The anatomical distribution of body hair deserves some comment, even
+though specific observations were made on the chest. Not infrequently
+the hair is heavier on the upper legs than on the chest. Occasionally,
+too, the back of the shoulders is quite hairy as well as the belly.
+
+_Grayness: Head_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 621 76 82 10 82 10 28 3 3 3 813
+ Interior 80 52 37 24 19 12 17 11 0 0 153
+ East 91 76 13 11 16 13 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 176 84 14 7 17 8 2 1 0 0 209
+ N.W. 60 76 8 10 9 11 2 3 0 0 79
+
+_Grayness: Beard_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Total sample 610 75 61 8 90 11 52 6 0 0 813
+ Interior 72 47 30 20 20 13 31 20 0 0 153
+ East 89 74 9 8 18 15 4 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 178 85 8 4 21 10 2 1 0 0 209
+ N.W. 60 76 6 8 11 14 2 3 0 0 79
+
+Grayness of the hair data without corresponding age incidence is not
+particularly significant. It is clear, nevertheless, that premature
+grayness is not common. I would hazard the judgment that on the whole
+the Fijians show less tendency to grayness than do Caucasians.
+
+The higher incidence of grayness of the interior sample of Fijians is
+likely due to a larger number of older men in that series.
+
+
+THE FACE
+
+_Prognathism: Total_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 206 25 306 38 288 35 13 2 813
+ Interior 40 26 59 39 52 34 2 1 153
+ East 54 45 55 46 11 9 0 0 120
+ Coast 47 22 84 40 73 35 5 2 209
+ N.W. 18 23 29 37 32 41 0 0 79
+ Tonga 63 53 26 22 29 25 0 0 118
+
+_Prognathism: Mid-Facial_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 517 64 184 23 109 13 3 1/2 813
+ Interior 133 87 15 10 5 3 0 0 153
+ East 100 83 17 14 3 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 122 58 49 23 37 18 1 1 209
+ N.W. 48 61 20 25 11 14 0 0 79
+
+_Prognathism: Alveolar_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 798 98 9 1 4 1/2 2 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 120 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 207 99 0 0 1 1/2 1 1/2 209
+ N.W. 76 {96} 2 3 0 0 1 1 79
+
+Slight and moderate total prognathism characterizes most Fijians but it
+is pronounced in only 13 of the 813 subjects. A quarter of the series
+show no prognathism. The eastern people are least prognathic with a zero
+incidence of 45 per cent. The other regional sample are close to the
+general condition.
+
+Mid-facial prognathism has a submedium incidence of 23 per cent and a
+medium of 13 per cent; the remainder lack the condition, except three
+individuals who are pronounced.
+
+The coastal and northwestern groups have more frequent medium
+designations. Alveolar prognathism is almost entirely lacking in all
+groups.
+
+_Malar Projection: Lateral_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 2 0 264 32 543 67 3 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 62 41 91 59 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 0 0 25 21 95 79 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 68 33 141 67 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 28 35 50 63 1 1 79
+
+_Malar Projection: Frontal_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 4 1/2 0 0 709 87 100 12 809
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 139 91 14 9 153
+ East 0 0 0 0 103 86 17 14 120
+ Coast 1 0 0 0 181 87 27 13 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 67 85 12 15 79
+
+The facial contours generally include lateral malar projection;
+two-thirds show a pronounced condition and the balance are medium. The
+eastern people have high cheek bones oftener than do the others.
+
+Frontal malar projection is also common but more often moderately so; 87
+per cent show medium projection and 12 per cent are pronounced.
+
+_Gonial Angles_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 24 3 459 56 325 40 5 1 813
+ Interior 0 0 97 63 55 36 1 1 153
+ East 1 1 65 54 54 45 0 0 120
+ Coast 7 3 110 53 90 43 2 1 209
+ N.W. 3 4 49 62 27 34 0 0 79
+
+_Palate Shape_
+
+ Parabolic Sm. U Lg. U Square Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 493 61 2 0 303 37 15 2 813
+ Interior 94 61 0 0 59 39 0 0 153
+ East 81 68 0 0 38 32 1 1 120
+ Coast 131 63 0 0 71 34 7 3 209
+ N.W. 50 63 1 1 27 34 1 1 79
+
+A fairly strong tendency to well-developed gonial angles is indicated;
+40 per cent show pronounced angles and nearly all the rest are medium.
+These proportions hold pretty much for all groups.
+
+Palate shape also attests to the well-developed jaws of Fijians; it is a
+large U in 37 per cent of the subjects; 2 per cent are square and the
+remainder parabolic.
+
+_Chin Prominence_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 164 20 593 73 54 7 813
+ Interior 0 0 36 24 110 72 7 5 153
+ East 0 0 25 21 89 74 6 5 120
+ Coast 0 0 41 20 153 73 13 6 207
+ N.W. 1 1 11 14 55 70 9 11 76
+
+_Chin Type_
+
+ Median Bilateral Total
+ No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 673 83 140 17 813
+ Interior 130 85 23 15 153
+ East 112 93 8 7 120
+ Coast 162 78 45 22 207
+ N.W. 62 82 14 18 76
+
+A well-developed chin further typifies most Fijian faces; nearly
+three-quarters have a moderate chin prominence, 7 per cent are
+pronounced, and the remainder are submedium. This range is much the same
+in the subgroups.
+
+The chin is commonly median although 17 per cent have the bilateral
+type. The bilateral chin is least frequent in Lau (7 per cent).
+
+
+THE HEAD
+
+_Temporal Fullness_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 563 69 249 31 813
+ Interior 0 0 113 74 40 26 153
+ East 0 0 70 58 50 42 120
+ Coast 1 0 148 71 60 29 208
+ N.W. 0 0 59 75 20 25 79
+
+_Occipital Protrusion_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 13 2 775 95 25 3 813
+ Interior 4 3 149 97 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 116 97 4 3 120
+ Coast 3 1 193 92 13 6 209
+ N.W. 0 0 79 100 0 0 79
+
+A narrowness in the temporal part of the head is indicated. Sixty-nine
+per cent of the subject show submedium temporal fullness, whereas the
+remainder are moderate. This condition is not marked and may best be
+described as a discernable tendency.
+
+The back of the head is generally rather flat as the 95 per cent
+incidence of occipital protrusion indicates. This is a natural
+condition; no intentional flattening is practiced by Fijians.
+
+_Lambdoidal Flattening_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 754 93 32 4 27 3 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 113 94 5 4 2 2 120
+ Coast 188 90 13 6 8 4 209
+ N.W. 72 91 3 4 4 5 79
+
+_Occipital Flattening_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 809 100 2 0 2 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 120 100 0 0 0 0 120
+ Coast 209 100 0 0 0 0 209
+ N.W. 79 99 0 0 1 1 79
+
+_Median Sagittal Crest_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 600 74 177 22 36 4 813
+ Interior 96 63 46 30 11 7 153
+ East 109 91 10 8 1 1 120
+ Coast 160 77 43 21 6 3 209
+ N.W. 53 57 24 30 2 3 79
+
+_Parietal Bosses_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 17 2 413 51 381 47 2 0 813
+ Interior 1 1 130 85 22 14 0 0 153
+ East 4 3 66 55 50 42 0 0 120
+ Coast 6 3 82 39 120 57 1 0 209
+ N.W. 1 1 40 51 38 48 0 0 79
+
+A median sagittal crest though not striking is recorded in a number of
+cases. It has a submedium incidence of 22 per cent and pronounced 4 per
+cent. Among the interior people, the crest is more common. Because of
+the heavy, bushy, and wiry hair of Fijians it is probable that some
+instances of this feature were not detected by simple palpation, and the
+incidence may be higher than the data indicate.
+
+Submedium development of the parietal bosses is rather common occurring
+in 51 per cent of the series. It is very common in the interior (85 per
+cent).
+
+_Cranial Asymmetry_
+
+ Absent Left Right Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji 813 100 0 0 0 0 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 119 100 0 0 0 0 119
+ Coast 208 100 0 0 0 0 208
+ N.W. 79 100 0 0 0 0 79
+
+_Facial Asymmetry_
+
+ Absent Left Right Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji 806 100 1 0 0 0 807
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 117 98 0 0 2 2 119
+ Coast 206 99 0 0 2 1 208
+ N.W. 78 99 1 0 0 0 79
+
+Cranial and facial assymetry are generally lacking, at least in any
+marked degree. Normal asymmetries of the face and head were ignored in
+this description.
+
+
+EYES
+
+_Eye Folds: External_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji 804 98 5 1 4 1 0 0 813
+ Interior 152 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 153
+ East 119 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 120
+ Coast 209 99 1 1 1 1 0 0 208
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 79
+
+_Eye Fold: Median_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 782 96 3 1/2 25 3 3 1/2 813
+ Interior 152 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 153
+ East 108 90 1 1 10 8 1 1 120
+ Coast 202 97 1 0 5 2 1 0 209
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 0 0 1 1 79
+
+_Eye Folds: Internal_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 778 96 4 0 30 4 1 0 813
+ Interior 151 99 0 0 2 1 0 0 153
+ East 102 85 1 1 17 14 1 0 120
+ Coast 203 97 0 0 6 3 0 0 209
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 1 1 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 116 89 7 5-1/2 7 5-1/2 0 0 130
+ Solomons 80 94 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 0 0 85
+ Tonga 63 57 33 30 9 8 6 5 111
+
+Eye folds are not a feature of the Fijian facial make-up. The external
+fold is present in only 2 per cent of the total series. The median fold
+shows a 96 per cent absence. The eastern groups exceed the other
+provinces with a 10 per cent occurrence. The internal eye fold has a
+total presence of 4 per cent and is also commoner in the east (14 per
+cent).
+
+_Eye Obliquity_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 251 31 358 43 201 25 3 1 813
+ Interior 92 60 46 30 14 9 1 1 153
+ East 33 28 52 35 45 38 0 0 120
+ Coast 47 22 102 49 58 28 2 1 209
+ N.W. 27 34 32 41 20 25 0 0 79
+
+_Eye Opening_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 75 9-1/2 737 91 1 1/2 813
+ Interior 0 0 24 16 128 84 1 1 153
+ East 0 0 13 11 107 89 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 9 4 200 96 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 7 9 72 91 0 0 79
+
+Some degree of eye obliquity is present in the majority of cases; 43 per
+cent show a submedium condition; 25 per cent are medium and three
+individuals have pronouncedly oblique eyes. The remainder, or 31 per
+cent, have no obliquity. In the east, the natives depart from this total
+distribution in opposite directions. The interior groups have much less
+eye obliquity; the eastern people, a great deal more. The other
+provinces are quite close to the total frequencies.
+
+Eye opening height is preponderately moderate (91 per cent). The
+remaining 10 per cent with one exception show submedium eye opening.
+Regional variation is not great. The eastern and interior groups have a
+little higher frequency in the submedium class.
+
+
+FOREHEAD
+
+_Brow Ridges_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 148 19 364 44 295 36 6 1 813
+ Interior 0 0 16 10 69 45 64 42 4 3 153
+ East 0 0 28 23 42 35 50 42 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 42 20 99 47 67 32 1 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 19 24 40 51 19 24 1 1 79
+
+Brow ridges are a marked feature of Fijians in general. None of them
+lack some supraorbital development. Forty-four per cent have medium brow
+ridges, 36 per cent are pronounced, and 1 per cent are very pronounced.
+The other 19 per cent are small. The interior and eastern groups share a
+little higher incidence of pronounced brow ridges; the other regions are
+nearer the total distribution of variations.
+
+_Forehead Height_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 444 55 369 45 0 0 813
+ Interior 0 0 90 59 63 41 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 68 57 52 43 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 110 53 99 47 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 46 58 33 42 0 0 79
+
+_Forehead Slope_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 8 1 280 34 460 56 65 8 813
+ Interior 0 0 53 35 87 57 13 8 153
+ East 0 0 38 32 72 60 10 8 120
+ Coast 4 2 78 37 113 54 14 7 209
+ N.W. 2 3 27 34 47 59 4 4 79
+ Tonga 1 1 70 60 45 39 0 0 116
+
+Forehead height is submedium in more than half the cases (55 per cent);
+the others are all medium. There is no significant variation among the
+subgroups.
+
+A sloping forehead is quite characteristic of the Fijian head; 56 per
+cent are moderately sloping, 8 per cent are pronounced, and 34 per cent
+are submedium. Only 1 per cent have foreheads with no recession.
+Regional differences are very slight.
+
+
+NOSE
+
+_Nasion Depression_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 170 21 579 71 63 8 813
+ Interior 0 0 41 27 103 67 9 6 153
+ East 1 1 32 27 85 71 2 2 120
+ Coast 0 0 45 22 144 69 10 10 209
+ N.W. 0 0 18 23 56 71 6 6 79
+
+_Root Height_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 63 8 555 67 194 24 813
+ Interior 0 0 16 10 96 63 41 27 153
+ East 1 1 3 3 77 64 39 33 120
+ Coast 0 0 10 5 157 75 42 20 209
+ N.W. 0 0 4 5 57 72 18 23 79
+
+_Root Breadth_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 1 0 258 32 554 68 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 38 25 115 75 153
+ East 0 0 1 1 53 44 66 55 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 67 32 142 68 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 24 30 55 70 79
+
+_Nasal Septum_
+
+ Straight Concave Convex Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 777 99 0 0 36 4 813
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 118 98 0 0 2 2 120
+ Coast 196 94 0 0 13 6 199
+ N.W. 78 99 0 0 1 1 79
+
+_Bridge Height_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 54 7 644 79 115 14 813
+ Interior 0 0 13 8 124 81 16 10 153
+ East 0 0 1 1 98 82 21 18 120
+ Coast 0 0 10 5 173 83 26 12 209
+ N.W. 0 0 7 9 60 76 12 15 79
+ Tonga 0 0 21 22 81 70 9 8 111
+
+_Bridge Breadth_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 0 0 265 33 546 67 813
+ Interior 0 0 0 0 29 19 124 81 153
+ East 0 0 0 0 72 60 48 40 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 62 30 147 70 209
+ N.W. 0 0 0 0 23 29 56 71 79
+
+_Nasal Profile_
+
+ Concave Straight Convex Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 14 2 625 77 173 21 812
+ Interior 0 0 123 80 30 20 153
+ East 1 1 88 73 31 26 120
+ Coast 4 2 171 82 34 16 209
+ N.W. 1 1 59 75 19 24 79
+
+Moderate nasion depression characterizes the majority of noses (71 per
+cent). Pronounced depression is recorded for 8 per cent, and submedium
+occurrence in 21 per cent. Only one individual lacks any depression.
+This distribution does not vary much among the provinces.
+
+A well-elevated nasal root is also characteristic; 67 per cent show
+moderate elevation and 24 per cent pronounced, whereas 8 per cent are
+submedium; one individual is without any elevation. The interior Fijians
+have a little higher frequency of low nasal root (10 per cent), whereas
+the eastern people, with a 30 per cent incidence, excel in the
+pronounced category.
+
+More striking is the breadth of the Fijian nasal root. It is pronounced
+in 68 per cent and moderate in the remainder of the series. Pronounced
+breadth is commoner among the interior people (75 per cent) and least
+preponderant in the east (55 per cent).
+
+The nasal septum is nearly always straight; the only departure from this
+condition is a 4 per cent incidence of convexity. Regional differences
+are not significant.
+
+Nasal bridge height is commonly medium (79 per cent) in the totality of
+noses. Fourteen percent are pronouncedly high and 7 per cent are
+submedium. The several provinces do not depart very far from this
+distribution.
+
+The Fijian nose shows a strong tendency to broadness of the bridge.
+Two-thirds show pronounced breadth of bridge and the remainder are
+medium. Pronounced broadness increases in the interior groups (81 per
+cent) and shows a marked decline in the east (40 per cent).
+
+Nasal profiles are most often straight (77 per cent), but convex noses
+are not uncommon (21 per cent). Convexity is slightly more frequent in
+the east (26 percent), whereas in the coastal people its incidence drops
+to 16 per cent.
+
+_Nasal-Tip Thickness_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 0 344 42 461 58 1 0 812
+ Interior 0 0 55 36 98 64 0 0 153
+ East 1 1 80 67 39 33 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 94 45 114 55 1 1 209
+ N.W. 0 0 27 34 52 66 0 0 79
+
+_Nasal-Tip Inclination_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 731 90 57 7 24 3 0 0 812
+ Interior 147 96 6 4 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 109 91 6 5 5 4 0 0 120
+ Coast 186 89 16 8 7 3 0 0 209
+ N.W. 71 90 6 8 2 3 0 0 79
+
+_Nasal Wings_
+
+ Compressed Medium Flaring Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 0 0 198 24 615 76 813
+ Interior 0 0 25 16 128 84 153
+ East 0 0 70 58 50 42 120
+ Coast 0 0 42 20 167 80 209
+ N.W. 0 0 16 20 63 80 79
+
+The nasal tip is pronounced more often than not, 58 per cent showing
+this condition. The remaining 42 per cent have tips of medium thickness.
+Thicker tips occur more often in the interior (64 per cent) and in the
+northwest (66 per cent), least often in the east (33 per cent).
+
+Usually the nasal tip is not inclined downward. Slight and moderate
+inclination has a combined incidence of only 10 per cent.
+
+Flaring nasal wings are a common condition (76 per cent). This incidence
+rises to 84 per cent in the interior and drops to 42 per cent in the
+east.
+
+
+MOUTH
+
+_Lip Thickness: Membranous_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 19 2 428 53 364 45 2 0 813
+ Interior 10 7 43 28 100 65 0 0 153
+ East 1 1 83 69 36 30 0 0 120
+ Coast 1 1/2 88 42 119 57 1 1/2 209
+ N.W. 4 5 39 49 36 46 0 0 79
+ Tonga 12 10 97 84 7 6 0 0 116
+
+_Lip Thickness: Integumental_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 4 1/2 608 75 201 25 0 0 813
+ Interior 1 1/2 114 75 38 25 0 0 153
+ East 1 1 100 83 19 16 0 0 120
+ Coast 2 1 164 78 43 21 0 0 209
+ N.W. 0 0 55 70 24 30 0 0 79
+ Fiji II 0 0 1 1/2 26 20 106 80 133
+ Solomons 0 0 0 0 12 14 73 86 85
+
+_Lip Eversion_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 12 1 333 41 444 55 24 3 813
+ Interior 0 0 63 41 88 58 2 1 153
+ East 8 7 77 64 35 29 0 0 120
+ Coast 0 0 63 30 138 66 8 4 209
+ N.W. 1 1 26 33 51 65 1 1 79
+
+_Lip Seam_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 33 4 429 53 343 42 8 1 813
+ Interior 1 1 79 52 73 48 0 0 153
+ East 14 12 77 64 29 24 0 0 120
+ Coast 6 3 105 50 94 45 4 2 209
+ N.W. 3 4 44 56 32 41 0 0 79
+
+Fijian lips are Negroid in thickness in many instances. Membranous lips
+are thick in 45 per cent of the series, medium in 53 per cent, and
+submedium in 25 per cent. Thickest lips occur in the interior and
+coastal areas where the pronounced type registers 65 per cent and 57 per
+cent, respectively. In the east, lips are more moderate in thickness,
+and the pronounced category drops to 30 per cent.
+
+Integumental lips also tend to be heavy but not so much as the mucous
+parts. Twenty-five per cent of the total Fijians have thick integumental
+lips and the remainder are moderate. Howells' Fiji II series classes 80
+per cent as very pronounced and the remainder as pronounced. The Solomon
+Islanders, with an 86 per cent incidence of very pronounced, have the
+heaviest lips of all.
+
+Lip eversion varies largely between moderate and submedium, 55 percent
+and 41 per cent, respectively. The interior and coastal Fijians show
+this trait a little more often than the others, whereas the eastern
+people have least lip eversion. The lip seam is present in nearly all
+cases, but not to a pronounced degree. Fifty-three per cent are
+submedium and 42 per cent are moderate. The eastern groups are
+definitely less endowed with this trait. The other provinces vary but
+little from the total distribution.
+
+
+TEETH
+
+_Bite_
+
+ Under E-E Subm. over + over Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 518 64 274 34 13 2 807
+ Interior 0 0 94 61 59 39 0 0 153
+ East 0 0 73 61 45 38 2 2 120
+ Coast 1 0 130 62 76 36 0 0 207
+ N.W. 1 1 49 62 23 29 3 4 76
+ Fiji II 4 3 50 38 77 59 0 0 131
+ Solomons 1 1 37 45 45 54 0 0 83
+
+_Caries_
+
+ Absent Subm.(1-4) + (5-8) ++ (9-16) +++ (17-x) Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 645 78 80 10 58 7 22 3 8 1 813
+ Interior 130 84 16 10 3 2 1 1 3 2 153
+ East 100 83 10 12 4 3 2 1 4 3 120
+ Coast 153 73 29 14 16 8 8 4 3 1 209
+ N.W. 62 80 9 11 6 8 1 1 0 0 78
+
+_Crowding_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 685 84 115 14 13 2 0 0 813
+ Interior 134 88 19 12 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 100 83 17 14 3 3 0 0 120
+ Coast 180 86 25 12 4 2 0 0 209
+ N.W. 64 81 14 18 0 0 0 0 78
+
+_Tooth Eruption_
+
+ Complete Incomplete Total
+ No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 796 98 15 2 811
+ Interior 153 100 0 0 153
+ East 119 99 1 1 120
+ Coast 199 95 8 4 207
+ N.W. 74 94 2 3 76
+
+_Wear_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 184 23 443 54 144 18 42 5 813
+ Interior 27 {18} 58 {38} 37 {24} 31 {20} 153
+ East 26 {22} 69 {57} 24 {20} 1 {1} 120
+ Coast 60 {29} 120 {57} 28 {13} 1 {1/2} 209
+ N.W. 12 {15} 47 {60} 17 {22} 2 {3} 78
+
+The jaws of Fijians have a rather distinctive frequency of edge-to-edge
+bite. I recorded this as 64 per cent, but Howells' series indicates a 38
+per cent incidence.
+
+The quality of Fijian teeth as reflected by frequency of caries is
+excellent. Nearly 80 per cent of the total show no tooth decay. The
+soundest teeth from this standpoint occur in the interior, the east, and
+the northwest. The coastal people show the highest incidence of caries,
+an interesting point since many of this sample come from around Suva and
+have more access to the Western processed foods.
+
+Tooth crowding is quite uncommon to Fijians, a condition consistent with
+their generous jaw conformation. Crowding is noted in only 16 per cent
+of the series, and most of it is slight.
+
+Tooth eruption is complete in nearly all the subjects. A 2 per cent
+incidence of incomplete eruption is entirely due to the immaturity of
+some of the young adults. No pathological suppression was noted.
+
+Some wear of the teeth is recorded for more than three-quarters of the
+series, but lacking age incidence, the data has limited meaning. The
+Fijian diet is not abrasive the way, for instance, it is for the Indians
+of our Southwest, where the staple food is ground in stone mills.
+
+
+EARS
+
+_Ear Helix_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 230 28 511 63 72 9 0 0 813
+ Interior 45 29 99 65 9 6 0 0 153
+ East 29 24 74 62 17 14 0 0 120
+ Coast 58 28 128 61 23 11 0 0 209
+ N.W. 24 30 51 65 4 5 0 0 79
+
+_Darwin's Point_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 761 94 36 4 15 2 1 0 813
+ Interior 150 98 3 2 0 0 0 0 153
+ East 112 93 6 5 2 2 0 0 120
+ Coast 187 89 13 6 4 4 1 0 209
+ N.W. 77 97 2 3 0 0 0 0 79
+
+_Ear-Lobe Type_
+
+ Soldered Attached Free Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 80 10 531 65 202 25 813
+ Interior 47 31 74 48 32 21 153
+ East 3 3 85 71 32 27 120
+ Coast 9 4 141 67 59 28 209
+ N.W. 5 6 52 66 22 28 79
+
+_Ear-Lobe Size_
+
+ Subm. + ++ +++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 176 22 457 56 178 22 2 0 813
+ Interior 49 32 66 43 38 25 0 0 153
+ East 16 13 76 63 27 23 1 1 120
+ Coast 31 15 123 59 55 26 0 0 209
+ N.W. 20 25 47 59 12 15 0 0 79
+
+_Ear Protrusion_
+
+ Absent Subm. + ++ Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 2 0 262 32 463 57 86 11 813
+ Interior 1 1 47 31 90 59 15 10 153
+ East 0 0 31 26 77 64 12 10 120
+ Coast 1 0 75 36 114 55 19 9 209
+ N.W. 0 0 26 33 49 62 4 5 79
+
+_Ear Slant_
+
+ Absent Subm. + Total
+ No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 416 51 332 41 65 8 813
+ Interior 78 51 67 44 8 5 153
+ East 55 46 52 43 13 11 120
+ Coast 118 56 74 35 17 8 209
+ N.W. 38 48 39 49 2 3 79
+
+The Fijian ear is a moderately distinctive appendage from a racial
+standpoint. The helix shows moderate development on the whole and is
+submedium otherwise except for a 9 per cent incidence of pronounced
+appearance. Regional variation is small.
+
+The Darwin's point is noted in a number of cases: 4 per cent to a
+submedium degree and 2 per cent medium.
+
+The ear lobe is somewhat distinctive with a 65 per cent incidence of the
+attached condition and 10 per cent soldered. The remaining 25 per cent
+is free. This distinctiveness is more marked among the interior groups
+where the soldered type of lobe increases to 31 percent.
+
+Ear-lobe size is moderate in more than half the series, pronounced in 22
+per cent, and submedium in 22 per cent. Small lobes are commoner in the
+interior province.
+
+Moderate ear protrusion is the commonest form followed by submedium.
+Marked projection is recorded as 11 per cent.
+
+Ear slant either is lacking or slight in most instances; the series is
+rather evenly divided between these two categories, the zero category
+having a small majority. Moderate slant is noted for 8 per cent.
+
+
+BODY BUILD
+
+_Body Build: Endomorph_
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 260 32 334 42 126 15 46 6 33 4 12 1 811
+ Interior 49 32 66 43 26 17 5 3 6 4 1 1 153
+ East 30 25 54 45 21 18 5 4 8 7 1 1 119
+ Coast 77 37 82 39 28 13 10 5 8 4 3 1 209
+ N.W. 26 33 34 43 9 11 6 8 2 3 2 3 79
+
+_Body Build: Mesomorph_
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 1 {0.1} 2 {0.2} 33 4 131 16 227 28 419 52 813
+ Interior 0 0 1 1 11 7 27 18 41 27 73 48 153
+ East 1 1 0 0 2 2 14 12 38 32 65 54 120
+ Coast 0 0 0 0 9 4 29 14 67 32 104 50 209
+ N.W. 0 0 1 1 2 3 15 19 14 18 47 59 79
+
+_Body Build: Ectomorph_
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
+ No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
+
+ Fiji I 351 43 195 24 110 14 88 11 68 8 1 {0.1} 813
+ Interior 54 35 56 37 13 8 15 10 15 10 0 0 153
+ East 49 41 33 28 15 13 12 10 11 9 0 0 120
+ Coast 84 40 51 24 36 17 18 9 19 9 1 1 209
+ N.W. 39 49 19 24 11 14 6 8 4 5 0 0 79
+
+Variations in body build have been expressed with the Sheldon method of
+somatotyping.[18] Accordingly, the Fijians are primarily and definitely
+mesomorphic, with endomorphy the second strongest component, and
+ectomorphy, third. About 80 per cent of the total series had a
+mesomorphic rating of 5 and 6 which leaves no doubt as to the
+prevailingly athletic physique. Endomorphy is seldom pronounced so that
+obesity may be described as no more than occasional. A pronounced linear
+build is likewise relatively infrequent.
+
+The Fijian subgroups do not vary markedly from the over-all pattern.
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+The preceding data may be summarized from three points of view. The
+first will emphasize the physical features that are common to most
+Fijians. At the outset it should be pointed out that a "typical" Fijian
+does not exist, except as a statistical abstraction. The racial
+composition of the Fijian is complex and far from being homogeneous.
+There is no doubt, from the physical and cultural evidence, as well as
+the geographical location, that Fijians are related to both Melanesians
+and Polynesians. The second point is to give a precise indication of
+these affinities with Melanesia and Polynesia. A third concern of this
+analysis is the geographical variability within Fiji. This consists of a
+regional breakdown of the Fijian data into interior, eastern, coastal,
+and northwestern divisions, in order to demonstrate some of the local
+variation of the Melanesian-Polynesian ingredients and their possible
+meaning.
+
+_Body (pl. 1)._--In general size and appearance, the Fijian is tall and
+well proportioned. His body is fairly tall and well muscled, that is,
+predominately athletic in build. Obesity is relatively uncommon except
+in moderate degrees. This rather tall stature allies the Fijians more
+closely with the Polynesians. Shoulder, chest, and hip diameters also
+indicate that Fijians are generously endowed.
+
+The Fijians who occupy the mountainous interior of the main island are
+less tall than the coastal and eastern people; they also have narrower
+shoulders, relatively deeper and narrower chests, whereas their arms and
+legs are somewhat shorter. The eastern Fijians are tallest of all
+subgroups.
+
+_Skin Color._--Most Fijians have either medium- or dark-brown skin on the
+exposed facial surfaces. The more protected body areas show higher
+frequencies of medium brown and light brown. The Fijians are definitely
+less dark than the Melanesians but are darker, on the whole, than the
+Polynesians.
+
+The interior hill tribes are darker than the eastern and coastal groups.
+The lightest average skin shade occurs in the east.
+
+_Hair (pls. 6 and 7)._--In several respects the hair is the most
+consistent endowment of the Fijians. In nearly all instances it is
+black, frizzly, and coarse. The only departure from this condition is an
+occasional instance of dark brown and a few instances of rufous shade.
+Curly hair is a more common exception in the east. The coastal and
+northwestern people are nearer to the interior condition of frizzly
+hair. All in all, the hair form is definitely Melanesian. Hair length
+conforms to the general Melanesian condition, that is, intermediate
+between short Negroid and long Caucasiod or Mongoloid.
+
+Considerable beard and body hair is common to Fijians (pls. 8 and 9).
+Moderate to pronounced beard is shown by nearly three-quarters of the
+total series, and body hair is even more prevelant. General hairiness is
+also exhibited by the Solomon Islanders and the Tongans in the
+comparative data. The interior tribes of Fiji are more hairy than the
+other groups. This prevelence of body and face hair seems to conform to
+parts of Melanesia where it may be regarded as an Australoid element.
+Its presence in the Tongan data does not seem to be representative of
+other Polynesians, who are generally described as more glabrous.
+
+_Head (pl. 2)._--Moderate brachycephaly is the commonest head form of
+Fijians, although the total range is great. In this respect the Fijians
+resemble the broad-headed Tongans, and are quite distinct from the
+longer-headed Melanesians. The Fijian head, despite its general
+brachycephaly, is rather compressed in the temporal area and submedium
+in parietal elevation. The back of the cranium is characteristically
+flattened, a natural conformation as no deformation is practiced.
+
+The interior mountain tribes of Fiji have narrower heads and lower
+cranial indices than do the coastal and eastern groups. The interior
+people also have lesser head heights and a higher breadth-height index.
+
+_Forehead (pl. 10)._--Moderate to strongly developed supraorbital ridges
+are a common Fijian endowment. Similarly are low and sloping foreheads.
+These features have been observed in western Melanesia, where, like
+hairiness, they suggest Australoid of archaic Caucasoid elements.
+
+_Face._--Broadness characterizes the Fijian face. Bizygomatic breadth
+locates them nearer to the Polynesians than to the narrower-faced
+Melanesians. Strongly developed malars are common, and they tend to
+project laterally more than frontally. Widest faces appear among the
+eastern people.
+
+Bigonial and bicanine widths show that generous breadth includes the
+lower parts of the face, a condition born out by strong gonial angles.
+
+Face length falls between the long-faced Tongans and the definitely
+shorter-faced Melanesians (pls. 3 and 4).
+
+Some prognathism is common among Fijians, both total and mid-facial, but
+the condition is not universal nor pronounced. The eastern Fijians are
+the least prognathic (pl. 10).
+
+_Eyes._--Dark brown is the prevailing eye color, although many subjects
+have medium-brown eyes. Eye folds are only occasional and eye-opening
+height is usually moderate. Slight eye obliquity is common, more so in
+the eastern sample.
+
+_Nose (pl. 4)._--Great variability marks the nasal area. The commonest
+condition is a broad and moderately long nose. Medium nasion depression
+is frequent; the root is wide and moderately elevated. Bridge breadth is
+often pronounced and the nasal profile is straight to convex. The nasal
+tip is characteristically thickened and nasal wings are usually flaring.
+On the whole, there is a great deal of Melanesian in the Fijian nose; it
+is Negroid, but not pronouncedly. Those aspects of the nose which may be
+termed Negroid are commoner in the interior hill people and the
+northwest and least evident in the east.
+
+_Lips (pl. 5)._--Thick and moderately everted lips occur in nearly half
+the series. This Negroid combination is more manifest in the interior
+and least in the east. Integumental lips tend to be heavy.
+
+_Teeth._--The condition of the teeth is generally excellent. Most Fijians
+have broad, roomy jaws that permit complete and uncrowded tooth
+development. Dental caries are very infrequent. A rather high incidence
+of edge-to-edge bite is interesting.
+
+_Ears (pl. 5)._--The ears are usually moderate in length and tend to
+protrude. Ear lobes are commonly large and are more often attached or
+soldered than free.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+
+On the whole the Fijians are predominately Melanesian but with numerous
+Polynesian affinities that vary with locality. The Melanesian qualities
+are in part Negroid or Negritoid and in part Australoid. The Negroid
+resemblances are best illustrated by frizzly black hair, broad noses
+with depressed nasion and flaring nostrils, thick lips, and dark
+pigmentation (pls. 11 and 12). Australoid elements are general
+hairiness, strong brow ridges, low, sloping foreheads, compressed
+parietal and temporal areas, and some prognathism (pl. 13). The presence
+of Australoid suggestions need not mean that they come from Australia,
+but that they form a part of the Melanesian make-up. This interpretation
+of the Melanesians as a hybrid people conforms with similar designations
+by such students as Birdsell[19] and Hooton.[20] Polynesian influence in
+Fiji is most clearly demonstrated by lighter pigmentation, tall and
+muscular body build, moderate brachycephaly, broad faces and jaws, high
+and fairly long noses and strong chins. I found much the same
+resemblances between Fijians and Polynesians as did Howells;[21]
+however, in my comparisons the Polynesian similarities are outweighed
+and outnumbered by a greater array of Melanesian characters. The
+essential Melanesian character of the Fijian population is further
+demonstrated by recent blood-analysis comparisons; the conclusions of
+Simmons _et al._, identify the Fijians as Melanesian.[22]
+
+The Fijians who live in the interior of Viti Levu show the most frequent
+Melanesian traits (pls. 11 and 14). These people are shorter, have
+narrower shoulders and chests; their heads are narrower and lower
+vaulted; they have broader noses, thicker lips, are hairier, and have
+darker skins. This condition, occurring as it does in the mountainous
+interior, which may be regarded as a refuge area, supports the theory
+that the Melanesian is the earlier component in Fiji.
+
+The eastern Fijians stand in considerable contrast to the interior
+tribes and are the most Polynesian in appearance (pl. 15). They have
+lighter skins, greater stature, and heavier musculature. Their heads are
+broader, as are their faces and jaws; their noses are larger, narrower,
+and higher bridged, and their chins are more pronounced.
+
+The coastal sample might be called intermediate or a more even blend of
+Melanesian and Polynesian.
+
+The northwestern people resemble the coastal tribes. This means they
+show fewer departures in either a Melanesian or Polynesian direction.
+This also means they do not tell us whether the legendary ancestors, who
+are supposed to have first landed in Fiji on the northwest coast of Viti
+Levu,[23] were Melanesian or Polynesian. These data may mean one of
+three things: (1) the Fijian tradition of a landing at this place eight
+or ten generations ago is groundless, (2) the immigration did take place
+but whatever racial traits predominated, whether Melanesian or
+Polynesian, have been homogenized and obscured by subsequent
+intermixture and by movements back and forth on Viti Levu, (3) the
+landing did occur but the ancestors were already a
+Melanesian-Polynesian blend when they arrived.
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+Birdsell. J. B.
+ 1948. Racial Origin of the Extinct Tasmanians. Records of the Queen
+ Victoria Museum, Tasmania, Vol. II, No. 3.
+
+Churchill, W.
+ 1911. The Polynesian Wanderings. Carnegie Institute of Washington,
+ Publ. No. 134, Washington.
+
+Derrick, R. A.
+ 1951. History of Fiji. Printing and Stationery Dept., Suva, Fiji.
+
+Fornander, A.
+ 1878. The Polynesian Race. London.
+
+Hocart, A. M.
+ 1929. Lau Islands, Fiji. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bull. 62,
+ Honolulu.
+
+Hooton, E. A.
+ 1946. Up From the Ape. Macmillan Co., New York.
+
+Howells. W. W.
+ 1933. Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the Solomon Islands.
+ American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Papers,
+ Vol. 33, Pt. 4.
+
+Roth, G. K.
+ 1953. The Fijian Way of Life. Oxford University Press, London.
+
+Simmon, R. T., J. J. Graydon, and G. Barnes
+ 1945. The Medical Journal of Australia, May 26.
+
+Sullivan, L. R.
+ 1922. A Contribution to Tongan Somotology. Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
+ Vol. VIII, No. 4.
+
+Thomson, B.
+ 1908. The Fijians: A Study of the Decay of Custom. Wm. Heinemann,
+ London.
+
+
+
+
+PLATES
+
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 1. NEAR-AVERAGE BODY FEATURES
+ Stature: 173.3 cm.
+ Weight: 172.1 lbs.
+ Arm length: 75.1 cm.
+ Leg length: 82.2 cm.
+ Shoulder breadth: 41 cm.
+ Hip breadth: 29.1 cm.
+ Shoulder-hip index: 71.0
+ Chest breadth: 28.8 cm.
+ Chest depth: 22.8 cm.
+ Thoracic index: 75.7
+ Sitting height: 86.3 cm.
+ Sitting height-stature index: 50.0
+ Body build: Strongly mesomorphic]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2. NEAR-AVERAGE CRANIAL FEATURES
+ Head length: 187.2 mm.
+ Head breadth: 156.9 mm.
+ Cephalic index: 83.9
+ Head height: 128.6 mm.
+ Length-height index: 68.7
+ Length-breadth index: 81.1
+ Minimum frontal diameter: 109.8 mm.
+ Fronto-parietal index: 70.0]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3. NEAR-AVERAGE FACIAL FEATURES
+ Bizygomatic breadth: 146.7 mm.
+ Cephalo-facial index: 93.2
+ Zygo-frontal index: 75.3
+ Bigonial breadth: 109.6 mm.
+ Fronto-gonial index: 100.1
+ Zygo-gonial index: 74.7
+ Bicanine breadth: 39.8
+ Total facial height: 122.3 mm.
+ Total facial index: 84.1
+ Upper facial height: 71.3
+ Upper facial index: 48.9
+ Nasal height: 53.1
+ Nasal breadth: 45.5
+ Nasal index: 85.6]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 4. NEAR-AVERAGE FACE AND NOSE FEATURES
+
+_FACE_
+ Pronounced malars
+ Moderately long face
+ Wide gonia
+ Moderate chin
+ Moderate prognathism
+
+_NOSE_
+ Broad bridge
+ Wide root
+ Moderate length
+ Thick tip
+ Flaring nostrils
+ Straight profile]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 5. NEAR-AVERAGE LIP AND EAR FEATURES
+
+_LIPS_
+ Moderately thick
+ Pronounced lip seam
+ Moderate eversion
+
+_EARS_
+ Moderate size
+ Small lobe
+ Attached lobe
+ Moderate protrusion]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 6. NEAR-AVERAGE HAIR FEATURES
+ Black color
+ Frizzly form
+ Pronounced quantity
+ Coarse texture
+ Intermediate length]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 7. HAIR FORM VARIANTS
+ CURLY HAIR WAVY HAIR]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 8. PRONOUNCED BODY HAIR
+ 20 per cent occurrence]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 9. PRONOUNCED BEARD
+ 26 per cent occurrence]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 10. FACIAL VARIATIONS
+
+ No prognathism
+ High forehead
+ Moderate browridges
+
+ Moderate prognathism
+ Low, receding forehead
+ Pronounced browridges
+
+ Pronounced prognathism
+ Low, receding forehead
+ Very pronounced browridges]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 11. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE NEGROID)
+ Shorter stature
+ Narrower shoulders
+ Deeper chest
+ Darker skin
+ Narrower head
+ Broader nose
+ Thicker lips]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 12. "NEGROID" FIJIAN]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 13. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE AUSTRALOID)
+ Heavier beard and body hair
+ Lower, more sloping forehead
+ More compressed parietals
+ More pronounced brow ridges
+ More prognathic]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 14. "AUSTRALOID" FIJIANS]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 15. EASTERN SUBJECT (MORE POLYNESIAN)
+ Lighter skin
+ Less beard and body hair
+ Wavy hair
+ Wider head
+ Higher, steeper forehead
+ Less prognathic
+ Higher, narrower nose
+ Moderately thick lips]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 16. "POLYNESIAN" FIJIANS]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Hooton, 1946, pp. 735-763.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Derrick, 1946, pp. 5-6.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Ibid., pp. 7-8.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Population statistics from "Fiji Information," of 1954,
+issued by Public Relations Office, Suva, Fiji.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Hooton, 1946, p. 621.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Fornander, 1878.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Churchill, 1911.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Hocart, 1929, p. 236.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Howells, 1933, p. 335.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Roth, 1953, pp. 54, 55.]
+
+[Footnote 12: One pound deducted for dress (usually shorts only).]
+
+[Footnote 13: By subtracting sitting height from total stature.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Cranial measurements are not distorted by cradling
+practice or other causes of deformation.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Howells records skin color with the von Luschan scale. I
+have adjusted this scale to my own.]
+
+[Footnote 16: + means medium or moderate; ++ means pronounced; +++ means
+very pronounced.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Observation taken on the chest.]
+
+[Footnote 18: W. H. Sheldon, _The Variation of Human Physique_, Harper and
+Bros., 1940.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Hooton, 1946, p. 621.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Howells, 1933, p. 332.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Simmons _et al._, 1945, pp. 3-4]
+
+[Footnote 23: See pp. 1 and 4 of Introduction.]
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Figures incorrectly entered as zero have been calculated
+and inserted in {}.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. Gabel
+
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