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diff --git a/39140-h/39140-h.htm b/39140-h/39140-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82eb52f --- /dev/null +++ b/39140-h/39140-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4023 @@ + + + + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Racial Study of The Fijians by Norman E. Gabel.</title> <style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ +clear: both; } + +p { margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em; } + +hr { width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; +margin-right: auto; clear: both; } + +table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ /* +visibility: hidden; */ position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: +smaller; text-align: right; } /* page numbers */ + +.linenum { position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%; } /* poetry number +*/ + +.blockquot { margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%; } + +.sidenote { width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; +padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; float: right; +clear: right; margin-top: 1em; font-size: smaller; color: black; +background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px; } + +.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + +.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + +.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + +.br {border-right: solid 2px;} + +.bbox {border: solid 2px;} + +.literature_box {width: 30em; margin: auto; text-align: center;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-bottom: + 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. Gabel + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: A Racial Study of the Fijians + +Author: Norman E. Gabel + +Release Date: March 14, 2012 [EBook #39140] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jude Eylander, Joseph Cooper +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 544px;"> +<img src="images/grey002.jpg" width="544" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p class="center">Illustration: Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of population made by the author.</p> + +<h1>A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS</h1> + + +<h2>BY</h2> + +<h2>NORMAN E. GABEL</h2> + + +<h3>ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS</h3> + +<h3>Vol. 20, No. I</h3> + +<h3>UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA</h3> + + +<h4>ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS<br /> +<br /> +Editors: C. W. Meighan, Harry Hoijer. Eshref Shevky<br /> +Volume 20, No. 1. pp. 1-44, plates 1-15<br /> +<br /> +Submitted by editors April 11, 1957<br /> +Issued March 27, 1958<br /> +Price. $1.00<br /> +<br /> +University of California Press<br /> +Berkeley and Los Angeles<br /> +California<br /> +<br /> +Cambridge University Press<br /> +London, England<br /> +<br /> +Manufactured in the United States of America<br /></h4> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v." id="Page_v.">[Pg v.]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> + +<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> + +<p><!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --></p> + +<p class="center"><a href="#CONTENTS"><b>CONTENTS</b></a><br /> +<a href="#MEASUREMENTS_AND_INDICES"><b>MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES</b></a><br /> +<a href="#MORPHOLOGICAL_OBSERVATIONS"><b>MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS</b></a><br /> +<a href="#CONCLUSIONS"><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></a><br /> +<a href="#LITERATURE_CITED"><b>LITERATURE CITED</b></a><br /> +<a href="#PLATES"><b>PLATES</b></a><br /></p> + +<p><!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2"><i>Page</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Introduction </td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The problem and procedure </td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The habitat </td><td align="right">2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">History </td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Population </td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Racial background </td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Acknowledgments </td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Measurements and indices </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">General </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Weight </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stature </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Span </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Span-stature index </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The trunk </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sitting height </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Relative sitting height </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Biacromial </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Relative shoulder breadth </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bi-iliac </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Shoulder-hip </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chest breadth </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chest depth </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thoracic </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arms and legs </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arm length </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Humeral length </td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Radial length </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Radial-humeral </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Leg length </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tibial length </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Calf circumference </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The head </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Head circumference </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Head length </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Head breadth </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cephalic index </td><td align="right">7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Head height </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Length-height </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Breadth-height </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cranial module </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Minimum frontal </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fronto-parietal </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The face </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bizygomatic </td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cephalo-facial </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Zygo-frontal </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total face height </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total facial index </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Upper face height </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Upper facial index </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bigonial </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fronto-gonial </td><td align="right">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Zygo-gonial </td><td align="right"> 10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal height </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal breadth </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal index </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal depth </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal-depth index </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mouth breadth </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lip thickness </td><td align="right"> 10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear length </td><td align="right"> 10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear breadth </td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear index </td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bicanine breadth </td><td align="right"> 11</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Morphological observations </td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pigmentation </td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Skin color: exposed </td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Skin color: unexposed </td><td align="right"> 12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hair color </td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eye color </td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hair </td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hair form </td><td align="right"> 13</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hair texture </td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Head hair quantity </td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hair length </td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Baldness </td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Beard quantity </td><td align="right"> 14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Body hair </td><td align="right"> 15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grayness: head </td><td align="right"> 15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grayness: beard </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The face </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Prognathism: total </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Prognathism: mid-facial </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Prognathism: alveolar </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Malar projection: lateral </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Malar projection: frontal </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gonial angles </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Palate shape </td><td align="right"> 16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chin prominence </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chin type </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The head </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Temporal fullness </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Occipital protrusion </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lambdoidal flattening </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Occipital flattening </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Median sagittal crest </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Parietal bosses </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cranial asymmetry </td><td align="right"> 17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Facial asymmetry </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eyes </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eye folds: external </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eye fold: median </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eye folds: internal </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eye obliquity </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Eye opening </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Forehead </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Brow ridges </td><td align="right"> 18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Forehead height </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Forehead slope </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nose </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasion depression </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Root height </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Root breadth </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal septum </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bridge height </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bridge breadth </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal profile </td><td align="right"> 19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal-tip thickness </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal-tip inclination </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nasal wings </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mouth </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lip thickness: membranous </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lip thickness: integumental </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lip eversion </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lip seam </td><td align="right"> 20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Teeth </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bite </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Caries </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Crowding </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tooth eruption </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wear </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ears </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear helix </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Darwin's point </td><td align="right"> 21</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear-lobe type </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear-lobe size </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear protrusion </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ear slant </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Body build </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Body build: endomorph </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Body build: mesomorph </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Body build: ectomorph </td><td align="right"> 22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Summary </td><td align="right"> 23</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Conclusions </td><td align="right"> 25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Literature cited </td><td align="right"> 26</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Plates </td><td align="right"> 27</td></tr> +</table></div> +<h4>MAP</h4> +<p class="center">Simplified map of Fiji showing four regional divisions of population +made by the author ... frontispiece</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2>A RACIAL STUDY OF THE FIJIANS</h2> + +<h2>BY</h2> + +<h2>NORMAN E. GABEL</h2> + + +<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3> +<p>This paper concerns itself with a physical survey of the native male +population of Fiji. The main objective is a description of these people +by means of anthropometric procedure.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The treatment includes, first, +a description of the Fijians as a whole, second, a comparison with +neighboring people, and third, regional differences among the Fijians +themselves.</p> + + +<h3>THE PROBLEM AND PROCEDURE</h3> + +<p>The data used in this survey were secured in 1954 during a stay of seven +months in Fiji. My plan was to obtain anthropometric samples from +several parts of the archipelago; this plan was only slightly altered as +time and transportation facilities directed. Each of the three main +administrative districts into which the islands are divided were visited +and within each district samples were secured from most of the +constituent provinces. The original sample consisted of 880 subjects. +Later, 65 subjects were excluded for various reasons: some were part +Samoan or Tongan, a few were Rotumans, and others were immature. The +number finally used stands at 815.</p> + +<p>A limited amount of comparative material has been included in order to +help locate the Fijians in the overall Pacific picture. These data were +drawn from W. W. Howells, "Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the +Solomon Islands" in The American Museum of Natural History, +Anthropological Papers, volume 33, part 4, 1933, and from L. R. +Sullivan, "A Contribution to Tongan Somatology" based on the field +studies of E. W. Gifford and W. C. McKern, in Memoires of the Bernice P. +Bishop Museum, volume 8, number 4, 1922. The latter report provides +comparison with what may be termed western Polynesians who are also the +nearest Polynesians to the Fijians. The Fijian data in Howell's paper +make it possible for me to check some of my own Fijian material, and the +Solomon Island data in the same report provide a Melanesian measuring +stick.</p> + +<p>Since an over-all description of the Fijians is the initial concern of +this paper, each physical trait measured or derived from measurement is +tabulated according to range, average, and deviation. Traits observed +but not measured are presented according to degree of development, e.g., +absent, medium, and pronounced, and according to percentage of +occurrence. Further statistical manipulation is not deemed necessary for +the writer's purposes.</p> +<p>It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people. They are +regarded, and with good reason, as a hybrid of, mainly, Melanesian and +Polynesian components. Their geographical location, their history, and +their physical appearance bear this out.</p> + +<p>The proportions of Polynesian and Melanesian elements are, of course, +not evenly distributed throughout Fiji. Even superficial observation +indicates that the natives range from strongly Melanesian to markedly +Polynesian. To demonstrate how this variability follows certain regional +trends, the data have been broken down into four geographical areas. +This subdivision rests on several considerations and merits further +comment.</p> + +<p>One of the subgroups represents the people of the mountainous interior +of Viti Levu, the main island of Fiji (see accompanying map). This +region may be regarded as something of a refuge area. Fijians from this +relatively isolated locality might reasonably be expected to exhibit +more of the earlier racial elements of the total composition. It should +be pointed out, however, that the degree of isolation associated with +this; interior; group is not extreme. Fiji tradition and history +indicate extensive interregional movement. Particularly in early +historic times, when the advent of firearms and other Western culture +greatly stimulated intergroup warfare and cannibalism, there was much +moving about from one region to another. With all this, the interior +people still remained, as indeed they are today, more apart from the +rest of the population and less subject to outside influence.</p> + +<p>The second segment chosen for interregional comparison is in the central +Lau Islands and is designated in this paper as the "eastern" group. +Lying as they do, at the eastern end of Fiji, they are closest to Tonga, +the nearest Polynesian neighbors. Tongan contact with Fiji in +prehistoric as well as more recent times is well established. <a +name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> It is in the Lau Islands that +Polynesian cultural affinities are most marked. Hence, it seems a +logical choice for a second and separate glance in the racial history.</p> + +<p>The third comparative sample might be termed an intermediate group. It +is taken from the coastal villages of eastern Viti Levu, largely from +the provinces of Rewa and Tailevu. This area is geographically between +the "interior" and "eastern" groups and is referred to in this paper as +the "coastal" group.</p> + +<p>The final regional division represents the northwestern parts of Viti +Levu. This is the place where, according to Fiji tradition, their <span class="pagenum"><a +name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> ancestors first landed after migrating +from the west. <a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Fijian legend, which gives this hint of their +ancestry, does not include a physical description of these immigrants. +Nor does it define the physical appearance of the earlier people whom +the newcomers encountered and with whom they mingled. On the rather slim +hope that anthropometry might shed a little light on this questionable +phase of Fijian history, this area, along with the first three, has +received separate treatment.</p> + + +<h3>THE HABITAT</h3> + +<p>The islands of Fiji are centrally located in the southwest Pacific. Over +three hundred islands and islets make up the archipelago, which spreads +between latitudes 15' and 22' south of the equator for 300 miles. The +international date line runs through Fiji at the Koro Sea and the Moala +Island group.</p> + +<p>The total land area of the islands is about the equivalent of the state +of Delaware, somewhat over 7,000 square miles. Two great islands account +for nearly 95 per cent of the total area: Viti Levu, the largest, is +over 4,000 square miles, and Vanua Levu, about half as large. Over 90 +per cent of the native population lives on these two islands although +nearly a hundred other islands are inhabited.</p> + +<p>Most of the islands are made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The +largest islands rest on a submerged portion of an ancient land mass, +sometimes called the Melanesian continent, which goes back in time to +the Paleozoic and, in its prime, intermittently connected Fiji with +southeastern Asia and Australia. Subsequent submergence, followed by +cycles of volcanic upbuilding, erosion, and more submergence over eons +of time, gave the big islands their upper foundations. The last +extensive volcanic activity and land uplift occurred in the Pleistocene +and accounts for many of the present mountain masses. The final touches +to the Fiji profile have been wrought by more recent weathering and +erosion. Sedimentation is still going on at river mouths and along the +coasts, where deltas are being built and mangrove thickets flourish.</p> + +<p>Many of the smaller islands are old limestone masses that were pushed up +from the sea. Unlike the high craggy volcanic islands, these are lower +and flat-topped. Typically, they contain a basin-shaped depressed area +that is surrounded by a rim. These depressions are usually fertile and +heavily forested.</p> + +<p>Coral islands make up the third variety of land forms. These are always +small and low. Their small size, thinner soil, and lack of fresh water +make them much less suitable for human habitation. But even a thin layer +of soil produces a luxurious vegetation.</p> + +<p>Fringing and barrier reefs are abundant throughout the archipelago, +surrounding nearly every island. The most striking of these formations +is the Great Sea Reef, which forms an arc of nearly 300 miles along the +western fringe of Fiji and encloses large areas of coral-infested sea.</p> + +<p>Moderately high mountains give to the larger islands a generally rugged +terrain. The more extensive ranges lie across the path of the prevailing +south and easterly winds producing windward and leeward climatic areas. +On the windward side rainfall is heavy and rather evenly distributed +over the year. Here the valleys and mountain slopes support a typical +dense tropical growth. The leeward side, however, receives much less +moisture and has wet and dry seasons. Scattered patches of trees and +grasses cover the ground, whereas heavy stands of forest are confined to +valley bottoms and higher mountain slopes. The mountainous interior of +Viti Levu contains a number of peaks over 3,000 feet, the highest of +which is Mt. Victoria, 4,341 feet.</p> + +<p>Surface water is abundant on the bigger islands. Several large and +navigable rivers drain Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. The Rewa River, on the +east side of Viti Levu is the largest and is navigable for small craft +for 70 miles. Smaller rivers and hundreds of streams are important +sources of food and drink for the people of the interior.</p> + +<p>Great flood plains are formed at the mouths of the larger rivers. These +and the fertile flats that run back along the valleys contain the +greatest population densities.</p> + +<p>The climate is generally pleasant and healthful. Tropical extremes of +heat and humidity are moderated by the prevailing trades, which usually +supply cool and pleasant breezes from the east. Still, days of +uncomfortable heat and oppressive humidity are not unknown; however, +such periods are protracted only in the interior. The climate is far +from uniform throughout the islands. The windward sides, where rainfall +often exceeds a hundred inches, have a more even temperature and +sunshine is more moderate. On the leeward sides there is less general +cloudiness and more sunshine, especially during the dry season. The +smaller islands generally resemble the leeward areas in climate.</p> + +<p>Native plant and animal life, like much of the southwest Pacific, is +southeastern Asiatic in type and in origin. In the more profuse and +varied windward sides there are several general vegetation zones. Along +the coasts and in the larger river basins occur alluvial vegetation +largely dominated by several kinds of mangrove, which is densest in mud +flats washed by the tide. In this zone trees are scattered, and many of +them bear useful nuts and fruits. On the slopes and ridges behind the +coastal belts are the great tropical rain forests. They make up a dense +cover of evergreen trees interwoven with wild creepers and vines. Thick +stands of shrubs and smaller trees add to the tropical profusion. Above +2,000 feet the forests thin out and become more heavily coated with moss +and lichens, and ferns and orchids attach themselves to the branches. +Beyond 3,000 feet is the cloud belt, and above this trees become stunted +and are finally replaced by hardy shrubs that cling to the rocks and +crags.</p> + +<p>On the leeward sides, patches of rain forest are found only in the +moister areas. More typical of this zone are thin-leaved trees +interspersed in large expanses of meadow and grassland.</p> + +<p>A number of native plants are very vital to the Fijian livelihood and +some have modern economic importance. Several timber trees are essential +to house building, canoe construction, and wood carving. The ubiquitous +palms, here as elsewhere in the Pacific, are vital sources of food, +drink, building, and weaving materials and cordage. The mangrove +provides firewood, house poles, fishing fences, and traps, laths for +bows and black dye for their hair and tapa. Valuable starch is secured +from the sago palm, which is cut just before flowering, and the leaves +are a common thatching material. Various reeds, canes, and bamboos and +lianas are useful to Fiji economy. In the drier areas reeds and grasses +provide material for house walls, thatch, fish fences, and arrow shafts. +Several kinds of trees yield edible nuts and fruits.</p> + +<p>Like other central-Pacific island groups, Fiji is poorly provided with +indigenous mammals. A small gray rat is a considerable pest in garden +and homes, and a large nocturnal bat, which is called a flying fox, +lives in tree colonies and is often seen at dusk in banana groves or +other feeding places. All the economically important animals of Fiji +have been introduced, such as pigs, fowl, dogs, cattle, horses, sheep, +and goats.</p> + +<p>Bird life is diverse and interesting, although in a number of places +introduced forms, like mynahs and turtle doves, have forced the native +varieties back into the jungle. Several game birds such as doves, +pigeons, and ducks are occasionally hunted.</p> + +<p>Snakes and lizards are fairly common on the islands; none is poisonous. +Some are eaten, but the practice is not usual. Snakes had a more +important place in the former religious and totemic practices.</p> + +<p>Much more vital to the native economy is the abundant and varied marine +life. This, with gardening, provides the foundation of Fijian +subsistence. Turtles, crabs, prawns, eels, to say nothing of scores of +fishes, are hunted, trapped, poisoned, speared, and netted. The cycle of +the balolo worm has here the same importance as in other Pacific +islands.</p> + + +<h3>HISTORY</h3> + +<p>The first western contact with Fiji was made in 1643 when Captain Abel +Tasman entered Fijian waters and sighted several islands and reefs +without realizing the nature of his discovery. Over a hundred years +later, Captain Cook made a second contact by stopping at one of the +southern Lau Islands. Real knowledge of the area began in 1792 when +Captain Bligh sailed through the archipelago from the southeast to the +northwest, following the famous mutiny of the <i>Bounty</i>. Bligh made an +attempt to land, was attacked by natives, and continued through the +islands with no more landings. He did, however, make a record of most of +the islands he passed.</p> + +<p>In the nineteenth century, commercial contacts began in the form of +sandalwood trade. This profitable commodity brought Europeans and +Americans first to the Sandalwood Coast on the west side of Vanua Levu. +During this period the first systematic survey of Fijian waters was +made by the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1840. After little more +than a decade the sandalwood supply was depleted to the point where +trade virtually ceased.</p> + +<p>As a result of this initial commercial contact, which was mainly around +western Vanua Levu and eastern Viti Levu, some marked changes were +effected in Fijian culture. After the sandalwood traders abandoned Fiji +for more profitable fields, a number of deserters and ship-wrecked men +remained. These beachcombers, along with firearms that had been +introduced by trade or salvaged from wrecks, brought about the first +striking alterations. Rival chiefs competed for the acquisition of +muskets, gunpowder, and beachcombers. The latter in some instances +became attached to royal households as dubious advisors and instructors +in the use of guns, powder, and shot. Some of these coaches enjoyed a +status resembling that of household pets.</p> + +<p>The introduction of firearms changed the native political scene and +increased the scope and destructiveness of warfare. For a time the +rulers of Mbau in eastern Viti nearly monopolized the supply of muskets +and white men. This established their political supremacy over rival +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +leaders. Larger and stronger political and military alliances, some +resembling small kingdoms, developed for purposes of defense or +aggression. As warfare grew more frequent, new diseases entered the +islands and trade in liquor advanced.</p> + +<p>After the third decade of the nineteenth century better elements began +to enter Fiji and ensuing culture contact was not so consistently +deplorable. <i>Bêche-de-mer</i> traders and whalers began to visit the islands +for trade goods and supplies. Some began to settle at the east end of +Viti Levu. Missionaries came in the 1830's and the Christianization of +Fiji began.</p> + +<p>Internal conflict between rival chiefs, attacks on French, British, and +American ships, with subsequent reprisals, continued and intensified. By +mid-century, rivalry between the local kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa reached +a peak. At this time the powerful ruler of Mbau, Thakombau, who +dominated a large segment of eastern Viti Levu, had become hard pressed +by his Rewa enemies. Thakombau submitted to the missionaries who had +been pressing his conversion. With his support of the missionaries, the +native struggles became a religious war between Christianity and +paganism as well as between nativism and westernism. Thakombau's cause +was rescued in 1855 when King George of Tonga brought an army of 2,000 +warriors to Fiji and combined his strength with that of the kingdom of +Mbau. Thenceforth Thakombau remained the paramount chief in eastern Fiji +and for some twenty ensuing years ruled under the dominance of Tongan +princes. Another Tongan chief, Ma'afu, arrived in 1848 and set up a +political domain that rivaled the kingdom of Thakombau.</p> + +<p>Throughout these struggles and particularly with the conversion of +Thakombau and the leadership of the already Christianized Tongan chiefs, +native religion, including cannibalism, rapidly declined. Meanwhile, +English, Australian, and New Zealand settlers were augmenting earlier +trade contacts. Plantations and trade centers developed, and in 1857 a +British consul was appointed and set up at Levuka on the east coast of +Viti Levu. A few years later Thakombau sought relief from the payment of +indemnities to foreign powers and from internal harassments by an offer +to cede his dominions to Great Britain. The initial offer was declined +and the British consul was recalled in 1860.</p> + +<p>The next ten years saw a continuation of political and military turmoil +stemming from rival interests of native rulers, Tongan interlopers, and +European immigrants. A second appeal to the British government resulted +in an unconditional deed of cession on October 10, 1874, which marks the +beginning of Fiji's status as a British Crown Colony.</p> + + +<h3>POPULATION</h3> + +<p>Over 300,000 people live in the Fiji Islands. Of these about 140,000 are +native Fijians. The others are arranged in the following divisions: <a +name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">Indians</td> <td> </td> <td align="right">154,803</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Europeans</td> <td> </td> <td align="right">6,500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Part European</td><td> </td> <td align="right">7,496</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Polynesians<br />Melanesians<br />Micronesians</td><td><span style="font-size: 300%;">}</span></td><td align="right">4,133</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Rotumans</td><td> </td> <td align="right">3,990</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chinese</td><td> </td> <td align="right">3,857</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Others</td><td> </td> <td align="right">649</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> +<p>When Fiji became a British Crown Colony in 1874 the population was +entirely native except for a handful of outsiders. At that time the +population has been variously estimated at approximately 200,000. +Shortly thereafter a measles epidemic reduced their number severely. +This, with other epidemics and maladies for which they had little or no +immunity or resistence, continued the decimation until by 1905 there +were only 87,000. During the next decade they held their own, until in +1919 the influenza scourge brought them to their lowest level of 83,000. +This was the last serious setback to their number; since that time the +population has been on the upgrade.</p> + +<p>A present threat to Fijian population, in the opinion of many, stems not +from disease but from the Indian presence. This began in the latter part +of the nineteenth century when Indian immigration of indentured laborers +began. The influx went on until 1916 by which time some 40,000 to 50,000 +Indians had come to Fiji and very few had returned to India. Since then, +the Indians have increased more rapidly than the Fijians until they now +outnumber them. This situation has, of course, created numerous problems +beyond the scope of this paper.</p> + +<p>It is significant to point out that intermarriage or interbreeding +between Fijians and Indians is relatively slight. The amount of mingling +of Fijians with Europeans or Orientals cannot be demonstrated +statistically, but it has not been extensive. The Fijians, on the whole, +retain pretty much of their prehistoric racial make-up.</p> + + +<h3>RACIAL BACKGROUND</h3> + +<p>It is well established that the Fijians are a mixed people, derived +mainly from Melanesian and Polynesian sources. Both of these parental +strains in turn are commonly believed to be racial blends. Hooton +describes the Melanesians as Oceanic Negroes whose composition includes +Negrito, Australoid, "plus convex-nosed Mediterranean plus minor +fractions of Malay and Polynesian."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Birdsell sees the same three +strains in Melanesia which he believes contribute to the Australians, +namely Negrito, Murrayan, and Carpentarian, plus a small amount of +Mongoloid. He believes they differ from Australians in being "basically +negritic in their genetic composition as a result of the rain forest +environment."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Polynesians, however, are usually thought to be derived +from Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid strains in which the Caucasoid +component is more often the strongest.</p> + +<p>The composite character of the Fijians has been variously explained as +far as order and time of the contributing elements are concerned. One +theory regards a Negroid stock as aboriginal to which a Polynesian +strain was later added. An early explanation of this sort is that of +Fornander who held that the ancestors of the modern Polynesians coming +from southeastern Asia via Indonesia in the early centuries A.D. made a +prolonged stopover in Fiji as they moved eastward. This left a +Polynesian imprint on the native Fijian physical appearance as well as +on their language and culture.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Later on, Churchill added a second +movement of Polynesians from the west about a thousand years later. This +was used to explain a certain amount of Mongoloid elements that needed +accounting for in western Polynesia.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>A differing interpretation brings the Polynesian influence into Fiji +from the east in relatively recent times. Thomson, for example, regards +it as mainly Tongan. There are many references in the eighteenth and +nineteenth centuries to Tongan presence in Fiji; they came to trade, to +fight, and merely to visit.</p> + +<p>Hocart believes the Polynesians at one time occupied most of Fiji until +they were driven eastward to Tonga and Samoa by native Melanesians.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +Howells tentatively suggests another possibility: originally all of Fiji +was occupied by Polynesians except perhaps for some Melanesian tribes in +the mountainous interior of Viti Levu. Around the eleventh century a +wave of immigrants from the west reached Fiji. "The newcomers, taking +possession of the archipelago, partly amalgamated with and partly pushed +out the Polynesian tenants, just as did the hill tribes of Hocart's +theory, the refugees fleeing to Somoa and Tonga."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Howells associates +this immigration with the Fijian tradition of an arrival of ancestral +families from across the western sea.</p> + +<p>This Fijian tradition of their own origin includes a landing on the west +coast of Viti Levu at Nandi by an ancestral chief and his sons who came +across the sea from the west. Several of his sons moved eastward and +eventually founded families with native wives in various parts of the +archipelago. These families ultimately became consolidated into +present-day tribes or federations. Most Fijian social units derive their +origin from this or similar legendary immigrations. These eposodes +occurred eight or ten and, in one case, fifteen generations ago.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> +Where these ancestors came from or what their racial affiliations were +is not described in the stories. On the basis of supposed similarities +of place-names, claims have been made for Africa as the place of origin, +but the validity of them is dubious. It is likely that these traditions +refer only to the more recent immigrations from the west. As to the +racial make-up of the ancestors, it is commonly believed that they were +Polynesians who, after settling in various parts of Fiji, took native +wives, presumably Melanesian, and originated many of the existing family +lines. This assumption does not rest on any actual physical reference to +their appearance but on such cultural data as their patrilineal +succession and their tradition of strong hereditary chieftainship.</p> + + +<h3>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h3> + +<p>I am indebted to a number of people of Fiji whose assistance and +coöperation were helpful. Thanks are due to Sir Ronald Garvey, governor +of Fiji, whose approval of my project gave administrative sanction. Mr. +G. Kingsley Roth, the Secretary for Fijian Affairs, secured for me the +coöperation of the Fijian Affairs Department, which in turn gave me +access to the proper native officers and leaders, furnished me with +necessary transportation; he also gave me some sound advice. Also of the +Fijian Affairs Office, Ratu Dr. Dobi helped me make the necessary +contacts as my work took me from one area to another. Mr. Robbin H. +Yarrow, safety officer of the Emperor Gold Mining Company, was most +helpful during my stay at Vatukoula, where I secured an excellent sample +of the northern provinces.</p> + +<p>The young Fijian who acted as my interpreter, guide, and recorder was +Joji Qalelawe; my especial thanks to him for his intelligent and +cheerful coöperation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MEASUREMENTS_AND_INDICES" id="MEASUREMENTS_AND_INDICES"></a>MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES</h2> + + +<h3>GENERAL</h3> + +<h3><i>Weight</i><a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total sample</td><td align="right">814</td><td align="right">105-300</td><td align="right">163.0</td><td align="right">20.3</td><td align="right">12.5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Interior</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td>East</td><td align="right">73</td><td align="right">130-245</td><td align="right">168.1</td><td align="right">19.3</td><td align="right">11.5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">118-300</td><td align="right">160.7</td><td align="right">22.8</td><td align="right">14.2</td></tr> +<tr><td>N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">120-212</td><td align="right">161.9</td><td align="right">16.9</td><td align="right">10.4</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The average weight of 163 pounds, coupled with their rather tall +stature, describes the Fijian as a large person, on the whole. Their +generous weight does not reflect excessive obesity; the body build, as +will be pointed out later, is prevailingly muscular and athletic. +Variation among the regional samples is not significant; all the groups +average more than 160 pounds.</p> + +<h3><i>Stature</i></h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">150.1-195.0</td><td align="right">172.5</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">150.1-183.7</td><td align="right">169.6</td><td align="right">6.0</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr> +<tr><td>East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">160.2-190.5</td><td align="right">173.3</td><td align="right">6.0</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">156.1-195.0</td><td align="right">173.4</td><td align="right">5.8</td><td align="right">3.4</td></tr> +<tr><td>N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">159.8-186.0</td><td align="right">172.7</td><td align="right">5.8</td><td align="right">3.3</td></tr> +<tr><td>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="center">158-190</td><td align="right">170.8</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">3.6</td></tr> +<tr><td>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="center">146-181</td><td align="right">160.2</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">4.2</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">92</td><td align="center">160-188</td><td align="right">173.0</td><td align="right">5.2</td><td align="right">3.0</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The stature of the Fijians is moderately tall. Howells' series of +Fijians, as well as mine, indicate this category. In this measurement, +the Fijians are similar to the Tongans. They are 12 cm. taller than the +Melanesians.</p> + +<p>Among the Fijian themselves, the interior people of the highlands are +definitely shorter than the rest of the population.</p> + +<p>Rumors still persist of remnants of pygmoid people in the interior +mountains of Viti Levu. I found no evidence of them either in my travels +in the interior or by extensive inquiries among natives and Europeans +who had thorough knowledge of the whole island.</p> + +<h3><i>Span</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">155.0-208.0</td><td align="right">180.0</td><td align="right">15.1</td><td align="right">8.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">155.0-201.0</td><td align="right">179.5</td><td align="right">7.5</td><td align="right">4.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">166.4-200.5</td><td align="right">178.1</td><td align="right">24.3</td><td align="right">13.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">160.1-208.0</td><td align="right">181.2</td><td align="right">14.6</td><td align="right">8.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">165.1-202.0</td><td align="right">180.0</td><td align="right">21.6</td><td align="right">11.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Span of the arms also reflects the generous proportions of the Fijians. +Regional difference is not marked. Relative to stature, the hill people +have the longer arms and the eastern natives the shortest. The greater +relative arm length of the hill tribes seems to be owing more to +deficiency of stature than to excessive arm length or shoulder breadth.</p> + +<h3><i>Span-Stature Index</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">96.1-116.3</td><td align="right">104.3</td><td align="right">8.5</td><td align="right">8.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">99.4-115.1</td><td align="right">105.2</td><td align="right">2.3</td><td align="right">2.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">99.1-108.5</td><td align="right">102.7</td><td align="right">13.5</td><td align="right">13.14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">97.9-116.3</td><td align="right">104.4</td><td align="right">7.7</td><td align="right">7.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">100.2-109.7</td><td align="right">104.1</td><td align="right">12.0</td><td align="right">11.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<h3>THE TRUNK</h3> + +<h3><i>Sitting Height</i></h3> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">75.1-100</td><td align="right">87.0</td><td align="right">3.5</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">75.1-94</td><td align="right">84.4</td><td align="right">9.4</td><td align="right">11.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">81-100</td><td align="right">88.5</td><td align="right">3.5</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">80-99</td><td align="right">87.7</td><td align="right">3.2</td><td align="right">3.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">80-94</td><td align="right">86.0</td><td align="right">2.9</td><td align="right">3.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">132</td><td align="right">78-101</td><td align="right">88.3</td><td align="right">3.06</td><td align="right">3.46</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">69-95</td><td align="right">83.6</td><td align="right">3.8</td><td align="right">4.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A total sitting height average of 87 cm. attests the generous general +body length. A regional trend follows the same curve as that for +stature. The eastern body length is greatest; it exceeds the over-all +average by 1-1/2 cm. and is more than 4 cm. larger than the interior +people who fall at the bottom of the scale of sitting height. Howells' +Fijian series is close to my eastern average. Compared with the Solomon +Islands natives, the Fijians are much more elongated.</p> + +<h3><i>Relative Sitting Height</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">45-58</td><td align="right">50.4</td><td align="right">1.5</td><td align="right">3.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">46-56</td><td align="right">49.8</td><td align="right">1.4</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">48-54</td><td align="right">51.0</td><td align="right">1.3</td><td align="right">2.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">46-56</td><td align="right">50.5</td><td align="right">1.4</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">47-54</td><td align="right">50.2</td><td align="right">1.4</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">132</td><td align="right">46-57</td><td align="right">51.7</td><td align="right">1.36</td><td align="right">2.63</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">46-57</td><td align="right">52.1</td><td align="right">1.64</td><td align="right">2.92</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The relative sitting height ratio for all Fijians is 50.4 per cent. The +eastern average of 51 per cent indicates a little more legginess, +whereas the interior groups tend somewhat to longer trunks.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Biacromial</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">28-47</td><td align="right">39.7</td><td align="right">8.2</td><td align="right">6.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">29-43</td><td align="right">39.0</td><td align="right">6.2</td><td align="right">4.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">35-45</td><td align="right">39.9</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">4.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">28-45</td><td align="right">39.7</td><td align="right">7.6</td><td align="right">4.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">35-47</td><td align="right">40.5</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Fijians are generally a broad-shouldered people. The inhabitants of +Ra and Ba have the highest average and the interior people are least +broad-shouldered.</p> + +<h3><i>Relative Shoulder Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">18-27</td><td align="right">22.3</td><td align="right">1.3</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">19-25</td><td align="right">22.9</td><td align="right">1.0</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">20-26</td><td align="right">23.0</td><td align="right">1.0</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">18-26</td><td align="right">22.9</td><td align="right">1.0</td><td align="right">4.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">20-27</td><td align="right">23.4</td><td align="right">3.1</td><td align="right">13.2</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p>Relative to total stature, shoulder breadth averages 22.3 per cent. No +significant regional differences are indicated.</p> + +<h3><i>Bi-Iliac</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">23-40</td><td align="right">29.2</td><td align="right">5.6</td><td align="right">5.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">25-38</td><td align="right">29.0</td><td align="right">5.1</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">27-34</td><td align="right">29.5</td><td align="right">4.1</td><td align="right">4.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">23-37</td><td align="right">29.2</td><td align="right">5.9</td><td align="right">5.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">26-32</td><td align="right">29.3</td><td align="right">4.6</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Fijians, as a whole, are fairly broad-hipped; this condition holds +with little variation in all the provinces.</p> + +<h3><i>Shoulder-Hip</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">58-101</td><td align="right">73.7</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">65-100</td><td align="right">74.6</td><td align="right">4.2</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">67-82</td><td align="right">73.8</td><td align="right">3.2</td><td align="right">4.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">58-99</td><td align="right">73.5</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">5.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">62-86</td><td align="right">72.8</td><td align="right">5.9</td><td align="right">8.1</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The total shoulder-hip ratio describes the shoulders as 73.7 per cent as +wide as the hips. These ratios do not vary greatly in different parts of +Fiji. The somewhat higher index of the hill groups is owing largely to +their narrower shoulders, whereas the superior shoulder breadth of the +northwest provinces contributes mostly to the lower hip-shoulder index.</p> + +<h3><i>Chest Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="right">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">24-39</td><td align="right">28.6</td><td align="right">6.4</td><td align="right">5.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">25-33</td><td align="right">28.6</td><td align="right">3.3</td><td align="right">4.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">26-39</td><td align="right">29.4</td><td align="right">7.2</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">25-37</td><td align="right">28.7</td><td align="right">7.8</td><td align="right">6.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">25-32</td><td align="right">28.9</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">4.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Broad chests are also characteristic in Fiji. The eastern men surpass +the Viti Levu males, and the interior groups have the narrowest chests, +but the regional variations are small.</p> + +<h3><i>Chest Depth</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">184-308</td><td align="right">22.9</td><td align="right">5.5</td><td align="right">7.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">195-263</td><td align="right">22.4</td><td align="right">3.2</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">189-295</td><td align="right">22.5</td><td align="right">4.9</td><td align="right">6.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">184-300</td><td align="right">21.7</td><td align="right">5.7</td><td align="right">7.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">192-250</td><td align="right">21.8</td><td align="right">3.3</td><td align="right">6.0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The chests of the Fijians are also fairly deep. The close similarity in +chest depth of the interior group and the eastern sample is rather +striking inasmuch as the former are nearly 4 cm. shorter in stature. +This would indicate that the interior group, for their size, are +relatively deep-chested.</p> + +<h3><i>Thoracic</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">59-96</td><td align="right">76.4</td><td align="right">4.6</td><td align="right">6.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">69-88</td><td align="right">78.5</td><td align="right">3.9</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">65-85</td><td align="right">76.3</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">56-89</td><td align="right">75.5</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">6.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">65-85</td><td align="right">75.7</td><td align="right">4.4</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The thoracic index shows that the Fijians are deep-chested relative to +thoracic breadth as well as in absolute values. Again the interior +people stand out for their deeper chests.</p> + + +<h3>ARMS AND LEGS</h3> + +<h3><i>Arm Length</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">45-87</td><td align="right">75.2</td><td align="right">5.0</td><td align="right">6.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">45-83</td><td align="right">73.6</td><td align="right">4.8</td><td align="right">6.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">52-84</td><td align="right">75.1</td><td align="right">3.9</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">57-87</td><td align="right">76.0</td><td align="right">4.9</td><td align="right">6.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">55-86</td><td align="right">75.3</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">8.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The over-all arm length is 75.2 cm. Shorter arms seem to be +characteristic of the interior population where the average is nearly 2 +cm. less than the over-all average. The eastern group has the longest +arms; the other samples are intermediate.</p> + +<h3><i>Humeral Length</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">26-39</td><td align="right">32.8</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">5.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">28-38</td><td align="right">32.8</td><td align="right">7.1</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">28-39</td><td align="right">32.9</td><td align="right">8.3</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">26-38</td><td align="right">32.9</td><td align="right">9.1</td><td align="right">5.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">28-38</td><td align="right">33.0</td><td align="right">7.9</td><td align="right">5.4</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Length of the upper arm averages 33 cm. for all Fijians; the several +provinces are closely similar in this trait.</p> + +<h3><i>Radial Length</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="right">No.</td><td align="right">Range</td><td align="right">Mean</td><td align="right">S.D.</td><td align="right">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">23-35</td><td align="right">27.6</td><td align="right">4.1</td><td align="right">5.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">24-33</td><td align="right">27.3</td><td align="right">2.4</td><td align="right">4.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">23-34</td><td align="right">27.5</td><td align="right">6.9</td><td align="right">6.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">24-35</td><td align="right">27.9</td><td align="right">3.5</td><td align="right">4.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">25-32</td><td align="right">27.9</td><td align="right">3.4</td><td align="right">4.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Lower arm length is 27.6 cm. and also varies but little among the +regional samples.</p> + +<h3><i>Radial-Humeral</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="left">65-113</td><td align="right">84.0</td><td align="right">4.2</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="left">77-104</td><td align="right">83.0</td><td align="right">3.8</td><td align="right">4.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="left">65-95</td><td align="right">83.5</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="left">75-113</td><td align="right">84.7</td><td align="right">4.2</td><td align="right">4.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="left">77-94</td><td align="right">82.2</td><td align="right">3.6</td><td align="right">4.3</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The radial-humeral ratio indicates that the lower arm of Fijians is 84 +per cent as long as the upper arm. None of the subgroups deviates +markedly from this average.</p> + +<h3><i>Leg Length</i><a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">61-98</td><td align="right">84.3</td><td align="right">10.5</td><td align="right">12.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">74-96</td><td align="right">81.1</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">12.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">73-96</td><td align="right">84.1</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">10.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">68-97</td><td align="right">85.3</td><td align="right">7.2</td><td align="right">8.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">75-95</td><td align="right">85.7</td><td align="right">4.4</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Average leg length is 84.3 cm., and some regional differences are +manifest. The legs of the hill people are shorter by 3 cm. than are the +other groups. Their neighbors to the northwest and east have the longest +legs, and the eastern are intermediate.</p> + +<h3><i>Tibial Length</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="right">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">34-49</td><td align="right">40.9</td><td align="right">8.3</td><td align="right">6.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">35-45</td><td align="right">40.3</td><td align="right">13.4</td><td align="right">10.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">35-47</td><td align="right">40.7</td><td align="right">6.2</td><td align="right">5.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">35-47</td><td align="right">41.2</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">5.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">36-47</td><td align="right">40.9</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">5.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Lower leg length is around 40 cm. for all Fijians. The regional pattern +is similar to that of total leg length: shortest in the highlands, +intermediate in the east, and longest in the coastal and northwestern +districts.</p> + +<h3><i>Calf Circumference</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">29-57</td><td align="right">37.6</td><td align="right">6.7</td><td align="right">7.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">31-51</td><td align="right">37.0</td><td align="right">6.4</td><td align="right">7.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">33-50</td><td align="right">38.1</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">6.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">29-48</td><td align="right">37.2</td><td align="right">9.4</td><td align="right">7.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">30-43</td><td align="right">37.7</td><td align="right">7.6</td><td align="right">6.3</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> +<p>The generous girth of the calf of the Fijians reflects their sturdily +muscled legs. The eastern groups excel the other Fijians in this +respect, whereas the interior groups have the lowest average for calf +circumference.</p> + + +<h3>THE HEAD</h3> + +<h3><i>Head Circumference</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">410-630</td><td align="right">562.4</td><td align="right">7.8</td><td align="right">6.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">537-613</td><td align="right">565.3</td><td align="right">4.1</td><td align="right">2.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">528-630</td><td align="right">566.3</td><td align="right">4.9</td><td align="right">2.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">410-630</td><td align="right">563.5</td><td align="right">4.6</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">537-597</td><td align="right">557.7</td><td align="right">14.3</td><td align="right">11.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The head circumference average of 562.4 mm. Probably is a little on the +large size because of the thick wiry hair of most Fijians; the eastern +groups appear to have the largest heads and the northwestern groups show +a rather abrupt drop.</p> + +<h3><i>Head Length</i><a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">162-215</td><td align="right">187.9</td><td align="right">9.4</td><td align="right">5.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">170-210</td><td align="right">190.1</td><td align="right">7.6</td><td align="right">4.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">172-209</td><td align="right">188.6</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">162-215</td><td align="right">187.4</td><td align="right">13.5</td><td align="right">7.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">165-214</td><td align="right">187.2</td><td align="right">7.9</td><td align="right">4.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="right">164-208</td><td align="right">188.8</td><td align="right">7.29</td><td align="right">3.86</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">170-208</td><td align="right">188.5</td><td align="right">6.5</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">117</td><td align="right">173-213</td><td align="right">191.0</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">3.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Total head length for all Fijians is 187.9 mm; longest heads occur in +the interior. Both Howells' Fijian average and the Solomon Islands +series are close to the above value. Gifford's Tongan head length of 191 +mm. Somewhat exceeds the Fijian.</p> + +<h3><i>Head Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">122-186</td><td align="right">155.9</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">7.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">135-170</td><td align="right">152.1</td><td align="right">6.6</td><td align="right">4.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">144-172</td><td align="right">157.2</td><td align="right">5.2</td><td align="right">3.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">141-186</td><td align="right">158.3</td><td align="right">9.3</td><td align="right">8.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">122-185</td><td align="right">152.9</td><td align="right">8.6</td><td align="right">8.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="right">135-170</td><td align="right">153.7</td><td align="right">6.1</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">126-158</td><td align="right">144.7</td><td align="right">5.2</td><td align="right">3.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">117</td><td align="right">145-167</td><td align="right">154.8</td><td align="right">4.3</td><td align="right">2.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>General head breadth is 155.9 mm., and considerable regional variation +is shown. Fijians of the interior have the narrowest heads, whereas the +coastal and eastern people have appreciably wider heads. Howells' series +of Fijians are closest to my highland groups.</p> + +<p>The Solomon Islanders are markedly narrower headed than the Fijians, +whereas Sullivan's Tongan series is nearer the Fijian average.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Cephalic Index</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">68-99</td><td align="left">83.0</td><td align="right">6.4</td><td align="right">7.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">68-96</td><td align="left">80.0</td><td align="right">6.0</td><td align="right">7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">72-92</td><td align="left">83.9</td><td align="right">3.8</td><td align="right">4.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">72-99</td><td align="left">84.2</td><td align="right">7.2</td><td align="right">8.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">71-95</td><td align="left">81.6</td><td align="right">10.3</td><td align="right">12.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Fiji (Howells)</td><td align="right">133</td><td align="right">68-94</td><td align="right">81.54</td><td align="right">4.7</td><td align="right">5.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Solomons (Howells)</td><td align="right">85</td><td align="right">65-88</td><td align="left">76.8</td><td align="right">3.9</td><td align="right">5.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align="right">117</td><td align="right">73-89</td><td align="left">81.1</td><td align="right">3.1</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Most Fijians tend to brachycephaly. The eastern natives and those of the +coastal series have the broadest heads. The interior people show +definitely lesser values in this ratio than do the other groups. +Howells' Fijian series is close to the northwestern Fijians in their +mesocephaly, and so is the Tongan mean. The Solomon series borders on +dolicocephaly.</p> + +<h3><i>Head Height</i></h3> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align="center">No.</td><td align="center">Range</td><td align="center">Mean</td><td align="center">S.D.</td><td align="center">C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total sample</td><td align="right">815</td><td align="right">110-154</td><td align="right">129.5</td><td align="right">6.8</td><td align="right">7.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interior</td><td align="right">154</td><td align="right">114-140</td><td align="right">127.7</td><td align="right">4.8</td><td align="right">3.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">East</td><td align="right">120</td><td align="right">114-148</td><td align="right">129.6</td><td align="right">5.0</td><td align="right">3.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Coast</td><td align="right">210</td><td align="right">112-154</td><td align="right">120.0</td><td align="right">7.0</td><td align="right">5.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">N.W.</td><td align="right">79</td><td align="right">117-142</td><td align="right">127.6</td><td align="right">9.2</td><td align="right">8.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Head height averages do not differ greatly among the provinces. The +interior and northwestern people have somewhat lower heads; the coastal +and eastern people show slight superiority.</p> + +<h3><i>Length-Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>55-84</td><td align='right'>69.0</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>3.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>59-77</td><td align='right'>67.2</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>5.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>61-78</td><td align='right'>68.7</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>4.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>55-84</td><td align='right'>69.4</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>58-84</td><td align='right'>68.1</td><td align='right'>4.5</td><td align='right'>3.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Relative to head length, the cranial vault of Fijians is high. The +mountain people show the lowest relative head height, whereas the other +provinces are nearer to the over-all average.</p> + +<h3><i>Breadth-Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>66-102</td><td align='right'>83.0</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>3.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>75- 96</td><td align='right'>84.0</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>75- 91</td><td align='right'>82.4</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>66- 97</td><td align='right'>82.8</td><td align='right'>5.3</td><td align='right'>8.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>73- 92</td><td align='right'>81.2</td><td align='right'>8.6</td><td align='right'>9.7</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Head height relative to total breadth is 83 per cent. In this ratio the +interior groups have the highest index, a condition owing more to +deficiency in cranial breadth than to superior head height.</p> + +<h3><i>Cranial Module</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>141-176</td><td align='right'>157.7</td><td align='right'>10.5</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>147-166</td><td align='right'>156.6</td><td align='right'>11.5</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>148-172</td><td align='right'>158.4</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>2.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>143-176</td><td align='right'>158.5</td><td align='right'>15.5</td><td align='right'>9.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>141-171</td><td align='right'>155.9</td><td align='right'>10.7</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Head size as expressed by the cranial module averages 157.7 mm. for all +Fijians. Regional fluctuation is unimportant.</p> + +<h3><i>Minimum Frontal</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>99-125</td><td align='right'>109.9</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>2.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>100-121</td><td align='right'>109.8</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>3.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>99-122</td><td align='right'>110.8</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>100-125</td><td align='right'>109.7</td><td align='right'>4.7</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>101-120</td><td align='right'>109.4</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A minimum frontal diameter of 109.9 mm. indicates a fairly ample +forehead breadth for the total sample. None of the subgroups depart much +from this value.</p> + +<h3><i>Fronto-Parietal</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>58-89</td><td align='right'>70.6</td><td align='right'>4.3</td><td align='right'>6.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>63-82</td><td align='right'>72.2</td><td align='right'>3.3</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>64-79</td><td align='right'>70.5</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>58-77</td><td align='right'>69.9</td><td align='right'>4.1</td><td align='right'>5.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>61-89</td><td align='right'>69.7</td><td align='right'>8.7</td><td align='right'>12.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Forehead breadth relative to total cranial width is 70.6 per cent. The +greatest deviation from this average occurs in the interior where the +fronto-parietal ratio is 72.2 per cent and lesser head breadth more than +greater forehead width causes the higher index.</p> + + +<h3>THE FACE</h3> + +<h3><i>Bizygomatic</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>110-164</td><td align='right'>145.7</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>110-163</td><td align='right'>145.8</td><td align='right'>6.3</td><td align='right'>4.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>137-161</td><td align='right'>146.7</td><td align='right'>4.3</td><td align='right'>2.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>128-164</td><td align='right'>145.2</td><td align='right'>4.9</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>136-156</td><td align='right'>145.1</td><td align='right'>4.3</td><td align='right'>3.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>132</td><td align='right'>130-159</td><td align='right'>144.05</td><td align='right'>5.05</td><td align='right'>3.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>84</td><td align='right'>115-149</td><td align='right'>138.0</td><td align='right'>5.5</td><td align='right'>4.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>131-159</td><td align='right'>143.5</td><td align='right'>5.9</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total +average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are +closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight +superiority in bizygomatic breadth.</p> + +<p>Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan +average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.</p> + +<h3><i>Cephalo-Facial</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>82-108</td><td align='right'>93.5</td><td align='right'>5.7</td><td align='right'>6.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>84-108</td><td align='right'>96.0</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>5.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>82-102</td><td align='right'>93.3</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>3.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>85-103</td><td align='right'>92.5</td><td align='right'>5.7</td><td align='right'>6.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>80-104</td><td align='right'>92.6</td><td align='right'>6.4</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>132</td><td align='right'>85-111</td><td align='right'>93.7</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>3.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>84</td><td align='right'>85-111</td><td align='right'>95.4</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>4.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>85-103</td><td align='right'>92.8</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>3.7</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all +Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the +interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there +is general similarity in the several provinces.</p> + +<h3><i>Zygo-Frontal</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>64-100</td><td align='right'>75.5</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>3.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>64-98</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>4.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>68-99</td><td align='right'>75.5</td><td align='right'>2.5</td><td align='right'>3.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>66-100</td><td align='right'>75.5</td><td align='right'>3.1</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>66-93</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>3.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>63-84</td><td align='right'>73.1</td><td align='right'>4.2</td><td align='right'>5.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional +averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the +Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the +breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.</p> + +<h3><i>Total Face Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>100-147</td><td align='right'>122.5</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>4.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>103-137</td><td align='right'>121.3</td><td align='right'>5.6</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>110-147</td><td align='right'>124.7</td><td align='right'>5.8</td><td align='right'>4.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>107-142</td><td align='right'>122.6</td><td align='right'>6.1</td><td align='right'>5.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>100-143</td><td align='right'>121.7</td><td align='right'>6.8</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>105-159</td><td align='right'>121.8</td><td align='right'>6.9</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>100-129</td><td align='right'>116.4</td><td align='right'>6.6</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>112-147</td><td align='right'>128.2</td><td align='right'>6.8</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Fijian faces have the moderate average height of 122.5 mm. Slightly +shorter faces occur in the interior people, whereas the greatest total +face height average occurs in the east. The Fijian of Howells' series is +close to mine. The Tongan value for face height describes them as +definitely longer faced. The Solomon Islanders depart in the other +direction with decidedly shorter faces.</p> + +<h3><i>Total Facial Index</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>68-104</td><td align='right'>84.1</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>5.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>73-96</td><td align='right'>83.2</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>75-101</td><td align='right'>85.0</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>73-97</td><td align='right'>84.5</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>5.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>68-104</td><td align='right'>83.9</td><td align='right'>5.6</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>132</td><td align='right'>74-105</td><td align='right'>84.7</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>84</td><td align='right'>74-97</td><td align='right'>84.5</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>78-102</td><td align='right'>89.3</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>5.0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> +<p>Relative to maximum breadth, the Fijian face tends to shortness, +although this is due largely to their generous facial breadth rather +than absolute deficiency of height. The interior groups have the lowest +values and the eastern groups show relatively broad faces.</p> +<p>The Tongan average is much higher than any of the Fijian values, whereas +the Solomon Islanders show similarity to the Fijians in this feature.</p> + +<h3><i>Upper Face Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>56-84</td><td align='right'>70.2</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>59-79</td><td align='right'>69.1</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>64-83</td><td align='right'>71.7</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>59-84</td><td align='right'>70.4</td><td align='right'>6.6</td><td align='right'>9.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>58-80</td><td align='right'>69.4</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the +Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern +people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.</p> + +<h3><i>Upper Facial Index</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>37-65</td><td align='right'>48.2</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>7.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>41-65</td><td align='right'>47.4</td><td align='right'>3.3</td><td align='right'>7.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>42-59</td><td align='right'>48.9</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>5.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>40-59</td><td align='right'>48.5</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>9.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>39-56</td><td align='right'>47.8</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the +Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern +people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.</p> + +<h3><i>Bigonial</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>95-146</td><td align='right'>109.7</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>95-146</td><td align='right'>109.8</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>3.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>97-125</td><td align='right'>110.6</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>95-129</td><td align='right'>109.9</td><td align='right'>5.3</td><td align='right'>4.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>99-119</td><td align='right'>109.1</td><td align='right'>4.5</td><td align='right'>4.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>92-119</td><td align='right'>104.8</td><td align='right'>5.8</td><td align='right'>5.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Lower jaw breadth as expressed by the bigonial diameter indicates a +tendency to broadness shared with little variation among all the +subgroups. The Tongan value is considerably smaller.</p> + +<h3><i>Fronto-Gonial</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>80-122</td><td align='right'>99.9</td><td align='right'>5.5</td><td align='right'>5.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>84-122</td><td align='right'>100.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>86-115</td><td align='right'>99.9</td><td align='right'>5.3</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>80-114</td><td align='right'>100.3</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>85-113</td><td align='right'>99.8</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>4.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Similarly the bigonial diameter in relation to forehead breadth is much +the same in all groups, the general average nearly 100 per cent.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Zygo-Gonial</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>65-86</td><td align='right'>75.3</td><td align='right'>4.1</td><td align='right'>5.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>67-86</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>6.0</td><td align='right'>8.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>65-82</td><td align='right'>75.4</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>4.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>66-83</td><td align='right'>75.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>4.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>68-83</td><td align='right'>75.2</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>4.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>63-87</td><td align='right'>73.2</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>6.2</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Relative to face breadth, jaw width is 75.3 per cent with very little +geographic variation.</p> + +<h3><i>Nasal Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>42-65</td><td align='right'>53.9</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>6.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>45-65</td><td align='right'>53.2</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>48-62</td><td align='right'>54.7</td><td align='right'>3.1</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>46-63</td><td align='right'>54.1</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>6.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>45-61</td><td align='right'>52.9</td><td align='right'>3.5</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>44-63</td><td align='right'>52.4</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>40-59</td><td align='right'>49.9</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>7.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>47-65</td><td align='right'>57.4</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Fijian nose may be called medium long. Greatest nasal heights occur +in the eastern and in the coastal series. The interior and northwestern +groups have shorter noses. The Fijians of Howells' series fall near the +short end of my averages. Natives of the Solomons are definitely lower +in nasal height, whereas the Tongan's average is so much higher that one +suspects a difference in the location of the nasion.</p> + +<h3><i>Nasal Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>31-62</td><td align='right'>46.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>40-61</td><td align='right'>47.6</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>7.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>38-53</td><td align='right'>45.5</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>38-62</td><td align='right'>46.4</td><td align='right'>3.3</td><td align='right'>7.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>31-57</td><td align='right'>47.4</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>7.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>37-54</td><td align='right'>46.19</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>6.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>34-51</td><td align='right'>44.6</td><td align='right'>2.8</td><td align='right'>6.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>38-55</td><td align='right'>44.4</td><td align='right'>3.0</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Broad noses are common to most Fijians. The greatest contrast is between +the narrower-nosed eastern people and the interior people, among whom +the widest noses occur. The nose of the Solomon Islanders is somewhat +narrower, according to Howells' data, and the Tongan average is also +lower.</p> + +<h3><i>Nasal Index</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>61-112</td><td align='right'>87.1</td><td align='right'>8.2</td><td align='right'>9.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>69-109</td><td align='right'>89.7</td><td align='right'>8.1</td><td align='right'>9.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>61-100</td><td align='right'>83.2</td><td align='right'>7.6</td><td align='right'>9.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>63-111</td><td align='right'>86.0</td><td align='right'>7.1</td><td align='right'>8.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>63-110</td><td align='right'>89.9</td><td align='right'>8.6</td><td align='right'>9.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji (Howells)</td><td align='right'>133</td><td align='right'>68-123</td><td align='right'>88.8</td><td align='right'>8.3</td><td align='right'>9.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons (Howells)</td><td align='right'>85</td><td align='right'>68-119</td><td align='right'>87.1</td><td align='right'>8.9</td><td align='right'>10.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>61-98</td><td align='right'>77.6</td><td align='right'>7.6</td><td align='right'>9.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Platyrrhini is the rule in Fiji, but individual and regional variations +are great. There are some leptorrine subjects in every province, and +there are some whose noses are broader than long. The interior people +and the northwestern groups have the relatively broadest noses, whereas +the eastern index is more moderate. The noses of Sullivan's Tongans are +relatively longer than the Lauans. The Solomon Island average is +identical with the Fijian.</p> + +<h3><i>Nasal Depth</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>16-32</td><td align='right'>22.0</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>3.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>17-32</td><td align='right'>22.5</td><td align='right'>2.1</td><td align='right'>9.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>17-28</td><td align='right'>21.9</td><td align='right'>1.8</td><td align='right'>8.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>17-32</td><td align='right'>21.8</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>6.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>16-29</td><td align='right'>22.3</td><td align='right'>1.9</td><td align='right'>8.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Nasal depth averages 22 mm.; the regional variation is very small.</p> + +<h3><i>Nasal-Depth Index</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>32-60</td><td align='right'>47.2</td><td align='right'>6.8</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>34-59</td><td align='right'>47.4</td><td align='right'>5.1</td><td align='right'>6.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>35-60</td><td align='right'>48.4</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>9.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>32-58</td><td align='right'>47.0</td><td align='right'>8.1</td><td align='right'>7.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>34-58</td><td align='right'>47.2</td><td align='right'>5.5</td><td align='right'>6.7</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Mouth Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>29-72</td><td align='right'>57.6</td><td align='right'>4.7</td><td align='right'>8.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>34-72</td><td align='right'>59.6</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>33-66</td><td align='right'>56.5</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>29-67</td><td align='right'>57.3</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>7.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>36-65</td><td align='right'>57.3</td><td align='right'>4.4</td><td align='right'>7.8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Mouth breadth averages show the interior groups to have widest mouths, +the eastern people least wide, and the coastal and northwestern people +intermediate.</p> + +<h3><i>Lip Thickness</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>9-45</td><td align='right'>22.4</td><td align='right'>3.8</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>12-31</td><td align='right'>23.4</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>5.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>12-29</td><td align='right'>21.7</td><td align='right'>3.4</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>16-45</td><td align='right'>20.8</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>5.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>10-29</td><td align='right'>22.0</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>5.7</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Thick lips are characteristic of most Fijians. The interior average is +highest for this diameter, whereas the northwestern Fijians have +least-thick lips.</p> + +<h3><i>Ear Length</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>55-83</td><td align='right'>66.6</td><td align='right'>4.5</td><td align='right'>6.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>53-83</td><td align='right'>66.0</td><td align='right'>4.8</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>55-80</td><td align='right'>67.2</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>55-77</td><td align='right'>66.7</td><td align='right'>4.9</td><td align='right'>7.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>57-75</td><td align='right'>66.5</td><td align='right'>3.7</td><td align='right'>5.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>117</td><td align='right'>56-81</td><td align='right'>66.0</td><td align='right'>4.6</td><td align='right'>6.9</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> +<p>Fijian ears on the whole tend to be long, as the average 66.6 mm. +indicates. Regional differences are slight. Tongans closely resemble +Fijians.</p> + +<h3><i>Ear Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>24-55</td><td align='right'>34.3</td><td align='right'>3.2</td><td align='right'>9.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>27-41</td><td align='right'>33.7</td><td align='right'>2.5</td><td align='right'>7.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>29-40</td><td align='right'>34.1</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>11.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>29-55</td><td align='right'>34.7</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>11.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>25-42</td><td align='right'>33.8</td><td align='right'>2.9</td><td align='right'>8.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>25-42</td><td align='right'>34.5</td><td align='right'>2.6</td><td align='right'>7.6</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Ear breadth is also generous, and regional differences hardly exceed 1.5 +mm., including the Tongans.</p> + +<h3><i>Ear Index</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>38-62</td><td align='right'>51.6</td><td align='right'>5.0</td><td align='right'>9.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>40-61</td><td align='right'>51.1</td><td align='right'>3.6</td><td align='right'>7.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>41-59</td><td align='right'>50.6</td><td align='right'>5.8</td><td align='right'>11.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>42-62</td><td align='right'>52.1</td><td align='right'>6.7</td><td align='right'>12.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>38-59</td><td align='right'>50.9</td><td align='right'>4.0</td><td align='right'>7.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga (Sullivan)</td><td align='right'>116</td><td align='right'>41-62</td><td align='right'>52.4</td><td align='right'>3.9</td><td align='right'>7.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Length-breadth ear ratios indicate that coastal groups have somewhat +broader, and the northwestern people the relative longest, ears.</p> + +<h3><i>Bicanine Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'></td><td align='center'>No.</td><td align='center'>Range</td><td align='center'>Mean</td><td align='center'>S.D.</td><td align='center'>C.V.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>815</td><td align='right'>24-72</td><td align='right'>39.8</td><td align='right'>11.7</td><td align='right'>19.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>154</td><td align='right'>37-49</td><td align='right'>39.9</td><td align='right'>10.7</td><td align='right'>16.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120</td><td align='right'>36-68</td><td align='right'>41.8</td><td align='right'>7.4</td><td align='right'>7.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>210</td><td align='right'>24-72</td><td align='right'>39.0</td><td align='right'>13.4</td><td align='right'>14.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79</td><td align='right'>38-49</td><td align='right'>38.6</td><td align='right'>14.0</td><td align='right'>16.3</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Bicanine breadth is characteristically great among Fijians, reflecting +the ample jaws and teeth. Widest diameters are seen in the east, +followed by the hill people of the interior. The northwestern groups +have the least bicanine diameter.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MORPHOLOGICAL_OBSERVATIONS" id="MORPHOLOGICAL_OBSERVATIONS"></a>MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS</h2> + + +<h3>PIGMENTATION</h3> + +<h3><i>Skin Color: Exposed</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Brunet</td><td align='right'>Swarthy</td><td align='right'>Lt. Brn</td><td align='right'>Med. Brn</td><td align='right'>Dk. Brn</td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>1 .01</td><td align='right'>5 .6</td><td align='right'>30 4</td><td align='right'>400 48</td><td align='right'>377 46</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>55 36</td><td align='right'>97 63</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>99 83</td><td align='right'>6 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>85 41</td><td align='right'>116 56</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>42 53</td><td align='right'>36 46</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>128 96</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>133</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>79 93</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td colspan="8" align="center">(Range: Lt. Brown to Dk. Brown.)</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Color of skin includes exposed and unexposed areas. The former was +observed on the face, since the Fijians do not use any kind of face or +head covering. This condition in the total series divides itself quite +evenly between medium brown and dark brown. A few have light-brown skin; +only six individuals are classified as swarthy and brunet. None was +judged to be completely black. The Fijians of Howells' series are +described as 96 per cent medium brown<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> and 5 per cent dark brown, a +discrepancy I would attribute to personal judgment difference. The +Solomon Islanders are markedly darker than the Fijians, the majority +have dark-brown skin and 3 per cent are black, whereas 5 per cent have +medium-brown complexions.</p> + +<p>Tongan data on skin color cannot be directly adjusted to my statistics. +Sullivan's comment on their skin color states that it is "a medium +yellowish-brown where it is unexposed to the sun. Exposed parts of the +skin of a few of the persons were a very dark chocolate" (Sullivan, +1922, p. 248).</p> + +<p>Among the Fijians themselves, the greatest contrasts occur between the +eastern and the interior groups of Viti Levu. Where 63 per cent of the +latter have dark-brown skin, only 5 per cent of eastern fall into this +category. The bulk of eastern (83 per cent) have medium-brown skin as +against 36 per cent of hill people. The coastal and northwestern +provinces are, like the total series, more evenly divided between medium +and dark brown.</p> + +<h3><i>Skin Color: Unexposed</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Brunet</td><td align='right'>Swarthy</td><td align='right'>Lt. Brn</td><td align='right'>Med. Brn</td><td align='right'>Dk. Brn</td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No.%</td><td align='right'>No.%</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>6 1</td><td align='right'>9 1</td><td align='right'>242 30</td><td align='right'>545 66</td><td align='right'>11 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>20 13</td><td align='right'>133 87</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>36 30</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>56 27</td><td align='right'>148 71</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>57 72</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>127 96</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>132</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>74 87</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Unexposed skin color was observed on the under surface of the upper arm +near the armpit. The anticipated shift in color range results in a +reduction of dark-skin incidence to a mere 1 per cent, and an increase +in medium brown to 60 per cent and of light brown to 30 per cent.</p> + +<p>Howells' describes 96 per cent of his Fijians as medium brown, 4 per +cent dark brown, and none light brown. The Solomon Islanders seem +definitely darker than the Fijians whether they are compared with +Howells' or my series.</p> + +<p>The eastern groups continues to contrast with the interior people. The +former show a majority of 64 per cent in the light-brown category as +compared with 13 per cent among the interior groups; the latter have a +medium-brown incidence of 87 per cent against 30 per cent among Lauans.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Hair Color</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Dk. Brn</td><td align='right'>Med. Brn</td><td align='right'>Lt. Brn</td><td align='right'>Red-Brn</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>757 93</td><td align='right'>31 5</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>18 2</td><td align='right'>807</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>145 95</td><td align='right'>8 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>114 95</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>193 92</td><td align='right'>11 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>5 2</td><td align='right'>204</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>70 89</td><td align='right'>5 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>75</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>118 91</td><td align='right'>9 7</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>55 65</td><td align='right'>26 31</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>84</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 94</td><td align='right'>0 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Black hair is the usual color, although 5 per cent are described as dark +brown and a few red-brown. This latter variation is a rufous color +(reddish-brown) and it may be a little more frequent than the data +indicate because the Fijians frequently dye their hair with a substance +extracted from mangrove bark. This intensifies the usual blackness of +the hair and adds a satisfying gloss. More sophisticated natives have +access to modern hair dye and lacking this, some have been known to +resort to black shoe polish.</p> + +<p>Hair bleaching is no longer practiced in Fiji.</p> + +<p>The hair of the Solomons Islands is not so uniformly black, nearly a +third have dark-brown hair and a few are light brown.</p> + +<h3><i>Eye Color</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Black</td><td align='right'>Dk. Brn</td><td align='right'>Med. Brn</td><td align='right'>Lt. Brn</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No.%</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>550 68</td><td align='right'>257 31</td><td align='right'>4 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>131 86</td><td align='right'>22 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>71 59</td><td align='right'>48 40</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>127 61</td><td align='right'>81 39</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>53 67</td><td align='right'>25 32</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>130 98</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>132</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 3</td><td align='right'>0 94</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 3</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A little more than two-thirds of Fijians' eyes are described as dark +brown. The remaining third have medium-brown eyes. There were four +individuals who were light brown. Howells, with his Fijian series, is +more generous with the darker designation; he designated 98 per cent as +dark brown and 2 per cent light brown. His Solomons sample is described +as dark brown without exception. The Tongan data also is recorded as +more uniformly dark brown than my Fijians.</p> + +<p>The Fijians of the interior of Viti Levu have more deeply pigmented eyes +than the others; 86 per cent are classed as dark brown and only 14 per +cent medium brown.</p> + + +<h3>HAIR</h3> + +<h3><i>Hair Form</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Straight</td><td align='right'>Low Wave</td><td align='right'>Deep Wave</td><td align='right'>Curl</td><td align='right'>Frizz</td><td align='right'>Wool</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 0.1</td><td align='right'>13 0.2</td><td align='right'>91 11.0</td><td align='right'>702 862</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>149 97</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>37 31</td><td align='right'>72 60</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 1</td><td align='right'>3 0</td><td align='right'>18 9</td><td align='right'>188 90</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>70 89</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>19 16</td><td align='right'>38 33</td><td align='right'>59 51</td><td align='right'>116</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>2 3.3</td><td align='right'>1 1.6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 26</td><td align='right'>17 28</td><td align='right'>25 41</td><td align='right'>61</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Frizzly hair is the condition of over 85 per cent of Fijians; 11 per +cent are curly-haired, whereas over twenty individuals have wavy hair. +Straight hair is absent. The Fiji II series of Howell distinguishes +between frizzly and wooly hair, which I do not. Their combined incidence +is 83 per cent, quite close to my frequency of frizzly. Whether one does +or does not distinguish between frizzly and wooly hair, there is no +doubt that most Fijians have Negroid hair form. The Solomon Islanders +are surprising with somewhat less Negroid hair form than the Fijians. +Their combined percentage of frizzly and wooly is 69, which is nearly 20 +per cent less than that of the Fijians. Twenty per cent have curly hair +against 11 per cent among Fijians. Also, the only instances of straight +hair occur in the Solomons.</p> + +<p>In the Fijian breakdown, the interior groups have the most Negroid hair; +97 per cent have frizzly hair and 3 per cent have curly hair. The +eastern people are the least Negroid in this respect; frizzly hair drops +to 60 per cent, whereas curly hair advances to 30 per cent and wavy hair +to 9 per cent. The coastal and northwestern series are closer to the +interior groups with about 90 per cent frizzly hair.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Hair Texture</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Course</td><td align='right'>Medium</td><td align='right'>Fine</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>804 99</td><td align='right'>9 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>116 97</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>208 100</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Hair texture is prevailingly coarse; only 1 per cent of the total series +shows medium coarseness and none have fine hair. This preponderance of +coarse hair is much the same in all the provinces, although the eastern +people do depart slightly with a 3 per cent incidence of medium-coarse +hair.</p> + +<p>It might be added that Fijian hair is quite stiff or wiry. For example, +when the hair is unshorn, it stands out like a mop. A Fijian can insert +a long stemmed flower in his hair and it will stay in place with no +additional fastening.</p> + +<h3><i>Head Hair Quantity</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'><a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>61 7</td><td align='right'>219 27</td><td align='right'>533 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>26 17</td><td align='right'>27 18</td><td align='right'>100 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>24 20</td><td align='right'>91 76</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>11 5</td><td align='right'>63 30</td><td align='right'>135 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>21 27</td><td align='right'>51 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>132 92</td><td align='right'>133</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>5 6</td><td align='right'>80 94</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Head hair quantity is pronounced in the majority of Fijians (65 per +cent); it is moderate in 27 per cent and submedium in 7 per cent. +Howells describes nearly all the Fijians as having very pronounced head +hair—99 per cent, which would appear to be a personal difference in +appraisal. In any case, the two series agree that Fijians have hair of +more than moderate quantity. The Melanesians of the Solomons are also +characterized by much head hair.</p> + +<p>Regionally, the only significant variation in this trait is shown in the +east, where more individuals have a submedium designation. In the +absence of age data, this contrast cannot be fairly interpreted.</p> + +<h3><i>Hair Length</i></h3> + +<p>It might be observed here that although hair length was not included in +this survey, on the basis of personal but unrecorded observation, the +Fijians conform to the Melanesian pattern. Most Fijian men now cut their +hair short in the Western style, but some still do not. Women generally +trim their hair but not short. The natural length of head hair is +intermediate between the short-haired African Negroes and the +long-haired Caucasians and Mongolians.</p> + +<h3><i>Baldness</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>731 90</td><td align='right'>40 3</td><td align='right'>30 4</td><td align='right'>12 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>122 80</td><td align='right'>12 8</td><td align='right'>12 8</td><td align='right'>7 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>112 93</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>194 93</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>72 91</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The lack of age correlations also limits the value of data on baldness, +but some meaning can nevertheless be extracted. Regardless of age, with +an incidence of pronounced baldness of 1 per cent among all adult males +and of 4 per cent for a moderate condition, it is a clear indication +that Fijians are not prone to loss of head hair.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Beard Quantity</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>234 29</td><td align='right'>370 44</td><td align='right'>208 26</td><td align='right'>1 .01</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>22 14</td><td align='right'>67 44</td><td align='right'>64 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>59 49</td><td align='right'>16 13</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>60 29</td><td align='right'>94 45</td><td align='right'>54 26</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>22 28</td><td align='right'>30 38</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> cheeks</td><td align='right'>27 21</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>44 34</td><td align='right'>46 35</td><td align='right'>12 9</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> skin</td><td align='right'>9 7</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>52 40</td><td align='right'>56 43</td><td align='right'>14 10</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> cheeks</td><td align='right'>21 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>42 49</td><td align='right'>22 26</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> chin</td><td align='right'>7 8</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>53 62</td><td align='right'>25 29</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> chin</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 19</td><td align='right'>0 31</td><td align='right'>50 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> lower chk.</td><td align='right'>0 4</td><td align='right'>0 37</td><td align='right'>0 18</td><td align='right'>40 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Moderate beard quantity is shown by 44 per cent of Fijians; the +remainder are fairly evenly divided between the submedium and pronounced +categories. Howells' series, which records beard quantity for the cheeks +and chin separately, shows a higher frequency of pronounced and very +pronounced designations. However, his data includes many individuals who +have no beards at all. Both series are doubtless influenced by the fact +that they contain a preponderance of young adult; a greater proportion +of older men would have greatly raised the incidence of the pronounced +categories.</p> + +<p>Nearly all modern Fijians have adopted the Western practice of shaving. +Examination of earlier pictures and written description of Fijians +leaves no doubt that the majority of mature men possess luxurious beards +when nature is unrestrained.</p> + +<p>The natives of the Solomon Islands, according to Howells, are a little +less bearded than the Fijians.</p> + +<p>The Tongans are a little more heavily bearded than the Fijians.</p> + +<p>Some geographical variation is indicated by my data. The interior people +of Fiji have the highest incidence of face hair; 42 per cent are +recorded as pronounced. Least endowed are the eastern Fijians, where 13 +per cent have pronounced beards and 38 per cent are submedium. The +coastal and northwestern series conform more closely to the overall +distribution.</p> + +<h3><i>Body Hair</i><a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>243 30</td><td align='right'>328 40</td><td align='right'>162 20</td><td align='right'>80 10</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>31 20</td><td align='right'>56 37</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>25 16</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>55 46</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>14 12</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>57 27</td><td align='right'>82 39</td><td align='right'>46 22</td><td align='right'>24 11</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 20</td><td align='right'>36 46</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>8 8</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>23 29</td><td align='right'>0 26</td><td align='right'>0 22</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The body hair endowment is also not unimpressive. Forty per cent show a +moderate condition, 20 per cent are pronounced, and 10 per cent very +pronounced; none are totally devoid of body hair; 30 per cent are +submedium. Chest hair among the Tongans is somewhat less in evidence; +although the majority range from submedium to pronounced, 23 per cent +are described as hairless.</p> + +<p>The provincial distribution in Fiji follows that of face hair: the +interior groups are hairiest and the eastern people least so.</p> + +<p>The anatomical distribution of body hair deserves some comment, even +though specific observations were made on the chest. Not infrequently +the hair is heavier on the upper legs than on the chest. Occasionally, +too, the back of the shoulders is quite hairy as well as the belly.</p> + +<h3><i>Grayness: Head</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>621 76</td><td align='right'>82 10</td><td align='right'>82 10</td><td align='right'>28 3</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>80 52</td><td align='right'>37 24</td><td align='right'>19 12</td><td align='right'>17 11</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>91 76</td><td align='right'>13 11</td><td align='right'>16 13</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>176 84</td><td align='right'>14 7</td><td align='right'>17 8</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>60 76</td><td align='right'>8 10</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Grayness: Beard</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Total sample</td><td align='right'>610 75</td><td align='right'>61 8</td><td align='right'>90 11</td><td align='right'>52 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>72 47</td><td align='right'>30 20</td><td align='right'>20 13</td><td align='right'>31 20</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>89 74</td><td align='right'>9 8</td><td align='right'>18 15</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>178 85</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>21 10</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>60 76</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Grayness of the hair data without corresponding age incidence is not +particularly significant. It is clear, nevertheless, that premature +grayness is not common. I would hazard the judgment that on the whole +the Fijians show less tendency to grayness than do Caucasians.</p> + +<p>The higher incidence of grayness of the interior sample of Fijians is +likely due to a larger number of older men in that series.</p> + + +<h3>THE FACE</h3> + +<h3><i>Prognathism: Total</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>206 25</td><td align='right'>306 38</td><td align='right'>288 35</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>40 26</td><td align='right'>59 39</td><td align='right'>52 34</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>54 45</td><td align='right'>55 46</td><td align='right'>11 9</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>47 22</td><td align='right'>84 40</td><td align='right'>73 35</td><td align='right'>5 2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>18 23</td><td align='right'>29 37</td><td align='right'>32 41</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>63 53</td><td align='right'>26 22</td><td align='right'>29 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>118</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Prognathism: Mid-Facial</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>517 64</td><td align='right'>184 23</td><td align='right'>109 13</td><td align='right'>3 1/2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>133 87</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>5 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>122 58</td><td align='right'>49 23</td><td align='right'>37 18</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>48 61</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Prognathism: Alveolar</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>798 98</td><td align='right'>9 1</td><td align='right'>4 1/2</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>207 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>76 {96}</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Slight and moderate total prognathism characterizes most Fijians.but it +is pronounced in only 13 of the 813 subjects. A quarter of the series +show no prognathism. The eastern people are least prognathic with a zero +incidence of 45 per cent. The other regional sample are close to the +general condition.</p> + +<p>Mid-facial prognathism has a submedium incidence of 23 per cent and a +medium of 13 per cent; the remainder lack the condition, except three +individuals who are pronounced.</p> + +<p>The coastal and northwestern groups have more frequent medium +designations. Alveolar prognathism is almost entirely lacking in all +groups.</p> + +<h3><i>Malar Projection: Lateral</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>264 32</td><td align='right'>543 67</td><td align='right'>3 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>62 41</td><td align='right'>91 59</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>25 21</td><td align='right'>95 79</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>68 33</td><td align='right'>141 67</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>28 35</td><td align='right'>50 63</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Malar Projection: Frontal</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>4 1/2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>709 87</td><td align='right'>100 12</td><td align='right'>809</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>139 91</td><td align='right'>14 9</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>103 86</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>181 87</td><td align='right'>27 13</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>67 85</td><td align='right'>12 15</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The facial contours generally include lateral malar projection; +two-thirds show a pronounced condition and the balance are medium. The +eastern people have high cheek bones oftener than do the others.</p> + +<p>Frontal malar projection is also common but more often moderately so; 87 +per cent show medium projection and 12 per cent are pronounced.</p> + +<h3><i>Gonial Angles</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Sbm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>24 3</td><td align='right'>459 56</td><td align='right'>325 40</td><td align='right'>5 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>97 63</td><td align='right'>55 36</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>65 54</td><td align='right'>54 45</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>110 53</td><td align='right'>90 43</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>49 62</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Palate Shape</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Parabolic</td><td align='right'>Sm. U</td><td align='right'>Lg. U</td><td align='right'>Square</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>493 61</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>303 37</td><td align='right'>15 2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>94 61</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>59 39</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>81 68</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>38 32</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>131 63</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>71 34</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>50 63</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A fairly strong tendency to well-developed gonial angles is indicated; +40 per cent show pronounced angles and nearly all the rest are medium. +These proportions hold pretty much for all groups.</p> + +<p>Palate shape also attests to the well-developed jaws of Fijians; it is a +large U in 37 per cent of the subjects; 2 per cent are square and the +remainder parabolic.</p> + +<h3><i>Chin Prominence</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>164 20</td><td align='right'>593 73</td><td align='right'>54 7</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>36 24</td><td align='right'>110 72</td><td align='right'>7 5</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>25 21</td><td align='right'>89 74</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>41 20</td><td align='right'>153 73</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>55 70</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Chin Type</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Median</td><td align='right'>Bilateral</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>673 83</td><td align='right'>140 17</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>130 85</td><td align='right'>23 15</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>112 93</td><td align='right'>8 7</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>162 78</td><td align='right'>45 22</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>62 82</td><td align='right'>14 18</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A well-developed chin further typifies most Fijian faces; nearly +three-quarters have a moderate chin prominence, 7 per cent are +pronounced, and the remainder are submedium. This range is much the same +in the subgroups.</p> + +<p>The chin is commonly median although 17 per cent have the bilateral +type. The bilateral chin is least frequent in Lau (7 per cent).</p> + + +<h3>THE HEAD</h3> + +<h3><i>Temporal Fullness</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>563 69</td><td align='right'>249 31</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>113 74</td><td align='right'>40 26</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>70 58</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>148 71</td><td align='right'>60 29</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>59 75</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Occipital Protrusion</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>775 95</td><td align='right'>25 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>149 97</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>116 97</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>193 92</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A narrowness in the temporal part of the head is indicated. Sixty-nine +per cent of the subject show submedium temporal fullness, whereas the +remainder are moderate. This condition is not marked and may best be +described as a discernable tendency.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<p>The back of the head is generally rather flat as the 95 per cent +incidence of occipital protrusion indicates. This is a natural +condition; no intentional flattening is practiced by Fijians.</p> + +<h3><i>Lambdoidal Flattening</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>754 93</td><td align='right'>32 4</td><td align='right'>27 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>113 94</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>188 90</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>72 91</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Occipital Flattening</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>809 100</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>120 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>209 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Median Sagittal Crest</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>600 74</td><td align='right'>177 22</td><td align='right'>36 4</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>96 63</td><td align='right'>46 30</td><td align='right'>11 7</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>109 91</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>160 77</td><td align='right'>43 21</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>53 57</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Parietal Bosses</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>17 2</td><td align='right'>413 51</td><td align='right'>381 47</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>130 85</td><td align='right'>22 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>66 55</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>82 39</td><td align='right'>120 57</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>40 51</td><td align='right'>38 48</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A median sagittal crest though not striking is recorded in a number of +cases. It has a submedium incidence of 22 per cent and pronounced 4 per +cent. Among the interior people, the crest is more common. Because of +the heavy, bushy, and wiry hair of Fijians it is probable that some +instances of this feature were not detected by simple palpation, and the +incidence may be higher than the data indicate.</p> + +<p>Submedium development of the parietal bosses is rather common occurring +in 51 per cent of the series. It is very common in the interior (85 per +cent).</p> + +<h3><i>Cranial Asymmetry</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Left</td><td align='right'>Right</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji</td><td align='right'>813 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>119 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>119</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>208 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>79 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Facial Asymmetry</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Left</td><td align='right'>Right</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji</td><td align='right'>806 100</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>807</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>117 98</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>119</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>206 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Cranial and facial assymetry are generally lacking, at least in any +marked degree. Normal asymmetries of the face and head were ignored in +this description.</p> + + +<h3>EYES</h3> + +<h3><i>Eye Folds: External</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji</td><td align='right'>804 98</td><td align='right'>5 1</td><td align='right'>4 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>152 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>119 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>209 99</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>208</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Eye Fold: Median</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>782 96</td><td align='right'>3 1/2</td><td align='right'>25 3</td><td align='right'>3 1/2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>152 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>108 90</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>202 97</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>5 2</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Eye Folds: Internal</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>778 96</td><td align='right'>4 0</td><td align='right'>30 4</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>151 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>102 85</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>203 97</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>116 89</td><td align='right'>7 5-1/2</td><td align='right'>7 5-1/2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>130</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>80 94</td><td align='right'>2 2-1/2</td><td align='right'>3 3-1/2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>63 57</td><td align='right'>33 30</td><td align='right'>9 8</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>111</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Eye folds are not a feature of the Fijian facial make-up. The external +fold is present in only 2 per cent of the total series. The median fold +shows a 96 per cent absence. The eastern groups exceed the other +provinces with a 10 per cent occurrence. The internal eye fold has a +total presence of 4 per cent and is also commoner in the east (14 per +cent).</p> + +<h3><i>Eye Obliquity</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>251 31</td><td align='right'>358 43</td><td align='right'>201 25</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>92 60</td><td align='right'>46 30</td><td align='right'>14 9</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>33 28</td><td align='right'>52 35</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>47 22</td><td align='right'>102 49</td><td align='right'>58 28</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>32 41</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Eye Opening</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>75 9-1/2</td><td align='right'>737 91</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>24 16</td><td align='right'>128 84</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>13 11</td><td align='right'>107 89</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>9 4</td><td align='right'>200 96</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>72 91</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Some degree of eye obliquity is present in the majority of cases; 43 per +cent show a submedium condition; 25 per cent are medium and three +individuals have pronouncedly oblique eyes. The remainder, or 31 per +cent, have no obliquity. In the east, the natives depart from this total +distribution in opposite directions. The interior groups have much less +eye obliquity; the eastern people, a great deal more. The other +provinces are quite close to the total frequencies.</p> + +<p>Eye opening height is preponderately moderate (91 per cent). The +remaining 10 per cent with one exception show submedium eye opening. +Regional variation is not great. The eastern and interior groups have a +little higher frequency in the submedium class.</p> + + +<h3>FOREHEAD</h3> + +<h3><i>Brow Ridges</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>148 19</td><td align='right'>364 44</td><td align='right'>295 36</td><td align='right'>6 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>69 45</td><td align='right'>64 42</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>28 23</td><td align='right'>42 35</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>42 20</td><td align='right'>99 47</td><td align='right'>67 32</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>40 51</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Brow ridges are a marked feature of Fijians in general. None of them +lack some supraorbital development. Forty-four per cent have medium brow +ridges, 36 per cent are pronounced, and 1 per cent are very pronounced. +The other 19 per cent are small. The interior and eastern groups share a +little higher incidence of pronounced brow ridges; the other regions are +nearer the total distribution of variations.</p> + +<h3><i>Forehead Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>444 55</td><td align='right'>369 45</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>90 59</td><td align='right'>63 41</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>68 57</td><td align='right'>52 43</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>110 53</td><td align='right'>99 47</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>46 58</td><td align='right'>33 42</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Forehead Slope</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>8 1</td><td align='right'>280 34</td><td align='right'>460 56</td><td align='right'>65 8</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>53 35</td><td align='right'>87 57</td><td align='right'>13 8</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>38 32</td><td align='right'>72 60</td><td align='right'>10 8</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>78 37</td><td align='right'>113 54</td><td align='right'>14 7</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>47 59</td><td align='right'>4 4</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>70 60</td><td align='right'>45 39</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>116</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Forehead height is submedium in more than half the cases (55 per cent); +the others are all medium. There is no significant variation among the +subgroups.</p> + +<p>A sloping forehead is quite characteristic of the Fijian head; 56 per +cent are moderately sloping, 8 per cent are pronounced, and 34 per cent +are submedium. Only 1 per cent have foreheads with no recession. +Regional differences are very slight.</p> + + +<h3>NOSE</h3> + +<h3><i>Nasion Depression</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>170 21</td><td align='right'>579 71</td><td align='right'>63 8</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>103 67</td><td align='right'>9 6</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>32 27</td><td align='right'>85 71</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>45 22</td><td align='right'>144 69</td><td align='right'>10 10</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>18 23</td><td align='right'>56 71</td><td align='right'>6 6</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Root Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>63 8</td><td align='right'>555 67</td><td align='right'>194 24</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>96 63</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>39 33</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>157 75</td><td align='right'>42 20</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>57 72</td><td align='right'>18 23</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Root Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>258 32</td><td align='right'>554 68</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>38 25</td><td align='right'>115 75</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>53 44</td><td align='right'>66 55</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>67 32</td><td align='right'>142 68</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>55 70</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Nasal Septum</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Straight</td><td align='right'>Concave</td><td align='right'>Convex</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>777 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>36 4</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>118 98</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>196 94</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>199</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>78 99</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Bridge Height</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>54 7</td><td align='right'>644 79</td><td align='right'>115 14</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>13 8</td><td align='right'>124 81</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>98 82</td><td align='right'>21 18</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>173 83</td><td align='right'>26 12</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>7 9</td><td align='right'>60 76</td><td align='right'>12 15</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>21 22</td><td align='right'>81 70</td><td align='right'>9 8</td><td align='right'>111</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Bridge Breadth</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>265 33</td><td align='right'>546 67</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>29 19</td><td align='right'>124 81</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>72 60</td><td align='right'>48 40</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>62 30</td><td align='right'>147 70</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>23 29</td><td align='right'>56 71</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Nasal Profile</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Concave</td><td align='right'>Straight</td><td align='right'>Convex</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>14 2</td><td align='right'>625 77</td><td align='right'>173 21</td><td align='right'>812</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>123 80</td><td align='right'>30 20</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>88 73</td><td align='right'>31 26</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>171 82</td><td align='right'>34 16</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>59 75</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Moderate nasion depression characterizes the majority of noses (71 per +cent). Pronounced depression is recorded for 8 per cent, and submedium +occurrence in 21 per cent. Only one individual lacks any depression. +This distribution does not vary much among the provinces.</p> + +<p>A well-elevated nasal root is also characteristic; 67 per cent show +moderate elevation and 24 per cent pronounced, whereas 8 per cent are +submedium; one individual is without any elevation. The interior Fijians +have a little higher frequency of low nasal root (10 per cent), whereas +the eastern people, with a 30 per cent incidence, excel in the +pronounced category.</p> + +<p>More striking is the breadth of the Fijian nasal root. It is pronounced +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +in 68 per cent and moderate in the remainder of the series. Pronounced +breadth is commoner among the interior people (75 per cent) and least +preponderant in the east (55 per cent).</p> + +<p>The nasal septum is nearly always straight; the only departure from this +condition is a 4 per cent incidence of convexity. Regional differences +are not significant.</p> + +<p>Nasal bridge height is commonly medium (79 per cent) in the totality of +noses. Fourteen percent are pronouncedly high and 7 per cent are +submedium. The several provinces do not depart very far from this +distribution.</p> + +<p>The Fijian nose shows a strong tendency to broadness of the bridge. +Two-thirds show pronounced breadth of bridge and the remainder are +medium. Pronounced broadness increases in the interior groups (81 per +cent) and shows a marked decline in the east (40 per cent).</p> + +<p>Nasal profiles are most often straight (77 per cent), but convex noses +are not uncommon (21 per cent). Convexity is slightly more frequent in +the east (26 percent), whereas in the coastal people its incidence drops +to 16 per cent.</p> + +<h3><i>Nasal-Tip Thickness</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>344 42</td><td align='right'>461 58</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>812</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>55 36</td><td align='right'>98 64</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>80 67</td><td align='right'>39 33</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>94 45</td><td align='right'>114 55</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>27 34</td><td align='right'>52 66</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Nasal-Tip Inclination</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>731 90</td><td align='right'>57 7</td><td align='right'>24 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>812</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>147 96</td><td align='right'>6 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>109 91</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>186 89</td><td align='right'>16 8</td><td align='right'>7 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>71 90</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Nasal Wings</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Compressed</td><td align='right'>Medium</td><td align='right'>Flaring</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>198 24</td><td align='right'>615 76</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>25 16</td><td align='right'>128 84</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>70 58</td><td align='right'>50 42</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>42 20</td><td align='right'>167 80</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>16 20</td><td align='right'>63 80</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The nasal tip is pronounced more often than not, 58 per cent showing +this condition. The remaining 42 per cent have tips of medium thickness. +Thicker tips occur more often in the interior (64 per cent) and in the +northwest (66 per cent), least often in the east (33 per cent).</p> + +<p>Usually the nasal tip is not inclined downward. Slight and moderate +inclination has a combined incidence of only 10 per cent.</p> + +<p>Flaring nasal wings are a common condition (76 per cent). This incidence +rises to 84 per cent in the interior and drops to 42 per cent in the +east.</p> + + +<h3>MOUTH</h3> + +<h3><i>Lip Thickness: Membranous</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>19 2</td><td align='right'>428 53</td><td align='right'>364 45</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>10 7</td><td align='right'>43 28</td><td align='right'>100 65</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>83 69</td><td align='right'>36 30</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>88 42</td><td align='right'>119 57</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>39 49</td><td align='right'>36 46</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tonga</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>97 84</td><td align='right'>7 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>116</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Lip Thickness: Integumental</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>4 1/2</td><td align='right'>608 75</td><td align='right'>201 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>114 75</td><td align='right'>38 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>19 16</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>164 78</td><td align='right'>43 21</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>55 70</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1/2</td><td align='right'>26 20</td><td align='right'>106 80</td><td align='right'>133</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>12 14</td><td align='right'>73 86</td><td align='right'>85</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Lip Eversion</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>12 1</td><td align='right'>333 41</td><td align='right'>444 55</td><td align='right'>24 3</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>63 41</td><td align='right'>88 58</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>8 7</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>35 29</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>63 30</td><td align='right'>138 66</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>26 33</td><td align='right'>51 65</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Lip Seam</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>33 4</td><td align='right'>429 53</td><td align='right'>343 42</td><td align='right'>8 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>79 52</td><td align='right'>73 48</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>14 12</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>29 24</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>6 3</td><td align='right'>105 50</td><td align='right'>94 45</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>44 56</td><td align='right'>32 41</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Fijian lips are Negroid in thickness in many instances. Membranous lips +are thick in 45 per cent of the series, medium in 53 per cent, and +submedium in 25 per cent. Thickest lips occur in the interior and +coastal areas where the pronounced type registers 65 per cent and 57 per +cent, respectively. In the east, lips are more moderate in thickness, +and the pronounced category drops to 30 per cent.</p> + +<p>Integumental lips also tend to be heavy but not so much as the mucous +parts. Twenty-five per cent of the total Fijians have thick integumental +lips and the remainder are moderate. Howells' Fiji II series classes 80 +per cent as very pronounced and the remainder as pronounced. The Solomon +Islanders, with an 86 per cent incidence of very pronounced, have the +heaviest lips of all.</p> + +<p>Lip eversion varies largely between moderate and submedium, 55 percent +and 41 per cent, respectively. The interior and coastal Fijians show +this trait a little more often than the others, whereas the eastern +people have least lip eversion. The lip seam is present in nearly all +cases, but not to a pronounced degree. Fifty-three per cent are +submedium and 42 per cent are moderate. The eastern groups are +definitely less endowed with this trait. The other provinces vary but +little from the total distribution.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> +<h3>TEETH</h3> + +<h3><i>Bite</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Under</td><td align='right'>E-E</td><td align='right'>Subm. over</td><td align='right'>+ over</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>518 64</td><td align='right'>274 34</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>807</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>94 61</td><td align='right'>59 39</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>73 61</td><td align='right'>45 38</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>130 62</td><td align='right'>76 36</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>49 62</td><td align='right'>23 29</td><td align='right'>3 4</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji II</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>50 38</td><td align='right'>77 59</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>131</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solomons</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>37 45</td><td align='right'>45 54</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>83</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Caries</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.(1-4)</td><td align='right'>+ (5-8)</td><td align='right'>++ (9-16)</td><td align='right'>+++ (17-x)</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>645 78</td><td align='right'>80 10</td><td align='right'>58 7</td><td align='right'>22 3</td><td align='right'>8 1</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>130 84</td><td align='right'>16 10</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>10 12</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>2 1</td><td align='right'>4 3</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>153 73</td><td align='right'>29 14</td><td align='right'>16 8</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>62 80</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>78</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Crowding</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>685 84</td><td align='right'>115 14</td><td align='right'>13 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>134 88</td><td align='right'>19 12</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>100 83</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>180 86</td><td align='right'>25 12</td><td align='right'>4 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>64 81</td><td align='right'>14 18</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>78</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Tooth Eruption</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Complete</td><td align='right'>Incomplete</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>796 98</td><td align='right'>15 2</td><td align='right'>811</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>153 100</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>119 99</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>199 95</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>207</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>74 94</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Wear</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>184 23</td><td align='right'>443 54</td><td align='right'>144 18</td><td align='right'>42 5</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>27 {18}</td><td align='right'>58 {38}</td><td align='right'>37 {24}</td><td align='right'>31 {20}</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>26 {22}</td><td align='right'>69 {57}</td><td align='right'>24 {20}</td><td align='right'>1 {1}</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>60 {29}</td><td align='right'>120 {57}</td><td align='right'>28 {13}</td><td align='right'>1 {1/2}</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>12 {15}</td><td align='right'>47 {60}</td><td align='right'>17 {22}</td><td align='right'>2 {3}</td><td align='right'>78</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The jaws of Fijians have a rather distinctive frequency of edge-to-edge +bite. I recorded this as 64 per cent, but Howells' series indicates a 38 +per cent incidence.</p> + +<p>The quality of Fijian teeth as reflected by frequency of caries is +excellent. Nearly 80 per cent of the total show no tooth decay. The +soundest teeth from this standpoint occur in the interior, the east, and +the northwest. The coastal people show the highest incidence of caries, +an interesting point since many of this sample come from around Suva and +have more access to the Western processed foods.</p> + +<p>Tooth crowding is quite uncommon to Fijians, a condition consistent with +their generous jaw conformation. Crowding is noted in only 16 per cent +of the series, and most of it is slight.</p> + +<p>Tooth eruption is complete in nearly all the subjects. A 2 per cent +incidence of incomplete eruption is entirely due to the immaturity of +some of the young adults. No pathological suppression was noted.</p> + +<p>Some wear of the teeth is recorded for more than three-quarters of the +series, but lacking age incidence, the data has limited meaning. The +Fijian diet is not abrasive the way, for instance, it is for the Indians +of our Southwest, where the staple food is ground in stone mills.</p> + + +<h3>EARS</h3> + +<h3><i>Ear Helix</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>230 28</td><td align='right'>511 63</td><td align='right'>72 9</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>45 29</td><td align='right'>99 65</td><td align='right'>9 6</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>29 24</td><td align='right'>74 62</td><td align='right'>17 14</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>58 28</td><td align='right'>128 61</td><td align='right'>23 11</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>24 30</td><td align='right'>51 65</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Darwin's Point</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>761 94</td><td align='right'>36 4</td><td align='right'>15 2</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>150 98</td><td align='right'>3 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>112 93</td><td align='right'>6 5</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>187 89</td><td align='right'>13 6</td><td align='right'>4 4</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>77 97</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Ear-Lobe Type</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Soldered</td><td align='right'>Attached</td><td align='right'>Free</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>80 10</td><td align='right'>531 65</td><td align='right'>202 25</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>47 31</td><td align='right'>74 48</td><td align='right'>32 21</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>3 3</td><td align='right'>85 71</td><td align='right'>32 27</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>9 4</td><td align='right'>141 67</td><td align='right'>59 28</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>5 6</td><td align='right'>52 66</td><td align='right'>22 28</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Ear-Lobe Size</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>+++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>176 22</td><td align='right'>457 56</td><td align='right'>178 22</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>49 32</td><td align='right'>66 43</td><td align='right'>38 25</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>16 13</td><td align='right'>76 63</td><td align='right'>27 23</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>31 15</td><td align='right'>123 59</td><td align='right'>55 26</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>20 25</td><td align='right'>47 59</td><td align='right'>12 15</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Ear Protrusion</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>++</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>2 0</td><td align='right'>262 32</td><td align='right'>463 57</td><td align='right'>86 11</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>47 31</td><td align='right'>90 59</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>31 26</td><td align='right'>77 64</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>1 0</td><td align='right'>75 36</td><td align='right'>114 55</td><td align='right'>19 9</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>26 33</td><td align='right'>49 62</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Ear Slant</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>Absent</td><td align='right'>Subm.</td><td align='right'>+</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>416 51</td><td align='right'>332 41</td><td align='right'>65 8</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>78 51</td><td align='right'>67 44</td><td align='right'>8 5</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>55 46</td><td align='right'>52 43</td><td align='right'>13 11</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>118 56</td><td align='right'>74 35</td><td align='right'>17 8</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>38 48</td><td align='right'>39 49</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The Fijian ear is a moderately distinctive appendage from a racial +standpoint. The helix shows moderate development on the whole and is +submedium otherwise except for a 9 per cent incidence of pronounced +appearance. Regional variation is small.</p> + +<p>The Darwin's point is noted in a number of cases: 4 per cent to a +submedium degree and 2 per cent medium.</p> + +<p>The ear lobe is somewhat distinctive with a 65 per cent incidence of the +attached condition and 10 per cent soldered. The remaining 25 per cent +is free. This distinctiveness is more marked among the interior groups +where the soldered type of lobe increases to 31 percent.</p> + +<p>Ear-lobe size is moderate in more than half the series, pronounced in 22 +per cent, and submedium in 22 per cent. Small lobes are commoner in the +interior province.</p> + +<p>Moderate ear protrusion is the commonest form followed by submedium. +Marked projection is recorded as 11 per cent.</p> + +<p>Ear slant either is lacking or slight in most instances; the series is +rather evenly divided between these two categories, the zero category +having a small majority. Moderate slant is noted for 8 per cent.</p> + + +<h3>BODY BUILD</h3> + +<h3><i>Body Build: Endomorph</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>260 32</td><td align='right'>334 42</td><td align='right'>126 15</td><td align='right'>46 6</td><td align='right'>33 4</td><td align='right'>12 1</td><td align='right'>811</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>49 32</td><td align='right'>66 43</td><td align='right'>26 17</td><td align='right'>5 3</td><td align='right'>6 4</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>30 25</td><td align='right'>54 45</td><td align='right'>21 18</td><td align='right'>5 4</td><td align='right'>8 7</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>119</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>77 37</td><td align='right'>82 39</td><td align='right'>28 13</td><td align='right'>10 5</td><td align='right'>8 4</td><td align='right'>3 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>26 33</td><td align='right'>34 43</td><td align='right'>9 11</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Body Build: Mesomorph</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>1 {0.1}</td><td align='right'>2 {0.2}</td><td align='right'>33 4</td><td align='right'>131 16</td><td align='right'>227 28</td><td align='right'>419 52</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Interior</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>11 7</td><td align='right'>27 18</td><td align='right'>41 27</td><td align='right'>73 48</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>East</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>2 2</td><td align='right'>14 12</td><td align='right'>38 32</td><td align='right'>65 54</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>Coast</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>9 4</td><td align='right'>29 14</td><td align='right'>67 32</td><td align='right'>104 50</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>2 3</td><td align='right'>15 19</td><td align='right'>14 18</td><td align='right'>47 59</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<h3><i>Body Build: Ectomorph</i></h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>1</td><td align='right'>2</td><td align='right'>3</td><td align='right'>4</td><td align='right'>5</td><td align='right'>6</td><td align='right'>Total</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'></td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td><td align='right'>No. %</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fiji I</td><td align='right'>351 43</td><td align='right'>195 24</td><td align='right'>110 14</td><td align='right'>88 11</td><td align='right'>68 8</td><td align='right'>1 {0.1}</td><td align='right'>813</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Interior</td><td align='right'>54 35</td><td align='right'>56 37</td><td align='right'>13 8</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>15 10</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>East</td><td align='right'>49 41</td><td align='right'>33 28</td><td align='right'>15 13</td><td align='right'>12 10</td><td align='right'>11 9</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>120</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coast</td><td align='right'>84 40</td><td align='right'>51 24</td><td align='right'>36 17</td><td align='right'>18 9</td><td align='right'>19 9</td><td align='right'>1 1</td><td align='right'>209</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>N.W.</td><td align='right'>39 49</td><td align='right'>19 24</td><td align='right'>11 14</td><td align='right'>6 8</td><td align='right'>4 5</td><td align='right'>0 0</td><td align='right'>79</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Variations in body build have been expressed with the Sheldon method of +somatotyping.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Accordingly, the Fijians are primarily and definitely +mesomorphic, with endomorphy the second strongest component, and +ectomorphy, third. About 80 per cent of the total series had a +mesomorphic rating of 5 and 6 which leaves no doubt as to the +prevailingly athletic physique. Endomorphy is seldom pronounced so that +obesity may be described as no more than occasional. A pronounced linear +build is likewise relatively infrequent.</p> + +<p>The Fijian subgroups do not vary markedly from the over-all pattern.</p> + + +<h3>SUMMARY</h3> + +<p>The preceding data may be summarized from three points of view. The +first will emphasize the physical features that are common to most +Fijians. At the outset it should be pointed out that a "typical" Fijian +does not exist, except as a statistical abstraction. The racial +composition of the Fijian is complex and far from being homogeneous. +There is no doubt, from the physical and cultural evidence, as well as +the geographical location, that Fijians are related to both Melanesians +and Polynesians. The second point is to give a precise indication of +these affinities with Melanesia and Polynesia. A third concern of this +analysis is the geographical variability within Fiji. This consists of a +regional breakdown of the Fijian data into interior, eastern, coastal, +and northwestern divisions, in order to demonstrate some of the local +variation of the Melanesian-Polynesian ingredients and their possible +meaning.</p> + +<h3><i>Body (pl. 1).</i></h3> + +<p>—In general size and appearance, the Fijian is tall and well +proportioned. His body is fairly tall and well muscled, that is, +predominately athletic in build. Obesity is relatively uncommon except +in moderate degrees. This rather tall stature allies the Fijians more +closely with the Polynesians. Shoulder, chest, and hip diameters also +indicate that Fijians are generously endowed.</p> + +<p>The Fijians who occupy the mountainous interior of the main island are +less tall than the coastal and eastern people; they also have narrower +shoulders, relatively deeper and narrower chests, whereas their arms and +legs are somewhat shorter. The eastern Fijians are tallest of all +subgroups.</p> + +<h3><i>Skin Color.</i></h3> + +<p>—Most Fijians have either medium- or dark-brown skin on the +exposed facial surfaces. The more protected body areas show higher +frequencies of medium brown and light brown. The Fijians are definitely +less dark than the Melanesians but are darker, on the whole, than the +Polynesians.</p> + +<p>The interior hill tribes are darker than the eastern and coastal groups. +The lightest average skin shade occurs in the east.</p> + +<h3><i>Hair (pls. 6 and 7).</i></h3> + +<p>—In several respects the hair is the most +consistent endowment of the Fijians. In nearly all instances it is +black, frizzly, and coarse. The only departure from this condition is an +occasional instance of dark brown and a few instances of rufous shade. +Curly hair is a more common exception in the east. The coastal and +northwestern people are nearer to the interior condition of frizzly +hair. All in all, the hair form is definitely Melanesian. Hair length +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +conforms to the general Melanesian condition, that is, intermediate +between short Negroid and long Caucasiod or Mongoloid.</p> + +<p>Considerable beard and body hair is common to Fijians (pls. 8 and 9). +Moderate to pronounced beard is shown by nearly three-quarters of the +total series, and body hair is even more prevelant. General hairiness is +also exhibited by the Solomon Islanders and the Tongans in the +comparative data. The interior tribes of Fiji are more hairy than the +other groups. This prevelence of body and face hair seems to conform to +parts of Melanesia where it may be regarded as an Australoid element. +Its presence in the Tongan data does not seem to be representative of +other Polynesians, who are generally described as more glabrous.</p> + +<h3><i>Head (pl. 2).</i></h3> + +<p>—Moderate brachycephaly is the commonest head form of +Fijians, although the total range is great. In this respect the Fijians +resemble the broad-headed Tongans, and are quite distinct from the +longer-headed Melanesians. The Fijian head, despite its general +brachycephaly, is rather compressed in the temporal area and submedium +in parietal elevation. The back of the cranium is characteristically +flattened, a natural conformation as no deformation is practiced.</p> + +<p>The interior mountain tribes of Fiji have narrower heads and lower +cranial indices than do the coastal and eastern groups. The interior +people also have lesser head heights and a higher breadth-height index.</p> + +<h3><i>Forehead (pl. 10).</i></h3> + +<p>—Moderate to strongly developed supraorbital ridges +are a common Fijian endowment. Similarly are low and sloping foreheads. +These features have been observed in western Melanesia, where, like +hairiness, they suggest Australoid of archaic Caucasoid elements.</p> + +<h3><i>Face.</i></h3> + +<p>—Broadness characterizes the Fijian face. Bizygomatic breadth +locates them nearer to the Polynesians than to the narrower-faced +Melanesians. Strongly developed malars are common, and they tend to +project laterally more than frontally. Widest faces appear among the +eastern people.</p> + +<p>Bigonial and bicanine widths show that generous breadth includes the +lower parts of the face, a condition born out by strong gonial angles.</p> + +<p>Face length falls between the long-faced Tongans and the definitely +shorter-faced Melanesians (pls. 3 and 4).</p> + +<p>Some prognathism is common among Fijians, both total and mid-facial, but +the condition is not universal nor pronounced. The eastern Fijians are +the least prognathic (pl. 10).</p> + +<h3><i>Eyes.</i></h3> + +<p>—Dark brown is the prevailing eye color, although many subjects +have medium-brown eyes. Eye folds are only occasional and eye-opening +height is usually moderate. Slight eye obliquity is common, more so in +the eastern sample.</p> + +<h3><i>Nose (pl. 4).</i></h3> + +<p>—Great variability marks the nasal area. The commonest +condition is a broad and moderately long nose. Medium nasion depression +is frequent; the root is wide and moderately elevated. Bridge breadth is +often pronounced and the nasal profile is straight to convex. The nasal +tip is characteristically thickened and nasal wings are usually flaring. +On the whole, there is a great deal of Melanesian in the Fijian nose; it +is Negroid, but not pronouncedly. Those aspects of the nose which may be +termed Negroid are commoner in the interior hill people and the +northwest and least evident in the east.</p> + +<h3><i>Lips (pl. 5).</i></h3> + +<p>—Thick and moderately everted lips occur in nearly half +the series. This Negroid combination is more manifest in the interior +and least in the east. Integumental lips tend to be heavy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Teeth.</i></h3> + +<p>—The condition of the teeth is generally excellent. Most Fijians +have broad, roomy jaws that permit complete and uncrowded tooth +development. Dental caries are very infrequent. A rather high incidence +of edge-to-edge bite is interesting.</p> + +<h3><i>Ears (pl. 5).</i></h3> + +<p>—The ears are usually moderate in length and tend to +protrude. Ear lobes are commonly large and are more often attached or +soldered than free.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONCLUSIONS" id="CONCLUSIONS"></a>CONCLUSIONS</h2> + + + + +<p>On the whole the Fijians are predominately Melanesian but with numerous +Polynesian affinities that vary with locality. The Melanesian qualities +are in part Negroid or Negritoid and in part Australoid. The Negroid +resemblances are best illustrated by frizzly black hair, broad noses +with depressed nasion and flaring nostrils, thick lips, and dark +pigmentation (pls. 11 and 12). Australoid elements are general +hairiness, strong brow ridges, low, sloping foreheads, compressed +parietal and temporal areas, and some prognathism (pl. 13). The presence +of Australoid suggestions need not mean that they come from Australia, +but that they form a part of the Melanesian make-up. This interpretation +of the Melanesians as a hybrid people conforms with similar designations +by such students as Birdsell<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> and Hooton.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Polynesian influence in +Fiji is most clearly demonstrated by lighter pigmentation, tall and +muscular body build, moderate brachycephaly, broad faces and jaws, high +and fairly long noses and strong chins. I found much the same +resemblances between Fijians and Polynesians as did Howells;<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +however, in my comparisons the Polynesian similarities are outweighed +and outnumbered by a greater array of Melanesian characters. The +essential Melanesian character of the Fijian population is further +demonstrated by recent blood-analysis comparisons; the conclusions of +Simmons <i>et al.</i>, identify the Fijians as Melanesian.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p>The Fijians who live in the interior of Viti Levu show the most frequent +Melanesian traits (pls. 11 and 14). These people are shorter, have +narrower shoulders and chests; their heads are narrower and lower +vaulted; they have broader noses, thicker lips, are hairier, and have +darker skins. This condition, occurring as it does in the mountainous +interior, which may be regarded as a refuge area, supports the theory +that the Melanesian is the earlier component in Fiji.</p> + +<p>The eastern Fijians stand in considerable contrast to the interior +tribes and are the most Polynesian in appearance (pl. 15). They have +lighter skins, greater stature, and heavier musculature. Their heads are +broader, as are their faces and jaws; their noses are larger, narrower, +and higher bridged, and their chins are more pronounced.</p> + +<p>The coastal sample might be called intermediate or a more even blend of +Melanesian and Polynesian.</p> + +<p>The northwestern people resemble the coastal tribes. This means they +show fewer departures in either a Melanesian or Polynesian direction. +This also means they do not tell us whether the legendary ancestors, who +are supposed to have first landed in Fiji on the northwest coast of Viti +Levu,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> were Melanesian or Polynesian. These data may mean one of +three things: (1) the Fijian tradition of a landing at this place eight +or ten generations ago is groundless, (2) the immigration did take place +but whatever racial traits predominated, whether Melanesian or +Polynesian, have been homogenized and obscured by subsequent +intermixture and by movements back and forth on Viti Levu, (3) the +landing did occur but the ancestors were already a Melanesian-Polynesian +blend when they arrived.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="literature_box"> +<h2><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a>LITERATURE CITED</h2> + +<p>Birdsell. J. B.<br /> +1948. Racial Origin of the Extinct Tasmanians. Records of the Queen<br /> +Victoria Museum, Tasmania, Vol. II, No. 3.<br /></p> + +<p>Churchill, W.<br /> +1911. The Polynesian Wanderings. Carnegie Institute of Washington,<br /> +Publ. No. 134, Washington.<br /></p> + +<p>Derrick, R. A.<br /> +1951. History of Fiji. Printing and Stationery Dept., Suva, Fiji.<br /> +Fornander, A.<br /> +1878. The Polynesian Race. London.<br /></p> + +<p>Hocart, A. M.<br /> +1929. Lau Islands, Fiji. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bull. 62,<br /> +Honolulu.<br /></p> + +<p>Hooton, E. A.<br /> +1946. Up From the Ape. Macmillan Co., New York<br /></p> + +<p>Howells. W. W.<br /> +1933. Anthropometry and Blood Types in Fiji and the Solomon Islands.<br /> +American Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Papers, Vol. 33,<br /> +Pt. 4.<br /></p> + +<p>Roth, G. K.<br /> +1953. The Fijian Way of Life. Oxford University Press, London.<br /></p> + +<p>Simmon, R. T., J. J. Graydon, and G. Barnes<br /> +1945. The Medical Journal of Australia, May 26.<br /></p> + +<p>Sullivan, L. R.<br /> +1922. A Contribution to Tongan Somotology. Bernice P. Bishop Museum,<br /> +Vol. VIII, No. 4.<br /></p> + +<p>Thomson, B.<br /> +1908. The Fijians: A Study of the Decay of Custom. Wm. Heinemann,<br /> +London.<br /></p> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PLATES" id="PLATES"></a>PLATES</h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 429px;"> +<img src="images/grey0029.jpg" width="429" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 1. NEAR-AVERAGE BODY FEATURES</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>Stature: 173.3 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Weight: 172.1 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Arm length: 75.1 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Leg length: 82.2 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Shoulder breadth: 41 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Hip breadth: 29.1 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Shoulder-hip index: 71.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Chest breadth: 28.8 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Chest depth: 22.8 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Thoracic index: 75.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Sitting height: 86.3 cm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Sitting height-stature index: 50.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Body build: Strongly mesomorphic</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;"> +<img src="images/grey0030.jpg" width="548" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 2. NEAR-AVERAGE CRANIAL FEATURES</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>Head length: 187.2 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Head breadth: 156.9 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Cephalic index: 83.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Head height: 128.6 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Length-height index: 68.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Length-breadth index: 81.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Minimum frontal diameter: 109.8 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Fronto-parietal index: 70.0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/grey0031.jpg" width="400" height="553" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 3. NEAR-AVERAGE FACIAL FEATURES</h3> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>Bizygomatic breadth: 146.7 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Cephalo-facial index: 93.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Zygo-frontal index: 75.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Bigonial breadth: 109.6 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Fronto-gonial index: 100.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Zygo-gonial index: 74.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Bicanine breadth: 39.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Total facial height: 122.3 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Total facial index: 84.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Upper facial height: 71.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Upper facial index: 48.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Nasal height: 53.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Nasal breadth: 45.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Nasal index: 85.6</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 574px;"> +<img src="images/grey0032.jpg" width="574" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 4. NEAR-AVERAGE FACE AND NOSE FEATURES</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b><i>FACE</i></b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced malars</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderately long face</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Wide gonia</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate chin</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate prognathism</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'><b><i>NOSE</i></b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Broad bridge</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Wide root</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate length</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Thick tip</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Flaring nostrils</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Straight profile</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 570px;"> +<img src="images/grey0033.jpg" width="570" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 5. NEAR-AVERAGE LIP AND EAR FEATURES</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'><b><i>LIPS</i></b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderately thick</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced lip seam</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate eversion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'><b><i>EARS</i></b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate size</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Small lobe</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Attached lobe</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate protrusion</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px;"> +<img src="images/grey0034.jpg" width="575" height="357" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 6. NEAR-AVERAGE HAIR FEATURES</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>Black color</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Frizzly form</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced quantity</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Coarse texture</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Intermediate length</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 580px;"> +<img src="images/grey0035.jpg" width="580" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 7. HAIR FORM VARIANTS</h3> +<p class="center">CURLY HAIR WAVY HAIR</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 570px;"> +<img src="images/grey0036.jpg" width="570" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 8. PRONOUNCED BODY HAIR</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>20 per cent occurrence</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 570px;"> +<img src="images/grey0037.jpg" width="570" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 9. PRONOUNCED BEARD</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>26 per cent occurrence</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/grey0038.jpg" width="400" height="492" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 10. FACIAL VARIATIONS</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>No prognathism</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>High forehead</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate browridges</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderate prognathism</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Low, receding forehead</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced browridges</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Pronounced prognathism</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Low, receding forehead</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Very pronounced browridges</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/grey0039.jpg" width="400" height="496" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 11. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE NEGROID)</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>Shorter stature</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Narrower shoulders</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Deeper chest</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Darker skin</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Narrower head</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Broader nose</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Thicker lips</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;"> +<img src="images/grey0040.jpg" width="365" height="575" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 12. "NEGROID" FIJIAN</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px;"> +<img src="images/grey0041.jpg" width="575" height="342" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 13. INTERIOR SUBJECT (MORE AUSTRALOID)</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>Heavier beard and body hair</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Lower, more sloping forehead</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>More compressed parietals</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>More pronounced brow ridges</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>More prognathic</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/grey0042.jpg" width="400" height="459" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 14. "AUSTRALOID" FIJIANS</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 575px;"> +<img src="images/grey0043.jpg" width="575" height="344" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>PLATE 15. EASTERN SUBJECT (MORE POLYNESIAN)</h3> +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='center'>Lighter skin</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Less beard and body hair</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Wavy hair</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Wider head</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Higher, steeper forehead</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Less prognathic</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Higher, narrower nose</td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'>Moderately thick lips</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/grey0044.jpg" width="400" height="493" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h3>Illustration: PLATE 16. "POLYNESIAN" FIJIANS</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label"></span>[1]</a> Hooton, 1946, pp. 735-763.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label"></span>[2]</a> Derrick, 1946, pp. 5-6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label"></span>[3]</a> Ibid., pp. 7-8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label"></span>[4]</a> Population statistics from "Fiji Information," of 1954, +issued by Public Relations Office, Suva, Fiji.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label"></span>[5]</a> Hooton, 1946, p. 621.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label"></span>[6]</a> Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label"></span>[7]</a> Fornander, 1878.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label"></span>[8]</a> Churchill, 1911.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label"></span>[9]</a> Hocart, 1929, p. 236.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label"></span>[10]</a> Howells, 1933, p. 335.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label"></span>[11]</a> Roth, 1953, pp. 54, 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label"></span>[12]</a> One pound deducted for dress (usually shorts only).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label"></span>[13]</a> By subtracting sitting height from total stature.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label"></span>[14]</a> Cranial measurements are not distorted by cradling +practice or other causes of deformation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label"></span>[15]</a> Howells records skin color with the von Luschan scale. I +have adjusted this scale to my own.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label"></span>[16]</a> + means medium or moderate; ++ means pronounced; +++ means +very pronounced.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label"></span>[17]</a> Observation taken on the chest.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label"></span>[18]</a> W. H. Sheldon, <i>The Variation of Human Physique</i>, Harper and +Bros., 1940.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label"></span>[19]</a> Birdsell, 1949, p. 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label"></span>[20]</a> Hooton, 1946, p. 621.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label"></span>[21]</a> Howells, 1933, p. 332.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label"></span>[22]</a> Simmons <i>et al.</i>, 1945, pp. 3-4</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label"></span>[23]</a> See pp. 1 and 4 of Introduction.</p></div> + +<p class="center">[Transcriber's Note: Figures incorrectly entered as zero have been calculated and inserted in {}.]</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's A Racial Study of the Fijians, by Norman E. 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