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diff --git a/38751.txt b/38751.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85679aa --- /dev/null +++ b/38751.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3170 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, +November 1864 + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, November 1864 + + + +Release Date: February 2, 2012 [Ebook #38751] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + + + + The Irish Ecclesiastical Record + + Volume 1. + + November, 1864 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +The Holy See And The Liberty Of The Irish Church At The Beginning Of The +Present Century. + I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the + Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. +A Recent Protestant View Of The Church Of The Middle Ages. +The Mss. Remains Of Professor O'Curry In The Catholic University. No. II. +The Destiny Of The Irish Race. +Liturgical Questions. (_From M. Bouix's __"__Revue des Sciences +Ecclesiastiques__"_). +Documents. + I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works. + II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. +Notices Of Books. +Footnotes + + + + + + +THE HOLY SEE AND THE LIBERTY OF THE IRISH CHURCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE +PRESENT CENTURY. + + +All students of Irish Catholic affairs must feel, at every moment, that we +are at a great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical documents connected +with our Church. The past misfortunes of Ireland explain the origin of +this want. During the persecutions of Elizabeth, of James the First, and +Cromwell, our ancient manuscripts, and the archives of our convents and +monasteries, were ruthlessly destroyed. At a later period, whilst the +penal laws were in full operation, it was dangerous to preserve official +ecclesiastical papers, lest they should be construed by the bigotry and +ignorance of our enemies into proofs of sedition or treason. Since liberty +began to dawn on our country, things have undergone a beneficial change, +and recently great efforts have been made to rescue and preserve from +destruction every remaining fragment of our ancient history, and every +document calculated to throw light on the annals of our Church. We are +anxious to cooeperate in this good work, and we shall feel deeply grateful +to our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical papers, +either ancient or modern, that it may be desirable to preserve. Receiving +such papers casually, we cannot insert them in the RECORD in chronological +order, but by aid of an Index, to be published at the end of each volume, +the future historian will be able to avail himself of them for his +purposes. + +To-day we insert in our columns two letters never published before, as far +as we can learn, in their original language. They were addressed, in the +beginning of this century, by the learned Archbishop of Myra, Monsignore +Brancadoro, Secretary of the Propaganda, to a distinguished Dominican, +Father Concanen, then agent of the Irish bishops, who was afterwards +promoted to the See of New York, and who died at Naples, in the year 1808, +before he could take possession of his diocese. + +The first letter, dated the 7th August, 1801, refers to certain +resolutions adopted by ten Irish prelates, in January, 1799, at a sad +period of our history, when Ireland was in a state of utter prostration, +and abandoned to the fury of an Orange faction. In such circumstances, we +are not to be surprised that the Catholics of Cork, Waterford, Wexford, +and many other parts of Ireland, in the hope of preserving their lives and +property, should have petitioned to be united to England; or that Catholic +prelates, anxious to gain protection for their flocks, should have +endeavoured to propitiate those who had the power of the government in +their hands, by taking into consideration the proposals then made--that the +state should provide for the maintenance of the clergy, and that a right +should be given to the state to inquire into the loyalty of such +ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the various sees of Ireland. + +The celebrated Dr. Milner, treating of the resolutions just referred to, +observes in his _Supplementary Memoirs_, p. 115, that they had nothing in +common with the veto which was afterwards proposed by government in 1805, +and several times in succeeding years, and adds, that the prelates +"stipulated for their own just influence, and also for the consent of the +Pope in this important business." + +According to the wise determination of the prelates, the matters they had +agreed to were referred to the judgment of the Supreme Head of the Church. +A speedy answer, however, could not be obtained. At that time the great +Pontiff, Pius the Sixth, was a captive in the hands of the French +Republicans, and soon after died a martyr at Valence in France. The Holy +See was then vacant for several months, until, by the visible +interposition of Providence, Italy was freed from her invaders, and the +cardinals were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new Pope. Soon +after his promotion, Pius the Seventh occupied himself with the affairs of +our Church, and the secretary of the Propaganda received instructions to +communicate through Father Concanen to the Irish Prelates the wishes of +his Holiness. + +The substance of the official note of Monsignore Brancadoro is, 1. That +his Holiness is thankful to the British government for the relaxation of +the penal laws to which Catholics had been so long subjected, and for any +other acts of liberality or kindness conferred on them. 2. That the Irish +prelates, whilst manifesting their gratitude for the favours they had +received, should prove, by their conduct, that it was not through a +feeling of self-interest, or through hopes of temporal advantages, that +they inculcated on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws and +the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens; but that they +did so through a spirit of religion, and in conformity with the dictates +of the gospel. 3. That to prove how sincerely they were animated with +those feelings, the Irish prelates should refuse the proffered pension, +and continue to act and support themselves as they have done for the past, +thus giving an example of Christian perfection which would not fail to +give general edification. + +The second letter is also from the secretary of Propaganda to Father +Concanen, and is dated 25th of Sept., 1805, in which year Dr. Milner had +just brought under the notice of the Holy See some new projects of +government interference with the Catholic clergy, which had lately been +introduced into Parliament by Sir John Hippisley, at that time a supporter +of Emancipation, but who afterwards gave proofs of a great desire to +enslave the Catholic Church. + +In the second letter Monsignore Brancadoro states the apprehension felt by +the S. Congregation, lest the moment of the Catholic triumph should prove +the one most dangerous to the purity and stability of the Catholic +religion since the Reformation; that it would be no injustice to suspect +the British Government of being influenced by designs to that very effect; +that the Bishops should, therefore, as a general principle, renounce all +idea of advancing their own proper interests, or of securing any temporal +advantages, lest through human frailty they should inadvertently be +surprised into any concessions which in course of time might prove +injurious to the interests of religion. The Secretary then goes on to say +that the S. Congregation found serious difficulties, more or less, in all +the plans which, as Dr. Milner had reported, had been proposed by the +statesmen of the day in England. These plans were:--1. The pensioning of +the clergy. 2. State interference in the nomination of Bishops. 3. The +restoration of the Hierarchy in England. 4. The concession to the ministry +of the right to examine the communications which might pass between the +English and Irish Catholics and the Holy See. + +As to the plan of pensioning the clergy, Monsignore Brancadoro points out +the dangers to which its adoption would expose them. If they accept a +pension from government, the offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly +withdrawn, and the priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice +of those in power. He recalls to Father Concanen's memory, that in his +previous letter of the 7th of August, 1801, he had announced to him the +Pope's wish that the Irish clergy should decline all pensions from the +government, and mentions that the Irish Bishops, in reply, had stated that +they willingly renounced all temporal advantages in order to preserve +religion uninjured. + +The secretary of the Propaganda next reminds his correspondent that Pius +VI., in a brief of 20th March, 1791, had condemned a decree of the +National Assembly of France, by which the clergy of that country were made +pensioners of the state; and he adds that the Holy See had resisted a +similar attempt of the English government in regard to the clergy of +Corsica, when that island had fallen into their hands. + +Examining the various vetoistical plans mentioned by Dr. Milner, +Monsignore Brancadoro quotes the authority of the great and learned +Pontiff, Benedict XIV., to show how decidedly opposed the Holy See has +always been to every project directed to vest Catholic ecclesiastical +appointments in the hands of a Protestant sovereign. This question is +discussed in a brief of that Pope addressed to the Bishop of Breslau on +the 15th of May, 1748, and his words are as follows: "There is not +recorded in the whole history of the Church a single example in which the +appointment of a bishop or abbot was conceded to a sovereign of a +different religion". He adds "that he would not, and could not, introduce +a practice calculated to scandalize the Catholic world, and which, besides +bringing on him a dreadful judgment in another world, would render his +name odious and accursed during life, and much more so after death". + +2. The learned writer then proceeds to examine the various plans of +granting to government certain powers in regard to the nomination of +bishops, and explodes them all as replete with danger to religion, and +well calculated to enslave the Church. + +The plans proposed to lessen the Pope's unwillingness to grant to the +sovereign the right of nomination were the following:--Some thought that +the nomination should be limited to a certain class of persons who should +have been approved of by the episcopal body after an examination and +trial. Such a body might be the vicars-general, of whom two should be +appointed for each diocese. The government was to be bound to choose the +bishops out of this body. This plan was rejected, first, because it would +really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a non-Catholic +sovereign; and secondly, on account of difficulties created by the +circumstances of the time and place. + +Others proposed to give the government the right of excluding from the +episcopal charge those obnoxious to itself. Monsignore Brancadoro says of +this plan, that unless this right of exclusion were restricted by limits, +it would be equivalent to a real power of nomination. But even so, even +after due limitation, it was an absolute novelty in the Church, and no one +could tell what its consequences might be. Besides, it was uncalled for, +since the experience of so many centuries ought to have convinced the +government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern dioceses were always +excellent citizens. Besides, it was the custom of the Holy See not to +appoint to a vacant diocese until it had received the recommendation of +the metropolitans and the diocesan clergy. This was a safeguard against +improper appointments. + +3. With respect to the restoration of the Hierarchy in England, Monsignore +Brancadoro blames the motive which induced the English nobles to petition +for such a change of church government, namely, the desire they felt to +have bishops less bound to the Holy See. He declares that, although +differing _quoad jus_, bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in +reality, and that the Holy See was equally well satisfied with the bishops +of Ireland, and the vicars-apostolic of England and Scotland. + +4. The Secretary condemns, as worst of all, the plan of giving to the +ministers the right to examine the communications that pass between the +Holy See and the British and Irish Catholics. Such a right has never been +allowed, even to a Catholic power, much less should it be allowed to a +Protestant government. The case of France was not to the point, for there +the right was limited to provisions of benefices alone. The government has +no reason to be afraid: the Holy See has expressly declared to bishops and +vicars-apostolic, that it does not desire any political information from +them. + +The two official notes we insert will be read in their original language +with great interest. They are noble monuments of the zeal of the holy +Pontiff, Pius VII., and of the vigilance with which the Holy See has +always endeavoured to uphold the rights and independence of our ancient +Church. Undoubtedly the wise instructions given in those letters had no +small share in arousing that spirit with which a few years later our +clergy and people resisted and defeated all the efforts of British +statesmen to deprive our Church of her liberties, and to reduce her to the +degraded condition of the Protestant establishment. The notes of the +secretary of Propaganda are a fine specimen of ecclesiastical writing, +illustrating the maxim _fortiter in re, suaviter in modo_. + + + + +I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the +Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801. + + +Informata la Santita di Nostro Signore del nuovo piano ideato de Governo +Brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica Gerarchia dei +cattolici d'Irlanda, non ha punto esitato a manifestare la piu viva +reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalita del prelodato +Governo, cui professera sempre la massima gratitudine, per l'assistenze, e +favori, che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de' suoi dominj. Tenendo poi la +Santita Sua per indubitato, che la sperimentata fedelta di quel Clero +Cattolico Romano al legittimo suo Sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime +di nostra S. Religione, le quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun +cambiamento, desidera il suddetto Governo resti assicurato, che i +Metropolitani, i Vescovi e il Clero tutto della Irlanda conoscera sempre +un tal suo stretto dovere, e lo adempira esattamente in qualunque +incontro. Brama pero ad un tempo vivissimamente il S. Padre, che +l'anzidetto Clero seguitando il plausibile sistema da lui osservato finora +si astenga scrupolosamente dall' avere in mira qualunque suo proprio +temporale vantaggio, e che dimostrando sempre con parole, e con fatti la +sincera invariabilita del suo attacamento, riconoscenza, e sommissione al +Governo Brittanico, gli faccia vieppiu conoscere la realta di sua +gratitudine alle offerte nuove beneficenze, dispensandosi dal profittarne, +e dando con cio una luminosa prova di quel costante disinteresse stimato +tanto conforme all' Apostolico zelo dei ministri del Santuario, e tanto +giovevole, e decoroso alla stessa cattolico Religione, come quello che +concilia in singular modo la stima, e il respetto verso dei sagri +ministeri, e che li rende piu venerabili, e piu cari ai fedeli commessi +alla loro spirituale direzione. + +Tali sono i precisi sentimenti che la Santita di Nostro Signore ha +ordinate al Segretario di Propaganda di communicare alla Paternita Vostra +affinche per di Lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie degli ottimi +Metropolitani, e Vescovi del regno d'Irlanda, nel quale spera fermamente +Sua Santita, che come ad onta dei piu gravi pericoli si e gia mantenuta in +passato, cosi manterassi pur anco in avvenire affatto illesa da ogni +benche menoma macchia la nostra cattolica Religione. + +Lo scrivente pertanto nell' eseguire i Pontificj comandi si rassegna nel +suo particolare colla piu distinta stima ec. + + + + +II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805. + + +REVERENDISSIMO P. MAESTRO CONCANEN, + +La lettera del degnissimo Monsig. Milner, Vicario Apostolico del distretto +medio d'Inghilterra, diretta a V. P., la cui traduzione ella, per ordine +del Prefetto stesso, ha communicata all Arcivescovo di Mira, Segretario di +Propaganda, ha fatto entrare la Sacra Congregazione nello stesso timore, +che manifesta l' ottimo Prelato, che il momento della fortuna dei +cattolici nel Parlamento sia il piu pericoloso alla purita, e stabilita +della nostra santa Religione, che sia mai avvenuto dopo la pretesa riforma +di quel regno, e non si farebbe ingiuria al Governo acattolico, se si +sospettassero appunto queste mire: E percio dovranno i Vicarj Apostolici, +ed i Vescovi di quel dominio abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio, +ed interesse temporale, da cui, indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe +facilmente, senza avvedersene, essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche +cosa, che rechera, col tempo, del pregiudizio alla Religione. + +Questo spirito di disinteresse si scorge gia luminosamente in Monsig. +Milner dal tenore della sua lettera: e percio chiede egli saviamento della +S. C. delle istruzioni, colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa, in cui si +trova impegnato. Ma la S. C. trova delle difficolta gravi, piu o meno, in +tutti i progetti, ch' egli narra, fatti da quei politici. + +Ed in primo luogo, riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni sul +pubblico erario ai Vescovi, ed al Clero di quel dominio, la Santita di N. +S. espresse gia i suoi sentimenti, per mezzo di un biglietto dell' +Arcivescovo, che scrive, diretto a V. P, in data dei 7 Agosto 1801, il +quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani, e vescovi +d'Irlanda, essi risposero, che rinunziavano volentieri a qualunque +vantaggio temporale, per conservare illibata la cattolica Religione. Sara +dunque opportuno di spedire a Mons. Milner la copia di quel Biglietto, che +si da qui annessa. + +E per verita, accettandosi dal clero le pensioni, cesseranno immantinente +molti fondi di sussistenza, che ora ritrae dalla pieta de fedeli; +resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento. Ora chi non +vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli ecclesiastici, +di condiscendere, in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla s. Religione, alla +volonta di un Governo di religione diversa, che puo in un punto ridurlo +allu mendicita col ritenere le pensioni? Per questa, ed altre ragioni, +essendosi adottata la massima di dare le pensioni al clero dell' Assemblea +Nazionale di Francia nella Costituzione civile del clero, la Sa. Me. di +Pio VI. la riprovo nel suo breve dei 20 marzo 1791. pag. 61, e seg. Ed +avendo la stessa corte di Londra, quando entro in possesso della Corsica, +fatto il medesimo progetto, vi si oppose la S. Sede, e quella Real corte +desiste dall' impegno. + +Riguardo all' influenza, che si vorrebbe, del potere civile nella nomina +de' vescovi, cosi varj progetti, che si sono fatti, per regolare una tale +influenza, e in primo luogo da avvertirsi, che la nomina assolutamente non +potra accordarsi al Sovrano, come acattolico. Al qual proposito bastera +riportare i sentimenti di Benedetto XIV. Questo gran Pontefice in una sua +lettera scritta al vescovo di Breslavia li 15 maggio 1748, si espresse ne' +seguenti termini.--"Non ritrovasi in tutta la storia Ecclesiastica verun +indulto conceduto da Romani Pontefici ai Sovrani di altra comunione, il +nominare a Vescovadi, ed Abbadie--soggiungendo, che non voleva, ne poteva +introdurre un esempio, che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico, e +che, oltre la gravissima pena, la quale Iddio gli farebbe scontare nell' +altro mondo, renderebbe il suo nome esoso, e maledetto in tutto il tempo +di sua vita, e molto piu in quello che avrebbe a decorrere dopo la di lui +morte. La stessa difficolta sussisterebbe ugualmente, ancorche il diritto +di nomina fosse limitato tra una classe di persone, esaminata prima, e +previamente sperimentata, ed approvata dal corpo dei Vescovi, come quello +de' Gran-Vicarj, da stabilirsene due in ogni Diocesi, e Distretto. Ma +oltre a questo, il progetto de' Gran-Vicarj involve gravissime difficolta +per le circostanze locali. Perciocche, lasciando anche stare il pericolo +dell' ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de' Vescovi, e Vicarj +Apostolici per essere dichiarati Gran-Vicarj, quando che ora, scegliendosi +i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli operaj, s' impegnano anche gli +ambiziosi a faticare a pro delle anime: e chiaro ancoro, che in tanta +penuria di ecclesiastici, ch' e in tutto cotesto dominio, se si tolgono +due Gran-Vicarj per ogni Vicario Apostolico, o Vescovo, mancheranno +affatto gli ecclesiastici per la cura delle anime. + +Il semplice diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti +intrinseci, purche fosse limitato; giacche altrimenti, a forza di +escludere si otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina. Ma questo diritto e +affatto nuovo; e l' introdurlo per la prima volta, non si sa a quali +conseguenze potrebbe condurre. Ma siccome tutti questi progetti si fanno +per assicurare il Governo, che non sia promossa persona, che non gli sia +invisa, dovrebbe bastare l' esperienza di tanti secoli, ad assicurare il +Governo, stesso della somma premura, che ha sempre avuta la S. Sede, che i +soggetti da lei promossi, non solo non siano invisi, ma siano anche +graditi del Governo stesso. Eo V. P. puo di fatto proprio attestare della +somma industria, attivita, e segretezza usatasi, qualche tempo fa, della +S. Sede, per escludere persona, che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita +al Governo, benche ape poggiata da forti raccomandazioni, ed includesse +altra persona, cha sicuramente fosse di sua soddisfazione. Oltre di che +essendo solitquesta S. C. di attendere per gli promovendi gli attestati, e +le postulazioni, o le informazioni de' Metropolitani, o degli altri Vicarj +Apostolici, ed anche del clero della rispettiva Diocesi, prima di proporre +al S. P. i soggetti, da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle +persone, che possano essere poco accette al Governo, per escluderle +sicuramente. + +Quanto al desiderio de' Magnati, di avere vescovi, in vece di Vicarj +Apostolici, in se stesso considerato e santissimo, ed analogo alla +costituzione della Chiessa Cattolica; e se n' e trattato altre volte in +Inghilterra. Dispiace solamente il fine, per cui si fa un tal progetto, +cioe per avere Prelati meno aderenti alla S. Sede. Ma la S. Sede nulla +avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione, sull' esempio de' vescovi d' +Irlanda de quali e ugualmente contenta che de' Vicarj Apostolici d' +Inghilterra, e di Scozia. Senza che, la constante esperienza dimostra, che +quantunque in diritto sia diversa la condizione de' Vicarj Apostolici de +quella de' Vescovi; pure in fatti non porta effetti diversi. Solo devrebbe +rifflettersi alle circostanze de' tempi, ed agl' incovenienti che +potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto Club Cisalpino, per evitarsi al +possibile ogni innovazione. + +Piu di tutti sarebbe fatale quel progretto, che per altro Monsig. Milner +dice essere di alcuni pochi, che ogni communicazione de' cattolici colla +S. Sede debba soggiacere all' esame de' ministri di S. M. Questo diritto +non si e mai riconosciuto dalla S. Sede in alcun principe cattolico: e l' +esempio che si cita, della Francia, era dai concordati limitato alle sole +ecclesiastiche proviste. Ma quanto sarebbe piu pericoloso in un Governo +acattolico, con cui non e possibile di convenire nelle massime religiose. +Si spera per altro, che quei pochi, che propongono, un tal progretto, non +troveranno seguito: e che quel Governo, che si vanta di lasciare una piena +liberta ai suoi sudditi, non vorra imporre loro una catena negli effari +piu delicati, che riguardano la coscienza, per gli quali soltanto i +cattolici, communicano colla S. Sede: giacche la S. C. nel questionario +stampato, che manda a quei Vescovi, e Vicarj Apostolici per norma della +relazione delle loro chiese, nel primo articolo si protesta espressamente +che non vuole di loro alcuna nuova politica. + +Molto consolante e poi, riuscito alla S. Congr. la nuova, che sia +riuscito, allo stesso Monsig. Milner di ottenere un' assai piu grande +liberta per gli soldati cattolici nell' esercizio della S. Religione; e +che abbia ben dispositi gli animi, per fare riconoscere validi nella legge +civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico. V. Paternita +gliene faccia i piu vivi ringraziamenti, per parte di questa S. C. + +In fine l' Arcivescovo, che scrive, con piena stima se le rassegna. + + + + + +A RECENT PROTESTANT VIEW OF THE CHURCH OF THE MIDDLE AGES. + + +The history of the Church in the middle ages has ever forced upon +Protestant minds a difficulty which they have met by many various methods +of solution. The middle age exhibits so much of precious side by side with +so much of base, so much of the beauty of holiness in the midst of +ungodliness, so much of what all Christians admit as truth with what +Protestants call fatal error, that the character of the whole cannot +readily be taken in at first sight from the Protestant point of view. Some +there are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their eyes to +the light, and these declare the medieval Church to have been a scene of +unmitigated evil. To their minds the whole theology of the period is +useless, or worse than useless, harmful. They connect the middle ages with +wickedness as thoroughly as the Manicheans connected matter with the evil +principle. + +Others there are who honestly admit that these ages, especially their +earlier part, are not Protestant, but at the same time contend that +neither are they favourable to Roman doctrine. These believe that facts +abundantly prove that in the bosom of the Church which was then, the two +Churches were to be found, which afterwards disengaged themselves from one +another at the Reformation. This is the philosophy of medieval history +which, as we learn from the preface to his collection of _Sacred Latin +Poetry_,(1) has recommended itself to Dr. Trench, the present Protestant +Archbishop of Dublin. "In Romanism we have the residuum of the middle-age +Church and theology, the lees, after all, or well nigh all the wine was +drained away. But in the medieval Church we have the wine and lees +together--the truth and the error, the false observance and yet at the same +time the divine truth which should one day be fatal to it--side by side." +For such thinkers the sum of all the history of that period amounts to +this: a long struggle between two Churches--one a Church of truth, the +other a Church of error--a struggle which, however, ended happily in the +triumph of the Church of truth by the Reformation, in which the truth was +purified from its contact with error. + +It is not without its advantages to know what views the occupant of an +Irish see so distinguished, is led to take, of the Church to which +seventy-seven out of every hundred Irishmen belong, with all the +convictions of their intellects, and all the love of their hearts. It +seems to us that his theory is not likely to satisfy any party; it goes +too far to please some, and stops short too soon to be agreeable to +others. But what strikes us most of all in it is the fatal inconsistency +of its parts. Of this the very book to which it serves as preface is proof +enough. Dr. Trench's position is this. He tells his Protestant readers +that whereas in the medieval Church there was a good church, and an evil, +all the good has found its resting place in Protestantism, all the evil in +tyrannical Rome. Whatever of good, of holy, of pure, has ever been said or +done within the Church, Protestants are the rightful inheritors of it all. +From the treasury of the Church before the Reformation he proposes to +draw, and to collect in this work what his readers may live on and love, +and what he is confident will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls. +He would set before them the feelings of the Church during these thousand +years of her existence, and would summon from afar, from remote ages, +"voices in which they may utter and embody the deepest things of their +hearts". Such, he assures them, are the voices of the writers whose poems +have found a place in his book. Now, if we are to understand that the two +ante-Reformation Churches stood out quite distinctly, one from the other, +in open antagonism, like Jerusalem and Babylon, each having its own +position more or less clearly defined, we should naturally expect to find +in Dr. Trench's book the thoughts and words only of the Reformers before +the Reformation, of the men, that is, who never bent the knee to Baal, but +ever cherished in their hearts the true doctrine of salvation. If his own +theory be worth anything, he must have recourse for his present purposes, +to that one of the two Churches which alone has been perpetuated, +victorious after conflict, in Protestantism. Where else shall he find +sympathies that answer to those of Protestants? But he does not do so. For +in the beginning of his preface he tells us that he has not admitted each +and all of the works of the authors whose productions he inserts. He tells +us that he has carefully excluded from his collection "all hymns which in +any way imply the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation", or, "which +involve any creature-worship, or speak of the Mother of our Lord in any +other language than that which Scripture has sanctioned, and our Church +adopted", or which "ask of the suffrages of the Saints"? These certainly +are not the doctrines which have been perpetuated in Protestantism. + +His own practice, therefore, is inconsistent with his theory, if that +theory means to assert the existence of two Churches in the middle age, +distinctly antagonistic, one to the other. + +The only escape from this tangle is to reply, that Dr. Trench, although he +may find two Churches in the bosom of the middle-age Church, does not, +however, place between them a separation so sharp as to suppose the Church +of good absolutely without evil, nor the Church of evil altogether +destitute of good. In each there is good and some mixture of evil: error +relieved by a vein of truth. His favourite authors, by whose labours he +wishes to make his readers profit, are, in this last hypothesis, men who +are subject to the influence of both Churches; men who belong partly to +each in turn, whose doctrines are a pitiable admixture of truth with +falsehood--who, in one word, are visited both by "airs from Heaven and +blasts from Hell". At times they say what all, even Protestants, may +treasure up in their hearts, to live on and love; at times, again, they +are made to utter what all should reject and condemn, as so many snares +for unwary feet. We shall say nothing of the difficulty the mind feels in +accepting such a description of the position of these writers, nor of the +task we have to persuade ourselves that those who teach belief in deadly +heresies to be essential to salvation, can be, at the same time, the +chosen tabernacles wherein the pure spirit of real piety can ever take up +its abode. Such was not the feeling of the ancient Church. We ask, +instead, who are the men upon whose writings Dr. Trench would sit in +judgment, "to sunder between the holy and profane", to distinguish between +the errors and the truth, to decide what we are "to take warning from and +to shun, what to live upon and love". With the exception of the two, Alard +and Buttmann, all are men highly honoured by the whole Catholic world, and +all, without exception, are praised for their excelling virtues by Dr. +Trench himself. Among the twenty-three names we read with reverence those +of Saint Ambrose, Saint Bonaventure, Venerable Bede, Saint Bernard, Saint +Peter Damian, Thomas a-Kempis, Peter the Venerable, Jacopone, and others +of great reputation for sanctity and learning. These are the men whose +writings Dr. Trench is to parcel out into two portions; this to be +venerated as sacred, that to be condemned as profane. It needs great faith +in the censor, to accept readily his decision in such a case. What test +does he undertake to apply? what criterion is to influence his choice? Why +does he cast away the poems which celebrate St. Peter as Prince of the +Apostles, and approve of those that extol St. Paul? Why should he style +Adam of St. Victor's hymn on the Blessed Virgin an exaggeration, and quote +as edifying his _Laus S. Scripturae_? Why are St. Bonaventure's pieces in +honour of Mary visited with censure, and his lines _In Passione Domini_ +made the theme of praise? Dr. Trench gives us his reasons very plainly. +"If our position mean anything", says he (page x.), "we are bound to +believe that to us, having the Word and the Spirit, the power has been +given to distinguish things which differ.... It is our duty to believe +that to us, that to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks, will +be given that enlightening spirit, by whose aid it shall be enabled to +read aright the past realizations of God's divine idea in the wise and +historic Church of successive ages, and to distinguish the human +imperfections, blemishes, and errors, from the divine truth which they +obscured and overlaid, but which they could not destroy, being, one day, +rather to be destroyed by it". That is to say, we, as Protestants, in +virtue of our position as such, are able by the light of the Holy Spirit +to discern true from false doctrine, the fruits of the good Church from +the fruits of the evil Church. This enlightening Spirit will be given to +each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it. But, we ask, what are +we to believe concerning the working of the same enlightening Spirit in +the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely devotional writings Dr. +Trench sets before us? Were they men of humility and earnestness? If they +were not, Dr. Trench's book appears under false colours, and is not a book +of edification. And if they were, as they certainly were, who is Dr. +Trench that he should take it on himself to condemn those who enjoyed the +very same light which he claims for himself? And why should we not then +rather believe that as these holy men had, on his own showing, the spirit +of God, Dr. Trench, in condemning their doctrine does in truth condemn +what is the doctrine of the Church of the Holy Spirit. + +The theory is therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds it is +false. Such as it is, however, the conclusions we may draw from it are of +great importance. + +1. Dr. Trench declares that, both by omitting and by thinning, he has +carefully removed from his selection, all doctrine implying +transubstantiation, the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, the invocation of +saints, and the veneration of the cross. Now, as the great bulk of the +poems he publishes belong to the middle ages, strictly so called, it +follows, on Dr. Trench's authority, that these doctrines of the Roman +Catholic Church were held long before the Reformation, and that the Church +was already in possession when Luther came. + +2. Since he tells us (page vi) that he has counted inadmissible poems +which breathe a spirit foreign to that tone of piety which the English +Church desires to cherish in her children, it follows that the spirit of +piety in the Church of old is not the same as that in the present Church +of England. Now in such cases the presumption is against novelty. + +3. Dr. Trench (page vii) reminds his readers that it is unfair to try the +theological language of the middle ages by the greater strictness and +accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle, of the Reformation. A man who +holds a doctrine _implicitly_ and in a confused manner, is likely to use +words which he would correct if the doctrine were put before him in +accurate form. This is a sound principle, and one constantly employed by +Catholic theologians, when they have to deal with an objection urged by +Protestants from some obscure or equivocal passage of a Father. It is +satisfactory to be able for the future to claim for its use the high +authority of Dr. Trench. + +4. A special assistance of the Holy Spirit is claimed for all those who +humbly and earnestly invoke him. This assistance is to enable those +blessed with it to distinguish between error and divine truth. Is this +happy privilege to be exercised either independently, without the +direction of the ministers of the Church, or is it one of the graces +peculiar to the pastoral office? In the former case, every fanatical +sectary may judge in matters of religion as securely as if he had the +whole world on his side. In the latter case, it would be interesting to +know how much does this privilege differ from the infallibility claimed by +the Catholic Church. + +5. Finally, the contradictions inherent to the whole theory are most +clearly to be seen in the following passage about the noble lines which +Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours, in the beginning of the twelfth century, +places on the lip of the city of Rome: + + + "I have not inserted these lines", says Dr. Trench, "in the body + of this collection, lest I might seem to claim for them that + entire sympathy which I am very far from doing. Yet, believing as + we may, and, to give any meaning to a large period of Church + history, we must, that Papal Rome of the middle ages had a work of + God to accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world, in + the midst of which she often lifted up the only voice which was + anywhere heard in behalf of righteousness and truth--all of which + we may believe, with the fullest sense that her dominion was an + unrighteous usurpation, however overruled for good to Christendom, + which could then take no higher blessing--believing this, we may + freely admire these lines, so nobly telling of that true strength + of spiritual power, which may be perfected in the utmost weakness + of all other power. It is the city of Rome which speaks: + + Dum simulacra mihi, dum numina vana placerent, + Militia, populo, moenibus alts fui: + At simul effigies, arasque superstitiosas + Dejiciens, uni sum famulata Deo; + Cesserunt arces, cecidere palatia divum, + Servivit populis, degeneravit eques. + Vix scio quae fuerim: vix Romae Roma recordor; + Vix sinit occasus vel meminisse mei. + Gratior haec jactura mihi successibus illis, + Major sum pauper divite, stante jacens. + Plus aquilis vexilla crucis, plus Caesare Petrus, + Plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme dedit. + Stans domui terras; infernum diruta pulso; + Corpora stans, animas fracta jacensque rego. + Tunc miserae plebi, nunc principibus tenebrarum + Impero; tunc urbes, nunc mea regna polus. + Quod ne Caesaribus videar debere vel armis, + Et species rerum meque meosque trahat, + Armorum vis illa perit, ruit alta Senatus + Gloria, procumbunt templa, theatra jacent. + Rostra vacant, edicta silent, sua praemia desunt + Emeritis, populo jura, colonus agris. + Ista jacent, ne forte meus spem ponat in illis + Civis, et evacuet spemque bonumque crucis. + + + + + +THE MSS. REMAINS OF PROFESSOR O'CURRY IN THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY. NO. II. + + +_Prayer of St. Aireran the Wise, ob._. 664. + + + [In the first number of the RECORD we published from the + manuscripts of the late Professor O'Curry the Prayer of St. Colga + of Clonmacnoise. We now publish another beautiful devotional piece + from the same collection. + + Speaking of ancient Irish religious works now remaining, O'Curry + says (at page 378 of his great work): "The fifth class of these + religious remains consists of the prayers, invocations, and + litanies, which have came down to us". The Prayer of St. Colga, + published in our last number, is placed by O'Curry in the second + place among these documents, which he sets down in chronological + order. + + "The first piece of this class (adopting the chronological order) + is the prayer of St. _Aireran_ the Wise (often called _Aileran_, + _Eleran_, and _Airenan_), who was a classical professor in the + great school of Clonard, and died of the plague in the year 664. + St. Aireran's prayer or litany is addressed, respectively, to God + the Father, to God the Son, and to God the Holy Spirit, invoking + them for mercy by various titles indicative of their power, glory, + and attributes. The prayer consists of five invocations to the + Father, eighteen invocations to the Son, and five to the Holy + Spirit; and commences in Latin thus: 'O Deus Pater, Omnipotens + Deus, exerci misericordiam nobis'. This is followed by the same + Invocation in the Gaedhlic; and the petitions to the end are + continued in the same language. The invocation of the Son begins + thus: 'Have mercy on us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son Of + the living God! O Son, born twice! O only born of God the Father'. + The petition to the Holy Spirit begins: 'Have mercy on us, O + Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit the noblest of all spirits!' + (See original in APPENDIX, No. CXX.) + + "When I first discovered this prayer in the _Leabhar Buidhe + Lecain_ (or Yellow Book of _Lecain_), in the library of Trinity + College, many years ago, I had no means of ascertaining or fixing + its date; but in my subsequent readings in the same library, for + my collection of ancient glossaries, I met the word _Oirchis_ set + down with explanation and illustration, as follows: + + " '_Oirchis_, id est, Mercy; as it is said in the prayers of + Arinan the Wise':--Have mercy on us, O God the Father Almighty!" + See original in APPENDIX, No. CXXI. + + "I think it is unnecessary to say more on the identity of the + author of this prayer with the distinguished _Aireran_ of Clonard. + Nor is this the only specimen of his devout works that has come + down to us. Fleming, in his Collecta Sacra, has published a + fragment of a Latin tract discovered in the ancient monastery of + St. Gall in Switzerland, which is entitled 'The Mystical + Interpretation of the Ancestry of our Lord Jesus Christ'. A + perfect copy of this curious tract, and one of high antiquity, + has, I believe, been lately discovered on the continent. + + "There was another _Airenan_, also called 'the wise', who was + abbot of _Tamhlacht_ [Tallaght] in the latter part of the ninth + century; but he has not been distinguished as an author, as far as + we know". + + It seems to us that there are three things specially worthy of our + consideration in this beautiful prayer. + + In the first place, we find in it an explicit and most clear + declaration of the Catholic Faith regarding the Blessed Trinity, + especially the distinction of three persons, and the Divinity of + each of these Divine Persons. "O God the Father Almighty, O God of + Hosts, help us! Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! Help us, + O Almighty God, O Holy Spirit!" + + We are in the next place struck by the extraordinary familiarity + with the Holy Scripture which the writer evinces. There is + scarcely one of the epithets which is not found in the sacred + pages, almost in the precise words used by him, beginning with the + first words, addressed to the Eternal Father, "O God of Hosts", + the _Deus Sabaoth_ of the Prophets, and going on to the last + invocation of the Holy Ghost, "Spirit of love", which comprises in + itself the two inspired phrases: "_Spiritus est Deus_", and "_Deus + Charitas est_". We may also remark the coincidence between Saint + Aireran and the liturgical prayers of the Church, especially in + the invocations of the Holy Ghost found in the office of + Whitsuntide and in the administration of the Sacrament of + Confirmation, "_Tu septiformis munere: Digitus Paternae + dexterae_". "O Finger of God! O Spirit of Seven Forms". + + In fine, we find our Irish saint applying to the Son of God the + vision of the Prophet Ezechiel regarding the four mysterious + animals: "O true Man! O Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle!" The prophecy + is commonly interpreted of the Four Evangelists. Saint Augustine + and Saint Jerome are quoted as authorities for this + interpretation. But it is worthy of remark, that Saint Gregory the + Great, whilst giving the same interpretation, applies the + mysterious vision also to God the Son.(2) And Saint Aireran, by + adopting this opinion, seems to afford us another proof of the + great familiarity of our Irish scholars with the writings of the + great Pontiff and Father of the Church. And this familiarity is + rendered still more remarkable, and serves to give another proof + of the constant communication between Rome and Ireland, from the + close proximity of the times of our Saint and of Saint Gregory.] + + +O Deus Pater omnipotens Deus exerce tuam misericordiam nobis! + +O God the Father Almighty! O God of Hosts, help us. + +O illustrious God! O Lord of the world! O Creator of all creatures, help +us. + +O indescribable God! O Creator of all creatures, help us. + +O invisible God! O incorporeal God! O unseen God! O unimaginable God! O +patient God! O uncorrupted God! O unchangeable God! O eternal God! O +perfect God! O merciful God! O admirable God! O Golden Goodness! O +Heavenly Father, who art in Heaven, help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son of the living God! O Son +twice born! O only begotten of the Father! O first-born of Mary the +Virgin! O Son of David! O Son of Abraham, beginning of all things! O End +of the World! O Word of God! O Jewel of the Heavenly Kingdom! O Life of +all (things)! O Eternal Truth! O Image, O Likeness, O Form of God the +Father! O Arm of God! O Hand of God! O Strength of God! O right (hand) of +God! O true Wisdom! O true Light, which enlightens all men! O Light-giver! +O Sun of Righteousness! O Star of the Morning! O Lustre of the Divinity! O +Sheen of the Eternal Light! O Fountain of immortal Life! O Pacificator +between God and Man! O Foretold of the Church! O Faithful Shepherd of the +flock! O Hope of the Faithful! O Angel of the Great Council! O True +Prophet! O True Apostle! O True Preacher! O Master! O Friend of Souls +(Spiritual Director)! O Thou of the shining hair! O Immortal Food! O Tree +of Life! O Righteous of Heaven! O Wand from the Stem of Moses! O King of +Israel! O Saviour! O Door of Life! O Splendid Flower of the Plain! O +Corner-stone! O Heavenly Zion! O Foundation of the Faith! O Spotless Lamb! +O Diadem! O Gentle Sheep! O Redeemer of mankind! O true God! O True Man! O +Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle! O Crucified Christ! O Judge of the Judgment +Day! help us. + +Help us, O Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit more noble than all +Spirits! O Finger of God! O Guardian of the Christians! O Protector of the +Distressed! O Co-partner of the True Wisdom! O Author of the Holy +Scripture! O Spirit of Righteousness! O Spirit of Seven Forms! O Spirit of +the Intellect! O Spirit of the Counsel! O Spirit of Fortitude! O Spirit of +Knowledge! O Spirit of Love! help us. + + + + + +THE DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE.(3) + + +That God knows and governs all things--that whatever happens is either done +or permitted by him, and that he proposes to himself wise and beneficent +ends in all he does or permits--are truths which lie at the foundation of +all religion. The wicked may refuse to obey his commands, but they cannot +withdraw themselves from the reach of his power. While their wickedness is +entirely their own, _God_ makes them, however unwilling or unconscious, +instruments to work out his ends. + +It is thus that individuals and nations have each a peculiar destiny. Not +that there is a blind fate, such as Pagans imagined; but that an +all-seeing and all-governing God proposes to himself certain objects, +which he is determined to attain, despite the perversity of man. + +To learn the purposes of God in the development of human events, to trace +his hand in the complicated movements of society, to see him overruling +and directing all to his own great ends, is one of the most sublime +objects to which the study of history can be applied. Frequently, indeed, +we may be unable fully to comprehend the designs of his providence in the +moral, as in the physical world. Fancy, or pride, may easily have a great +part in suggesting our theories. But, if we confine ourselves to certain +facts and undoubted principles, we can often trace the design in both +orders, and admire in it the wisdom, the power, the goodness--all the +attributes of God. Nay, all these shine more brightly in the moral than in +the physical order. + +The history of his chosen people is an example of this. We find empires +rising and falling, at one time to punish, at another time to try, at +another to deliver his people. The good and the wicked, the weak and the +strong, become in turn his instruments. The whole history of that people +is but a record of the acts of his overruling providence, directing all +things to the accomplishment of the designs which he had announced. + +This is, indeed, so evident in this case that it may not be considered a +fair instance to prove my general position. For it is admitted that God's +providence over the Jewish race was quite extraordinary. Still, it proves +that God does so intervene in human affairs, and it illustrates many of +the principles that must be kept in view in these investigations. It +shows, for example, that many, unconscious of the fact--nay, with quite +another object in view, acting perhaps from avarice, hatred, or ambition, +are yet instruments in the hand of God for the accomplishment of his wise +purposes. It shows how things, and persons, considered as of little or of +no value, according to human views, may, in reality, be the pivots on +which the destinies of vast empires turn, connected, as they may be, with +the accomplishment of purposes which weigh more in the scales of Heaven +than the mere temporal condition of all the empires of the Earth. + +It is in this view that many Christian writers assert that the Roman +empire obtained universal sway, that civilized nations being thus brought +closely together, an easier way might be prepared for the spread of the +Gospel. The generals and statesmen of Rome had no doubt a very low idea of +the poor fishermen of Galilee, and of the tentmaker of Tharsus. It may be +safely presumed that they did not even allow their names to divert their +thoughts, for a moment, from the grand projects of conquest and government +by which they were engrossed. Yet, in the designs of God, it was, most +probably, to prepare a way for the work of those fishermen, and of that +tentmaker, and their associates, that wisdom had been vouchsafed to their +counsels and victory to their arms. + +The endless invasions of the Roman empire by northern tribes is another +instance of whole races being used by God for his own purposes, without +their having any idea of the work in which they were employed. They came +to punish those who had revelled in the blood of the saints, and to supply +fresh material for the great work of the Church of God. + +Towards the close of the fifteenth century, an Italian sailor, led by some +astronomical observations and some half understood, or rather +misunderstood, tales of ancient travellers, to believe that there must be +another continent far away beyond the western waters, wandered from court +to court, in Europe, in search of means to fit up an expedition to +discover it, and he finally succeeded in making known a new world. It +requires little faith in divine Providence to believe that it was God who +was impelling him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of the +ancient world, which were then about being developed on a gigantic scale, +and, still more, to prepare a field for a more extensive spread of the +Gospel, in which the Church might repair the losses she was about to +sustain in the religious convulsions impending in Europe. + +Numberless similar instances might be quoted. These designs of God are +sometimes manifest, sometimes hidden; sometimes they are far-reaching, +sometimes limited. Ignorance and pride may mistake or pervert them. But +they always prevail; they are always worthy of their Author; and let me +add, that the salvation of men being the object most highly prized by God, +it is not only rightfully considered the most noble, but it is that to +which his other works may be justly accounted subordinate. + +It is under the light of these principles that I undertake an +investigation of the purposes of God regarding the Irish race. These +purposes seem to me no longer matter of speculation; they may be +pronounced manifest; for they are written in unmistakable characters in +the development of events. + +The history of Ireland is, in many respects, peculiar. Few nations +received the faith so readily, and no other preserved it amidst similar +struggles. St. Patrick first announced the Gospel to the assembled states +of the realm at Tara. He received permission to preach it, unmolested, +throughout the length and breadth of the land. By his indomitable zeal and +heroic virtue, he succeeded in winning over the natives so effectually, +that at his death few pagans remained in Ireland. Not a drop of blood was +shed when Christianity was first announced. Heroism was displayed only by +the exalted virtues of the Apostle and of the neophytes. Nowhere else did +the Gospel take root so quickly and so firmly, and produce fruits so +immediate and so abundant. Catholic Ireland soon became the home of the +saints and sages of the Christian world. To many of the nations of the +continent her apostles went forth, charged with the embassy of eternal +truth. In every realm of Europe her children established sanctuaries of +piety and learning; and to her own hospitable shores the natives of other +lands flocked to receive education, and even support, from her gratuitous +bounty. Homes of virtue dotted her hills and valleys; and thus were laid +deep the roots of that strong attachment to the faith, which, later, was +to be exposed to trials the most severe. + +We thus find God preparing Ireland for a future, then hidden to all but +Himself. For the day of trial came at last. She was reposing in peace, +under the shadow of the Gospel, when the barbaric invasion, that swept +before it every vestige of learning and religion in many parts of Europe, +reached her shores. Ireland was the only country that rolled back its +wave. But she did this at the cost of her life's blood. For two centuries +the Dane trampled her sons under foot. His cruelties yet re-echo in the +national traditions. But the Irish race at last arose in its might, and +drove the barbarian from its shores. The churches of the country had been +pillaged, its monasteries plundered, its institutions of learning +destroyed--everything that the sword could smite, or fire consume, had +perished; but the Irish race came out of the ordeal preserving its own +integrity, and the jewel which it prized above all else--its glorious +faith. + +Not long after this deliverance, and before Ireland had succeeded in +obliterating the traces of Danish cruelty, another invader set his foot on +her shores. Availing himself of the discords naturally arising from the +disorganized state of society, he succeeded in gaining a foothold. By +fanning these discords, he kept possession and gained strength. The rule +of the Saxon became thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the +oppression of the Dane. To the hatred, which is generally greater in the +oppressor than in the oppressed, were added, in time, religious fanaticism +and the desire of plunder, which became its associate and assumed its +garb. The _mere_ Irishman, who was hated under any circumstances on +account of his race, was now hunted in his own country as if he were a +wild beast. The property of the Catholic people was confiscated, and most +stringent laws were enacted to prevent its renewed acquisitions. Priests, +wherever found, were put to death, and the severest penalties were +inflicted on those who would harbour any that escaped detection. +Extermination by fire and sword was ordered in so many words, and was +attempted. When this failed, a system of penal laws was established, which +were in full force until lately, and which a Protestant writer of +deservedly high repute (Burke) calls a "machine of wise and elaborate +contrivance, and as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment, and +degradation of a people, and the debasement in them of human nature +itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man". Upon the +partial abandonment of this form of oppression, a system of proselytism +was adopted, and is yet in full vigour (for it has become an institution, +and the best supported institution in Ireland), which, by bribes to the +high and the low, appeals to every base instinct to draw men away from the +faith. + +Yet neither confiscation of property, nor famine, nor disgrace, nor death +in its most hideous forms, could make Ireland waver in that faith which +our forefathers received from St. Patrick. There were, of course, from +time to time, and there are, a few exceptions. Did not these occur, the +Irish must have been more than men. But, as a general rule, the places +that could not be procured or retained, except by apostacy, were resigned. +The rich allowed their property to be torn from them, and they willingly +became poor; the poor bore hunger and all other consequences of wretched +poverty; and though every Earthly good was arrayed temptingly before them, +they scorned to purchase comfort at the price of apostacy. During the four +years from 1846 to 1850, nearly two millions either perished from hunger +or its attendant pestilence, or were forced to leave their native land to +escape both. In the midst of the dead and the dying, proselytisers showed +themselves everywhere, well provided with food and money, and Bibles, and +every one of the sufferers felt, and was made to feel, that all his +sufferings might have been spared had he been willing to barter his faith +for bread. Yet the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence, or fly +from their native land; but they would not eat the bread of apostacy. They +died, or they fled; but they clung to their faith. + +In vain, I think, will history be searched for another example of such +vast numbers, generation after generation, calmly, silently facing an +unhonoured death, without any support on earth but the approving voice of +conscience. + +This fidelity can be predicated with truth of the whole Irish race, +notwithstanding the numbers of those in Ireland who are not Catholics. For +these, besides being a minority of the inhabitants, are but an exotic, +planted in Ireland by the sword. They were imported, being already, and +because they were, of another faith, for the purpose of supplanting that +of the inhabitants. Many of them adopted the faith of the old race, so +that the names that indicate their origin are not a certain test of their +religion. But so steadily has the old stock adhered to its faith, that an +Irish "O", or "Mac", or any other old Celtic name, is almost sure to +designate a Catholic. Indeed, such names are usually called "Catholic +names". Whenever an exception is found, it is so rare an occurrence that +the party is considered a renegade from his race as well as from his +religion. + +It would, however, be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves that this +stability in the faith is the result of anything peculiar in the Irish +nature, but it would be, I may say, a blasphemy to assert it. God alone +can preserve any one in the paths of truth and virtue; how much more must +we attribute to Him the fidelity of a whole race, under the trying +circumstances here enumerated? + +Such grace may have been given, as many believe, in reward of the +readiness and the fulness with which our ancestors first received the +faith of the Gospel, and it is hoped that God will to the end grant the +same grace of fidelity to their descendants. Our great Apostle is said to +have asked this favour from God for the nation which so readily responded +to his call. Let us unite our prayers with his, and, like Solomon, ask for +our race not riches, nor power, but true wisdom, which is, above all and +before all, allegiance to the true faith. This was the prayer, no doubt, +which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured out. They themselves +sacrificed property and liberty; they gave up everything that man could +take away, that they might preserve this precious jewel. They believed +that in doing this they were following the dictates of true wisdom, and, +in their fondest love for their remotest posterity, they wished and prayed +that similar wisdom might be displayed by them. May their prayer be heard +to the end. + +This prayer has been heard, or at least this grace has been granted, up to +the present. When the sons of Ireland on this day return in thought to the +homes of their fathers, they may indeed look back upon a land inferior to +many in the elements of material greatness. They may behold her castles +and rich domains in the possession of the stranger. They may view the +masses of their race with scarcely a foothold in the land of their +fathers, liable to be ejected from the farm, and driven out on the public +highways, and from the highways into the crowded town, and from the hovels +of the crowded town into the poorhouse, and even at the poorhouse denied +the right of admission. But amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell +in the old land--in spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments, and +heartless and tyrannical landlords, and hypocritical proselytizers--in +spite of open violence and covert bribes, their undying attachment to the +faith remains unaltered, unshaken--a monument of national virtue more +honourable than any which wealth or power could erect, or flattery devise. + +But all this is a grace, a great grace of God. It reveals a purpose of +Heaven more bountiful in regard to this people than if he had raised them +to the highest place in material power amongst the nations of the Earth. + +Temporal prosperity, in its various forms, though a favour from God, is +not his most precious blessing. He himself selected the way of the Cross. +In abjection and suffering he came into the world; he lived in it despised +and persecuted, he died amidst excruciating torments. To those whom he +loved in a special manner, he says, "Can you drink the chalice which I am +to drink, and be baptized with the baptism with which I shall be +baptized?" and when they reply, they can, the promise that this shall be +fulfilled, his leading them to follow him in the way of the Cross, his +calling them to suffer for righteousness, is the best pledge of his +greatest love. + +This grace he has given to Ireland. Her children have received and +accepted the call; they have reaped the reward. Indeed, I have found the +opinion entertained by many clergymen of extensive experience, that there +is not probably a people on this Earth of whom more, in proportion to +their number, leave this world with well grounded hopes of a happy +eternity. They do not, it is true, display a boastful assurance that they +are about to ascend at once into Heaven. But vast masses serve God with +humble fidelity in life, and, at death, acknowledging and sorry for their +sins, doing all they can to comply with his requirements, they throw +themselves, with resignation to his will, into the arms of his mercy. + +Were nothing else apparent in the purposes of God, we might stop here. We +would find a great and worthy object for all that Ireland has suffered, +and cause to thank the Almighty Ruler for having given her the grace to +suffer in union with and for the sake of his Son. + +But God's graces are often given for ulterior purposes; and it may be +asked whether the extraordinary preservation of this nation's faith has +not another object in his wise and merciful counsels. + +It appears to me that this is now clear in the case of Ireland. But, to +understand it properly, we must reflect more closely on her connection +with England, and on the condition of this latter country. + +In the sixteenth century England abandoned the faith to which she had +adhered for a thousand years. Her apostacy, though consummated by degrees, +may be said to have become at last complete. The blood of her best sons +flowed at Tyburn. The priests that were not of the number were banished, +or forced to seek safety in hiding places. The same price was put on the +head of a priest as on that of a wolf. The property of Catholics was +confiscated, their children were taken from them, and educated in the +religion of the establishment. These and analogous measures produced their +effect at last. Were it not for these things, a great part of that nation, +if not a majority, would be Catholic to-day. Though they desired no share +in the plunder of the Church, and had no fancy for the new theories of the +Reformers, they were weak enough to yield to a pressure, under which +compromise first, and then apostacy, afforded the only means of escaping +confiscation and the loss of every social advantage, frequently the only +means of escaping death. The old faith stamped, indeed, its mark on the +institutions of the kingdom in a manner that could not be blotted out. It +left its memorials everywhere throughout the land. The noble universities, +the gorgeous cathedrals, and the splendid ruins scattered over the surface +of the country, are witnesses of its departed power; but it is itself +effectually blotted out from the hearts of the people. Though the most +noble kings and princes of the land had delighted in honouring +Catholicity, though England had sent her apostles and her saints into many +a clime, though her hills and valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the +sweet songs of Catholic devotion, her people now know nothing more hateful +than the faith under the auspices of which their fathers were civilized. +They nickname it "Popery", and the name expresses that which is to them +most hateful. + +Yet this England, this Catholic-hating England, has become one of the +greatest nations of the Earth in the material order. Her fleets are +mirrored in every sea; her banner floats on every continent. It has been +truly said that the sound of her drums, calling her soldiers from slumber, +goes before and greets the rising sun in its circuit around the globe. + +But what is most remarkable, and certainly not without some great purpose +in the order of divine Providence, England has become in our day the great +hive from which colonies go out to people islands and continents in +distant parts of the world; lands which were before vast wastes, tenanted +only by the wild beast, or by the savage scarcely less ferocious. Indeed, +she is the only nation in our day that seems to have received such a +mission. + +And is it then to an apostate nation exclusively that God has given the +mission to fill up these wastes? Is it a corrupted faith only which is to +be borne to these savage nations, and to be planted in those vast regions, +which God has made known to civilized man in these latter days? Were this +the case, we might tremble, though we should adore it as one of the +inscrutable judgments of God, dealing with nations in his _great_ wrath. + +But is such the fact? It would indeed be the fact were it not for faithful +Ireland. But, united as England is with Ireland, the result is quite +otherwise. The very ambition and desire for gain which impel England to +extend her power and plant her colonies in the most distant countries of +the globe, become the instruments for carrying also the undying faith of +Ireland to the regions which England has conquered. + +Saul went to seek Samuel, thinking only of finding his father's asses. God +was sending him to be anointed king over his people. England sends her +ships all over the world, thinking only of markets for the produce of her +forges and her looms. God is sending her that she may spread everywhere +the faith of the Irish people. + +Under the "Union Jack", on which the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew +are blended, but so blended as to prevent any Christian symbol being +recognized (a fit emblem of the effect of the union of jarring sects, each +professing to proclaim Christianity, but between them only obscuring and +obstructing it)--the Irishman, too, is borne to the distant colony. He +goes, probably, before the mast or in the forecastle, but he bears with +him the true faith; and when he lands he hastens to raise its symbol. This +may be at first over a rude chapel. But it is a signal to other +way-farers, and they gather under its shade to offer up the sacred +mysteries. As soon as his means permit, even before he can build a good +dwelling for himself, he takes care that the house of God be, in every +possible degree, worthy of its sacred character. And so the Church creeps +on and grows, and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the +offering of the Adorable Sacrifice and the announcement of the true faith. + +The Irishman, generally speaking, did not leave home through ambition, or +for conquest. He departed with sorrow from the shade of that hawthorn +around which the dearest memories of childhood clustered. He would have +remained content with the humble lot of his father had he been allowed to +dwell there in peace. But the bailiff came, and, to make wider pastures +for sheep and bullocks, his humble cottage was levelled, and he himself +sent to wander through the world in search of a home. But in his +wanderings he carries his faith with him, and he becomes the means of +spreading everywhere the true Church of God. + +It is thus that the tempest, which seems but to destroy the flower, +catches up its seeds and scatters them far and near, and these seeds +produce other flowers as beautiful as that from which they were torn, so +that some fair spot of the prairie, when despoiled of its loveliness, but +affords the means of covering the vast expanse with new and variegated +beauties. + +It is thus that the famine, and the pestilence, and the inhuman evictions +of Irish landlords, have spread the faith of Christ far and near, and +planted it in new colonies, which, when they shall have grown out of their +tutelage, will look back to the departed power of England and the undying +faith of Ireland as, in the hands of Providence, the combined causes of +their greatness and their orthodoxy. Macaulay's traveller from New +Zealand, who will, on some future day, "from a broken arch of London +Bridge, take a sketch of the ruins of St. Paul's", may be some Irish "O'" +or "Mac" on a pilgrimage to the Eternal City, who passes that way--having +first landed on the shores from which his ancestors were driven by the +"crowbar brigade", and visited with reverence the hallowed graves under +whose humble sod lie the bones of his martyred forefathers. + +It is thus that the Catholic faith is being planted in the British +colonies of North America; it is thus it is carried to India, and to +Australia, and to the islands of the South Sea. Thus are laid the +foundations of flourishing churches, which promise, at no distant day, to +renew, and even to surpass, the work done by Ireland in the palmiest days +of faith, when her sons planted the Cross, and caused Christ to be adored, +as he wished to be adored, in the most distant regions of the earth. + +The magnitude of this work is not to be measured even by the importance of +these transplanted churches at the present moment. The countries to which +I have alluded are but in their infancy. We can see on this continent the +rapid strides of such infant colonies. Within three quarters of a century +this country has advanced in population from three to over thirty +millions, and in most other elements of greatness in still grander +proportions. If it continue to increase, as it has done regularly from the +beginning, at the end of this century, or soon after, it will have a +population of over one hundred millions--that is, as great as is now the +population of France, and Spain, and Italy, and Great Britain combined. If +this be expected in this country in forty years, what will the case be in +one or two hundred, in this and so many others similarly situated? + +Australia starts with all the advantages of this country, and some +peculiar to itself, and is following it with giant strides. It may +overtake it before long, if not outstrip it. But the position of +Catholicity there is very different from what it was at the commencement, +or even at an advanced period, in the United States. The Catholics in +Australia occupy a position of practical social equality with others. They +will grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength of their +adopted country, and have their fair share in its importance. + +England herself, from which the Catholic name was thought to have been +almost blotted out, has been deeply affected by this exodus of Irish +Catholics. In her cities, and towns, and hamlets, the Cross has been +raised from the dust. At the side of the ancient monuments which remind +England of her apostacy, humble spires rise in every part of the land, and +tell that nation that the faith which they thought destroyed still lives, +and is ready to admit them again to its wonted blessings. They stand +there, and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of which they are +the symbols--of that faith which reclaimed the fathers of that people from +barbarism, and continued to be the faith of the land for a thousand years, +and is yet a faith, and the only faith, in which men of every tongue and +every clime are united. The English people see its unity and stability, +while they are forced to witness the ever shifting and clashing forms of +the religion that was substituted for it. For, in the name of the one +Christ and the one Bible, altar is everywhere erected against altar, +pulpit thunders against pulpit, the teaching of to-day is contradicted in +the same pulpit on the morrow; yet each one proclaims his own device as +the plain teaching of Scripture. + +This confronting of unity with confusion, of steady adherence to truth +with the ever varying shifts of error, of the mild but bright glory of an +everlasting Church with the frivolities of the proudest inventions of men, +is a grace, and a great grace, which God grants. It is a grace for the use +of which that people will give strict account. And oh! may that use be, +that they will make it fructify to their salvation. For while we +appreciate the blessings granted to ourselves, we have no other feeling in +their regard than a wish that they, too, may share in these blessings, and +be like unto us in everything "except these chains". + +But whether well used or abused, whether unto "the ruin" or "salvation" of +many in that country, this grace is given chiefly through the Irish +emigration. + +I am not unaware of, nor do I undervalue, the importance of the faithful +remnant that has in England steadfastly continued in the faith once +delivered to the saints, nor of the accession made to their numbers by the +conversion of so many noble souls, to whom God gave light and strength to +overcome the many difficulties that would have fain prevented their +following that light. But of both we might not inaptly ask, "What are +these amongst so many?" They are like those few tints that gild the skies +here and there, when the sun's light has all but departed; or like those +stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens--bright, indeed, and +beautiful--but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines of the +heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon. They make us feel only +more sensibly, and keep fresh in our memory, the loss of the sun that has +set. + +It is the Irish emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes who +flock around English altars, that has made churches and schools spring up, +that has finally called for the restoration of a numerous hierarchy; and, +as if to mark this fact, and point out the great part that Ireland had in +restoring Catholic life to England, God has so arranged it that the first +head and brightest ornament of that new hierarchy should be the son of +Irish emigrants; for such is the great and illustrious Cardinal Wiseman. + +And even in these United States, let people say what they please, has not +the Irish race held the first place in planting the cross throughout the +length and breadth of the land? + +In this, and wherever else I speak of the Irish race, I do not, of course, +confine myself to those born in Ireland. The work which a race is called +to do is to be done by those who now live, and by their children and their +children's children, wherever they happen to be born. Indeed, it would be +a contradiction in terms to consider the father and son, wherever born, as +belonging to different races. Be it for weal or for woe, be it unto honour +or unto shame, the fathers cannot disown the children nor the children the +fathers. If it depended on feeling or wishes, I, for one, would be very +glad to dissolve connection with any one who insists that he owes nothing +to the race that gave him a father or a mother. I would readily leave such +a one to his proud claim of owning no paternity but the land on which he +vegetates, and I only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit +or advantage. He who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that begot +him, or the mother that gave him suck, is not a prize worth contending +for. But whatever we or he may wish, whatever be the results to us or to +him, he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone. What God has united, +neither he nor we can put asunder. + +It is not that we should form separate classes or castes, or that we claim +other rights or privileges, or have other duties than those of other +races; but the one to which each man belongs has been fixed by the +Almighty Provider in the very act of giving him being, and he who would +fain conceal, or disown, or be ashamed of his race--that is, of the order +of Providence to which he owes his existence--could succeed in nothing else +but in proving himself unworthy the esteem of men of any race. + +I know and gratefully acknowledge the important services rendered to +Catholicity in the United States by persons of other races. There was, +first of all, the Maryland colony, with whose noble history that of few, +if any, of the other colonies can compare. By their justice and humanity +in treating with the native tribes, by similar justice and fair dealing +with other colonists, of every religion and every race, by their domestic +virtues and patriotic course, the men of that colony deserved and received +a high place in the esteem of their countrymen and of the world. + +But their number is small, too small--indeed. Would that they were more. +Were they all put together they would not form one average diocese of the +forty-six now existing in this country. + +God has sent us many illustrious men from France, and Belgium, and Italy, +who have occupied the foremost ranks in the ministry, whose heroic virtues +and zealous works are even now as beacon lights to all who labour for +God's glory. But as to the people from these countries, they are not many +more than those from the Maryland stock. Germany has sent many of her +hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their countrymen in +building up the walls of the sanctuary. These are, indeed, a most +important element, and are destined to become more and more important +every day. They may yet exercise a greater influence on the destiny of the +Church in this country than the Irish race. But so far, I think, no one +will claim that they can be compared with it in numbers, or as to the +results hitherto obtained. Of the converts in this country we may say the +same thing as of those in England. + +Giving all, therefore, what belongs to them--for there is not, nor should +there be here, any room for jealousy--I think it will be admitted that it +is above all others to the sons of Ireland and to their children that the +spread of Catholicity is due in this land. No matter who ministered at the +altar (though there, too, the sons of Ireland have had their share), in +the body of the church you will find that, in the majority of places, they +constitute the bulk, and in many the whole of the congregation. Their hard +earned dollars were foremost in supplying means to buy the lot and raise +the building from which the Catholic faith is announced. The priest, no +matter what his own nationality, was nowhere more confident of finding +help and support than among the Irish emigrants or their children. +Wherever a railway, or a canal, or a hive of industry invited their sturdy +labour, the cross soon sprang up to bear witness to their generosity and +their faith. + +Even the old Maryland colony, though consisting chiefly of English +Catholics, seeking here a freedom of conscience denied them at home, had +its Irish element, and that not the least noble in deeds nor the least +conspicuous in virtue. + +When at the period of the Revolution the noblest men of this land stood +together, shoulder to shoulder, and issued that Declaration of +Independence to which they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their +sacred honours, it was a Catholic of the Irish race who affixed his +signature for Maryland. In doing this he pledged an honour as pure, and a +life as precious as any of the rest, but he staked a fortune equal to, if +not greater than, that of all the others put together. When he signed his +name, one standing by said, "There go some millions". Another remarked, +"There are many Carrolls; he will not be known". He overheard the remark, +and to avoid all misconception, wrote down in full, "_Charles Carroll, of +Carrollton_". + +Yet this noble scion of the Irish race, for so many years the pride and +the ornament of his native state, while fulfilling all the duties of an +illustrious citizen, was not ashamed of the race from which he sprang. +Instead of selecting amongst French _villes_ or English _parks_ or _towns_ +a name for his princely estate, he stamped on it a title with the good old +Celtic ring. He called it after a property of one of his Irish ancestors, +_Doughoregan Manor_, thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen that +if they feel any pride in his name, they must associate him with a race +which so many affect to despise. + +Let all the sons, and the sons of the sons, of Ireland be, like him, +faithful to their duties as citizens, ready to sacrifice their all for +their country, whether that all be little, or as great as was his vast +wealth; just and respectful and charitable to men of all races and creeds, +not anxious either to conceal or obtrude their own, but rather to live +worthy of both; determined, in a word, faithfully to discharge all their +civil and Christian duties, let them be earnest in elevating the one by +greater fidelity to the other. Acting thus, they will imitate Charles +Carroll, of Carrollton, and fulfil all I would wish them to do out of +fidelity to their country, their religion, and their race. + +It was also one of the Maryland stock, but of this same Irish race--another +Carroll--who was chosen the first bishop, and the founder of the hierarchy, +of the young American Church; as if Providence here too wished to indicate +from which race the chief strength of Catholicity was to be derived in +this land. + +Would it be overstraining matters to say, that a hint of this was also +given by Providence in the Irish name of the future metropolitan see of +the United States--the first in time, and always to be the first in +dignity? The word _Baltimore_ is an Irish word, and, through the founder +of the colony, was derived from an Irish hamlet, which from the extreme +south-west coast of Ireland, is looking, as it were, over the waters of +the Atlantic to this continent for the full realization of its name. The +word, in the Irish language, means "the town of the great house", and it +was beyond the Atlantic that Baltimore, in becoming the chief see of a +great church, has truly become "the town of the great house", for the +church, or house at the head of which it stands, extends probably over a +wider surface than any other church or churches amongst which any one +bishop holds pre-eminence, excepting only the church governed by the Vicar +of Jesus Christ, to whom is committed the care of _all_ the sheep and +lambs of God's fold, that is, the whole of Christ's Church. In names, +which God has given, or permitted to be given, he has frequently +foreshadowed the destinies of individuals and races. Would it be +superstitious to suppose that in the Irish name of this American +ecclesiastical metropolis--the only important city in this country that has +an Irish name--Providence pointed, on the one hand, to its future position +in the Christian hierarchy, and on the other to the character of the chief +portion of the family of that house or church? + +But, be this as it may, it was a scion of the Irish race who was the +founder of the new American hierarchy. For some time he held the crozier +alone. The whole country was his diocese. But he did not depart until he +saw suffragans around him forming a regular hierarchy, that was destined +to multiply and, mainly on Irish shoulders, carry, everywhere, the ark +that would spread blessings throughout the land. + +The work that has thus been commenced is no doubt destined to prosper. It +is not without a motive that in this country the lines are drawn, and the +foundations laid by Providence for a noble church. Its beginnings (for we +may say it is yet in its infancy) bear many of the marks of the process by +which the work was effected, It is destined to grow, and may it grow, +particularly in the mild beauty of Christian virtue, and win, by love, the +homage of all the children of the land, that all may receive through it +the graces of Heaven, and even their Earthly prosperity be consolidated +and become the means of their acquiring higher blessings. + +But whatever be said of the United States, the Irish race is certainly +almost alone in the work of diffusing Catholicity in the various other +countries in which the English language is spoken. + +The sufferings of Ireland were, therefore, the means, and evidently +intended by God as the means to preserve her in the faith, to give her its +rewards in a high degree; and this preservation of her faith was as +evidently intended to make her and her sons instruments in spreading that +faith throughout the English-speaking world. This is, therefore, what I +claim to be, in the counsels of God, the DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE. + +Did we endeavour to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments, we +might fear the delusions of fancy, but I think it is plainly written in +the facts to which I have alluded, when looked at with faith in an +overruling Providence. The diffusion of the true faith enters too closely, +and is too primary a thing in the designs of God, to suppose it for a +moment to be the work of accident. It is his work first of all. Where it +exists it exists because he so willed it. The instruments that effected it +must be those which he has chosen and placed to the work with this very +view. When, therefore, the results obtained, and those we see in the +certain future, and the means by which they are obtained, are a matter of +intuition, rather than of reasoning, the conclusion drawn seems to me to +have all the force of demonstration, and in no way liable to be considered +the product of fancy or of national pride. + +This interpretation of the facts of history will, by some, be considered a +complicated theory, and therefore unworthy of God. But the simplicity of +God's operations by no means excludes multiplicity and combination of +agents in themselves most inadequate or discordant. Our inclination to +exclude these, though we imagine the very contrary, is the result of the +consciousness of our own weakness, which we would fain attribute to God. +_We_ may, indeed, be overwhelmed, or at least embarrassed, by many +instruments; and therefore we think it wise to avoid their use. But, it is +as easy for God to use and direct many as few, or to produce results by +his own immediate action. Nay, though sometimes he performs wonderful +works in a moment, he is more often pleased to act through numerous and +far-reaching instruments, which, at times, seem even to work in opposition +to his designs, and by overruling and directing them, to prove that he is +Ruler and Master over all things in action, as well as the Author of their +being. + +By one word he made the Earth produce "every green herb" and "every +fruit-tree yielding fruit according to its kind"; but he is now pleased to +make the fertility of the earth, and the various ingredients of the air, +and the heat and light of the sun, labour through a whole season to +produce the flower, that for a few days wastes its fragrance on the +meadow. At one time he sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads +of the enemies of his people; at another he is pleased "to hiss for the +fly, that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of Egypt, and for the +bee that is in the land of Assyria" (_Is._, vii. 18), that they may come +and be the instruments of his vengeance. At one time he rains down bread +from Heaven to feed a whole multitude; at another, he sends his angel to +take the prophet by the hair of his head from Judea, even unto Babylon, +that he may supply food to his servant. + +It is not for us to prescribe ways to Providence, but to study His design +in the events which we witness, and to bow down and adore his Power, his +Wisdom, and his Goodness. + +To give power to an apostate and persecuting nation, and the grace of +fidelity to another; to use and even to create the material resources of +the first as the instrument of his design over the latter, may appear a +circuitous course, but it is only another instance of that unity of +purpose and multiplicity, variety and apparent incongruity of means, which +we witness in almost all his works. + +When the people of God were carried away into captivity, "the priests took +the fire from the altar, and hid it in a valley where there was a pit +without water". There "they kept it safe", while the Gentile hosts reigned +triumphant in the land. But "when many years had passed", and the people +returned, they sought the fire, but found only "thick water". This they +sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were prepared, and "when the sun +shone out, which before was in a cloud, there was a great fire kindled so +that all wondered". (II. _Mach._, i. 19, 22). + +An analogous phenomenon, methinks, has been presented in Ireland. That +combination of frenzy and irreligion, which men have called "The +Reformation", swept before it almost every vestige of faith from many of +the northern countries of Europe, and seemed in a special manner to have +enveloped in darkness the islands of the West. Men were like "raging waves +of the sea, foaming out their own confusion", boasting of liberty and +light, but treating the faithful with savage cruelty, and showing their +own inability to hold fast any positive principles which they proclaimed +as truth. The ancient faith of these islands, overwhelmed in the waters of +tribulation, seemed hidden in the hearts of the Irish people, saddened by +persecution and sufferings of every kind. + +But the day has come for pouring forth this water on nations. By their +sufferings, the Irish race, driven into many lands, mingles with the +progeny of its oppressors. The sun of God's grace, which seems under a +cloud, is now shining forth, and a great fire is enkindled and is +spreading its light and its heat far and near. The Church of God is +everywhere showing itself again in its pristine beauty. English-speaking +nations that were the ramparts of heresy, are beginning again to fall into +the ranks of Catholic unity, and, as happened once before, the light of +faith that took refuge in the most distant island of the West, is, from +that sacred spot, sending forth its beams and gladdening the Church by +giving her whole people as her children. + +So far we are led, I may say, by the mere logic of facts. Were we to +indulge in speculation, but in a speculation quite in conformity with the +beneficent designs of God, we might expect still more from these effects +of the steadfastness of Ireland. + +Notwithstanding all the faults of England, the Catholic heart throughout +the world has never lost its interest in that land, once so faithful. +Other nations, once as Catholic, have been lost, and they are almost +forgotten. The land where the Saviour Himself lived is, indeed, remembered +on account of the sacred spots which he trod; but no hopes are entertained +for the conversion of its people. The Churches planted by the Apostles +have been destroyed. We cherish the memory of the holy confessors and +martyrs who adorned them; but despair of their return to the truth is the +only feeling in their regard that we can discover in the Catholic world. + +But in one way or another the Catholic heart seems never to have despaired +of the return of England. Opinions and expectations which are, probably, +nothing more than an expression of the intensity of this feeling, are +everywhere to be met. They exist among the learned and the high, as well +as amongst the humble children of the Church, and are found to be +cherished in different lands. England, with her long catalogue of saints, +seems to be considered, not as an outcast, on whom the sentence of +spiritual death has been executed, but rather as the prodigal, who in a +moment of thoughtlessness demanded, what he called his own share, and +wandered from his father's house. The father is looking out, expecting +every day to see the wayward one return, and is ever ready to kill the +fatted calf, and to call on his friends and neighbours to rejoice and be +merry, for "he that was dead is come to life again, and he that was lost +is found". + +But, alas! there is much reason to fear that such joy is not to be +expected. We know of no instance of a whole nation once fully and +deliberately apostatising from the faith ever again returning. The grace +of faith, if lost by individuals by formal apostacy, is seldom recovered. +It has never yet been recovered by any nation that once enjoyed its full +light, and deliberately abandoned it. It is not for us, to be sure, to +place bounds to the mercies of God. Who knows but that in these latter +ages God may do a work which he never did before? and, now that the Church +has encircled the globe, and announced the Gospel to every nation under +the sun, God may send her back on another mission more glorious than the +first, showing forth his power in giving new life to fallen nations as he +did before in converting those who knew not his name. His first work might +be compared to that which he performed when he took the clay and breathed +into it the breath of life; this, to his raising up the dead already +mouldering in the tomb. But he has done both in the physical, and he may +do both in the moral order. + +Without having recourse, however, to this extraordinary dispensation, the +hope of which would be unwarranted by anything we have yet seen, may not +the hopes to which I have alluded, and which could scarcely have existed +without some influence of the divine Spouse of the Church, be realized in +the conversion of the children, rather than in that of the mother? May not +the expectations of the Catholic world be realized by a return of +English-speaking brethren in the various colonies which the mother country +has planted? May _they_ not receive the graces which the latter has cast +away, and thus more than compensate the Church for the loss of that one +island? + +Such results would be no anomaly in the experience of the Church. Several +nations first learned Christianity under a heterodox form, and some of the +most Catholic to-day are their descendants. Their errors were not their +own faults, _as nations_, and God had pity upon them. + +We may say the same thing of this, and of several other countries, where +great and independent peoples will be found one day as they now are here. +This nation has never apostatised from Catholic truth, simply because it +never possessed it _as a nation_. At its birth it was already entangled in +the meshes of heterodoxy, and it found the Catholic Church in its midst, +with few adherents. Yet, at its very birth, it struck off the shackles by +which she was bound. Several circumstances, it is true, aided this course +of justice. But, who will say that these existed otherwise than by God's +Providence, and for the nation's benefit, as well as for ours? This course +of justice, moreover, was adopted cordially and fully by the founders of +the country's independence, and that at a time when the Church was so +treated by few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims. +Bigots, it is true, were not wanting, then, or since. But it is a great +fact, that this nation, _as a nation_ and as a Government, has always, +since its birth, treated God's Church with justice. + +A cup of cold water, given in the name of Christ, shall not be without its +reward. Do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode of proceeding towards +his Church shall have its reward from her Heavenly Spouse--that it will +plead for this nation with the Divine Mercy, as the alms of Cornelius +obtained for him the knowledge of Gospel truth and a share in its +blessings? The grace of faith, with these blessings, is the greatest which +God gives to man, nor is it the less valuable because it is not now +appreciated or is even spurned. It is God's grace that gives a hunger for +divine things, as it is by Him that the hungry are filled. + +Yes, I do not only desire, and send up the prayer, but I candidly avow the +hope, that the light of faith is yet destined to shine brightly here, even +amongst those who now look on it with contempt or hostility. In this I am +strengthened by the desire for a knowledge of truth, which, +notwithstanding the bigotry of many, is so widely spread. I am +strengthened by the growth of the Church itself, which bears the marks of +a higher purpose on the part of God than the mere preservation of those +who came Catholics to our shores. I am strengthened by the very losses +which the Church sustains in the falling away of many of her children. For +surely God did not permit them to be driven hither by persecution that +they might perish. He sent them forth to battle, in doing which, though +many may be lost, he will grant victory to his own cause. I am +strengthened by the very dangers by which we are surrounded; nor would my +hope be shaken even if storms should impend. For it is according to the +ways of God to reach his ends amidst contradictions. + +Let it not be said that the humble condition or the faults of many of the +children of the Church, forbid such a hope as this. God's ways are not as +our ways. It is not by the great or by the mighty that his truth is +propagated. Flesh might otherwise glory in His sight, and men might say +that, by their wisdom and their efforts was His kingdom established. So +far from this being an objection, when other things inspire hope, the hope +is strengthened by the humble form in which the Church presents itself. +Our hope of its diffusion is better founded when we see it borne to our +shores by humble labourers, than if it had come recommended exclusively by +proud philosophers, cunning statesmen, or by men loaded with wealth. + +What we hope for this nation, we may hope with greater reason for the +other nations yet reposing in their infancy, or growing in giant +proportions under British rule. I say, with greater reason, because in +most of these the foundations of Catholicity are laid even more deeply +than they are here. While it would be a great thing for God's honour and +glory, there is nothing to forbid the hope that these may one day be +united in the true fold of the everlasting Church. The blood of Ireland +and of England will mingle in their veins; and, while they will look back +with shame on the apostacy of the sixteenth century, as a disgraceful +chapter in the history of their forefathers, they will glory in the +recollections of the saints and the heroes of religion who, for a thousand +years, adorned both their mother countries. With feelings analogous to +those with which we look back to the tyrants of the first centuries and +their victims, they will set off the martyr heroes of one portion of their +ancestors to the apostacy of the other, and the apostasy itself will be, +in their history, but an episode proving how far human nature may stray, +while their own conversion will be a standing monument of the power of the +cross. + +If these hopes be realized, the Irish race and its sufferings will have +been the instruments in the hands of God by which the grand result will be +accomplished; but whether they be realized or not, the main point which I +have endeavoured to dwell upon seems to me to be established beyond +doubt--that is, that this race has been preserved by God in the true faith +in an extraordinary manner, for the purpose of spreading that faith +throughout the English-speaking nations which now exist, or which are +coming into being. + +As Ireland owes the preservation of her faith to her being destined as the +leaven of that mass, it is but assigning to God a purpose worthy of His +goodness to say, that England owes her power to her mission to spread that +leaven throughout so many vast regions. It will not, I presume, be +considered rash to say that God, permitting her to acquire power, proposed +to himself some higher object than that other nations should have cheap +cotton or woollen fabrics, or that they should learn how to travel forty +instead of four or ten miles an hour. In his goodness he designed that +power for some purpose worthy of Heaven; and this purpose may be +accomplished whether England herself will it or not, or even though she +desire the very contrary. I have said before, that most learned and grave +writers consider the Roman power to have been intended, in the counsels of +God, to prepare a way for the diffusion of the Gospel. The rulers of Rome +despised the Gospel and its heralds. Still Rome most probably owed to them +her greatness, and but for this mission, she might have remained what she +was in the beginning--an obscure village, a place of refuge for the thieves +of the surrounding country. England may despise the Irish Catholic. Like +Rome, she may look upon the professors of Catholicity as the great +plague-spot of her system. Yet, in the designs of God, she most probably +is indebted for her power to the part she is made to act in the diffusion +of their faith. It is certain, at least, that the highest use of that +power she has yet been allowed to make, is the carrying of frieze-coated +Papists to distant shores, and the clearing of the forests where they are +propagating, and are yet to propagate more extensively, the true faith. If +a higher design in her behalf exist in the arrangements of Providence, it +is yet to be made known. But for this she might have remained, as the poet +described her, "a naked fisher" on her rock, and when she shall have ended +her usefulness as an instrument for accomplishing this object, she may +return "to her hook", still musing, perhaps, her senseless "No Popery", +while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted to plant, will be +growing up in beauty and praising God in one harmonious voice with the +other children of his family throughout the world. + +The value and importance of this great mission cannot be overrated. It is +awful to think what would have been the condition of the English-speaking +races, in a religious point of view, if Ireland had shared in the English +apostacy. Scarcely a Catholic voice would be heard amongst those seventy +or eighty millions now using that language, who occupy so large a portion +of the Earth, and in another century, according to the ratio of their +growth, may become two or four hundred millions, or even more. The very +remnant that has continued faithful in England might have followed in the +wake of their predecessors, had not the influence of Ireland caused the +sword of persecution to be sheathed, and civil intolerance to cease at +last, and thus the temptation to be removed which had proved fatal to so +many. In that vast empire, or the empires that may rise out of its +fragments--for, in more than one place are foundations of empires laid +which would grow with giant growth, even though the power of the mother +country were paralysed to-morrow--the holy sacrifice would not be offered +up, and thus the prophecy not fulfilled, which foretold that a clean +oblation would be offered from the rising of the sun to the going down +thereof. That union of the Christian family for which the Saviour prayed +before he suffered, and which he left as a mark by which men would know +his followers, would not be exhibited to the world. Christianity would be +confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called "light", +and be thought, like the appliances of steam and the contrivances of +machinery, to owe its power to the genius of the Anglo-Saxon race, instead +of deriving it from Him who died on Calvary. For their Christianity, by +its very name, would proclaim that the work of Christ had failed, until +the press and the "march of light" had come to its aid. Religion, in a +word, instead of being a divine institution, would appear and be amongst +them but a brilliant work or invention of man, and, therefore, in the +supernatural order, but a brilliant delusion, not an institution which the +mercy of God transplanted from Heaven, and made to stand, and to grow, and +to bless, and produce fruit, in every age and in every form of society. + +But, in preserving the faith of the Irish race, God has provided a leaven +of truth for these masses. By the side of systems of religion which men +have devised, stands the everlasting Church--that Church which, as Macaulay +remarked, is the only connecting link between the civilization of the +ancient and modern worlds--the Church which taught the name of Christ to +every nation that knows him, even to those who afterwards fell from the +fullness of truth--the Church which Augustine brought to England, and +Patrick to Ireland--the Church that raised the dignity of the poor, and +humbled the pride of the high, placing all on the level of the Gospel--the +Church that claims no new inventions, but is itself an invention of God, +infinitely surpassing all inventions of man, holding out nothing to the +nineteenth, which it did not present to the first, to the tenth, and to +every other century, but presenting to all the faith and institutions of +God, able to save all, to elevate all, to bring all into one fold, that +all may be united in one happiness in Heaven. + +Is not this great result worth all the sufferings which Ireland has +endured? The ways of God appear often circuitous. But in their circuitous +course they are everywhere fraught with blessings. The children of Ireland +suffered; yet, even in their sufferings they were blessed. He himself +pronounced "blessed those who suffer persecution for justice's sake"; for +in their trials they redeemed their own souls. But they were doubly +blessed, because they were preserving the ark of God, and carrying it +through the waters of tribulation to bless more amply unborn and numerous +generations. The ways of God are circuitous, and though, like the course +of the planets, they sometimes seem to us to retrograde, they are always +onward. The sufferings of Ireland at a time seemed without a purpose, or +even the very contrary to what we might have expected for so faithful a +people. But, who knows what might have been the result, if justice and +humanity had marked the course of the English nation towards Ireland? Who +knows but the temptation to the latter to be drawn into apostacy would +have been too powerful? Had Apostate England dealt generously or justly +with Catholic Ireland, who knows if, in the alliances that would have been +formed, she would have been equally steadfast in her faith? And though for +a long time confiscations, and plunder, and persecution, and slaughter, +and even now, harsh treatment condemning her sons to famine and +banishment, have been the effects of the English connection; if these have +been the means of creating a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy +amongst her sons, has too great a price been paid for the "pearl" that has +been bought? When, particularly, the cross borne by the children of +Ireland shall have been erected in the Western and Southern Hemispheres, +and flourishing Churches in Catholic unity established under its shade, +where, but for the fidelity of our fathers, heterodoxy alone would have +had sway, shall we not say that little indeed were their sufferings +compared to the value of such an Apostolate of Empires? + +What is any Earthly mission compared to this? What is even the spreading +of civilization with its highest privileges, compared to the spreading of +the saving institutions of the Gospel? Even in this world virtue is a +thing infinitely superior to mere physical power. The man who does God's +will, whose soul is adorned with grace, is an object of complacency with +his Maker, and enjoys his esteem infinitely more, than he who can control +the hidden powers of nature, and make them subservient to his will, but +does not make his own will conform to the great law that should govern +it--subjection to the will of God. When Earth, and all that is of Earth, +shall have passed away, the proudest human achievements will be seen to +have been as nothing, while those who shall have caused God's name to be +glorified, shall shine as bright stars "unto perpetual eternities". + +This mission, however, has its duties as well as its dignity. What will it +avail us to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed all for God, if +we barter the faith for which they died, for some paltry bauble, or fail +to transmit it to those under our charge? Will not the constancy and +sufferings of our fathers be a reproach to us before God and man? Will +they not pronounce judgment upon us if, while we honour their heroic +deeds, we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity? And even though we +preserve our faith, will not this be rather to our shame, if we do not +endeavour to practise the virtues which it teaches? When the salt has lost +its savour, it is good for nothing any more but to be cast out, and to be +trodden on by men. The higher the vocation of God, the lower will be the +degradation of those who fail to correspond. They will be despised, and +justly despised, by God and by men. + +We can see in the fate of other nations the consequences of infidelity to +a noble mission. Spain and Portugal were once great powers. They achieved +great things at home and abroad. The sails of their commerce whitened +every sea. The most distant lands acknowledged their might. They, too, +were missionary nations. They carried the faith to the East and to the +West, and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents and islands +where Christ was before unknown. God may be said to have given them power +for this purpose. It was mainly through their agency that the missionary +work, which repaired the losses of the Church in Europe, was carried on +for two hundred years. + +But the rulers of these countries listened to wicked counsels. On _one and +the same_ dark day did Spain, on another did Portugal, command the most +strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized and bound in chains. The +galleons that were wont to bear over the deep the treasures of Asia and +America, and pour them into the laps of the mother countries, or to carry +their commands and the means of enforcing them to the most distant lands, +were now spreading their sails over every ocean and sea, in the inglorious +work of conveying to home prisons, or into exile, the truest missionaries +of the cross. On that day these nations renounced their noble mission, and +the power that was given to enable them to carry it out soon departed. + +The immediate agencies producing their downfall, as well as those that +gave rise to their power, may, indeed, be seen in operation before the +existence of the causes to which I have attributed them, but not before +these were known to God. Now, he frequently prepares, by a long process, +the instruments both of his rewards and his punishments, and holds them +ready to be conferred on the virtuous, or poured forth on the head of the +criminal, long before the fidelity of the one be tested, or the guilt of +the other be consummated. Spain and Portugal thus fell, if you will, by +immediate agencies long in operation, but by agencies over which God +ruled, and which He directed according to his own wise counsels. They +fell, and in their humbled condition, mocked by the remains of ancient +greatness, they teach all the important lesson, that the greater the high +calling given by God, the greater the punishment of those who prove +untrue. + +Were we also to prove faithless to the mission which God has assigned us, +we know not what punishment may await us, even in this world. The trials +through which our race has passed, and is passing, may seem severe; but, +they are trials permitted by a loving father. May we never deserve that he +should scourge us in his _great_ anger. We might then find, like the +Jewish people, that to suffer for righteousness' sake from the hands of +men, is sweet, compared to the gall and wormwood mixed in the cup of those +who fall into the hands of an avenging God. + +On this day, when the Church calls on us to commemorate the heroic virtues +and the glorious deeds of our great Apostle, I would fain say to every son +of Ireland--to every one in whose veins Irish blood flows, no matter where +he himself was born: Let us live worthy of our ancestry, of an ancestry +which is the same for all, and is a noble one, noble in that which is the +noblest thing man can rejoice in--virtue and fidelity to God. We ourselves +are called in a special manner to do honour to our faith by spreading it +amongst nations that are destined to occupy the highest position in the +social scale. Let us be faithful to our calling. Let us show ourselves +worthy sons of the martyred dead. Let us make sure, like them, whatever +else we fail in, not to fail in transmitting the faith to those entrusted +to our charge, never exposing it to danger for any advantage, much less +for the trifling things that may be gained here by want of fidelity. +Transmit, carefully, the faith, first of all, but with faith spare no +effort that you yourselves, and those committed to your care, grow also in +every other virtue. Nay, endeavour so to live that _all men_ may learn to +love the faith which is the spring of your actions, and thus glorify and +love that God who is the "Author and Finisher" of that Faith. + + + + + +LITURGICAL QUESTIONS. (_FROM M. BOUIX'S __"__REVUE DES SCIENCES +ECCLESIASTIQUES__"_). + + +1. Is it lawful or obligatory to insert, at the letter N, in the collect +_A cunctis_, the name of the patron of the locality (if there be one) when +the titular of the church is the Blessed Virgin or a mystery of our +Saviour? + +2. Is it right to place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel, which +in some churches is fastened to the altar-cloth, from which it hangs +suspended? + +3. Is there any obligation to ring the bell at the Sanctus and at the +Elevation, even when there is no one at Mass? + +4. Is it lawful for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally used +by bishops? + +1. The name of the titular of the church in which the Mass is said is that +which ought to be inserted at the letter N in the collect _A cunctis_. In +the application of this general rule various cases may occur; the title +may be a mystery of our Lord or of our Blessed Lady; or it may be a saint +already named in the collect--for example, Saint Peter or Saint Paul; or +Mass may be said in an oratory which has no titular saint. The following +are the rules to be observed in such cases: + +1o. That it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted at +the letter N is clear from the following decrees: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ "In missali romano praecipitur, ut post + nomina Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in oratione _A cunctis_, etc., + dicatur nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae, seu diocesis. In + Hispania est praecipuus illius regni patronus B. Jacobus apostolus + et ex concessione Apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi Guadicensi est + patronus specialis S. Torquatus, B. Jacobi apostoli discipulus, et + ejusdem ecclesiae et civitatis primus episcopus. Quaeritur: An in + praedicta oratione _A cunctis_ debeat dici nomen B. Jacobi + apostoli, an B. Torquati?" _Answer._ "In oratione _A cunctis_ post + nomina sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, nomen Torquati + tanquam Ecclesiae cathedralis Guadicensis Patroni dumtaxat + ponendum esse". (Decree of 22 January, 1678, No. 2856, q. 8.) + + 2 DECREE. _Questions._ "... 15. S. Jacobus est patronus + universalis regnorum Hispaniae, sancti vero martyres Stemeterius + et Caledonius fratres sunt patroni particulares ecclesiae + cathedralis, et totius dioecesis Santanderiensis rite electi, et + novissime approbati a S. R. C. Quaeritur igitur: Quis ex his + patronis debeat nominari ... in oratione _A cunctis_, quando in + missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et in caeteris + dioecesis? 16. In casu, quo ob dignitatis praestantiam nominari + debeat S. Jacobus, quaeritur an ... exprimi etiam possint nomina + SS. Stemeterii et Caledonii in praedicta oratione ..., praecipue + in ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita ... venerantur? Et si + negative, supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos + decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui + specialissimi patronatus". _Answer._ "Ad 15. In qualibet ecclesia + nominandum esse patronum seu titularem proprium ejusdem ecclesiae. + Ad 16. Provisum in praecedenti". (Decree of 23 January, 1793, No. + 4448, q. 15 and 16.) + + 3 DECREE. _Question._ "An patronus nominandus in oratione _A + cunctis_ intelligi debeat patronus principalis loci?" _Answer._ + "Nominandus titularis Ecclesiae". (Decree of 12 November, 1831, + No. 4669, q. 31.) + + +2o. If the titular of the church has been already named in the collect _A +cunctis_, no name is to be inserted at the letter N. The same holds if the +Mass happens to be that of the same saint. This rule depends on the +following decision: + + + "Quis nominandus sit ad litteram N. si patronus vel titularis jam + nominatus sit in illa oratione, aut de eo celebrata sit missa?" + _Answer._ "Si jam fuerit nominatus omittenda nova nominatio". + (Ibid.) + + +3_o_. If the oratory in which the Mass is said have no titular saint, the +name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted. This rule is proved +from a decree of 12th December, 1840, No. 4897, No. 2: + + + "Sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato quod non habet + sanctum patronum vel titularem, an debeat in oratione _A cunctis_ + ad litteram N. nominare sanctum patronum vel titularem ecclesiae + parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt oratoria, vel sanctum + patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est, vel potius omnem ulteriorem + nominationem omittere?" _Answer._ "Patronum civitatis, vel loci + nominandum esse". + + +4o. If the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of our Lord, or +of our Lady, authors differ in opinion whether the name of the patron of +the locality is to be inserted at the letter N, or whether no addition +should be made. M. de Conny is for the latter opinion, and his authority +is a safe guide for us. The second rule we have laid down is sufficient to +show that no name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church +is a mystery of the Blessed Virgin, seeing that the august Mother of God +is always named in the body of the prayer. The words of the conclusion are +enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation of naming the patron of the +locality in cases where the church is dedicated to a mystery of the life +of our Lord. + +2. The usage here alluded to is not only not becoming, but it is also +contrary to the Rubric of the Missal. (part i., tit. xx.): + + + "Ab eadem parte epistolae ... ampullae vitreae vini et aquae, cum + pelvicula et manutergio mundo in fenestella, seu in parva mensa ad + haec praeparata. Super altare nihil omnino ponatur, quod ad Missae + sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non pertineat". + + +3. The sole reason for ringing a bell at Mass is to give a signal to the +faithful. "Ad excitandos circumstantes", says Gavantus (t. i. part i., +tit. XX., l. c.), "ad laetitiam exprimendam et ad cultum sanctissimi +Sacramenti adhibetur campanula". Other writers coincide with this opinion. +It seems but natural, therefore, not to ring the bell when there are no +assistants present, and when there is no need of any signal. Besides, it +is clearly the teaching of authors, and even of the Sacred Congregation of +Rites, that whenever a signal is not required, the bell is not to be rung. +Thus, the following decision forbids the bell to be rung during the +celebration of the divine office in the choir, at least in certain +circumstances: + + + "Exposito in S. R. C. ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis Senarum + habere chorum adeo subjectum oculis populi, et tali loco positum, + ut canonici dicto choro pro divinis celebrandis, et praecipue + Missae cantatae assistentibus, omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae + pernecesse inspiciantur, et exposito quoque tempore, quo canonici + choro ut supra assistunt, consuevisse in dictis altaribus + celebrari Missas privatas et sine scandalo prohiberi non posse: + ideo supplicatum fuit pro declaratione: an ipsi canonici in + elevationibus quae fiunt in Missis privatis, genuflectere + teneantur?" _Answer._ "Non esse genuflectendum, ne sacra, quibus + assistunt, per actum privatum interrumpantur, sed ad evitandum + scandalum, quod in populo et adstantibus causari possit ob non + genuflectionem esse omittendam pulsationem campanulae in + elevatione Sanctissimi, in dictis Missis privatis." (Decret of 5 + March 1667, No. 2397.) + + +Nor, as a general rule, is the bell rung when the Blessed Sacrament is +exposed, for then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful to adore the +Eucharist. "During the private Masses", says the _Instructio Clementina_, +"that are celebrated during the exposition, the bell is not to be rung". +Cavalieri, commenting on this passage, says: "Ex rubricarum praescripto +... interdicuntur". He is of opinion that this rule of the _Instructio_ +regards only low Masses, but Gardellini holds that it refers also to High +Masses: + + + "Non erat, cur instructio etiam Missas solemnes commemoraret, pro + quibus Rubrica, non jubet, ut in privatis, eadem pulsari ad finem + prefationis, et ad elevationem Sacramenti. Romae saltem in + majoribus ecclesiis obtinet mos etiam non pulsandi, praeterquam in + Missis solemnibus pro defunctis: gravis organorum sonitus supplet + vices tintinnabuli, et populi adstantis excitat attentionem". + + +From all this it is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever there +is no signal to be given. This is certainly the case when there is no one +to assist at Mass. + +4. The cincture for the use of a priest does not differ from that for the +use of a bishop. It may be made either of linen thread or silk, but it is +better that it should be of linen. It may be either white or of the colour +of the vestments. These rules are drawn from two decrees of the Sacred +Congregation: + + + 1 DECREE. _Question._ "An sacerdotes in sacrificio Missae uti + possint cingulo serico?" _Answer._ "Congruentius uti cingulo + lineo". (22 Jan. 1701, No. 3575, q. 7.) + + 2 DECREE. _Question._ "An cingulum, tertium indumentum + sacerdotale, possit esse colons paramentorum; an necessario debeat + esse album?" _Answer._ "Posse uti cingulo colore paramentorum"--(8 + Jun. 1709, No. 3809, q. 4.) + + + + + +DOCUMENTS. + + + + +I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works. + + +Venerabili Fratri Gregorio Archiepiscopo + +Monacensi Et Frisingensi + +Pius PP. IX. + +Venerabilis Frater, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Gravissimas +inter acerbitates, quibus undique premimur, in hac tanta temporum +perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus, cum noscamus, in variis +Germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos etiam viros, qui sacram +theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime dubitant quamdam inauditam +adhuc in Ecclesia docendi scribendique libertatem inducere, novasque et +omnino improbandas opiniones palam publiceque profiteri, et in vulgus +disseminare. Hinc non levi moerore affecti fuimus, Venerabilis Frater ubi +tristissimus ad Nos venit nuntius, presbyterum Jacobum Frohschammer in +ista Monacensi Academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi +scribendique licentiam proe ceteris adhibere, eumque suis operibus in +lucem editis perniciosissimos tueri errores. Nulla igitur interposita +mora, Nostrae Congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus, ut +praecipua volumina, quae ejusdem presbyteri Frohschammer nomine +circumferuntur, cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet, et omnia ad Nos +referret. Quae volumina germanice scripta titulum habent--_Introductio in +Philosophiam--De Libertate scientiae--Athenaeum_--quorum primum anno 1858, +alterum anno 1861, tertium vero vertente hoc anno 1862 istis Monacensibus +typis in lucem est editum. Itaque eadem Congregatio Nostris mandatis +diligenter obsequens summo studio accuratissimum examen instituit, +omnibusque sem el iterumque serio ac mature ex more discussis et perpensis +judicavit, auctorem in pluribus non recte sentire, ejusque doctrinam a +veritate catholica aberrare. Atque id ex duplici praesertim parte, et +primo quidem propterea quad auctor tales humanae rationi tribuat vires, +quae rationi ipsi minime competunt, secundo vero, quod eam omnia opinandi, +et quidquid semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat, ut ipsius +Ecclesiae jura, officium, et auctoritas de media omnino tollantur. Namque +auctor imprimis edocet, philosophiam, si recta ejus habeatur notio, posse +non solum percipere et intelligere ea christina dogmata, quae naturalis +ratio cum fide habet communia (tamquam commune scilicet perceptionis +objectum) verum etiam ea, quae christianam religionem fidemque maxime et +proprie efficiunt, ipsumque scilicet supernaturalem hominis finem, et ea +omnia, quae ad ipsum spectant, atque sacratissimum Dominicae Incarnationis +mysterium ad humanae rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere, +rationemque, dato hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea +posse pervenire. Etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata +distinctionem auctor inducat, et haec ultima minori jure rationi +attribuat, tamen clare aperteque docet, etiam haec contineri inter illa, +quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam constituunt. +Quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino possit ac debeat, +rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae Sapientiae ac Bonitatis, immo etiam +et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis, licet posito revelationis objecto +posse ex seipsa, non jam ex divinae auctoritatis principio sed ex +naturalibus suis principiis et viribus ad scientiam seu certitudinem +pervenire. Quae auctoris doctrina quam falsa sit et erronea nemo est, qui +christianae doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter imbutus non illico videat, +planeque sentiat. Namque si isti philosophiae cultores vera ac sola +rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur principia et jura, debitis +certe laudibus essent prosequendi. Siquidem vera ac sana philosophia +nobilissimum suum locum habet, cum ejusdem philosophiae sit, veritatem +diligenter inquirere, humanamque rationem licet primi hominis culpa +obtenebratam, nullo tamen modo extinctam recte ac sedulo excolere, +illustrare, ejusque cognitionis objectum, ac permultas veritates +percipere, bene intellegere, promovere, earumque plurimas, uti Dei +existentiam, naturam, attributa, quae etiam fides credenda proponit, per +argumenta ex suis principiis petita demonstrare, vindicare, defendere, +atque hoc modo viam munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda, et ad +illa etiam reconditiora dogmata, quae sola fide percipi primum possunt, ut +illa aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur. Haec quidem agere, atque in his +versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae scientia. Ad quae +praestanda si viri docti in Germaniae Academiis enitantur pro singulari +inclytae illius nationis ad severiores gravioresque disciplinas excolendas +propensione, eorum studium a Nobis comprobatur et commendatur, cum in +sacrarum rerum utilitatem profectumque convertant, quae illi ad suos usus +invenerint. At vero in hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam +possumus, ut omnia emere permisceantur, utque ratio illas etiam res, quae +ad fidem pertinent, occupet atque perturbet, cum certissimi, omnibusque +notissimi sint fines, ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est progressa, vel +progredi potest. Atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea omnia maxime et apertissime +spectant, quae supernaturalem hominis elevationem, ac supernaturale ejus +cum Deo commercium respiciunt atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur. Et +sane cum haec dogmata sint supra naturam, idcirco naturali ratione, ac +naturalibus principiis attingi non possunt. Numquam siquidem ratio suis +naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda effici +potest idonea. Quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant sciant, se +certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione, sed a communi, et numquam +immutata Ecclesiae doctrina recedere. Ex divinis enim Litteris, et +sanctorum Patrum traditione constat. Dei quidem existentiam, multasque +alias veritates, ab iis etiam qui fidem nondum susceperunt, naturali +rationis lumine cognosci, sed illa reconditiora dogmata Deum solum +manifestasse dum notum facere voluit, _mysterium, quod absconditum fuit a +saeculis et generationibus_(_4_)_ et ita quidem, ut postquam multifariam +multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in prophetis novissime Nobis +locutus est in Filio, per quem fecit et saecula_(_5_)_ ... Deum enim nemo +vidit umquam. Unigenitus Filius, qui est in sinu Paris ipse +ennarravit._(6) Quapropter Apostolus, qui gentes Deum per ea, quae facta +sunt cognovisse testatur, disserens de _gratia et veritate_(_7_)_ quae per +Jesum Christum facta est, loquimur, iniquit, Dei sapientiam in mysterio, +quae abscondita est ... quam nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit ... +Nobis autem revelavit Deus per Spiritum Suum ... Spiritus enim omnia +scrutatur, etiam profunda Dei. Quis enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis, +nisi Spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est? Ita et quae Dei sunt nemo +cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei._(8) Hisce aliisque fere innumeris divinis +eloquiis inhaerentes SS. Patres in Ecclesiae doctrina tradenda continenter +distinguere curarunt rerum divinarum notionem, quae naturalis +intelligentiae vi omnibus est communis ab illarum rerum notitia, quae per +Spiritum Sanctum fide suscipitur, et constanter docuerunt, per hanc ea +nobis in Christo revelari mysteria, quae non solam humanam philosophiam, +verum etiam Angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt, quaeque +etiamsi divina revelatione innotuerint, et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta, +tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine obvoluta +permanent, quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur a Domino.(9) Ex his +omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae Ecclesiae doctrina +sententiam, qua idem Frohschammer asserere non dubitat, omnia +indiscriminatim christianae religionis dogmata esse objectum naturalis +scientiae, seu philosophiae, et humanam rationem historice tantum +excultam, modo haec dogmata ipsi rationi tanquam objectum proposita +fuerint, posse ex suis naturalibus viribus et principio ad veram de +omnibus etiam reconditioribus dogmatibus scientiam pervenire. Nunc vero in +memoratis ejusdem auctoris scriptis alia domanitur sententia, quae +catholicae Ecciesiae doctrinae, ac sensui plane adversatur. Etenim eam +philosophiae tribuit libertatem, quae non scientiae libertas, sed omnio +reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae licentia sit appellanda. Quadam +enim distinctione inter philosophum et philosophiam facta, tribuit +philosopho jus et officium se submittendi auctoritati, quam veram ipse +probaverit, sed utrumque philosophiae ita denegat, ut nulla doctrinae +revelatae ratione habita asserat, ipsam nunquam debere ac posse +Auctoritati se submittere. Quod esset toet crandum et forte admittendum, +si haec dicerentur de jure tantum, quod habit philosophia suis principiis, +seu methodo, ac suis conclusionibus, uti, sicut et aliae scientiae, ac si +ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure utendo, ita ut nihil in sea +dmitteret, quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis conditionibus acquisitum, aut +fuerit ipsi alienum. Sed haec justa philosophiae libertas suos limites +noscere et experiri debet. Nunquam enim non solum philosopho, verum etiam +philosophiae licebit, aut aliquid contrarium dicere iis, quae divina +revelatio, et Ecclesia docet, aut aliquid ex eisdem in dubium vocare +propterea quod non intelligit, aut judicium non suscipere, quod Ecclesiae +auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione, quae hujusque libera erat, +proferre constituit. Accedit etiam, ut idem auctor philosophiae +libertatem, seu potius effrenatam licentiam tam acriter, tam temere +propugnet, ut minime vereatur asserere, Ecclesiam non solum non debere in +philosophiam unquam animadvertere, verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae +tolerare erores, eique relinquere, ut ipsa se corrigat, ex quo evenit, ut +philosophi hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent, atque ita +etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur. Ecquis non videt quam vehementer sit +rejicienda, reprobanda, et omnini damnanda hujusmodi Frohschammer +sententia atque doctrina? Etenim Ecclesia ex divina sua institutione et +divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque diligentissime custodire, +et animarum saluti summo studio debet continenter advigilare, ac summa +cura ea omnia amovere et eliminare, quae vel fidei adversari, vel animarum +salutem quovis modo in discrimen adducere possunt. Quocirca Ecclesia ex +potestate sibi a divino suo Auctore commissa non solum jus, sed officium +praesertim habet non tolerandi, sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes +erores, si ita fedei integritas, et animarum salus postulaverint, et omni +philosopho, qui Ecclesiae filius esse velit, ac etiam philosophiae +officium incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea, quae Ecclesia docet, et +ea retractare, de quibus eos Ecclesia monuerit. Sententiam autem, quae +contrarium edocet omnino erroneam, et ipsi fidei. Ecclesiae ejusque +auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse edicimus et declaramus. Quibus +omnibus accurate perpensis, de eorumdrm VV. FF. NN. S. R. E. Cardinalium +Congregationis libris notandis praepositae consilio, ac motu proprio, et +certa scientia matura deliberatione Nostra, deque Apostolicae Nostrae +potestatis plenitudine praedictos librus presbyteri Frohschammer tamquam +continentes propositiones et doctrinas respective falsas, erroneas, +Ecclesiae, ejusque actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus, damnamus, +ac pro reprobatis et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus, atque eidem +Congregationi mandamus, ut eosdem libros in indicem prohibitorum librorum +referat. Dum vero haec Tibi significamus, Venerabilis Frater, non possumus +non exprimere magnum animi Nostri Dolorem cum videamus hunc filium +eorumdem librorum auctorem, qui ceteroquin de Ecclesia benemereri +potuisset, infelici quodam cordis impete misere abreptum in vias abire, +quae ad salutem non ducunt, ac magis magisque a recto tramite aberrare. +Cum enim alius ejus liber de animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non +solum se minime submisit, verum etiam non extimuit, eumdem errorem in his +etiam libridenuo docere, et Nostram Indicis Congregationem contumeliis +cumen lare, ac multa alia contra Ecclesiae agendi rationem temere +mendaciterque pronuntiare. Quae omnia talia sunt, ut iis merito atque +optimo jure indignare potuissemus. Sed nolumus adhuc paternae Nostrae +charitatis viscera erga illum deponere, et idcirco Te Venerabilis Frater, +excitamus, ut velis eidem manifestare cor Nostrum paternum, et +acerbiseimum dolorem, cujus ipse est causa, ac simul ipsum saluberrimis +monitis hortari et monere, ut Nostram, quae communis est omnium Patris +vocem audiat, ac resipiscat, quemadmodum catholicae Ecclesiae filium +decet, et ita nos omnes laetitia afficiat, ac tandem ipse felixiter +experiatur quam jucundum sit, non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate +gaudere, sed Domini, adhaerere, cugus jugum suave est, et onus leve, cujus +eloquo casta, igne examinata, cujus judicia vera, justificata in +semetipsa, et cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas. Denique hac +etiam occasione libentissime utimur, ut iterum testemur et confirmemus +praecipuam Nostram in Te benevolentiam. Cujus quoque pignus esse volumus +Apostolicam Benedictionem, quam intimo cordis affectu Tibi ipsi, +Venerabilis Frater, et gregi Tuae curae commisso paremanter impertimus. +Datum Romaae apud S. Petrum die 11 Decembris anno 1862, Pontificatus +Nostri anno decimo septimo. + +Pius PP. IX. + + + + +II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites. + + +The Roman ritual, speaking of the Blessed Eucharist, prescribes as +follows: "Lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una diu notucque colluceat". +These lamps are to be fed with olive oil, which the Church has adopted for +mystic reasons in so many of her sacred rites. But in many countries the +difficulty of procuring olive oil is considerable, and the expense greater +than small churches can bear. Several prelates of France, moved by these +reasons, asked permission to burn in the lamps before the Blessed +Sacrament oils other than from olives. The following is the answer: + +_Decretum: Plurium Dioeceseum._ + +Nonnulli Reverendissimi Galliarum Antistites serio perpendentes in multis +suarum Dioeceseum Ecclesiis difficile admodum et nonnisi magnis sumptibus +comparari posse oleum olivarum ad nutriendam diu noctuque saltem unam +lampadam ante Sanctissimum Eucharistiae Sacramentum, ab Apostolica Sede +declarari petierunt utrum in casu, attentis difficultatibus et Ecclesiarum +paupertate, oleo, olivarum substitue possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus +habentur, ipso non excluso petroleo. Sacra porro Rituum Congregatio, etsi +semper sollicita ut etiam in hac parte quod usque ab Ecclesiae primordiis +circa usum olei ex olivis inductum est, ob mysticas significationes +retineatur; attamen silentio praeterire minime censuit rationes ab iisdem +Episcopis prolatas; ac proinde exquisito prius Voto alterius ex +Apostolicarum Coeremoniarum Magistris, subscriptus Cardinalis Praefectus +ejusdem Sacrae Congregationis rem omnem proposuit in Ordinariis Commitiis +ad Vaticanum hodierna die habitis. Eminentissimi autem et Reverendissimi +Patres Sacris tuendis Ritibus praepositi, omnibus accurate perpensis ac +diligentissime examinatis, rescribendum censuerunt: Generatim utendum esse +oleo olevarum: _ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum prudentiae +Episcoporum ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis quantum fieri possit +vegetabilibus_ die 9 Julii 1864. + +Facta postmodum de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. per +infrascriptum Secretarium fideli relatione, Sanctitas Sua sententiam +Sacrae Congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit. Die 14 iisdem mense et +anno. + +C. EPISCOPUS PORTUEN. ET S. RUFINAE CARD. PATRIZI S. R. C. PRAEF. LOCO {~MALTESE CROSS~} +Signi _D. Bartolini S. R. C. Secretarius_. + + + + + +NOTICES OF BOOKS. + + + + +I. + + +_Martyrologium Dungallense, seu Calendarium Sanctorum Hiberniae._ +_Collegit et digessit_ Fr. Michael O'Clery, Ord. Fr. Min. Strictioris +Observantiae. Permissu et facultate Superiorum. 1630. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland_, +translated from the original Irish by the late John O'Donovan, LL.D., +M.R.I.A., Professor of Celtic Literature in the Queen's College, Belfast. +Edited, with the Irish text, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., M.R.I.A., +F.S.A., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin; and by William Reeves, +D.D., M.R.I.A., Vicar of Lusk, etc. Dublin: printed for the Archaeological +Society. Thom, 1864, lv.-566 pp. + +_The Martyrology of Donegal_ was completed on the 19th of April, 1630, in +the Franciscan convent of Donegal. The compilers were Brother Michael +O'Clery, a lay brother of that convent, with three associates who with him +are so well known by the name of "The Four Masters". Colgan (_Acta +Sanctorum Hiberniae_, tom. 1, p. 5 a.) thus speaks of it: "Martyrologium +quod Dungallense vocamus, nostris diebus ex diversis tum Martyrologiis, +tum annalibus patriis collectum est, partim opera Authorum qui Annales +communes, de quibus infra, compilarunt in Conventu Dungallensi; partim +opera Patrum ejusdem Conventus qui sanctos, qui extra patriam vixerunt et +de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt, addiderant". The Donegal copy of +1630 was a more complete transcript of a first copy, made by Michael +O'Clery in the preceding year at Douay. Both copies are now extant in the +Burgundian Library at Brussels, but circumstances have not permitted Dr. +Todd to get the first copy also transcribed. Both copies are autographs of +Michael O'Clery. + +The first to discover the mine of Irish MSS. in Brussels was Mr. L. +Waldron, M.P., who, in 1844, at the request of Professor O'Curry, examined +the library there. By the influence of Lord Clarendon, then +lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the government, Dr. Todd procured from +the Belgian government, in 1848, the loan of several MSS. of the greatest +importance, with the permission to have them transcribed. One of these was +the autograph MS. of the _Martyrology of Donegal_, prepared for the press +by the author, with the approbations of his ecclesiastical superiors. A +copy of it was executed by the late Professor O'Curry with the skill and +beauty of his unequalled penmanship; and this copy was collated with the +original, whilst it was still in Dr. Todd's possession. From O'Curry's +copy Dr. Reeves made another for his own use, and from this he made a +third transcript for the printers, and the translator, Dr. O'Donovan. This +translation was the last labour of Dr. O'Donovan's life. + +The contents of the volume are distributed as follows: An introduction +(ix.-xxiv.) by Dr. Todd is followed by an appendix (xxiv.-xlix.) +containing "a number of memoranda, references to authorities, and +miscellaneous notes, which have been written by the author, and others, +through whose hands the MS. has passed, on the fly-leaves at the beginning +and end of each volume". Many of them are of great interest. Then come the +_Testimonia et Approbationes_ (xlix.-lv.) of Flann Mac Egan, Conner +McBrody, Dr. Malachy O'Cadhla, Archbishop of Tuam; Dr. Boetius Mac Egan, +Bishop of Elphin; Dr. Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin; and Dr. Roth +Mac Geoghegan, Bishop of Kildare. The _Martyrology_ proper follows (1-351) +with the Irish text on one page and Dr. O'Donovan's translation on the +other. The notes appended are but few, and serve merely to explain +obscurities in the text, to settle the reading, or to correct some obvious +mistake. For almost all the notes we are indebted to Dr. Todd himself. A +table of the _Martyrology_, compiled by the author, and translated by Dr. +Todd, occupies from page 354 to page 479, and is followed by three +indexes, compiled by Dr. Reeves, one of persons (485-528), another of +places (529-553), and a third of matters (544-566). These indexes, says +Dr. Todd, "possess a topographical and historical interest quite +independent of their connection with the present work, and are in +themselves a most important practical help to the study of Irish history". + +What is the value of this work? What position does it occupy among Irish +Ecclesiastical documents? It cannot be regarded as an _original_ +authority. "It is confessedly a compilation, and of comparatively recent +date, having been completed, as we have seen, in the early part of the +seventeenth century. But it is a compilation made by a scholar peculiarly +well fitted for the task, who had access to all the original documents +then extant in the Irish language, the matter of which he has transferred +either in whole or in part into the present work, quoting in almost every +instance the sources from which he drew his information" (Introd., p. +xiii.). The bare enumeration of these sources will serve to show the value +of the book. I. _The Metrical Calendar, or Festilogium of Aengus Ceile +De_, commonly called the _Felire of Aengus_. Its author was a monk of +Tallaght, near Dublin, in the days when Saint Maolruain was abbot, about +the beginning of the ninth century. Dr. Kelly of Maynooth has published a +translation of a portion of this _Metrical Calendar_ in his _Calendar of +Irish Saints_. II. The _Martyrology of Tallaght_. This is a transcript of +a very ancient martyrology containing the names of the saints and martyrs +of the entire Church, with the Irish saints added under each day. It was +composed at the close of the ninth or very early in the tenth century. The +Brussels MS. is an abstract of the ancient copy at Saint Isidore's at +Rome, but it contains the Irish saints alone, omitting altogether the +general martyrology. It was from a transcript of the Belgian MS. that Dr. +Kelly published in 1857 the calendar alluded to above. III. The _Calendar +of Cashel_, which is not now known to exist. According to Colgan, its +author flourished about the year 1030. IV. The _Martyrology of Maolmuire_ +(or _Marianus_) _O'Gorman_, written in Irish verse, in the times of +Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, about 1167. Its author was abbot of Knock, +near Louth, and the work is taken from the _Felire of Tallaght_, and is +not confined to Irish saints. V. _The Book of Hymns_, a portion of which +has already been published by the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, +and of which a second portion is in the press, under the care of Dr. Todd. +VI. Poems, such as the _Poem of St. Cuimin of Condeire (Connor)_, of the +middle of the seventh century, published by Dr. Kelly, with a translation +by Professor O'Curry; the _Naoimhseanchus_, attributed by Colgan to +Selbach of the tenth century; the _Poem of St. Moling of Ferns_ (A.D. +675-695), and several minor poems. VII. Several of the great collections +or _Bibliothecae_, of which he names expressly the _Book of Lecan_, the +_Leabhar na Huidre_, and the _Book of Lismore_. VIII. The lives of saints +in Irish and Latin. Of these he quotes no less than thirty-one. From this +list it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early Irish +Church has helped to enrich the pages of the _Martyrology of Donegal_. And +since _norma orandi legem statuit credendi_, we could scarcely find a +nobler monument of the faith and practice of our forefathers. The Church +that places on her list of saints, bishops, and priests, and abbots, and +consecrated virgins, and hermits, possesses in that very calendar a mark +deep and broad enough to distinguish her from all the sects that belong to +modern Protestantism. + + + + +II. + + +_Lectures on Modern History, delivered at the Catholic University of +Ireland._ By Professor J. B. ROBERTSON; cr. 8vo, p.p. xvi., 528. Dublin: +W. B. Kelly, 1864. + +The lectures included in this volume were delivered in the Catholic +University of Ireland, on various occasions, in the years 1860 to 1864, +and their purport has been well expressed in the author's own words. +Speaking in reference to all his literary labours, "I devoted", says +Professor Robertson, "my feeble powers to the defence of God and His holy +Church against unbelief and misbelief; and of social order and liberty, +against the principles of revolution, which are but impiety in a political +form". In these words we have the key-note of the entire work. The +"History of Spain in the Eighteenth Century" forms the subject of two +lectures. To these is added a supplement of more than fifty pages, in +which the late Mr. Buckle's "Essay on Spain", contained in his "History of +Civilization", is severely but most deservedly criticised, and, we may +add, is refuted by solid and convincing arguments. + +In four lectures our author discusses the "life, writings, and times of M. +de Chateaubriand", involving, much of the internal history of France, +especially as regards literature and religion under the first Napoleon and +the succeeding governments down to the Revolution in 1848. These lectures +are full of interest. But what must be considered as by far the most +important portion of this volume is that in which Professor Robertson +treats of the "Secret Societies of Modern Times". In two lectures he +traces the origin and progress of the Freemasons, the Illuminati, the +Jacobins, the Carbonari, and the Socialists; and in an appendix adds a +"brief exposition of the principal heads of Papal legislation on Secret +Societies". + +Such are the contents of the work. The style is agreeable and clear, the +diction felicitous, and above all, the sentiments just, equally +characterised by extensive information, political sagacity, and a profound +reverence for divine faith. The professor has happily avoided both the +tedious exhaustiveness of the German, and the brilliant flippancy which so +often charms us in the French. Nor has he been unmindful of the more +laborious students who would not shrink from the toil of research after +further information. For these he has provided such an array of +authorities, on each of his subjects, as must greatly facilitate the +progress of those who would engage in diligent historical investigation. +We know not where else there could be had so intelligible an account of +the secret societies which have been so active in all the political +convulsions of Europe, from 1789 to the present time. We need not advert +to the part which secret societies have had in producing the present +deplorable state of Italy. To the readers of the _Civilta Cattolica_ such +reference would be unnecessary. To those who have not the advantage of +regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would recommend +Professor Robertson's lectures, as containing, in a moderate sized volume, +a most perspicuous summary of what is requisite to be known concerning +those dark conspiracies and their objects. If it were only for this, the +volume would be a most welcome addition to our historical library. + +The book has been brought out with the utmost elegance of paper, type, and +printing. + + + + +III. + + +_La Roma Sotterrana Cristiana descritta ed illustrata_ dal Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Publicata per ordine della Santita di N. S. Papa Pio IX. +Chromolithografia Ponteficia Roma, 1864. vol. 1. + +_Christian Subterranean Rome, described and illustrated_ by Cav. G. B. de +Rossi. Published by order of His Holiness Pope Pius IX., vol. 1. + +In 1861 Cavalier de Rossi published the first volume of his _Inscriptiones +Christianae Urbis Romae seculo VII. antiquiores_. On to-day we announce +the appearance of the first volume of his long expected work on +Subterranean Rome. In the introduction the author passes in review all +that has been done to explore the Catacombs, from the fourteenth century +to our day. Pomponius Laetus, Pauvinius, Ciacconius, and especially Bosio +and Bottari, claim his attention in turn. After a sketch of the results of +the labours undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Cav. de +Rossi shows what yet remains to be done, and what part of this he himself +proposes to accomplish. + +The second part of the volume is entitled "Remarks on ancient Christian +Cemeteries in general, and on those of Rome in particular": the whole is +divided into three parts. Part I. on the Christian Cemeteries in general, +treats of their antiquity, their divisions into subterranean and +non-subterranean, and the respective marks of each class. The author here +proves that even in the third century, when Christianity was persecuted to +the death, the Christian Cemeteries had a legal existence recognized by +the Emperors. Part II. is devoted to the documents which illustrate the +history and topography of the Catacombs, and embraces contemporary +documents, historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth +century, lives of Pontiffs, etc. Part III. contains a general history of +the Roman Cemeteries, arranged in four periods: beginning respectively, +with the apostolic times; the third century; the peace of Constantine +(312); and the fifth century, A.D. 410. In the second century the +catacombs were of slow growth; in the third, their extent became most +remarkable; after Constantine, they began to be abandoned as places of +sepulture; with the fifth century set in their decay, leading to the +removal of the relics of the saints to the churches within the walls, +whither the sacrilegious hands of Goths and Lombards, who periodically +pillaged the Campagna, could not reach; finally, after the ninth century, +they were almost forgotten. Part IV. contains the analytical description +of the Christian Cemeteries. The Cemetery of Callixtus, the most ancient +and most celebrated of all, is described at length. + + + + +IV. + + +_Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; quae ex +Vaticani, Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabularis depromsit, et Ordine +chronologico disposuit_ Augustinus Theiner, Presbyter Cong. Oratorii, +Tabulariorum Vaticanorum Praefectus, etc. Folio, Romae, Typis Vaticanis, +1864. One Volume folio, pages 624. + +The notice of the See of Ardagh in the sixteenth century, printed in our +opening number, has probably prepared our readers to estimate the value of +the important series of documents upon which it is founded. We purposed to +urge strongly upon the clergy of Ireland the duty of supporting generously +the distinguished scholar, who in his love of Ireland has undertaken the +costly and laborious work of publishing all the manuscript materials of +Irish history which are preserved in the archives of the Vatican, and has +already given in the opening volume an earnest of their extent, as well as +of their historical value. We are happy, however, to find that what we had +desired and intended, has already been put in a practical form, and that +an effort has been made to forward among the friends of Irish history the +sale of this most interesting collection. We cannot, therefore, we +believe, advance more effectually the object which we have at heart, than +by transferring to our pages the following notice, which has been printed +for private circulation:-- + +"Monsignor Theiner's Collection from the Secret Archives of the Vatican, +of Naples, and of Florence, is unquestionably the most important +contribution to the history of the Church in these countries since the +great historical movement of the seventeenth century. It comprises upwards +of a thousand original documents, Pontifical Bulls, Briefs, and Letters, +Consistorial Acts, Inquisitions, Reports, etc., ranging from the +pontificate of Honorius III., 1216, to that of Paul III., 1547. + +"These papers, in the main, relate to the history of Ireland and of +Scotland, especially of the former country. There is hardly a diocese in +Ireland of which they do not contain some notice, and in many cases, as, +for instance, that of Ardagh, already noticed by the learned editor of the +Essays of the lamented Dr. Matthew Kelly, but traced in detail in the +_Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, No. I., pp. 13-17, they serve to fill up +important breaks in the existing records, and to correct grave and vital +errors in the received histories. + +"But, in addition to the Irish and Scotch documents, the volume contains +many of wider and more general interest; among which it will be enough to +specify a single series--nearly a hundred unpublished letters of Henry +VIII., relating chiefly to the negociations regarding the divorce, which +they present in a light almost completely new. + +"This volume is printed entirely at the expense of the distinguished +editor. It is meant as an experiment; and, should the sale, for which he +must mainly rely upon the countries chiefly interested, suffice to cover +the bare cost of publication, it is his intention to continue the series +from the archives of the Vatican, down through the still more interesting, +and, for Irish history, more obscure, as well as more important, period of +Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I. + +"Mgr. Theiner has requested his friend, Rev. Dr. Russell, President of St. +Patrick's College, Maynooth, to receive and transmit to Rome any orders +far the volume with which he may be favoured." + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + +_ 1 Sacred Latin Poetry_, selected and arranged by R. C. Trench, D.D., + Archbishop of Dublin, etc. Macmillan and Co., London and Cambridge. + 1864. + + 2 "Nihil obstat si etiam in his omnibus et Ipse (Redemptor noster) + signetur. Ipse enim Unigenitus Dei Filius _veraciter_ factus est + _homo_: ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus est mori ut + _vitulus_: ipse per virtutem suae fortitudinis surrexit ut _leo_.... + Ipse etiam post resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos, in + superioribus est elevatus ut _aquila_. Totum ergo simul nobis est, + qui et nascendo _homo_, et moriendo _vitulus_, et resurgendo _leo_, + et ad coelos ascendendo _aquila_ factus est"--_S. Greg. Magn., Hom._ + iv. _in Ezech._ + +_ 3 The Destiny of the Irish Race_: a lecture delivered at Philadelphia + on the 17th of March, 1864, by Rev. M. O'Connor, S. J. In order to + give to our readers the beautiful lecture of the ex-Bishop of + Pittsburgh, we have increased the number of pages in this month's + RECORD.--ED. I. E. R. + + 4 Col. 1. v. 26. 1. + + 5 Hebr. 1, v. 1, 2. + + 6 Joan. 1, v. 18. + + 7 Joan 1, v. 17. + + 8 1 Corint. v. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11. + + 9 S. Joan. Chrys. hom. 7. in 1. Corinth. S. Ambros. de fide ad Grat. + S. Leo de Nativ. Dom. Serm. 9. S. Cyril. Alex. contr. Nestor. lib. + 3. in Joan, 1, 9. S. Joan, Dam. de fide orat. II, 1, 2, in 1, 2, in + 1 Cor. c. 2, S. Hier. in Galat. III, 2. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864*** + + + +CREDITS + + +February 2, 2012 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Bryan Ness, David King, and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. 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