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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1,
+November 1864
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume 1, November 1864
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2012 [Ebook #38751]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864***
+
+
+
+
+
+                     The Irish Ecclesiastical Record
+
+                                Volume 1.
+
+                              November, 1864
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+The Holy See And The Liberty Of The Irish Church At The Beginning Of The
+Present Century.
+   I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the
+   Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801.
+   II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805.
+A Recent Protestant View Of The Church Of The Middle Ages.
+The Mss. Remains Of Professor O'Curry In The Catholic University. No. II.
+The Destiny Of The Irish Race.
+Liturgical Questions. (_From M. Bouix's __"__Revue des Sciences
+Ecclesiastiques__"_).
+Documents.
+   I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works.
+   II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites.
+Notices Of Books.
+Footnotes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HOLY SEE AND THE LIBERTY OF THE IRISH CHURCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE
+PRESENT CENTURY.
+
+
+All students of Irish Catholic affairs must feel, at every moment, that we
+are at a great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical documents connected
+with our Church. The past misfortunes of Ireland explain the origin of
+this want. During the persecutions of Elizabeth, of James the First, and
+Cromwell, our ancient manuscripts, and the archives of our convents and
+monasteries, were ruthlessly destroyed. At a later period, whilst the
+penal laws were in full operation, it was dangerous to preserve official
+ecclesiastical papers, lest they should be construed by the bigotry and
+ignorance of our enemies into proofs of sedition or treason. Since liberty
+began to dawn on our country, things have undergone a beneficial change,
+and recently great efforts have been made to rescue and preserve from
+destruction every remaining fragment of our ancient history, and every
+document calculated to throw light on the annals of our Church. We are
+anxious to cooeperate in this good work, and we shall feel deeply grateful
+to our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical papers,
+either ancient or modern, that it may be desirable to preserve. Receiving
+such papers casually, we cannot insert them in the RECORD in chronological
+order, but by aid of an Index, to be published at the end of each volume,
+the future historian will be able to avail himself of them for his
+purposes.
+
+To-day we insert in our columns two letters never published before, as far
+as we can learn, in their original language. They were addressed, in the
+beginning of this century, by the learned Archbishop of Myra, Monsignore
+Brancadoro, Secretary of the Propaganda, to a distinguished Dominican,
+Father Concanen, then agent of the Irish bishops, who was afterwards
+promoted to the See of New York, and who died at Naples, in the year 1808,
+before he could take possession of his diocese.
+
+The first letter, dated the 7th August, 1801, refers to certain
+resolutions adopted by ten Irish prelates, in January, 1799, at a sad
+period of our history, when Ireland was in a state of utter prostration,
+and abandoned to the fury of an Orange faction. In such circumstances, we
+are not to be surprised that the Catholics of Cork, Waterford, Wexford,
+and many other parts of Ireland, in the hope of preserving their lives and
+property, should have petitioned to be united to England; or that Catholic
+prelates, anxious to gain protection for their flocks, should have
+endeavoured to propitiate those who had the power of the government in
+their hands, by taking into consideration the proposals then made--that the
+state should provide for the maintenance of the clergy, and that a right
+should be given to the state to inquire into the loyalty of such
+ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the various sees of Ireland.
+
+The celebrated Dr. Milner, treating of the resolutions just referred to,
+observes in his _Supplementary Memoirs_, p. 115, that they had nothing in
+common with the veto which was afterwards proposed by government in 1805,
+and several times in succeeding years, and adds, that the prelates
+"stipulated for their own just influence, and also for the consent of the
+Pope in this important business."
+
+According to the wise determination of the prelates, the matters they had
+agreed to were referred to the judgment of the Supreme Head of the Church.
+A speedy answer, however, could not be obtained. At that time the great
+Pontiff, Pius the Sixth, was a captive in the hands of the French
+Republicans, and soon after died a martyr at Valence in France. The Holy
+See was then vacant for several months, until, by the visible
+interposition of Providence, Italy was freed from her invaders, and the
+cardinals were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new Pope. Soon
+after his promotion, Pius the Seventh occupied himself with the affairs of
+our Church, and the secretary of the Propaganda received instructions to
+communicate through Father Concanen to the Irish Prelates the wishes of
+his Holiness.
+
+The substance of the official note of Monsignore Brancadoro is, 1. That
+his Holiness is thankful to the British government for the relaxation of
+the penal laws to which Catholics had been so long subjected, and for any
+other acts of liberality or kindness conferred on them. 2. That the Irish
+prelates, whilst manifesting their gratitude for the favours they had
+received, should prove, by their conduct, that it was not through a
+feeling of self-interest, or through hopes of temporal advantages, that
+they inculcated on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws and
+the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens; but that they
+did so through a spirit of religion, and in conformity with the dictates
+of the gospel. 3. That to prove how sincerely they were animated with
+those feelings, the Irish prelates should refuse the proffered pension,
+and continue to act and support themselves as they have done for the past,
+thus giving an example of Christian perfection which would not fail to
+give general edification.
+
+The second letter is also from the secretary of Propaganda to Father
+Concanen, and is dated 25th of Sept., 1805, in which year Dr. Milner had
+just brought under the notice of the Holy See some new projects of
+government interference with the Catholic clergy, which had lately been
+introduced into Parliament by Sir John Hippisley, at that time a supporter
+of Emancipation, but who afterwards gave proofs of a great desire to
+enslave the Catholic Church.
+
+In the second letter Monsignore Brancadoro states the apprehension felt by
+the S. Congregation, lest the moment of the Catholic triumph should prove
+the one most dangerous to the purity and stability of the Catholic
+religion since the Reformation; that it would be no injustice to suspect
+the British Government of being influenced by designs to that very effect;
+that the Bishops should, therefore, as a general principle, renounce all
+idea of advancing their own proper interests, or of securing any temporal
+advantages, lest through human frailty they should inadvertently be
+surprised into any concessions which in course of time might prove
+injurious to the interests of religion. The Secretary then goes on to say
+that the S. Congregation found serious difficulties, more or less, in all
+the plans which, as Dr. Milner had reported, had been proposed by the
+statesmen of the day in England. These plans were:--1. The pensioning of
+the clergy. 2. State interference in the nomination of Bishops. 3. The
+restoration of the Hierarchy in England. 4. The concession to the ministry
+of the right to examine the communications which might pass between the
+English and Irish Catholics and the Holy See.
+
+As to the plan of pensioning the clergy, Monsignore Brancadoro points out
+the dangers to which its adoption would expose them. If they accept a
+pension from government, the offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly
+withdrawn, and the priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice
+of those in power. He recalls to Father Concanen's memory, that in his
+previous letter of the 7th of August, 1801, he had announced to him the
+Pope's wish that the Irish clergy should decline all pensions from the
+government, and mentions that the Irish Bishops, in reply, had stated that
+they willingly renounced all temporal advantages in order to preserve
+religion uninjured.
+
+The secretary of the Propaganda next reminds his correspondent that Pius
+VI., in a brief of 20th March, 1791, had condemned a decree of the
+National Assembly of France, by which the clergy of that country were made
+pensioners of the state; and he adds that the Holy See had resisted a
+similar attempt of the English government in regard to the clergy of
+Corsica, when that island had fallen into their hands.
+
+Examining the various vetoistical plans mentioned by Dr. Milner,
+Monsignore Brancadoro quotes the authority of the great and learned
+Pontiff, Benedict XIV., to show how decidedly opposed the Holy See has
+always been to every project directed to vest Catholic ecclesiastical
+appointments in the hands of a Protestant sovereign. This question is
+discussed in a brief of that Pope addressed to the Bishop of Breslau on
+the 15th of May, 1748, and his words are as follows: "There is not
+recorded in the whole history of the Church a single example in which the
+appointment of a bishop or abbot was conceded to a sovereign of a
+different religion". He adds "that he would not, and could not, introduce
+a practice calculated to scandalize the Catholic world, and which, besides
+bringing on him a dreadful judgment in another world, would render his
+name odious and accursed during life, and much more so after death".
+
+2. The learned writer then proceeds to examine the various plans of
+granting to government certain powers in regard to the nomination of
+bishops, and explodes them all as replete with danger to religion, and
+well calculated to enslave the Church.
+
+The plans proposed to lessen the Pope's unwillingness to grant to the
+sovereign the right of nomination were the following:--Some thought that
+the nomination should be limited to a certain class of persons who should
+have been approved of by the episcopal body after an examination and
+trial. Such a body might be the vicars-general, of whom two should be
+appointed for each diocese. The government was to be bound to choose the
+bishops out of this body. This plan was rejected, first, because it would
+really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a non-Catholic
+sovereign; and secondly, on account of difficulties created by the
+circumstances of the time and place.
+
+Others proposed to give the government the right of excluding from the
+episcopal charge those obnoxious to itself. Monsignore Brancadoro says of
+this plan, that unless this right of exclusion were restricted by limits,
+it would be equivalent to a real power of nomination. But even so, even
+after due limitation, it was an absolute novelty in the Church, and no one
+could tell what its consequences might be. Besides, it was uncalled for,
+since the experience of so many centuries ought to have convinced the
+government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern dioceses were always
+excellent citizens. Besides, it was the custom of the Holy See not to
+appoint to a vacant diocese until it had received the recommendation of
+the metropolitans and the diocesan clergy. This was a safeguard against
+improper appointments.
+
+3. With respect to the restoration of the Hierarchy in England, Monsignore
+Brancadoro blames the motive which induced the English nobles to petition
+for such a change of church government, namely, the desire they felt to
+have bishops less bound to the Holy See. He declares that, although
+differing _quoad jus_, bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in
+reality, and that the Holy See was equally well satisfied with the bishops
+of Ireland, and the vicars-apostolic of England and Scotland.
+
+4. The Secretary condemns, as worst of all, the plan of giving to the
+ministers the right to examine the communications that pass between the
+Holy See and the British and Irish Catholics. Such a right has never been
+allowed, even to a Catholic power, much less should it be allowed to a
+Protestant government. The case of France was not to the point, for there
+the right was limited to provisions of benefices alone. The government has
+no reason to be afraid: the Holy See has expressly declared to bishops and
+vicars-apostolic, that it does not desire any political information from
+them.
+
+The two official notes we insert will be read in their original language
+with great interest. They are noble monuments of the zeal of the holy
+Pontiff, Pius VII., and of the vigilance with which the Holy See has
+always endeavoured to uphold the rights and independence of our ancient
+Church. Undoubtedly the wise instructions given in those letters had no
+small share in arousing that spirit with which a few years later our
+clergy and people resisted and defeated all the efforts of British
+statesmen to deprive our Church of her liberties, and to reduce her to the
+degraded condition of the Protestant establishment. The notes of the
+secretary of Propaganda are a fine specimen of ecclesiastical writing,
+illustrating the maxim _fortiter in re, suaviter in modo_.
+
+
+
+
+I. From Mgr. Brancadoro to Father Concanen, O.P., Agent at Rome for the
+Irish Bishops. Dalla Propaganda. 7 Agosto, 1801.
+
+
+Informata la Santita di Nostro Signore del nuovo piano ideato de Governo
+Brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica Gerarchia dei
+cattolici d'Irlanda, non ha punto esitato a manifestare la piu viva
+reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalita del prelodato
+Governo, cui professera sempre la massima gratitudine, per l'assistenze, e
+favori, che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de' suoi dominj. Tenendo poi la
+Santita Sua per indubitato, che la sperimentata fedelta di quel Clero
+Cattolico Romano al legittimo suo Sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime
+di nostra S. Religione, le quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun
+cambiamento, desidera il suddetto Governo resti assicurato, che i
+Metropolitani, i Vescovi e il Clero tutto della Irlanda conoscera sempre
+un tal suo stretto dovere, e lo adempira esattamente in qualunque
+incontro. Brama pero ad un tempo vivissimamente il S. Padre, che
+l'anzidetto Clero seguitando il plausibile sistema da lui osservato finora
+si astenga scrupolosamente dall' avere in mira qualunque suo proprio
+temporale vantaggio, e che dimostrando sempre con parole, e con fatti la
+sincera invariabilita del suo attacamento, riconoscenza, e sommissione al
+Governo Brittanico, gli faccia vieppiu conoscere la realta di sua
+gratitudine alle offerte nuove beneficenze, dispensandosi dal profittarne,
+e dando con cio una luminosa prova di quel costante disinteresse stimato
+tanto conforme all' Apostolico zelo dei ministri del Santuario, e tanto
+giovevole, e decoroso alla stessa cattolico Religione, come quello che
+concilia in singular modo la stima, e il respetto verso dei sagri
+ministeri, e che li rende piu venerabili, e piu cari ai fedeli commessi
+alla loro spirituale direzione.
+
+Tali sono i precisi sentimenti che la Santita di Nostro Signore ha
+ordinate al Segretario di Propaganda di communicare alla Paternita Vostra
+affinche per di Lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie degli ottimi
+Metropolitani, e Vescovi del regno d'Irlanda, nel quale spera fermamente
+Sua Santita, che come ad onta dei piu gravi pericoli si e gia mantenuta in
+passato, cosi manterassi pur anco in avvenire affatto illesa da ogni
+benche menoma macchia la nostra cattolica Religione.
+
+Lo scrivente pertanto nell' eseguire i Pontificj comandi si rassegna nel
+suo particolare colla piu distinta stima ec.
+
+
+
+
+II. From the same to the same. Dalla Propaganda, 25 Settembre, 1805.
+
+
+REVERENDISSIMO P. MAESTRO CONCANEN,
+
+La lettera del degnissimo Monsig. Milner, Vicario Apostolico del distretto
+medio d'Inghilterra, diretta a V. P., la cui traduzione ella, per ordine
+del Prefetto stesso, ha communicata all Arcivescovo di Mira, Segretario di
+Propaganda, ha fatto entrare la Sacra Congregazione nello stesso timore,
+che manifesta l' ottimo Prelato, che il momento della fortuna dei
+cattolici nel Parlamento sia il piu pericoloso alla purita, e stabilita
+della nostra santa Religione, che sia mai avvenuto dopo la pretesa riforma
+di quel regno, e non si farebbe ingiuria al Governo acattolico, se si
+sospettassero appunto queste mire: E percio dovranno i Vicarj Apostolici,
+ed i Vescovi di quel dominio abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio,
+ed interesse temporale, da cui, indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe
+facilmente, senza avvedersene, essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche
+cosa, che rechera, col tempo, del pregiudizio alla Religione.
+
+Questo spirito di disinteresse si scorge gia luminosamente in Monsig.
+Milner dal tenore della sua lettera: e percio chiede egli saviamento della
+S. C. delle istruzioni, colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa, in cui si
+trova impegnato. Ma la S. C. trova delle difficolta gravi, piu o meno, in
+tutti i progetti, ch' egli narra, fatti da quei politici.
+
+Ed in primo luogo, riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni sul
+pubblico erario ai Vescovi, ed al Clero di quel dominio, la Santita di N.
+S. espresse gia i suoi sentimenti, per mezzo di un biglietto dell'
+Arcivescovo, che scrive, diretto a V. P, in data dei 7 Agosto 1801, il
+quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani, e vescovi
+d'Irlanda, essi risposero, che rinunziavano volentieri a qualunque
+vantaggio temporale, per conservare illibata la cattolica Religione. Sara
+dunque opportuno di spedire a Mons. Milner la copia di quel Biglietto, che
+si da qui annessa.
+
+E per verita, accettandosi dal clero le pensioni, cesseranno immantinente
+molti fondi di sussistenza, che ora ritrae dalla pieta de fedeli;
+resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento. Ora chi non
+vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli ecclesiastici,
+di condiscendere, in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla s. Religione, alla
+volonta di un Governo di religione diversa, che puo in un punto ridurlo
+allu mendicita col ritenere le pensioni? Per questa, ed altre ragioni,
+essendosi adottata la massima di dare le pensioni al clero dell' Assemblea
+Nazionale di Francia nella Costituzione civile del clero, la Sa. Me. di
+Pio VI. la riprovo nel suo breve dei 20 marzo 1791. pag. 61, e seg. Ed
+avendo la stessa corte di Londra, quando entro in possesso della Corsica,
+fatto il medesimo progetto, vi si oppose la S. Sede, e quella Real corte
+desiste dall' impegno.
+
+Riguardo all' influenza, che si vorrebbe, del potere civile nella nomina
+de' vescovi, cosi varj progetti, che si sono fatti, per regolare una tale
+influenza, e in primo luogo da avvertirsi, che la nomina assolutamente non
+potra accordarsi al Sovrano, come acattolico. Al qual proposito bastera
+riportare i sentimenti di Benedetto XIV. Questo gran Pontefice in una sua
+lettera scritta al vescovo di Breslavia li 15 maggio 1748, si espresse ne'
+seguenti termini.--"Non ritrovasi in tutta la storia Ecclesiastica verun
+indulto conceduto da Romani Pontefici ai Sovrani di altra comunione, il
+nominare a Vescovadi, ed Abbadie--soggiungendo, che non voleva, ne poteva
+introdurre un esempio, che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico, e
+che, oltre la gravissima pena, la quale Iddio gli farebbe scontare nell'
+altro mondo, renderebbe il suo nome esoso, e maledetto in tutto il tempo
+di sua vita, e molto piu in quello che avrebbe a decorrere dopo la di lui
+morte. La stessa difficolta sussisterebbe ugualmente, ancorche il diritto
+di nomina fosse limitato tra una classe di persone, esaminata prima, e
+previamente sperimentata, ed approvata dal corpo dei Vescovi, come quello
+de' Gran-Vicarj, da stabilirsene due in ogni Diocesi, e Distretto. Ma
+oltre a questo, il progetto de' Gran-Vicarj involve gravissime difficolta
+per le circostanze locali. Perciocche, lasciando anche stare il pericolo
+dell' ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de' Vescovi, e Vicarj
+Apostolici per essere dichiarati Gran-Vicarj, quando che ora, scegliendosi
+i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli operaj, s' impegnano anche gli
+ambiziosi a faticare a pro delle anime: e chiaro ancoro, che in tanta
+penuria di ecclesiastici, ch' e in tutto cotesto dominio, se si tolgono
+due Gran-Vicarj per ogni Vicario Apostolico, o Vescovo, mancheranno
+affatto gli ecclesiastici per la cura delle anime.
+
+Il semplice diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti
+intrinseci, purche fosse limitato; giacche altrimenti, a forza di
+escludere si otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina. Ma questo diritto e
+affatto nuovo; e l' introdurlo per la prima volta, non si sa a quali
+conseguenze potrebbe condurre. Ma siccome tutti questi progetti si fanno
+per assicurare il Governo, che non sia promossa persona, che non gli sia
+invisa, dovrebbe bastare l' esperienza di tanti secoli, ad assicurare il
+Governo, stesso della somma premura, che ha sempre avuta la S. Sede, che i
+soggetti da lei promossi, non solo non siano invisi, ma siano anche
+graditi del Governo stesso. Eo V. P. puo di fatto proprio attestare della
+somma industria, attivita, e segretezza usatasi, qualche tempo fa, della
+S. Sede, per escludere persona, che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita
+al Governo, benche ape poggiata da forti raccomandazioni, ed includesse
+altra persona, cha sicuramente fosse di sua soddisfazione. Oltre di che
+essendo solitquesta S. C. di attendere per gli promovendi gli attestati, e
+le postulazioni, o le informazioni de' Metropolitani, o degli altri Vicarj
+Apostolici, ed anche del clero della rispettiva Diocesi, prima di proporre
+al S. P. i soggetti, da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle
+persone, che possano essere poco accette al Governo, per escluderle
+sicuramente.
+
+Quanto al desiderio de' Magnati, di avere vescovi, in vece di Vicarj
+Apostolici, in se stesso considerato e santissimo, ed analogo alla
+costituzione della Chiessa Cattolica; e se n' e trattato altre volte in
+Inghilterra. Dispiace solamente il fine, per cui si fa un tal progetto,
+cioe per avere Prelati meno aderenti alla S. Sede. Ma la S. Sede nulla
+avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione, sull' esempio de' vescovi d'
+Irlanda de quali e ugualmente contenta che de' Vicarj Apostolici d'
+Inghilterra, e di Scozia. Senza che, la constante esperienza dimostra, che
+quantunque in diritto sia diversa la condizione de' Vicarj Apostolici de
+quella de' Vescovi; pure in fatti non porta effetti diversi. Solo devrebbe
+rifflettersi alle circostanze de' tempi, ed agl' incovenienti che
+potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto Club Cisalpino, per evitarsi al
+possibile ogni innovazione.
+
+Piu di tutti sarebbe fatale quel progretto, che per altro Monsig. Milner
+dice essere di alcuni pochi, che ogni communicazione de' cattolici colla
+S. Sede debba soggiacere all' esame de' ministri di S. M. Questo diritto
+non si e mai riconosciuto dalla S. Sede in alcun principe cattolico: e l'
+esempio che si cita, della Francia, era dai concordati limitato alle sole
+ecclesiastiche proviste. Ma quanto sarebbe piu pericoloso in un Governo
+acattolico, con cui non e possibile di convenire nelle massime religiose.
+Si spera per altro, che quei pochi, che propongono, un tal progretto, non
+troveranno seguito: e che quel Governo, che si vanta di lasciare una piena
+liberta ai suoi sudditi, non vorra imporre loro una catena negli effari
+piu delicati, che riguardano la coscienza, per gli quali soltanto i
+cattolici, communicano colla S. Sede: giacche la S. C. nel questionario
+stampato, che manda a quei Vescovi, e Vicarj Apostolici per norma della
+relazione delle loro chiese, nel primo articolo si protesta espressamente
+che non vuole di loro alcuna nuova politica.
+
+Molto consolante e poi, riuscito alla S. Congr. la nuova, che sia
+riuscito, allo stesso Monsig. Milner di ottenere un' assai piu grande
+liberta per gli soldati cattolici nell' esercizio della S. Religione; e
+che abbia ben dispositi gli animi, per fare riconoscere validi nella legge
+civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico. V. Paternita
+gliene faccia i piu vivi ringraziamenti, per parte di questa S. C.
+
+In fine l' Arcivescovo, che scrive, con piena stima se le rassegna.
+
+
+
+
+
+A RECENT PROTESTANT VIEW OF THE CHURCH OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
+
+
+The history of the Church in the middle ages has ever forced upon
+Protestant minds a difficulty which they have met by many various methods
+of solution. The middle age exhibits so much of precious side by side with
+so much of base, so much of the beauty of holiness in the midst of
+ungodliness, so much of what all Christians admit as truth with what
+Protestants call fatal error, that the character of the whole cannot
+readily be taken in at first sight from the Protestant point of view. Some
+there are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their eyes to
+the light, and these declare the medieval Church to have been a scene of
+unmitigated evil. To their minds the whole theology of the period is
+useless, or worse than useless, harmful. They connect the middle ages with
+wickedness as thoroughly as the Manicheans connected matter with the evil
+principle.
+
+Others there are who honestly admit that these ages, especially their
+earlier part, are not Protestant, but at the same time contend that
+neither are they favourable to Roman doctrine. These believe that facts
+abundantly prove that in the bosom of the Church which was then, the two
+Churches were to be found, which afterwards disengaged themselves from one
+another at the Reformation. This is the philosophy of medieval history
+which, as we learn from the preface to his collection of _Sacred Latin
+Poetry_,(1) has recommended itself to Dr. Trench, the present Protestant
+Archbishop of Dublin. "In Romanism we have the residuum of the middle-age
+Church and theology, the lees, after all, or well nigh all the wine was
+drained away. But in the medieval Church we have the wine and lees
+together--the truth and the error, the false observance and yet at the same
+time the divine truth which should one day be fatal to it--side by side."
+For such thinkers the sum of all the history of that period amounts to
+this: a long struggle between two Churches--one a Church of truth, the
+other a Church of error--a struggle which, however, ended happily in the
+triumph of the Church of truth by the Reformation, in which the truth was
+purified from its contact with error.
+
+It is not without its advantages to know what views the occupant of an
+Irish see so distinguished, is led to take, of the Church to which
+seventy-seven out of every hundred Irishmen belong, with all the
+convictions of their intellects, and all the love of their hearts. It
+seems to us that his theory is not likely to satisfy any party; it goes
+too far to please some, and stops short too soon to be agreeable to
+others. But what strikes us most of all in it is the fatal inconsistency
+of its parts. Of this the very book to which it serves as preface is proof
+enough. Dr. Trench's position is this. He tells his Protestant readers
+that whereas in the medieval Church there was a good church, and an evil,
+all the good has found its resting place in Protestantism, all the evil in
+tyrannical Rome. Whatever of good, of holy, of pure, has ever been said or
+done within the Church, Protestants are the rightful inheritors of it all.
+From the treasury of the Church before the Reformation he proposes to
+draw, and to collect in this work what his readers may live on and love,
+and what he is confident will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls.
+He would set before them the feelings of the Church during these thousand
+years of her existence, and would summon from afar, from remote ages,
+"voices in which they may utter and embody the deepest things of their
+hearts". Such, he assures them, are the voices of the writers whose poems
+have found a place in his book. Now, if we are to understand that the two
+ante-Reformation Churches stood out quite distinctly, one from the other,
+in open antagonism, like Jerusalem and Babylon, each having its own
+position more or less clearly defined, we should naturally expect to find
+in Dr. Trench's book the thoughts and words only of the Reformers before
+the Reformation, of the men, that is, who never bent the knee to Baal, but
+ever cherished in their hearts the true doctrine of salvation. If his own
+theory be worth anything, he must have recourse for his present purposes,
+to that one of the two Churches which alone has been perpetuated,
+victorious after conflict, in Protestantism. Where else shall he find
+sympathies that answer to those of Protestants? But he does not do so. For
+in the beginning of his preface he tells us that he has not admitted each
+and all of the works of the authors whose productions he inserts. He tells
+us that he has carefully excluded from his collection "all hymns which in
+any way imply the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation", or, "which
+involve any creature-worship, or speak of the Mother of our Lord in any
+other language than that which Scripture has sanctioned, and our Church
+adopted", or which "ask of the suffrages of the Saints"? These certainly
+are not the doctrines which have been perpetuated in Protestantism.
+
+His own practice, therefore, is inconsistent with his theory, if that
+theory means to assert the existence of two Churches in the middle age,
+distinctly antagonistic, one to the other.
+
+The only escape from this tangle is to reply, that Dr. Trench, although he
+may find two Churches in the bosom of the middle-age Church, does not,
+however, place between them a separation so sharp as to suppose the Church
+of good absolutely without evil, nor the Church of evil altogether
+destitute of good. In each there is good and some mixture of evil: error
+relieved by a vein of truth. His favourite authors, by whose labours he
+wishes to make his readers profit, are, in this last hypothesis, men who
+are subject to the influence of both Churches; men who belong partly to
+each in turn, whose doctrines are a pitiable admixture of truth with
+falsehood--who, in one word, are visited both by "airs from Heaven and
+blasts from Hell". At times they say what all, even Protestants, may
+treasure up in their hearts, to live on and love; at times, again, they
+are made to utter what all should reject and condemn, as so many snares
+for unwary feet. We shall say nothing of the difficulty the mind feels in
+accepting such a description of the position of these writers, nor of the
+task we have to persuade ourselves that those who teach belief in deadly
+heresies to be essential to salvation, can be, at the same time, the
+chosen tabernacles wherein the pure spirit of real piety can ever take up
+its abode. Such was not the feeling of the ancient Church. We ask,
+instead, who are the men upon whose writings Dr. Trench would sit in
+judgment, "to sunder between the holy and profane", to distinguish between
+the errors and the truth, to decide what we are "to take warning from and
+to shun, what to live upon and love". With the exception of the two, Alard
+and Buttmann, all are men highly honoured by the whole Catholic world, and
+all, without exception, are praised for their excelling virtues by Dr.
+Trench himself. Among the twenty-three names we read with reverence those
+of Saint Ambrose, Saint Bonaventure, Venerable Bede, Saint Bernard, Saint
+Peter Damian, Thomas a-Kempis, Peter the Venerable, Jacopone, and others
+of great reputation for sanctity and learning. These are the men whose
+writings Dr. Trench is to parcel out into two portions; this to be
+venerated as sacred, that to be condemned as profane. It needs great faith
+in the censor, to accept readily his decision in such a case. What test
+does he undertake to apply? what criterion is to influence his choice? Why
+does he cast away the poems which celebrate St. Peter as Prince of the
+Apostles, and approve of those that extol St. Paul? Why should he style
+Adam of St. Victor's hymn on the Blessed Virgin an exaggeration, and quote
+as edifying his _Laus S. Scripturae_? Why are St. Bonaventure's pieces in
+honour of Mary visited with censure, and his lines _In Passione Domini_
+made the theme of praise? Dr. Trench gives us his reasons very plainly.
+"If our position mean anything", says he (page x.), "we are bound to
+believe that to us, having the Word and the Spirit, the power has been
+given to distinguish things which differ.... It is our duty to believe
+that to us, that to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks, will
+be given that enlightening spirit, by whose aid it shall be enabled to
+read aright the past realizations of God's divine idea in the wise and
+historic Church of successive ages, and to distinguish the human
+imperfections, blemishes, and errors, from the divine truth which they
+obscured and overlaid, but which they could not destroy, being, one day,
+rather to be destroyed by it". That is to say, we, as Protestants, in
+virtue of our position as such, are able by the light of the Holy Spirit
+to discern true from false doctrine, the fruits of the good Church from
+the fruits of the evil Church. This enlightening Spirit will be given to
+each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it. But, we ask, what are
+we to believe concerning the working of the same enlightening Spirit in
+the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely devotional writings Dr.
+Trench sets before us? Were they men of humility and earnestness? If they
+were not, Dr. Trench's book appears under false colours, and is not a book
+of edification. And if they were, as they certainly were, who is Dr.
+Trench that he should take it on himself to condemn those who enjoyed the
+very same light which he claims for himself? And why should we not then
+rather believe that as these holy men had, on his own showing, the spirit
+of God, Dr. Trench, in condemning their doctrine does in truth condemn
+what is the doctrine of the Church of the Holy Spirit.
+
+The theory is therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds it is
+false. Such as it is, however, the conclusions we may draw from it are of
+great importance.
+
+1. Dr. Trench declares that, both by omitting and by thinning, he has
+carefully removed from his selection, all doctrine implying
+transubstantiation, the cultus of the Blessed Virgin, the invocation of
+saints, and the veneration of the cross. Now, as the great bulk of the
+poems he publishes belong to the middle ages, strictly so called, it
+follows, on Dr. Trench's authority, that these doctrines of the Roman
+Catholic Church were held long before the Reformation, and that the Church
+was already in possession when Luther came.
+
+2. Since he tells us (page vi) that he has counted inadmissible poems
+which breathe a spirit foreign to that tone of piety which the English
+Church desires to cherish in her children, it follows that the spirit of
+piety in the Church of old is not the same as that in the present Church
+of England. Now in such cases the presumption is against novelty.
+
+3. Dr. Trench (page vii) reminds his readers that it is unfair to try the
+theological language of the middle ages by the greater strictness and
+accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle, of the Reformation. A man who
+holds a doctrine _implicitly_ and in a confused manner, is likely to use
+words which he would correct if the doctrine were put before him in
+accurate form. This is a sound principle, and one constantly employed by
+Catholic theologians, when they have to deal with an objection urged by
+Protestants from some obscure or equivocal passage of a Father. It is
+satisfactory to be able for the future to claim for its use the high
+authority of Dr. Trench.
+
+4. A special assistance of the Holy Spirit is claimed for all those who
+humbly and earnestly invoke him. This assistance is to enable those
+blessed with it to distinguish between error and divine truth. Is this
+happy privilege to be exercised either independently, without the
+direction of the ministers of the Church, or is it one of the graces
+peculiar to the pastoral office? In the former case, every fanatical
+sectary may judge in matters of religion as securely as if he had the
+whole world on his side. In the latter case, it would be interesting to
+know how much does this privilege differ from the infallibility claimed by
+the Catholic Church.
+
+5. Finally, the contradictions inherent to the whole theory are most
+clearly to be seen in the following passage about the noble lines which
+Hildebert, Archbishop of Tours, in the beginning of the twelfth century,
+places on the lip of the city of Rome:
+
+
+    "I have not inserted these lines", says Dr. Trench, "in the body
+    of this collection, lest I might seem to claim for them that
+    entire sympathy which I am very far from doing. Yet, believing as
+    we may, and, to give any meaning to a large period of Church
+    history, we must, that Papal Rome of the middle ages had a work of
+    God to accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world, in
+    the midst of which she often lifted up the only voice which was
+    anywhere heard in behalf of righteousness and truth--all of which
+    we may believe, with the fullest sense that her dominion was an
+    unrighteous usurpation, however overruled for good to Christendom,
+    which could then take no higher blessing--believing this, we may
+    freely admire these lines, so nobly telling of that true strength
+    of spiritual power, which may be perfected in the utmost weakness
+    of all other power. It is the city of Rome which speaks:
+
+    Dum simulacra mihi, dum numina vana placerent,
+      Militia, populo, moenibus alts fui:
+    At simul effigies, arasque superstitiosas
+      Dejiciens, uni sum famulata Deo;
+    Cesserunt arces, cecidere palatia divum,
+      Servivit populis, degeneravit eques.
+    Vix scio quae fuerim: vix Romae Roma recordor;
+      Vix sinit occasus vel meminisse mei.
+    Gratior haec jactura mihi successibus illis,
+      Major sum pauper divite, stante jacens.
+    Plus aquilis vexilla crucis, plus Caesare Petrus,
+      Plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme dedit.
+    Stans domui terras; infernum diruta pulso;
+      Corpora stans, animas fracta jacensque rego.
+    Tunc miserae plebi, nunc principibus tenebrarum
+      Impero; tunc urbes, nunc mea regna polus.
+    Quod ne Caesaribus videar debere vel armis,
+      Et species rerum meque meosque trahat,
+    Armorum vis illa perit, ruit alta Senatus
+      Gloria, procumbunt templa, theatra jacent.
+    Rostra vacant, edicta silent, sua praemia desunt
+      Emeritis, populo jura, colonus agris.
+    Ista jacent, ne forte meus spem ponat in illis
+      Civis, et evacuet spemque bonumque crucis.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MSS. REMAINS OF PROFESSOR O'CURRY IN THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY. NO. II.
+
+
+_Prayer of St. Aireran the Wise, ob._. 664.
+
+
+    [In the first number of the RECORD we published from the
+    manuscripts of the late Professor O'Curry the Prayer of St. Colga
+    of Clonmacnoise. We now publish another beautiful devotional piece
+    from the same collection.
+
+    Speaking of ancient Irish religious works now remaining, O'Curry
+    says (at page 378 of his great work): "The fifth class of these
+    religious remains consists of the prayers, invocations, and
+    litanies, which have came down to us". The Prayer of St. Colga,
+    published in our last number, is placed by O'Curry in the second
+    place among these documents, which he sets down in chronological
+    order.
+
+    "The first piece of this class (adopting the chronological order)
+    is the prayer of St. _Aireran_ the Wise (often called _Aileran_,
+    _Eleran_, and _Airenan_), who was a classical professor in the
+    great school of Clonard, and died of the plague in the year 664.
+    St. Aireran's prayer or litany is addressed, respectively, to God
+    the Father, to God the Son, and to God the Holy Spirit, invoking
+    them for mercy by various titles indicative of their power, glory,
+    and attributes. The prayer consists of five invocations to the
+    Father, eighteen invocations to the Son, and five to the Holy
+    Spirit; and commences in Latin thus: 'O Deus Pater, Omnipotens
+    Deus, exerci misericordiam nobis'. This is followed by the same
+    Invocation in the Gaedhlic; and the petitions to the end are
+    continued in the same language. The invocation of the Son begins
+    thus: 'Have mercy on us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son Of
+    the living God! O Son, born twice! O only born of God the Father'.
+    The petition to the Holy Spirit begins: 'Have mercy on us, O
+    Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit the noblest of all spirits!'
+    (See original in APPENDIX, No. CXX.)
+
+    "When I first discovered this prayer in the _Leabhar Buidhe
+    Lecain_ (or Yellow Book of _Lecain_), in the library of Trinity
+    College, many years ago, I had no means of ascertaining or fixing
+    its date; but in my subsequent readings in the same library, for
+    my collection of ancient glossaries, I met the word _Oirchis_ set
+    down with explanation and illustration, as follows:
+
+    " '_Oirchis_, id est, Mercy; as it is said in the prayers of
+    Arinan the Wise':--Have mercy on us, O God the Father Almighty!"
+    See original in APPENDIX, No. CXXI.
+
+    "I think it is unnecessary to say more on the identity of the
+    author of this prayer with the distinguished _Aireran_ of Clonard.
+    Nor is this the only specimen of his devout works that has come
+    down to us. Fleming, in his Collecta Sacra, has published a
+    fragment of a Latin tract discovered in the ancient monastery of
+    St. Gall in Switzerland, which is entitled 'The Mystical
+    Interpretation of the Ancestry of our Lord Jesus Christ'. A
+    perfect copy of this curious tract, and one of high antiquity,
+    has, I believe, been lately discovered on the continent.
+
+    "There was another _Airenan_, also called 'the wise', who was
+    abbot of _Tamhlacht_ [Tallaght] in the latter part of the ninth
+    century; but he has not been distinguished as an author, as far as
+    we know".
+
+    It seems to us that there are three things specially worthy of our
+    consideration in this beautiful prayer.
+
+    In the first place, we find in it an explicit and most clear
+    declaration of the Catholic Faith regarding the Blessed Trinity,
+    especially the distinction of three persons, and the Divinity of
+    each of these Divine Persons. "O God the Father Almighty, O God of
+    Hosts, help us! Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! Help us,
+    O Almighty God, O Holy Spirit!"
+
+    We are in the next place struck by the extraordinary familiarity
+    with the Holy Scripture which the writer evinces. There is
+    scarcely one of the epithets which is not found in the sacred
+    pages, almost in the precise words used by him, beginning with the
+    first words, addressed to the Eternal Father, "O God of Hosts",
+    the _Deus Sabaoth_ of the Prophets, and going on to the last
+    invocation of the Holy Ghost, "Spirit of love", which comprises in
+    itself the two inspired phrases: "_Spiritus est Deus_", and "_Deus
+    Charitas est_". We may also remark the coincidence between Saint
+    Aireran and the liturgical prayers of the Church, especially in
+    the invocations of the Holy Ghost found in the office of
+    Whitsuntide and in the administration of the Sacrament of
+    Confirmation, "_Tu septiformis munere: Digitus Paternae
+    dexterae_". "O Finger of God! O Spirit of Seven Forms".
+
+    In fine, we find our Irish saint applying to the Son of God the
+    vision of the Prophet Ezechiel regarding the four mysterious
+    animals: "O true Man! O Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle!" The prophecy
+    is commonly interpreted of the Four Evangelists. Saint Augustine
+    and Saint Jerome are quoted as authorities for this
+    interpretation. But it is worthy of remark, that Saint Gregory the
+    Great, whilst giving the same interpretation, applies the
+    mysterious vision also to God the Son.(2) And Saint Aireran, by
+    adopting this opinion, seems to afford us another proof of the
+    great familiarity of our Irish scholars with the writings of the
+    great Pontiff and Father of the Church. And this familiarity is
+    rendered still more remarkable, and serves to give another proof
+    of the constant communication between Rome and Ireland, from the
+    close proximity of the times of our Saint and of Saint Gregory.]
+
+
+O Deus Pater omnipotens Deus exerce tuam misericordiam nobis!
+
+O God the Father Almighty! O God of Hosts, help us.
+
+O illustrious God! O Lord of the world! O Creator of all creatures, help
+us.
+
+O indescribable God! O Creator of all creatures, help us.
+
+O invisible God! O incorporeal God! O unseen God! O unimaginable God! O
+patient God! O uncorrupted God! O unchangeable God! O eternal God! O
+perfect God! O merciful God! O admirable God! O Golden Goodness! O
+Heavenly Father, who art in Heaven, help us.
+
+Help us, O Almighty God! O Jesus Christ! O Son of the living God! O Son
+twice born! O only begotten of the Father! O first-born of Mary the
+Virgin! O Son of David! O Son of Abraham, beginning of all things! O End
+of the World! O Word of God! O Jewel of the Heavenly Kingdom! O Life of
+all (things)! O Eternal Truth! O Image, O Likeness, O Form of God the
+Father! O Arm of God! O Hand of God! O Strength of God! O right (hand) of
+God! O true Wisdom! O true Light, which enlightens all men! O Light-giver!
+O Sun of Righteousness! O Star of the Morning! O Lustre of the Divinity! O
+Sheen of the Eternal Light! O Fountain of immortal Life! O Pacificator
+between God and Man! O Foretold of the Church! O Faithful Shepherd of the
+flock! O Hope of the Faithful! O Angel of the Great Council! O True
+Prophet! O True Apostle! O True Preacher! O Master! O Friend of Souls
+(Spiritual Director)! O Thou of the shining hair! O Immortal Food! O Tree
+of Life! O Righteous of Heaven! O Wand from the Stem of Moses! O King of
+Israel! O Saviour! O Door of Life! O Splendid Flower of the Plain! O
+Corner-stone! O Heavenly Zion! O Foundation of the Faith! O Spotless Lamb!
+O Diadem! O Gentle Sheep! O Redeemer of mankind! O true God! O True Man! O
+Lion! O young Ox! O Eagle! O Crucified Christ! O Judge of the Judgment
+Day! help us.
+
+Help us, O Almighty God! O Holy Spirit! O Spirit more noble than all
+Spirits! O Finger of God! O Guardian of the Christians! O Protector of the
+Distressed! O Co-partner of the True Wisdom! O Author of the Holy
+Scripture! O Spirit of Righteousness! O Spirit of Seven Forms! O Spirit of
+the Intellect! O Spirit of the Counsel! O Spirit of Fortitude! O Spirit of
+Knowledge! O Spirit of Love! help us.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE.(3)
+
+
+That God knows and governs all things--that whatever happens is either done
+or permitted by him, and that he proposes to himself wise and beneficent
+ends in all he does or permits--are truths which lie at the foundation of
+all religion. The wicked may refuse to obey his commands, but they cannot
+withdraw themselves from the reach of his power. While their wickedness is
+entirely their own, _God_ makes them, however unwilling or unconscious,
+instruments to work out his ends.
+
+It is thus that individuals and nations have each a peculiar destiny. Not
+that there is a blind fate, such as Pagans imagined; but that an
+all-seeing and all-governing God proposes to himself certain objects,
+which he is determined to attain, despite the perversity of man.
+
+To learn the purposes of God in the development of human events, to trace
+his hand in the complicated movements of society, to see him overruling
+and directing all to his own great ends, is one of the most sublime
+objects to which the study of history can be applied. Frequently, indeed,
+we may be unable fully to comprehend the designs of his providence in the
+moral, as in the physical world. Fancy, or pride, may easily have a great
+part in suggesting our theories. But, if we confine ourselves to certain
+facts and undoubted principles, we can often trace the design in both
+orders, and admire in it the wisdom, the power, the goodness--all the
+attributes of God. Nay, all these shine more brightly in the moral than in
+the physical order.
+
+The history of his chosen people is an example of this. We find empires
+rising and falling, at one time to punish, at another time to try, at
+another to deliver his people. The good and the wicked, the weak and the
+strong, become in turn his instruments. The whole history of that people
+is but a record of the acts of his overruling providence, directing all
+things to the accomplishment of the designs which he had announced.
+
+This is, indeed, so evident in this case that it may not be considered a
+fair instance to prove my general position. For it is admitted that God's
+providence over the Jewish race was quite extraordinary. Still, it proves
+that God does so intervene in human affairs, and it illustrates many of
+the principles that must be kept in view in these investigations. It
+shows, for example, that many, unconscious of the fact--nay, with quite
+another object in view, acting perhaps from avarice, hatred, or ambition,
+are yet instruments in the hand of God for the accomplishment of his wise
+purposes. It shows how things, and persons, considered as of little or of
+no value, according to human views, may, in reality, be the pivots on
+which the destinies of vast empires turn, connected, as they may be, with
+the accomplishment of purposes which weigh more in the scales of Heaven
+than the mere temporal condition of all the empires of the Earth.
+
+It is in this view that many Christian writers assert that the Roman
+empire obtained universal sway, that civilized nations being thus brought
+closely together, an easier way might be prepared for the spread of the
+Gospel. The generals and statesmen of Rome had no doubt a very low idea of
+the poor fishermen of Galilee, and of the tentmaker of Tharsus. It may be
+safely presumed that they did not even allow their names to divert their
+thoughts, for a moment, from the grand projects of conquest and government
+by which they were engrossed. Yet, in the designs of God, it was, most
+probably, to prepare a way for the work of those fishermen, and of that
+tentmaker, and their associates, that wisdom had been vouchsafed to their
+counsels and victory to their arms.
+
+The endless invasions of the Roman empire by northern tribes is another
+instance of whole races being used by God for his own purposes, without
+their having any idea of the work in which they were employed. They came
+to punish those who had revelled in the blood of the saints, and to supply
+fresh material for the great work of the Church of God.
+
+Towards the close of the fifteenth century, an Italian sailor, led by some
+astronomical observations and some half understood, or rather
+misunderstood, tales of ancient travellers, to believe that there must be
+another continent far away beyond the western waters, wandered from court
+to court, in Europe, in search of means to fit up an expedition to
+discover it, and he finally succeeded in making known a new world. It
+requires little faith in divine Providence to believe that it was God who
+was impelling him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of the
+ancient world, which were then about being developed on a gigantic scale,
+and, still more, to prepare a field for a more extensive spread of the
+Gospel, in which the Church might repair the losses she was about to
+sustain in the religious convulsions impending in Europe.
+
+Numberless similar instances might be quoted. These designs of God are
+sometimes manifest, sometimes hidden; sometimes they are far-reaching,
+sometimes limited. Ignorance and pride may mistake or pervert them. But
+they always prevail; they are always worthy of their Author; and let me
+add, that the salvation of men being the object most highly prized by God,
+it is not only rightfully considered the most noble, but it is that to
+which his other works may be justly accounted subordinate.
+
+It is under the light of these principles that I undertake an
+investigation of the purposes of God regarding the Irish race. These
+purposes seem to me no longer matter of speculation; they may be
+pronounced manifest; for they are written in unmistakable characters in
+the development of events.
+
+The history of Ireland is, in many respects, peculiar. Few nations
+received the faith so readily, and no other preserved it amidst similar
+struggles. St. Patrick first announced the Gospel to the assembled states
+of the realm at Tara. He received permission to preach it, unmolested,
+throughout the length and breadth of the land. By his indomitable zeal and
+heroic virtue, he succeeded in winning over the natives so effectually,
+that at his death few pagans remained in Ireland. Not a drop of blood was
+shed when Christianity was first announced. Heroism was displayed only by
+the exalted virtues of the Apostle and of the neophytes. Nowhere else did
+the Gospel take root so quickly and so firmly, and produce fruits so
+immediate and so abundant. Catholic Ireland soon became the home of the
+saints and sages of the Christian world. To many of the nations of the
+continent her apostles went forth, charged with the embassy of eternal
+truth. In every realm of Europe her children established sanctuaries of
+piety and learning; and to her own hospitable shores the natives of other
+lands flocked to receive education, and even support, from her gratuitous
+bounty. Homes of virtue dotted her hills and valleys; and thus were laid
+deep the roots of that strong attachment to the faith, which, later, was
+to be exposed to trials the most severe.
+
+We thus find God preparing Ireland for a future, then hidden to all but
+Himself. For the day of trial came at last. She was reposing in peace,
+under the shadow of the Gospel, when the barbaric invasion, that swept
+before it every vestige of learning and religion in many parts of Europe,
+reached her shores. Ireland was the only country that rolled back its
+wave. But she did this at the cost of her life's blood. For two centuries
+the Dane trampled her sons under foot. His cruelties yet re-echo in the
+national traditions. But the Irish race at last arose in its might, and
+drove the barbarian from its shores. The churches of the country had been
+pillaged, its monasteries plundered, its institutions of learning
+destroyed--everything that the sword could smite, or fire consume, had
+perished; but the Irish race came out of the ordeal preserving its own
+integrity, and the jewel which it prized above all else--its glorious
+faith.
+
+Not long after this deliverance, and before Ireland had succeeded in
+obliterating the traces of Danish cruelty, another invader set his foot on
+her shores. Availing himself of the discords naturally arising from the
+disorganized state of society, he succeeded in gaining a foothold. By
+fanning these discords, he kept possession and gained strength. The rule
+of the Saxon became thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the
+oppression of the Dane. To the hatred, which is generally greater in the
+oppressor than in the oppressed, were added, in time, religious fanaticism
+and the desire of plunder, which became its associate and assumed its
+garb. The _mere_ Irishman, who was hated under any circumstances on
+account of his race, was now hunted in his own country as if he were a
+wild beast. The property of the Catholic people was confiscated, and most
+stringent laws were enacted to prevent its renewed acquisitions. Priests,
+wherever found, were put to death, and the severest penalties were
+inflicted on those who would harbour any that escaped detection.
+Extermination by fire and sword was ordered in so many words, and was
+attempted. When this failed, a system of penal laws was established, which
+were in full force until lately, and which a Protestant writer of
+deservedly high repute (Burke) calls a "machine of wise and elaborate
+contrivance, and as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment, and
+degradation of a people, and the debasement in them of human nature
+itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man". Upon the
+partial abandonment of this form of oppression, a system of proselytism
+was adopted, and is yet in full vigour (for it has become an institution,
+and the best supported institution in Ireland), which, by bribes to the
+high and the low, appeals to every base instinct to draw men away from the
+faith.
+
+Yet neither confiscation of property, nor famine, nor disgrace, nor death
+in its most hideous forms, could make Ireland waver in that faith which
+our forefathers received from St. Patrick. There were, of course, from
+time to time, and there are, a few exceptions. Did not these occur, the
+Irish must have been more than men. But, as a general rule, the places
+that could not be procured or retained, except by apostacy, were resigned.
+The rich allowed their property to be torn from them, and they willingly
+became poor; the poor bore hunger and all other consequences of wretched
+poverty; and though every Earthly good was arrayed temptingly before them,
+they scorned to purchase comfort at the price of apostacy. During the four
+years from 1846 to 1850, nearly two millions either perished from hunger
+or its attendant pestilence, or were forced to leave their native land to
+escape both. In the midst of the dead and the dying, proselytisers showed
+themselves everywhere, well provided with food and money, and Bibles, and
+every one of the sufferers felt, and was made to feel, that all his
+sufferings might have been spared had he been willing to barter his faith
+for bread. Yet the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence, or fly
+from their native land; but they would not eat the bread of apostacy. They
+died, or they fled; but they clung to their faith.
+
+In vain, I think, will history be searched for another example of such
+vast numbers, generation after generation, calmly, silently facing an
+unhonoured death, without any support on earth but the approving voice of
+conscience.
+
+This fidelity can be predicated with truth of the whole Irish race,
+notwithstanding the numbers of those in Ireland who are not Catholics. For
+these, besides being a minority of the inhabitants, are but an exotic,
+planted in Ireland by the sword. They were imported, being already, and
+because they were, of another faith, for the purpose of supplanting that
+of the inhabitants. Many of them adopted the faith of the old race, so
+that the names that indicate their origin are not a certain test of their
+religion. But so steadily has the old stock adhered to its faith, that an
+Irish "O", or "Mac", or any other old Celtic name, is almost sure to
+designate a Catholic. Indeed, such names are usually called "Catholic
+names". Whenever an exception is found, it is so rare an occurrence that
+the party is considered a renegade from his race as well as from his
+religion.
+
+It would, however, be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves that this
+stability in the faith is the result of anything peculiar in the Irish
+nature, but it would be, I may say, a blasphemy to assert it. God alone
+can preserve any one in the paths of truth and virtue; how much more must
+we attribute to Him the fidelity of a whole race, under the trying
+circumstances here enumerated?
+
+Such grace may have been given, as many believe, in reward of the
+readiness and the fulness with which our ancestors first received the
+faith of the Gospel, and it is hoped that God will to the end grant the
+same grace of fidelity to their descendants. Our great Apostle is said to
+have asked this favour from God for the nation which so readily responded
+to his call. Let us unite our prayers with his, and, like Solomon, ask for
+our race not riches, nor power, but true wisdom, which is, above all and
+before all, allegiance to the true faith. This was the prayer, no doubt,
+which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured out. They themselves
+sacrificed property and liberty; they gave up everything that man could
+take away, that they might preserve this precious jewel. They believed
+that in doing this they were following the dictates of true wisdom, and,
+in their fondest love for their remotest posterity, they wished and prayed
+that similar wisdom might be displayed by them. May their prayer be heard
+to the end.
+
+This prayer has been heard, or at least this grace has been granted, up to
+the present. When the sons of Ireland on this day return in thought to the
+homes of their fathers, they may indeed look back upon a land inferior to
+many in the elements of material greatness. They may behold her castles
+and rich domains in the possession of the stranger. They may view the
+masses of their race with scarcely a foothold in the land of their
+fathers, liable to be ejected from the farm, and driven out on the public
+highways, and from the highways into the crowded town, and from the hovels
+of the crowded town into the poorhouse, and even at the poorhouse denied
+the right of admission. But amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell
+in the old land--in spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments, and
+heartless and tyrannical landlords, and hypocritical proselytizers--in
+spite of open violence and covert bribes, their undying attachment to the
+faith remains unaltered, unshaken--a monument of national virtue more
+honourable than any which wealth or power could erect, or flattery devise.
+
+But all this is a grace, a great grace of God. It reveals a purpose of
+Heaven more bountiful in regard to this people than if he had raised them
+to the highest place in material power amongst the nations of the Earth.
+
+Temporal prosperity, in its various forms, though a favour from God, is
+not his most precious blessing. He himself selected the way of the Cross.
+In abjection and suffering he came into the world; he lived in it despised
+and persecuted, he died amidst excruciating torments. To those whom he
+loved in a special manner, he says, "Can you drink the chalice which I am
+to drink, and be baptized with the baptism with which I shall be
+baptized?" and when they reply, they can, the promise that this shall be
+fulfilled, his leading them to follow him in the way of the Cross, his
+calling them to suffer for righteousness, is the best pledge of his
+greatest love.
+
+This grace he has given to Ireland. Her children have received and
+accepted the call; they have reaped the reward. Indeed, I have found the
+opinion entertained by many clergymen of extensive experience, that there
+is not probably a people on this Earth of whom more, in proportion to
+their number, leave this world with well grounded hopes of a happy
+eternity. They do not, it is true, display a boastful assurance that they
+are about to ascend at once into Heaven. But vast masses serve God with
+humble fidelity in life, and, at death, acknowledging and sorry for their
+sins, doing all they can to comply with his requirements, they throw
+themselves, with resignation to his will, into the arms of his mercy.
+
+Were nothing else apparent in the purposes of God, we might stop here. We
+would find a great and worthy object for all that Ireland has suffered,
+and cause to thank the Almighty Ruler for having given her the grace to
+suffer in union with and for the sake of his Son.
+
+But God's graces are often given for ulterior purposes; and it may be
+asked whether the extraordinary preservation of this nation's faith has
+not another object in his wise and merciful counsels.
+
+It appears to me that this is now clear in the case of Ireland. But, to
+understand it properly, we must reflect more closely on her connection
+with England, and on the condition of this latter country.
+
+In the sixteenth century England abandoned the faith to which she had
+adhered for a thousand years. Her apostacy, though consummated by degrees,
+may be said to have become at last complete. The blood of her best sons
+flowed at Tyburn. The priests that were not of the number were banished,
+or forced to seek safety in hiding places. The same price was put on the
+head of a priest as on that of a wolf. The property of Catholics was
+confiscated, their children were taken from them, and educated in the
+religion of the establishment. These and analogous measures produced their
+effect at last. Were it not for these things, a great part of that nation,
+if not a majority, would be Catholic to-day. Though they desired no share
+in the plunder of the Church, and had no fancy for the new theories of the
+Reformers, they were weak enough to yield to a pressure, under which
+compromise first, and then apostacy, afforded the only means of escaping
+confiscation and the loss of every social advantage, frequently the only
+means of escaping death. The old faith stamped, indeed, its mark on the
+institutions of the kingdom in a manner that could not be blotted out. It
+left its memorials everywhere throughout the land. The noble universities,
+the gorgeous cathedrals, and the splendid ruins scattered over the surface
+of the country, are witnesses of its departed power; but it is itself
+effectually blotted out from the hearts of the people. Though the most
+noble kings and princes of the land had delighted in honouring
+Catholicity, though England had sent her apostles and her saints into many
+a clime, though her hills and valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the
+sweet songs of Catholic devotion, her people now know nothing more hateful
+than the faith under the auspices of which their fathers were civilized.
+They nickname it "Popery", and the name expresses that which is to them
+most hateful.
+
+Yet this England, this Catholic-hating England, has become one of the
+greatest nations of the Earth in the material order. Her fleets are
+mirrored in every sea; her banner floats on every continent. It has been
+truly said that the sound of her drums, calling her soldiers from slumber,
+goes before and greets the rising sun in its circuit around the globe.
+
+But what is most remarkable, and certainly not without some great purpose
+in the order of divine Providence, England has become in our day the great
+hive from which colonies go out to people islands and continents in
+distant parts of the world; lands which were before vast wastes, tenanted
+only by the wild beast, or by the savage scarcely less ferocious. Indeed,
+she is the only nation in our day that seems to have received such a
+mission.
+
+And is it then to an apostate nation exclusively that God has given the
+mission to fill up these wastes? Is it a corrupted faith only which is to
+be borne to these savage nations, and to be planted in those vast regions,
+which God has made known to civilized man in these latter days? Were this
+the case, we might tremble, though we should adore it as one of the
+inscrutable judgments of God, dealing with nations in his _great_ wrath.
+
+But is such the fact? It would indeed be the fact were it not for faithful
+Ireland. But, united as England is with Ireland, the result is quite
+otherwise. The very ambition and desire for gain which impel England to
+extend her power and plant her colonies in the most distant countries of
+the globe, become the instruments for carrying also the undying faith of
+Ireland to the regions which England has conquered.
+
+Saul went to seek Samuel, thinking only of finding his father's asses. God
+was sending him to be anointed king over his people. England sends her
+ships all over the world, thinking only of markets for the produce of her
+forges and her looms. God is sending her that she may spread everywhere
+the faith of the Irish people.
+
+Under the "Union Jack", on which the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew
+are blended, but so blended as to prevent any Christian symbol being
+recognized (a fit emblem of the effect of the union of jarring sects, each
+professing to proclaim Christianity, but between them only obscuring and
+obstructing it)--the Irishman, too, is borne to the distant colony. He
+goes, probably, before the mast or in the forecastle, but he bears with
+him the true faith; and when he lands he hastens to raise its symbol. This
+may be at first over a rude chapel. But it is a signal to other
+way-farers, and they gather under its shade to offer up the sacred
+mysteries. As soon as his means permit, even before he can build a good
+dwelling for himself, he takes care that the house of God be, in every
+possible degree, worthy of its sacred character. And so the Church creeps
+on and grows, and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the
+offering of the Adorable Sacrifice and the announcement of the true faith.
+
+The Irishman, generally speaking, did not leave home through ambition, or
+for conquest. He departed with sorrow from the shade of that hawthorn
+around which the dearest memories of childhood clustered. He would have
+remained content with the humble lot of his father had he been allowed to
+dwell there in peace. But the bailiff came, and, to make wider pastures
+for sheep and bullocks, his humble cottage was levelled, and he himself
+sent to wander through the world in search of a home. But in his
+wanderings he carries his faith with him, and he becomes the means of
+spreading everywhere the true Church of God.
+
+It is thus that the tempest, which seems but to destroy the flower,
+catches up its seeds and scatters them far and near, and these seeds
+produce other flowers as beautiful as that from which they were torn, so
+that some fair spot of the prairie, when despoiled of its loveliness, but
+affords the means of covering the vast expanse with new and variegated
+beauties.
+
+It is thus that the famine, and the pestilence, and the inhuman evictions
+of Irish landlords, have spread the faith of Christ far and near, and
+planted it in new colonies, which, when they shall have grown out of their
+tutelage, will look back to the departed power of England and the undying
+faith of Ireland as, in the hands of Providence, the combined causes of
+their greatness and their orthodoxy. Macaulay's traveller from New
+Zealand, who will, on some future day, "from a broken arch of London
+Bridge, take a sketch of the ruins of St. Paul's", may be some Irish "O'"
+or "Mac" on a pilgrimage to the Eternal City, who passes that way--having
+first landed on the shores from which his ancestors were driven by the
+"crowbar brigade", and visited with reverence the hallowed graves under
+whose humble sod lie the bones of his martyred forefathers.
+
+It is thus that the Catholic faith is being planted in the British
+colonies of North America; it is thus it is carried to India, and to
+Australia, and to the islands of the South Sea. Thus are laid the
+foundations of flourishing churches, which promise, at no distant day, to
+renew, and even to surpass, the work done by Ireland in the palmiest days
+of faith, when her sons planted the Cross, and caused Christ to be adored,
+as he wished to be adored, in the most distant regions of the earth.
+
+The magnitude of this work is not to be measured even by the importance of
+these transplanted churches at the present moment. The countries to which
+I have alluded are but in their infancy. We can see on this continent the
+rapid strides of such infant colonies. Within three quarters of a century
+this country has advanced in population from three to over thirty
+millions, and in most other elements of greatness in still grander
+proportions. If it continue to increase, as it has done regularly from the
+beginning, at the end of this century, or soon after, it will have a
+population of over one hundred millions--that is, as great as is now the
+population of France, and Spain, and Italy, and Great Britain combined. If
+this be expected in this country in forty years, what will the case be in
+one or two hundred, in this and so many others similarly situated?
+
+Australia starts with all the advantages of this country, and some
+peculiar to itself, and is following it with giant strides. It may
+overtake it before long, if not outstrip it. But the position of
+Catholicity there is very different from what it was at the commencement,
+or even at an advanced period, in the United States. The Catholics in
+Australia occupy a position of practical social equality with others. They
+will grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength of their
+adopted country, and have their fair share in its importance.
+
+England herself, from which the Catholic name was thought to have been
+almost blotted out, has been deeply affected by this exodus of Irish
+Catholics. In her cities, and towns, and hamlets, the Cross has been
+raised from the dust. At the side of the ancient monuments which remind
+England of her apostacy, humble spires rise in every part of the land, and
+tell that nation that the faith which they thought destroyed still lives,
+and is ready to admit them again to its wonted blessings. They stand
+there, and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of which they are
+the symbols--of that faith which reclaimed the fathers of that people from
+barbarism, and continued to be the faith of the land for a thousand years,
+and is yet a faith, and the only faith, in which men of every tongue and
+every clime are united. The English people see its unity and stability,
+while they are forced to witness the ever shifting and clashing forms of
+the religion that was substituted for it. For, in the name of the one
+Christ and the one Bible, altar is everywhere erected against altar,
+pulpit thunders against pulpit, the teaching of to-day is contradicted in
+the same pulpit on the morrow; yet each one proclaims his own device as
+the plain teaching of Scripture.
+
+This confronting of unity with confusion, of steady adherence to truth
+with the ever varying shifts of error, of the mild but bright glory of an
+everlasting Church with the frivolities of the proudest inventions of men,
+is a grace, and a great grace, which God grants. It is a grace for the use
+of which that people will give strict account. And oh! may that use be,
+that they will make it fructify to their salvation. For while we
+appreciate the blessings granted to ourselves, we have no other feeling in
+their regard than a wish that they, too, may share in these blessings, and
+be like unto us in everything "except these chains".
+
+But whether well used or abused, whether unto "the ruin" or "salvation" of
+many in that country, this grace is given chiefly through the Irish
+emigration.
+
+I am not unaware of, nor do I undervalue, the importance of the faithful
+remnant that has in England steadfastly continued in the faith once
+delivered to the saints, nor of the accession made to their numbers by the
+conversion of so many noble souls, to whom God gave light and strength to
+overcome the many difficulties that would have fain prevented their
+following that light. But of both we might not inaptly ask, "What are
+these amongst so many?" They are like those few tints that gild the skies
+here and there, when the sun's light has all but departed; or like those
+stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens--bright, indeed, and
+beautiful--but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines of the
+heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon. They make us feel only
+more sensibly, and keep fresh in our memory, the loss of the sun that has
+set.
+
+It is the Irish emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes who
+flock around English altars, that has made churches and schools spring up,
+that has finally called for the restoration of a numerous hierarchy; and,
+as if to mark this fact, and point out the great part that Ireland had in
+restoring Catholic life to England, God has so arranged it that the first
+head and brightest ornament of that new hierarchy should be the son of
+Irish emigrants; for such is the great and illustrious Cardinal Wiseman.
+
+And even in these United States, let people say what they please, has not
+the Irish race held the first place in planting the cross throughout the
+length and breadth of the land?
+
+In this, and wherever else I speak of the Irish race, I do not, of course,
+confine myself to those born in Ireland. The work which a race is called
+to do is to be done by those who now live, and by their children and their
+children's children, wherever they happen to be born. Indeed, it would be
+a contradiction in terms to consider the father and son, wherever born, as
+belonging to different races. Be it for weal or for woe, be it unto honour
+or unto shame, the fathers cannot disown the children nor the children the
+fathers. If it depended on feeling or wishes, I, for one, would be very
+glad to dissolve connection with any one who insists that he owes nothing
+to the race that gave him a father or a mother. I would readily leave such
+a one to his proud claim of owning no paternity but the land on which he
+vegetates, and I only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit
+or advantage. He who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that begot
+him, or the mother that gave him suck, is not a prize worth contending
+for. But whatever we or he may wish, whatever be the results to us or to
+him, he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone. What God has united,
+neither he nor we can put asunder.
+
+It is not that we should form separate classes or castes, or that we claim
+other rights or privileges, or have other duties than those of other
+races; but the one to which each man belongs has been fixed by the
+Almighty Provider in the very act of giving him being, and he who would
+fain conceal, or disown, or be ashamed of his race--that is, of the order
+of Providence to which he owes his existence--could succeed in nothing else
+but in proving himself unworthy the esteem of men of any race.
+
+I know and gratefully acknowledge the important services rendered to
+Catholicity in the United States by persons of other races. There was,
+first of all, the Maryland colony, with whose noble history that of few,
+if any, of the other colonies can compare. By their justice and humanity
+in treating with the native tribes, by similar justice and fair dealing
+with other colonists, of every religion and every race, by their domestic
+virtues and patriotic course, the men of that colony deserved and received
+a high place in the esteem of their countrymen and of the world.
+
+But their number is small, too small--indeed. Would that they were more.
+Were they all put together they would not form one average diocese of the
+forty-six now existing in this country.
+
+God has sent us many illustrious men from France, and Belgium, and Italy,
+who have occupied the foremost ranks in the ministry, whose heroic virtues
+and zealous works are even now as beacon lights to all who labour for
+God's glory. But as to the people from these countries, they are not many
+more than those from the Maryland stock. Germany has sent many of her
+hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their countrymen in
+building up the walls of the sanctuary. These are, indeed, a most
+important element, and are destined to become more and more important
+every day. They may yet exercise a greater influence on the destiny of the
+Church in this country than the Irish race. But so far, I think, no one
+will claim that they can be compared with it in numbers, or as to the
+results hitherto obtained. Of the converts in this country we may say the
+same thing as of those in England.
+
+Giving all, therefore, what belongs to them--for there is not, nor should
+there be here, any room for jealousy--I think it will be admitted that it
+is above all others to the sons of Ireland and to their children that the
+spread of Catholicity is due in this land. No matter who ministered at the
+altar (though there, too, the sons of Ireland have had their share), in
+the body of the church you will find that, in the majority of places, they
+constitute the bulk, and in many the whole of the congregation. Their hard
+earned dollars were foremost in supplying means to buy the lot and raise
+the building from which the Catholic faith is announced. The priest, no
+matter what his own nationality, was nowhere more confident of finding
+help and support than among the Irish emigrants or their children.
+Wherever a railway, or a canal, or a hive of industry invited their sturdy
+labour, the cross soon sprang up to bear witness to their generosity and
+their faith.
+
+Even the old Maryland colony, though consisting chiefly of English
+Catholics, seeking here a freedom of conscience denied them at home, had
+its Irish element, and that not the least noble in deeds nor the least
+conspicuous in virtue.
+
+When at the period of the Revolution the noblest men of this land stood
+together, shoulder to shoulder, and issued that Declaration of
+Independence to which they pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their
+sacred honours, it was a Catholic of the Irish race who affixed his
+signature for Maryland. In doing this he pledged an honour as pure, and a
+life as precious as any of the rest, but he staked a fortune equal to, if
+not greater than, that of all the others put together. When he signed his
+name, one standing by said, "There go some millions". Another remarked,
+"There are many Carrolls; he will not be known". He overheard the remark,
+and to avoid all misconception, wrote down in full, "_Charles Carroll, of
+Carrollton_".
+
+Yet this noble scion of the Irish race, for so many years the pride and
+the ornament of his native state, while fulfilling all the duties of an
+illustrious citizen, was not ashamed of the race from which he sprang.
+Instead of selecting amongst French _villes_ or English _parks_ or _towns_
+a name for his princely estate, he stamped on it a title with the good old
+Celtic ring. He called it after a property of one of his Irish ancestors,
+_Doughoregan Manor_, thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen that
+if they feel any pride in his name, they must associate him with a race
+which so many affect to despise.
+
+Let all the sons, and the sons of the sons, of Ireland be, like him,
+faithful to their duties as citizens, ready to sacrifice their all for
+their country, whether that all be little, or as great as was his vast
+wealth; just and respectful and charitable to men of all races and creeds,
+not anxious either to conceal or obtrude their own, but rather to live
+worthy of both; determined, in a word, faithfully to discharge all their
+civil and Christian duties, let them be earnest in elevating the one by
+greater fidelity to the other. Acting thus, they will imitate Charles
+Carroll, of Carrollton, and fulfil all I would wish them to do out of
+fidelity to their country, their religion, and their race.
+
+It was also one of the Maryland stock, but of this same Irish race--another
+Carroll--who was chosen the first bishop, and the founder of the hierarchy,
+of the young American Church; as if Providence here too wished to indicate
+from which race the chief strength of Catholicity was to be derived in
+this land.
+
+Would it be overstraining matters to say, that a hint of this was also
+given by Providence in the Irish name of the future metropolitan see of
+the United States--the first in time, and always to be the first in
+dignity? The word _Baltimore_ is an Irish word, and, through the founder
+of the colony, was derived from an Irish hamlet, which from the extreme
+south-west coast of Ireland, is looking, as it were, over the waters of
+the Atlantic to this continent for the full realization of its name. The
+word, in the Irish language, means "the town of the great house", and it
+was beyond the Atlantic that Baltimore, in becoming the chief see of a
+great church, has truly become "the town of the great house", for the
+church, or house at the head of which it stands, extends probably over a
+wider surface than any other church or churches amongst which any one
+bishop holds pre-eminence, excepting only the church governed by the Vicar
+of Jesus Christ, to whom is committed the care of _all_ the sheep and
+lambs of God's fold, that is, the whole of Christ's Church. In names,
+which God has given, or permitted to be given, he has frequently
+foreshadowed the destinies of individuals and races. Would it be
+superstitious to suppose that in the Irish name of this American
+ecclesiastical metropolis--the only important city in this country that has
+an Irish name--Providence pointed, on the one hand, to its future position
+in the Christian hierarchy, and on the other to the character of the chief
+portion of the family of that house or church?
+
+But, be this as it may, it was a scion of the Irish race who was the
+founder of the new American hierarchy. For some time he held the crozier
+alone. The whole country was his diocese. But he did not depart until he
+saw suffragans around him forming a regular hierarchy, that was destined
+to multiply and, mainly on Irish shoulders, carry, everywhere, the ark
+that would spread blessings throughout the land.
+
+The work that has thus been commenced is no doubt destined to prosper. It
+is not without a motive that in this country the lines are drawn, and the
+foundations laid by Providence for a noble church. Its beginnings (for we
+may say it is yet in its infancy) bear many of the marks of the process by
+which the work was effected, It is destined to grow, and may it grow,
+particularly in the mild beauty of Christian virtue, and win, by love, the
+homage of all the children of the land, that all may receive through it
+the graces of Heaven, and even their Earthly prosperity be consolidated
+and become the means of their acquiring higher blessings.
+
+But whatever be said of the United States, the Irish race is certainly
+almost alone in the work of diffusing Catholicity in the various other
+countries in which the English language is spoken.
+
+The sufferings of Ireland were, therefore, the means, and evidently
+intended by God as the means to preserve her in the faith, to give her its
+rewards in a high degree; and this preservation of her faith was as
+evidently intended to make her and her sons instruments in spreading that
+faith throughout the English-speaking world. This is, therefore, what I
+claim to be, in the counsels of God, the DESTINY OF THE IRISH RACE.
+
+Did we endeavour to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments, we
+might fear the delusions of fancy, but I think it is plainly written in
+the facts to which I have alluded, when looked at with faith in an
+overruling Providence. The diffusion of the true faith enters too closely,
+and is too primary a thing in the designs of God, to suppose it for a
+moment to be the work of accident. It is his work first of all. Where it
+exists it exists because he so willed it. The instruments that effected it
+must be those which he has chosen and placed to the work with this very
+view. When, therefore, the results obtained, and those we see in the
+certain future, and the means by which they are obtained, are a matter of
+intuition, rather than of reasoning, the conclusion drawn seems to me to
+have all the force of demonstration, and in no way liable to be considered
+the product of fancy or of national pride.
+
+This interpretation of the facts of history will, by some, be considered a
+complicated theory, and therefore unworthy of God. But the simplicity of
+God's operations by no means excludes multiplicity and combination of
+agents in themselves most inadequate or discordant. Our inclination to
+exclude these, though we imagine the very contrary, is the result of the
+consciousness of our own weakness, which we would fain attribute to God.
+_We_ may, indeed, be overwhelmed, or at least embarrassed, by many
+instruments; and therefore we think it wise to avoid their use. But, it is
+as easy for God to use and direct many as few, or to produce results by
+his own immediate action. Nay, though sometimes he performs wonderful
+works in a moment, he is more often pleased to act through numerous and
+far-reaching instruments, which, at times, seem even to work in opposition
+to his designs, and by overruling and directing them, to prove that he is
+Ruler and Master over all things in action, as well as the Author of their
+being.
+
+By one word he made the Earth produce "every green herb" and "every
+fruit-tree yielding fruit according to its kind"; but he is now pleased to
+make the fertility of the earth, and the various ingredients of the air,
+and the heat and light of the sun, labour through a whole season to
+produce the flower, that for a few days wastes its fragrance on the
+meadow. At one time he sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads
+of the enemies of his people; at another he is pleased "to hiss for the
+fly, that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of Egypt, and for the
+bee that is in the land of Assyria" (_Is._, vii. 18), that they may come
+and be the instruments of his vengeance. At one time he rains down bread
+from Heaven to feed a whole multitude; at another, he sends his angel to
+take the prophet by the hair of his head from Judea, even unto Babylon,
+that he may supply food to his servant.
+
+It is not for us to prescribe ways to Providence, but to study His design
+in the events which we witness, and to bow down and adore his Power, his
+Wisdom, and his Goodness.
+
+To give power to an apostate and persecuting nation, and the grace of
+fidelity to another; to use and even to create the material resources of
+the first as the instrument of his design over the latter, may appear a
+circuitous course, but it is only another instance of that unity of
+purpose and multiplicity, variety and apparent incongruity of means, which
+we witness in almost all his works.
+
+When the people of God were carried away into captivity, "the priests took
+the fire from the altar, and hid it in a valley where there was a pit
+without water". There "they kept it safe", while the Gentile hosts reigned
+triumphant in the land. But "when many years had passed", and the people
+returned, they sought the fire, but found only "thick water". This they
+sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were prepared, and "when the sun
+shone out, which before was in a cloud, there was a great fire kindled so
+that all wondered". (II. _Mach._, i. 19, 22).
+
+An analogous phenomenon, methinks, has been presented in Ireland. That
+combination of frenzy and irreligion, which men have called "The
+Reformation", swept before it almost every vestige of faith from many of
+the northern countries of Europe, and seemed in a special manner to have
+enveloped in darkness the islands of the West. Men were like "raging waves
+of the sea, foaming out their own confusion", boasting of liberty and
+light, but treating the faithful with savage cruelty, and showing their
+own inability to hold fast any positive principles which they proclaimed
+as truth. The ancient faith of these islands, overwhelmed in the waters of
+tribulation, seemed hidden in the hearts of the Irish people, saddened by
+persecution and sufferings of every kind.
+
+But the day has come for pouring forth this water on nations. By their
+sufferings, the Irish race, driven into many lands, mingles with the
+progeny of its oppressors. The sun of God's grace, which seems under a
+cloud, is now shining forth, and a great fire is enkindled and is
+spreading its light and its heat far and near. The Church of God is
+everywhere showing itself again in its pristine beauty. English-speaking
+nations that were the ramparts of heresy, are beginning again to fall into
+the ranks of Catholic unity, and, as happened once before, the light of
+faith that took refuge in the most distant island of the West, is, from
+that sacred spot, sending forth its beams and gladdening the Church by
+giving her whole people as her children.
+
+So far we are led, I may say, by the mere logic of facts. Were we to
+indulge in speculation, but in a speculation quite in conformity with the
+beneficent designs of God, we might expect still more from these effects
+of the steadfastness of Ireland.
+
+Notwithstanding all the faults of England, the Catholic heart throughout
+the world has never lost its interest in that land, once so faithful.
+Other nations, once as Catholic, have been lost, and they are almost
+forgotten. The land where the Saviour Himself lived is, indeed, remembered
+on account of the sacred spots which he trod; but no hopes are entertained
+for the conversion of its people. The Churches planted by the Apostles
+have been destroyed. We cherish the memory of the holy confessors and
+martyrs who adorned them; but despair of their return to the truth is the
+only feeling in their regard that we can discover in the Catholic world.
+
+But in one way or another the Catholic heart seems never to have despaired
+of the return of England. Opinions and expectations which are, probably,
+nothing more than an expression of the intensity of this feeling, are
+everywhere to be met. They exist among the learned and the high, as well
+as amongst the humble children of the Church, and are found to be
+cherished in different lands. England, with her long catalogue of saints,
+seems to be considered, not as an outcast, on whom the sentence of
+spiritual death has been executed, but rather as the prodigal, who in a
+moment of thoughtlessness demanded, what he called his own share, and
+wandered from his father's house. The father is looking out, expecting
+every day to see the wayward one return, and is ever ready to kill the
+fatted calf, and to call on his friends and neighbours to rejoice and be
+merry, for "he that was dead is come to life again, and he that was lost
+is found".
+
+But, alas! there is much reason to fear that such joy is not to be
+expected. We know of no instance of a whole nation once fully and
+deliberately apostatising from the faith ever again returning. The grace
+of faith, if lost by individuals by formal apostacy, is seldom recovered.
+It has never yet been recovered by any nation that once enjoyed its full
+light, and deliberately abandoned it. It is not for us, to be sure, to
+place bounds to the mercies of God. Who knows but that in these latter
+ages God may do a work which he never did before? and, now that the Church
+has encircled the globe, and announced the Gospel to every nation under
+the sun, God may send her back on another mission more glorious than the
+first, showing forth his power in giving new life to fallen nations as he
+did before in converting those who knew not his name. His first work might
+be compared to that which he performed when he took the clay and breathed
+into it the breath of life; this, to his raising up the dead already
+mouldering in the tomb. But he has done both in the physical, and he may
+do both in the moral order.
+
+Without having recourse, however, to this extraordinary dispensation, the
+hope of which would be unwarranted by anything we have yet seen, may not
+the hopes to which I have alluded, and which could scarcely have existed
+without some influence of the divine Spouse of the Church, be realized in
+the conversion of the children, rather than in that of the mother? May not
+the expectations of the Catholic world be realized by a return of
+English-speaking brethren in the various colonies which the mother country
+has planted? May _they_ not receive the graces which the latter has cast
+away, and thus more than compensate the Church for the loss of that one
+island?
+
+Such results would be no anomaly in the experience of the Church. Several
+nations first learned Christianity under a heterodox form, and some of the
+most Catholic to-day are their descendants. Their errors were not their
+own faults, _as nations_, and God had pity upon them.
+
+We may say the same thing of this, and of several other countries, where
+great and independent peoples will be found one day as they now are here.
+This nation has never apostatised from Catholic truth, simply because it
+never possessed it _as a nation_. At its birth it was already entangled in
+the meshes of heterodoxy, and it found the Catholic Church in its midst,
+with few adherents. Yet, at its very birth, it struck off the shackles by
+which she was bound. Several circumstances, it is true, aided this course
+of justice. But, who will say that these existed otherwise than by God's
+Providence, and for the nation's benefit, as well as for ours? This course
+of justice, moreover, was adopted cordially and fully by the founders of
+the country's independence, and that at a time when the Church was so
+treated by few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims.
+Bigots, it is true, were not wanting, then, or since. But it is a great
+fact, that this nation, _as a nation_ and as a Government, has always,
+since its birth, treated God's Church with justice.
+
+A cup of cold water, given in the name of Christ, shall not be without its
+reward. Do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode of proceeding towards
+his Church shall have its reward from her Heavenly Spouse--that it will
+plead for this nation with the Divine Mercy, as the alms of Cornelius
+obtained for him the knowledge of Gospel truth and a share in its
+blessings? The grace of faith, with these blessings, is the greatest which
+God gives to man, nor is it the less valuable because it is not now
+appreciated or is even spurned. It is God's grace that gives a hunger for
+divine things, as it is by Him that the hungry are filled.
+
+Yes, I do not only desire, and send up the prayer, but I candidly avow the
+hope, that the light of faith is yet destined to shine brightly here, even
+amongst those who now look on it with contempt or hostility. In this I am
+strengthened by the desire for a knowledge of truth, which,
+notwithstanding the bigotry of many, is so widely spread. I am
+strengthened by the growth of the Church itself, which bears the marks of
+a higher purpose on the part of God than the mere preservation of those
+who came Catholics to our shores. I am strengthened by the very losses
+which the Church sustains in the falling away of many of her children. For
+surely God did not permit them to be driven hither by persecution that
+they might perish. He sent them forth to battle, in doing which, though
+many may be lost, he will grant victory to his own cause. I am
+strengthened by the very dangers by which we are surrounded; nor would my
+hope be shaken even if storms should impend. For it is according to the
+ways of God to reach his ends amidst contradictions.
+
+Let it not be said that the humble condition or the faults of many of the
+children of the Church, forbid such a hope as this. God's ways are not as
+our ways. It is not by the great or by the mighty that his truth is
+propagated. Flesh might otherwise glory in His sight, and men might say
+that, by their wisdom and their efforts was His kingdom established. So
+far from this being an objection, when other things inspire hope, the hope
+is strengthened by the humble form in which the Church presents itself.
+Our hope of its diffusion is better founded when we see it borne to our
+shores by humble labourers, than if it had come recommended exclusively by
+proud philosophers, cunning statesmen, or by men loaded with wealth.
+
+What we hope for this nation, we may hope with greater reason for the
+other nations yet reposing in their infancy, or growing in giant
+proportions under British rule. I say, with greater reason, because in
+most of these the foundations of Catholicity are laid even more deeply
+than they are here. While it would be a great thing for God's honour and
+glory, there is nothing to forbid the hope that these may one day be
+united in the true fold of the everlasting Church. The blood of Ireland
+and of England will mingle in their veins; and, while they will look back
+with shame on the apostacy of the sixteenth century, as a disgraceful
+chapter in the history of their forefathers, they will glory in the
+recollections of the saints and the heroes of religion who, for a thousand
+years, adorned both their mother countries. With feelings analogous to
+those with which we look back to the tyrants of the first centuries and
+their victims, they will set off the martyr heroes of one portion of their
+ancestors to the apostacy of the other, and the apostasy itself will be,
+in their history, but an episode proving how far human nature may stray,
+while their own conversion will be a standing monument of the power of the
+cross.
+
+If these hopes be realized, the Irish race and its sufferings will have
+been the instruments in the hands of God by which the grand result will be
+accomplished; but whether they be realized or not, the main point which I
+have endeavoured to dwell upon seems to me to be established beyond
+doubt--that is, that this race has been preserved by God in the true faith
+in an extraordinary manner, for the purpose of spreading that faith
+throughout the English-speaking nations which now exist, or which are
+coming into being.
+
+As Ireland owes the preservation of her faith to her being destined as the
+leaven of that mass, it is but assigning to God a purpose worthy of His
+goodness to say, that England owes her power to her mission to spread that
+leaven throughout so many vast regions. It will not, I presume, be
+considered rash to say that God, permitting her to acquire power, proposed
+to himself some higher object than that other nations should have cheap
+cotton or woollen fabrics, or that they should learn how to travel forty
+instead of four or ten miles an hour. In his goodness he designed that
+power for some purpose worthy of Heaven; and this purpose may be
+accomplished whether England herself will it or not, or even though she
+desire the very contrary. I have said before, that most learned and grave
+writers consider the Roman power to have been intended, in the counsels of
+God, to prepare a way for the diffusion of the Gospel. The rulers of Rome
+despised the Gospel and its heralds. Still Rome most probably owed to them
+her greatness, and but for this mission, she might have remained what she
+was in the beginning--an obscure village, a place of refuge for the thieves
+of the surrounding country. England may despise the Irish Catholic. Like
+Rome, she may look upon the professors of Catholicity as the great
+plague-spot of her system. Yet, in the designs of God, she most probably
+is indebted for her power to the part she is made to act in the diffusion
+of their faith. It is certain, at least, that the highest use of that
+power she has yet been allowed to make, is the carrying of frieze-coated
+Papists to distant shores, and the clearing of the forests where they are
+propagating, and are yet to propagate more extensively, the true faith. If
+a higher design in her behalf exist in the arrangements of Providence, it
+is yet to be made known. But for this she might have remained, as the poet
+described her, "a naked fisher" on her rock, and when she shall have ended
+her usefulness as an instrument for accomplishing this object, she may
+return "to her hook", still musing, perhaps, her senseless "No Popery",
+while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted to plant, will be
+growing up in beauty and praising God in one harmonious voice with the
+other children of his family throughout the world.
+
+The value and importance of this great mission cannot be overrated. It is
+awful to think what would have been the condition of the English-speaking
+races, in a religious point of view, if Ireland had shared in the English
+apostacy. Scarcely a Catholic voice would be heard amongst those seventy
+or eighty millions now using that language, who occupy so large a portion
+of the Earth, and in another century, according to the ratio of their
+growth, may become two or four hundred millions, or even more. The very
+remnant that has continued faithful in England might have followed in the
+wake of their predecessors, had not the influence of Ireland caused the
+sword of persecution to be sheathed, and civil intolerance to cease at
+last, and thus the temptation to be removed which had proved fatal to so
+many. In that vast empire, or the empires that may rise out of its
+fragments--for, in more than one place are foundations of empires laid
+which would grow with giant growth, even though the power of the mother
+country were paralysed to-morrow--the holy sacrifice would not be offered
+up, and thus the prophecy not fulfilled, which foretold that a clean
+oblation would be offered from the rising of the sun to the going down
+thereof. That union of the Christian family for which the Saviour prayed
+before he suffered, and which he left as a mark by which men would know
+his followers, would not be exhibited to the world. Christianity would be
+confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called "light",
+and be thought, like the appliances of steam and the contrivances of
+machinery, to owe its power to the genius of the Anglo-Saxon race, instead
+of deriving it from Him who died on Calvary. For their Christianity, by
+its very name, would proclaim that the work of Christ had failed, until
+the press and the "march of light" had come to its aid. Religion, in a
+word, instead of being a divine institution, would appear and be amongst
+them but a brilliant work or invention of man, and, therefore, in the
+supernatural order, but a brilliant delusion, not an institution which the
+mercy of God transplanted from Heaven, and made to stand, and to grow, and
+to bless, and produce fruit, in every age and in every form of society.
+
+But, in preserving the faith of the Irish race, God has provided a leaven
+of truth for these masses. By the side of systems of religion which men
+have devised, stands the everlasting Church--that Church which, as Macaulay
+remarked, is the only connecting link between the civilization of the
+ancient and modern worlds--the Church which taught the name of Christ to
+every nation that knows him, even to those who afterwards fell from the
+fullness of truth--the Church which Augustine brought to England, and
+Patrick to Ireland--the Church that raised the dignity of the poor, and
+humbled the pride of the high, placing all on the level of the Gospel--the
+Church that claims no new inventions, but is itself an invention of God,
+infinitely surpassing all inventions of man, holding out nothing to the
+nineteenth, which it did not present to the first, to the tenth, and to
+every other century, but presenting to all the faith and institutions of
+God, able to save all, to elevate all, to bring all into one fold, that
+all may be united in one happiness in Heaven.
+
+Is not this great result worth all the sufferings which Ireland has
+endured? The ways of God appear often circuitous. But in their circuitous
+course they are everywhere fraught with blessings. The children of Ireland
+suffered; yet, even in their sufferings they were blessed. He himself
+pronounced "blessed those who suffer persecution for justice's sake"; for
+in their trials they redeemed their own souls. But they were doubly
+blessed, because they were preserving the ark of God, and carrying it
+through the waters of tribulation to bless more amply unborn and numerous
+generations. The ways of God are circuitous, and though, like the course
+of the planets, they sometimes seem to us to retrograde, they are always
+onward. The sufferings of Ireland at a time seemed without a purpose, or
+even the very contrary to what we might have expected for so faithful a
+people. But, who knows what might have been the result, if justice and
+humanity had marked the course of the English nation towards Ireland? Who
+knows but the temptation to the latter to be drawn into apostacy would
+have been too powerful? Had Apostate England dealt generously or justly
+with Catholic Ireland, who knows if, in the alliances that would have been
+formed, she would have been equally steadfast in her faith? And though for
+a long time confiscations, and plunder, and persecution, and slaughter,
+and even now, harsh treatment condemning her sons to famine and
+banishment, have been the effects of the English connection; if these have
+been the means of creating a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy
+amongst her sons, has too great a price been paid for the "pearl" that has
+been bought? When, particularly, the cross borne by the children of
+Ireland shall have been erected in the Western and Southern Hemispheres,
+and flourishing Churches in Catholic unity established under its shade,
+where, but for the fidelity of our fathers, heterodoxy alone would have
+had sway, shall we not say that little indeed were their sufferings
+compared to the value of such an Apostolate of Empires?
+
+What is any Earthly mission compared to this? What is even the spreading
+of civilization with its highest privileges, compared to the spreading of
+the saving institutions of the Gospel? Even in this world virtue is a
+thing infinitely superior to mere physical power. The man who does God's
+will, whose soul is adorned with grace, is an object of complacency with
+his Maker, and enjoys his esteem infinitely more, than he who can control
+the hidden powers of nature, and make them subservient to his will, but
+does not make his own will conform to the great law that should govern
+it--subjection to the will of God. When Earth, and all that is of Earth,
+shall have passed away, the proudest human achievements will be seen to
+have been as nothing, while those who shall have caused God's name to be
+glorified, shall shine as bright stars "unto perpetual eternities".
+
+This mission, however, has its duties as well as its dignity. What will it
+avail us to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed all for God, if
+we barter the faith for which they died, for some paltry bauble, or fail
+to transmit it to those under our charge? Will not the constancy and
+sufferings of our fathers be a reproach to us before God and man? Will
+they not pronounce judgment upon us if, while we honour their heroic
+deeds, we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity? And even though we
+preserve our faith, will not this be rather to our shame, if we do not
+endeavour to practise the virtues which it teaches? When the salt has lost
+its savour, it is good for nothing any more but to be cast out, and to be
+trodden on by men. The higher the vocation of God, the lower will be the
+degradation of those who fail to correspond. They will be despised, and
+justly despised, by God and by men.
+
+We can see in the fate of other nations the consequences of infidelity to
+a noble mission. Spain and Portugal were once great powers. They achieved
+great things at home and abroad. The sails of their commerce whitened
+every sea. The most distant lands acknowledged their might. They, too,
+were missionary nations. They carried the faith to the East and to the
+West, and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents and islands
+where Christ was before unknown. God may be said to have given them power
+for this purpose. It was mainly through their agency that the missionary
+work, which repaired the losses of the Church in Europe, was carried on
+for two hundred years.
+
+But the rulers of these countries listened to wicked counsels. On _one and
+the same_ dark day did Spain, on another did Portugal, command the most
+strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized and bound in chains. The
+galleons that were wont to bear over the deep the treasures of Asia and
+America, and pour them into the laps of the mother countries, or to carry
+their commands and the means of enforcing them to the most distant lands,
+were now spreading their sails over every ocean and sea, in the inglorious
+work of conveying to home prisons, or into exile, the truest missionaries
+of the cross. On that day these nations renounced their noble mission, and
+the power that was given to enable them to carry it out soon departed.
+
+The immediate agencies producing their downfall, as well as those that
+gave rise to their power, may, indeed, be seen in operation before the
+existence of the causes to which I have attributed them, but not before
+these were known to God. Now, he frequently prepares, by a long process,
+the instruments both of his rewards and his punishments, and holds them
+ready to be conferred on the virtuous, or poured forth on the head of the
+criminal, long before the fidelity of the one be tested, or the guilt of
+the other be consummated. Spain and Portugal thus fell, if you will, by
+immediate agencies long in operation, but by agencies over which God
+ruled, and which He directed according to his own wise counsels. They
+fell, and in their humbled condition, mocked by the remains of ancient
+greatness, they teach all the important lesson, that the greater the high
+calling given by God, the greater the punishment of those who prove
+untrue.
+
+Were we also to prove faithless to the mission which God has assigned us,
+we know not what punishment may await us, even in this world. The trials
+through which our race has passed, and is passing, may seem severe; but,
+they are trials permitted by a loving father. May we never deserve that he
+should scourge us in his _great_ anger. We might then find, like the
+Jewish people, that to suffer for righteousness' sake from the hands of
+men, is sweet, compared to the gall and wormwood mixed in the cup of those
+who fall into the hands of an avenging God.
+
+On this day, when the Church calls on us to commemorate the heroic virtues
+and the glorious deeds of our great Apostle, I would fain say to every son
+of Ireland--to every one in whose veins Irish blood flows, no matter where
+he himself was born: Let us live worthy of our ancestry, of an ancestry
+which is the same for all, and is a noble one, noble in that which is the
+noblest thing man can rejoice in--virtue and fidelity to God. We ourselves
+are called in a special manner to do honour to our faith by spreading it
+amongst nations that are destined to occupy the highest position in the
+social scale. Let us be faithful to our calling. Let us show ourselves
+worthy sons of the martyred dead. Let us make sure, like them, whatever
+else we fail in, not to fail in transmitting the faith to those entrusted
+to our charge, never exposing it to danger for any advantage, much less
+for the trifling things that may be gained here by want of fidelity.
+Transmit, carefully, the faith, first of all, but with faith spare no
+effort that you yourselves, and those committed to your care, grow also in
+every other virtue. Nay, endeavour so to live that _all men_ may learn to
+love the faith which is the spring of your actions, and thus glorify and
+love that God who is the "Author and Finisher" of that Faith.
+
+
+
+
+
+LITURGICAL QUESTIONS. (_FROM M. BOUIX'S __"__REVUE DES SCIENCES
+ECCLESIASTIQUES__"_).
+
+
+1. Is it lawful or obligatory to insert, at the letter N, in the collect
+_A cunctis_, the name of the patron of the locality (if there be one) when
+the titular of the church is the Blessed Virgin or a mystery of our
+Saviour?
+
+2. Is it right to place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel, which
+in some churches is fastened to the altar-cloth, from which it hangs
+suspended?
+
+3. Is there any obligation to ring the bell at the Sanctus and at the
+Elevation, even when there is no one at Mass?
+
+4. Is it lawful for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally used
+by bishops?
+
+1. The name of the titular of the church in which the Mass is said is that
+which ought to be inserted at the letter N in the collect _A cunctis_. In
+the application of this general rule various cases may occur; the title
+may be a mystery of our Lord or of our Blessed Lady; or it may be a saint
+already named in the collect--for example, Saint Peter or Saint Paul; or
+Mass may be said in an oratory which has no titular saint. The following
+are the rules to be observed in such cases:
+
+1o. That it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted at
+the letter N is clear from the following decrees:
+
+
+    1 DECREE. _Question._ "In missali romano praecipitur, ut post
+    nomina Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, in oratione _A cunctis_, etc.,
+    dicatur nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae, seu diocesis. In
+    Hispania est praecipuus illius regni patronus B. Jacobus apostolus
+    et ex concessione Apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi Guadicensi est
+    patronus specialis S. Torquatus, B. Jacobi apostoli discipulus, et
+    ejusdem ecclesiae et civitatis primus episcopus. Quaeritur: An in
+    praedicta oratione _A cunctis_ debeat dici nomen B. Jacobi
+    apostoli, an B. Torquati?" _Answer._ "In oratione _A cunctis_ post
+    nomina sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli, nomen Torquati
+    tanquam Ecclesiae cathedralis Guadicensis Patroni dumtaxat
+    ponendum esse". (Decree of 22 January, 1678, No. 2856, q. 8.)
+
+    2 DECREE. _Questions._ "... 15. S. Jacobus est patronus
+    universalis regnorum Hispaniae, sancti vero martyres Stemeterius
+    et Caledonius fratres sunt patroni particulares ecclesiae
+    cathedralis, et totius dioecesis Santanderiensis rite electi, et
+    novissime approbati a S. R. C. Quaeritur igitur: Quis ex his
+    patronis debeat nominari ... in oratione _A cunctis_, quando in
+    missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et in caeteris
+    dioecesis? 16. In casu, quo ob dignitatis praestantiam nominari
+    debeat S. Jacobus, quaeritur an ... exprimi etiam possint nomina
+    SS. Stemeterii et Caledonii in praedicta oratione ..., praecipue
+    in ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita ... venerantur? Et si
+    negative, supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos
+    decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui
+    specialissimi patronatus". _Answer._ "Ad 15. In qualibet ecclesia
+    nominandum esse patronum seu titularem proprium ejusdem ecclesiae.
+    Ad 16. Provisum in praecedenti". (Decree of 23 January, 1793, No.
+    4448, q. 15 and 16.)
+
+    3 DECREE. _Question._ "An patronus nominandus in oratione _A
+    cunctis_ intelligi debeat patronus principalis loci?" _Answer._
+    "Nominandus titularis Ecclesiae". (Decree of 12 November, 1831,
+    No. 4669, q. 31.)
+
+
+2o. If the titular of the church has been already named in the collect _A
+cunctis_, no name is to be inserted at the letter N. The same holds if the
+Mass happens to be that of the same saint. This rule depends on the
+following decision:
+
+
+    "Quis nominandus sit ad litteram N. si patronus vel titularis jam
+    nominatus sit in illa oratione, aut de eo celebrata sit missa?"
+    _Answer._ "Si jam fuerit nominatus omittenda nova nominatio".
+    (Ibid.)
+
+
+3_o_. If the oratory in which the Mass is said have no titular saint, the
+name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted. This rule is proved
+from a decree of 12th December, 1840, No. 4897, No. 2:
+
+
+    "Sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato quod non habet
+    sanctum patronum vel titularem, an debeat in oratione _A cunctis_
+    ad litteram N. nominare sanctum patronum vel titularem ecclesiae
+    parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt oratoria, vel sanctum
+    patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est, vel potius omnem ulteriorem
+    nominationem omittere?" _Answer._ "Patronum civitatis, vel loci
+    nominandum esse".
+
+
+4o. If the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of our Lord, or
+of our Lady, authors differ in opinion whether the name of the patron of
+the locality is to be inserted at the letter N, or whether no addition
+should be made. M. de Conny is for the latter opinion, and his authority
+is a safe guide for us. The second rule we have laid down is sufficient to
+show that no name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church
+is a mystery of the Blessed Virgin, seeing that the august Mother of God
+is always named in the body of the prayer. The words of the conclusion are
+enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation of naming the patron of the
+locality in cases where the church is dedicated to a mystery of the life
+of our Lord.
+
+2. The usage here alluded to is not only not becoming, but it is also
+contrary to the Rubric of the Missal. (part i., tit. xx.):
+
+
+    "Ab eadem parte epistolae ... ampullae vitreae vini et aquae, cum
+    pelvicula et manutergio mundo in fenestella, seu in parva mensa ad
+    haec praeparata. Super altare nihil omnino ponatur, quod ad Missae
+    sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non pertineat".
+
+
+3. The sole reason for ringing a bell at Mass is to give a signal to the
+faithful. "Ad excitandos circumstantes", says Gavantus (t. i. part i.,
+tit. XX., l. c.), "ad laetitiam exprimendam et ad cultum sanctissimi
+Sacramenti adhibetur campanula". Other writers coincide with this opinion.
+It seems but natural, therefore, not to ring the bell when there are no
+assistants present, and when there is no need of any signal. Besides, it
+is clearly the teaching of authors, and even of the Sacred Congregation of
+Rites, that whenever a signal is not required, the bell is not to be rung.
+Thus, the following decision forbids the bell to be rung during the
+celebration of the divine office in the choir, at least in certain
+circumstances:
+
+
+    "Exposito in S. R. C. ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis Senarum
+    habere chorum adeo subjectum oculis populi, et tali loco positum,
+    ut canonici dicto choro pro divinis celebrandis, et praecipue
+    Missae cantatae assistentibus, omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae
+    pernecesse inspiciantur, et exposito quoque tempore, quo canonici
+    choro ut supra assistunt, consuevisse in dictis altaribus
+    celebrari Missas privatas et sine scandalo prohiberi non posse:
+    ideo supplicatum fuit pro declaratione: an ipsi canonici in
+    elevationibus quae fiunt in Missis privatis, genuflectere
+    teneantur?" _Answer._ "Non esse genuflectendum, ne sacra, quibus
+    assistunt, per actum privatum interrumpantur, sed ad evitandum
+    scandalum, quod in populo et adstantibus causari possit ob non
+    genuflectionem esse omittendam pulsationem campanulae in
+    elevatione Sanctissimi, in dictis Missis privatis." (Decret of 5
+    March 1667, No. 2397.)
+
+
+Nor, as a general rule, is the bell rung when the Blessed Sacrament is
+exposed, for then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful to adore the
+Eucharist. "During the private Masses", says the _Instructio Clementina_,
+"that are celebrated during the exposition, the bell is not to be rung".
+Cavalieri, commenting on this passage, says: "Ex rubricarum praescripto
+... interdicuntur". He is of opinion that this rule of the _Instructio_
+regards only low Masses, but Gardellini holds that it refers also to High
+Masses:
+
+
+    "Non erat, cur instructio etiam Missas solemnes commemoraret, pro
+    quibus Rubrica, non jubet, ut in privatis, eadem pulsari ad finem
+    prefationis, et ad elevationem Sacramenti. Romae saltem in
+    majoribus ecclesiis obtinet mos etiam non pulsandi, praeterquam in
+    Missis solemnibus pro defunctis: gravis organorum sonitus supplet
+    vices tintinnabuli, et populi adstantis excitat attentionem".
+
+
+From all this it is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever there
+is no signal to be given. This is certainly the case when there is no one
+to assist at Mass.
+
+4. The cincture for the use of a priest does not differ from that for the
+use of a bishop. It may be made either of linen thread or silk, but it is
+better that it should be of linen. It may be either white or of the colour
+of the vestments. These rules are drawn from two decrees of the Sacred
+Congregation:
+
+
+    1 DECREE. _Question._ "An sacerdotes in sacrificio Missae uti
+    possint cingulo serico?" _Answer._ "Congruentius uti cingulo
+    lineo". (22 Jan. 1701, No. 3575, q. 7.)
+
+    2 DECREE. _Question._ "An cingulum, tertium indumentum
+    sacerdotale, possit esse colons paramentorum; an necessario debeat
+    esse album?" _Answer._ "Posse uti cingulo colore paramentorum"--(8
+    Jun. 1709, No. 3809, q. 4.)
+
+
+
+
+
+DOCUMENTS.
+
+
+
+
+I. Condemnation Of Dr. Froschammer's Works.
+
+
+Venerabili Fratri Gregorio Archiepiscopo
+
+Monacensi Et Frisingensi
+
+Pius PP. IX.
+
+Venerabilis Frater, Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Gravissimas
+inter acerbitates, quibus undique premimur, in hac tanta temporum
+perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus, cum noscamus, in variis
+Germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos etiam viros, qui sacram
+theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime dubitant quamdam inauditam
+adhuc in Ecclesia docendi scribendique libertatem inducere, novasque et
+omnino improbandas opiniones palam publiceque profiteri, et in vulgus
+disseminare. Hinc non levi moerore affecti fuimus, Venerabilis Frater ubi
+tristissimus ad Nos venit nuntius, presbyterum Jacobum Frohschammer in
+ista Monacensi Academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi
+scribendique licentiam proe ceteris adhibere, eumque suis operibus in
+lucem editis perniciosissimos tueri errores. Nulla igitur interposita
+mora, Nostrae Congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus, ut
+praecipua volumina, quae ejusdem presbyteri Frohschammer nomine
+circumferuntur, cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet, et omnia ad Nos
+referret. Quae volumina germanice scripta titulum habent--_Introductio in
+Philosophiam--De Libertate scientiae--Athenaeum_--quorum primum anno 1858,
+alterum anno 1861, tertium vero vertente hoc anno 1862 istis Monacensibus
+typis in lucem est editum. Itaque eadem Congregatio Nostris mandatis
+diligenter obsequens summo studio accuratissimum examen instituit,
+omnibusque sem el iterumque serio ac mature ex more discussis et perpensis
+judicavit, auctorem in pluribus non recte sentire, ejusque doctrinam a
+veritate catholica aberrare. Atque id ex duplici praesertim parte, et
+primo quidem propterea quad auctor tales humanae rationi tribuat vires,
+quae rationi ipsi minime competunt, secundo vero, quod eam omnia opinandi,
+et quidquid semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat, ut ipsius
+Ecclesiae jura, officium, et auctoritas de media omnino tollantur. Namque
+auctor imprimis edocet, philosophiam, si recta ejus habeatur notio, posse
+non solum percipere et intelligere ea christina dogmata, quae naturalis
+ratio cum fide habet communia (tamquam commune scilicet perceptionis
+objectum) verum etiam ea, quae christianam religionem fidemque maxime et
+proprie efficiunt, ipsumque scilicet supernaturalem hominis finem, et ea
+omnia, quae ad ipsum spectant, atque sacratissimum Dominicae Incarnationis
+mysterium ad humanae rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere,
+rationemque, dato hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea
+posse pervenire. Etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata
+distinctionem auctor inducat, et haec ultima minori jure rationi
+attribuat, tamen clare aperteque docet, etiam haec contineri inter illa,
+quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam constituunt.
+Quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino possit ac debeat,
+rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae Sapientiae ac Bonitatis, immo etiam
+et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis, licet posito revelationis objecto
+posse ex seipsa, non jam ex divinae auctoritatis principio sed ex
+naturalibus suis principiis et viribus ad scientiam seu certitudinem
+pervenire. Quae auctoris doctrina quam falsa sit et erronea nemo est, qui
+christianae doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter imbutus non illico videat,
+planeque sentiat. Namque si isti philosophiae cultores vera ac sola
+rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur principia et jura, debitis
+certe laudibus essent prosequendi. Siquidem vera ac sana philosophia
+nobilissimum suum locum habet, cum ejusdem philosophiae sit, veritatem
+diligenter inquirere, humanamque rationem licet primi hominis culpa
+obtenebratam, nullo tamen modo extinctam recte ac sedulo excolere,
+illustrare, ejusque cognitionis objectum, ac permultas veritates
+percipere, bene intellegere, promovere, earumque plurimas, uti Dei
+existentiam, naturam, attributa, quae etiam fides credenda proponit, per
+argumenta ex suis principiis petita demonstrare, vindicare, defendere,
+atque hoc modo viam munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda, et ad
+illa etiam reconditiora dogmata, quae sola fide percipi primum possunt, ut
+illa aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur. Haec quidem agere, atque in his
+versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae scientia. Ad quae
+praestanda si viri docti in Germaniae Academiis enitantur pro singulari
+inclytae illius nationis ad severiores gravioresque disciplinas excolendas
+propensione, eorum studium a Nobis comprobatur et commendatur, cum in
+sacrarum rerum utilitatem profectumque convertant, quae illi ad suos usus
+invenerint. At vero in hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam
+possumus, ut omnia emere permisceantur, utque ratio illas etiam res, quae
+ad fidem pertinent, occupet atque perturbet, cum certissimi, omnibusque
+notissimi sint fines, ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est progressa, vel
+progredi potest. Atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea omnia maxime et apertissime
+spectant, quae supernaturalem hominis elevationem, ac supernaturale ejus
+cum Deo commercium respiciunt atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur. Et
+sane cum haec dogmata sint supra naturam, idcirco naturali ratione, ac
+naturalibus principiis attingi non possunt. Numquam siquidem ratio suis
+naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda effici
+potest idonea. Quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant sciant, se
+certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione, sed a communi, et numquam
+immutata Ecclesiae doctrina recedere. Ex divinis enim Litteris, et
+sanctorum Patrum traditione constat. Dei quidem existentiam, multasque
+alias veritates, ab iis etiam qui fidem nondum susceperunt, naturali
+rationis lumine cognosci, sed illa reconditiora dogmata Deum solum
+manifestasse dum notum facere voluit, _mysterium, quod absconditum fuit a
+saeculis et generationibus_(_4_)_ et ita quidem, ut postquam multifariam
+multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in prophetis novissime Nobis
+locutus est in Filio, per quem fecit et saecula_(_5_)_ ... Deum enim nemo
+vidit umquam. Unigenitus Filius, qui est in sinu Paris ipse
+ennarravit._(6) Quapropter Apostolus, qui gentes Deum per ea, quae facta
+sunt cognovisse testatur, disserens de _gratia et veritate_(_7_)_ quae per
+Jesum Christum facta est, loquimur, iniquit, Dei sapientiam in mysterio,
+quae abscondita est ... quam nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit ...
+Nobis autem revelavit Deus per Spiritum Suum ... Spiritus enim omnia
+scrutatur, etiam profunda Dei. Quis enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis,
+nisi Spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est? Ita et quae Dei sunt nemo
+cognovit, nisi Spiritus Dei._(8) Hisce aliisque fere innumeris divinis
+eloquiis inhaerentes SS. Patres in Ecclesiae doctrina tradenda continenter
+distinguere curarunt rerum divinarum notionem, quae naturalis
+intelligentiae vi omnibus est communis ab illarum rerum notitia, quae per
+Spiritum Sanctum fide suscipitur, et constanter docuerunt, per hanc ea
+nobis in Christo revelari mysteria, quae non solam humanam philosophiam,
+verum etiam Angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt, quaeque
+etiamsi divina revelatione innotuerint, et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta,
+tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine obvoluta
+permanent, quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur a Domino.(9) Ex his
+omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae Ecclesiae doctrina
+sententiam, qua idem Frohschammer asserere non dubitat, omnia
+indiscriminatim christianae religionis dogmata esse objectum naturalis
+scientiae, seu philosophiae, et humanam rationem historice tantum
+excultam, modo haec dogmata ipsi rationi tanquam objectum proposita
+fuerint, posse ex suis naturalibus viribus et principio ad veram de
+omnibus etiam reconditioribus dogmatibus scientiam pervenire. Nunc vero in
+memoratis ejusdem auctoris scriptis alia domanitur sententia, quae
+catholicae Ecciesiae doctrinae, ac sensui plane adversatur. Etenim eam
+philosophiae tribuit libertatem, quae non scientiae libertas, sed omnio
+reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae licentia sit appellanda. Quadam
+enim distinctione inter philosophum et philosophiam facta, tribuit
+philosopho jus et officium se submittendi auctoritati, quam veram ipse
+probaverit, sed utrumque philosophiae ita denegat, ut nulla doctrinae
+revelatae ratione habita asserat, ipsam nunquam debere ac posse
+Auctoritati se submittere. Quod esset toet crandum et forte admittendum,
+si haec dicerentur de jure tantum, quod habit philosophia suis principiis,
+seu methodo, ac suis conclusionibus, uti, sicut et aliae scientiae, ac si
+ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure utendo, ita ut nihil in sea
+dmitteret, quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis conditionibus acquisitum, aut
+fuerit ipsi alienum. Sed haec justa philosophiae libertas suos limites
+noscere et experiri debet. Nunquam enim non solum philosopho, verum etiam
+philosophiae licebit, aut aliquid contrarium dicere iis, quae divina
+revelatio, et Ecclesia docet, aut aliquid ex eisdem in dubium vocare
+propterea quod non intelligit, aut judicium non suscipere, quod Ecclesiae
+auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione, quae hujusque libera erat,
+proferre constituit. Accedit etiam, ut idem auctor philosophiae
+libertatem, seu potius effrenatam licentiam tam acriter, tam temere
+propugnet, ut minime vereatur asserere, Ecclesiam non solum non debere in
+philosophiam unquam animadvertere, verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae
+tolerare erores, eique relinquere, ut ipsa se corrigat, ex quo evenit, ut
+philosophi hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent, atque ita
+etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur. Ecquis non videt quam vehementer sit
+rejicienda, reprobanda, et omnini damnanda hujusmodi Frohschammer
+sententia atque doctrina? Etenim Ecclesia ex divina sua institutione et
+divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque diligentissime custodire,
+et animarum saluti summo studio debet continenter advigilare, ac summa
+cura ea omnia amovere et eliminare, quae vel fidei adversari, vel animarum
+salutem quovis modo in discrimen adducere possunt. Quocirca Ecclesia ex
+potestate sibi a divino suo Auctore commissa non solum jus, sed officium
+praesertim habet non tolerandi, sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes
+erores, si ita fedei integritas, et animarum salus postulaverint, et omni
+philosopho, qui Ecclesiae filius esse velit, ac etiam philosophiae
+officium incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea, quae Ecclesia docet, et
+ea retractare, de quibus eos Ecclesia monuerit. Sententiam autem, quae
+contrarium edocet omnino erroneam, et ipsi fidei. Ecclesiae ejusque
+auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse edicimus et declaramus. Quibus
+omnibus accurate perpensis, de eorumdrm VV. FF. NN. S. R. E. Cardinalium
+Congregationis libris notandis praepositae consilio, ac motu proprio, et
+certa scientia matura deliberatione Nostra, deque Apostolicae Nostrae
+potestatis plenitudine praedictos librus presbyteri Frohschammer tamquam
+continentes propositiones et doctrinas respective falsas, erroneas,
+Ecclesiae, ejusque actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus, damnamus,
+ac pro reprobatis et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus, atque eidem
+Congregationi mandamus, ut eosdem libros in indicem prohibitorum librorum
+referat. Dum vero haec Tibi significamus, Venerabilis Frater, non possumus
+non exprimere magnum animi Nostri Dolorem cum videamus hunc filium
+eorumdem librorum auctorem, qui ceteroquin de Ecclesia benemereri
+potuisset, infelici quodam cordis impete misere abreptum in vias abire,
+quae ad salutem non ducunt, ac magis magisque a recto tramite aberrare.
+Cum enim alius ejus liber de animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non
+solum se minime submisit, verum etiam non extimuit, eumdem errorem in his
+etiam libridenuo docere, et Nostram Indicis Congregationem contumeliis
+cumen lare, ac multa alia contra Ecclesiae agendi rationem temere
+mendaciterque pronuntiare. Quae omnia talia sunt, ut iis merito atque
+optimo jure indignare potuissemus. Sed nolumus adhuc paternae Nostrae
+charitatis viscera erga illum deponere, et idcirco Te Venerabilis Frater,
+excitamus, ut velis eidem manifestare cor Nostrum paternum, et
+acerbiseimum dolorem, cujus ipse est causa, ac simul ipsum saluberrimis
+monitis hortari et monere, ut Nostram, quae communis est omnium Patris
+vocem audiat, ac resipiscat, quemadmodum catholicae Ecclesiae filium
+decet, et ita nos omnes laetitia afficiat, ac tandem ipse felixiter
+experiatur quam jucundum sit, non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate
+gaudere, sed Domini, adhaerere, cugus jugum suave est, et onus leve, cujus
+eloquo casta, igne examinata, cujus judicia vera, justificata in
+semetipsa, et cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas. Denique hac
+etiam occasione libentissime utimur, ut iterum testemur et confirmemus
+praecipuam Nostram in Te benevolentiam. Cujus quoque pignus esse volumus
+Apostolicam Benedictionem, quam intimo cordis affectu Tibi ipsi,
+Venerabilis Frater, et gregi Tuae curae commisso paremanter impertimus.
+Datum Romaae apud S. Petrum die 11 Decembris anno 1862, Pontificatus
+Nostri anno decimo septimo.
+
+Pius PP. IX.
+
+
+
+
+II. Decree Of The Congregation Of Rites.
+
+
+The Roman ritual, speaking of the Blessed Eucharist, prescribes as
+follows: "Lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una diu notucque colluceat".
+These lamps are to be fed with olive oil, which the Church has adopted for
+mystic reasons in so many of her sacred rites. But in many countries the
+difficulty of procuring olive oil is considerable, and the expense greater
+than small churches can bear. Several prelates of France, moved by these
+reasons, asked permission to burn in the lamps before the Blessed
+Sacrament oils other than from olives. The following is the answer:
+
+_Decretum: Plurium Dioeceseum._
+
+Nonnulli Reverendissimi Galliarum Antistites serio perpendentes in multis
+suarum Dioeceseum Ecclesiis difficile admodum et nonnisi magnis sumptibus
+comparari posse oleum olivarum ad nutriendam diu noctuque saltem unam
+lampadam ante Sanctissimum Eucharistiae Sacramentum, ab Apostolica Sede
+declarari petierunt utrum in casu, attentis difficultatibus et Ecclesiarum
+paupertate, oleo, olivarum substitue possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus
+habentur, ipso non excluso petroleo. Sacra porro Rituum Congregatio, etsi
+semper sollicita ut etiam in hac parte quod usque ab Ecclesiae primordiis
+circa usum olei ex olivis inductum est, ob mysticas significationes
+retineatur; attamen silentio praeterire minime censuit rationes ab iisdem
+Episcopis prolatas; ac proinde exquisito prius Voto alterius ex
+Apostolicarum Coeremoniarum Magistris, subscriptus Cardinalis Praefectus
+ejusdem Sacrae Congregationis rem omnem proposuit in Ordinariis Commitiis
+ad Vaticanum hodierna die habitis. Eminentissimi autem et Reverendissimi
+Patres Sacris tuendis Ritibus praepositi, omnibus accurate perpensis ac
+diligentissime examinatis, rescribendum censuerunt: Generatim utendum esse
+oleo olevarum: _ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum prudentiae
+Episcoporum ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis quantum fieri possit
+vegetabilibus_ die 9 Julii 1864.
+
+Facta postmodum de praemissis Sanctissimo Domino Nostro Pio Papae IX. per
+infrascriptum Secretarium fideli relatione, Sanctitas Sua sententiam
+Sacrae Congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit. Die 14 iisdem mense et
+anno.
+
+C. EPISCOPUS PORTUEN. ET S. RUFINAE CARD. PATRIZI S. R. C. PRAEF. LOCO {~MALTESE CROSS~}
+Signi _D. Bartolini S. R. C. Secretarius_.
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTICES OF BOOKS.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+_Martyrologium Dungallense, seu Calendarium Sanctorum Hiberniae._
+_Collegit et digessit_ Fr. Michael O'Clery, Ord. Fr. Min. Strictioris
+Observantiae. Permissu et facultate Superiorum. 1630.
+
+_The Martyrology of Donegal: a Calendar of the Saints of Ireland_,
+translated from the original Irish by the late John O'Donovan, LL.D.,
+M.R.I.A., Professor of Celtic Literature in the Queen's College, Belfast.
+Edited, with the Irish text, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., M.R.I.A.,
+F.S.A., Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin; and by William Reeves,
+D.D., M.R.I.A., Vicar of Lusk, etc. Dublin: printed for the Archaeological
+Society. Thom, 1864, lv.-566 pp.
+
+_The Martyrology of Donegal_ was completed on the 19th of April, 1630, in
+the Franciscan convent of Donegal. The compilers were Brother Michael
+O'Clery, a lay brother of that convent, with three associates who with him
+are so well known by the name of "The Four Masters". Colgan (_Acta
+Sanctorum Hiberniae_, tom. 1, p. 5 a.) thus speaks of it: "Martyrologium
+quod Dungallense vocamus, nostris diebus ex diversis tum Martyrologiis,
+tum annalibus patriis collectum est, partim opera Authorum qui Annales
+communes, de quibus infra, compilarunt in Conventu Dungallensi; partim
+opera Patrum ejusdem Conventus qui sanctos, qui extra patriam vixerunt et
+de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt, addiderant". The Donegal copy of
+1630 was a more complete transcript of a first copy, made by Michael
+O'Clery in the preceding year at Douay. Both copies are now extant in the
+Burgundian Library at Brussels, but circumstances have not permitted Dr.
+Todd to get the first copy also transcribed. Both copies are autographs of
+Michael O'Clery.
+
+The first to discover the mine of Irish MSS. in Brussels was Mr. L.
+Waldron, M.P., who, in 1844, at the request of Professor O'Curry, examined
+the library there. By the influence of Lord Clarendon, then
+lord-lieutenant of Ireland, with the government, Dr. Todd procured from
+the Belgian government, in 1848, the loan of several MSS. of the greatest
+importance, with the permission to have them transcribed. One of these was
+the autograph MS. of the _Martyrology of Donegal_, prepared for the press
+by the author, with the approbations of his ecclesiastical superiors. A
+copy of it was executed by the late Professor O'Curry with the skill and
+beauty of his unequalled penmanship; and this copy was collated with the
+original, whilst it was still in Dr. Todd's possession. From O'Curry's
+copy Dr. Reeves made another for his own use, and from this he made a
+third transcript for the printers, and the translator, Dr. O'Donovan. This
+translation was the last labour of Dr. O'Donovan's life.
+
+The contents of the volume are distributed as follows: An introduction
+(ix.-xxiv.) by Dr. Todd is followed by an appendix (xxiv.-xlix.)
+containing "a number of memoranda, references to authorities, and
+miscellaneous notes, which have been written by the author, and others,
+through whose hands the MS. has passed, on the fly-leaves at the beginning
+and end of each volume". Many of them are of great interest. Then come the
+_Testimonia et Approbationes_ (xlix.-lv.) of Flann Mac Egan, Conner
+McBrody, Dr. Malachy O'Cadhla, Archbishop of Tuam; Dr. Boetius Mac Egan,
+Bishop of Elphin; Dr. Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin; and Dr. Roth
+Mac Geoghegan, Bishop of Kildare. The _Martyrology_ proper follows (1-351)
+with the Irish text on one page and Dr. O'Donovan's translation on the
+other. The notes appended are but few, and serve merely to explain
+obscurities in the text, to settle the reading, or to correct some obvious
+mistake. For almost all the notes we are indebted to Dr. Todd himself. A
+table of the _Martyrology_, compiled by the author, and translated by Dr.
+Todd, occupies from page 354 to page 479, and is followed by three
+indexes, compiled by Dr. Reeves, one of persons (485-528), another of
+places (529-553), and a third of matters (544-566). These indexes, says
+Dr. Todd, "possess a topographical and historical interest quite
+independent of their connection with the present work, and are in
+themselves a most important practical help to the study of Irish history".
+
+What is the value of this work? What position does it occupy among Irish
+Ecclesiastical documents? It cannot be regarded as an _original_
+authority. "It is confessedly a compilation, and of comparatively recent
+date, having been completed, as we have seen, in the early part of the
+seventeenth century. But it is a compilation made by a scholar peculiarly
+well fitted for the task, who had access to all the original documents
+then extant in the Irish language, the matter of which he has transferred
+either in whole or in part into the present work, quoting in almost every
+instance the sources from which he drew his information" (Introd., p.
+xiii.). The bare enumeration of these sources will serve to show the value
+of the book. I. _The Metrical Calendar, or Festilogium of Aengus Ceile
+De_, commonly called the _Felire of Aengus_. Its author was a monk of
+Tallaght, near Dublin, in the days when Saint Maolruain was abbot, about
+the beginning of the ninth century. Dr. Kelly of Maynooth has published a
+translation of a portion of this _Metrical Calendar_ in his _Calendar of
+Irish Saints_. II. The _Martyrology of Tallaght_. This is a transcript of
+a very ancient martyrology containing the names of the saints and martyrs
+of the entire Church, with the Irish saints added under each day. It was
+composed at the close of the ninth or very early in the tenth century. The
+Brussels MS. is an abstract of the ancient copy at Saint Isidore's at
+Rome, but it contains the Irish saints alone, omitting altogether the
+general martyrology. It was from a transcript of the Belgian MS. that Dr.
+Kelly published in 1857 the calendar alluded to above. III. The _Calendar
+of Cashel_, which is not now known to exist. According to Colgan, its
+author flourished about the year 1030. IV. The _Martyrology of Maolmuire_
+(or _Marianus_) _O'Gorman_, written in Irish verse, in the times of
+Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, about 1167. Its author was abbot of Knock,
+near Louth, and the work is taken from the _Felire of Tallaght_, and is
+not confined to Irish saints. V. _The Book of Hymns_, a portion of which
+has already been published by the Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society,
+and of which a second portion is in the press, under the care of Dr. Todd.
+VI. Poems, such as the _Poem of St. Cuimin of Condeire (Connor)_, of the
+middle of the seventh century, published by Dr. Kelly, with a translation
+by Professor O'Curry; the _Naoimhseanchus_, attributed by Colgan to
+Selbach of the tenth century; the _Poem of St. Moling of Ferns_ (A.D.
+675-695), and several minor poems. VII. Several of the great collections
+or _Bibliothecae_, of which he names expressly the _Book of Lecan_, the
+_Leabhar na Huidre_, and the _Book of Lismore_. VIII. The lives of saints
+in Irish and Latin. Of these he quotes no less than thirty-one. From this
+list it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early Irish
+Church has helped to enrich the pages of the _Martyrology of Donegal_. And
+since _norma orandi legem statuit credendi_, we could scarcely find a
+nobler monument of the faith and practice of our forefathers. The Church
+that places on her list of saints, bishops, and priests, and abbots, and
+consecrated virgins, and hermits, possesses in that very calendar a mark
+deep and broad enough to distinguish her from all the sects that belong to
+modern Protestantism.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+_Lectures on Modern History, delivered at the Catholic University of
+Ireland._ By Professor J. B. ROBERTSON; cr. 8vo, p.p. xvi., 528. Dublin:
+W. B. Kelly, 1864.
+
+The lectures included in this volume were delivered in the Catholic
+University of Ireland, on various occasions, in the years 1860 to 1864,
+and their purport has been well expressed in the author's own words.
+Speaking in reference to all his literary labours, "I devoted", says
+Professor Robertson, "my feeble powers to the defence of God and His holy
+Church against unbelief and misbelief; and of social order and liberty,
+against the principles of revolution, which are but impiety in a political
+form". In these words we have the key-note of the entire work. The
+"History of Spain in the Eighteenth Century" forms the subject of two
+lectures. To these is added a supplement of more than fifty pages, in
+which the late Mr. Buckle's "Essay on Spain", contained in his "History of
+Civilization", is severely but most deservedly criticised, and, we may
+add, is refuted by solid and convincing arguments.
+
+In four lectures our author discusses the "life, writings, and times of M.
+de Chateaubriand", involving, much of the internal history of France,
+especially as regards literature and religion under the first Napoleon and
+the succeeding governments down to the Revolution in 1848. These lectures
+are full of interest. But what must be considered as by far the most
+important portion of this volume is that in which Professor Robertson
+treats of the "Secret Societies of Modern Times". In two lectures he
+traces the origin and progress of the Freemasons, the Illuminati, the
+Jacobins, the Carbonari, and the Socialists; and in an appendix adds a
+"brief exposition of the principal heads of Papal legislation on Secret
+Societies".
+
+Such are the contents of the work. The style is agreeable and clear, the
+diction felicitous, and above all, the sentiments just, equally
+characterised by extensive information, political sagacity, and a profound
+reverence for divine faith. The professor has happily avoided both the
+tedious exhaustiveness of the German, and the brilliant flippancy which so
+often charms us in the French. Nor has he been unmindful of the more
+laborious students who would not shrink from the toil of research after
+further information. For these he has provided such an array of
+authorities, on each of his subjects, as must greatly facilitate the
+progress of those who would engage in diligent historical investigation.
+We know not where else there could be had so intelligible an account of
+the secret societies which have been so active in all the political
+convulsions of Europe, from 1789 to the present time. We need not advert
+to the part which secret societies have had in producing the present
+deplorable state of Italy. To the readers of the _Civilta Cattolica_ such
+reference would be unnecessary. To those who have not the advantage of
+regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would recommend
+Professor Robertson's lectures, as containing, in a moderate sized volume,
+a most perspicuous summary of what is requisite to be known concerning
+those dark conspiracies and their objects. If it were only for this, the
+volume would be a most welcome addition to our historical library.
+
+The book has been brought out with the utmost elegance of paper, type, and
+printing.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+_La Roma Sotterrana Cristiana descritta ed illustrata_ dal Cav. G. B. de
+Rossi. Publicata per ordine della Santita di N. S. Papa Pio IX.
+Chromolithografia Ponteficia Roma, 1864. vol. 1.
+
+_Christian Subterranean Rome, described and illustrated_ by Cav. G. B. de
+Rossi. Published by order of His Holiness Pope Pius IX., vol. 1.
+
+In 1861 Cavalier de Rossi published the first volume of his _Inscriptiones
+Christianae Urbis Romae seculo VII. antiquiores_. On to-day we announce
+the appearance of the first volume of his long expected work on
+Subterranean Rome. In the introduction the author passes in review all
+that has been done to explore the Catacombs, from the fourteenth century
+to our day. Pomponius Laetus, Pauvinius, Ciacconius, and especially Bosio
+and Bottari, claim his attention in turn. After a sketch of the results of
+the labours undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Cav. de
+Rossi shows what yet remains to be done, and what part of this he himself
+proposes to accomplish.
+
+The second part of the volume is entitled "Remarks on ancient Christian
+Cemeteries in general, and on those of Rome in particular": the whole is
+divided into three parts. Part I. on the Christian Cemeteries in general,
+treats of their antiquity, their divisions into subterranean and
+non-subterranean, and the respective marks of each class. The author here
+proves that even in the third century, when Christianity was persecuted to
+the death, the Christian Cemeteries had a legal existence recognized by
+the Emperors. Part II. is devoted to the documents which illustrate the
+history and topography of the Catacombs, and embraces contemporary
+documents, historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth
+century, lives of Pontiffs, etc. Part III. contains a general history of
+the Roman Cemeteries, arranged in four periods: beginning respectively,
+with the apostolic times; the third century; the peace of Constantine
+(312); and the fifth century, A.D. 410. In the second century the
+catacombs were of slow growth; in the third, their extent became most
+remarkable; after Constantine, they began to be abandoned as places of
+sepulture; with the fifth century set in their decay, leading to the
+removal of the relics of the saints to the churches within the walls,
+whither the sacrilegious hands of Goths and Lombards, who periodically
+pillaged the Campagna, could not reach; finally, after the ninth century,
+they were almost forgotten. Part IV. contains the analytical description
+of the Christian Cemeteries. The Cemetery of Callixtus, the most ancient
+and most celebrated of all, is described at length.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+_Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum Historiam Illustrantia; quae ex
+Vaticani, Neapolis, ac Florentiae Tabularis depromsit, et Ordine
+chronologico disposuit_ Augustinus Theiner, Presbyter Cong. Oratorii,
+Tabulariorum Vaticanorum Praefectus, etc. Folio, Romae, Typis Vaticanis,
+1864. One Volume folio, pages 624.
+
+The notice of the See of Ardagh in the sixteenth century, printed in our
+opening number, has probably prepared our readers to estimate the value of
+the important series of documents upon which it is founded. We purposed to
+urge strongly upon the clergy of Ireland the duty of supporting generously
+the distinguished scholar, who in his love of Ireland has undertaken the
+costly and laborious work of publishing all the manuscript materials of
+Irish history which are preserved in the archives of the Vatican, and has
+already given in the opening volume an earnest of their extent, as well as
+of their historical value. We are happy, however, to find that what we had
+desired and intended, has already been put in a practical form, and that
+an effort has been made to forward among the friends of Irish history the
+sale of this most interesting collection. We cannot, therefore, we
+believe, advance more effectually the object which we have at heart, than
+by transferring to our pages the following notice, which has been printed
+for private circulation:--
+
+"Monsignor Theiner's Collection from the Secret Archives of the Vatican,
+of Naples, and of Florence, is unquestionably the most important
+contribution to the history of the Church in these countries since the
+great historical movement of the seventeenth century. It comprises upwards
+of a thousand original documents, Pontifical Bulls, Briefs, and Letters,
+Consistorial Acts, Inquisitions, Reports, etc., ranging from the
+pontificate of Honorius III., 1216, to that of Paul III., 1547.
+
+"These papers, in the main, relate to the history of Ireland and of
+Scotland, especially of the former country. There is hardly a diocese in
+Ireland of which they do not contain some notice, and in many cases, as,
+for instance, that of Ardagh, already noticed by the learned editor of the
+Essays of the lamented Dr. Matthew Kelly, but traced in detail in the
+_Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, No. I., pp. 13-17, they serve to fill up
+important breaks in the existing records, and to correct grave and vital
+errors in the received histories.
+
+"But, in addition to the Irish and Scotch documents, the volume contains
+many of wider and more general interest; among which it will be enough to
+specify a single series--nearly a hundred unpublished letters of Henry
+VIII., relating chiefly to the negociations regarding the divorce, which
+they present in a light almost completely new.
+
+"This volume is printed entirely at the expense of the distinguished
+editor. It is meant as an experiment; and, should the sale, for which he
+must mainly rely upon the countries chiefly interested, suffice to cover
+the bare cost of publication, it is his intention to continue the series
+from the archives of the Vatican, down through the still more interesting,
+and, for Irish history, more obscure, as well as more important, period of
+Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, and James I.
+
+"Mgr. Theiner has requested his friend, Rev. Dr. Russell, President of St.
+Patrick's College, Maynooth, to receive and transmit to Rome any orders
+far the volume with which he may be favoured."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+_    1 Sacred Latin Poetry_, selected and arranged by R. C. Trench, D.D.,
+      Archbishop of Dublin, etc. Macmillan and Co., London and Cambridge.
+      1864.
+
+    2 "Nihil obstat si etiam in his omnibus et Ipse (Redemptor noster)
+      signetur. Ipse enim Unigenitus Dei Filius _veraciter_ factus est
+      _homo_: ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus est mori ut
+      _vitulus_: ipse per virtutem suae fortitudinis surrexit ut _leo_....
+      Ipse etiam post resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos, in
+      superioribus est elevatus ut _aquila_. Totum ergo simul nobis est,
+      qui et nascendo _homo_, et moriendo _vitulus_, et resurgendo _leo_,
+      et ad coelos ascendendo _aquila_ factus est"--_S. Greg. Magn., Hom._
+      iv. _in Ezech._
+
+_    3 The Destiny of the Irish Race_: a lecture delivered at Philadelphia
+      on the 17th of March, 1864, by Rev. M. O'Connor, S. J. In order to
+      give to our readers the beautiful lecture of the ex-Bishop of
+      Pittsburgh, we have increased the number of pages in this month's
+      RECORD.--ED. I. E. R.
+
+    4 Col. 1. v. 26. 1.
+
+    5 Hebr. 1, v. 1, 2.
+
+    6 Joan. 1, v. 18.
+
+    7 Joan 1, v. 17.
+
+    8 1 Corint. v. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11.
+
+    9 S. Joan. Chrys. hom. 7. in 1. Corinth. S. Ambros. de fide ad Grat.
+      S. Leo de Nativ. Dom. Serm. 9. S. Cyril. Alex. contr. Nestor. lib.
+      3. in Joan, 1, 9. S. Joan, Dam. de fide orat. II, 1, 2, in 1, 2, in
+      1 Cor. c. 2, S. Hier. in Galat. III, 2.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH ECCLESIASTICAL RECORD, VOLUME 1, NOVEMBER 1864***
+
+
+
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