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diff --git a/38656-0.txt b/38656-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4d238f --- /dev/null +++ b/38656-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4303 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 100, +September 27, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number 100, September 27, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Editor: George Bell + +Release Date: January 23, 2012 [EBook #38656] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, SEPT 27, 1851 *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) + + + + + +[Transcriber's note: Original spelling varieties have not been +standardized. In the Niniveh inscriptions character frequency list the +Hebrew letters "Resh" and "Gimel" seem to be missing, while characters +marked with [?] may have been used more than once. Characters with +macrons have been marked in brackets with an equal sign, as [=e] for a +letter e with a macron on top. Underscores have been used to indicate +_italic_ fonts. A list of volumes and pages in "Notes and Queries" has +been added at the end.] + + + + +NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION + +FOR + +LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + +VOL. IV.--No. 100. SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27. 1851. + +Price Sixpence. Stamped Edition 7_d._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + + Our Hundredth Number 217 + + NOTES:-- + + Notes on the Calendar, by Professor de Morgan 218 + + Inedited Letters of Swift 218 + + Nineveh Inscriptions, by T. J. Buckton 220 + + Inedited Letter of Alfieri 222 + + Stanzas in Childe Harold 223 + + Notes on Oxford Edition of Jewel 225 + + Anagrams, by Henry H. Breen 226 + + Folk Lore:--Cure for Hooping Cough--Cure for the + Toothache--Medical Use of Pigeons--Obeism 227 + + Notes on Julin, No. II., by K. R. H. Mackenzie 228 + + Minor Notes:--Curious Epitaph in Dalkeith Churchyard--Device + of SS.--Lord Edward Fitzgerald--The Michaelmas + Goose--Gravesend Boats--Scullcups 230 + + QUERIES:-- + + Minor Queries:--Equestrian Figure of Elizabeth--Indian + Ants--Passage in George Herbert--The King's-way, + Wilts--Marriages within ruined Churches--Fees + for Inoculation--"Born in the Eighth Climate"--Aubrey + de Montdidier's Dog--Sanford's Descensus--Parish + Registers--Briefs for Collections--Early Printing + Presses--Bootikins--Printers' Privilege--Death of + Pitt--"A Little Bird told me"--Baroner--William III. + at Exeter--History of Hawick--Johannes Lychtenberger + --Lestourgeon the Horologist--Physiological Query--De + Grammont's Memoirs--"Frightened out of his Seven + Senses"--Fides Carbonaria--Bourchier Family--Warnings + to Scotland--Herschel anticipated--Duke of Wellington 231 + + MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--An Early Printer--"Nimble + Ninepence"--Prince Rupert's Balls--Knock + under--Freemasons 234 + + REPLIES:-- + + Conquest of Scotland 234 + + Borough-English 235 + + Pendulum Demonstration 235 + + Lord Mayor not a Privy Councillor 235 + + Collars of SS. 236 + + Written Sermons 237 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--Authoress of "A Residence on + the Shores of the Baltic"--Winifreda--Querelle + d'Alleman--Coins of Constantius II.--Proverb, what + constitutes one?--Dr. Matthew Sutcliffe--Pope's + Translations of Horace--M. Lominus, Theologus--Corpse + passing makes a Right of Way--Horology--Curfew--"Going + the whole Hog"--John Bodley--Language of Ancient + Egypt--William Hone--Bensley--John Lilburne--School + of the Heart--Sir W. Raleigh in Virginia--Siege + of Londonderry--Cowper Law--Decretorum Doctor--Nightingale + and Thorn--Carli the Economist--Tale of a Tub--Wyle + Cop--Visiting Cards--Absalom's Hair--MS. Book of + Sentences--The Winchester Execution--Locke's MSS.--Peal of + Bells--Pope's "honest Factor"--Bells in Churches--Passage + from Virgil--Duke of Berwick--Nullus and + Nemo--Grimsdyke--Coke, how pronounced--Marcus Ælius + Antoninus 237 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 245 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 245 + + Notices to Correspondents 246 + + Advertisements 246 + + + + +OUR HUNDREDTH NUMBER. + + It is the privilege of age to be garrulous; and as we have this + week reached our Hundredth Number--an age to which comparatively + few Periodicals ever attain--we may be pardoned if, on thus + completing our first _Century of Inventions_, we borrow a few + words from the noble author of that well-known work, and beg you, + Gentle Reader, "to cast your gracious eye over this summary + collection and there to pick and choose:" and when you have done + so, to admit that, thanks to the kind assistance of our friends + and correspondents, we have not only (like Master Lupton) + presented you with _A Thousand Notable Things_, but fulfilled the + objects which we proposed in the publication of "NOTES AND + QUERIES." + + During the hundred weeks our paper has existed we have received + from Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Belgium, and France--from + the United States--from India--from Australia--from the West + Indies--from almost every one of our Colonies--letters expressive + of the pleasure which the writers (many of them obviously scholars + "ripe and good," though far removed from the busy world of + letters), derive from the perusal of "_Notes and Queries_;" and it + is surely a good work to put to students so situated, + + "---- all the learning that our time + Can make them the receivers of." + + And, on the other hand, our readers cannot but have noticed how + many a pertinent Note, suggestive Query, and apt Reply have + reached us from the same remote quarters. + + Our columns have, however, not only thus administered to the + intellectual enjoyment of our brethren abroad, but they have + rendered good service to men of letters here at home: and We could + set forth a goodly list of works of learning and research--from + Mr. Cunningham's _Handbook of London Past and Present_, published + when we had been but a few months in existence, down to Wyclyffe's + _Three Treatises on the Church_, recently edited by the Rev. Dr. + Todd--in which the utility of "NOTES AND QUERIES" is publicly + recognised in terms which are highly gratifying to us. + + We do not make these statements in any vainglorious spirit. We + believe our success is due to the manner in which, thanks to the + ready assistance of zealous and learned Friends and + Correspondents, we have been enabled to supply a want which all + literary men have felt more or less: and believing that the more + we are known, and the wider our circulation, the greater will be + our usefulness, and the better shall we be enabled to serve the + cause we seek to promote. We feel we may fairly invite increased + support for "NOTES AND QUERIES" on the grounds of what it has + already accomplished. + + And so, wishing ourselves many happy returns of this + Centenary--and that you, Gentle Reader, may be spared to enjoy + them, We bid you heartily Farewell! + + + + +Notes. + + +NOTE ON THE CALENDAR. + +What every one learns from the almanac, over and above Easter and its +consequences for the current year, is that what happens this year is no +index at all to what will happen next year. And even those who preserve +their almanacs, and compare them in long series, never have been able, +so far as I know, to lay hands upon any law connecting the Easters of +different years, without having had recourse to the very complicated law +on which the whole calendar is constructed. + +Nevertheless there does exist a simple relation which reduces the +uncertainty in the proportion of five to two; so that by means of one +past almanac, we may name _two_ Sundays, one or the other of which must +be Easter Sunday. I have never seen this relation noticed, though I have +read much (for these days) on the calendar: has any one of your readers +ever met with it? + +Let us make a _cycle_ of the days on which Easter day can fall, so that +when we come to the last (April 25), we begin again at the first (March +22). Thus, six days in advance of April 23, comes March 25; seven days +behind March 24, comes April 21. + +The following is the _rule_, after which come two cases of +_exception_:-- + +Take any year which is _not_ leap year, then, by passing over _eleven_ +years, we either leave Easter day unaltered, or throw it back a week; +and it is nearly three to one that we have to leave it unaltered. Thus +1941 is not leap year, and eleven years more give 1952; both have April +13 for Easter day; but of 1943 and 1954, the first gives April 25, the +second April 18. + +Take any year which _is_ leap year, then, by passing over _eleven_ +years, we either throw Easter one day forward, or six days back; and it +is about three to two that it will be thrown forward. Thus 1852 (leap +year) gives April 11, but 1863 gives April 5. + +But when, in passing over eleven years, we pass over 1700, 1800, or any +Gregorian omission of leap year, the common year takes the rule just +described for leap year; while, if we begin with leap year, the passage +over eleven years throws Easter _two_ days forward, or _five_ days back. +There is another class of single exceptions, occurring at long +intervals, which it is hardly worth while to examine. The only case +which occurs between 1582 and 2000, is when the first year is 1970. + +Any number of instances may be taken from my _Book of Almanacs_, and the +general rule may be easily seen to belong also to the old style. Those +who understand the construction of the calendar will very easily find +the explanation of the whole. + + A. DE MORGAN. + + +INEDITED LETTERS OF SWIFT. + + [By the great kindness of a correspondent who has placed at our + disposal two hitherto inedited letters written by Swift, we are + enabled to present the following literal copies of them to our + readers. + + They are obviously addressed to Frances Lady Worsley, only + daughter of Thomas Lord Viscount Weymouth, and wife of Sir Robert + Worsley, Baronet, and the mother of Lady Carteret. In Sir Walter + Scott's edition of Swift's _Works_ (vol. xvii. p. 302.) will be + found one letter from the Dean of St. Patrick to Lady Worsely; and + in vol. xviii. p. 26. is the letter from that lady to the Dean + which accompanied the escritoire alluded to in the second of the + two letters which we now print. This appears from Swift's + endorsement of it--"Lady Worsley, with a present of a writing-box + japanned by herself."] + +"Madam,--It is now three years and a half since I had the Honor to see +Your Ladyship, and I take it very ill that You have not finished my Box +above a Month. But this is allways the way that You Ladyes treat your +adorers in their absence. However upon Mrs. Barber's account I will +pardon You, because she tells me it is the handsomest piece of work she +ever saw; and because you have accepted the honor to be one of her +protectors, and are determined to be one of her principall recommenders +and encouragers. I am in some doubt whether envy had not a great share +in your work, for you were I suppose informed that my Lady Carteret had +made for me with her own hands the finest box in Ireland; upon which you +grew jealous, and resolved to outdo her by making for me the finest box +in England; for so Mrs. Barber assures me. In short, I am quite +overloaden with favors from Your Ladyship and your Daughter; and what is +worse, those loads will lye upon my Shoulders as long as I live. But I +confess my self a little ungrateful, because I cannot deny Your Ladyship +to have been the most constant of all my Goddesses, as I am the most +constant of all your Worshippers. I hope the Carterets and the Worsleys +are all happy and in health, and You are obliged to let Sir Robert +Worsley know that I am his most humble Servant; but You need say nothing +of my being so long his Rival. I hear my friend Harry is returning from +the fiery Zone, I hope with more money than he knows what to do with; +but whether his vagabond Spirit will ever fix is a question. I beg your +Ladyship will prevail on S'r Robert Worsley to give me a Vicarage in the +Isle of Wight; for I am weary of living at such a distance from You. It +need not be above forty pounds a year. + +"As to Mrs. Barber, I can assure you she is but one of four Poetesses in +this town, and all Citizens' wives; but she has the vogue of being the +best: yet one of them is a Scholar, and hath published a new edition of +Tacitus, with a Latin dedication to My Lord Carteret. + +"I require that Your Ladyship shall still preserve me some little corner +in your memory; and do not think to put me off onely with a Box, which I +can assure you will not contribute in the least to[1] ... my esteem and +regard for Your Ladyship.... I have been always, and shall ever remain, + + "Madam, + + "Your Lady ... + + "Obedient and ... + humble ... + JON'N.... + +"Dublin, May 1're, 1731." + + [Footnote 1: A small portion of the original letter has been lost.] + + [As Lady Worsley's letter serves to explain several allusions in + Swift's letters, and is obviously the one to which the second + letter we print is the reply, we here insert it.] + +"August 6th, 1732. + +"Sir,--I flatter myself, that if you had received my last letter, +you would have favoured me with an answer; therefore I take it for +granted it is lost. + +"I was so proud of your commands, and so fearful of being supplanted by +my daughter, that I went to work immediately, that her box might not +keep her in your remembrance, while there was nothing to put you in mind +of an old friend and humble servant. But Mrs. Barber's long stay here +(who promised me to convey it to you) has made me appear very negligent. +I doubt not but you think me unworthy of the share (you once told me) I +had in your heart. I am yet vain enough to think I deserve it better +than all those flirting girls you coquet with. I will not yield (even) +to _dirty Patty_, whom I was the most jealous of when you were last +here. What if I am a great-grandmother, I can still distinguish your +merit from all the rest of the world; but it is not consistent with your +good-breeding to put one in mind of it, therefore I am determined not to +use my interest with Sir Robert for a living in the Isle of Wight[2], +though nothing else could reconcile me to the place. But if I could make +you Archbishop of Canterbury, I should forget my resentments, for the +sake of the flock, who very much want a careful shepherd. Are we to have +the honour of seeing you, or not? I have fresh hopes given me; but I +dare not please myself too much with them, lest I should be again +disappointed. If I had it as much in my power as my inclination to serve +Mrs. Barber, she should not be kept thus long attending; but I hope her +next voyage may prove more successful. She is just come in, and tells me +you have sprained your foot, which will prevent your journey till next +summer; but assure yourself the Bath is the only infallible cure for +such an accident. If you have any regard remaining for me, you will shew +it by taking my advice; if not, I will endeavour to forget you, if I +can. But, till that doubt is cleared, I am as much as ever, the Dean's + + "Obedient humble Servant, + + "F. WORSLEY." + + [Footnote 2: Where her husband, Sir Robert Worsley, possessed the + estate of Appuldercombe.] + +"Madam,--I will never tell, but I will always remember how many years +have run out since I had first the honor and happiness to be known to +Your Ladyship, which however I have a thousand times wished to have +never happened, since it was followed by the misfortune of being +banished from You for ever. I believe you are the onely Lady in England +that for a thousand years past hath so long remembered a useless friend +in absence, which is too great a load of favor for me and all my +gratitude to support. + +"I can faithfully assure your Ladyship that I never received from You +more than one letter since I saw you last; and that I sent you a long +answer. I often forget what I did yesterday, or what passed half an hour +ago; and yet I can well remember a hundred particulars in Your +Ladyship's company. This is the memory of those who grow old. I have no +room left for new Ideas. I am offended with one passage in Your +Ladyship's letter; but I will forgive You, because I do not believe the +fact, and all my acquaintance here joyn with me in my unbelief. You make +excuses for not sooner sending me the most agreeable present that ever +was made, whereas it is agreed by all the curious and skilfull of both +sexes among us, that such a piece of work could not be performed by the +most dextrous pair of hands and finest eyes in Christendom, in less than +a year and a half, at twelve hours a day. Yet Mrs. Barber, corrupted by +the obligations she hath to you, would pretend that I over reckon six +months, and six hours a day. Be that as it will, our best virtuosi are +unanimous that the Invention exceeds, if possible, the work itself. But +to all these praises I coldly answer, that although what they say be +perfectly true, or indeed below the truth, yet if they had ever seen or +conversed with Your Ladyship as I have done, they would have thought +this escritoire a very poor performance from such hands, such eyes, and +such an imagination. To speak my own thoughts, the work itself does not +delight me more than the little cares you were pleased to descend to in +contriving ways to have it conveyed so far without damage, whereof it +received not the least from without; what there was came from within; +for one of the little rings that lifts a drawer for wax, hath touched a +part of one of the Pictures, and made a mark as large as the head of a +small pin; but it touches onely an end of a cloud; and yet I have been +carefull to twist a small thread of silk round that wicked ring, who +promiseth to do so no more. + +"Your Ladyship wrongs me in saying that I twitted you with being a +great-grandmother. I was too prudent and carefull of my own credit to +offer the least hint upon that head, while I was conscious that I might +have been great-grandfather to you. + +"I beg you, Madam, that there may be no quarrells of jealousy between +Your Ladyship and My Lady Carteret: I set her at work by the authority I +claymed over her as your daughter. The young woman showed her +readynesse, and performed very well for a new beginner, and deserves +encouragement. Besides, she filled the Chest with Tea, whereas you did +not send me a single pen, a stick of wax, or a drop of Ink; for all +which I must bear the charge out of my own pocket. And after all if Your +Ladyship were not by I would say that My Lady Carteret's Box (as you +disdainfully call it instead of a Tea-chest) is a most beautiful piece +of work, and is oftener used than yours, because it is brought down for +tea after dinner among Ladyes, whereas my escritoire never stirrs out of +my closet, but when it is brought for a sight. Therefore I again desire +there may be no family quarrells upon my account. + +"As to Patty Blount, you wrong her very much. She was a neighbor's +child, a good Catholick, an honest Girl, and a tolerable Courtier at +Richmond. I deny she was dirty, but a little careless, and sometimes +wore a ragged gown, when she and I took long walks. She saved her money +in summer onely to be able to keep a Chair at London in winter: this is +the worst you can say; and she might have a whole coat to her back if +her good nature did not make her a fool to her mother and sanctifyed +sister Teresa. And she was the onely Girl I coquetted in the whole half +year that I lived with Mr. Pope in Twitenham, whatever evil tongues +might have informed your Ladyship, in hopes to set you against me. And +after this usage, if I accept the Archbishoprick of Canterbury from your +Ladyship's hands, I think you ought to acknowledge it as a favor. + +"Are you not weary, Madam? Have you patience to read all this? I am +bringing back past times; I imagine myself talking with you as I used to +do; but on a sudden I recollect where I am sitting, banished to a +country of slaves and beggars; my blood soured, my spirits sunk, +fighting with Beasts like St. Paul, not at Ephesus, but in Ireland. + +"I am not of your opinion, that the flocks (in either Kingdom) want +better Shepherds; for, as the French say, 'à tels brebis tel pasteur:' +and God be thanked that I have no flock at all, so that I neither can +corrupt nor be corrupted. + +"I never saw any person so full of acknowledgment as Mrs. Barber is for +Your Ladyship's continued favors to her, nor have I known any person of +a more humble and gratefull spirit than her, or who knows better how to +distinguish the Persons by whom she is favored. But I will not honor +myself so far, or dishonor you so much, as to think I can add the least +weight to your own naturall goodness and generosity. + +"You must, as occasion serves, Present my humble respects to My Lord and +Lady Carteret, and my Lady Dysert, and to S'r Robert Worsley. + +"I am, and shall be ever, with the truest respect, esteem, and +gratitude, + + "Madam, + + "Your Ladyship's most obedient + and most humble Servant, + + "JONATH. SWIFT. + +"Dublin, Nov. 4're, 1732. + +"I know not where my old friend Harry Worsley is, but I am his most +humble servant." + + [On the back of the Letter is the following Postscript.] + +"Madam,--I writ this Letter two months ago, and was to send it by Mrs. +Barber; but she falling ill of the gout, and I deferring from day to +day, expecting her to mend, I was at last out of patience. I have sent +it among others by a private hand. + + "I wish Your Ladyship and all your family many happy new years. + +"Jan. 8'e, 1732." + + +NINEVEH INSCRIPTIONS. + +The accumulation of these treasures in London and Paris, leads to the +belief that they will soon be decyphered. The following remarks are +offered in promotion of so desirable an object. It must be premised that +a printer, when requiring type from the type-founder for English books, +does not order the same quantity for each letter; but, according to a +scale adapted to the requirements of printing, he orders only so many of +each letter as he is likely to use. That scale may be nearly represented +in the following way: the letter _z_ being the one least used in +English, he will require + + Twice the number of letter z for letter x + Twice also -- -- j + 2-1/2 times -- -- q + 4 " -- -- k + 6 " -- -- v + 8 " -- -- b + 8-1/2 " -- -- p + 8-1/2 " -- -- g + 10 " -- -- y + 10 " -- -- w + 15 " -- -- m + 15 " -- -- c + 17 " -- -- u + 20-1/2 " -- -- l + 21 " -- -- f + 22 " -- -- d + 31 " -- -- r + 32 " -- -- h + 40 " -- -- s + 40 " -- -- n + 40 " -- -- o + 41-1/2 " -- -- i + 42-1/2 " -- -- a + 45 " -- -- t + 60 " -- -- e + +Suppose now a person to write English in cypher, using unknown +characters for the well-known letters; it would be easy to decypher his +writing, _if of sufficient length_ to make the general rule acted on in +the printing trade applicable. The decypherer, by selecting each +distinct unknown character, and numbering them respectively, would find +that the character oftenest occurring was _e_, the next oftenest _t_, +and so on to the character having the lowest number, being least used, +which would of course be _z_. Persons accustomed to decypher European +correspondence for diplomatic purposes, will pronounce best on the +practicability of this method for the decyphering of modern languages. + +It is proposed then to apply the same method in the several languages +_supposed_ nearest of kin to that of the Nineveh inscriptions. Without +entering into the reasons for that opinion, it may suffice, for the +present purpose of illustration, to assume that the language of these +inscriptions is Chaldee. To apply this method the numbers of each letter +occurring in the Targum of Onkelos on Genesis, or the whole Pentateuch, +should be taken. This enumeration has been made as regards the Hebrew +(see Bagster's _Family Bible_, at the end of Deuteronomy). The readiest +mode of effecting such enumeration would be to employ twenty-two persons +knowing the Chaldee letters, and to assign a letter to each, calling out +to them each letter as it occurred in Onkelos, whilst each person kept +count of his own letter on a tally, and summing up the total gave in the +result to the reader _at the end of each chapter_. This would be +necessary with a view to ascertain what _quantity_ of unknown +inscription was required to evolve the rule, as the proposed method is +clearly inapplicable when the quantity of matter to be decyphered is +inconsiderable. + +Having gone over sufficient ground to satisfy himself of the certainty +of the rule, the decypherer would next count the numbers of each +distinct character in all the cuneiform inscriptions accessible to him, +making allowance for final letters, also for vowel points which may be +attached to the character, as in Ethiopic. Assuming the rule in Chaldee +to be the same as in Hebrew (it is in fact very different), he would +find the character oftenest occurring in the Nineveh inscriptions to be +ו, the next מ, the rest in the following order as to frequency of +occurrence, ט , ס , ע , צ , [?] ד , פ , ז , ק , [?] ח , [?] ב , ש , [?] +ד , [?] ב , ל , נ , א , ה , כ , ת , י , the first letter, ו, vau, +occurring nearly seven times as often as ט, teth. The order of the +letters would, in fact, vary much from this in Chaldee; the servile +letters being different would alone much disturb the assumed order, +actually ascertained nevertheless, as respects the Hebrew letters, in +the five books of Moses. One word as to the order in which the several +languages should be experimented on. The Chaldee would be the first, and +next in succession, (2) the Syriac, (3) the Ethiopic, (4) the Arabic, +(5) the Hebrew (die jungste Schwester),[3] and (6) the Pehlvi. The +Indo-European languages would, in case of failure in the above, claim +next attention: of these first the Zend, next (2) the Sanscrit, then (3) +the Armenian, &c. &c. + + [Footnote 3: Adelung in _Mithridates_.] + +The resemblance of many of the characters on the Babylonian bricks, as +well as on the stones of Nineveh, is very great to the characters known +in our Bibles as Hebrew, but which are in fact not Hebrew but Chaldee, +and were introduced by the Jews subsequent to their Babylonish +captivity: the original Hebrew character was that still existing on +coins, and nearly approximates in many respects to the Samaritan +character. In some MSS. collated by Kennicott, he found the +tetragrammaton "Jehovah" written in this ancient character, whilst the +rest was Chaldee. The characteristic of the unknown letters is their +resemblance to nails, to arrow-heads, and to wedges, from which, indeed, +they are commonly designated. In the Chaldee (the Hebrew of our Bibles) +this is also strikingly visible, notwithstanding the effect of time in +wearing down the arridges: thus, in the oftenest recurring letter, ו, in +the left leg of the ת, in ע, in צ, in ט, in נ, in מ, and especially in +ש, the cuneiform type is most clearly traceable. One of the unknown +characters, [Shin-like symbol], seems almost identical with ש, allowance +being made for the cursive form which written characters assume after +centuries of use. + +The horn is very conspicuous on the heads of men in the Nineveh (Asshur) +sculptures, still, as a fashion, retained in Ethiopia (Cush, +Abyssinia[4]), the origin of the Chaldeans, through Nimrod the Cushite +(Gen. x. 8.), who probably derived their chief sustenance from the river +Tigris (Hiddekel). Subsistence from (1) fishing, (2) hunting (_e.g._ +Nimrod), (3) grazing, and (4) agriculture, seems to have succeeded in +the order named. The repeated appearance of _fish_ on the same +sculptures, is in allusion, doubtless, to the name Nineveh (= fish + +habitation); and their worship of the half-man, half-fish (the fabulous +mermaid or merman), to which many of the _Cetaceæ_ bear a close +resemblance (the sea-horse for example), common with them and the +Phoenicians (in the latter tongue named Dagon), is probably allusive, in +their symbolic style, to the abstract notion of _fecundity_, so general +an element of veneration in all the known mythological religions of +ancient and modern times. See Nahum _passim_. + + [Footnote 4: Alexander the Great adopted the horns as Jupiter + Ammon. See Vincent's _Periplus of the Erythrean Sea_, and + frontispiece. The women of Lebanon have, it appears, retained the + fashion. See _Pict. Bible_ on Zech. i. 18.] + +From an attentive examination of these monuments in the British Museum, +it appears highly probable that the writing is from left to right, as in +the Ethiopic and Coptic, and in the Indo-European family generally, and +is the reverse of all the other Shemitic tongues. This inference is +derived from the fact that each line (with few exceptions) ranges with +those above and below, as in a printed book, perpendicularly on the +_left_, and breaks off on the _right_ hand, as at the termination of a +sentence, whilst some of the characters seem to stretch beyond the usual +line of limit to the right, as if the sculptor had made the common error +of not having _quite_ space enough for a word not divisible. + +The daguerreotype might be advantageously used in copying all the +inscriptions yet discovered, of each of which three or four copies +should be taken, to obviate mistakes and accidents. These being brought +to England and carefully examined by the microscope, should be legibly +engraved and stereotyped, and sent to all the linguists of Europe and +elsewhere, and copies should also be deposited in all public libraries. + +A comparison of the twelve cursive letters in Mr. Layard's _Nineveh_, +vol. ii. p. 166., with Büttner's tables at the end of the first volume +of Eichhorn's _Einleitung in das Alte Testament_ (Leipzic, 1803), has +led to an unexpected result. The particular table with which the +comparison was instituted, is No. II. Class i. Phoenician, col. 2., +headed "Palæstinæ in nummis;" any person therefore can verify it. This +result is the following reading in the proper Chaldee character:— + + רבקלבנו-ושש-דן + + RaBKaLBeNO—VeSheeSh—DiN. + +The meaning is "Rabbi (Mr.) Kalbeno"—"And six"—"Judge." Perhaps Kalbeno +should be Albeno, the initial letter being obscure. The above is put +forth as a curious coincidence, not by any means with the certainty +which a much more extended examination than a dozen letters can afford. + + T. J. BUCKTON. + + Lichfield. + + +INEDITED LETTER OF ALFIERI. + + [The circumstances which led to Alfieri's hasty retreat from + England in 1771, and to Lord Ligonier's successful application for + a divorce, are doubtless familiar to all who have read the very + amusing Autobiography of the Italian poet. At all events we must + presume so, as they are scarcely of a nature to be reproduced in + "NOTES AND QUERIES." Twenty years after that even, when about to + embark for the Continent with the Countess of Albany, Alfieri, as + he was stepping on board the packet, saw again for the first time + since 1771 Lady Ligonier, who was on the quay. They recognised + each other, but that was all. + + Alfieri, after describing this event in the 21st chapter of his + Autobiography, proceeds:--"Si arrivo a Calais; di dove io molto + colpito di quella vista cosi inespettata le volli scrivere per + isfogo del cuore, e mandai la mia lettera al Banchiere de Douvres, + che glie la rimettesse in proprie mani, e me ne trasmettesse poi + la risposta a Bruxelles, dove sarei stato fra pochi giorni. _La + mia lettera, di cui mi spiace di non aver serbato copia_ era + certamente piena d' affetti, non gia d' amore, ma di una vera e + profonda commozione di vederla ancora menare una vita errante e si + poco decorosa al suo stato e nascita, e di dolore che io ne + sentiva tanto più pensando di esserne io stato ancorche + innocentement o li cagione o li pretesto." + + The original letter of Alfieri (which we presume he would have + inserted in his Autobiography, had he kept a copy of it, seeing + that he has there printed Lady Ligonier's reply) is in the + possession of a nobleman, a relative of the unfortunate lady; and + we are enabled by the kindness of a correspondent to lay before + our readers the following copy of it. + + How far it bears out the writer's description of it we do not stop + to ask; but certainly if the reader will take the trouble to turn + to the conclusion of the chapter to which we have referred, we + think he cannot fail to be struck with the difference between the + terms in which the quondam lover writes _of_ the lady, and those + which he addresses _to_ her in the following Epistle.[5]] + + [Footnote 5: In the only edition of the _Vita_ (12mo. 1809) to + which we have an opportunity of referring, this event is + represented as occurring in 1791: it will be seen that it really + took place in 1792. The lady's reply is there dated (tom. ii. p. + 193.) "Dover, 25th _April_," instead of 24th _August_.] + + "Calais, Mercredi, 24 Aout, 1792. + +"Madam,--Mon silence en vous revoyant après vingt années d'absence, a +été le fruit de l'étonnement, et non pas de l'indifférence. C'est un +sentiment qui m'est inconnu pour les personnes qui m'ont intéressé une +fois, et pour vous surtout, dont j'ai à me reprocher toute ma vie +d'avoir été la principale cause de toutes vos vicissitudes. Si j'avois +eu le courage de m'approcher de vous, ma langue n'auroit certainement +jamais retrouvé d'expression pour vous rendre tous les mouvemens +tumultueux de mon âme et de mon coeur à cette apparition si subite et si +momentanée. Je n'aurois trouvé que des larmes pour vous dire tout ce que +je sentais; et en vous le traçant confusement sur ce papier, elles +viennent encore m'interrompre. Ce n'est pourtant pas de l'amour qui me +parle pour vous, mais c'est un mélange de sentimens si tendres, de +souvenirs, de regrets, et d'inquiétude pour votre sort présent et +future, que vous pouvez seule comprendre ou diviner. Je n'ai dans le +cours de ces vingt ans jamais sçu au juste de vos nouvelles. Un mariage +d'inclination que j'appris que vous aviez fait, devoit faire votre +bonheur. J'apprends à présent que cela n'a pas rempli vos espérances: je +m'en afflige pour vous. Au nom de Dieu, faites-moi seulement sçavoir si +vous êtes heureuse au moins; c'est là l'objet de mes voeux les plus +ardents. Je ne vous parle point de moi; je ne sçais pas si mon sort peut +vous intéresser de même; je vous dirai seulement que l'âge ne me corrige +point du défaut de trop sentir; que, malgré cela, je suis aussi heureux +que je puis l'être, et que rien ne manqueroit à ma félicité, si je vous +sçavois contente et heureuse. Mais au cas que cela ne soit pas, +adoucissez-moi du moins l'amertume de cette nouvelle en me disant +expressément que ce n'est point moi qui en ai été la cause, et que vous +ne désespérez pas d'être encore heureuse et d'accord avec vous-même. + +"Je finis, parce que j'aurois trop de choses à vous dire, et que ma +lettre deviendroit plustôt celle d'un père, que celle d'un ancien amant. +Mais la cause de mes paroles étant dans le sensibilité de mon coeur, je +ne doute point que la sensibilité du vôtre, dont j'ai été convaincu, ne +les reçoive avec indulgence, et avec un reste d'affection que je n'ai +pas mérité de perdre de votre part. Si vous voulez donc me dire quelque +chose de vous, et que ma lettre ne vous a point déplu, vous pouvez +addresser votre réponse à Bruxelles, poste restante. Si vous ne jugez +point à-propos de me répondre, faites seulement sçavoir à la personne +qui vous fera remettre celle-ci, que vous l'avez reçue. Cela me +consolera un peu de la douleur que m'a causé le rétracement subit de vos +infortunes, que votre vue a toute réveillées dans mon âme. Adieu, donc, +adieu. + + "VITTORIO ALFIERI." + + +STANZAS IN "CHILDE HAROLD." + +There is a famous passage in one of Lord Byron's most famous poems, +which I am ashamed to confess that, though I am English born, and a +constant reader of poetry, I cannot clearly understand. It seems to +present no difficulties to anybody else, for it has been quoted a +thousand times over and over, without any intimation that it is not as +clear as light. It is in the sublime Address to the Ocean at the end of +Canto IV. of _Childe Harold_, stanza 182.: + + "Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee-- + Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, what are they? + Thy waters wasted them while they were free, + And many a tyrant since; their shores obey + The stranger, slave, or savage; their decay + Has dried up realms to deserts:--not so thou, + Unchangeable save to thy wild waves' play-- + Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow-- + Such as creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest now." + +I have copied out to the end of the stanza; for in fact it is not easy +to stop the pen when copying such stanzas as these: but my business is +with the fourth and fifth lines only. In the fourth line, as you will +observe, a semicolon is inserted after the word "since." I find it there +in the first edition of the fourth canto of _Childe Harold_, published +in 1818; it is there in the standard edition of Lord Byron's _Works_, +issued by Murray about 1832; it is there in the splendid illustrated +edition of _Childe Harold_ published by Murray in 1841,--one of the +finest books of the kind, if not the finest, that has yet done honour to +the English press. This punctuation is found, therefore, in the earliest +edition that was issued, and in those on which the most care has been +bestowed. Yet what is the sense which the lines thus punctuated present? + + "Thy waters wasted them [_i. e._ the empires] while they were free, + And many a tyrant since." + +They waters wasted many a tyrant? How, in the name of wonder? What sort +of an occupation is this to assign to the majestic ocean? Does the poet +mean to assert that anciently it wasted empires, and now it only wastes +individuals. Absurd! Yet such is the only meaning, as far as I see, +that can be assigned to the lines as they stand. + +If the punctuation be altered, that is, if the semicolon after "since" +be removed, and a comma placed at the end of the line, the whole becomes +luminous: + + "Thy waters wasted them while they were free, + And many a tyrant since their shores obey." + +That is (I beg pardon if I am unnecessarily explanatory), "The waters +wasted these empires while they were free, and since they have been +enslaved,"--an apt illustration of that indifference to human affairs +which the poet is attributing to the ocean. The words, "the stranger, +slave, or savage," which follow in the next line, are to be taken in +connexion with the phrase "many a tyrant," and as an enumeration of the +different sorts of tyrants to which these unhappy empires have been +subjected. + +This is my view of the sense of this famous passage: if any of your +correspondents can point out a better, I can only say "candidus +imperti," &c. + +There was a very elaborate article on Lord Byron's Address to the Ocean +in _Blackwood's Magazine_ for October, 1848; but the writer, who +dissects it almost line by line, has somehow, as is the wont of +commentators, happened to pass over the difficulty which stands right in +his way. To make up for this, however, he contrives to find new +difficulties of his own. The following is a specimen: + + "Recite," he says, "the stanza beginning, + + 'Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee;' + + and when the sonorous roll has subsided, try to understand it. You + will find some difficulty, if we mistake not, in knowing who or + what is the apostrophized subject. Unquestionably the world's + ocean, and not the Mediterranean. The very last verse we were far + in the Atlantic: + + 'Thy shores are empires.' + + "The shores of the world's ocean are empires. There are, or have + been, the British empire, the German empire, the Russian empire, + and the empire of the Great Mogul, the Chinese empire, the empire + of Morocco, the four great empires of antiquity, the French + empire, and some others. The poet does not intend names and things + in this very strict way, however," &c. + +What empires the poet _did_ mean there is surely no difficulty in +discovering, for those who wish to understand rather than to cavil. The +very next line to that quoted is-- + + "_Assyria_, _Greece_, _Rome_, _Carthage_, what are they?" + +and it would require some hardihood to assert that these empires were +not on the shores of the Mediterranean. + +After all, the best commentators are translators: they are obliged to +take the difficulties by the horns. I find, in a translation of Byron's +_Works_ published at Pforzheim in 1842, the lines thus rendered by Dr. +Duttenhofer: + + "Du bleibst, ob Reiche schwinden an den Küsten,-- + Assyrien, Hellas, Rom, Carthago--schwand, + Die _freien_ könnte Wasserfluth verwüsten + Wie die Tyrannen; es gehorcht der Strand + Dem Fremdling, Sclaven, Wilden," &c. + +Duttenhofer has here taken the text as he found it, and has given it as +much meaning as he could; but alas for those who are compelled to take +their notion of the poetry of _Childe Harold_ from his German, instead +of the original English! There is one passage in which the reader finds +this reflection driven hard upon him. Who is there that does not know +Byron's stanza on the Dying Gladiator, when, speaking of + + "The inhuman shout which hail'd the wretch who won," + +he adds, in lines which will be read _till_ Homer and Virgil are +forgotten: + + "He heard it, but he heeded not--his eyes + Were with his heart, and that was far away; + He reck'd not of the life he lost nor prize, + But where his rude hut by the Danube lay, + _There_ were his young barbarians all at play, + _There_ was their Dacian mother--he, their sire, + Butcher'd to make a Roman holiday-- + All this gush'd with his blood--shall he expire + And unavenged? Arise, ye Goths! and glut your ire!" + +There are two phrases in this stanza which seem to me to have never been +surpassed: "young barbarians," and "all this _gushed with his blood_." +How inimitable is "young barbarians!" The "curiosa felicitas" of Horace +never carried him farther,--or perhaps so far. Herr Duttenhofer contents +himself by saying-- + + "fern am Donaustrand + Sind seine Kinder, freuend sich am Spiel." + +"Afar on the shore of the Danube are _his children_, diverting +themselves at play." Good heavens! is this translation, and German +translation too, of which we have heard so much? Again: + + "wie sein Blut + Hinfliesst, denkt er an dies." + +"As his blood flows away, he thinks of this!" What could Herr +Duttenhofer be thinking of? + +To my surprise, on turning to the passage this moment in Byron's poems, +I find it stands-- + + "All this _rush'd_ with his blood," + +instead of "_gush'd_." It is so in the original edition, in the _Works_, +and in the splendid edition of 1841, all three. Can there be any doubt +of the superiority of "gush'd?" To me there seems none; and, singularly +enough, it so happens that twice in conversation with two of the most +distinguished writers of this age--one a prosaist and the other a poet, +whose names I wish I were at liberty to mention--I have had occasion to +quote this passage, and they both agreed with me in ascribing the +highest degree of poetical excellence to the use of this very word. I +wish I could believe myself the author of such an improvement; but I +have certainly somewhere seen the line printed as I have given it; very +possibly in Ebenezer Elliott the Corn-law Rhymer's _Lectures on Poetry_, +in which I distinctly remember that he quoted the stanza. + + T. W. + + +"NOTES" ON THE OXFORD EDITION OF BISHOP JEWEL'S WORKS. + +I send, with some explanation, a few Notes, taken from among others that +I had marked in my copy of the edition of Bishop Jewel's Works, issued +by the Oxford university press, 8 vols. 8vo. 1848. + +Vol. ii. p. 352., l. 6., has, in Jewel's _Reply to Harding's Answer_, +Article v., "Of Real Presence," seventh division, the following: "And +therefore St. Paul saith, 'That I live now, I live in the flesh of the +Son of God.'" To this the following is appended by the Oxford editor: + + "[Galatians ii. 20 '... And the life which I now live in the flesh + I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave + himself for me?' It cannot be denied that Jewel is here guilty, to + say the least, of very unjustifiable carelessness.]" + +The true state of the case is, that Bishop Jewel, in the original _Reply +to Harding_, published in his lifetime, 1565, had given the text with +entire correctness--"That I live now in the flesh, I live in the faith +of the Son of God:" but this, long after the Bishop's death, was +misprinted in the editions of 1609 and 1611. The Oxford Jewel, moreover, +of 1848 does not even profess to follow the editions of 1609 and 1611; +and it is stated, vol. i. p. 130., that "this edition of the Reply in +passing through the press has been collated with the original one of +1565." Still in this vital case, where the very question was, what Jewel +himself had written, it is plain that the early edition of 1565 was +never consulted. The roughness of the censure might surely in any case +have been spared. It may be noted (vol. viii. p. 195. Oxf. edit.), that +Jewel in 1568 wrote to Archbishop Parker: "I beseech your grace to give +strait orders that the Latin Apology be not printed again in any case, +before either your grace or some other have well perused it. _I am +afraid of printers: their tyranny is intolerable._" + +In vol. iv. p. 92., l. 1. _et seq._, in the _Recapitulation of Jewel's +Apology_, the words of the original Latin, "quid de Spiritu sancto," +marked in the following extract by Italics, are omitted in the Oxford +edition "Exposuimus tibi universam rationem religionis nostræ, quid de +Deo Patre, quid de ejus unico Filio Jesu Christo, _quid de Spiritu +sancto_, quid de ecclesia, quid de sacramentis ... sentiamus." And in +vol. vi. p. 523., l. 6., where Bishop Jewel gives that passage as +rendered by Lady Bacon, namely: "We have declared at large unto you the +very whole manner of our religion, what our opinion is of God the +Father, and of his only Son Jesus Christ, _of the Holy Ghost_, of the +church, of the sacrament," the following is appended:-- + + "[In the Latin Apology no words occur here relating to the Third + Person of the Blessed Trinity.]" + +A similar notice is also given in vol. viii. p. 385.--The fact is, that +the words "quid de Spiritu sancto" do occur in the Latin Apology, 1562, +which was the first edition of that work, and, so far as I am aware, the +only edition printed in Jewel's life, from which too the Oxford reprint +professes to be taken, and a copy of which any one can consult in the +British Museum. Those words will also be found, within six or eight +pages of the end, in the various later editions, as for example those of +Vautrollier, London, 1581; Forster, Amberg, 1606; Boler, London, 1637; +and Dring, London, 1692 (which are in my own possession); as also in the +editions of Bowier, 1584; Chard, 1591; and Hatfield, London, 1599. The +editions of Jewel's works printed in 1609 and 1611, edited by Fuller, +under the sanction of Archbishop Bancroft, did not contain the Latin +Apology. There is not a shadow of authority for the omission. All the +modern reprints too, with which I am acquainted, only excepting a small +edition printed at Cambridge, 1818, p. 140., give the words in question. +It would seem that the Oxford editor must have used the very inaccurate +reprint of 1818, for supplying copy for the printer[6]; and reference +either to that first edition of 1562, which the reprint of 1848 +professes to follow, or to any early edition, even in this case, where +the context clearly requires the omitted words, was neglected. + + [Footnote 6: I have observed another error in the Cambridge + edition, 1818, p. 115., last line but five, "domum manere" instead + of the original and classical reading, "domi manere." That + misprint of 1818 is followed by the Oxford edition of 1848, vol. + iv. p. 77. l. 12., Apol. pars vi. cap. 8. div. 1.] + +I have said that the Oxford Jewel of 1848 professes to follow the Latin +Apology of 1562, as a copy of the Latin title, with the date 1562, is +prefixed to the Oxford edition, vol. iv. p. 1.: but the colophon +appended to that reprint, p. 95., is strangely dated 1567. Was there any +Latin edition of the Apology printed in that year? And, if so, why are +different dates given for the title and colophon of the Oxford reprint? +One can only conclude that the date 1567 is itself an error. + +The following is printed in vol. viii. p. 290., l. 11., from Lady +Bacon's translation of Jewel's Apology, 1564, part ii. ch. 7. div. 5.: +"As touching the Bishop of Rome, for all his parasites state and ringly +sing those words in his ears, 'To thee will I give the keys of the +kingdom of heaven,'" &c. This case is different from those mentioned +above, in the respect that the words "state and ringly" do occur in the +printed edition of 1564; but it scarcely need be observed that the words +"state & ringly" are a misprint for "flatteringly," when it is added +that Jewel himself, in his revised edition of Lady Bacon's translation, +in the _Defence of the Apology_, 1567 and 1570, reads: "for all that his +flattering parasites sing these words in his ears." The original Latin +is "quamvis illi suaviter cantilentur illa verba a parasitis suis." + +There are also various errors and several omissions in the Oxford Jewel, +in the verification of the numerous references. Among various notes (I +would however add) which are inaccurate, and several that appear to me +superfluous, there are some which are most useful, as, for example, that +in vol. ii. p. 195., on the Gloss in the Canon Law, "Our Lord God the +Pope." + + COLET. + + +ANAGRAMS. + +You have now completed the third volume of "NOTES AND QUERIES," and, to +the no small surprise of all lovers of "jeux de mots," not a single +specimen of the genus Anagram has found its way into your columns. To +what are we to ascribe such a circumstance? The ancients were not +ashamed to indulge in this intellectual pastime, and their anagrams, +says Samuel Maunder, occasionally contained some happy allusion. The +moderns have given unequivocal proofs of their fecundity in the same +line, and the anagrammatic labours of the French nation alone would form +several volumes. Indeed, to that nation belongs the honour of having +introduced the anagram; and such is the estimation in which "the art" +was held by them at one time, that their kings were provided with a +salaried Anagrammatist, as ours are with a pensioned Laureate. How comes +it then that a species of composition, once so popular, has found no +representative among the many learned correspondents of your popular +periodical? Has the anagram become altogether extinct, or is it only +awaiting the advent of some competent genius to restore it to its proper +rank in the republic of letters? + +To me it is clear that the real cause of the prevailing dearth of +anagrams is the great difficulty of producing good ones. Good anagrams +are, to say the least of it, quite as scarce as good epic poems; for, if +it be true that the utmost efforts of the human intellect have not given +birth to more than six good epic poems, it is no less true that the +utmost exertion of human ingenuity has not brought forth more than half +a dozen good anagrams. Some critics are of opinion that we do possess +six good epic poems. Now, where shall we find six good anagrams? If they +exist, let them be _exhibited_ in the pages of "NOTES AND QUERIES." + +Indeed, it may be said that the anagram and the epic poem are the alpha +and omega of literature. I am aware that by thus placing them in +juxtaposition the contrast may have the effect of disparaging the +anagram. The epic poem will naturally enough suggest the idea of the +sublime, and the anagram, as naturally, that of the ridiculous: and then +it will be said that between the two there is but a step. But let any +gentleman make the experiment, and he will find that, instead of a step, +the intermediate space will present to his astonished legs a surface +co-extensive with the wide field of modern mediocrity. As for myself, I +have ransacked in search of anagrams every hole and corner in ancient +and modern literature, and have found very few samples worthy of the +name. Reserving the ancients for future consideration, let us see what +the moderns have to boast of in this respect. + +And first, what says Isaac Disraeli? Anagrams being literary +curiosities, one would naturally expect to meet with some respectable +samples of them in that writer's _Curiosities of Literature_. Yet, what +do we find? Among about a score which he quotes, there is not one that +can be reckoned a tolerable anagram, while by far the greater number are +no anagrams at all. An anagram is the change of a word or sentence into +another word or sentences by an _exact_ transposition of the letters. +Where a single letter is either omitted or added, the anagram is +incomplete. Of this description are the following, cited by Disraeli:-- + + "Thomas Overburie, + "O! O! base murther." + + "Charles James Stewart, + "Claims Arthur's Seat." + + "Martha Nicholson, + "Soon calm at heart." + +I next turned to Samuel Maunder and his _Scientific and Literary +Treasury_, little suspecting that, in a repertory bearing so ambitious a +title, I should fail to discover the object of my search. True, he +quotes the anagram made by Dr. Burney after the battle of the Nile: + + "Horatio Nelson, + "Honor est a Nilo." + +And this, it must be confessed, is one of the best on record. The +transposition is complete, and the allusion most apposite. But with that +exception, what does this pretended _Treasury_ disclose? A silly attempt +to anagrammatise the name of our beloved queen; thus: + + "Her most gracious Majesty Alexandrina Victoria, + "Ah! my extravagant joco-serious radical Minister!" + +coupled with the admission that nothing can be more ridiculous or +inapplicable, and that one-half of the anagrams in existence are not a +whit less absurd. And yet, for this piece of absurdity, as well as for +another of the same calibre, on-- + + "His Grace the Duke of Wellington, + "Well fought, K--! no disgrace in thee," + +Mr. Maunder claims the merit of originality. In other words (which are +no other than his own), he claims merit for being "puerile," +"ridiculous," and "absurd." Alas! for the credit of anagrams! Alas! for +the reputation of Galileo, Newton, and other philosophers, who could +make great discoveries, and resort to anagrams to announce them to the +world, but who were incapable of discovering that an anagram was an +absurdity! + +Finding matters at so low an ebb in our own literature, and that English +anagrams are little better than Irish bulls, I directed my attention to +the literary records of the French, among whom the anagrammatic bump is +very prominent. From its character, and the process of its formation, +the anagram is peculiarly adapted to the genius of that people. It is +light and airy: so are they. It is conceited and fantastical: so are +they. It seems to be what it is not: so do they. Its very essence is +transposition, involution; what one might call a sort of +Jump-Jim-Crow-ism: and so is theirs. Hence the partiality which they +have always shown for the anagram: their Rebuses, Almanacs, Annuaires, +and collections of trifles are full of them. One-half of the disguises +adopted by their anonymous writers are in the shape of anagrams, formed +from their names; and one of them has gone the length of composing and +publishing a poem of 1200 lines, every line of which contains an +anagram. The name assumed by the author (Gabriel Antoine Joseph Hécart) +is L'Anagramme d'Archet; and the book bears the title of _Anagramméana, +Poëme en VIII Chants, XCVe Edition, à Anagrammatopolis, l'An XIV de +l'Ere anagrammatique_. But it so happens that out of the 1200 anagrams +not a single one is worth quoting. Quérard describes this poem, not +inaptly, as a "débauche d'esprit;" and the author himself calls it "une +ineptie;" to which I may add the opinion of Richelet, that "l'anagramme +est une des plus grandes inepties de l'esprit humain: il faut être sot +pour s'en amuser, et pis que sot pour en faire." + +With such an appreciation of the value of anagrams, is it surprising +that the French should have produced so few good ones? M. de Pixérécourt +mentions two which he deems so unexceptionable, that they might induce +us to overlook the general worthlessness of that kind of composition. +They are as follows: + + "Bélître, + + "Liberté." + + "Benoist, + + "Bien sot." + +Now, the first is only true in France, where true liberty was never +understood: and the second is true nowhere. _Benoist_ is merely a vulgar +name, and the adoption of it does not necessarily imply that the bearer +is a "sot." M. De Pixérécourt might have quoted some better samples; the +famous one, for instance, on the assassin of Henri III.:-- + + "Frère Jacques Clement, + "C'es l'enfer qui m'a créé." + +Or the following Latin anagrams on the names of two of his most +distinguished countrymen:-- + + "De la Monnoi, + "A Delio nomen." + + "Voltaire, + "O alte vir!" + +I was on the point of relinquishing in despair my search for anagrams, +when an accidental circumstance put me in possession of one of the best +specimens I have met with. Some time ago, in an idle mood, I took up a +newspaper for the purpose of glancing at its contents, and as I was +about to read, I discovered that I held the paper by the wrong end. +Among the remarkable headings of news there was one which I was desirous +of decyphering before I restored the paper to its proper position, and +this happened to be the word "[inverted: DNALERI]". Instead, however, of +making out the name from letters thus inverted, I found the anagram-- + + "Daniel R." + +My first impression, on ascertaining this result, was one of horror at +the treasonable "jeu de mots" I had so unwittingly perpetrated. +Remembering, however, that Daniel O'Connell is dead, and that Irish +loyalty has nothing to fear from Daniel the Second, I resolved to give +the public the benefit of the discovery by sending it to you for "NOTES +AND QUERIES." + + HENRY H. BREEN. + + St. Lucia, August, 1851. + + +FOLK LORE. + +_Cure for Hooping Cough._--It is said by the inhabitants of the forest +of Bere, East Hants, that new milk drank out of a cup made of the wood +of the variegated holly is a cure for the hooping cough. + + [Arrow symbol] + +_Cure for the Toothache._--In the village of Drumcondra, about a mile +and half on the northern side of Dublin, there is an old churchyard, +remarkable as the burying-place of Gandon the architect, Grose the +antiquary, and Thomas Furlong the translator of Carolan's Remains. On +the borders of this churchyard there is a well of beautiful water, which +is resorted to by the folks of the village afflicted with toothache, +who, on their way across the graves pick up an old skull, which they +carry with them to drink from, the doing of which they assert to be an +infallible cure. Others merely resort to the place for the purpose of +pulling a tooth from a skull, which they place on or over the hole or +stump of the grown tooth, and they affirm that by keeping it there for a +certain time the pain ceases altogether. There is a young woman at this +instant in the employment of my mother, who has practised these two +remedies, and who tells me she knows several others who have done the +same. + + C. HOEY. + + Near Drumcondra, County Dublin. + +_Medical Use of Pigeons._-- + + "Spirante columba + Suppositu pedibus, revocantur adima vapores." + + "'They apply pigeons to draw the vapours from the head.'"--Dr. + Donne's "Devotions upon Emergent Occasions," _Works_, vol. iii. p. + 550. Lond. 1839. + +Mr. Alford appends to the above-cited passage the following note: + + "After a careful search in Pliny, Burton's _Anatomy of + Melancholy_, and Sir Thomas Browne's _Vulgar Errors_, I can find + no mention of this strange remedy." + +I am inclined to suspect that the application of pigeons was by no means +an uncommon remedy in cases particularly of fever and delirium. To quote +one passage from Evelyn: + + "Neither the cupping nor the _pidgeons_, those last of remedyes, + wrought any effect."--_Life of Mr. Godolphin_, p. 148. Lond. 1847. + +Some of your correspondents may possibly be able to furnish additional +information respecting this custom; for I am confident of having seen it +alluded to, though at the moment I cannot remember by whom. + + RT. + + Warmington. + +_Obeism._--In the _Medical Times_ of 30th Sept. there is a case of a +woman who fancied herself under its influence, in which the name (in a +note) is derived from Obi, the town, district, or province in Africa +where it was first practised; and there is appended to it the following +description of one of the superstitions as given by a witness on a +trial: + + "Do you know the prisoner to be an Obeah man?--Ees, massa; shadow + catcher true. + + "What do you mean by shadow catcher?--Him hab coffin [a little + coffin was here produced]; him set to catch dem shadow. + + "What shadow do you mean?--When him set Obeah for somebody him + catch dem shadow, and dem go dead." + +The derivation of the name from a place is very different from the +supposition so cleverly argued in the Third Vol. connecting it with Ob; +but I cannot find in any gazetteer to which I at present have had +access, any place in Africa of the name, or a similar name. I do not +remember in the various descriptions I have read of the charms +practised, that one of catching the shadow mentioned. + + E. N. W. + + +NOTES ON JULIN, NO. II. + +(Vol. ii., pp. 230. 282. 379. 443.; Vol. iv., p. 171.) + +I resume the chain of evidence where I left off in my last +communication. + +The account given by Pomerania's best and most trusty historian, Thomas +Kanzow, Kantzow, Kamzow, Kansow, Kahnsow, Kantzouw, or Cantzow[7] (born +1505; died 25th September, 1542), of Stralsund, in his _Pomerania_ (ed. +Meden, p. 405., 1841, W. Dietze, Anclam.), of Wollin, only previously +alluded to by your correspondents, is as follows: + + "_Of Wollin._--Wollin was before, as it appears from heretofore + written histories, a powerful city; and one yet finds far about + the town foundations and tokens that the city was once very great; + but it has since been destroyed, and numbers now scarcely 300 to + 400 citizens.[8] It has a parish church and nunnery + (_jungfrauenkloster_), and a ducal government. It lies on a piece + of marshland, on the Dievenow, called the Werder. The citizens are + customed like the other Pomeranians, but they are considered + somewhat awkwarder (_unhandlicher_ = unhandier). It is a curious + custom of this land and city that generally more inhuman things + take place there than anywhere else; and that I may relate + something, I will tell of a dreadful occurrence that lately + happened there.[9] Of Wollyn there is nothing more to be written, + except that the revered Master Doctor Joannes Buggenhagen was born + in this city, who is no insignificant ornament both of the holy + New Testament and of his fatherland." + + [Footnote 7: The publication of whose works in English I strongly + recommend.] + + [Footnote 8: In later times, however, the population has become + greater.] + + [Footnote 9: Not to be found.] + +On Vineta he writes (_High German Chronicle_, ed. Meden, lib. ii. pp. +32-35.):-- + + "Not long after this Schwenotto threw off Christianity, and set + himself against his father Harald, king in Denmark, and drove him + from the kingdom. So Harald fled to Wollyn, in Pomerania. There + the Wends, notwithstanding that he was a Christian, and they still + of the ancient faith, received him kindly, and, together with the + other Wends and Pomeranians, fitted out ships and an armament, and + brought him with force back into his kingdom, and fought the whole + day with Schweno, so that it was uncertain who had or had not won + there. Then the next day they arose and made a smiting[10], and in + the fray Harald was shot by a Dane, and perhaps by his son's + command. Then brought the Wollyners him to their ships, and + carried him away to their city that there they might doctor + (_artzten_) him. But he died of the wound, and was buried there, + after he had reigned about fifty years, about the thousandth year + after the birth of Christ. So writeth Saxo. But Helmold writes, + that he came to Vineta: these holp him into his kingdom again, + and when he was shot in the skirmish, they brought him back to + their town, where he died[11] and was buried. And that I myself + believe; for though Wollyn was a mighty state at that time, still + Vineta was much mightier; and it is therefore to be concluded that + he fled to Vineta, rather than to Wollyn, and that Vineta was on + that account afterwards destroyed: and as we are come to Vineta, + we will say what Helmold writes thereof, which is this:-- + + [Footnote 10: I have in the translation adopted the phrase of Holy + Writ, "made a smiting."] + + [Footnote 11: This shows that the MSS. of Helmold were corrupted + at a very early period. I have seen one uncorrupted. A list of + them would be a thing desirable.] + + "Vineta has been a powerful city, with a good harbour for the + surrounding nations; and after so much has been told of the city + which is totally (_schyr_ = sheerly) incredible, I will relate + this much. It is said to have been as great a city as any which + Europe contained at that time, and it was promiscuously inhabited + by Greeks, Slavonians, Wends, and other nations. The Saxons, also, + upon condition of not openly practising Christianity, were + permitted to inhabit with them; for all the citizens were + idolaters down to the final destruction and fall of the city. Yet + in customs, manners, and hospitality there is not a more worthy + nation, or so worthy a one, to be found. The city was full of all + sorts of merchandise (_kaufwahr_) from all countries, and had + everything which was curious, luxurious (_lustig_ = lustful), and + necessary; and a king of Denmark destroyed them a great fleet of + war. The ruins and recollection of the town remain even to this + day, and the island on which it lay is flowed round by three + streams, of which one is of a green colour, the other greyish, and + the third dashes and rushes by reason of storm and wind. And so + far Helmold, who wrote about 400 years ago. + + "And it is true that the remains exist at the present day: for + when one desires to go from Wolgast over the Pene, in the country + of Usedom, and comes by a village called Damerow, which is by + [about] two miles[12] from Wolgast, so sees one about a long + quarter way into the sea (for the ocean has encroached upon the + land so much since then), great stones and foundations. So have I + with others rowed thither, and have carefully looked at it. But no + brickwork is there now; for it is so many hundred years since the + destruction of the city, that it is impossible that it can have + remained so long in the stormy sea. Yet the great + foundation-stones are there still, and lie in a row, as they are + usually disposed under a house, one by the other; and in some + places others upon them. Among these stones are some so great, in + three or four places, that they reach ell high above the water; so + that it is conjectured that their churches or assembly-houses + stood there. But the other stones, as they still lie in the order + in which they lay under the buildings (_geben_), show also + manifestly how the streets went through the length and breadth + (_in die lenge und übers quer_) of the city. And the fishermen of + the place told us that still whole paving-stones of the streets + lay there, and were covered with moss[13] (_übermoset_), so that + they could not be seen; yet if one pricked therein with a + sharp-pointed pole or lance, they were easily to be felt. And the + stones lay somehow after that manner: and as we rowed backward and + forward over the foundations, and remarked the fashion of the + streets, saw we that the town was built lengthways from east to + west. But the sea deepens the farther we go, so that we could not + perceive the greatness of the city fully; but what we could see, + made us think that it was very probably of about the size of + Lübeck: for it was about a short quarter[14] long, and the breadth + broader than the city Lübeck. By this one may guess what was the + size of the part we could not see. And according to my way of + thinking, when this town was destroyed, Wisbu in Gottland was + restored." + + [Footnote 12: German, answering to about eight English.] + + [Footnote 13: I have translated _übermoset_ as above, though + nothing at the bottom could be covered with moss. I suspect the + true lection to be _übermodert_, as _moder_ exists in the present + German, answering to our word "mother."] + + [Footnote 14: This expression, as well as a previous one, alludes + to the distance. "Of a mile" is, in both cases, to be understood.] + +Wisby, _en passant_, may be described as a merchant town of great +importance in the mediæval period, and whence we have derived our +navigation laws. It has now about 4000 inhabitants, and has many ruined +buildings and sculptured marble about it. + +So far Kantzow in the _High German Chronicle_: in the _Low German +Chronicle_ (ed. Böhmer, Greifswald, 1832), I find nothing bearing on the +subject. + +Indistinct and wavering is Kantzow in his account, but thus much is to +be gathered from it. + +1. That the _soi-disant_ Vineta lay east and west; Julin or Wollin lies +north and south. + +2. That the destruction of Wollin ensued on its aiding an enemy against +Denmark. + +3. That in the mind of Kantzow the two towns were not confounded, and +that he had heard both legends, but had not sufficient critical sagacity +to disentangle the mess. + +The oldest MSS. of Helmold have not this error. I have myself, as +previously stated, seen one uncorrupted. The closing words of Kantzow +seem to make it necessary to search for the date of the rebuilding of +Wisby, which I have not at present the means of doing, though I will +take an early opportunity of settling this, oddly enough, contested +point. + +Von Raumer emphatically brands the legend of Vineta as a fable; as also +my friend M. de Kaiserling. And I myself am forcibly reminded of an old +Irish legend I read long ago somewhere or other, of the disappearance of +a city in the Lake of Killarney, of which, my authority stated, the +towers were occasionally to be perceived. Another legend, of which the +scene was laid in Mexico, I recollect, was to the same effect; and in +this I am confirmed by a friend, who has traveled much in that country. +I must myself totally deny the existence of Vineta, except as the +capital city of the Veneti, when I would place it in Rügen. + +I may as well add that M. de Kaiserling dug up his coins in the +north-western corner of Wollin, near the Rathhaus. + +The Salmarks are in the neighbourhood of the town, the Greater one to +the north, the Lesser to the south. + +I will now close the paper, already too long, and hope for elucidations +and remarks from abler pens. + + KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE. + + September 25, 1851. + + +Minor Notes. + +_Curious Epitaph in Dalkeith Churchyard._--The following inscription is +on the tombstone of one Margaret Scott, who died in the town of +Dalkeith, February 9, 1738, aged 125 years:-- + + "Stop passenger, until my life you read: + The living may get knowledge by the dead. + Five times five years I lived a virgin's life: + Ten times five years I was a virtuous wife: + Ten times five years I lived a widow chaste; + Now, weary'd of this mortal life, I rest. + Between my cradle and my grave have been + Eight mighty kings of Scotland and a queen. + Four times five years the Commonwealth I saw; + Ten times the subjects rose against the law. + Twice did I see old Prelacy pull'd down; + And twice the cloak was humbled by the gown. + An end of Stuart's race I saw: nay, more! + My native country sold for English ore. + Such desolations in my life have been, + I have an end of all perfection seen." + +I thought that the above instance of what might be termed "historical +longevity" was worthy of a place in your pages, along with others +proving how "traditions from remote periods may come through few hands." + + BLOWEN. + +_Device of SS._--However doubtful may be the derivation of our English +"Collar of Esses," there is a pretty explanation given of a similar +device granted to a Spanish nobleman. + +It is said that Gatierre de Cardenas was the first person who announced +to the young Princess Isabella of Castile the approach of her future +husband, Ferdinand of Aragon (after his romantic journey to Valladolid +in 1469), exclaiming, "Esse es, esse es,"--"This is he!" He obtained +permission to add to his escutcheon the letters SS. to commemorate this +circumstance. + + O. P. Q. + +_Lord Edward Fitzgerald._--Having seen in "NOTES AND QUERIES" a remark +about Lord Edward Fitzgerald, I wish to add the following. + +The body of Lord Edward Fitzgerald has never been removed by his +relatives, but has lain in an outside vault or passage, under the parish +church of St. Werburgh, Dublin, until very lately, when (I believe +within the last year) Lady Campbell, widow of General Sir Guy Campbell, +Bart., and daughter of Pamela, caused it to be placed in an oak coffin, +the old one being greatly decayed. It is now removed into what is called +the chancel vault. + + L. M. M. + +_The Michaelmas Goose._--Why it is that here in England-- + + "---- by custom (right divine) + Geese are ordained to bleed at Michael's shrine," + +is a mystery still unsolved by English antiquaries. For, even if the +story that Queen Elizabeth was eating a goose on Michaelmas Day when she +received the news of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, rested on +unquestionable authority, it would not explain the origin of the custom, +since Brand has shown, by a reference to Blount's _Jocular Tenures_, +that it existed as early as the tenth year of Edward IV. If we seek an +illustration from the practice of our continental neighbours, we shall +fail; or only learn that we have transferred to the Feast of St. Michael +a practice which is observed abroad on that of St. Martin, the 11th +November: indeed, St. Martin's Bird is a name by which the goose is +known among many of the continental nations. In the Runic Calendar the +11th November is marked by a goose. In the old _Bauern Practica_ (ed. +1567), _Wintermonat_ or November boasts, in one of the Rhymes of the +Month,-- + + "Fat geese unto the rich I sell." + +And in the curious old Story Book of Peter Leu, reprinted by von der +Hagen in his _Narrenbuch_, one of the adventures commences: + + "It fell upon St. Martin's Day, + When folks are wont goose-feasts to keep." + +A learned German, however, Nork (_Festkalender_, s. 567.), sees in our +Michaelmas Goose the last traces of the goose offered of old to +Proserpina, the infernal goddess of death (on which account it is that +the figure of this bird is so frequently seen on monumental remains); +and also of the offerings (among which the goose figured) formerly made +to Odin at this season, a pagan festival which on the introduction of +Christianity was not abolished, but transferred to St. Michael. + + WILLIAM J. THOMS. + +_Gravesend Boats_ (Vol. ii., p. 209.).--In a letter from Sir Thomas +Heneage to Sir Christopher Hatton, dated 2nd May, 1585, given in +Nicolas's _Memoir of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton_ (p. +426.), is this passage: + + "Her Highness thinketh your house will shortly be like a Gravesend + barge, never without a knave, a priest, or a thief," &c. + +"Her Highness" was Queen Elizabeth, and the purport of the letter was to +convey "her Highness's pleasure" touching one Isaac Higgins, then in +the custody of Sir Christopher Hatton. + + C. H. COOPER. + + Cambridge, Sept. 19. 1851. + +_Skull-cups._--There are so very few consecutive and methodical readers +left, that it is not surprising that Mr. Blackwell, the editor of Bohn's +_Mallet_, should have adopted the groundless charge of one Magnusen +against Olaus Wormius, who understood Ragnar's death-song much better +than certain ironical dilettanti of Cockneyland. Charlemagne's +secretary, Paul Warnefrid, the Lombard deacon of Aquileia, swears that, +about 200 years after the event, King Ratchis had shown him _the cup +made out of Cunimund's skull_, in which Queen Rosamund, his daughter, +refused to drink, in the year 574.[15] (_Paul. Diac._ ii. 8.) Open the +_Acta Sanctorum_ for the 1st of May, and they will tell you that the +monks of Triers had enchased in silver the skull of St. Theodulf, out of +which they administered fever-drink to the sick. Moreover, when, in the +year 1465, Leo von Rozmital came to Neuss, he saw a costly tomb wherein +lay the blessed Saint Quirinus, and he drank out of his skull-cup. St. +Sebastian's skull at Ebersberg, and St. Ernhart's at Ratisbonne, had +also been converted into chalices. + + [Footnote 15: See Grotius's valuable Collection of Gothic and + Lombard Historians.] + +I refer the reader to Jacob Grimm's _Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache_, +pp. 143. 146., for further details: he shows that to drink ale out of +_buigvîdum hausa_, can only mean out of "hollow skulls," literally +"_vacuitas_ curva." + +To prove the antiquity of the custom, Grimm alleges likewise a passage +of the Vilkinasaga, in which Völundr, the smith, our Belenger[16], or +Will o' the Wisp, enchases in silver the amputated skulls of Nidads' two +boys. + + [Footnote 16: Foeu _Bélenger_, in one of the dialects of the + Low-Norman Isles.] + + GEORGE MÉTIVIER. + + + + +Queries. + + +Minor Queries. + +168. _Elizabeth, Equestrian Figure of._--Doubtless many of your readers +have seen in the Exhibition a large equestrian figure of Elizabeth; it +is in the N.W. gallery, in one of the large plate cases. Now the horse +is described as pacing, which the explanation states was a step taught +the horses belonging to the ladies of that period. Query, where a +description of pacing, or rules for teaching horses to pace, amble, &c., +may be found? for what appears so extraordinary in the figure is that +the fore and hind legs of the same side of the horse are extended +together, or simultaneously. I have in the _Graphic Illustrator_ a +picture of Elizabeth hawking (the figure in the Exhibition may have been +copied from the original), where the horse is in the same attitude. I +feel anxious to know if that unnatural gait is possible, or whether it +is a part or the whole of the pacing step. + + THOS. LAWRENCE. + + Ashby de la Zouch. + +169. _Indian Ants._--Is there any foundation for Pliny's account of the +Indian ants, which were, according to Herodotus, "not so large as a dog, +but bigger than a fox?" + + A. C. W. + +170. _Passage in Geo. Herbert._--What is the meaning of the following? +(Herbert's _Poems_, "Charms and Knots," ver. 8.):-- + + "Take one from ten, and what remains? + Ten still: if sermons go for gains." + + H. T. G. + +171. _"The King's-way," Wilts._--Mention of this road, in the +neighbourhood of Malmsbury, occurs in two charters of the Saxon kings +Athelstan and Eadwig, Nos. 355. & 460. Cod. Dipl. Aevi. Sax. The road is +said to be known in Wiltshire as King Athelstan's Way. Can any of your +correspondents oblige me by pointing out its course, and the immediate +purpose for which it was constructed? There is a King's-way Field +(Cyngwey-ffeld) mentioned in the ancient terriers of Bampton, Oxon, and +still known there. + + B. W. + +172. _Marriages within ruined Churches._--I have heard of marriages +solemnized within _ruined_ churches in Ireland within the last twenty +years. What is the origin of this custom; was it general, and is it +still observed? + + R. H. + +173. _Fees for Inoculation._--In an old Account Book of a Sussex county +gentleman I find the following items:-- + + "1780. I paid for the inoculation of William and Polly Parker, £5 + 15_s._ 6_d._" + +and again in 1784: + + "Paid towards R. Stephen's inoculation, £1 11_s._ 0_d._" + +from which it would appear that the process was a very expensive one in +those days. I should feel obliged to any of your correspondents to give +me some information on this point. + + R. W. B. + +174. "_Born in the Eighth Climate._"--Can any of your readers explain +the allusion contained in the following extract from Sir Thomas Browne? + + "_I was born in the eighth climate_, but seem for to be framed and + constellated unto all."--_Religio Medici_, ii. 1. + +Will the notions of astrology throw any light upon it? + + N. H. + +175. _Aubry de Montdidier's Dog._--Who was the King of France that +subjected the Chevalier Macaire to the ordeal by combat with this famous +dog? In some of the authorities it is said to be Charles VI., and in +others "Le Roi Jean," meaning, I presume, John II. + + HENRY H. BREEN. + + St. Lucia. + +176. _Sanford's Descensus._--Can any of your correspondents say if +Sanford's _Descensus_ has ever been published separately? It is spoken +of in the 2nd vol. of Gale's _Court of the Gentiles_, and was published +in the works of a bishop who survived him. A copy of that prelate's +works is in the Bodleian Library, and contains the _Descensus_. What is +the bishop's name? + + ÆGROTUS. + +177. _Parish Registers--Briefs for Collection._--What acts of parliament +since the reign of George I. affect parish registers? + +On what authority were collections made in churches _by brief_; in what +year was that mode of collection decreed; and when did it cease? + + J. B. (A Subscriber.) + +178. _Early Printing Presses, Sticks, and Chases._--I am a compositor, +and have read with great interest the "Notes" on Caxton and Printing in +your valuable publication. May I venture to put a Query which has often +crossed my mind, especially when I went to see Mr. Maclise's great +painting at the Royal Academy. What kind of press did Caxton and his +successors use? Also, is anything known of the shape of their "sticks" +and "chases?" Mr. Maclise seems to have taken a modern pattern for all +of these, especially the two last. + + EM QUAD. + +179. _Bootikins._--Horace Walpole speaks in many of his letters of the +great benefit he had experienced from the use of _bootikins_ in his +attacks of gout. In a letter to George Montagu, Esq., dated July 31, +1767, he says: + + "Except one day's gout, which I cured with the _bootikins_, I have + been quite well since I saw you." + +Eight years afterwards his expectations of _cure_ from them were not so +high. In a letter to the Rev. Mr. Cole, dated June 5, 1775, he remarks: + + "I am perfectly well, and expect to be so for a year and a half. I + desire no more of my _bootikins_ than to curtail my fits." + +Dr. E. J. Seymour (_Thoughts on the Nature and Treatment of several +severe Diseases of the Human Body_, i. 107.: London, 1847), says that-- + + "The _bootikins_ were simply a glove, with a partition for the + thumb, but no separate ones for the fingers, like an infant's + glove, made of oiled silk." + +Can any of your readers shed light on this matter? + + R. D. + + Philadelphia. + +180. _Printers' Privilege._--I have heard it confidently stated that +printers have the privilege, if they are disposed to use it, to wear on +all occasions a sword dangling at their sides. If it be so, whence does +it arise? I have heard two explanations, one, bearing _primâ facie_ +evidence of incorrectness, a special grant as a mark of favour; the +other, which is the only reasonable way of accounting for such a totally +unsuitable privilege, that when the act passed forbidding arms to be +commonly worn, all kinds and manner of people were mentioned by the name +of their trades, businesses, &c., except printers, who were accidently +omitted. How much of truth might there be in all this? What is the act +alluded to? + + TEE BEE. + +181. _Death of Pitt._--What authority is there for the accompanying +statement respecting the death of Mr. Pitt? + + "Among the anecdotes of statesmen few are more interesting than + that which records the death of Pitt. The hand which had so long + sustained the sceptre of this country found no hand to clasp it in + death. By friends and by servants he was alike deserted; and a + stranger wandering on from room to room of a deserted house, came + at last by chance to a chamber untended but not unquiet, in which + the great minister lay, alone and dead."--See _Edinburgh Review_ + for July, 1851, p. 78., on the _Poems and Memoir of Hartley + Coleridge_. + + NATHANIEL ELLISON. + +182. "_A little Bird told me._"--C. W. wishes to know if any of the +readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" can tell him the origin of the proverb, +"A little bird told me." + +C. W. has an idea that the origin is from the _Koran_, where is an +account of all the birds being summoned before Solomon. The lapwing +absents himself. Upon being questioned why he did not immediately obey, +he says he has been at the court of the Queen of Sheba, who has resolved +upon visiting Solomon. On the hint, Solomon prepares for the queen's +reception. The lapwing sets off to Ethiopia, and tells the Queen that +Solomon wishes to see her. The meeting, as we know, took place. + +Not having the _Koran_, C. W. cannot refer to it to see if it is right +or wrong. + +183. _Baroner._--At page 105. of the volume of _Bury Wills_ published by +the Camden Society, is the will of William Place, priest, Master of the +Hospital of St. John Evangelist without the south gate of Bury St. +Edmunds, dated 21st July, 1504, whereby he willed that "Damp" William +Carsey (elsewhere in the same will called Karsey), "Baroner" of the +Monastery of Bury St. Edmunds, should assign two children to say _De +profundis_ at his grave for his soul every day from his burying day till +his thirtieth day be past, and they to have each day for their labour +one penny betwixt them. Mr. Tymms's notes to the above publication are +copious and valuable, but he omits to explain the term "Baroner;" and +the object of this Query is to ascertain if he, or any of your numerous +correspondents, can do so. I conjecture that the Baroner was the master +of the children (or song school), but I am not aware of any other +instance of the use of the word as denoting a monastic officer. + + C. H. COOPER. + + Cambridge, Sept 19. 1851. + +184. _William the Third at Exeter--History of Hawick._--1. Mr. Macaulay, +in describing the entrance of William of Orange into Exeter, mentions +that he was preceded, amongst others, by three hundred gentlemen of +English birth. Can any of your correspondents inform me whether the +names of these gentlemen are known, and, if so, where the roll may be +met with? + +2. I remember to have read an extract from a work called the _History of +Hawick_ in Teviotdale, but I have never met with any one acquainted with +the work. Is the book now extant, and, if so, where can it be seen? If +any of your correspondents should have seen this volume, perhaps he can +inform me whether it narrates an altercation between the abbot of +Melrose and a neighbouring baron, which ended in the death of the +former? + + H. L. + + Maen-twrog, North Wales. + +185. _Johannes Lychtenberger._--The "Pronosticatio," or "prophecies," +which bear this name, have been often reprinted since what I believe to +be the first edition was published in the year 1488. In giving an +account of the copies of it in the Lambeth Library, I stated that I knew +of no other copy of this edition, except one in the Douce collection in +the Bodleian. Eight years have elapsed since that time, and I have not +heard of any; and as circumstances have lately led to my being engaged +about the book, I shall be glad if you will allow me to ask whether any +of your many learned correspondents know of a _prior_ edition, or of any +other copies of _this_ one of 1488? + + S. R. MAITLAND. + + Gloucester. + +186. _Lestourgeon the Horologist._--I have in my possession an +apparently very old, though very elegant and very excellent, eight-day +clock, with the maker's name on its face, _Thomas Lestourgeon, London_. +Some years ago there was found among the apparatus of the Natural +Philosophy class, in the University of Edinburgh, what is called in the +inventory "an old watch, maker's name Lestourgeon, London." Can any of +your readers tell me when that excellent horologist flourished? I know +the history of the clock for about a century, but how much older it may +be I should like to know. + + JAMES LAURIE. + +187. _Physiological Query._--Can any of your correspondents mention the +work of any physiologist in which the _cause_ is given why all +herbivorous animals suck in what they drink, and all carnivorous animals +lap it up by the action of the tongue? Also, what naturalists have +specified that broad distinction, and whether it has been mentioned in +any other work? + + ÆGROTUS. + +188. _De Grammont's Memoirs._--Is there an earlier edition of De +Grammont's _Memoirs_ than that in 12mo. printed at Cologne in 1713? + + PETER CUNNINGHAM. + +189. "_Frightened out of his seven Senses._"--Can this expression be met +with in any author; or what is its origin? + +Is it simply synonymous to the more usual phrase, "To be frightened out +of one's wits?" + +Is there any other passage in the language where the possession of more +than _five_ senses is implied? + + G. T. H. + + Acton. + +190. _Fides Carbonaria._--What is the _origin_ of a phrase known to +readers of a certain Latinity, "Fides Carbonaria?" The French have an +expression apparently equivalent, "Foi de Charbonnier;" but _what_ +originated either? + + A QUERIST. + +191. _Bourchier Family._--I would be very much obliged to any +correspondent who could tell me either the inscriptions on any monuments +to the "Bourchier" family, or in what church they are to be found. I +believe there are some in Northamptonshire. + + L. M. M. + + Dublin. + +192. _Warnings to Scotland._-- + + "Warnings to Scotland, of the Eternal Spirit, to the City of + Edinburgh, in Scotland, by the mouths of Thomas Dutton, Guy Nutt, + John Glover, in their Mission by the Spirit to the said City, as + they were delivered in the year 1709, and faithfully taken down in + writing as they were spoken. London printed in the year 1710." + +The trio also gave "warnings" to the sinful city of Glasgow, &c. + +I would be glad if any of your correspondents could give me any +information regarding this _agitation_, and if it produced any sensation +at the time? + + ELGINENSIS. + +193. _Herschel anticipated._--Can one of your correspondents mention the +name, and any other particulars, of the man who anticipated Herschel +relative to the sun's motion; and was declared to be mad for +entertaining such opinions? + + ÆGROTUS. + +194. _Duke of Wellington._--Where can a copy of the petition, presented +by the Lord Mayor and Common Council, setting forth the insufficiency of +the Duke of Wellington as a general, and his obvious incapacity, and +begging his immediate recall, be obtained, and the date of it? It is a +droll historical document, which should not sink into oblivion. + + ÆGROTUS. + + +Minor Queries Answered. + +_An early Printer._--I have seen an old black-letter book of homilies in +Latin, with the following imprint:-- + + "Sermones Michaelis de Ungaria prædicabiles per totū annum licet + breves. Et sic est finis sit laus et gloria trinis Impressū + suburbiis sācti germani de praetis per Petrū Leuet, anno dn̅i + millesimo quadringēte sino nonagesimo septimo primo die vero. + xiij. Novembris." + +I should be glad if any of your correspondents could furnish any +information regarding the printer. + + ABERDONIENSIS. + + [Petrus Levet was one of the early Paris printers, and several of + the works printed by him are noticed in Gresswell's _Annals of + Parisian Typography_, pp. 96. 100. 104. At p. 178. will be found + his device, copied from the _Destructorium Vitiorum_, anno 1497.] + +_Nimble Ninepence._--What is the origin of this expression? + + P. S. KG. + + ["A nimble ninepence is better than a slow shilling."--_Old + Proverb._] + +_Prince Rupert's Balls._--Why are the glass balls filled with floating +bubbles called Rupert balls? Was the prince a glass-blower? + + [Arrow symbol] + + [The earliest experiments upon glass tears were made in 1656, both + in London and Paris; but it is not certain in what country they + were invented. They were first brought to England by Prince + Rupert, and experiments were made upon them by the Right Hon. Sir + Robert Moray, in 1661, by the command of his Majesty. An account + of these experiments is to be found in the Registers of the Royal + Society, of which he was one of the founders. See _Edinburgh + Encyclopædia_, vol. x. p. 319.] + +_Knock under._--To _knock under_, in the sense of succumb, yield: _unde +derivatur_? + + NOCAB. + + ["From the submission expressed among good fellows by knocking + under the table."--_Johnson._] + +_Freemasons._--Where can be found a good account of the origin of +freemasons? And is there any truth in the story that Lord Doneraile made +his daughter, the Honorable Miss E. St. Leger, a freemason? + + [Arrow symbol] + + [For a circumstantial account of the origin of Freemasons, see a + curious pamphlet published in 1812, entitled _Jachin and Boaz; or + an authentic Key to the Door of Freemasonry, both Ancient and + Modern_, &c.; also, Oliver's _Antiquities of Freemasonry_. A very + interesting historico-critical inquiry into the origin of the + Rosicrucians and Freemasons, from the pen of the English + Opium-eater, who in it has abstracted, arranged, and in some + respects re-arranged the German work of J. G. Buhle, _Ueber den + Ursprung und die vornehmsten Schicksale der Orden der Rosenkreuzer + und Freymaurer_, will be found in the _London Magazine_ for + January and February, 1824. + + We believe it is perfectly true that the Hon. Miss E. St. Leger + was made a mason, and that she always accompanied her lodge in its + processions.] + + + + +Replies. + + +CONQUEST OF SCOTLAND. + +(Vol. iv., p. 165.) + +In an article of A. C. in "NOTES AND QUERIES" for 30th August last, +under the head "Plowden of Plowden" from Burke's _Landed Gentry_, I find +this paragraph: + + "The names of the followers of William the Conqueror are often + alluded to; but the 'comers over' at the CONQUEST of Wales, + SCOTLAND, and Ireland are but seldom thought of, though they lend + to their descendants' pedigree a degree of historical interest." + +I do not read this paragraph without pain, mingled with indignation. Who +ever before heard of the conquest of Scotland? It is true, that, on +repeated occasions, the English made successful inroads into that +kingdom, sometimes of a larger, sometimes of a less extensive character; +but the Scottish nation never did "lie at the proud foot of a +conqueror." + +Though Edward I., by means of intrigues unworthy of his high character, +did for a short period, during the interregnum consequent on the death +of the Maid of Norway, assume the government of the Scottish realm, and +put to death some of the most distinguished of her defenders, yet his +successor paid the penalty of this unjust assumption in the battle of +Bannockburn; a battle having justice on the side of the victorious +party, and regarded by all Scotsmen as to be ranked in military prowess +with those of Cressy, Poictiers, and Agincourt. + +It is not generally known, that upon the marriage of Mary to the Dauphin +in 1558, Scotsmen were naturalised in France by an _ordonnance_ of Henry +II.; and that, in like manner, by an act of the parliament of Scotland, +all Frenchmen were naturalised in that country. The ordonnance granting +these privileges to Scotsmen within the realm of France, is printed in +the Scottish statute-book along with the Scottish act granting similar +privileges to Frenchmen within Scotland. + +One of the most distinguished writers on the law of Scotland, when +dedicating his work to King Charles II., reminds him of the inscription +on the palace of Holyrood: "Nobis hæc invicta miserunt centum sex +Prouvi." + +When, in 1707, Scotland treated of an incorporating union with the realm +of England, she treated as an independent and sovereign power, and the +Treaty of Union was concluded with her in that character: a treaty which +was at least as beneficial to England as it was to Scotland, by +precluding in all time to come the intrigues of France with the Scottish +sovereign and nation. + +That Scotland was able for so many centuries to defend her liberties and +independence against the powerful kingdom of England, does her great +honour. There is no problem of more difficult solution than this: What +might have happened, if some other great event had happened otherwise +than it did? When England had overcome the kingdom of France, if +Scotland had not afforded the means of annoyance to England, the seat of +government might have been removed to France, and the great English +nation have been absorbed in that country: but Providence ruled +otherwise; England lost her dominion in France, and Scotland remained +independent. + + SCOTUS OCTOGENARIUS. + + +BOROUGH-ENGLISH. + +(Vol. iv., p. 133.) + +W. FRAZER'S Query, which are the towns or districts in England in which +Borough-English prevails, or has prevailed, and whether there are any +instances on record of its being carried into effect in modern times, +would require more knowledge than any individual can be expected to +possess of local customs throughout the country to give a full answer +to; but if all your legal correspondents would contribute their quotas +of information on the subject, a very fair list might be made, which +would not be uninteresting as illustrative of this peculiar custom. I do +not know any work in which the places where the custom prevails are +collected together. But I send you a short list of such manors and +places as I know of and have been able to collect, in which the custom +of Borough-English is the rule of descent, hoping that other +correspondents will add to the list which I have only made a +commencement of:-- + + _Manors and Places where the Custom of Borough-English + prevails._ + + The Manor of Lambeth } + " Kennington } Surrey. + " Hoo (qy.) Kent. + + Reve v. Maltster, Croke's _Reports, Trin. + Term_, 11 Chas. I. + + The Manor of Tottenham } + " Edmonton } Middlesex. + + _Termes de la Ley_, Kitchin, fo. 102. + + Turnham Green Middlesex. + + Forester's _Equity Reports_, 276. + + The Manor of Bray Berks. + + _Co. Litt._ Sec. 211. + +I am informed that the custom also prevails in some of the Duchy manors +in Cornwall, but I cannot at present give you the names. + +I may be able to add to this list in a future communication, and I hope +to see in your pages some considerable additions to this list from other +correspondents. + +As to the continuance of the custom to modern times, nothing can alter +it but an act of parliament; so that where the custom has prevailed, it +is still the law of descent: and I have had under my notice a descent of +copyhold property, in the manors of Lambeth and Kennington, to the +youngest brother within the present century. + + G. R. C. + +There is a farm of about a hundred acres in the parish of Sullescombe in +Sussex, which is held by this tenure; but whether the adjoining land is +so, I am not aware. In case of the owner dying intestate, the land would +go to the younger son; but I am not aware of an instance of this having +occurred. + + E. H. Y. + + +PENDULUM DEMONSTRATION OF THE EARTH'S ROTATION. + +(Vol. iv., pp. 129. 177.) + +Your correspondent A. E. B. appears, by his suggestion regarding +Foucault's theory, to have rendered confusion worse confounded, mystery +more mysterious. He says: + + "If the propounders of this theory had from the first explained, + that they do not claim for the plane of oscillation an exemption + from the general rotation of the earth, but only the difference of + rotation due to the excess of velocity with which one extremity of + the line of oscillation may be affected more than the other, it + would have saved a world of fruitless conjecture and + misunderstanding." + +This supposition makes an effect, which it is difficult to believe in, +into one utterly impossible to conceive. It is hard enough to credit the +theory, that the plane of oscillation of a pendulum is partially +independent of the rotatory motion of the earth, but still not +impossible, considering that the effect of the presumed cause is not +inconsistent with the results of _à priori_ calculation. For instance, +during the swing of a two-seconds pendulum, the angular motion of the +earth will have been 1', or thereabouts, which, supposing the +oscillation to be independent, would produce an appreciable angle on an +index circle placed concentric with the pendulum, and at right angles to +its plane of oscillation. + +But as to A. E. B.'s theory, which supposes the variation of the +pendulum's plane to be "due to the excess of velocity with which one +extremity of the line of oscillation may be affected more than the +other," it appears to me quite untenable for a moment. Let him reduce it +to paper, and find what difference of velocity there is on the earth's +surface at the two ends of a line of ten feet, the assumed length of the +arc of a two-seconds pendulum,--a larger one, I presume, than that used +by Foucault in his cellar,--and I believe he will find it to be +practically nothing. + +I confess I have had no faith in this theory from the first; the effect, +if any and constant, I believe to be magnetic. The results of +experiments have been stated from the first very loosely, and the theory +itself has been put forth very indistinctly, and not supported by any +name of eminence, except that of Professor Powell. + +In the meantime, and until some competent authority has pronounced on +the point, I propose that such of your readers as are interested in the +question make experiments for themselves, dividing them into four +classes, viz., with the plane of oscillation E. and W., N. and S., N.E. +and S.W., N.W. and S.E.; take the mean of a great many, and communicate +them to the editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES;" and I venture to say that +such a collection will do more towards confirming or disproving the +theory absolutely, than all the papers we have yet seen on the subject. + +I am myself about to make experiments with a twenty-five feet pendulum. + + H. C. K. + + ---- Rectory, Hereford, Sept. 8. 1851. + + +LORD MAYOR NOT A PRIVY COUNCILLOR. + +(Vol. iv., pp. 9. 137. 180.) + +In p. 180. I find some observations respecting the rank of the Lord +Mayor of London, which seem to require further elucidation. But I should +not trouble you except for one passage, which leads me to think that the +writer is under some little mistake. He seems to think that upon the +occasion of a new king's accession, only Privy Councillors are summoned. +This is not so. I remember upon the accession of George IV., that I +received a summons, being then a member of the House of Commons and +holding an official appointment; and some other private gentlemen were +also summoned. I _think_ that the summonses were issued from the Home +Office, but of this I am not certain; nor do I know if the same practice +has been adopted upon the subsequent accessions. I remember that we all +met at Carlton House; that we all signed some document, recognising the +new sovereign, which I apprehend to be the authority for the +proclamation; but that the _Privy Councillors only_ went in to the +presence. + +I understand that the theory for summoning me and others was that some +persons of various ranks and grades of society should concur in placing +the new king upon the throne. + +All this is, however, mere speculation of my own. The _fact_ of my +summons is certain. As to the Lord Mayor being Right Honorable, why need +we look for other authority than usage? Usage only gives the title of +Right Honorable to a Privy Councillor being a Commoner. Usage only gives +that title to a Peer. Excuse this gossip. + + DN. + + +COLLARS OF SS. + +(Vol. iv., p. 147.) + +I have the pleasure to add to the early examples of the collar of SS. +given by MR. EDWARD FOSS, the names of some personages whose monuments +are either represented or described in Blore's _Monumental Remains_, +Dugdale's _History of St. Paul's_, Gough's _Sepulchral Monuments_, and +Stothard's _Monumental Effigies_. + +1. On the effigy of Sir Simon Burley, engraved by Hollar for Dugdale, is +a collar apparently marked, but very indistinctly, with SS. Sir Simon +was a Knight of the Garter, Chamberlain to Richard II., and was beheaded +in 1388. + +2 and 3. Sir Robert Waterton and his wife, in Methley church, Yorkshire. +The collar was issued to this knight, when he was an esquire, out of the +great wardrobe of Henry Earl of Derby, in the 20th year of Richard II. + +4. Sir William Ryther, in Harwood church, Yorkshire: he lived in the +time of Richard II. + +5. John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, in the cathedral at Canterbury. He +was Chamberlain of England, and Captain of Calais in the reign of Henry +IV., and died in 1410. + +6. Thomas Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, in Arundel church, Sussex; Chief +Butler of England at the coronation of Henry IV., who with his queen was +present at the earl's wedding in 1404; temporary Marshal of England in +1405. Died in 1416, the 4th of Henry V. + +7 and 8. Sir Edmund de Thorpe and his wife, in Ashwell-Thorpe church, +Norfolk. Two persons of this name, Mon' Esmond Thorp and Mon' Esmon de +Thorp̅,were summoned to a great council held at Westminster in the 2nd +of Henry IV. It is considered that this Sir Edmund is the person called +Lord Thorpe, who was slain in Normandy in 1418; that his wife is Joan, +daughter of Sir Robert Norwood, and widow of Roger Lord Scales; and that +she is the Lady Thorpe who died in 1415. + +9. Thomas Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV., President of the +Council, and Lieutenant General of the Forces. He died in 1421. Monument +in Canterbury cathedral. + +10, 11, and 12. Ralph Nevill, Earl of Westmorland, and his two wives, in +Staindrop church, co. Durham. He was created Earl of Westmorland by +Richard II., made Earl Marshal of England by Henry IV., present at the +battle of Agincourt with Henry V., and died in the 4th of Henry VI., +1425. + +Margaret, his first wife, was the daughter of Hugh Earl of Stafford; and +his second wife was Joan de Beaufort, only daughter of John of Ghent, +Duke of Lancaster, by Catherine Swinford. + +13. John Fitz-Alan, Lord Maltravers and Earl of Arundel, in the church +at Arundel, Sussex. He distinguished himself by the capture of many +towns and fortresses in Normandy in the year of his death, 1434. + +14. William Phelip Lord Bardolf, in Dennington church, Suffolk. +Treasurer of the household of Henry V., Knight of the Garter, and +Chamberlain to Henry VI. Died in the 19th year of this reign, 1440. + +15 and 16. John Beaufort Duke of Somerset, and his wife, in Wimborne +Minster, Dorset, Knight of the Garter, created Duke of Somerset and Earl +of Kendal, and at the same time made Lieutenant and Captain-General of +Aquitaine, France and Normandy. Died in 1444. + +17. Robert Lord Hungerford, who served in the wars in France and +Guienne, and died in 1453. His effigy is drawn by Stothard (_Mon. Eff._ +p. 98.). + +18. Sir John Nevill, in Harwood church, Yorkshire. Died 22nd Edward IV., +1482. + +I presume that MR. EDWARD FOSS would refer to the curious passage in the +printed _Rolls of Parliament_, vol. iii. p. 313., wherein it appears +that Richard II., in the 20th year of his reign, formally declared that +he _assumed_, bore, and used, and that by his leave and wish persons of +his retinue also bore and used, the livery of the collar of his uncle, +the Duke of Lancaster. + +Mr. John Gough Nichols, in the _Gent. Mag._ for 1842, quotes the +principal part of this passage, and produces some interesting evidence +in favour of the view that the livery of the collar of the Duke of +Lancaster was the collar of SS. + + LLEWELLYN. + + +WRITTEN SERMONS. + +(Vol. iii., pp. 478. 526.; Vol. iv., pp. 8. 41.) + +The statement that the reading of sermons did not prevail in the early +ages of Christianity not having been called in question, although +irreconcileable with the practice of the Fathers, as ascertained from +their own writings, I am induced to observe that in _Ferrarius de Ritu +Sac. Concionum_, evidence is adduced that extemporaneous preaching was +occasionally superseded by more elaborate and written discourses, +sometimes committed to memory, sometimes recited, that is, read. + + "Narrat Gregorius (Hom. 21. ex Libro Quadraginta Homiliarum) + solemne ibi fuisse dum Concionem haberet, per Dictatum loqui; + additque, Ob languentem stomachum jam _legere_ se non posse quæ + dictaverat; ac proinde velle se Evangelicæ Lectionis explanationem + non amplius per Dictatum, sed per familiares collocutiones + pronunciare. Per Dictatum autem loqui nihil aliud fuit Gregorio + quam de scripto dicere ex eo perspicuum fit, quod verbo Dictare + pro Scribere passim usi sunt Veteres Auctores, Sidonius Epistola + septima Libri primi, undecima quarti, ultima septimi, sexta + octavi, tertia noni; Aldhelmus _de Laudibus Virginitatis_, cap. + vii., Gregorius Magnus, lib. x. _Epistolarum_, Ep. xxii. "ad + Joannem Ravennæ Subdiaconum," et "Epistola ad Leonardum;" quæ + præmittitur Expositioni in Job, et alii: usu nimirum ex prisco + more petito quo Auctores olim, ut est apud Plinium in Epistolis + non uno loco, Notariis dictare consueverant. Vox præterea Legere + qua usus est Gregorius hoc ipsum aperte confirmat; ea enim + dumtaxat legere possumus quaæ scripta sunt et ante oculos + posita."--Ferrarius, _ut suprà_, lib ii. 15. + +Fabricius, in his _Bibliothecaria Antiquaria_ (cap. xi., De Concionibus +Christianorum), thus refers to this passage: + + "Conciones plerasque dictas ex memoria, quasdam etiam de scripto + recitatas, observatum Ferrario, lib. ii. cap. 15." + +It may therefore be inferred that he knew of no other testimony equally +pertinent, but surely we may surmise that other fathers, _e.g._ Gregory +Nazianzen (who, in the words of Bellarmine, "sapientiam mirificè cum +eloquentia copulavit") occasionally were unable to commit to memory the +numerous discussions which they had so diligently prepared. + +I have been requested by the Rev. Richard Bingham, Jun., to state that +he has in his possession autograph sermons by his illustrious ancestor, +in some of which are notes only or heads of subjects, and which are +therefore unfavourable to the suspicion expressed (p. 42.), that the +author of the _Antiquities of the Christian Church_ was prejudiced +against extempore preaching. + + BIBLIOTHECARIUS CHETHAMENSIS. + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +_The Authoress of "A Residence on the Shores of the Baltic"_ (Vol. iv., +p. 113.).--As in a publication such as "NOTES AND QUERIES" the most +precise correctness, even in matters of secondary importance, is, above +all things, to be desiderated, I am sure J. R. will be glad to be +corrected in a statement made by him, in the concluding sentence of his +interesting communication, "Traditions from remote Periods through few +Hands," concerning the above accomplished lady. This elegant writer was +not "one of _four_ congenital children," though it is quite true that +such a birth occurred in her family. The following account of so unusual +an occurrence is taken from Matchett's _Norfolk and Norwich Remembrancer +and Vade Mecum_, a work compiled principally from the columns of _The +Norfolk Chronicle_, of which Mr. Matchett was for many year a +co-proprietor and assistant editor:-- + + "August 15, 1817. At Dr. R.'s house, at Framingham (a small + village four miles from Norwich), Mrs. R., who in 1804 had first + brought him twins, was safely delivered of four living children, + three sons and a daughter, who were privately baptized by the + names of Primus John, Secundus Charles Henry, Tertius Robert + Palgrave, and Quarta Caroline. They were weighed with their shirts + on by Dr. Hamel, physician to the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, + who paid Dr. R. a visit a few days after the quadruple birth, and + were found to be 21 lbs. 2 oz. One lived eighteen days; the other + three from eight to ten weeks. Dr. R. being a grandfather at the + time, the children were born great-uncles and a great-aunt." + +They are buried in Framingham Earl churchyard, where is a table monument +over their remains, setting forth the above particulars in full, with +the respective periods of their deaths. + +Dr. R. was Mayor of Norwich in 1805, and, as J. R. states, an eminent +physician of that city. He was the author of _An Essay on Animal Heat_, +_On the Agriculture of Framingham and Holkham_, and of other works on +Midwifery, Medicine, and Agriculture. He died Oct. 27, 1821, aged +seventy-three years. + + COWGILL. + +_Winifreda_ (Vol. iii., p. 27.; Vol. iv., p. 196.).--Notwithstanding the +MS. note referred to by DR. RIMBAULT in a recent number, I cannot think +that G. A. Stevens was the author of "Winifreda," as he had barely +attained his sixteenth year when that song was first printed in 1726. +Neither is it easy to imagine that the commonplace lines quoted in +Reed's _Biographia Dramatica_, vol. i. p. 687., from Stevens's poem +called "Religion, or the Libertine Repentant," and "Winifreda," could +have been the production of the same person. We learn also from Reed, +that, owing to a pirated edition of Stevens's songs being published at +Whitehaven, he in 1772 printed a genuine collection of them at Oxford. +This book I never met with. Should it contain Winifreda, I shall be +satisfied: if not, we may still say of the mysterious author, "Non est +inventus." + + BRAYBROOKE. + +_Querelle d'Alleman_ (Vol. iii, p. 495.), not _d'Allemand_, as your +correspondent MR. BREEN has written it; this saying deriving its origin +from the _Allemans_, a powerful family of the Dauphiné, in the +thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and having no reference whatever to +the national character of the Germans, as will appear by the following +extract from the _Revue Historique de la Noblesse, voce_ ALLEMAN:-- + + "Durant le 13e et le 14e siècle, la région montagneuse qui s'élève + entre le Drac et l'Isère était presque en totalité le domaine + d'une immense famille de seigneurs qui portaient tous le nom + _d'Alleman_.... Jamais souche féodale ne produisit plus de + rameaux, et nulle part les membres d'une même famille ne se + groupèrent autour de leurs chefs avec un soin plus jaloux.... Ils + se mariaient entre eux, jugeaient entre eux leurs différends, et + en toute circonstance se pretaient les uns aux autres un + infaillible appui. Malheur à l'imprudent voisin qui eût troublé + dans son héritage ou dans son honneur le plus humble des + _Alleman_. Sur la plainte de l'offensé, un conseil de famille + était réuni, la guerre votée par acclamations, et l'on voyait + bientôt déboucher dans la plaine de Grenoble les bandes armées qui + guidaient au châtiment de l'agresseur les bannières d'Uriage et de + Valbonnais." + +Hence, from the ardour with which this family avenged the smallest +injury, came the saying, "_Faire une querelle d'Alleman_;" to which +Oudin, in his _Curiosités Françoises_, gives the following +interpretation:-- + + "_Querelle d'Alleman_, fondée sur peu de sujet et facile à + appaiser." + +Having reference to the same family was also the proverb, known in the +Dauphiné, "_Gare la queue des Alleman_," applied to those entering upon +some difficult enterprise; in other words, "mind the consequences." + +In Le Roux de Lincy's _Livres des Proverbes Français_, vol. ii. p. 15., +I find the following: + + "Arces, Varces, Granges et Comiers, + Tel les regarde qui ni les ose ferier, + Mais gare la queue d'Alleman et des Brangiers." + + PHILIP S. KING. + +_Coins of Constantius II._ (Vol. ii., pp. 42. 254.).--Not being exactly +satisfied with my former reply to MR. WITTON on this subject, I have +made further search on the subject in numismatic works, and I would +refer him to the following note in Banduri, vol. ii. p. 418.:-- + + "Galli numismata Antiquarii olim cum nummis Constantii Augusti + confundebant; sed Erud. Harduinus numismata omnia Constantii + Cæsaris (Galli) in quibus FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. item ea in quibus + CONSTANTIVS. IVN. appellatur, aut FL. CL. CONSTANTIVS, ad Gallum + nostrum pertinere ostendit; in quibus omnibus cum eadem effigies + expressa sit a Constantii Augusti effigie plurimum diversa, et + caput nudum semper sit; omnia numismata in quibus et caput nudum, + et idem qui in cæteris vultus conspicitur, ad eundem Gallum + retulimus, tametsi eorum numismatum nonnulla FL. IVL. Constantium + appellant. Haud dissimulandum tamen descripta ab Occone fuisse + numismata duo Constantii Augusti, in quibus FL. CL. Constantius + nominatur, quæ inter numismata illius Principis ex ære incerti + moduli exhibuimus suprà. Cæterum hujus Principis nummi omnes ex + argento rari sunt, et desiderantur in Mediobarbo, excepto hoc, + quem perperam (licet ex Tristano) inter æreos recenset laudatus + Mediobarbus, et duobus sequentibus." + +On the whole, therefore, I conclude, that we may more safely assign to +Gallus the _bare_ head; the legends "CONSTANTIVS IVN." and "FL. CL. +CONSTANTIVS," and the _diademed_ head, and the legends, "FL. IVL. +CONSTANTIVS," and "CONSTANTIVS AVG.," to Constantius II. Those with "FL. +VAL. CONSTANTIVS" would seem more properly to belong to Constantius +Chlorus. I may add, that all those coins of Constantius which bear an A +behind the portrait, certainly belong to Gallus. + + E. S. TAYLOR. + +_Proverb; what constitutes one?_ (Vol. iv., p. 191.).--There can be no +doubt that, according to modern usage, any short sentence which is +commonly used, whether by way of enunciating a principle, foretelling a +consequence, describing a situation, or recommending a course of action, +&c., is a proverb. Brevity is an essential: that is, we apply the term +_proverb_ to nothing but apophthegms. In truth, nothing but what is said +in few words can be frequently said by all. Accordingly a proverb, in +the nineteenth century, is a commonly known and frequently cited +apophthegm. But it was not always so. The _proverb_ was only _one_ of a +class which we may cite under the name of _adage_, because the various +folio collections of them generally have this word in the title, as +descriptive of all. These works contain proverbs properly so called, +sentences (_sententiæ_, pieces of _sententiousness_), parables, +apologues, aphorisms, witticisms, apophthegms, &c. &c., many of the +instances having a right to two or more of these names. According to +Erasmus, all the definitions which he had met with of the _paroemia_ or +_proverb_ might be contained under one or other of the following:-- + + "Proverbium est sermo ad vitæ rationem conducibilis, moderata + quadam obscuritate multam in sese continens utilitatem." + + "Proverbium est sermo, rem manifestam obscuritate tegens." + +The old proverb then has a soul of utility, and a body of obscurity: the +modern one has a soul of brevity, and a body of notoriety. This +distinction will be held obscure enough for an old proverb, but not +brief enough for a new one. + + M. + +_Dr. Matthew Sutcliffe_ (Vol. iv., p. 152.).--Your learned correspondent +MR. CROSSLEY is right in his conjecture that this celebrated +controversialist was of a family settled at Mayroyd in the parish of +Halifax in Yorkshire. According to a pedigree certified in 1624 by Sir +William Segar, Garter, he was the second son of John Sutcliffe of +Melroyd, in the county of York, gent., by his wife Margaret, daughter of +---- Owlsworth of Ashley in the same county. The Doctor married Ann, +daughter of John Bradley of Louth, co. Lincoln, Esq., and had issue an +only daughter Ann, the wife of Mr. Halls or Halse, of the county of +Devon. The Doctor had four brothers, viz. Adam, Solomon, Luke, and John. +Adam, the eldest, lived at Grimsby, co. Lincoln, and had an only +daughter, Judith. Solomon was of Melroyd and of Grimsby; he married +Elizabeth, daughter of John Bradley of Louth, Esq., by Frances his wife, +daughter of ---- Fairfax of Denton, co. York, and had issue four +daughters, and also one son, viz. John Sutcliffe, one of the esquires of +the body to King James. His wife was Alice, daughter of Luke Woodhouse +of Kimberley, co. Norfolk, Esq., and he had issue one daughter, Susan. +Segar granted arms to this gentleman in 1624. Of the other brothers of +the Dean, Luke died unmarried, and John married a daughter of Jo. Kirton +of Lincolnshire. + + F. R. R. + + Milnrow Parsonage. + +_Pope's Translations, or Imitations of Horace_ (Vol. i., p. 230.; Vol. +iv., pp. 58. 122. 139.).--Having every wish to accede to the request of +your correspondent C., I have made a search, but am unable to lay my +hand at present on the publication by Curll. There can be no doubt that +I shall ultimately meet with it; and when I do, it will be quite at his +service. Having compared it not very long ago with the folio edition by +Boreman of this Imitation, which I suppose was the first in its complete +state, I can be under no mistake as to the existence of the prior +publication. It occurs in a thin 8vo. published by Curll in 1716, +containing poetical miscellanies, which in my copy are bound up with +other tracts. It is headed "By Mr. P----e," and contains only a portion +of that subsequently printed. Curll afterwards reprinted the Imitation, +as published by Boreman, in one of the volumes, I think the third of the +collection, which he styles "Letters of Mr. Pope." + +That the Imitation is by Pope, though I am not aware of any express +acknowledgment of it by him, there can be no doubt, and as little that +it found its way to the press, as published by Boreman, with his +privity. Curll even says, if any weight be due to the assertions of such +a miscreant, that Pope received a sum of money for it from Boreman. But +I do not consider that Pope can be deemed to have affiliated it by its +publication in Dodsley's edition in 1738; which is, as far as I have +always understood, a mere bookseller's collection. The only collection +of his works which can be called his own, and for which he is fairly +responsible, is that in 2 vols., folio and 4to., 1717-35, to each volume +of which a preface or notice by him is prefixed; and in the latter of +these volumes, though previously published, he has not included this +Imitation, which seems to indicate that he did not feel disposed to +acknowledge it publicly, and indeed he had good reason to be ashamed of +it. + + JAS. CROSSLEY. + +_M. Lominus, Theologus_ (Vol. iv., p. 193.).--The exact title of the +work inquired for is, _Blackloanæ Hæresis, olim in Pelagio et Manichæis +damnatæ, nunc denuo renascentis, Historia et Confutatio_. This 4to. +volume consists of 332 pages, exclusive of the dedicatory epistle and +the appendix; and a "printed account" of the author may be seen in Sir +James Ware's _Writers of Ireland_ (ed. Harris, pp. 191-3), and in Dodd's +_Church History of England_, vol. iii. pp. 284-5.: Brussels, 1742. It is +to be hoped that in the Bodleian Catalogue something further has been +stated respecting this curious and very rare book than that it was +written by "M. Lominus, Theologus," who was merely an imaginary divine. +The real author was the famous PETER TALBOT, brother of "Lying Dick +Talbot" (the Duke of Tyrconnel and Viceroy of Ireland), almoner to +Catharine, queen of Charles II., and titular Archbishop of Dublin. + + R. G. + +The work referred to, entitled _Blackloanæ Hæresis, olim in Pelagio et +Manichæis damnatæ, nunc denuo renascentis, Historia et Confutatio_, +Gand. 1675, 4to., I have a copy of. It is written against the +Blackloists, the leaders of whom were Thomas White, the follower of Sir +Kenelm Digby, and John Sargeant, the voluminous Roman Catholic writer. +The real author of the book was Peter Talbot, the brother of Richard +Talbot, Duke of Tyrconnel. He also published the _History of Manicheism +and Pelagianism, in which it is shown that Thomas White and his +Adherents have revived those Heresies_: Paris, 1674, 8vo. + + JAS. CROSSLEY. + +_Corpse passing makes a Right of Way_ (Vol. iii., pp. 477. 507. 519.; +Vol. iv., p. 124.).--This belief is common in East Anglia, and such +paths are called _Bierways_. When the common lands at Alby in Norfolk +were enclosed, much difficulty was experienced in stopping one road, on +account of its being an ancient bierway. In Norwich the passage through +a part of the city called the Bull Close, is accounted public for this +reason; and a very few years since a gentleman at Whittlesey, in +Cambridgeshire, prevented a funeral from taking a shorter road through +his grounds, through fear of its being afterwards esteemed a public +thoroughfare. + + E. S. TAYLOR. + +_Horology_ (Vol. iv., p. 175.).--H. C. K. will probably find all he +requires in the _Penny Cyclopædia_ (Articles "Horology" and "Pendulum"), +or in a two-shilling volume published by Weale last year, Denison _on +Clocks, Chimes, &c._, or in the other works enumerated below:--Ellicott +_on regulating Clocks_, 4to., 1753; Vulliamy's _Considerations on Public +Clocks_, 4to., 1828; Derham's _Artificial Clock Maker_, 12mo., 1734; +Berthoudi's _Essai sur l'Horlogerie_, 4to., 2 vols. 1763. + + H. T. E. + + Clyst St. George. + +_Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--In Charleston, the capital of the state +of South Carolina, a bell is tolled twice every evening, at eight and +ten o'clock in summer, and at seven and nine in winter: this custom +dates from early times. At the ringing of the _second_ bell the watch +for the night is set, and our servants are prohibited from being abroad +after that hour without a permit from their masters; the first bell +subserves no purpose, and is merely rung in conformity to ancient usage. +I am inclined to think that our ancestors had this bell rung in order to +keep up the old custom of the curfew bell of their cherished +mother-country. It is still a custom when "the first bell rings" for the +younger children of the family to say "Good night," and retire to bed. +This is the only practical use to which this early ringing is put, and a +capital custom it is, though rather distasteful to the young folks when +they are anxious to sit up a little longer. + + H. H. B. + + Monte Cavallo, South Carolina. + +"_Going the whole Hog_" (Vol. iii., p. 250.).--A querist asks +information as to the origin of the American figure of speech "to go the +whole hog." I apprehend its parentage belongs less to America than to +Ireland, where a "hog" is still the synonym for a shilling, and a +"tester" or "taster" for a sixpence. Previously to the assimilation of +the currency of the two countries in 1825, a "white hog" meant the +English shilling or twelve pence, and a "black hog" the Irish shilling, +of thirteen pence. To "go the whole hog" is a convivial determination +_to spend the whole shilling_, and the prevalence of the expression, +with an extension of its applications in America, can be readily traced +to its importation by the multitudes of emigrants from Ireland. + + M. R***SON. + + Belfast. + +_John Bodley_ (Vol. iv., p. 59.).--"---- Burleigh, M.A." who is +mentioned by S. S. S. as one of the translators of the Bible in 1611, +must have been a different person to John Bodley, the father of the +celebrated Sir Thomas Bodley. In the very interesting "History of +English Translations and Translators" prefixed to Bagster's _English +Hexapla_, "Mr. Burgley of Stretford" is mentioned as one, with this +note:-- + + "In the Lambeth MS. it is 'Mr. Henry Burleigh.' It is added, one + of that name was B.D. in 1594, and D.D. in 1607."--P. 104. + +Townley, however, in his _Illustrations of Biblical Literature_, 1821, +vol. iii. p. 293, supposes him to have been the Francis Burleigh, D.D., +who, according to Newcourt, became vicar of Stortford, or Bishop +Stortford, in 1590. See _Repertorium_, vol. i. p. 896. + + JOHN I. DREDGE. + +Among my matches in and about London (which I shall always be glad to +search for your correspondents) is the following: + + "23 July 1608, _John Bodleigh_, Aldgate, printer B. 34, free of + the stationers and a freeman; and _Elizabeth Hemp_ of Paul's + Wharf, Sp. 30. St. Brides." + + J. S. B. + +_Ancient Egypt, Language of_ (Vol. iv., p. 152.).--In Adelung's +_Mithridates_ the titles of the best works explanatory of this language +will be found. To these must be added those of Dr. Thomas Young and +Champollian Junior. There are some recent German works on the subject; +your correspondent will, however, be very little benefited after +mastering all the writers, for they have really but little to tell. The +method to be pursued with a feasible prospect of success is, to acquire +the Coptic-Egyptian language from the New Testament and De Woide, with +the special object of mastering the roots, about 200 in number, of that +language. Next, some knowledge of the Chinese language should be +obtained, so far at least as is necessary to comprehend the +_hieroglyphic principle_, whereby 214 letter-keys are made to do duty in +representing 5000, or more, distinct ideas. The next matter, which +admits of a very simple explanation, is to ascertain how the Chinese +_dissevers_ the _idea_ of a character (hieroglyphic) from its _sound_, +and makes his ideas (hieroglyphic characters) stand for syllables alone, +by prefixing the character _more_ (mouth) to indicate that the +characters next following are to be read as _sounds_ and not as _ideas_. +In the Egyptian hieroglyphic such characters (representing the names of +places and persons) are inclosed in a sort of lozenge or parallelogram. +Having found out certain _sounds_ in the Egyptian hieroglyphic, _e. g._ +_Cle-o-pa-tra_, turn to the _Coptic Lexicon_ and ascertain what _idea_ +(thing) _cle_ represents in Coptic, and so on with _o_, with _pa_, &c., +and all other with syllable sounds. Here Champollian Junior stuck fast, +and little has been done since his day in the way of _translation_; and +the reason is evident--the separate characters representing sounds found +in these lozenges are too few in number to give any hope that the +Egyptian hieroglyphics will ever be rendered generally intelligible; +their object, however, has been far more effectually secured by the +paintings and representations of objects and actions, which supply an +infinitely better means of knowing what was interesting in Egypt than +mere words, sounds, or ideas (hieroglyphics) could convey. + + J. BUCKTON. + + Lichfield. + +_The late William Hone_ (Vol. iii., p. 477., Vol. iv., pp. 105, +106.).--If E. V. will take the trouble to apply to the Rev. Thomas +Binney, of the Weigh House Chapel, London, he will be in the way of +receiving the most authentic information concerning the happy +conversion, and triumphant death, of William Hone, who adorned the +doctrine of God his Saviour for some years previous to his decease in +communion with a congregation of Protestant Dissenters. + + O. T. D. + +The interesting letter of the late William Hone, published in Vol. iv., +pp. 105, 106., scarcely throws any discredit upon an anecdote I often +have heard as to the means of his _first awakening_ to a better mind, +somewhat as follows:--that, asking a drink of milk of a little child, +and observing a book in her hand, he inquired what it was? She answered, +"A Bible:" and, in reply to some depreciatory remarks of his, added, "I +thought everybody loved their Bible, Sir." I hope that this may not be +contradicted, but confirmed. + + C. W. B. + +_Bensley_ (Vol. iv., p. 115.).--The "Bensley tragedy" was no doubt the +sudden death, in April or May, 1765, by a fall from his horse, of _James +Bensley_, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn; probably an early acquaintance of Hill +and Cowper. The melancholy death of another friend of theirs, poor Lloyd +(which Southey also calls a _tragedy_), had happened three or four +months earlier. + + C. + +_John Lilburne_ (Vol. iv., p. 134.).--The name of John Lilburne occurs +in Cleveland's _Poems_ more than once, _e. g._ "The General Eclipse:"-- + + "Thus 'tis a general eclipse, + And the whole world is _al-a-mort_; + Only the House of Commons trips + The stage in a Triumphant sort, + Now e'en _John Lilburn_ take 'em for't." + + _Works_, p. 57. Lond. 1687. + +And again, "On the Inundation of the River Trent," p. 294.: + + "One herd and flock in one kind hill found mercy, + Like _Lilburn_ (and his wool) in the Isle of _Jersey_." + + RT. + + Warmington. + +_School of the Heart_ (Vol. iii., p. 390. Vol. iv., p. 141.).--Is your +correspondent aware of Benedict Haeften's _Schola Cordis_, from which +Harvey's _School of the Heart_ was imitated? It was published at Antwerp +in 1635. The copy I now have before me is dated 1699, but I will give +its full title: + + "Schola Cordis, sive aversi a Deo Cordis ad eumdem reductio, et + instructio. Auctore Benedicto Haefteno, Reformati Monast. + Affligeminsis, Ordinis S. Benedicti, præposito. Antverpiæ, apud + Henricum et Cornelium Verdurrin, MDCXCIX." + +P. S. The _emblems_ are fifty-five in number. + + RT. + + Warmington. + +_Sir W. Raleigh in Virginia_ (Vol. iv., p. 190.).--That Mr. Hallam +should have forgotten to correct an incidental allusion is natural +enough; and that Raleigh in person discovered Virginia _was_ commonly +believed. Sir Walter Scott, for instance, believed it, as appears by a +passage at the end of _Kenilworth_. But the very title-page of Hariot's +account of the discovery of Virginia (whether in the English of 1588, or +the Frankfort Latin of 1590), negatives the idea of Raleigh assisting in +person. And the _Biographia Britannica_, or, I believe, any similar work +of authority, will show that no biographer of note has affirmed it. It +was an expedition _fitted out_ by Raleigh which discovered Virginia. + + M. + +It appears by the _Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia_, by +Strachey, so ably edited by Mr. Major for the Hakluyt Society, that Sir +Walter Raleigh sent out his first expedition to Virginia in 1584, under +Captain Amadas; in 1585 a fleet under Sir R. Grenville, which he +intended to have commanded in person, but jealousy at court prevented +him. In 1587 a second fleet was sent to Roanoak under Captain White, in +1590 supplies by Captain White, and in 1602 he sent Samuel Mace. Neither +Oldys nor Cayley mention his having gone there; and as they carry on the +events of his life pretty clearly year by year, I think, in reply to the +Query of MR. BREEN, that there is pretty good evidence to show that he +never was there. + + E. N. W. + + Southwark. + +_Siege of Londonderry_ (Vol. iv., p. 162.).--Can B. G. give any +information respecting the list of persons who received grants of land +in the county of Londonderry after the conclusion of the war in 1691? +Also, whether he knows of an old ballad (cotemporary I believe) called +"The Battle of the Boyne?" I have an old history of the siege of Derry, +by Mr. George Walker, 1689. I should be glad to know what the pamphlet +contains, and whether the family of Downing are mentioned in it. + + A. C. L. + +_Cowper Law_ (Vol. iv., p. 101.).--For the satisfaction of your +correspondent C. DE D., I transcribe from Jamieson's _Dictionary_ the +following: + + "COWPER JUSTICE, trying a man after execution: the same with + _Jeddart_, or _Jedburgh justice_[17] [See JEDDART JUSTICE.] + + "'Yet let the present swearing trustees + Know they give conscience _Cowper Justice_, + And by subscribing it in gross, + Renounces every solid gloss.-- + And if my judgement be not scant, + Some lybel will be relevant, + And all the process firm and fast, + To give the counsel _Jedburgh cast_.' + + "Cleland's _Poems_, pp. 109, 110. + + "This phrase is said to have had its rise from the conduct of a + Baron-bailie in _Coupar_-Angus, before the abolition of heritable + jurisdictions." + + [Footnote 17: Also "_Jedwood_ Justice." See Scott's _Fair Maid of + Perth_, vol. xliii. p. 304.] + + CHARLES THIRIOLD. + + Cambridge, Sept. 8. 1851. + +_Decretorum Doctor_ (Vol. iv., p. 191.).--The precise meaning of this +term is Doctor of the Canon Law. A doctor of laws was a doctor of _both +the laws_ (that is, the Civil Law _and_ the Canon Law). The University +of Cambridge was forbidden to grant degrees in Canon Law in 1535; and +soon afterwards these degrees were discontinued in Oxford, in +consequence of the repudiation of the Papal authority, although three or +more persons took the degree of Bachelor of Decrees there in the reign +of Queen Mary. Further details respecting the Canon Law, and the +graduates in that faculty, will be found in Fuller's _History of the +University of Cambridge_, ed. Priskett and Wright, pp. 220. 225.; Wood's +_History and Antiq. of the University of Oxford_, ed. Gutch, vol. i. pp. +63. 359.; vol. ii. pp. 67. 79. 768, 769, 770. 902.; Hallam's _Middle +Ages_, 9th ed. vol. ii. p. 2.; _Peacock on Statutes of the University of +Cambridge_, Appendix A. xlix. n. 1. + + C. H. COOPER. + + Cambridge, Sept. 13. 1851. + +_Nightingale and Thorn_ (Vol. iv., p. 175.), by A. W. H.:-- + + "Every thing did banish moan, + Save the nightingale alone: + She, poor bird, as all forlorn, + Leaned her breast up-till a thorn, + And there sung the dolefull'st ditty, + That to hear it was great pity." + + Shakspeare: _Passionate Pilgrim_, xix. + + W. J. BERNHARD SMITH. + + Temple. + +The earliest allusion to this fable, that I know of, occurs in the +_Passionate Pilgrim_, Sect. xix. + +Ovid, in his version of the fable of Tereus, does not introduce the +thorn; so probably the allusion is not classical. + +Apollodorus also gives this myth, but I have him not to refer to. + + H. E. H. + +_Carli the Economist_ (Vol. iv., p. 175.).--ALPHA will find in a very +excellent work, entitled _Storia della Economia Pubblica in Italia, &c., +di Giuseppe Pecchio_, Lugano, 1829, 8vo., the information he requires +regarding the first work on political economy, by an Italian writer, who +seems to have been Gasparo Scaruffi; and also learn that Gian Rinaldo +Carli died in 1795. + + F. R. A. + +_Tale of a Tub_ (Vol. i., p. 326.; Vol. iii., p. 28.).--It is no wonder +that Henry VIII.'s chancellor Sir Thomas More should have heard of an +extraordinary tale about a tub, since its earliest form--the model of so +many copies--is in Apuleius, at the beginning of the 9th book. It forms +likewise the argument of the second novel of Boccacio's _Seventh Day, +ove_ "Peronella mette un suo amante in un doglio." Girolamo Morlino told +the same objectionable story in Latin; and Agnolo Firenzuola, the +Italian translator of Apuleius, seems to have adopted the witty +Florentine's imagery, forgetting the original which he professed to +follow. See Manni, _Istoria del Decamerone_, Firenze, 1742, pp. 466. +472. "Tale of a tub," like Conte de peau d'âne, Conte de la Cigogne, +Conte de la Mère Oie, denotes a marvellous or cock and bull story--Conte +gras, Conte pour rire. There is no doubt that Jean-Jaques' miniature +French opera, _Le Tonnelier_, was founded, though through certain +strainers well refined, on the wicked Milesian fiction of the African +jester: + + "Un tonnelier vieux et jaloux + Aimait une jeune bergère: + Il voulait être son époux, + Mais il n'avait pas su lui plaire: + Travaillez, travaillez, bon tonnelier! + Raccommodez votre cuvier!" + + GEORGE MÉTIVIER. + +_Wyle Cop_ (Vol. iv., p. 116.).--May not Wyle Cop be derived from the +Anglo-Saxon _wylle_, well or fountain, and _cop_, head or top? SALOPIAN +can perhaps judge whether "_Fountain Hill_" or "_Well Head_" would be at +all applicable to the Wyle Cop in Shrewsbury. + + THOS. LAWRENCE. + + Ashby de la Zouch. + +_Visiting Cards_ (Vol. iv., pp. 133. 195.).--"Marriage à-la-Mode," Plate +IV., supplies an additional proof of playing cards having done duty as +Visiting Cards and Cards of Invitation during the middle of the last +century. There are several lying on the floor, in the right-hand corner +of the picture. One is inscribed--"Count Basset begs to no how Lade +Squander sleapt last nite." + + C. FORBES. + + Temple. + +_Absalom's Hair_ (Vol. iv., p. 131.).--Your correspondent P. P. remarks +in the number of "NOTES AND QUERIES" for August 23, that "Absalom's long +hair had nothing to do with his death; his head itself, and not the hair +upon it, having been caught in the boughs of the tree." Even allowing +the silence of Scripture upon the matter, the tradition has certainly +the basis of respectable antiquity to rest on. Bishop J. Taylor thus +writes in his _Second Sermon upon St. Matthew_, xvi. 26. _ad finem_:-- + + "The Doctors of the Jews report that when _Absalom hanged among + the oaks by the hair of the head_, he seemed to see under him Hell + gaping wide ready to receive him; and he _durst not cut off the + hair that intangled him_, for fear he should fall into the horrid + Lake, whose portion is flames and torment, but chose to protract + his miserable life a few minutes in that pain of posture, and to + abide the stroke of his pursuing enemies. His condition was sad + when his arts of remedy were so vain." + + RT. + + Warmington, Sept. 3, 1851. + +_MS. Book of Sentences_ (Vol. iv., p. 188.).--The name of the Durham +monk referred to by W. S. W. is more probably "Swallwell" than +"Wallwell," because the former is the name of a township or vill in +Durham county. + + E. S. + +_The Winchester Execution_ (Vol. iv., p. 191.).--The narrative related +from memory of M. W. B. bears on its face strong indications of fiction: +according to that statement a sheepstealer was "some years ago" +condemned to death; a "warrant" for his execution was made out, but +mislaid, by whom does not appear. After the lapse of years, during which +the prisoner had been employed in "executing commissions in distant +places" for the gaoler, and in obtaining a high character for his +amiable and moral conduct, the fatal warrant arrives, and is "forwarded +to the high sheriff, and to the delinquent himself," who is forthwith +hanged. + +Any one acquainted with the course of practice at assizes at the period +to which this anecdote refers, must be aware that no "warrant," in the +sense in which the word is here used, was ever made out in such cases. +The prisoner is legally in the custody of the sheriff when sentence is +passed in court, and he leaves the court in that same custody. The +judgment so pronounced is itself the warrant, though a short memorandum +or note of it is officially made at the time; unless the judge reprieves +or suspends the sentence, no sheriff waits for any further authority, +and as for the unfortunate delinquent, no judge, sheriff, or gaoler ever +supposed that any copy of a warrant was to be handed to the prisoner +himself! During the interval between sentence and execution, if there be +no reprieve or release from imprisonment by the authority of the +executive, the prisoner is, and always has been, kept by the sheriff _in +salvâ et arctâ custodiâ_ in the county gaol. The idea of an employment +for years in rambling about the country on the gaoler's errands, is a +preposterous figment, composed by some novelist who was unacquainted +with the needful machinery for giving an air of verisimilitude to his +story. The legend seems to be a version of the fate of Sir W. Raleigh +adapted to low life; as in his case the scene is laid at Winchester, but +the machinery and decorations are not contrived with a due regard to +probability. + + "Quodcunque essendis mihi sic, incredulus odi." + + E. S. + +_Locke's MSS._ (Vol. iii., p. 337.).--A good account of Locke's MSS. is +to be found in Blakey's _History of Metaphysics_. They were in the +possession of the Forster family, whose representative, Dr. Forster, +M.D., is now, or was very lately, residing at Bruges. + + ÆGROTUS. + +_Peal of Bells_ (Vol. i., p. 154.).--The definition of a _peal_, viz., +"a performance of above 5,000 changes," was recently confirmed to me by +the two following inscriptions, which I read in the belfry of the curfew +tower at Windsor:-- + + "Feb. 21, 1748, was rung in this steeple a complete 5,040 of union + trebles, never performed here before." + + "College Youths.--This society rung in this steeple, Tuesday, + April 10, 1787, _a true and complete peal_ of 5,040 grandsire + triples in three hours and fourteen minutes." + +A stone tablet in the bell chamber of Ecclesfield church records, that a +few months ago "was rung in this tower _a peal_ of Kent treble bob +major, consisting of 5,024 changes in three hours and five minutes." + + ALFRED GATTY. + +_Pope's "honest Factor"_ (Vol. iv., p. 6.).--If any one ever made a +rational guess at who this _factor_ may have been, he must have been +still more likely to have known who was meant by _Sir Balaam_, at whose +identity I have never yet heard a guess. I suppose that both _factor_ +and _knight_ were fancy characters. + + C. + +_Bells in Churches_ (Vol. iv., p. 165.).--The judgment stated to have +been given by Lord Chief Justice _Campbell_, was given by Lord Chief +Justice _Jervis_. + + C. H. COOPER. + + Cambridge. + +_Virgil, Passage from_ (Vol. iii., p. 499.).--The line of Virgil +(_Georg._, lib. iv. 87.) quoted, + + "Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt," + +and the preceding line, + + "Hi motus animorum atque hæc certamina tanta," + +have been happily applied to the contrasted quiescence of +_Ash_-Wednesday immediately succeeding the tumultuous carnival in Roman +Catholic countries, when the cross marked by _ashes_ on the forehead +lulls to quiet the turbulent spirits of the previous weeks. + + J. R. + +_Duke of Berwick_ (Vol. iv., p. 133.).--The Duke of Berwick, born in +1671, and so created the 19th of March, 1687, by his father (natural) +James II., was indeed a Spanish grandee, which he was made by Philip V., +after his victory of Almanza, in 1707; but the title was Liria, not +Alva, which belonged to the great house of Toledo, and was rendered +famous (or infamous) by its bearer under Philip II. Berwick, however, +transferred this Spanish title of Liria to his son James, by his first +wife Honera de Burgh, daughter of William, seventh Earl of Clanrickard, +with the annexed territory, or _majorat_. She was the widow of Patrick +Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, who conducted 14,000 Irish refugees to France +in 1691, after the surrender of Limerick to Ginkle. She died of +consumption, still young, at Montpelier, in 1698. The Duke of St. Simon, +in his _Mémoires_, tome ii. p. 92., describes her as "belle, faite à +peindre, touchante--une nymphe enfin;" but, though personally acquainted +with her, he names her the daughter, instead of the widow, of Lucan. +Berwick afterwards married Miss Buckley, one of the Queen Mary d'Este's +maids of honour, by whom he had several children, who assumed the name +of Fitz-James. Their descendants were colonels or proprietaires of the +Irish Brigade regiment, called, after their founder, Berwick. The +Spanish branch still maintains its rank and estates. Berwick was killed +at the siege of Philpsburg, in Baden, the 12th June, 1734. His military +talents were of acknowledged superiority; so far more resembling his +uncle Marlborough than his father, whose dastardly flight at the Boyne +he indignantly witnessed. His _Mémoires_, in two volumes 12mo., were +published from his manuscript by his grandson, the Duke of Fitz-James, +in 1778. + + J. R. + + Cork. + +_Nullus and Nemo_ (Vol. iv., p. 153.).--The interpretation of "M.'s" +woodcut will be found in Ulrich von Hutten's elegiac verses, which are +exhibited in his ΟΥΤΙΣ, NEMO. Your correspondent's amusing conjecture +about "nobody's child" was quite correct, as these lines prove: + + "Quærendus puero pater est: Nemo obtigit. At tu, + Si me audis, alium stulta require patrem." + +I suspect that "M.'s" old 4to. tracts bear a somewhat earlier date than +1520-30; but probably, this matter might be determined by Burckhard's +_Commentarius de Ulrici ab Hutten fatis et meritis_, or by his +_Analecta_ (Cf. Freytag, _Adpar. Lit._ iii. 519.), or by means of +Münck's collection of De Hutten's works. I happen to have copies of two +editions of the _Nemo_, which, though they are undated, must appertain +to the year 1518. This was not, however, the period of the first +publication of the poem; for the author, in a letter addressed to +Erasmus in October, 1516, mentions it as having then appeared (Niceron, +_Mémoires_, xv. 266.): but the original impression of this satirical +performance is without the prefatory epistle to Crotus Rubianus [Johan +Jager], who is believed to have had no inconsiderable share in the +composition of the celebrated _Epistolæ obscurorum Virorum_. + + R. G. + +_Grimsdyke_ (Vol. iv., p. 192.).--I can mention at all events one other +earthwork named Grimsdyke in England--the great earthwork, viz., south +of Salisbury, which is called Grimsdyke. Mr. Guest has stated his belief +that it was not a Belgic work, but a boundary line made by the Welsh +after the treaty of the Mons Badonicus. + + W. S. G. + + Newcastle-upon-Tyne. + +_Coke, how pronounced_ (Vol. iv., pp. 24. 93. 138.).--Respecting the +pronunciation of the name of Coke at page 138., I recollect having some +discussion on it in 1812 with the late Mr. Andrew Lynch, Master in +Chancery, then a student at the Temple, when he corrected me for calling +it _Cooke_, which he maintained should be called _Coake_. We happened to +dine that day at Mr. Charles Butler's, his future father-in-law, and +agreed to refer the matter to him who had been associated with Hargrave +in publishing Sir Edward Coke's _Commentaries on Littleton_ (1809, 7 +vols. 8vo.). Mr. Butler at once decided the question in my favour, +adding that he had never heard the name otherwise pronounced, and that +_Coake_ was quite a novelty, which he should never adopt--indeed, I am +sure it is so, though now I find it generally prevalent. + + J. R. + + Cork. + +_Marcus Ælius Antoninus_ (Vol. iv., p. 152.).--I think that your +correspondent will not readily ascertain the owner of this pseudonyme; +but, in the presumed absence of any opposing evidence, I would suggest +that the mask may belong to Marc-Antonio Flaminio. Melancthon's +excellent _Responsio ad scriptum quorundam delectorum à Clero secundario +Coloniæ Agrippinæ_, 4to., Francfurdiæ, 1543, is now before me, but it +does not allude to the _Querela_ set forth in the same year. It is said +that the framer of the Cologne _Judicium_ against Bucer was the +Carmelite Eberhardus Billicus; and TYRO may be assured that he is +fortunate if he be a possessor of the tract by the fictitious Antoninus; +for, in the words of Seckendorf,-- + + "Ex scriptis reliquis, occasione Reformationis Coloniensis tunc + publicatis, plurima in oblivionem fere venerunt, nec facile hodie + inveniuntur, typis licet olim excusa."--_Comm. de Luther._ lib. + iii. sect. 27. § cvii. p. 437. Francof. 1692. + + R. G. + + + + +Miscellaneous. + + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +The sculptures which have been preserved with comparatively little +injury for upwards of six centuries on the western front of the +venerable cathedral of Wells have long excited the wonder and curiosity, +as well as admiration, of all who looked upon them. All have been ready +to recognise in them the expression of some grand design; but it has +been reserved for Professor Cockerell to penetrate, through the +quaintness of the style and the dilapidations of centuries, into their +noble aim and purpose, and to describe at length this "extensive but +hitherto unedited commentary in living sculpture of the thirteenth +century, upon our earliest dynasties, our churchmen, and religious +creed." This he has done in a handsome and richly illustrated volume, +lately published by Mr. Parker under the title of _Iconography of the +West Front of Wells Cathedral, with an Appendix on the Sculptures of +other Mediæval Churches in England_: and the work will be found of the +highest interest, not only for its valuable illustration of this +"kalender for unlearned men," which we owe to the piety and love of art +of Bishop Trotman, and which Flaxman speaks of as "_the earliest +specimen_ of such magnificent and varied sculpture united in a series of +sacred history that is to be found in western Europe," but also for the +light it throws upon the history of art in this country. For not only +have we in these pages the results of Professor Cockerell's studies of +the extensive and important series of sculptures which form the +immediate subject of them; but also his criticisms and remarks upon the +cognate objects to be found at Exeter, Norwich, Malmesbury, Canterbury, +Rochester, York, Beverley, Lichfield, Worcester, Lincoln, Gloucester, +Salisbury, Peterborough, Croyland, and Bath. And who can speak with +greater authority upon such points? whose opinion would be received with +greater respect? + +Surely Rome must have been styled the _Eternal City_ because there is no +end to the books which are published respecting it: + + "For every year and month sends forth a new one;" + +yet the subject never seems exhausted. Now it is a high churchman who +gives a picture of this "Niobe of nations," tinted _couleur de rose_; +now a low churchman, who talks of nothing but abominations of a deeper +dye; now some classical student tells how-- + + "The Goth, the Christian, time, war, flood, and fire + Have dealt upon the seven hill'd city's pride;" + +now some worshipper of art, who unfolds the treasures garnered within +its walls; now a politician loud in his praises of Young Italy, or his +condemnation of foreign interference. The Chevalier de Chatelaine is +none of these, or rather, he is almost all of them by turns; and +consequently his _Rambles though Rome, descriptive of the Social, +Political, and Ecclesiastical Condition of the City and its +Inhabitants_, is a volume of pleasant gossip, more amusing to the reader +than flattering to the character of the Roman people or those who govern +them. + +CATALOGUE RECEIVED.--J. G. Bell's (17. 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Humphreys. London, 1714. +8vo. + +BOVILLUS DE ANIMÆ IMMORTALITATE, ETC. Lugduni, 1522. 4to. + +KUINOEL'S NOV. TEST. Tom. I. + +THE FRIEND, by Coleridge. Vol. III. Pickering. + +[Star symbol] Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage +free_, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. +Fleet Street. + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +MR. J. F. HARKINS _will find the information he wishes respecting the +dramatic works of Bishop Bale, &c., in Mr. Collier's_ History of +Dramatic Poetry. The Arraignment of Paris _is printed in Peele's works; +and the plays attributed to Shakspeare, in a supplement to Knight's_ +Pictorial Shakspeare. _The other Queries shall appear very shortly._ + +A. N. _The communication referred to shall be found_ if possible; _but +the number of papers we receive is not_ small, _as our correspondent +supposes._ + +J. B. C.'s _communication was certainly intended for insertion. It shall +be looked out and printed, with as little delay as possible._ + +REPLIES RECEIVED.--_Marriage of Bishops--Names of Vermin and +Payments for destroying--Suicides buried in Cross Roads--Tobacco +used by Elizabethan Ladies--Ball that killed Nelson--Serpent +with a Human Head--Bidding Weddings--White Rose--Annals +of the Inquisition--Pope and Flatman--Quotation from Bacon--Story +referred to by Jeremy Taylor--Lord Mayor not a Privy +Councillor--Borough-English--The Sun Feminine--Sacre +Cheveux--Blessing by the Hand--Nao a Ship--Illumination +in 1802--Miserrimus--Tennyson--St. Frances--Whig and +Tory--Simnels--Devenisch--Discovery of the Drowned--Forthfare--Royal +Library, &c.--Antiquity of Kilts--Cagots--Burton Family--Fire +unknown--Mad as a March Hare--Grimsdyke--Freedom from Serpents._ + +_Copies of our_ Prospectus, _according to the suggestion of_ T. E. H., +_will be forwarded to any correspondent willing to assist us by +circulating them._ + +VOLS. 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Regent Street. + + +THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE + + AND + + HISTORICAL REVIEW. + + In an age which claims to give peculiar attention to whatever is + useful and practical, the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE has stepped forward + to occupy the vacant post of an Historical Review. Gentlemen + eminently conversant with the various branches of historical study + are constant contributors, and every endeavour is made to render + the Magazine a worthy organ and representative of Historical and + Archæological Literature. In its Original Articles, historical + questions are considered and discussed; in its Correspondence, the + researches and inquiries of historical students are promoted; in + its Reviews, prominent attention is given to all historical books; + its Historical Chronicle and Notes of the Month contain a record + of such recent events as are worthy of being kept in remembrance; + its Obituary is a faithful memorial of all persons of eminence + lately deceased; and these divisions of the Magazine are so + treated and blended together as to render the whole attractive and + interesting to all classes of readers. + + THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, + FOR JULY, 1851, + THE FIRST OF A NEW VOLUME, + + Contains the following articles:--1. The Present State of English + Historical Literature: the Record Offices; 2. Bill for King + Charles's Pedestal at Charing Cross; 3. Anecdotes from the + Day-books of Dr. Henry Sampson; 4. The Infinity of Geometric + Design (with Engravings); 5. Christian Iconography, by J. G. + Waller: Principalities, Archangels, and Angels (with Engravings); + 6. Companions of my Solitude; 7. Mr. P. Cunningham's Story of Nell + Gwynn, Chapter VII. (with Portraits of her two Sons); 8. Sussex + Archæology (with Engravings); 9. Horace Walpole and Mason; 10. + National Education; with Notes of the Month, Review of New + Publications, Reports of Scientific and Antiquarian Society, and + OBITUARY, including Memoirs of the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Earl + of Cottenham, Right Hon. R. L. Shiel, Rev. W. M. Kinsey, Mrs. + Shelly, Mr. Dowton, &c. + + THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, + FOR AUGUST, 1851, + + Contains the following articles:--1. Memoirs of William + Wordsworth, Poet Laureate; 2. Letter of Bossuet respecting the + Death of Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans; 3. Curiosities of the old + Church Canons, No. II.; 4. Who were the Anglo-Saxon Kings crowned + at Kingston? 5. The Story of Nell Gwynn, related by Peter + Cunningham, concluded; 6. The Galleys of England and France; 7. + Parliamentary Robes for a Prince of Wales; 8. Christian + Iconography, by J. G. Waller; 9. Ruins of Vaudey Abbey, + Lincolnshire; 10. Seal with a Merchant's Mark; with Correspondence + on Subjects of Popular Interest, Notes of the Month, Review of New + Publications, Reports of Scientific and Antiquarian Societies. The + OBITUARY for August contains several Biographies of great + interest, viz., The Earl of Derby, K. G., President of the + Zoological Society; Viscount Melville, formerly First Lord of the + Admiralty; Right Hon. William Lascelles, Comptroller of Her + Majesty's Household; Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, G.C.B.; Sir + J. Graham Dalyell, Bart., the Scotish Antiquary and Naturalist; + Lord Dundrennan, the Scotish Judge; Dr. Adams, the eminent + Civilian; Colonel Michell, late Surveyor at the Cape; Mr. Dyce + Sombre; Mr. Thorneycroft, of Wolverhampton; Mr. St. George Tucker, + the East India Director; Sir George S. Gibbes, M.D., late of Bath; + Dr. Kennedy, the Medical Bibliographer; Dr. Mackness, of Hastings; + Mrs. Sheridan, Author of "Carwell"; Mrs. Atthill (Miss Halsted), + Author of "the Life of Richard III.;" Richard Phillips, F.R.S., + the Chemist; D. M. Moir, Esq., the Delta of Blackwood; Mr. Thomas + Moule, the Antiquary; The Rev. Jelinger Symons; Rev. N. J. Halpin; + Tieck and Henning, the Sculptors, &c. &c. A Biographical List of + Clergymen deceased, and Deaths of the Nobility, Gentry, and other + Remarkable Persons. + + THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, + FOR SEPTEMBER, 1851, + + Contains the following articles: 1. Who was Sir Miles Hobart? 2. + Palgrave's Normandy and England; 3. Petition against the return of + George Gascoigne the Poet to Parliament; 4. Municipal Franchises + of the Middle Ages illustrated by Documents from the Archives of + Leicester; 5. Ulrich von Hutten; 6. Original Papers about William + Penn, contributed by Hepworth Dixon; 7. Edward Bickersteth; 8. + Christian Iconography and Legendary Art: the Four Evangelists, by + J. G. Waller; 9. Breydenbach's Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, with + two Plates; 10. Literary Admission to the Public Records; 11. + Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban; 12. Notes of the Month. With a + full Report of the Proceedings of the Archæological Institute at + Bristol and at Wells; Historical Chronicle; and OBITUARY, + including Memoirs of Sir Edward Stracey, Dr. Lingard, Sir Francis + Simpkinson, Q.C., Mr. Rogers, Q.C., Mrs. Harriet Lee, T. W. + Hill, Esq., and other eminent persons. + + THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, + FOR OCTOBER, 1851, + + Contains the following articles:--1. Original Letters of Edmund + Burke, relative to his office of Paymaster General; 2. Ulrich Von + Hutten, Part II. The Wurtemburg Tragedy; 3. Monk and the + Restoration; 4. Historical Illustrations of the reign of Henry + VII., his Visit to York in 1487; 5. Recent Discoveries near Rome, + communicated by Benjamin Gibson, Esq., with Engravings; 6. Memoir + of Bishop Copleston; 7. Memoir of Colonel Springett the Puritan, + by his Daughter; 8. Original Letters of King James II. relating to + the Siege of Derry; 9. Bolton Church, Lincolnshire, with a Plate. + With various Correspondence; Notes of the Month; Reports of the + Archæological Meetings at Derby, Bristol, Tenby, Ely, Swaffham, + Leighton Buzzard, &c. &c.; Historical Chronicle; and OBITUARY, + including Memoirs of the Earl of Clare, Rear-Admiral Lord John + Hay, Hon. Keppel Craven, Sir Henry Jardine, Charles Koenig, Esq., + F.R.S., Dr. O'Sullivan, Dr. Edward Johnstone, Edward Quillinan, + Esq., Mons. Daguerre, &c. &c. + + THE GENTLEMEN'S MAGAZINE is published on the 1st of every month by + NICHOLS & SON, 25. Parliament Street, Westminster, price 2_s._ + 6_d._, and may be ordered of any Bookseller. + + +NEW WORKS NEARLY READY. + + I. + + SIR J. RICHARDSON'S JOURNAL OF A BOAT VOYAGE THROUGH RUPERT'S LAND + and along the Central Arctic Coasts in Search of the Discovery + Ships under SIR J. FRANKLIN. With coloured Plates, Maps, and + Woodcuts. 2 vols. 8vo. + + II. + + A NATURALIST'S SOJOURN IN JAMAICA. BY P. H. GOSSE, Esq., Author of + "Popular British Ornithology," &c. With coloured Plates. Post 8vo. + + III. + + LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF FRANCE, delivered in the University of + Cambridge. By the Right Hon. SIR JAMES STEPHEN, K.C.B., LL.D., + Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge. 2 + vols. 8vo. + + IV. + + THE REV. C. MERIVALE'S HISTORY OF THE ROMANS UNDER THE EMPIRE. + Vol. III. completing the History to the Establishment of the + Monarchy of Augustus. 8vo. + + V. + + BISHOP THIRLWALL'S HISTORY OF GREECE. An Improved Library Edition; + with Maps. Vol. VI. 8vo. In October. + + [Star symbol] The concluding Volumes (VII. and VIII.) will be ready + shortly. + + VI. + + SHARON TURNER'S HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS, from the Earliest + Period to the Norman Conquest. Seventh Edition. 3 vols. 8vo. + + VII. + + WESLEY AND METHODISM. By ISAAC TAYLOR, Author of "Loyola and + Jesuitism," &c. Post 8vo. Portrait. + + VIII. + + HIPPOLYTUS AND HIS AGE; or, Doctrine and Practice of the Church of + Rome under Commodus and Alexander Severus. By C. C. J. BUNSEN, + D.C.L. 2 vols. post 8vo. + + IX. + + TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL INFLUENCE OF TAXATION AND + THE FUNDING SYSTEM. By J. R. M'CULLOCH, Esq. New and Improved + Edition. 8vo. + + X. + + TREATISE ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH DETERMINE THE RULE OF WAGES + AND THE CONDITION OF THE LABOURING CLASSES. By J. R. M'CULLOCH, + Esq. + + XI. + + MR. J. A. SHARP'S NEW AND COMPLETE GAZETTEER, or Topographical + Dictionary of the British Islands and Narrow Seas; comprising + above 60,000 Names of Places. 2 vols. 8vo. uniform with Johnston's + "New General Gazetteer." + + XII. + + THE BOOK OF DIGNITIES; or, Rolls of the Official Personages of the + British Empire. Being a New Edition, improved and continued, of + BEAT-ON'S POLITICAL INDEX. By JOSEPH HAYDN. In One Volume, 8vo. + + XIII. + + ENGLISH AGRICULTURE IN 1850 AND 1851, its Condition and Prospects. + By JAMES CAIRD, Agricultural Commissioner of "The Times," and + Author of "High Farming, under Liberal Covenants." 8vo. + + XIV. + + HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH RAILWAY: its Social Relations and + Revelations. By JOHN FRANCIS, Author of "History of the Bank of + England." 2 vols. 8vo. + + London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS. + + + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan in the West, in the city of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, September 27, 1851. + + + + + [List of volumes and pages in "Notes and Queries", Vol. I-IV] + + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. I. | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 1 | November 3, 1849 | 1 - 17 | PG # 8603 | + | Vol. I No. 2 | November 10, 1849 | 18 - 32 | PG # 11265 | + | Vol. I No. 3 | November 17, 1849 | 33 - 46 | PG # 11577 | + | Vol. I No. 4 | November 24, 1849 | 49 - 63 | PG # 13513 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 5 | December 1, 1849 | 65 - 80 | PG # 11636 | + | Vol. I No. 6 | December 8, 1849 | 81 - 95 | PG # 13550 | + | Vol. I No. 7 | December 15, 1849 | 97 - 112 | PG # 11651 | + | Vol. I No. 8 | December 22, 1849 | 113 - 128 | PG # 11652 | + | Vol. I No. 9 | December 29, 1849 | 130 - 144 | PG # 13521 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 10 | January 5, 1850 | 145 - 160 | PG # | + | Vol. I No. 11 | January 12, 1850 | 161 - 176 | PG # 11653 | + | Vol. I No. 12 | January 19, 1850 | 177 - 192 | PG # 11575 | + | Vol. I No. 13 | January 26, 1850 | 193 - 208 | PG # 11707 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 14 | February 2, 1850 | 209 - 224 | PG # 13558 | + | Vol. I No. 15 | February 9, 1850 | 225 - 238 | PG # 11929 | + | Vol. I No. 16 | February 16, 1850 | 241 - 256 | PG # 16193 | + | Vol. I No. 17 | February 23, 1850 | 257 - 271 | PG # 12018 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 18 | March 2, 1850 | 273 - 288 | PG # 13544 | + | Vol. I No. 19 | March 9, 1850 | 289 - 309 | PG # 13638 | + | Vol. I No. 20 | March 16, 1850 | 313 - 328 | PG # 16409 | + | Vol. I No. 21 | March 23, 1850 | 329 - 343 | PG # 11958 | + | Vol. I No. 22 | March 30, 1850 | 345 - 359 | PG # 12198 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 23 | April 6, 1850 | 361 - 376 | PG # 12505 | + | Vol. I No. 24 | April 13, 1850 | 377 - 392 | PG # 13925 | + | Vol. I No. 25 | April 20, 1850 | 393 - 408 | PG # 13747 | + | Vol. I No. 26 | April 27, 1850 | 409 - 423 | PG # 13822 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Vol. I No. 27 | May 4, 1850 | 425 - 447 | PG # 13712 | + | Vol. I No. 28 | May 11, 1850 | 449 - 463 | PG # 13684 | + | Vol. I No. 29 | May 18, 1850 | 465 - 479 | PG # 15197 | + | Vol. I No. 30 | May 25, 1850 | 481 - 495 | PG # 13713 | + +---------------+-------------------+-----------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. II. | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 31 | June 1, 1850 | 1- 15 | PG # 12589 | + | Vol. II No. 32 | June 8, 1850 | 17- 32 | PG # 15996 | + | Vol. II No. 33 | June 15, 1850 | 33- 48 | PG # 26121 | + | Vol. II No. 34 | June 22, 1850 | 49- 64 | PG # 22127 | + | Vol. II No. 35 | June 29, 1850 | 65- 79 | PG # 22126 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 36 | July 6, 1850 | 81- 96 | PG # 13361 | + | Vol. II No. 37 | July 13, 1850 | 97-112 | PG # 13729 | + | Vol. II No. 38 | July 20, 1850 | 113-128 | PG # 13362 | + | Vol. II No. 39 | July 27, 1850 | 129-143 | PG # 13736 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 40 | August 3, 1850 | 145-159 | PG # 13389 | + | Vol. II No. 41 | August 10, 1850 | 161-176 | PG # 13393 | + | Vol. II No. 42 | August 17, 1850 | 177-191 | PG # 13411 | + | Vol. II No. 43 | August 24, 1850 | 193-207 | PG # 13406 | + | Vol. II No. 44 | August 31, 1850 | 209-223 | PG # 13426 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 45 | September 7, 1850 | 225-240 | PG # 13427 | + | Vol. II No. 46 | September 14, 1850 | 241-256 | PG # 13462 | + | Vol. II No. 47 | September 21, 1850 | 257-272 | PG # 13936 | + | Vol. II No. 48 | September 28, 1850 | 273-288 | PG # 13463 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 49 | October 5, 1850 | 289-304 | PG # 13480 | + | Vol. II No. 50 | October 12, 1850 | 305-320 | PG # 13551 | + | Vol. II No. 51 | October 19, 1850 | 321-351 | PG # 15232 | + | Vol. II No. 52 | October 26, 1850 | 353-367 | PG # 22624 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 53 | November 2, 1850 | 369-383 | PG # 13540 | + | Vol. II No. 54 | November 9, 1850 | 385-399 | PG # 22138 | + | Vol. II No. 55 | November 16, 1850 | 401-415 | PG # 15216 | + | Vol. II No. 56 | November 23, 1850 | 417-431 | PG # 15354 | + | Vol. II No. 57 | November 30, 1850 | 433-454 | PG # 15405 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. II No. 58 | December 7, 1850 | 457-470 | PG # 21503 | + | Vol. II No. 59 | December 14, 1850 | 473-486 | PG # 15427 | + | Vol. II No. 60 | December 21, 1850 | 489-502 | PG # 24803 | + | Vol. II No. 61 | December 28, 1850 | 505-524 | PG # 16404 | + +----------------+--------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. III. | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 62 | January 4, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 15638 | + | Vol. III No. 63 | January 11, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 15639 | + | Vol. III No. 64 | January 18, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 15640 | + | Vol. III No. 65 | January 25, 1851 | 49- 78 | PG # 15641 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 66 | February 1, 1851 | 81- 95 | PG # 22339 | + | Vol. III No. 67 | February 8, 1851 | 97-111 | PG # 22625 | + | Vol. III No. 68 | February 15, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 22639 | + | Vol. III No. 69 | February 22, 1851 | 129-159 | PG # 23027 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 70 | March 1, 1851 | 161-174 | PG # 23204 | + | Vol. III No. 71 | March 8, 1851 | 177-200 | PG # 23205 | + | Vol. III No. 72 | March 15, 1851 | 201-215 | PG # 23212 | + | Vol. III No. 73 | March 22, 1851 | 217-231 | PG # 23225 | + | Vol. III No. 74 | March 29, 1851 | 233-255 | PG # 23282 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 75 | April 5, 1851 | 257-271 | PG # 23402 | + | Vol. III No. 76 | April 12, 1851 | 273-294 | PG # 26896 | + | Vol. III No. 77 | April 19, 1851 | 297-311 | PG # 26897 | + | Vol. III No. 78 | April 26, 1851 | 313-342 | PG # 26898 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 79 | May 3, 1851 | 345-359 | PG # 26899 | + | Vol. III No. 80 | May 10, 1851 | 361-382 | PG # 32495 | + | Vol. III No. 81 | May 17, 1851 | 385-399 | PG # 29318 | + | Vol. III No. 82 | May 24, 1851 | 401-415 | PG # 28311 | + | Vol. III No. 83 | May 31, 1851 | 417-440 | PG # 36835 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Vol. III No. 84 | June 7, 1851 | 441-472 | PG # 37379 | + | Vol. III No. 85 | June 14, 1851 | 473-488 | PG # 37403 | + | Vol. III No. 86 | June 21, 1851 | 489-511 | PG # 37496 | + | Vol. III No. 87 | June 28, 1851 | 513-528 | PG # 37516 | + +-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------------+ + | Notes and Queries Vol. IV. | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol., No. | Date, Year | Pages | PG # xxxxx | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 88 | July 5, 1851 | 1- 15 | PG # 37548 | + | Vol. IV No. 89 | July 12, 1851 | 17- 31 | PG # 37568 | + | Vol. IV No. 90 | July 19, 1851 | 33- 47 | PG # 37593 | + | Vol. IV No. 91 | July 26, 1851 | 49- 79 | PG # 37778 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 92 | August 2, 1851 | 81- 94 | PG # 38324 | + | Vol. IV No. 93 | August 9, 1851 | 97-112 | PG # 38337 | + | Vol. IV No. 94 | August 16, 1851 | 113-127 | PG # 38350 | + | Vol. IV No. 95 | August 23, 1851 | 129-144 | PG # 38386 | + | Vol. IV No. 96 | August 30, 1851 | 145-167 | PG # 38405 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol. IV No. 97 | Sept. 6, 1851 | 169-183 | PG # 38433 | + | Vol. IV No. 98 | Sept. 13, 1851 | 185-200 | PG # 38491 | + | Vol. IV No. 99 | Sept. 20, 1851 | 201-216 | PG # 38574 | + +-----------------+--------------------+---------+------------+ + | Vol I. Index. [Nov. 1849-May 1850] | PG # 13536 | + | INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME. MAY-DEC., 1850 | PG # 13571 | + | INDEX TO THE THIRD VOLUME. JAN.-JUNE, 1851 | PG # 26770 | + +------------------------------------------------+------------+ + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, Number +100, September 27, 1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, SEPT 27, 1851 *** + +***** This file should be named 38656-0.txt or 38656-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/6/5/38656/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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