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diff --git a/38051-h/38051-h.htm b/38051-h/38051-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb369cb --- /dev/null +++ b/38051-h/38051-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3970 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Tomato, by Paul Work.</title> +<style type="text/css"> +body +{ + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 +{ + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +.caption3 +{ + font-weight: bold; + font-size:1.15em; + text-align: center; +} + +.technt +{ + background:#d0d0d0; + padding: 7px; + border:solid black 1px; +} + +p +{ + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr +{ + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table +{ + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum +{ /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + color: #808080; + text-align: right; +} + +.blockquot +{ + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center { text-align: center; } + +span.smcap { font-variant: small-caps; } + +.caption { font-weight: bold; } + +.figcenter +{ + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.footnote +{ + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + +.footnote .label +{ + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + +.fnanchor +{ + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Tomato, by Paul Work + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Tomato + +Author: Paul Work + +Release Date: November 18, 2011 [EBook #38051] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TOMATO *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Betsie Bush, Scanned by Ray +Bush and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h1>THE TOMATO</h1> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1>THE TOMATO</h1> +<h4><i>By</i></h4> +<h2>PAUL WORK</h2> +<p class="center"><i>Professor of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University<br /> + Editor of Market Growers Journal</i></p> +<p class="center"> </p> +<h3><i>ILLUSTRATED</i></h3> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> <img src="images/i002.jpg" width="100" height="93" alt="logo" /> </div> +<h4>NEW YORK</h4> +<h3><span class="smcap">ORANGE JUDD PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.<br /> + </span>1945</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1942, by</span></h4> +<h4>ORANGE JUDD PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.</h4> +<h5>PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</h5> + + <div align="center"> + + <table border="0" summary="copyright" width="340"> + <tr> + <td><p class="center" style="text-align: justify"><i>This book or any part thereof, may not be reproduced + without permission of the publishers, except + by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages + in connection with a review written for inclusion + in a magazine or newspaper.</i></p></td> + </tr> + </table> + +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention<br /> + of the Pan American Republics and the<br /> + United States. August 11, 1910</p> +<p class="center"> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 349px;"> <img src="images/i004.jpg" width="349" height="600" alt="FREDERICK J. PRITCHARD</p> + +<p>1874-1931</p> + +<p>Originator of tomato varieties of improved type +and resistant to disease" title="" /> <span class="caption">FREDERICK J. PRITCHARD<br /> + 1874-1931<br /> + <i>Originator of tomato varieties of improved type + and resistant to disease</i></span> </div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> +<div class="center"> + <table border="0" summary="toc" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="80%"> + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan="2"><small>CHAPTER</small></td> + <td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right"> </td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Introduction</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">I.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> The Tomato is a Great Food and Crop Plant</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">II.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Choose the Soil and Feed the Plant</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">III.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> The Best in Seed is None too Good</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">IV.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Strong Plants for Early Maturity and Heavy Crop</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">V.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Good Culture Favors Good Returns</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">VI.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> To Train Them Up or Let Them Spread</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">VII.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> The Eternal Battle with Insects and Diseases</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">VIII.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Skillful Selling Crowns the Enterprise</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right">IX.</td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Operating in the Red or in the Black</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right"> </td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> References</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right"> </td> + <td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Index</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + <div align="center"> + + <table border="0" summary="toc" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="80%"> + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> + F. J. Pritchard</td> + <td align="right" colspan="2"><i>Frontispiece</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan="4"><small> FIGURE</small></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">1.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i017">The tomato is the leader among greenhouse vegetables</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">19</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">2.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i020">The tomato flower</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">22</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">3.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i021">Long section of tomato flower</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">23</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">4.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i025">How nitrate nitrogen affects tomato growth</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">27</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">5.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i031">Effect of omission of phosphorus from complete fertilizer</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">33</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">6.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i034">Cultivating and side-dressing tomatoes</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">36</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">7.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i041">Types of tomato interiors</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">43</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">8.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i043">The Earliana tomato</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">45</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">9.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i046">Marglobe plant</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">48</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">10.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i047">Marglobe fruit</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">49</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">11.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i056">A good small greenhouse for plant growing</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">58</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">12.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i059">Plants for the early crop</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">61</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">13.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i064">Tin can prepared for sowing tomato seed</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">64</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">14.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i067">Plants that have been crowded and overgrown</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">69</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">15.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i078">Tomatoes pruned and trained with post, wire and twine</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">80</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">16.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i079">Fine clusters on trained plants</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">81</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">17.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i085">Resistance to fusarium wilt</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">87</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">18.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i087">Diseases of the tomato</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">89</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">19.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i097">Packing tomatoes on a farm</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">99</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">20.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#i099">A California packing house</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">101</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">21.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#fig21">Puffiness is a common defect in tomatoes</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">102</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">22.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#fig22">The lug box</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">104</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">23.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#fig23">Lug boxes as loaded in car</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">105</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">24.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#fig24">The square braid basket</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">106</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">25.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#fig25">The Connecticut half bushel box</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">107</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">26.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#fig26">Repacked tomatoes</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">108</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="right" width="10%">27.</td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> <a href="#fig27">Cellulose film is used for repacked tomatoes</a></td> + <td align="right" width="14%">109</td> + </tr> + </table> + +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> +<p>Why should there be a book on tomatoes? The + world is full of bulletins of experiment stations, + of articles in periodicals and of general books on + vegetables which include discussion of tomatoes.</p> +<p>An incomplete set of tomato bulletins includes + over 350 documents. Many of these are no longer + available. Many are of no great value but contribute + this or that small item.</p> +<p>The task of a book like this is to offer between + two covers, a summary of what seem the most significant + facts and opinions about the third most + important vegetable crop in the United States.</p> +<p>The tomato is one of the most rewarding crops + for the home garden. A little space yields heavily, + from half a peck to a peck per plant without difficulty. + It grows well practically everywhere in the + States, affording high nutritional values whether + used fresh or canned. And people do like tomatoes, + whether as salad, cooked vegetable, or + condiment.</p> +<p>Competition among growers and among districts + makes three elements necessary for commercial <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> success:—quality in the goods, economy in + production, and effectiveness in marketing.</p> +<p>The grower must know his plant, what it is like + and how it behaves under various conditions and + treatments. Then, he needs an understanding of + the economic factors that surround his enterprise.</p> +<p>Conditions in various sections and production + for various purposes are so diverse that dogmatic + statement and general advice are precluded. The + aim is rather by means of available information to + help the reader to an understanding that will + enable him to answer his own questions for his + own conditions and this far better than any broad + prescription could possibly do. Principles, possible + practices and examples of field programs are + offered as guides for self-help for home, school, + hobby as well as commercial production.</p> +<p>A person who studies on this basis will not be + thwarted by a sudden shift of weather or market + but will have at hand the necessary facts and ideas + to adjust his plan to changed conditions.</p> +<p>No attempt has been made toward complete citation + of reference. Those given will lead to others + making possible a full survey of the extensive literature.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>The Tomato</h2> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>I</h2> +<h2>THE TOMATO IS A GREAT FOOD<br /> + AND CROP PLANT</h2> +<p>Vegetable, Fruit or Berry,—what is the tomato? + A standard query this is and many an argument + has raged about it. The answer is easy. It is all + three. By culture and use, it is a vegetable; botanically + it is a fruit and among the fruits, it is a + berry being indehiscent (non-shedding), pulpy, + with one or more seeds that are not stones. And + they say the tomato is more truly a berry than the + raspberry.</p> +<p>But that doesn't make much difference. The + thing that matters is that people like the tomato. + It is easy to grow and nearly every home garden + has it. It is good to look upon—shapely, colorful + and of glossy sheen. A trained single stem plant + with ripening fruit is a genuine ornament in the + garden. It is most gratifying to the palate, fresh + or cooked; soft and grainy, smooth and juicy in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> texture, sweet and tart and with an appealing + flavor all of its own that few fail to relish. As + juice or cocktail, adding color and flavor to soup, + as condiment or as side dish with the entree, as + salad freshly sliced or in jell, it is welcome with almost + every course and some ingenious chef or, + more likely, some clever housewife will, one of + these days, fashion from it the dessert supreme.</p> +<p>Nor have we exhausted the list of forms in + which the tomato may be served. In addition to + its simplest cooked form, stewed or turned hot + from the can, it may also be baked, stuffed or not, + or it may be escalloped and cooked with rice, spaghetti + or other foods. Fried, before fully ripe, and + served with brown gravy, it is most popular in + many a home.</p> +<p>Ketchup or catsup is one of our most widely + used condiments and chili sauce many like even + better. Green tomato pickles, chow chow, piccalilli + carry the piquant tang of the tomato to enliven + the winter table. And tomato juice, plain or + dressed up with spices, vinegar or lemon juice has + become a great staple of our groceries, a standard + send-off for any meal from breakfast snatched on + the morning sprint to work on through to the + most elaborate of banquets.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> +<p>The tomato, by reason of its natural acidity, is + readily sterilized and so can be preserved easily in + glass or tin. It ranks first among the "big three" + canned vegetables; the other two being sweet corn + and peas. By far the great bulk that goes to the + factory is put up with the addition of nothing + more than salt. In addition to the condiments, + puree and paste are manufactured in commercial + quantities. The Italians dry tomatoes extensively + in the sun, slicing the fruits, and later flavoring + them to taste for various winter uses.</p> +<p>Though the tomato was not recognized as a valuable + food until about a century ago, its merit is + now universally accepted. Bob Adams used to + call it "the poor man's orange" for it is rich in + vitamins and in malic and citric acid, possessing + besides, a fine appetizing flavor which is as truly a + value in nutrition as it is a pleasure.</p> +<p>Actually, the tomato is mostly water, of rather + low protein and carbohydrate content but this + does not detract, for other foods are dependable + for these staples of nutrition and most of us eat + too much of them.</p> +<p>The tomato is a youngster among the vegetables. + In contrast to the onion of Egyptian lore + and the cucumber reputed to have been used in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> Western Asia many centuries ago, the tomato is + not reported until the herbalists of the 16th century + recorded its culture in Italy and England—but + with little of the esteem now accorded. The + name seems to be of Aztec origin and two distinct + wild forms—one corresponding to our cherry or + currant varieties and the other to our larger, flatter, + less regular fruits of many cells,—are to be + found wild in Latin America. Its American origin + is generally accepted.</p> +<p>Commercially, the tomato is a great crop. + Among the vegetables, it is outranked only by the + potato and the sweet potato.</p> +<p>The following table gives a few figures on the + tomato crop:</p> + + <div align="center"> + + <table border="0" summary="crop" width="80%" cellpadding="2" + style="border-collapse: collapse"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2"> </td> + <td rowspan="2" align="center"><i>1929-38<br /> + Average</i></td> + <td colspan="2" align="center"><i>Acres<br /> + Thousands</i></td> + <td colspan="3" align="center"><i>Value<br /> + Million dollars</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"><i>1939</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>1940</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>1929-38<br /> + Average</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>1939</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>1940</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">U.S. for canning</td> + <td align="center">369</td> + <td align="center">358</td> + <td align="center">386</td> + <td align="center">19</td> + <td align="center">24</td> + <td align="center">24</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center">for fresh market</td> + <td align="center">177</td> + <td align="center">210</td> + <td align="center">204</td> + <td align="center">24</td> + <td align="center">34</td> + <td align="center">29</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center">Total </td> + <td align="center">546</td> + <td align="center">568</td> + <td align="center">590</td> + <td align="center">43</td> + <td align="center">58</td> + <td align="center">53</td> + </tr> + </table> + +</div> + +<p>Average yield for market is about 116 bushels + per acre and the average price $1.26 per bushel. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> The government reckons a bushel at 53 pounds, + or about 38 bushels per ton.</p> +<p>The average cannery yield for 1929-38 was 4.15 + tons; for 1939, 5.58 tons; and 1940, 5.39 tons. This + shows a material increase. The average cannery + price for 1929-38 was $12.54 per ton. Yields by + states varied widely in 1940 from 2.7 tons per acre + in Arkansas with Indiana at 5.5 to 7.5 in California. + In northeastern states, it is considered that + about a seven ton yield is necessary for the farmer + to break even. In New York, it costs about $60.00 + to grow an acre of tomatoes to first picking. With + a good yield, picking and delivery costs about + $3.00 a ton.</p> +<p>Leading market states are Texas, 40,000 acres; + Florida, 31,000 and California, 22,000. Tomatoes + are grown in a very large number of states—23 or + 24 states showing 1,000 acres or more for market.</p> +<p>Leading cannery states are Indiana, 74,000 + acres; California, 52,000; Maryland, 51,000; and + New Jersey, 33,000. California, also Pennsylvania + and Ohio have shown recent large gains.</p> +<p>Large quantities grown in town and country + home gardens are not included in these figures + and probably also many grown on small scale for + market.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> +<p>After all, however, the United States Department + of Agriculture estimated per capita consumption + of fresh tomatoes at 17.7 pounds, about + one medium sized fruit per week per person. Consumption + of canned tomatoes is less than a third + of the fresh consumption. These figures include + estimates for rural and urban home gardens. So, + we can hardly be said to be gluttons for tomatoes + nor even to meet a fair health standard, even considering + all vegetables together. After all, it does + not have to be tomatoes even though their high + nutritional value is <a name="i017" id="i017">recognized</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 438px;"> <img src="images/i017.jpg" width="438" height="800" alt="Figure 1.—The tomato is the leader among greenhouse +vegetables." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 1.</span>—The + tomato is the leader among greenhouse vegetables.</span> </div> +<p>In commercial greenhouses, the tomato has replaced + lettuce as the principal crop and it is likely + to remain an important under-glass crop until + such time as the South finds practical means of + getting it to market with first-class quality—perhaps, + harvesting the fruit when it first shows color.</p> +<h3>Solution Culture</h3> +<p>The tomato has been widely used in experiments + in solution-culture of plants, sometimes + called "hydroponics." The method has been in + use for decades for research purposes, but has been + widely publicized of recent years as a possible <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> method of commercial culture. A high degree of + control of factors governing growth is undertaken + and difficulties are proportionately increased. + Hence no extensive commercial development has + occurred. A good presentation of the method has + been offered by Hoagland and Arnon. <a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> +<h3>The Tomato Plant</h3> +<p>To manage a crop, one must needs know the + plant. To know the various characters of the tomato + helps one to master its culture.</p> +<p>The tomato belongs to the night shade family, + the Solanaceae of the botanist, along with the potato, + tobacco, petunia, pepper, eggplant, night + shade, jimson weed and many other plants useful + and noxious.</p> +<p>The tomato is a warm-season crop, sensitive to + frost but reasonably resistant to heat and drought, + thriving under a wide range of climate and soil. + A frost free season of seventy-five to ninety days + will mature home garden tomatoes in useful quantities + if good plants are set but over 120 days are <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> needed for economical commercial production. + Plant growing requires six to eight weeks previous + to setting out-of-doors. Each fruit requires about + six weeks from blossom to ripeness. The fruit + ripens best for yield, color and quality when the + weather is warm and sunny. Low temperatures + without frost are not favorable for growth and + prolonged conditions of this sort may "check" the + plant and retard the response when higher temperatures + come.</p> +<p>The tomato is sensitive to extreme day-length, + setting fruit at 7 to 19 hours but not at 5 or 24 + hours.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> +<p>The tomato responds readily to fertilizers and + to moisture, coming quickly into vigorous growth + after unfavorable conditions, unless too badly + stunted.</p> +<p>As long as moisture and nutrients are available + and other conditions are favorable, a tomato plant + will continue to branch and blossom and make + fruit almost indefinitely. A pruned single stem + plant in a greenhouse at Cornell once reached a + length of over 40 feet during a year and a half of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> growth. Thus, it is really a herbaceous perennial + grown in northern climates as an annual.</p> +<p>The plant branches freely at leaf joints but fruit + clusters are formed along the bare stem,—a habit + not common among plants. Some varieties are + "determinate" in habit, sometimes miscalled "self-pruning," + as branches only attain limited <a name="i020" id="i020">length</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 361px;"> + <p style="text-align: justify"> <img src="images/i020.jpg" width="361" height="400" alt="Figure 2.—The tomato flower. Varieties differ in" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 2.</span>—The tomato flower. + Varieties differ in protrusion of pistil beyond the stamen column. If style is + too short, pollination may fail; also, if too long. A long pistil increases + danger of damage from heat and drying out.</span> </p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> +<p>Hot, dry winds often damage floral parts and + the blossoms drop without setting fruit.</p> +<p>Smith<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> has shown that pollen grains germinate + best at 85° F., almost as well at 70° F., poorly at + 50° F. and very <a name="i021" id="i021">poorly </a>at 100° F.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> <img src="images/i021.jpg" width="500" height="335" alt="Figure 3.—Long section of tomato flower." /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 3.</span>—Long section of + tomato flower.</span> </div> +<p>The flowers of the tomato are borne in simple + racemes or, in some varieties, in compound clusters. + The flowers are normally on the plan of 5 + but cultivated varieties may have six or eight <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> sepals and petals. Sepals are narrow and may be + as much as an inch long. Petals are united at the + base. Stamens are united by the anthers surrounding + the style and stigma. The ovary or little tomato + is above the calyx but, as it grows, it carries + corolla and stamens outward until they, with stigma + and style, drop off. Length of style is a fairly + important character in its bearing on pollination + and on susceptibility to heat and wind injury.</p> +<h3>Seedless Fruits</h3> +<p>Recent experiments by several workers have + demonstrated the possibilities of inducing development + of fruits without pollination (parthenocarpy) + by means of certain chemical compounds, + notably indolebutyric acid, although others are + effective.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> This method yields seedless fruits and + promises to be of value in insuring a yield of fruits + under conditions unfavorable for natural setting.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>II</h2> +<h2>CHOOSE THE SOIL AND FEED<br /> + THE PLANT</h2> +<p>Almost anywhere that other things will grow, + the tomato thrives—so far as soil type is concerned.</p> +<p>Florida grows tomatoes on coral soils that appear + too poor to produce any useful crop. The + fields of South Jersey are very sandy but tomatoes + do well despite costly control of moisture and fertility. + In some canning sections, clay loams and + even clay soils are used. The ideal is a medium + sandy loam, well supplied with humus for good + water holding capacity. Lighter soils are generally + earlier. Tomatoes on drouthy soils are likely + to suffer from blossom end rot as well as from + poor growth. Good drainage is required. Muck + or peat soils will grow tomatoes but they are not + commonly used for commercial production.</p> +<p>Liming is not important for tomatoes even on + fairly acid soils, assuming, of course, that the very + small actual calcium requirement of the plant is + met. This is generally confirmed by experiments + but it does not preclude the merit of lime in favoring <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> green manure crops which, in turn, make the + soil more suitable for tomatoes.</p> +<p>The dominant element in most sound tomato + fertility programs is phosphorus with nitrogen + second and potash third. Recommendations of + general application are not possible but each need + must be met before other beneficial additions can + be fully effective.</p> +<p>In the home garden, a program that keeps up + fertility for other crops will suffice for tomatoes. + In commercial production, especially for canning, + where prices received are usually low, the program + must be neatly cut to fit the soil, the crop system, + the value of the tomatoes and the costs of materials. + A canning crop in those sections where + yields are almost bound to be low, will not justify + heavy investment in fertilizer. Where much is + spent for irrigation, plant growing, staking and + pruning, one cannot afford to curtail the fertilizer + investment that will bring maximum <a name="i025" id="i025">return</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> + <p style="text-align: justify"> <img src="images/i025.jpg" width="700" + height="450" + alt="Figure 4.—How nitrate nitrogen affects tomato growth. Plants, grown in quartz sand, with plenty of other nutrients," /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 4.</span>—How nitrate nitrogen + affects tomato growth. Plants, grown in quartz sand, with plenty of other + nutrients, received definite amounts of nitrate, in one application. A4, None. + D5, 8 grams. F2, 32 grams. J4, 256 grams. N4, Soil and manure. (1 ounce = about + 28 grams).</span></p> +</div> +<p>The task of this chapter is not to tell the grower + how best to provide fertilizer for tomatoes but to + help him in making his own plan for his own + need. Research results and practical experience + both contribute. One may well consult neighbors, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> county agent and extension specialist, as well as + the many books and bulletins that are available.</p> +<h3>Nitrogen</h3> +<p>Nitrogen is very important to insure the growth + of vine without which a good crop may not be + expected. Lands vary more widely in nitrogen + content than in phosphorus and potash. Sandy + soils are commonly deficient in this element and + often difficult to keep supplied. Here liberal applications + are needed. Up to a hundred pounds <a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> of actual nitrogen may prove profitable where + other conditions justify. Heavier soils, well managed + and manured during rotation, require less + nitrogen and fair results may be obtained with no + fertilizer where investment must be kept to a + minimum.</p> +<p>Form of nitrogen to be used is largely a matter + of economy though nitrate for part of it may be + desirable early in the season when soil is cold and + nitrification slow. Nitrate is desirable for side <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> dressing but even here ammonia and other forms + are now considered suitable when the soil is + warm.</p> +<h3>Failure to Set Fruit</h3> +<p>Why do tomatoes sometimes run to vine with + failure to set fruit? This is an old, old query and, + since 1918, has been, directly or indirectly, the + occasion of more research projects than any other + horticultural topic. Kraus and Kraybill <a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> set the + ball a-rolling with a paper which called attention + first to the observations of Klebs in Germany + in which he emphasized the fact that external + conditions influence conditions within the plant + which in turn influence performance—a veritable + chain of causation. Kraus and Kraybill then undertook + to relate performance (vegetative growth + and fruitfulness) to internal conditions, chiefly + carbohydrate and nitrogen content of the plant + tissues. These, in turn, were traced back to treatments + applied to the soil.</p> +<p>They suggested four combinations of vegetation + and fruitfulness in plants as follows:</p> +<blockquote> + <p>1. Non-vegetative and non-fruitful. Plants <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> whose carbohydrate supply has been cut off, say by + removal of leaves which make carbohydrates. + These plants were low in carbohydrate and high + in nitrogen.</p> + <p>2. Vegetative and non-fruitful. These plants + were well supplied with both carbohydrates and + nitrogen. They were of the sort we describe as + having "run to vine."</p> + <p>3. Vegetative and fruitful. These plants were + well supplied with carbohydrates, but not so liberally + supplied with nitrogen, thus, providing a + balance between the two that was favorable for + a good crop.</p> + <p>4. Non-vegetative and non-fruitful. These + plants had ample opportunity for carbohydrate + making, but were underfed with nitrogen and so + could not perform well in either vegetation or + fruit-making.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Kraus and Kraybill conclude that there are + certain balances between these two groups of compounds—nitrogenous + and carbohydrate—which determine + the nature of the plant's performance—whether + there will be too little vegetative + growth to permit a crop, whether the plants will + "run to vine" or whether they will show good + growth of both foliage and fruit.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> +<p>From experiments in the same field, using definite + amounts of nitrate of soda per plant, Work <a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> concluded that while adequate carbohydrate supply + is necessary for fruiting, excess carbohydrate + did not, in itself, occasion unfruitfulness but was + more likely to represent an accumulation of material + unused by reason of deficiency in some + other factor—often nitrogen.</p> +<p>It was shown that nitrate of soda does not injure + tomatoes until a concentration in the soil is + attained which is strong enough to plasmolyze the + cells, that is to withdraw water from them by + osmosis. Nor were a wide variety of nitrogen and + moisture and manure treatments sufficient to induce + the Bonny Best variety to "run to vine." + Some varieties are subject to this trouble, mostly + of the large, late types.</p> +<p>Murneek<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> has shown that the fruitfulness of a + plant may greatly affect its internal condition, its + vegetative performance and its later setting of + fruit. A heavy load of developing fruit, with limited + soil resources, tends to limit growth and setting. + Removal of fruit induces renewal of vegetative <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> growth and of fruit setting. Failure to set + fruit favors vigorous vine growth. This failure + may be traceable to various causes. (1) To damage + to floral parts as the blasting of the pistil by heat + and drouth. Flowers of some varieties show tendency + toward elongation of pistils with subsequent + failure to develop normal fruit. Smith and Howlett + have shown that environmental conditions as + well as heredity influence this elongation. (2) To + injury by insects as thrips. (3) To the character + of the variety used, the Bonny group being very + slightly susceptible to failure from over feeding + with nitrogen while some late sorts readily "run + to vine." (4) Shortage of nutrient elements as nitrogen + or phosphorus or others. (5) Lack of adequate + light or short day. In such cases, there may + be excess of nitrogen for current need with resultant + over-development of leafage. Thus, excess + vegetative growth may be a result as well as a + cause of poor setting.</p> +<h3>Phosphorus</h3> +<p>Fertilizer experiments fairly generally point to + the frequency with which phosphorus is the limiting + factor among nutrients in tomato production. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> MacGillivray<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> has studied the phosphorus content + of the various parts of the plant, concluding + that this element is important throughout and not + alone in seed making or in rapidly growing parts + as has been believed. Hepler and Kraybill<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> found + some years ago and others more recently have confirmed + the influence of liberal phosphorus treatments + upon <a name="i031" id="i031">earliness</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i031.jpg" width="800" height="532" alt="Figure 5.—Effect of omission of phosphorus from complete fertilizer +in Western New York." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 5.</span>—Effect + of omission of phosphorus from complete fertilizer in Western New York.</span> </div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> +<h3>Potash</h3> +<p>The potash requirement of the tomato has not + been as thoroughly studied as the requirement + for the other two major elements. It is thought + that potash has a part in building up sugars into + more complex carbohydrates.</p> +<p>The consensus of fertilizer experiments suggests + that potash is less important on most soils than + phosphorus and nitrogen but that if these elements + are in good supply, increased yields from + potash are likely.</p> +<p>Lanham in Texas was unable to find a relation + between potash fertilization and resistance to + shipping hazards.</p> +<h3>Stable Manure</h3> +<p>Stable manure has long been recognized as useful + for tomatoes. It is generally considered better + to apply it to the preceding crop or at least the + preceding fall than to use it just before setting of + plants. If spring application is necessary, it is better + to use well rotted manure. Stable manure is + low in phosphorus. An approximate statement + would be that 10 tons of manure is roughly equivalent <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> to one ton of a 6-3-6 fertilizer. Thus, 1,000 + pounds of 18% superphosphate would bring the + analysis to 6-12-6 which would be generally regarded + as a good balance.</p> +<p>A recent publication<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> from Pennsylvania emphasizes + the value of manures and of phosphorus.</p> +<h3>Placement and Side Dressing</h3> +<p>Recent experiments have shown the desirability + of placing fertilizer close to but not in contact + with the roots of the young plants. When newly + set and before new roots have developed is the + time when nutrient material close at hand is + needed to give the plant a vigorous send-off. + Transplanters have been devised with attachments + to place the fertilizer in bands at each side + of the row of tomatoes and about two inches deep.</p> +<p>Recent experiments, notably by Sayre<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> of New + York, have shown the advantage of dissolving fertilizer + materials in the water used for transplanting + tomatoes. One combination of materials + consists of ammo-phos, 14-48, 2 parts and potassium <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> nitrate, 1 part. Five to eight pounds of this + mixture are dissolved in 50 gallons of water and + about ¼ pint or ½ cup is applied to each plant, + usually by the transplanting machine. There are + other suitable mixtures of nutrients for this purpose. + A very small investment in starter solutions + has shown material increase in total yield. The + practice places immediately available nutrients in + the soil at the time and place to be of maximum + usefulness to plants that have been severely root-pruned + and have not yet had opportunity to rebuild + the root <a name="i034" id="i034">system</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i034.jpg" width="800" height="571" alt=" +Courtesy Campbell Soup Co. Figure 6.—Cultivating and side-dressing tomatoes." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 6.</span>—Cultivating and + side-dressing tomatoes.</span> </div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> +<p>Another critical stage in tomato growth comes + when much fruit has been set in the clusters and + demands upon plant and soil are especially heavy. + At this stage, side dressing with nitrogen is helpful + in maintaining plant growth and providing + resources for growth and maturing of fruit. On + sandy or nutrient-deficient soils, more than one + side dressing may be advisable. Sodium nitrate + is commonly used but other materials are suitable + after the soil has warmed up. Side dressing with + fertilizer in solution has been recommended recently + by Tiedjens of New Jersey.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>III</h2> +<h2>THE BEST IN SEED IS NONE<br /> + TOO GOOD</h2> +<p>A tomato crop may be much poorer than the + seed from which it grows but it can be no better.</p> +<p>The tomato seed is short-oval and flattened in + shape, covered thickly with short silky hairs. The + embryo or baby plant is coiled in a spiral and imbedded + in the endosperm (reserve food supply). + Three or four years is generally given as the life + of the seed but it often remains viable much + longer—up to 10 or 12 years in extreme cases. + Good seed should germinate 85% to 90%.</p> +<p>Tomato seed sprouts readily, requiring fairly + warm temperature, say, 70° to 75° F. for best results. + It germinates very slowly at 40° to 50° F.</p> +<h3>Breeding</h3> +<p>Being a major vegetable crop, the tomato has + received much attention from plant breeders. + Objectives sought include good cannery type, resistance + to the fusarium wilt and other diseases, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> better greenhouse forms, improved general market + and home garden sorts, and varieties adapted + for arduous conditions such as hot and dry summers + or very short growing seasons.</p> +<p>The tomato is largely but not wholly self pollinated + and pollen is not carried far. Thus, it is + not difficult to breed to practically a pure-line + condition.</p> +<p>Tomatoes for seed are usually ground up and + the seed and fine pulp are separated from the + skins and coarse material by screening. The juice, + fine pulp and seeds are allowed to ferment from + 24 to 48 hours, or until the jelly-like pulp is readily + washed away. After washing, the seed is dried + in thin layers and stored. A bushel of tomatoes + may be expected to yield 2½ to 4 ounces of seed + and an acre of tomatoes, from 100 to 225 pounds. + These vary greatly according to varieties and conditions.</p> +<p>Wellington<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and others have shown that first + generation seed from crosses of suitable varieties + show a marked increase of vigor (heterosis or hybrid + vigor) over either parent or over the later + generations. This fact would seem to offer possibilities <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> in practical use, but it has not thus far + proved of value.</p> +<h3>Selection Methods</h3> +<p>Many growers find it profitable to save their + own tomato seed. The plant is an annual, the + important characters are quite readily observed + and natural crossing is not serious. For these reasons, + the enterprise is not as difficult as with most + vegetables, although, if done well, it makes heavy + demands in labor and care at a time when the + grower has much else to do.</p> +<p>The first step in selection is to establish clearly + the ideal to be sought, recording it in detail on + paper for future reference. Selections should be + made on the basis of the plant, not of the individual + fruit. It is the plant that is reproduced and + the seed from "crown clusters" is no earlier than + seed from later settings. The field should be + searched soon after blooming time and plants that + appear promising should be marked. These plants + should be examined three or four times as the + season advances, and markers pulled from plants + that do not measure up to the desired standard. + Suppose ten plants remain; all fruits from each of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> these may be saved, keeping the seed of each plant + separate. All or part of the seed may be planted + in separate rows the next year for further selection + and to note which parents best transmit their + excellent points. If only a small amount of seed + is required, direct selections may be made for use + in planting for the general crop. If a larger + amount of seed is required, seed from one or two + of the best plants should be planted in multiplication + plats. Off-type plants should be removed + from such plantings, but otherwise all the seed + may be saved for use. Repeated selection results + in constant improvement until the stock becomes + a "pure line" or practically so.</p> +<p>Lindstrom of Iowa has led in research on the + genetics of tomatoes, chromosome relations and + mode of inheritance. Many scientific papers deal + with inheritance methods and results. The Yearbook + of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.) for 1937 contains + a valuable chapter on tomato breeding. It + may also be had as Yearbook Separate 1581.</p> +<h3>Certification</h3> +<p>As with certain other kinds of seeds, certification + service for tomatoes has now been set up in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> several states. Certification is a most useful incentive + toward care in breeding and handling and + affords valuable assurance to the buyer. It is necessary + to know just what is guaranteed by the certificate. + It is at the same time wise to be informed + as to the inclusiveness and methods of the certification.</p> +<h3>The Ideal Variety</h3> +<p>In breeding for better varieties of tomatoes, the + following are some of the characters to be sought:</p> +<blockquote> + <p>(1) A vigorous vine which is necessary to produce + abundant fruit and to protect from + sunscald.</p> + <p>(2) Resistance to disease especially to fusarium.</p> + <p>(3) High productiveness with moderate number + of fruits per cluster—say, <a name="i041" id="i041">5 to 8</a>.</p> +</blockquote> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i041.jpg" width="800" height="542" alt="Figure 7.—Types of tomato interiors. 1, 5. Small fruited sorts. 2, 6, 9. Bonny Best. 3, 7, 10. Chalk +Jewel. 3, 7, 11. Stone. 4, 8. Earliana. 12. Ponderosa." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 7.</span>—Types of tomato + interiors. 1, 5. Small fruited sorts. 2, 6, 9. Bonny Best. 3, 7, 10. Chalk + Jewel. 3, 7, 11. Stone. 4, 8. Earliana. 12. Ponderosa.</span> </div> +<blockquote> + <p>(4) Evenness of maturity. This is somewhat + out of line with the nature of the tomato + but much could be accomplished toward + the goal of varieties that make their crop + and are gone, eliminating long picking periods + and the drag of inferior fruit toward + the end of the season. The so-called determinate <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> habit of some varieties such as + Pritchard is a step in this direction.</p> + <p>(5) Size suitable for expected use and for market + demand. Greenhouse tomatoes are + generally smaller than those for cannery. + Uniformity of size is increasingly important + with wide-spread use of the lug-box pack + and of small consumer cartons.</p> + <p>(6) Globular to oblong shape is desirable for + market but is less important for cannery. + Form should be symmetrical, even and + smooth.</p> + <p>(7) Color should be deep and rich, fully and + evenly developed, inside and out. Red is + generally preferred to pink. The difference + between red and pink tomatoes does not + reside in the flesh but in the presence of + yellow pigment in the skin of the former + while the skin of the latter is without pigment. + Yellow tomatoes are also <a name="i043" id="i043">extan</a>t.</p> +</blockquote> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> + <p style="text-align: justify"> <img src="images/i043.jpg" width="800" height="542" alt="Figure 8.—The Earliana tomato. A picture of a single fruit cannot adequately describe a variety. +1-3. Rough types, common in older strains. 4. Typical interior. 5, 6. Stem end. 7-9. Good type +resulting from selection. 10-12. Pointed-round type occurring frequently in improved strains. A. +Unusually large cluster. B. Typical Earliana cluster showing compound branching. C. Unbranched +cluster of Bonny Best for comparison." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 8.</span>—he Earliana tomato. A picture of a single fruit cannot adequately describe a variety. + 1-3. Rough types, common in older strains. 4. Typical interior. 5, 6. Stem end. 7-9. Good type + resulting from selection. 10-12. Pointed-round type occurring frequently in improved strains. A. + Unusually large cluster. B. Typical Earliana cluster showing compound branching. C. Unbranched + cluster of Bonny Best for comparison.</span> </p> +</div> +<blockquote> + <p>(8) Skin should be thick and tough. This safeguards + against damage on the way to market + and favors ease of peeling. Those saladists + who serve sliced tomatoes with skins + unremoved, may call for a thin, tender <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> skin but this practice finds no encouragement + from discriminating partakers.</p> + <p>(9) Flesh should be abundant in thick walls + with a minimum of watery pulp surrounding + seeds. In general, a structure of many + small cells is desirable.</p> +</blockquote> +<h3>Varieties</h3> +<p><i>Earliana.</i>—The earliness of this old and popular + variety outweighs its demerits where this character + is required. The past ten years have seen + material improvement.</p> +<p>Earliana is early, of small vine, with small + leaves and leaflets. Clusters are compoundly + branched, with many fruits. The fruits are of medium + size, deep oblate, cross section often elliptical + rather than circular. There are many rough + irregular fruits, varying in this respect with breeding + and conditions of growth. Color is red, not + too deep and tending to be poorly developed at + the stem end. Interior consists of many small cells + with thin walls.</p> +<p><i>Bison.</i>—represents a group of varieties bred for + rigorous climates of our most northerly states. A. + F. Yeager formerly of North Dakota, later of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> Michigan, now of New Hampshire has led in this + development.</p> +<p><i>Victor.</i>—is a new variety bred originally by + Yeager but introduced by K. C. Barrons of Michigan. + It affords smoother, deeper and better colored + fruits about as early as Earliana. It is determinate + in habit and shy in foliage, increasing + danger of sunscald. Rich soil and ample moisture + are needed for its best development. <i>Bounty</i> and <i>Home Garden</i> are similar.</p> +<p><i>Penn State.</i>—Penn State, developed by C. E. + Myers of Pennsylvania, is not as early as Earliana. + It is similar in fruit characters though distinctly + better in color and shape. It is marked by short + branches (determinate habit) and is designed to + give an early crop to be followed by prompt abandonment + of the planting. It is not to be confused + with Penn State Earliana.</p> +<p><i>Bonny Group.</i>—This group embraces our leading + second early varieties widely used for home + garden, greenhouse, market and cannery in the + north. It includes <i>Bonny Best</i>, <i>John Baer</i> and <i>Chalk Jewel</i> with many additional names and + with much confusion of characters among them.</p> +<p>Bonny Best is second early and of medium plant + growth. Fruits are deep oblate to flattened globe, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> even and smooth, of good red color, with few + large, thick-walled cells.</p> +<p>Varieties and strains of this group vary in + growth and yield, in size, shape and earliness of + fruit and in suitability for greenhouse, market, + cannery and juice. <i>Stokesdale</i> and <i>Scarlet Dawn</i> are meritorious newer names in the <a name="i046" id="i046">group</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i046.jpg" width="800" height="523" alt="Figure 9.—Marglobe plant." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 9.</span>—Marglobe plant.</span> </div> +<p><i>Marglobe.</i>—This variety was developed by the + late Dr. F. J. Pritchard from a cross between Marvel, + a French variety lending resistance to fusarium + and Globe, an old variety of fine size and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> shape. It is widely used, north and south, for + market—green or ripe, for cannery and to some + extent, for <a name="i047" id="i047">forcing</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> <img src="images/i047.jpg" width="600" height="508" alt="Figure 10.—Marglobe fruit." /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 10.</span>—Marglobe fruit.</span> </div> +<p>Marglobe is a midseason variety, with large vine + and foliage, resistant to fusarium and nailhead + spot. Fruits are nearly globular, shapely and + smooth, medium to large, scarlet red, with medium + number of thick walled cells. Marglobe is + rather subject to deep radial cracks.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> +<p><i>Pritchard</i> is of the general type of Marglobe + but is earlier, with short branching habit and resistance + to nailhead rust and to fusarium, and, perhaps, + is less subject to cracking.</p> +<p><i>Greater Baltimore</i> is used chiefly for canning in + long-season districts. It is late, with large vine, + large flat fruits of excellent scarlet red, outside + and in, with many thick walled cells. <i>Indiana + Baltimore</i> is a variant widely grown in the mid-west + for cannery.</p> +<p><i>Rutgers</i> was developed by L. G. Schermerhorn + at the New Jersey Experiment Station for fine + juice and canning characters—color, flavor and + substance. Growth is vigorous and yields are + heavy; fruits are large, flattened and well colored.</p> +<p><i>Gulf State Market</i> is a second early shipping + tomato, generally harvested green. It is flattened + in shape, of well developed pink color and good + interior.</p> +<p><i>Comet Group.</i>—These trace mostly to English + or other European origin and are increasingly + used for greenhouse and for staking out-of-doors. + Comet is small, flattened, slightly corrugated + about the stem, of fine even red color, very firm + and solid, with few very thick walled cells. + Other names are <i>Sunrise</i>, and <i>Lord Roberts</i>. Several <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> American forcing strains have been developed + with at least one parent of this group—<i>Ideal</i>, <i>Grand Rapids Forcing</i>, <i>Field Station Comet</i>, <i>Trellis</i>, <i>Michigan State Forcing</i>, <i>Lloyd Forcing</i>, <i>Blair + Forcing</i> and others.</p> +<p><i>King Humbert</i> and <i>San Marzano</i> represent the + small Italian oblong tomatoes that are prized for + their thick walls, fine color and suitability for + puree, paste and soup.</p> +<p><i>Ponderosa</i> is popular for home garden, a "beef-steak" + tomato of very large size, irregular shape, + flat, pink, with many small cells and of very mild + sub-acid flavor. It is best grown to single stem. <i>Oxheart</i> is large, heart shaped, pink and very + meaty. Others of this general type may be had in + red, yellow and orange flesh. In general, the + whole group lacks in prolificacy.</p> +<p><i>Oddities.</i>—Tomato fanciers often plant seed of + Red and Yellow Pear, Cherry, Currant, Peach + with its fuzzy skin, Plum and others. They are + prized for preserves and for decoration. Ground + Cherry or Husk Tomato is not a true tomato but + belongs to a different genus (Physalis). It makes + excellent preserves. Well do I remember sneaking + off from the other kids for solitary plunder of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> the little row that was usually in Grandma's + garden.</p> +<p>Comprehensive descriptions of leading varieties + of tomatoes have been published by the United + States Department of Agriculture in Miscellaneous + Publication 160, the result of statistical and + verbal notations over several years at five widely + scattered stations of the country.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>IV</h2> +<h2>STRONG PLANTS FOR EARLY<br /> + MATURITY AND HEAVY<br /> + CROP</h2> +<p>One of the ways to make money from tomatoes + is to mature them early, selling while the price is + still high. There is a big difference between $.10 + a pound and $.10 a basket. Shipped and ripened + green wrap tomatoes cannot be very cheap on + northern markets even though Southern growers + may realize little for them.</p> +<p>Another way to profit is to grow good plants to + sell. Judging by the spindling, crowded, soft or + over-hardened plants so common in stores, there + should be great opportunity here and, as a matter + of fact, many market gardeners do well in this + business realizing welcome returns when other income + is negligible.</p> +<p>To market ten-cent-a-pound tomatoes from out-doors + requires good plants—plants that have + passed through their youth nearly or fully up to + blossoming time with benefit of heat and shelter + and that are ready to keep up vigorous growth in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> face of the demands of fruiting. A few scattering + fruits matured early do not suffice.</p> +<p>Even for cannery, good plants are required. In + most regions, plants are not as good as they should + be. All too often, outdoor seed bed plants are set + where cold frame or at least cloth cover should be + employed. Further north, cold frame plants or + second run or other inferior plants are used instead + of the best. That is why many canning companies + have greenhouses and grow plants for their + farmers.</p> +<p>And in the home garden, the quality of vine + ripened fruit along with the satisfaction of early + maturity are goals worth striving for.</p> +<p>Plant growing is a game of skill. It calls for keen + observation, constant and faithful attention to + small details, and a high order of workmanship in + the various operations. Furthermore, when a considerable + number of plants are to be grown, it + calls for good organization and rapid work if costs + are not to be unduly increased. A transplanter + who makes three motions where two will suffice is + likely to turn profit into loss, for the loss of a second + when repeated thousands of times makes + many hours.</p> +<p>The grower who is producing tomatoes for first-early <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> maturity wants a plant that will withstand + the rigors of transplanting and of inclement + weather which may follow, that will start immediately + into growth, and that will mature fruit in + good quantity at the earliest possible date. This + usually means a plant about ten inches tall, with + heavy, firm, dark-colored stem (though not over-hardened), + a heavy body of dark, healthy foliage, + and a cluster of blossoms, with possibly a fruit or + two already set. If the buds in the axils of the + leaves have begun growth, no harm will be done.</p> +<p>Many growers are doubtful whether it is well to + have fruit set on plants when they are transplanted + in the field, as they claim that the little tomatoes + are often lost and in any case the progress of the + plant is retarded. Such plants must be handled + with great skill. If they are severely checked when + taken to the field, other and less advanced plants + may do as well. There is danger in having plants + too far advanced, and an unexpected delay in field + setting may result in spindling and over-hardening + that may prove disastrous. A vigorous and + properly hardened plant that is younger will do + better under such circumstances. Some growers + protect themselves by having plants of more than + one sort.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> +<h3>Open-bed Plant Growing</h3> +<p>With favorable conditions and careful methods, + good plants can be grown in open beds but they + must be grown and used where the season is long + or be grown in the south and shipped north.</p> +<p>Soil should be free of disease and nematodes, of + good physical character, full of humus and nutrients.</p> +<p>Seed may be sowed a week or two after "average + date of last killing frost" which may be learned + from county agent or weather bureau. Further + south planting times are gauged by the time tomatoes + are to be set and by experience as to safe + or reasonably safe sowing dates. Rows are usually + a foot apart, more or less. Good plants call for + sowing thinly, 6 to 12 seeds per foot, but several + seeds per inch are not unusual. One may expect a + million plants per acre with close planting or + 40,000 plants per pound of seed.</p> +<h3>Southern Plants</h3> +<p>Many millions of tomato plants are grown in + open fields in the south to be sent to home gardeners + in small parcels on seedsmen's orders, to be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> sold to commercial growers or to be delivered on + contract to canners.</p> +<p>A suitable climate and soil, good seed, freedom + from disease and insects and good handling and + packing are all required for satisfactory results. In + far too many cases, these requirements have been + sadly neglected and a good deal of distrust has + been engendered. Here, as in buying seed, one + must discriminate among good and poor growers. + Canners who order in millions can send men south + to investigate and supervise with good results.</p> +<p>Georgia now has a certification service for plants + that helps greatly to build up and maintain high + standards.</p> +<h3>Growing Early Plants in the North</h3> +<p>Varied programs of plant growing are in vogue + in the temperate and cooler regions. A simple cold + frame with or without transplanting may be employed. + Seedlings may be started in hotbed or + greenhouse and then transplanted to cold frames + to finish the job. Some sow seed early, transplant + once in the greenhouse at 1½ or 2 inches each + way and then again to cold frame with wide spacing + say, 4 × 4 inches or using pots or dirt bands.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> +<p>For this method, as much as twelve weeks may be + allowed but if space permits, excellent results may + be achieved in seven or eight weeks transplanting + but once to pots or to 4 × 4 inches in <a name="i056" id="i056">flat or bed</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i056.jpg" width="800" height="424" alt="Figure 11.—A good small greenhouse for plant growing." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 11.</span>—A good small + greenhouse for plant growing.</span> </div> +<h3>The Place to Grow Plants</h3> +<p>For northern climates, greenhouses are practically + required. Canneries or other large growers, + have wide houses similar to those used for winter + maturing crops. A market gardener may have a + little house of 10´ × 20´ to 20´ × 60´ or larger as + needed. If one does not object to some inconvenience + and discomfort, a hotbed may be used—heated + with hot water or electricity, or as in years <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> past, with fermenting manure. Cold frames may + be covered with glass sash as in the case of hotbeds, + or cloth may be used. There are also materials + consisting of wire cloth filled with cellulose film. + Special mats of straw or of quilted burlap may be + used for extra cover and large growers often employ + coarse manure, straw or marsh hay.</p> +<p>Many a tomato gets its start in life in a small flat + in a kitchen window—perhaps, in a cigar box. + Such seedlings may then be carried forward in hot + bed or cold frame.</p> +<h3>Beds, Flats and Pots</h3> +<p>Growing plants directly in ground beds in the + greenhouse and directly in the soil in the hotbeds + or cold frames, is rather common. However, the + use of flats or plant boxes in plant growing offers + a number of advantages as compared with planting + in the bed. Transplanting can be done at + benches under conditions of comfort and convenience + which make for efficiency. Moisture can be + more precisely controlled and flats can be shifted + if some plants grow faster than others. Plants can + be moved with more dirt on the roots, and this is + a great advantage when plants are sold and hauled <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> some distance, though, of course, pulled plants are + handled more cheaply. On the other hand, the + first cost, and the maintenance and storage of the + flats must be considered. Flats may be set on the + ground in the greenhouse without use of benches.</p> +<p>Flats are of many dimensions, ordinarily six to + ten per sash or about 18 × 22 inches or 13 × 18 + inches outside measure. They may be made of + lumber from used boxes, but they ought to be + uniform in size and made to fit beds without loss + of space. The more durable kinds of wood, cypress + or chestnut are preferred. Some growers + make the bottoms of the flats of square-mesh galvanized + screen (hardware cloth), about five or six + meshes to the inch. This allows roots to penetrate + the soil of the beds, permits root pruning by shifting, + and there is no wooden bottom to rot.</p> +<p>Some growers use clay pots for plants which are + receiving special care. Their cost is an obstacle + though they are used repeatedly. Such pots also + hold less soil for the area occupied than flats or + square <a name="i059" id="i059">dirt bands</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i059.jpg" width="800" height="400" alt="Figure 12.—Plants for the early crop. 1. Shows plants in paper bands of excellent proportion and thrift but +not yet in bloom. 2. In blossom but fruit has not yet set. 3. Similar to 2 but a little further advanced and +has actually set fruit." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 12.</span>—Plants + for the early crop. 1. Shows plants in paper bands of excellent proportion and + thrift but not yet in bloom. 2. In blossom but fruit has not yet set. 3. Similar + to 2 but a little further advanced and has actually set fruit.</span> </div> +<p>Paper pots are used to some extent. Organisms + decomposing the paper may use and so render unavailable + some of the nitrogen of the soil thus + hindering the growth of the plants. This may be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> corrected by seeing that abundant nitrogen is present + in the soil either when made up or by later + application of nitrate sowed upon the soil while + plants are dry or applied in solution in watering.</p> +<p>Dirt bands of veneer are used and are very satisfactory. + Blocking as practiced by many growers is + a cheap and effective way of attaining much the + same results.</p> +<h3>The Blocking System</h3> +<p>When the cold frame is prepared for the last + transplanting, two inches of fairly well-rotted manure + is laid down and two or three inches of prepared + soil is placed on top. Plants are set about + four inches apart each way. About a week before + field setting, a butcher knife, or a hoe which has + been straightened and sharpened, is run between + rows both ways. This cuts the roots whereupon + the plant at once begins to form new feeders + within the block thus reducing, to some extent at + least, the damage which might be caused by transplanting. + The method is also used with flats.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> +<h3>Soil</h3> +<p>Soil for plant growing should be free of disease + and nematodes, friable, not readily forming a + crust, receiving and retaining moisture well, but + drying off quickly on the surface after watering + and well supplied with nutrients. A sandy loam + base with good humus content is desirable. It may + be prepared, beginning a year or two ahead by + growing and plowing under well fertilized green + manure crops. Or a compost heap may be prepared + with successive layers of soil and manure or + other humus making material. In either case, it is + usually mixed a time or two by shoveling over or + by passing through a shredding machine or a + coarse screen.</p> +<p>If trouble is likely to be experienced from + damping-off fungi, the soil may be heated to + 200° F. and held there for an hour, using oven or + electric or steam sterilizer. Seed may also be + treated with red copper oxid or semesan.</p> +<h3>Seed and Seed Sowing</h3> +<p>Tomato seed runs about 125,000 to 150,000 per + pound. An ounce of seed is usually depended <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> upon for plants for an acre. For growing seedlings, + seed may be sowed up to 100 or more per foot of + row. For a maximum number of strong seedlings + from a small amount of seed, thinner sowing is + desirable. Rows are usually about two inches + apart, and a quarter of an inch is sufficient cover. + The seedlings break ground in a week or <a name="i064" id="i064">ten days</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 256px;"> <img src="images/i064.jpg" width="256" + height="400" alt="Figure 13.—Tin can" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 13.</span>—Tin can prepared for + sowing tomato seed.</span> </div> +<p>Uniformity of depth of rows and of covering is + important. Otherwise, seedlings will come up + unevenly and there will be considerable waste.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p> +<h3>Care of Seedlings</h3> +<p>Water and heat should be provided to permit + a steady and moderate rate of growth in plants. + Over-watering and high temperature yield soft + and spindling plants and also plants that are overgrown + and that are liable to severe checking before + field setting. Under-watering and low temperature + give stunted plants. The thermometer at the + earlier stages of growth may well stand around 70 + to 75 degrees by day and 10 degrees lower at night. + A reasonable range of temperature and moisture + gives opportunity for the skillful grower to forward + or retard his plants as seems best. Great care + should be exercised to water evenly. It is necessary + to watch the plants constantly to detect the + slightest variations in growth. The watering may + then be modified and even progress insured.</p> +<p>Ventilation finds its chief significance as a means + of controlling temperature and humidity, though + actual change of air may be a factor.</p> +<p>High soil moisture, high humidity, high temperature, + and faulty ventilation, all favor the ravages + of the various damping-off fungi mentioned + above which cause little plants to rot off near the + ground.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p> +<h3>Transplanting</h3> +<p>The main advantage of transplanting plants before + they are set in the field is to give them increased + space, or, in other words, to conserve space + in greenhouses and frames. Other advantages have + been claimed, but in many instances the gains have + resulted from more space rather than from the + actual shift. Transplanting checks growth through + breakage and disturbance of the root system. + Loomis<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> finds that "the immediate effect of transplanting + is a reduction in the water supply, and + the immediate and long-time results are dependent + upon the severity and duration of such reduction." + Transplanting has little effect upon very + young plants and a shift at the age of six or eight + weeks checks the plant about as much as two earlier + transplantings. The tomato falls in the group + of plants that stand transplanting well, roots being + rapidly replaced. Transplanting breaks roots and + so results in the growth of branches which are + shorter than the members of the old system. The + new system is accordingly less severely damaged in + later transplantings.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> +<p>To insure efficiency, the work of transplanting + merits careful attention. Carelessness as to details + means loss through unevenness of plants. For example, + if soil is not carefully packed at the edges + and corners of the flats, irregular water supply and + irregular growth result. If much transplanting is + to be done, it pays to divide up the work, as is + done in a factory. Have a good place for doing + the work—a warm, light, and comfortable room. + Tired workers are not efficient. Spotting boards + are of service if properly made and correctly used. + Soil should always contain just the right degree of + moisture to allow holes to stand open. Care must + be taken that the workers in setting plants do not + double the roots or close the holes at the top leaving + the roots dangling in an open space below.</p> +<p>It is said that a good worker will prick out + 10,000 plants per day, though everything must be + convenient to accomplish this and many growers + regard 6,000 plants as a good day's work.</p> +<h3>Pruning Young Plants</h3> +<p>Pruning of tops injures rather than helps the + plant, for it destroys leaves which are the machines + that make carbohydrates, the principal material <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> for growth. Pruning to cure legginess is bad. + Proper management of time, temperature and water + will provide adequate control and if plants + should become leggy, it is better to plant them by + laying them down in a trench with a few inches + of top above ground than it is to prune them.</p> +<p>Nipping out the growing point with the first + cluster of flower buds is sometimes practiced to + encourage branching and a heavier yield of early + fruit. If this is done, ample space and nutrients + must accompany careful management. Otherwise, + the plant finds itself with inadequate resources to + do a big job.</p> +<h3>Hardening</h3> +<p>Tomato plants cannot be made frost proof, but + low temperature, reduced moisture supply, partial + starvation, and crowding all tend to make plants + more resistant to cold, to drying winds, to heat, to + mechanical injury such as breakage of leaves and + stems, and even to cut-worm attacks. Plants can + be hardened appreciably in a short time—say a + week. It is now generally accepted that moisture + control is more useful than reduced temperature + as a means of hardening. Starving and crowding + are not desirable methods. Plants can be kept on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> the dry side if glass or other water-shedding cover + is available.</p> +<p>Great care must be exercised to avoid over-hardening + of tomato plants, for in this way a check + in growth is incurred from which they recover + slowly, and perhaps never fully.</p> +<p>Much study has been given to the changes in + plants which underlie the hardening process, and + papers by Harvey, Rosa, Loomis, and others + should be consulted in this <a name="i067" id="i067">connection.</a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> <img src="images/i067.jpg" width="500" height="380" alt="Figure 14.—Plants that have been crowded and overgrown," /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 14.</span>—Plants + that have been crowded and overgrown, probably undernourished and over-hardened. + Plants like this are very often set in the field. They are definitely slow in + starting growth.</span> </div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> +<p>Watts<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> has shown that adverse conditions, especially + low temperature and water deficiency prevailing + at the time when fruit clusters are barely + beginning to form, commonly occasion the development + of misshapen fruits.</p> +<p>Faithful spraying or dusting with Bordeaux in + the plant bed has proved a useful means of forestalling + destructive leaf blights which often devastate + whole fields.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>V</h2> +<h2>GOOD CULTURE FAVORS<br /> + GOOD RETURNS</h2> +<p>The tomato is not especially exacting as to care + after it has been set out-of-doors. It will do business + if given half a chance. At the same time, + much can be done to favor earliness, good yield + and high quality.</p> +<h3>Time of Planting</h3> +<p>In general, tomatoes are set in field or garden as + soon as danger of frost is reasonably past. Suppose + May 1st is average date of last killing frost. Growers + would make general plantings from May 18th + to 25th though, in rare instances, frost might occur + as late as May 28th or 30th. The last week of + May is planting time over a vast area of the North. + Venturesome souls will set home garden plants as + early as May 10th, standing ready to replant if + necessary. There is little gain in rushing the season + too much, however, for the tomato is not only + sensitive to frost but it does not thrive under what <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> people call "raw, mean, chilly weather." Such + conditions may also be responsible for misshapen + fruits. A grower for local market not infrequently + risks a share of his plants before safe setting time + in the hope that warm weather may give the crop + a good start toward early ripe fruit to sell at high + prices.</p> +<p>Delayed planting and use of plants that do not + start quickly into vigorous growth is the cause of + heavy losses in the north, especially among cannery + growers. Better quality and heavier yields + are attained if the bulk of the crop matures before + cool weather in the fall. In the south, it is necessary + to get good plant development and a full set + of fruit before hot weather which often destroys + the blossoms.</p> +<h3>Plant Protectors</h3> +<p>Many forms of plant protectors are on the + market—of paper and of other materials. These + act as little greenhouses for the individual plant, + protecting against frost and promoting growth. + Plants may be set out-of-doors a couple of weeks + earlier by their use. The most common forms are + of translucent paper reinforced by pasted strips of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> paper or by wire. The trick is to devise one that + is cheap, that will admit maximum light and that + will withstand the weather. For tomatoes, they + need to be tall, which makes the problem of wind + resistance more serious.</p> +<p>For emergencies, opaque cover, baskets upside + down or even newspaper may be used. Many a + field has been saved by burying the plants when + frost threatened, carefully uncovering when danger + is past.</p> +<h3>Spacing</h3> +<p>Untrained tomatoes are set at distances from + 3½ feet each way to 7 × 7 feet or even more. The + extreme width is found on rich irrigated lands in + California where plants make tremendous growth. + The closer spacings are found on lighter soils + where humus, plant food, and moisture are not + too abundant. The variety should also be considered. + Sixteen square feet per plant is about average.</p> +<p>Check row planting is common, though it is not + feasible where transplanters are used. Wider spacing + between the rows than between plants is desirable + as it permits later cultivation one way and + leaves a better passage for pickers with less damage <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> to plants and fruits. Thus, 3½ × 4½ feet + might be preferred to 4 × 4 feet.</p> +<p>Rows for single stem, staked and pruned plants + may be as close as three feet and plants may be + as close as eighteen or even twelve inches, though + some growers contend that two feet is close + enough.</p> +<h3>Methods of Planting</h3> +<p>The essential point in field setting is to pack + the soil firmly about the roots, thus establishing + maximum contact for moisture absorption. Whatever + the method of planting, the aim should be to + get the plants from the old home to the new with + as little delay and check in growth as possible. For + the first-early crop, they should be moved so that + "they never know it." With bands, pots or blocking + in flats or beds, it is feasible to avoid practically + all disturbance of roots.</p> +<p>The tomato will, under ordinary favorable conditions, + take hold and grow even if shaken quite + free of earth. Plants, however, should be dug + loose rather than pulled, to prevent undue breakage + of roots.</p> +<p>Plants ought to be watered well some hours before + transplanting. Transplanting machines and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> hand planters of the Masters type give a little shot + of water at the root, thus helping to establish contact + with the soil. Starter solutions are discussed + on page 35. These machines are commonly used + for cannery setting and, to some extent, for market + tomatoes. Blocked plants can be set pretty fast by + hand with much less disturbance of roots. Some + manage to set potted or blocked plants by machine, + keeping a ball of earth about the roots.</p> +<p>The rows are usually marked out fairly deeply, + plants are dropped in fours between rows and it is + a very short job to pack soil about the clod of + earth in which the plant is growing. Another + method is for one worker to make an opening with + a spade. A second places the plant in the wedge-like + opening and the first steps on the soil to firm + it solidly about the roots.</p> +<p>Plants are generally set a little deeper than in + the plant bed.</p> +<h3>Cultivation</h3> +<p>The old idea about cultivation was "the more, + the better." More recent experiments notably + those by Thompson have shown that little need + be done beyond controlling weeds. He found that + stirring the soil gave no significant increase in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> yield over mere scraping sufficient to destroy + weeds. It is pretty hard to convince many old time + gardeners of this. The value of dust mulch for + conservation of moisture has been pretty well discredited + by experimental comparisons.</p> +<h3>Irrigation</h3> +<p>Irrigation is not essential for tomato production + in humid climates and is seldom provided except + under market garden conditions. Water is occasionally + an asset in a dry season and, of course, the + grower who waters at such times reaps a harvest + in higher prices as well as in increased yield. The + advantage of irrigation is especially marked if dry + weather retards plant growth and delays maturity + of the first of the crop, for the high prices of the + early market are involved. Judicious irrigation + will sometimes continue production for late fall + market. Yet gardeners seldom plan permanent + overhead equipment for tomatoes. The movable + lines that are now used to a considerable extent + serve well for the tomato crop.</p> +<p>The furrow method of irrigating tomatoes is the + most common in the West. This plan allows the + water to make its way down the rows, slowly soaking <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> in all along the line. The tomato stands + drouth better than many of our crops, especially + if the soil holds moisture fairly well, either naturally + or through a liberal humus content. Excessive + moisture is doubtless a factor in causing the + plants to run to vine and drop their blossoms. + Hence, in western sections, it is customary to water + thoroughly just before or just after setting the + plants and then to avoid applications until the setting + of fruit is well advanced.</p> +<p>Thorough soaking is better than frequent light + waterings, as it encourages a better development + of root system. An Idaho bulletin suggests three + irrigations. Late irrigations tend to delay ripening + of fruit, but this object is sought in the late + fall shipping districts of California which find + their best markets after eastern crops have been + nipped by frost.</p> +<p>Irrigation must be handled with care to avoid + cracking of fruit, which occurs when soil becomes + rather dry and then is heavily watered. Watering + late in the season is said to make fruit watery and + of poor quality.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> +<h3>Mulching</h3> +<p>R. A. Emerson<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> in 1903 reported results of + careful comparisons between vegetables that were + cultivated and others that were mulched with + straw. These results indicate that mulching gives + good results with tomatoes, both as to yield and + quality. However, frost injury was more severe on + mulched plats, and Emerson points out that the + mulch should not be applied until the plants are + well established.</p> +<p>Mulching is recommended by a good many + writers and growers and it seems to be practiced + to some extent in Missouri. The advantages + claimed are conservation of moisture and clean, + fine quality fruit. L. W. Purdum and Sons of + Virginia use 4-5 tons per acre of wheat straw, staking + their plants and irrigating. They report unusually + heavy returns per acre under these methods. + The Missouri people apply as much as sixteen + tons per acre, making the cover five or six inches + thick. The practice of mulching, however, is not + common, and the cost will likely prevent its general + use.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>VI</h2> +<h2>TO TRAIN THEM UP OR LET<br /> + THEM SPREAD</h2> +<p>Growers attending conventions will often stay + up half the night to argue about training and + pruning tomatoes and to debate the details of their + favorite procedures.</p> +<p>For home garden, the method is strongly commended. + Many market gardeners follow the practice + and it has gained materially of recent years in + New England. Some market reports quote staked + tomatoes separately and at a materially higher + level than fruit from unpruned plants.</p> +<p>Most of the southern shipping sections follow + the practice and it is practically universal in greenhouses.</p> +<p>One way is to drive a stake by each plant tying + at several points along the stem with cheap twine. + The other plan, recently gaining in favor, is to set + posts every 25 feet or so, string a heavy wire on + top, and another a foot from the ground. Cheap + jute twine is strung between wires and the tomato + plants are merely twisted around the string. Tying <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> is not required. Some omit the lower wire, tying + a non-slipping bowline loop around the plant near + the ground. In either case, plants are kept + trimmed to a single stem though occasionally an + extra branch is allowed to grow. In southern Illinois, + plants are tied to a short stake <a name="i078" id="i078">without pruning</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 487px;"> <img src="images/i078.jpg" width="487" height="700" alt="Figure 15.—Tomatoes pruned and +trained with post, wire and twine. This +is the trellis system of New England." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure + 15.</span>—Tomatoes pruned and trained with post, wire and + twine. This is the trellis system of <a name="i079" id="i079">New England</a>.</span> + <p> </p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 416px;"> <img src="images/i079.jpg" width="416" height="600" alt="Figure 16.—Fine clusters on trained plants." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 16.</span>—Fine clusters on + trained plants.</span> </div> +<h3>Pro and Con</h3> +<p>The advantages claimed for pruning and training + are:</p> +<blockquote> + <p>Earliness.<br /> + High yield per acre.<br /> + <span class="pagenum"> <a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>Ease of cultivating and spraying.<br /> + Ease of picking.<br /> + No injury from snails and wire worms.<br /> + Quality of fruit:—size, color, smoothness and cleanliness.<br /> + Crop finished earlier.<br /> + Less sunscald.<br /> + </p> +</blockquote> +<p>The disadvantages claimed are:</p> +<blockquote> + <p>Many plants required.<br /> + Reduced yield.<br /> + More blossom-end rot.<br /> + Higher cost of labor.<br /> + Cost and care of stakes and wire.<br /> + </p> +</blockquote> +<p>The validity of each of these points varies + greatly with conditions; in fact, the answer to the + whole question depends largely upon the location + and the ideas of the grower. In trying to reach a + conclusion, it is well to realize that training makes + certain radical changes in the plant. It loses leaves + through pruning, it is supported from the ground, + and it is spaced differently. Since the leaves manufacture + the basic substance for themselves, and for + the rest of the plant, removal of leaves reduces the + resources of the plant. H. C. Thompson<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> found that the root system is reduced about in + proportion to leaf reduction. It is fairly clear that + single-stem training greatly reduces the yield per + plant, and other methods result similarly in proportion + to the severity of pruning. When plants + are spaced closely enough together the yield may + be brought up to that of areas unpruned and unstaked. + Idaho experiments indicate that staking + alone does not affect the total yield, but that it + does favor early maturity under the different + pruning systems. The disadvantages of training + are largely economic. Will the marketing conditions + justify the extra cost of staking and pruning?</p> +<p>Experiments have shown pretty clearly that sunscald, + blossom-end rot and cracking are worse on + trained plants. Using varieties of good foliage will + help the first trouble while uniform and adequate + water supply achieved by selection of suitable + land, by building humus content of the soil and by + irrigation will solve the latter two problems. + Thompson found increased yield of early fruit. + Other evidence is somewhat conflicting but, in + general, it supports Thompson. It is generally + agreed that pruned plants yield larger, cleaner and + more perfectly formed and colored fruits. Ease of + spraying or dusting and of picking is important.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p> +<p>For pruned plants, 3½ feet between rows and + 1½-2 feet between plants is about right.</p> +<p>To train or not to train is a question that one + must answer for himself as the controlling factors + vary too widely—costs of stakes, wire and labor, + prices of early tomatoes and possibility of cultivating + a more or less fancy trade.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>VII</h2> +<h2>THE ETERNAL BATTLE WITH<br /> + INSECTS AND DISEASES</h2> +<p>The tomato, in most regions, is not one of our + most "pestered" crops. Although over thirty diseases + of tomatoes are discussed in books and bulletins, + most of them are only occasionally serious or + are subject to definite control methods. Enemies + are generally worse in the warmer climates.</p> +<p>Most home garden tomatoes and many commercial + crops are grown without benefit of spray + or dust. If trouble arises, county agent or college + specialist can usually advise, suggesting methods + suitable for local conditions.</p> +<p>Experience must, of necessity, be the guide in + shaping a program and costs must be carefully balanced + against results.</p> +<p>The principal measures that are widely used are + seed treatment against damping off, use of resistant + strains against fusarium wilt and application + of bordeaux mixture against leaf blights.</p> +<p>As with all plants, thoroughness must be the + watchword in spraying or dusting. Timeliness, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> choice of weather conditions so far as possible, and + covering all surface lightly rather than throwing + on heavy blotches of spray or dust all require careful + attention.</p> +<p><i>Fusarium Wilt</i> (Fusarium lycopersici) is perhaps + the most serious of all the tomato diseases + although it occasions little trouble in the more + northerly states. It is troublesome as far north as + New Jersey to Iowa.</p> +<p>The fungus winters in the soil, enters through + the roots and blocks the water passages of the plant + causing wilting, yellowing, and finally, death. Water + vessels in the stem are discolored,—another + means of identifying the disease.</p> +<p>Spraying or dusting are of no service since the + fungus is within. Long time rotation and use of + the many resistant strains are <a name="i085" id="i085">effective means of</a> control.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> <img src="images/i085.jpg" width="700" height="427" alt="Figure 17.—Resistance to fusarium wilt. Row on left center is planted to an ordinary variety, row on +right with one of F. J. Pritchard's wilt-resistant selections. Insert shows plant attacked by wilt fungus." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 17.</span>—Resistance to fusarium wilt. Row on left center is planted to an ordinary variety, row on + right with one of F. J. Pritchard's wilt-resistant selections. Insert shows plant attacked by wilt fungus.</span> </div> +<p><i>Leaf Spot</i>, <i>Septoria Blight</i> (Septoria lycopersici) + causes heavy loss by destroying the foliage and so + the fruit-making power of the plant. It also opens + the fruits to sunscald. The spots appear as small + dark water soaked areas which enlarge but little + though they increase in number and turn brown. + Tiny black dots, the fruiting bodies of the fungus, + appear. The spores germinate only on moist leaves <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> and the disease is spread by wind, rain, workers + and the like. It winters on refuse of the tomato + and related plants.</p> +<p>Fall plowing helps to control. Bordeaux spraying + beginning in the seed bed and carried faithfully + through the season will usually hold the + trouble in check.</p> +<p><i>Late Blight</i> (Phytophthora infestans) is the + same fungus as the late blight of potatoes, affecting + both foliage and fruit. It is often troublesome + the first few weeks after plants are set out-of-doors. + Clean soil in seed bed and bordeaux spraying are + helpful.</p> +<p><i>Western Blight</i>, <i>Yellows</i>, <i>Curly Top</i>,—cause unknown,—is + prevalent in California. Leaves roll + and become thickened and brittle, later turning + a sulfury yellow. Veins become purplish. The + trouble prevails in hot weather. The cause is + likely a virus, similar to or identical with the curly + top of beets. It is apparently spread by leaf hoppers. + No satisfactory control has been devised + though there is some promise in <a name="i087" id="i087">resistant strains</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> <img src="images/i087.jpg" width="650" height="384" alt="Figure 18.—Diseases of the tomato. 1. Septoria or leaf spot. 2. Mosaic. 3. Mosaic, filiform." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 18.</span>—Diseases of the + tomato. 1. Septoria or leaf spot. 2. Mosaic. 3. Mosaic, filiform.</span> </div> +<p><i>Mosaic.</i>—No organism has been definitely connected + with the mosaic diseases of tomatoes, but + they are highly infectious, being spread by means + of what is called a "virus," which passes the finest <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> filters. It is spread by insects, notably aphids, + which carry plant juice, and in the handling of + plants, but it does not persist in seeds or in litter. + It is wintered on horse nettles and three species of + ground cherries. Control suggestions include + roguing affected plants, eliminating weeds, and + controlling carrying insects. The symptoms are + widely various, the most common being mottling + of leaves, stunting and malformation of leaflets, + which sometimes become fine ribbons or threads, + curling, appearance of small brown dead areas, + and spots and cracks on fruits.</p> +<p><i>Damping off</i> is caused by various fungi in the + seed bed which attack the stem near the surface + of the soil and cause the plant to drop over and + die. Clean soil, heating of soil, commonly called + sterilization, and care in watering are all helpful. + It is now common practice to dust seed with formaldehyde + dust, or with red copper oxid or with + an organic mercury disinfectant. If trouble is + serious, a watering with semesan just before seedlings + emerge may be helpful.</p> +<p>A government bulletin on "Market Diseases of + Tomatoes" (Miscellaneous Publication 121, 1932) + is an excellent summary with colored plates to + help in recognizing the various troubles.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p> +<h3>Insects</h3> +<p><i>The Fruit Worm</i> (Chloridea obsoleta) is probably + the worst of the tomato insects, but is not + prevalent in the North. It is the same as the corn + ear-worm or the cotton boll-worm, and bores into + green or ripening fruits. It winters in the soil + and fall plowing is recommended for its control. + Planting corn as a trap crop is also suggested. + The Virginia Truck Experiment Station finds + that the addition of two pounds of calcium arsenate + to 50 gallons of the Bordeaux used for + disease control helps materially.</p> +<p><i>Cut-worms</i> (various species of the family Noctuidae) + cause severe losses at the time of field setting. + They winter in the soil and are worse when + sod has been plowed under, or following other + host plants. Poison bran mash is commonly used + to combat them, using a spoonful to each plant. + Hand picking and the use of paper collars are + resorted to on a small scale. Well-hardened plants + seem less subject to injury by these pests than tender + plants.</p> +<p><i>Colorado Potato Beetle</i> (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) + can cause a world of damage to young + plants. Arsenical spray or dust will ordinarily <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> control them. The old-fashioned potato bug (family + Meloidae), is reported as troublesome in Missouri. + When they appear in droves, the only + control is to drive them with brush. Arsenical + spray or dust is of some value.</p> +<p><i>Flea Beetles</i> (family Chrysomelidae) are the little + black jumping fellows that perforate leaves in + plant beds and in the field. They are also accused + of injuring blossoms and reducing the set of fruit. + Their attacks upon young plants are sometimes + ruinous. Bordeaux with arsenical serves as a repellant. + Dusting with nicotine sulphate dust is + also suggested.</p> +<p><i>Green Tomato Worms</i>, or <i>Horn Worms</i> (Phlegethontius + sexta) are big, green fellows and have + a great capacity for tomato foliage. Hand-picking + and arsenical spray or dust are usual means of + combat.</p> +<p><i>The stalk-borer</i> (Papaipema nitela) is a slender + caterpillar which is reported as serious in Indiana. + No satisfactory control is suggested except clean + culture around fields and pinching the stems to + destroy the pest.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>VIII</h2> +<h2>SKILLFUL SELLING CROWNS<br /> + THE ENTERPRISE</h2> +<p>The most skillful production is in vain if marketing + is not done well. At the same time, the + quality of the goods is the principal factor in making + the price and in moving the goods. Even then, + if costs in production and marketing are too high, + the enterprise is a failure.</p> +<p>The differences between high and low quotations + on the same market the same day, are usually + fairly wide,—say, $1.75 to $2.50; or $0.75 to $1.25; + or $0.20 to $0.25 per basket. These differences + are sufficient to make the difference between profit + and loss. Small differences in quality of the product, + in handling and dress-up of the market pack + and skill in finding buyers may easily result in + price differences as great or greater than those + indicated.</p> +<h3>Harvesting</h3> +<p>Picking in the field calls for the closest care and + supervision to prevent damage to the fruits and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> vines. Stems should be removed to avoid punching + other fruits, and long finger-nails do great + harm by cutting the skin and admitting infection. + Containers should not be too large to be handled + conveniently. Round half-bushel stave baskets + and galvanized pails are excellent. Baskets made + of quarter-inch staves rather than veneer are + smooth and durable, but the investment is rather + heavy unless dumping is resorted to. In practice, + all sorts of boxes and crates are used, often the + package that is used for marketing. No container + as deep as a bushel basket should be used.</p> +<p>The stage of ripeness at which tomatoes are + picked depends upon the time and distance to + market. For home use or local market, fruit may + range from the first turn to almost fully colored.</p> +<p>A few growers pick at the turn and use ripening + rooms to prepare for local selling. In this way + cracking, injury by soil, by insects, and by uneven + coloring are avoided. Fruits are wiped and + handled with less loss and may even be washed + if need be.</p> +<p>Fully ripened fruit will not stand handling and + hauling and will quickly deteriorate, reaching the + consumer in bad condition.</p> +<p>For cannery, full ripening is desired with even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> coloring. MacGillivray<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> has shown that success + in this is largely a matter of care in picking. Cracking + and slight softening are not serious defects for + this purpose, but molds and bacteria in broken + places are serious as they throw the product out of + grade or occasion rejection.</p> +<h3>Picking Green</h3> +<p>Most tomatoes for long distance shipment, are + picked before color appears,—at the mature-green + stage. One of the great difficulties is to judge this + stage correctly; to train ordinary labor to pick by + maturity and not by size. Immature-green tomatoes + ripen slowly and do not achieve good appearance + or table quality.</p> +<p>It is almost impossible to describe the ear marks + of a mature-green tomato. Most of those usually + cited are of doubtful value—glossy surface, whitish + cast of color and the dark ring at the stem scar. + The jelly-like or mucilaginous material in the + seed cells has sufficiently developed in a mature + green tomato so that the fruit may be sliced without + cutting seeds. Of course, the tomato is ruined <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> but the method can be used to check one's judgment + based on the exterior. Also, one can learn + by laying aside tomatoes judged mature-green and + immature-green to ripen.</p> +<p>Some efforts have recently been made in Florida + to pick tomatoes at the turn, that is, at the + first show of color, a practice suggested by Sando<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> some years ago. This should provide fruits of + uniform degree of maturity, that would be about + ready to sell on arrival and it would eliminate the + serious problem of immature-greens. It would + require more frequent picking of fields and there + could be no delay in packing. There would, + doubtless, also be problems of temperature and + ventilation in transit. Results of tests thus far + have been rather encouraging.</p> +<h3>Ripening</h3> +<p>Green wrap tomatoes are received at terminal + markets by produce houses that have special + ripening rooms where temperature is kept at + about 70°, with high humidity to prevent wilting + or shriveling. Ethylene gas is used by some to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> hasten ripening. It does not change the nature of + the process, merely speeding it up. Some of these + repackers have elaborate equipment for sorting + and packing.</p> +<p>The tomatoes, on arrival, are shaken out of + their paper wraps. Any that have ripened in + transit are taken out and packed while the greens + go into the ripening rooms. They may have to be + sorted over two or three times as ripening progresses.</p> +<p>The ripening process in tomatoes has been + rather thoroughly studied. Sando found that tomatoes + ripen uniformly, regardless of size, at a + certain age, dating from the setting of the fruit. + This time, which, of course, varies according to + weather conditions, was eight weeks when the + studies were made. Ripening is accompanied by + an increase in moisture, acids and sugars, with decrease + of solids, nitrogen, starch, pentisans, crude + fibre and ash. Sugars increase from about a quarter + to about half of the dry weight. Chemical + analysis did not show differences sufficient to account + for the difference in quality between vine-ripened + fruit and green fruit ripened in the + laboratory. Lack of ventilation seems to be detrimental.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span></p> +<p>It is commonly held that tomatoes chilled without + freezing will not ripen satisfactorily afterward. + This belief is discounted by results of Wright and + associates and of Platenius who found little effect + of low temperatures upon later ripening.</p> +<p>Wright<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and Platenius<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> have both found that + tomatoes should not be stored at low temperatures, + 50° to 60° F. being best. Storage is not + likely to be satisfactory for more than a month.</p> +<h3>Waxing</h3> +<p>Waxing of tomatoes by immersion in a dilute + water emulsion of paraffine and carnauba waxes + is being tried out with very promising results. + Waxes are also dissolved in volatile hydrocarbons + and sprayed on. Moisture loss and shriveling are + materially retarded, and interference with the + ripening process is negligible. The wax coating is + very thin, adds an attractive gloss and is <a name="i097" id="i097">entirely + harmless</a>.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> + <p style="text-align: justify"> <img src="images/i097.jpg" width="800" height="441" alt="Figure 19.—Packing tomatoes on a farm in Connecticut. Boys in the background are wiping and sorting. +The others are packing in half-bushel boxes. The top slats are put on before packing and the bottom +is nailed on at the finish of the job. A board which is turned over with the box keeps tomatoes from +falling out." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 19.</span>—Packing tomatoes on + a farm in Connecticut. Boys in the background are wiping and sorting. The others + are packing in half-bushel boxes. The top slats are put on before packing and + the bottom is nailed on at the finish of the job. A board which is turned over + with the box keeps tomatoes from falling out.</span> </p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> +<h3>Grading</h3> +<p>It is generally true that at market the poorest + products in a given lot tend to fix the price. When + the buyer finds a few inferior specimens he assumes + there are many more. Imperfect and diseased + specimens infect others. Grading enhances + the appearance <a name="i099" id="i099">of the pack</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 800px;"> <img src="images/i099.jpg" width="800" height="498" alt="Courtesy Tripak Mach. Service</p> + +<p>Figure 20.—A California packing house with elaborate machinery and fully organized." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 20.</span>—A California packing house with elaborate machinery and fully organized.</span> </div> +<p>Of course, the grower who picks marketable + tomatoes and leaves unmarketable fruits on the + vine is engaged in a form of grading—informal + and subconscious. Methods may range from this + simple practice to the elaborate schemes adopted + in large packing houses. There is no difficulty in + adopting methods for the farm that are easily managed + and perfectly practical. In general, two + grades to sell represent a good plan, leaving culls + at home unless prices are high and there is good + demand for them. The set-up may involve no + more than a worker at a table with three baskets—one + with tomatoes from the field; another for #1's + and a third for #2's. The worker may well use a + cotton flannel glove or cloth to wipe the tomatoes + and the fruits should be placed in layers to bring + the package to a good face. With some practice, + this slows the operation but very little. Shed packing <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> should be more common than it is though the + practice seems to be gaining.</p> +<p>Shippers scattered from Cuba and California + to New York state have packing houses set up to + all degrees of elaborateness. Some have machines + and conveyors that wash, sort for size, provide for + hand sorting for grade and deliver to bins for + packing. Experienced packers advance with the + season from Florida to Lake Erie. These workers + become almost incredibly expert and speedy. It + is not uncommon for a worker to pick up, wrap + and place in the lug box 60 or 70 tomatoes per + minute—not as a show-off but in course <a name="fig21" id="fig21">of regular + work</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 471px;"> <img src="images/fig21.jpg" + width="471" height="230" + alt="Figure 21.—Puffiness is a common defect in tomatoes, especially" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure + 21.</span>—Puffiness is a common defect in tomatoes, + especially when grown in the winter in the South.</span> </div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p> +<p>The federal government has worked out and + published standards for the grades of tomatoes + along with most other vegetables. These standards + are practical and have found wide acceptance + as furnishing common language between seller + and buyer, especially for long distance shipment. + The one who grades may, however, set up a standard + of his own to meet the needs of his conditions + and market.</p> +<p>U.S. Standards for cannery tomatoes are widely + used as a basis of payment to the grower and this + practice is to be commended.</p> +<h3>Packaging</h3> +<p>The lug box has almost wholly replaced the + older 6-basket carrier and 4-basket flat for shipment + of tomatoes. It is in almost every respect, a + good package for tomatoes. It is built with solid + board ends, with veneer or sawed sides, bottom + and cover. Cleats on the ends serve to raise the + lids so that a bulge pack will not be injured by + pressure. Veneer covers and bottoms are held together + by stitched veneer cross pieces. The lug + box is packed in three layers and holds about 30 + pounds net of tomatoes though it is often over-packed <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> to carry considerably more. The bulge + pack is desirable only so far as it is necessary to + insure a tight pack and to take up the small + shrinkage that takes place in transit. Ordinarily, + it goes beyond this. It results in delivery of more + tomatoes than are paid for, and in bruising because + the top <a name="fig22" id="fig22">center is too high</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> <img src="images/i102.jpg" width="500" height="366" alt="Courtesy Southern Arkansas Growers Association</p> + +<p>Figure 22.—The lug box is the most widely used of all tomato +packages. This is well packed and labeled but shows too much +bulge making for difficulty in loading and handling and increasing +danger of bruising the upper fruits." title="" /> + <p><span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 22.</span>—The lug box is the most widely used of all tomato + packages. This is well packed and labeled but shows too much + bulge making for difficulty in loading and handling and increasing + danger of bruising the upper fruits.</span></p> +</div> +<p>The late M. R. Ensign in Florida, was working + with a wire-bound lug to carry 20 pounds of + tomatoes in two layers without bulge.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> +<p>The lug box is packed in three layers and the + size of fruits is designated by the number of tomatoes + each way,—6 x 6, 6 x 7, and 7 x 7 being + the commonest sizes. Each tomato is wrapped in + a square of tissue paper which may or may not + be printed. The principal advantage of the paper + is to cushion the pack and protect the tomatoes + against rubbing and abrasion. Where tomatoes + are small, U.S. Standards provide for "bridge + pack" or partial extra layers, for extra rows and + for double wraps or two tomatoes <a name="fig23" id="fig23">in one paper.</a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> <img src="images/i103.jpg" width="700" height="427" alt="Figure 23.—Lug boxes as loaded in car." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 23.</span>—Lug boxes as loaded + in car.</span> </div> +<p>Lug boxes were formerly loaded lengthwise of + the car but are now generally loaded crosswise,—that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> is, the side of the box is crosswise throwing + the heavy endwise thrust against the substantial + end of the box. Thin strips are nailed between + layers, butting against the sides of the car to prevent + shifting of the load and closing of ventilation + channels. Refrigerated cars are generally used <a name="fig24" id="fig24">but + icing is not usual</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> <img src="images/i104.jpg" width="700" height="548" alt="Figure 24.—The square braid basket is widely used as a local market +package for tomatoes. The faced pack looks better and is easily put +up. Covers permit stacking six or eight high." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 24.</span>—The square braid basket is widely used + as a local market package for tomatoes. The faced pack looks better and is + easily put up. Covers permit stacking six or eight high.</span> </div> +<p>A few shipping sections, notably New Jersey, + still use the 12-quart climax basket for tomatoes.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p> +<p>Local markets use various containers for tomatoes,—the + Boston bushel box; a half bushel of the + same depth also used in New England; lug boxes; + the Jersey tomato crate; and very commonly, 8 + and 12-quart square braid veneer market baskets. + Peach baskets and bushel baskets are now used + but little, being too deep for good carrying. The + diamond market basket of earlier years has about + disappeared—being too flexible and not suited for + stacking. The square braid with suitable cover + may be stacked very satisfactorily in trucks but + is hardly substantial <a name="fig25" id="fig25">enough for rail shipment</a>.</p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> <img src="images/i105.jpg" width="700" height="403" alt="Figure 25.—The Connecticut half bushel box. Figure 19 +shows how this is packed." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 25.</span>—The + Connecticut half bushel box. Figure 19 shows how this is packed.</span> </div> +<p>Hot house tomatoes travel in square braid, + climax or paper fibre baskets, now rather commonly, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> the latter. The Cleveland section sells + some millions of baskets of 8-quart capacity but + carrying 8 pounds of tomatoes in two layers, usually + with stems on, usually wrapped and sometimes + with a paper divider<a name="fig26" id="fig26"> between layers.</a></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> <img src="images/i106.jpg" width="700" height="484" alt="Figure 26.—Repacked tomatoes. Southern tomatoes go to wholesale +houses that specialize in ripening and repacking. Many kinds of +packages are used. The flat 10-pound box is one of the popular +packs especially in the Boston area." title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 26.</span>—Repacked + tomatoes. Southern tomatoes go to wholesale houses that specialize in ripening + and repacking. Many kinds of packages are used. The flat 10-pound box is one of + the popular packs especially in the<a name="fig27" id="fig27"> Boston area</a>.</span> </div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> <img src="images/i107.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="Cellulose" title="" /> <span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Figure 27.</span>—Cellulose film is used for repacked tomatoes.</span> </div> +<p>Cannery tomatoes move in field crates belonging + to the canner or, in Jersey, in 5/8 bushel baskets, + about as awkward a container as could be + readily devised unless it should be the Jersey <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> tomato crate with its two cover strips permanently + fastened.</p> +<p>Repack tomatoes are sometimes replaced in lugs + or in half lugs. Ten pound corrugated cartons + are widely used, newer and fancier packs being + but one layer deep. Fruits are wrapped with + paper or cellulose film. An increasing proportion + of repacks are now put up in one-pound cartons + with a window of cellulose film, carrying four or + five tomatoes. A variation is a paper tray wrapped + with cellulose film.</p> +<p>Good marketing calls for a good label for whatever + package is used. These are usually pasted on + the package. Paper containers are often printed + directly but the problem of misuse of second hand + packages is coming to the fore.</p> +<h3>Selling</h3> +<p>Success in selling demands in the producer the + qualities which we ordinarily expect in the business + man. The good grower is a business man if + he succeeds, and this will be more true in the + future than in the past, as competition increases. + It is necessary to judge the men one deals with, + forming estimates as to reliability and character. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> Mutual confidence is essential to satisfactory dealings. + It is worth while to study the produce business + and to learn its ins and outs, reading a trade + paper, talking with dealers, and making trips to + markets.</p> +<p>Shipments are made on "f.o.b." or track sale, + on consignment, or on joint account. The first + plan of outright sale is the most desirable and is + possible where there is enough business at a given + point to attract buyers or where grades and business + standing are well enough established to assure + the purchaser of what he is getting. When + the quality of the product is uncertain or when + markets are glutted, consignment must be resorted + to. Under this plan, the shipper owns the + goods until the receiver makes a sale and all the + risks up to this point are his. There are many + consignment houses of high character if the shipper + will take the trouble to find them instead of + shipping to any one who writes a good letter, and + there is vigorous competition in the trade. These + factors make it possible to secure fairly good service + most of the time. Joint account selling, + where shipper and receiver agree on how returns + shall be divided, is sometimes undertaken where + mutual acquaintance justifies it.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span></p> +<p>Selling on distant markets is more complex and + difficult than local selling for many reasons. Shoving + crates off the wagon into the car and forgetting + them is not selling. Co-operative organization has + helped many communities through pooling of resources, + standardizing, grading and packing the + product, encouraging better field practices, and + securing the services of able managers and salesmen.</p> +<h3>Local Selling</h3> +<p>A very small amount of produce is sold by producers + directly to the consumer at his home, but + the roadside market has greatly developed retail + activity by growers. Here fine quality, attractive + appearance, moderate prices, and fair dealing are + effective in building business. Stands that plan to + "fleece them as they pass" do not last long. It is + the return business that counts. The bulk of local + selling is done directly to retailers—grocers or + hucksters—either at market or store-door. The + costliness of this system is being realized and local + commission business is growing, in many cases + through the establishment of commission houses + co-operatively owned and managed by growers, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> as in Providence, Cleveland, Chicago and other + markets.</p> +<p>Some effort has been made to increase the use + of tomatoes as has been successfully done with + oranges and bananas. These efforts have been + sporadic and results have been hardly more consistent + than the efforts. Co-operative publicity, + especially at times when large quantities are to be + moved, would seem to offer fine possibilities. + Growers of some crops are finding chain store + groups very ready to help in moving out large + volumes of produce when the supply is large.</p> +<h3>Cannery Selling</h3> +<p>Cannery sales are generally made at a stipulated + price on contracts closed in advance of planting. + These contracts have usually devoted more words + to protecting the interests of the packer than those + of the grower, largely because the grower has accepted + the canner's initiative with little question. + Farseeing companies have been fair in enforcement + of terms and liberal in their dealings, realizing + that prosperity must be mutual for the + highest success. A few canners have contract provisions + that enable the grower to share in prices <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> realized for the packed product when they rise + beyond a certain figure. Too many canners have + lacked vision, however, and have taken all they + could get. Farmers have known little about costs + and so have frequently been lured by the prospect + of cash return even though they see no money + until the packed tomatoes are actually sold. During + recent years, much has been learned about + the business side of growing for cannery purposes + and the knowledge has been made available + through extension channels. Growers have shown + some tendency to organize and some canners welcome + this movement as helping them to set their + affairs on a plane of definite understanding. Canners + have suffered sadly through failure of growers + to live up to contracts if it suited them better to + evade the terms, and organization helps greatly + to develop the producer's sense of responsibility. + Indiana has formed a federation of locals, but an + organization movement in another state failed, + more because the directors and members did not + live up to their duties than through opposition of + certain hostile canners. Co-operation in this field + has the same possibilities, requirements and dangers + as in other fields. With time and experience, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> co-operation will be an increasing and beneficial + factor in the business.</p> +<p>In some sections, most of the cannery tomatoes + are sold on open market, and in others, the early + part of the crop is free for local sale or shipment. + This arrangement would seem to have possibilities + for further development by the use of good + plants and good culture.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>IX</h2> +<h2>OPERATING IN THE RED OR IN<br /> + THE BLACK</h2> +<p>Happily, the home gardener does not need to + keep books with his tomatoes. If he likes the + culture and the product, he need not inquire + further.</p> +<p>Not so with the commercial grower. After all + skill has been exercised in growing and selling, + the books must show black and not red. This calls + for good management and judgment not only as + to what is best for the tomatoes and for the consumer + but also how much one can afford to spend + to gain a given advantage.</p> +<p>Fortunately, quality, yield and economy generally + go hand in hand. One of the best ways to + achieve low unit cost is to win a high yield per + acre.</p> +<p>For the cannery crop, conditions are sometimes + such that one cannot afford to apply, say, optimum + fertilizer because some other factor not + readily controlled may limit the returns and so + make heavy feeding uneconomical.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> +<p><i>Yield.</i>—The average yield per acre of cannery + tomatoes for the United States was, in 1940, 5.39 + tons per acre and the 10-year average, to 1938, + was 4.15 tons per acre. For tomatoes for fresh + market, the average yield for 1940 was 148 bushels + per acre, 14 bushels above the 10-year average. + Of course, these yields would not satisfy a grower + who calls himself successful. In the canning sections + of New York, it takes about 7 tons per acre + to cover costs of production. Some years ago a + survey in Arkansas recorded costs as low as $36 + per acre. However, the same survey showed cost + per ton as $13.64. Cannery contracts that year + averaged about $12.75 per ton. That does not + yield much money to bank even if ten or twenty + acres are grown. Rarely yields run to 25 tons per + acre.</p> +<p>It is accordingly necessary to keep costs down + and to bring yields up. Each item of cost must be + scrutinized and adjusted to bring lowest cost per + ton or per package.</p> +<p>In counting costs, it is necessary to include + every element. The following summary from 118 + Western New York farms for 1934 for cannery + tomatoes illustrates the various items:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> + + <div align="center"> + + <table border="0" summary="costs" style="border-collapse: collapse" width="80%"> + <tr> + <td align="left"></td> + <td align="left"></td> + <td align="right"> Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left"></td> + <td align="left"></td> + <td align="right"> of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Growing costs:</td> + <td align="left"></td> + <td align="left"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Land</td> + <td align="right"> $ 7.66</td> + <td align="right"> 9.17</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Manure</td> + <td align="right"> 3.91</td> + <td align="right"> 4.68</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Commercial fertilizer</td> + <td align="right"> 8.21</td> + <td align="right"> 9.83</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Plants</td> + <td align="right"> 15.55</td> + <td align="right"> 18.62</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Plowing</td> + <td align="right"> 3.40</td> + <td align="right"> 24.10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Fitting</td> + <td align="right"> 3.83</td> + <td align="right"> 4.59</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Applying fertilizer</td> + <td align="right"> 1.65</td> + <td align="right"> 1.98</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Setting</td> + <td align="right"> 5.41</td> + <td align="right"> 6.48</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Cultivating</td> + <td align="right"> 6.38</td> + <td align="right"> 7.64</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">All other growing costs</td> + <td align="right"> 2.14</td> + <td align="right"> 2.56</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left"></td> + <td align="right">———</td> + <td align="right">———</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left">Total growing costs per acre</td> + <td align="right"> $58.16</td> + <td align="right"> 69.65</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> Harvesting and delivering (8.2 tons)</td> + <td align="right"> 25.34</td> + <td align="right"> 30.35</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left"></td> + <td align="right">———</td> + <td align="right">———</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="center"> Total costs</td> + <td align="right"> $83.50</td> + <td align="right"> 100.00</td> + </tr> + </table> + +</div> + +<p>All too often, growers think they are counting + costs when such important items as interest, use of + truck and machinery or others are omitted. One + sometimes sees such figures in print.</p> +<p>One good way to view returns is in terms of + cents per hour for labor. Cost accounts in New + York have showed that a group of farmers who + raised cannery tomatoes the nine years up to 1937 + and whose records were studied, realized $0.34 + per hour for their time given to tomatoes, $0.51 + for potatoes, $0.24 for wheat, and $0.11 for oats.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>SELECTED REFERENCES</h2> +<p>This book is not a monograph in the scientific + sense and no attempt has been made to cite references + for all statements. This list is intended to + include the publications that are likely to prove + most useful to one who wishes to read further + about tomatoes. There are many others of great + value, most of them being included in bibliographies + in the works cited below.</p> +<p>Unless otherwise stated, references are to publications + of the state experiment stations, addresses + of which may be obtained by writing Office of Experiment + Stations, United States Department of + Agriculture, Washington, D. C.</p> +<h3>General</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Beattie, W. R. <i>Tomatoes as a truck crop.</i> U.S. Dept. + of Agr. Farmers Bul. 1338. 1923.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Snyder, G. B. and Dempsey, P. W. <i>Tomato production + in Massachusetts.</i> Mass. Ext. Leaf. 51. May, 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Porter, D. R. and MacGillivray, John H. <i>The production + of tomatoes in California.</i> Calif. Exp. + Sta. Cir. 104. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Cochran, H. L. <i>Improved methods of tomato production + in Georgia.</i> Ga. Exp. Sta. Bul. 206. 1940.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Huelsen, W. A. <i>Growing tomatoes in Illinois.</i> Ill. + Exp. Sta. Cir. 451. 1936.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Balch, W. B. <i>Growing tomatoes in Kansas.</i> Kan. + Exp. Sta. Cir. 172. 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Seaton, H. L. <i>Tomato growing in Michigan.</i> Mich. + Exp. Sta. Ext. Bul. 156. 1936.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Allen, E. J. and Talbert, T. J. <i>Tomato culture in + Missouri.</i> Mo. Exp. Sta. Cir. 173. 1934.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Schermerhorn, L. G., Tiedjens, V. A., et al. <i>Questions + and answers relative to tomato production.</i> N.J. Exp. Sta. Ext. Bul. 174. 1936.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Raleigh, G. J. <i>Growing tomatoes for market.</i> Cornell + Ext. Bul. 377. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Tracy, W. <i>Tomato culture.</i> Orange Judd Co. 1907.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Work, Paul. <i>Tomato production.</i> Orange Judd Co. + 1926.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Pellett, F. C. and M. A. <i>Practical tomato culture.</i> A. T. De La More Co. 1930.</p> +</div> +<h3>Food Value</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Atwater, W. O., and Woods, C. D. <i>The chemical composition + of American food materials.</i> U.S. Dept. + of Agr., Office of Expt. Stas. Bul. 28. 1896.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Sherman, H. C. <i>Food products.</i> Macmillan. 1924.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Miller, Elna. <i>Tomatoes, their value and uses.</i> Utah + Exp. Sta. Cir. 47. 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Ellis, Eliz. E. <i>Using tomatoes in family meals.</i> N.H. + Exp. Sta. Cir. 225. 1940.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> +<h3>Cannery</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Beattie, J. H. <i>Tomatoes for canning and manufacturing.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Farmers Bul. 1233. + Rev. 1930.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Lancashire, E. R., Parks, T. H. and Pierstorff, A. L. <i>Tomatoes for canning.</i> Ohio Exp. Sta. Bul. 114. + 1935.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hester, J. B. <i>Good, fair or poor tomatoes from your + soil.</i> Campbell Soup Co., Bul. 2. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Cruess, W. V. <i>Commercial fruit and vegetable products.</i> McGraw-Hill. 1924.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Pederson, C. S. <i>Preparation of tomato products.</i> N.Y. Exp. Sta. Cir. 178. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Gaylord, F. C. and Fawcett, K. L. <i>A study of grade, + quality and price of canned tomatoes sold at retail + in Indiana.</i> Ind. Exp. Sta. Bul. 438. 1939.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Saywell, L. G. and Cruess, W. V. <i>The composition + of canning tomatoes.</i> Calif. Exp. Sta. Bul. 545. + 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">MacGillivray, J. H. and Ford, O. W. <i>Tomato quality + as influenced by the relative amount of outer and + inner wall region.</i> Ind. Exp. Sta. Bul. 327. 1928.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">MacGillivray, J. H. <i>Tomato color as related to + quality in the tomato canning industry.</i> Ind. Exp. + Sta. Bul. 350. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Gaylord, F. C. and MacGillivray, J. H. <i>Tomato + quality studies. Field and harvest factors affecting + grade.</i> Ind. Exp. Sta. Bul. 394. 1934.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hauck, C. W. <i>Marketing cannery tomatoes on grade + in Ohio.</i> Ohio Exp. Sta. Bul. 504. 1932.</p> +</div> +<h3>Greenhouse</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Beattie, J. H. <i>Greenhouse tomatoes.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Farmers Bul. 1431. Rev. 1939.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hoffman, I. C. <i>Growing of greenhouse tomatoes.</i> Ohio Exp. Sta. Bul. 499. 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Burk, E. F. and Roberts, R. H. <i>Growing greenhouse + tomatoes.</i> Wisc. Exp. Sta. Bul. 418. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Gilbert, B. E. and Pember, F. R. <i>Relative efficiency + of various organic supplements in the growth of + greenhouse tomatoes.</i> R. I. Exp. Sta. Bul. 236. + 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Gilbert, B. E. and Pember, F. R. <i>Economical + amounts of nitrate of soda to apply in the greenhouse + for the growth of tomatoes.</i> R. I. Exp. Sta. + Bul. 252. 1935.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Bouquet, A. G. P. <i>An analysis of the characters of + the inflorescence and fruiting habit of some varieties + of greenhouse tomatoes.</i> Cornell Exp. Sta. + Memoir 139. 1932. Biblio.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Seaton, H. L. and Gray, G. F. <i>Histological study of + tissues from greenhouse tomatoes affected by + blotchy ripening.</i> Jour. Agr. Research (U.S. + Dept. of Agr.), Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 217-224. 1936.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> +<h3>Breeding and Varieties</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Boswell, V. R. <i>Improvement and genetics of tomatoes, + peppers, and eggplant.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. + Yearbook. 1937. pp. 176-206. Full biblio.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Boswell, V. R., et al. <i>Description of American varieties + of tomatoes.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Misc. Publ. + 160. 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Muller, C. H. <i>A revision of the genus Lycopersicon.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Misc. Publ. 382. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Morrison, Gordon. <i>Tomato varieties.</i> Mich. Exp. + Sta. Spec. Bul. 290. 1938.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Myers, C. E. and Lewis, M. T. <i>The effect of selection + in the tomato.</i> Penn. Exp. Sta. Bul. 248. Rev. + May 2, 1930.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Yeager, A. F. <i>Tomato breeding.</i> N.D. Exp. Sta. Bul. + 276. 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Pritchard, F. J. <i>Development of wilt-resistant tomatoes.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Bul. 1015. 1922.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Wellington, Richard. <i>Comparison of first generation + tomato crosses and their parents.</i> Minn. Exp. Sta. + Tech. Bul. 6. Rev. 1923.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Groth, B. H. A. <i>The F<sub>1</sub> hereditary of size, shape, and + number in tomato fruits.</i> N.J. Exp. Sta. Bul. 242. + 1912.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Lindstrom, E. W. <i>Hereditary correlation of size and color characters in tomatoes.</i> Iowa Exp. Sta. Research + Bul. 93. 1926.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Porte, W. S. and Wellman, F. L. <i>Development of interspecific</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> <i>tomato hybrids.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Cir. + 584. 1941.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Babb, M. F. and Kraus, J. E. <i>Results of tomato variety + tests in the great plains region.</i> U.S. Dept. + of Agr. Cir. 533. 1939.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Anon. <i>A haploid marglobe tomato.</i> Jour. of Heredity, + Washington, D. C. Vol. 27, No. 11, 1936.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Huelsen, W. A. <i>New wilt-resistant tomato varieties + for field and greenhouse.</i> Ill. Exp. Sta. Cir. 448. + 1936.</p> +</div> +<h3>Plants for Transplanting</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Nissley, C. H. <i>Plant growing and plant growing + structures.</i> N.J. Ext. Bul. 51. 1926.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Tussing, E. B. and Lancashire, E. R. <i>Growing vegetable + plants.</i> Ohio Ext. Bul. 103. 1930.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Raleigh, G. J. <i>Starting vegetable plants.</i> Cornell + Ext. Bul. 448. Oct. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Crist, J. W. <i>Ultimate effect of hardening tomato + plants.</i> Mich. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 89. 1928.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Harvey, R. B. and Wright, R. C. <i>Frost injury to tomatoes.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Bul. 1099. 1922.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Seaton, H. L. and Strong, M. C. <i>Southern-grown vs. + locally grown tomato plants.</i> Mich. Quarterly + Bul. Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 131-141. 1938.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Alexander, L. J., Young, H. C. and Kiger, C. M. <i>The + causes and control of damping-off of tomato seedlings.</i> Ohio Exp. Sta. Bul. 496. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Van Haltern, Frank. <i>Control of tomato seedbed diseases</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> <i>of southern plants.</i> Ga. Exp. Sta. Bul. 187. + 1935.</p> +</div> +<h3>Fertilizers</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Work, Paul. <i>Tomato fertilizer experiments in Chautauqua + County, New York.</i> Cornell Exp. Sta. + Bul. 467. 1928.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hartman, J. D., Work, Paul Wessels, P. H. <i>Tomato + fertilizer experiments on Long Island.</i> Cornell + Exp. Sta. Bul. 676. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Mack, W. B., Stout, G. J. and Rahn, E. M. <i>Fertilizer + experiments with tomatoes.</i> Penna. Exp. Sta. Bul. + 393. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Sayre, C. B. <i>Effects of fertilizers and rotation on earliness + and total yields of tomatoes.</i> N.Y. Exp. Sta. + Bul. 619. 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Sayre, C. B. <i>Starter solutions.</i> Farm Research (N.Y. + Exp. Sta. Geneva) Vols. 5, 6, and 7, No. 2. April + 1939, '40, '41.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Parker, M. M. <i>Tomato fertilization. (1) The effect + of different fertilizer ratios on the yield to tomatoes.</i> Va. Exp. Sta. Bul. 80. 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Carolus, R. L. <i>Tomato fertilization. (2) The effect + of different fertilizer ratios on the chemical + composition of tomatoes.</i> Va. Exp. Sta. Bul. 81. + 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Thomas, R. P. <i>Effect of fertilizer treatments of a soil + on the quality and yield of tomatoes.</i> Md. Exp. + Sta. Bul. 386. 1935.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Friend, W. H. <i>Tomato varieties and fertilizers for </i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span><i>the lower Rio Grande valley of Texas.</i> Texas + Exp. Sta. Bul. 438. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Comin, Donald and Bushnell, John. <i>Fertilizers for + early cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, and sweet + corn.</i> Ohio Exp. Sta. Bul. 420. 1928.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hepler, J. R. and Kraybill, H. R. <i>Effect of phosphorus + upon the yield and time of maturity of + the tomato.</i> N.H. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 28. Rev. + 1926.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hester, J. B. <i>Soil fertility in tomato production.</i> Campbell Soup Co. Bul. 3. 1941.</p> +</div> +<h3>Cultural Practices</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Thompson, H. C. <i>Pruning and training tomatoes.</i> Cornell Exp. Sta. Bul. 580. 1934.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Watts, V. M. <i>Pruning and training tomatoes in Arkansas.</i> Ark. Exp. Sta. Bul. 292. 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hibbard, R. P. <i>The various effects of frost protectors + on tomato plants.</i> Mich. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 124. + 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Thompson, H. C. <i>Experimental studies of the effects + of cultivation of certain vegetable crops.</i> Cornell + Expt. Sta. Memoir 107. 1927.</p> +</div> +<h3>Physiology</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Kraus, E. J. and Kraybill, H. R. <i>Vegetation and reproduction + with special reference to the tomato.</i> Ore. Exp. Sta. Bul. 149. 1918. Biblio.</p> + <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Work, Paul. <i>Nitrate of soda in the nutrition of the + tomato.</i> Cornell Exp. Sta. Memoir 75. 1924.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Arthur, J. M., Guthrie, J. D. and Newell, John M. <i>Some effects of artificial climates on the growth + and chemical composition of plants.</i> Amer. Jour. + of Botany, 17: 416-482. 1930.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Murneek, A. E. <i>Physiology of reproduction in horticultural + plants. (1) Reproduction and metabolic + efficiency in the tomato.</i> Mo. Exp. Sta. Research + Bul. 90. 1926.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Murneek, A. E. <i>Effects of correlation between vegetative + and reproductive functions in the tomato.</i> Plant Physiology, Vol. I, No. 1. 1926.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Nightingale, G. T. <i>The chemical composition of + plants in relation to photo-periodic changes.</i> Wis. + Exp. Sta. Research Bul. 74. 1927.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Porter, A. M. <i>Effect of light intensity on the photosynthetic + efficiency of tomato plants.</i> Plant Physiology, + Vol. 12: pp. 225-252. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Nightingale, G. T. <i>Effects of temperature on metabolism + in tomato.</i> Botanical Gazette, Vol. 95, No. + 1. 1933.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Phillips, T. G., Smith, T. O. and Hepler, J. R. <i>Some + effects of potassium and nitrogen on the composition + of the tomato plant.</i> N.H. Exp. Sta. Tech. + Bul. 73. 1939.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">MacGillivray, J. H. <i>Effect of phosphorus on the composition + of the tomato plant.</i> Jour. of Agr. Research. + Vol. 34, No. 2. pp. 97-127. 1927.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Janssen, G., Bartholomew, R. R. and Watts, V. M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> <i>Some effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium + on the composition and growth of tomato + plants.</i> Ark. Exp. Sta. Bul. 310. 1934.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Eckerson, Sophia H. <i>Influence of phosphorus deficiency + on metabolism of the tomato.</i> Contribs. + of Boyce Thompson Institute. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. + 197-218. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Fisher, P. L. <i>Responses of the tomato in solution cultures + with deficiencies and excesses of certain essential + elements.</i> Md. Exp. Sta. Bul. 375. 1935.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Howlett, F. S. <i>Effect of carbohydrate deficiency upon + formation of sex cells in tomato.</i> Ohio Exp. Sta. + Bul. 532. 1934.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Howlett, F. S. <i>The modification of flower structure + by environment in varieties of Lycopersicum esculentum.</i> Jour. of Agr. Research, Vol. 58, No. 2, + pp. 79-117. 1939.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Watts, V. M. <i>Some factors which influence growth + and fruiting of the tomato.</i> Ark. Exp. Sta. Bul. + 267. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Watts, V. M. <i>Growth and fruiting responses to pruning + and defloration of tomato plants.</i> Ark. Exp. + Sta. Bul. 347. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Smith, Ora. <i>Pollination and life-history studies of + the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.)</i> Cornell + Exp. Sta. Memoir 184. 1935.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Smith, Ora. <i>Relation of temperature to anthesis and + blossom drop of the tomato together with a histological + study of the pistils.</i> Jour. of Agr. Research. + Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 183-190. 1932.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Smith, Ora and Cochran, H. L. <i>Effect of temperature + on pollen germination and tube growth in + the tomato.</i> Cornell Exp. Sta. Memoir 175. 1935.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Smith, Ora. <i>Effects of light on carotenoid formation + in tomato fruits.</i> Cornell Exp. Sta. Memoir 187. + 1936.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Reid, Mary E. <i>Growth of tomato cuttings in relation + to stored carbohydrate and nitrogenous compounds.</i> Amer. Jour. of Botany, Vol. 13: pp. 548-574. + 1926.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Foster, A. C. and Tatman, E. C. <i>Influence of certain + environment conditions of congestion of starch + in tomato plant stems.</i> Jour. of Agr. Research. + Vol. 56, No. 12, pp. 869-882. 1938.</p> +</div> +<h3>Diseases and Insects</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Chupp, Chas. <i>Manual of vegetable-garden diseases.</i> Macmillan. 1925.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Kadow, K. J. and Shropshire, L. H. <i>Tomato diseases + and insect pests. (Identification and control.)</i> Ill. Exp. Sta. Cir. 428. 1935.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Weber, G. F. and Kelbert, D. G. A. <i>Seasonal occurrence + of tomato diseases in Florida.</i> Fla. Sta. Bul. + 345. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Samson, R. W. and Thomas, H. Rex. <i>Tomato diseases + in Indiana.</i> Ind. Exp. Sta. Cir. 257. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Strong, M. C. <i>Tomato diseases in Michigan.</i> Mich. + Exp. Sta. Cir. Bul. 139. 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Young, P. A., Harrison, A. L. and Altstatt, G. E.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> <i>Common diseases of tomatoes.</i> Texas Exp. Sta. + Cir. 86. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Horsfall, J. G., Magie, R. O. and Suit, R. F. <i>Bordeaux + injury to tomatoes and its effect on ripening.</i> N.Y. + Exp. Sta. Geneva. Tech. Bul. 251. 1938.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Ramsey, G. B. and Link, G. K. K. <i>Market diseases + of fruits and vegetables: Tomatoes, peppers, eggplants.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Misc. Pub. 121. 1932.</p> +</div> +<h3>Marketing</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Parsons, F. E. <i>Preparation of fresh tomatoes for market.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Farmers' Bul. 1291. Rev. + 1930.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Wright, R. C. and Gorman, E. A., Jr. <i>Ripening and + repacking of mature green tomatoes.</i> U.S. Dept. + of Agr. Cir. 566. 1940.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Sando, Charles E. <i>The process of ripening in the tomato, + considered especially from the commercial + standpoint.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Bul. 859. 1920.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Wright, R. C., Pentzer, W. T. et al. <i>Effect of various + temperatures on the storage and ripening of tomatoes.</i> U.S. Dept. of Agr. Tech. Bul. 268. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Frazier, W. A. <i>Cracks in tomato fruits.</i> American + Soc. for Hort. Sci. Vol. 32, pp. 519-523. 1934.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Brown, H. D. and Price, C. V. <i>Effect of irrigation, + degree of maturity and shading upon yield and + degree of cracking of tomatoes.</i> Amer. Soc. for Horti. Sci. Vol. 32, pp. 524-528. 1934.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Yarnell, S. H., Friend, W. H. and Wood, J. F. <i>Factors</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> <i>affecting the amount of puffing in tomatoes.</i> Texas Exp. Sta. Bul. 541. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">LeCrone, Freddie and Haber, E. S. <i>Changes in the pectic constituents of tomatoes in storage.</i> Iowa + State College Jour. of Sci. Vol. 12, No. 4. pp. + 467-476. 1933. Good biblio.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Work, Paul. <i>Ethylene ripening of tomatoes in relation + to stage of maturity.</i> Amer. Soc. for Hort. + Sci. 1928. pp. 61-64.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">MacGillivray, J. H. <i>Tomato color as related to quality + in the tomato canning industry.</i> Ind. Exp. Sta. + Bul. 350. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Vogele, A. C. <i>Effect of environmental factors upon + the color of the tomato and the watermelon.</i> Plant + Physiology, Vol. 12, pp. 929-955. 1937.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Lanham, W. B. <i>Effect of potash fertilizer on the carrying + quality of tomatoes.</i> Texas Exp. Sta. Bul. + 357. 1927.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Wardlaw, C. W., and McGuire, L. P. <i>The storage + of tropically-grown tomatoes.</i> (Low Temp. Sta., + Imperial College of Tropical Agr. Trinidad, + B.W.I.) E.M.B. 59. 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Rosa, J. T. <i>Ripening and storage of tomatoes.</i> 1926 + Proceedings of the American Soc. for Hort. Sci. + pp. 1-10.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Haber, E. S. <i>Acidity and color changes in tomatoes + under various storage temperatures.</i> Iowa State + College Jour. of Sci. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 171-184. + 1931.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span></p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Diehl, H. C. <i>The chilling of tomatoes.</i> U.S. Dept. + of Agri. Dept. Cir. 315. 1924.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em"><i>Some problems in marketing tomatoes grown in the + lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.</i> U.S. Dept. + of Agri. Marketing Information Series G.C.M. 4. + 1938.</p> +</div> +<h3>Costs and Economics</h3> +<div class="blockquot"> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Campbell, C. E. <i>An economic study of tomato production + for canning in Arkansas.</i> Ark. Exp. Sta. + Bul. 225. 1928.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Walker, W. P. <i>An economic study of the production + of tomatoes in Maryland.</i> Md. Exp. Sta. Bul. 304. + 1929.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Montgomery, T. M. Jr., and Efferson, J. N. <i>A cost of + production study of tomatoes in North Louisiana, + 1939.</i> La. Exp. Sta. Bul. 329. 1941.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Carncross, J. W., Cathcart, C. S. et al. <i>Economic review + of New Jersey Agriculture.</i> Ext. Service No. + 72. pp. 89-96. 1931.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Carncross, J. W. and Nissley, C. H. <i>New Jersey Can-house + tomato production.</i> Costs and recommendations + for 1932. N.J. Ext. Bul. 96. 1932.</p> + <p style="text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em">Hawthorne, H. W. <i>Cost of production of tomatoes + (20 states 1913-1934) Mimeo.</i> Bul. of Agr. Eco., + U.S. Dept. of Agr., Nov. 1936.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INDEX</h2> +<p style="margin-left: 25%">Ammo-phos, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Aphis, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> + <br /> + Arnon, D. I., <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Arthur, J. M., <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Barrons, K. C., <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Bison, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Blight, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + <br /> + Blocking plants, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Blossom end rot, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> + <br /> + Bonny Best, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Botany, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Bounty, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Breeding, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Cannery, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> + <br /> + Carbohydrate, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Car loading, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> + <br /> + Certification, plants, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Certification, seeds, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + <br /> + Chalk Jewel, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Chili sauce, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Chromosomes, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + <br /> + Climate, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> + <br /> + Cochran, H. L., <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Cold frames, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Comet, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Composition, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Compost, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Condiments, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + Costs, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> + <br /> + Cracking, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> + <br /> + Crown Seed, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Cultivation, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Curly top, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + <br /> + Cut worms, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Damping off, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> + <br /> + Description of tomato, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Determinate habit, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + <br /> + Dirt bands, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> + <br /> + Diseases, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Earliana, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Earliness, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Economics, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> + <br /> + Embryo, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Emerson, R. A., <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Fertilization, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Field containers, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> + <br /> + Flats for plants, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Flea beetles, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> + <br /> + Floral characters, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> + <br /> + Forcing, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Fruitfulness, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Fruit worm, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> + <br /> + Fusarium, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Geography, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> + <br /> + Germination, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Grading, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> + <br /> + Greater Baltimore, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Green wraps, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenhouse culture, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Greenhouses for plant growing, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> + <br /> + Ground cherry, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Gulf State Market, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Guthrie, J. D., <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Hardening, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> + <br /> + Harvesting, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> + <br /> + Harvey, R. B., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Hepler, J. H., <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> Heterosis, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + History, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> + <br /> + Hitchcock, A. E., <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Hoagland, D. R., <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Home garden, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> + <br /> + Home Garden, variety, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Horn worms, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> + <br /> + Hot beds, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> + <br /> + Howlett, F. S., <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Husk tomato, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Hybrid vigor, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Ideal variety, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> + <br /> + Immature green, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> + <br /> + Insects, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> + <br /> + Internal nutrition, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Irrigation, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Jamison, F. S., <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> + <br /> + John Baer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Juice, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Ketchup, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + King Humbert, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Klebs, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Kraus, E. J., <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Kraybill, H. R., <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Lanham, W. B., <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + <br /> + Leaf blight, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + <br /> + Lime, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Lindstrom, E. W., <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> + <br /> + Longevity, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Loomis, W. E., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Lug box, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + MacGillivray, J. H., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> + <br /> + Mack, W. B., <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Manure, animal, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + <br /> + Marglobe, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Market diseases, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> + <br /> + Marketing, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> + <br /> + Mature green, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> + <br /> + Maturity, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> + <br /> + Mosaic, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + <br /> + Mulch, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> + <br /> + Murneek, A. E., <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Myers, C. E., <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Newell, J. M., <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> + <br /> + Nitrogen, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Nutritive value, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Packing, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> + <br /> + Parthenocarpy, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Penn State, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Per capita consumption, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Phosphorus, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Physalis, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Placement of fertilizer, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Plant beds, open, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Plants for transplanting, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> + <br /> + Pollination, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Ponderosa, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Potash, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> + <br /> + Potassium nitrate, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Potato beetle, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> + <br /> + Pots, clay, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Pots, paper, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> + <br /> + Price, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Pritchard, variety, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + Pritchard, F. J., Frontispiece, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#i085">87</a><br /> + <br /> + Protectors, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> + <br /> + Pruning, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> + <br /> + Puffiness, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> + <br /> + Purdum, L. W., & Sons, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> + <br /> + Puree and paste, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Rahn, E. M., <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + References, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> + <br /> + Requirements, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> + <br /> + Ripening, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> + <br /> + Roadside selling, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> + <br /> + Rosa, J. T., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> + <br /> + Running to vine, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> Rutgers, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Sando, C. E., <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> + <br /> + San Marzano, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> + <br /> + Saving seed, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Sayre, C. B., <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Scarlet Dawn, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Seed, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> + <br /> + Seed Sowing, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Seed treatment, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Seedless fruits, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> + <br /> + Selection, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> + <br /> + Selling, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> + <br /> + Septoria, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> + <br /> + Setting fruit, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Side dressing, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Smith, Ora, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> + <br /> + Soil, field, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> + <br /> + Soil, plant growing, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> + <br /> + Solution culture, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Southern plants, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br /> + <br /> + Spacing in field, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> + <br /> + Staking, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> + <br /> + Stalk borer, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> + <br /> + Starter solutions, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> + <br /> + Statistics, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> + <br /> + Sterilizing soil, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> + <br /> + Stokesdale, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> + <br /> + Stout, G. J., <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> + <br /> + Sunscald, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Temperature for plant growing, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Thompson, H. C, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> + <br /> + Tiedjens, V. H., <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> + <br /> + Training, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> + <br /> + Transplanters, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Transplanting, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Trellis system, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Uses, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Varieties, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> + <br /> + Vegetation and fruitfulness, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> + <br /> + Victor, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Virus, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Water culture, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> + <br /> + Watering, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> + <br /> + Watering plants, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> + <br /> + Watts, V. M., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> + <br /> + Wellington, Richard, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> + <br /> + Work, Paul, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> + <br /> + Wright, R. C., <a href="#Page_98">98</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Yeager, A. F., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> + <br /> + Yellows (See also fusarium), <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> + <br /> + Yield, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> + <br /> + <br /> + Zimmerman, P. W., <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Hoagland, D. R. and Arnon, D. I. The water culture method + for growing plants without soil. Calif. Exp. Sta. Cir. 347. Dec. + 1938.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Arthur, J. M., Guthrie, J. D. and Newell, J. M. Some effects + of artificial climates on the growth and chemical composition of + plants. Amer. Jour. Bot. 17:416-482. 1930.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Smith, Ora and Cochran, H. L. Effect of temperature on pollen + germination and tube growth in the tomato. Cornell Memoir 175. + 1935.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Howlett, F. S. Use of chemicals to stimulate fruitfulness in + tomatoes. Veg. Growers Asso. of America Rept. 1941, pp. 203-214. + 1941. </p> + <p> Zimmerman, P. W. and Hitchcock, A. E. Formative effects induced + with B-Naphthoxyacetic acid. Contribution from Boyce + Thompson Inst. Vol. 12 #1, April-June, 1941.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Fertilizer recommendations are best given in form of pounds + per acre of nitrogen (N), phosphoric acid (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) and potash (K<sub>2</sub>O). + These figures are then translated into pounds per acre of materials + or of mixed fertilizers.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Kraus, E. J. and Kraybill, H. R. Vegetation and reproduction + with special reference to the tomato. Oreg. Bul. 149. 1918.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Work, Paul. Nitrate of Soda in the nutrition of the tomato. + Cornell Memoir 75. 1924.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Murneek, A. E. The effects of fruit on vegetative growth in + plants. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Rpt. 1924, pp. 274-276.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> MacGillivray, J. H. Effect of phosphorus on the composition of + the tomato plant. Jour. Agr. Res. 34: 97-127. 1927.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Hepler, J. H. and Kraybill, H. R. Effect of phosphorus upon + yield and maturity of the tomato. N.H. Tech. Bul. 28. 1925.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Mack, W. B., Stout, G. J., and Rahn, E. M. Fertilizer experiments + with tomatoes. Penn. Exp. Sta. Bul. 393. 1940.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Sayre, C. B. Starter Solutions. Farm Research (N.Y. Expt. Sta.) + Vols. V, VI, and VII, No. 2, April, 1939, 1940, and 1941.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Wellington, Richard. Comparison of first generation tomato + crosses and their parents. Minn. Tech. Bul. 6. 1922.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Loomis, W. E. Studies in the transplanting of vegetable plants. + Cornell Memoir 87. 1925.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Watts, V. M. Factors affecting production of wrinkled tomato + fruits. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 30: 513-517. 1934.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Emerson, R. A. Experiments in mulching garden vegetables. + Neb. Bul. 80. 1903.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Thompson, H. C. Pruning and training tomatoes. Cornell Sta. + Bul. 580. 1934.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> MacGillivray, J. H. Tomato color as related to quality in canning. + Ind. Bul. 350. 1931.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Sando, C. E. The process of ripening in the tomato, considered + especially from the commercial standpoint. U.S.D.A. Bul. 859. + 1920.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Wright, R. C. et al. Effect of various storage temperatures on + storage and ripening of tomatoes. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bul. 268. 1931.</p> +</div> +<div class="footnote"> + <p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Platenius, H., Jamison, F. S., and Thompson, H. C. Studies on + cold storage of vegetables. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 602. 1934.</p> + <p> </p> +</div> +<div class="technt"> + + <h2>Transcriber's Notes. </h2> + <p>This file was derived from scanned images. With the exception of the + alterations listed, the original + text is presented. </p> + <p>In an attempt to present the book titles listed in 'Selected References' in a more readable form the titles have been italicised. They do not appear as such in the original printed example. </p> + <p>Hyphenation has been standardized.</p> + <p><br /> + </p> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Tomato, by Paul Work + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TOMATO *** + +***** This file should be named 38051-h.htm or 38051-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/0/5/38051/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Betsie Bush, Scanned by Ray +Bush and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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