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diff --git a/38048-h/38048-h.htm b/38048-h/38048-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8aba610 --- /dev/null +++ b/38048-h/38048-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,10461 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<HTML><HEAD> + <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> + <title>Mary Queen of Scots, Arranged and Edited By Robert C Rait. A Project Gutenberg eBook</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + +.smaller {font-size:small;} + +.larger {font-size:large;} + +.padtop {margin-top:4em;} + +.combination {display: inline; font-size: 100%; white-space: nowrap;} +.above {position: relative; margin: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align: 0.5em; font-size: 100%; white-space: nowrap;} +.below {position: relative; margin-left: -2em; padding: 0; vertical-align: -0.5em; font-size: 100%; white-space: nowrap;} +.belowlong {position: relative; margin-left: -10.5em; padding: 0; vertical-align: -0.5em; font-size: 100%; white-space: nowrap;} +.moustache {font-size: 200%; vertical-align: -0.1em;} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ +blockquote { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} +.blockqt { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} +.blockqtrt { + margin-left:60%; + margin-right: 2%; +} +.blockqtin { + margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.greynote { + width: 60%; + padding-bottom: .5em; + padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; + color: black; + background: #eeeeee; + border: dashed 0px; +} +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.rightnote { + margin-left: 2em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: right; +} +/* Footnotes */ +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} +.footnote .labelb {position: absolute; right: 78%; text-align: right;} +.footnote .labelc {position: absolute; right: 72%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Robert S. Rait + +Release Date: November 18, 2011 [EBook #38048] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587 *** + + + + +Produced by Susan Skinner, Hazel Batey and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + This E text uses UTF-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes, + quotation marks and words with ligature oe {cœur} in this paragraph + appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or + unavailable fonts. First, make sure that your browser’s “character + set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need + to change the default font.<br><br> +<hr style="width: 65%;"><br> + + + +<p class="center">SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY<br>WRITERS</p><br> +<p class='center'>NO. II.</p><br> + +<h1>Mary Queen of Scots</h1> +<br> + + + +<p><b>ENGLISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.</b> Edited +by Prof. <span class="smcap">F. York Powell</span>. In 16mo volumes, averaging 200 +pages, with illustrations, neatly bound in cloth, cut flush, or cloth, +uncut edges, comprising extracts from the Chronicles, State Papers, +and Memoirs of the time, chronologically arranged. With Introductions, +Notes, Accounts of Authorities, Tables, Maps, Illustrations, +etc.</p> + +<blockquote><p><b>Edward III. and his Wars</b> (1327-1360). Edited by <span class="smcap">W. J. Ashley</span>, M.A. +Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>The Misrule of Henry III.</b> (1236-1251). Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">W. H. +Hutton</span>, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>Strongbow's Conquest of Ireland.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">F. P. Barnard</span>, M.A. Cut +edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>Simon of Montfort and his Cause</b> (1251-1265). Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">W. +H. Hutton</span>, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>The Crusade of Richard I.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">T. A. Archer</span>. 396 pp. Cut edges, +2s.; uncut edges, 2s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>S. Thomas of Canterbury.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">W. H. Hutton</span>. 286 pp. Cut edges, +1s. 6d.; uncut edges, 2s.</p> + +<p><b>England under Charles II., from the Restoration to the Treaty of +Nimwegen.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">W. Taylor</span>. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>The Wars of the Roses.</b> Edited by Miss <span class="smcap">E. Thompson</span>. 180 pp. 1892. Cut +edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>The Jews of Angevin England.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Jacobs</span>. xxix, 425 pp. +1893. Cut edges, 4s.; uncut edges, 4s. 6d.</p> + +<p><b>King Alfred.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">F. York Powell</span>. <i>In the Press.</i></p></blockquote> + +<p><b>SCOTTISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.</b></p> + +<blockquote><p><b>The Days of James IV.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">G. Gregory Smith</span>, M.A. 1891. Cut +edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</blockquote> + +<blockquote><p><b>Mary Queen of Scots.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">R. S. Rait</span>. 1899. Cut edges, 2s.; +elegant cloth cover, top gilt, edges trimmed, 3s.</p></blockquote> +<br> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;"><a name="BLAIRS" id="BLAIRS"></a> +<img src="images/illus_001.jpg" width="348" height="453" alt="" title=""> +<span class="caption">THE BLAIRS PORTRAIT.</span> +</div> +<br><p class='padtop smaller center'>SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY<br>WRITERS. No. II.</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;"> +<h2>Mary</h2> +<h2>Queen of Scots</h2> +<p class='larger center'>1542-1587</p> + +<p class='padtop center'><i>Extracts from the English, Spanish, and Venetian<br> State Papers, + Buchanan, Knox, Lesley, Melville,<br> The "Diurnal of Occurrents," Nau, + &c. &c.</i></p> + +<p class='padtop smaller center'>ARRANGED AND EDITED BY</p> +<p class='larger center'>ROBERT S. RAIT</p> +<p class='smaller center'>M.A. (ABERDON.) EXHIBITIONER OF</p> +<p class='smaller center'>NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD</p> + + +<p class='padtop center'>LONDON</p> +<p class='center'>DAVID NUTT, 270-71 STRAND</p> +<p class='center'>1899</p> + +<p class='padtop smaller center'>Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.</span><br> At the Ballantyne Press + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<br><br> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>The life of the Queen of Scots presents so many +different lines of interest, that, in a volume of the +present size, it is necessary to make and adhere to +a selection from among the numerous possible varieties +of treatment. The attention of the reader has, +therefore, been concentrated upon the six active +years in Mary's life, from her arrival in Scotland in +August 1561, to her imprisonment in Lochleven +Castle in June 1567. Documents bearing on the +"English Wooing" and the other events of Mary's +minority and residence in France have, accordingly, +been omitted, except in so far as they are required +for an intelligible introduction to the main theme of +the book. Most of them, indeed, would be more +relevant to a volume having for its subject the history +of the Scottish Reformation. It is hoped that such +extracts as have been chosen will, with the connecting +notes, be sufficient to indicate the position of affairs +in 1561. The struggle which had convulsed Scotland +for twenty years, was, on its theoretical side, a contest +between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. On +its practical side, it was a rivalry between two political<span class="pagenum">[Pg vi]</span> +parties; the one, headed by the Queen-Dowager, +Mary of Guise, and Cardinal Beaton, aiming at the +maintenance of the ancient alliance with France; +and the other, led by the Protestant nobles and the +reformed clergy, striving towards an understanding +with England. Before Mary's arrival, the popular, +or English Party, had made good its position, and +the understanding between the nobles and Queen +Elizabeth continued undisturbed. Such wish or power +as Mary possessed for the re-establishment of a definite +alliance with France, was lessened by her personal +dislike to Catharine de Medici, and by her +position as nearest heir to the English throne.</p> + +<p>The Editor's main aim has been to place before the +reader, as fairly as possible, the evidence for the +divergent views of Mary's life and character. For +this purpose, considerable space has been devoted to +the Conferences at York and Westminster, in 1568 +and 1569, which, although themselves outside the +period specially chosen, yet refer to the events that +fall within it. The selection of extracts has also +been influenced by a desire to give prominence to +the condition of Scotland at the time, and to the +religious difficulty associated with the person of John +Knox; while an attempt has been made to bring into +relief the personality of the rival queens.</p> + +<p>The Editor desires to acknowledge the courtesy of +the Right Reverend Monsignor Chisholm, Rector of +Blairs College, Bishop-Designate of Aberdeen, who<span class="pagenum">[Pg vii]</span> +has sanctioned the reproduction of the Blairs portrait. +He has also to acknowledge the assistance of Professor +W. L. Davidson of Aberdeen; Mr. Herbert Fisher, +Fellow of New College; and the Editor of the series, +who have read the proof-sheets. Mr. Swinburne's +translation of Mary's last poem (<a href="#Poem">p. 239</a>) is printed +by kind permission, and Mr. T. F. Henderson has +allowed the Editor to use the Documents first printed +in his "Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots."</p> + +<p class="rightnote">R. S. R.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">New College, Oxford</span>,<br><span class="blockqt"> +<i>February 1899</i>.</span></p><br> + +<br> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg ix]</span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2><br> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right">Sect.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="right">Page.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_I">I.</a></td><td align="left">FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE</td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_II">II.</a></td><td align="left">FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE</td><td align="right">17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_III">III.</a></td><td align="left">FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER</td><td align="right">57</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_IV">IV.</a></td><td align="left">MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY</td><td align="right">81</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_V">V.</a></td><td align="left">FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND</td><td align="right">114</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_VI">VI.</a></td><td align="left">THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER</td><td align="right">132</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_VII">VII.</a></td><td align="left">THE DOCUMENTS</td><td align="right">162</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_VIII">VIII.</a></td><td align="left">THE END</td><td align="right">225</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left"><a href="#APPENDICES">APPENDICES</a></td><td align="right">249</td></tr> +</table></div><br> +<br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg ix]</span></p> + +<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#BLAIRS">1.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Queen Mary</span> (<i>From the painting preserved in St. Mary's College,</i></td><td align="right"><i>Frontispiece</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#LINLITHGOW">2.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Linlithgow Palace</span></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#HOLYROOD">3.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Holyrood House</span> (<i>The north-west end of Holyrood, shown in the foreground, contains Queen Mary's rooms.</i>)</td><td align="right">20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#MONOGRAM">4.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Queen Mary's Signet Ring</span> (<i>Preserved in the British Museum.</i>) <span class="smcap">Facsimile of Queen Mary's Signature and Monogram</span></td><td align="right">83</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#LOCHLEVEN">5.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lochleven Castle</span></td><td align="right">125<br></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#BELL">6.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Handbell used by Queen Mary</span></td><td align="right">238</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#EFFIGY">7.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Effigy of Queen Mary in Westminster Abbey</span> (<i>Erected by her son, King James, in 1612.</i>)</td><td align="right">246</td></tr> +</table></div> +<blockquote><i>Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are from photographs by Messrs. Wilson,<br> +Aberdeen; Nos. 4 and 6 by Messrs. Taunt, Oxford. For full<br> +information regarding Nos. 4 and 6, see "Catalogue of Antiquities"<br> +&c., exhibited in the Museum of the Archæological Institute of<br> +Great Britain and Ireland, 1856, pp. 169-182 (Edin. 1859).</i></blockquote><br> +<br> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="LINLITHGOW" id="LINLITHGOW"></a> +<img src="images/illus_002.jpg" width="402" height="229" alt="" title=""> +<span class="caption">LINLITHGOW PALACE, QUEEN MARY'S BIRTHPLACE.</span> +</div><p><br> +<hr style="width: 65%;"> + +<h2>Mary Queen of Scots</h2> +<h2><a name="SECTION_I" id="SECTION_I"></a>SECTION I</h2> +<h3>FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE</h3><br> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Lindsay">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Lindsay's account of her birth and her father's death.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Education">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Her education and character in France.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Letter of the Privy Council of Scotland.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Conn's List of her accomplishments.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#betrothal">3.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Lesley's account of her Betrothal and Marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#death">4.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Lesley's account of the death of Mary of Guise.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Treaty">5.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">The disputed clause in the Treaty of Edinburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#REFORMATION">6.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Act of the Scots Parliament establishing the Reformation.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Francis">7.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Quotations from the English and Venetian diplomatic correspondence narrating</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Death of Francis II., and its effect on Mary.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The negotiations between Elizabeth and Mary.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The attempt to capture Mary on her way to Leith.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<br> +<h2><a name="Lindsay" id="Lindsay"></a>The Birth of the Queen.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"> +<i>Lindsay of Pitscottie: History of Scotland</i>, Ed. of 1778, p. 275.<br></p> + +<blockquote><p>[Mary was born at Linlithgow on December 2nd, 1542. Her father, +James V., was dying at Falkland, broken-hearted after the defeat at +Solway Moss. The reference in the following<span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span> +passage is, of course, to the succession of the House of Stewart +to the Crown, through Marjory Bruce. King James died on +December 8th.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>DEATH OF JAMES V.</i></div> + +<p>By this the post came to the King out of Linlithgow, +showing to him good tidings, that the Queen +was delivered. The King enquired whether it was a +man-child or a woman. The messenger said: "It is +a fair daughter." The King answered: "Adieu, farewell; +it came with a lass and it will pass with a lass." +And so he recommended himself to the mercy of +Almighty God, and spake little from that time forth, +but turned his back unto his lords, and his face unto +the wall.... In this manner he departed.... He +turned him upon his back, and looked, and beheld +all his nobles and lords about him, and gave a little +smile of laughter, then kissed his hand, and offered +the same to all his nobles round about him; thereafter +held up his hands to God, and yielded his spirit +to God.</p> + +<blockquote><p>On the death of James V. the Earl of Arran was made Regent, and +negotiations were commenced by Henry VIII. for the marriage of the +infant Queen of Scots to his son, afterwards Edward VI. After much +discussion, a treaty to this effect was concluded in July 1543 +between the Scots and English Commissioners. The relations of the +two countries, however, almost immediately became strained, and war +broke out in the end of the year, and in 1547 a treaty of alliance +was made between Scotland and France against England, the Scots to +receive French help against the English forces, and to marry their +Queen to the Dauphin. Mary landed in France in August 1548. The Earl +of Arran was made Duke of Chatelherault by Henry II., but ceased to +be Governor of Scotland in April 1554, when the Queen Mother, Mary +of Guise, became Regent.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE LITTLE QUEEN</i></div> + +<h2>1550—April. Queen Mary's Life in France—Character of the Queen.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Register of the Privy Council of Scotland.</i></p> + +<p><i>Item.</i>—Thereafter the said Master of Erskine shall +report to the King {of France}, how rejoiced the +Queen's Grace and my Lord Governor were of the +news of our Sovereign Lady's welfare, and to hear +that the King's Highness was so well contented with +her Grace, and that she was so able to increase in +virtue, and that the King's Majesty takes such consolation, +seeing the beginning of her up-bringing to +have been so good, that he hopes some day to see +his son the husband of one of the most virtuous +princes that man can desire: beseeching God of His +infinite goodness that His Highness may see not only +the thing that his noble heart desires, but also that +our Sovereign Lady be after this so endued with the +graces of God that she may by her birth {offspring} +make his Highness to be called the grandfather of +one of the most virtuous princes in the world, and +king long to reign prosperously over both realms.</p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>HER ACCOMPLISHMENTS</i></div> + +<h2>Her <a name="Education" id="Education"></a>Education and Accomplishments.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Conaeus.</i> (<i>Jebb: De Vita ac Rebus</i>, vol. ii. p. 15.)</p> + +<p>Her main course of study was directed towards +the attainment of the best European languages. So +graceful was her French that the judgment of the +most learned men recognised her command of the +language; nor did she neglect Spanish or Italian, +although she aimed rather at an useful knowledge<span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span> +than at a pretentious fluency. She followed Latin +more readily than she spoke it. The charm of her +poetry owed nothing to art. Her penmanship was +clear, and (what is rare in a woman) swift. Her +excellence in singing arose from a natural, not an +acquired, ability to modulate her voice: the instruments +she played were the cittern, the harp, and the +harpsichord. Being very agile, she danced admirably +to a musical accompaniment, yet with beauty +and comeliness, for the silent and gentle movement +of her limbs kept time to the harmony of the chords. +She devoted herself to learning to ride so far as it is +necessary for travelling or for her favourite exercise +of hunting, thinking anything further more fitted for +a man than for a woman.... Several tapestries +worked by her with wonderful skill are yet to be seen +in France, dedicated to the altars of God, especially +in the monastery in which she was nurtured on her +first arrival in the kingdom.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE "HANDFASTING"</i></div> + +<h2>1558.—April. Mary's <a name="betrothal" id="betrothal"></a>Betrothal and Marriage to the Dauphin.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Lesley's History of Scotland</i> (<i>Bannatyne Club</i>, pp. 264-5).</p> + +<p>All things necessary for the marriage of the Queen +of Scots with the Dauphin being prepared, and the +whole nobility and estates of the realm being convened +at Paris, upon the 20th day of April 1558, in the +great hall of the palace of the Louvre, in presence +of King Henry of France, of the Queen his wife, and +a great number of cardinals, dukes, earls, bishops, +and noblemen, the "fianzellis," otherwise called the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span> +handfasting {betrothal}, was made with great triumph, +by the Cardinal of Lorraine, between the excellent +young Prince Francis, eldest son to the most valiant, +courageous, and victorious prince, Henry, King of +France, and Mary, Queen, inheritor of the realm of +Scotland, one of the fairest, most civil and virtuous +princesses of the whole world, with great solemnity, +triumph, and banqueting; and upon the next Sunday, +being the 24th of April, the marriage was +solemnised and completed betwixt them by the Cardinal +of Bourbon, Archbishop of Rouen, in Notre +Dame Kirk of Paris; where the Bishop of Paris +made a very learned and eloquent sermon, in presence +and assistance of the King, Queen, and many prelates, +noblemen, ladies, and gentlemen of all estates +and callings, with most excellent triumph, and the +heralds crying with loud voices three sundry times, +"Largess"; casting to the people great quantity of +gold and silver of all kinds and sorts of coin, where +there was great tumult of people, every one troubling +and pressing others for greediness to get some part +of the money. After which there were as great +solemnities used in the kirk, with as great dignity +and reverence as was possible, which being done, +they entered into the bishop's palace, where there +was a sumptuous and princely dinner prepared for +the whole company; and after they had dined, there +was used a princely dancing, called the ball royal, +to the great comfort and pleasure of all being there +present; and how soon the ball was ended, they +passed to the great hall of the palace royal, where +they supped with so great magnificence, pomp, and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span> +triumph, that none of the assistance there had ever +seen the like; and there presently was given to the +Dauphin the title of King Dauphin, so that he +and the Queen were called the King and Queen +Dauphin.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>PROGRESS OF EVENTS</i></div> + +<blockquote><p>[In connection with the marriage settlements, an assurance +was given to the Scots Parliament of the maintenance of its +liberties, and of the succession of the nearest heir, in case of +Mary's death without issue. (<i>Acts</i> ii. 508-519.) But, at the +same time, Mary was induced to sign three documents transferring +her rights, in case of her decease without issue, to +the King of France, his heirs and successors. See Labanoff, +"Lettres, Instructiones et Mémoires de Marie Stuart," vol. i. +pp. 50-56.]</p> + +<p>Events moved rapidly between 1558 and Mary's return to +Scotland in 1561. In November 1558 Mary Tudor died, and +Henry II. caused Francis and Mary to assume the arms of +England. In June 1559 Henry II. died, and Francis II. succeeded. +Meanwhile, in Scotland, the Reformation was making +progress. In 1559 the Protestants formed themselves into "the +Congregation of the Lord," and signed the National Covenant +to abolish Roman Catholicism. After the death of Henry II., +when it seemed probable that the Guises would guide the +government of Scotland, the discontent broke into open rebellion. +The insurgents obtained help from Elizabeth, and proposed +a marriage between the English Queen and the Earl of +Arran, the heir of the Duke of Chatelherault, who stood next in +the order of succession to the Scottish throne. The Queen-Dowager +took refuge in Edinburgh Castle, and had the assistance +of French troops. The Lords of the Congregation and +their English allies commenced the siege of Leith, but with +small success. The illness of Mary of Guise led to the conclusion +of peace, and to the formulating of the Treaty of Edinburgh, +which was the cause of a long dispute between Elizabeth and +Mary Stuart.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span></p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A RECONCILIATION</i></div> + +<h2>1560.—June 11. The <a name="death" id="death"></a>Death of the Queen Regent.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Lesley's History of Scotland, Dalrymple's Translation, Scottish +Text Society</i>, vol. ii. pp. 439-441.</p> + +<p>Now the Queen Regent, almost at an end, through +force of her sickness, for she was infected with sore +sickness, commands all the nobility of both the parties +to be brought before her, who were in Edinburgh. +And to them she declared and plainly showed the +necessity of peace and concord between them, how +great it was. She related the old bond of the perpetual +friendship that was ever between Scots and +French, lately confirmed by the matrimony and marriage +of the Queen's daughter, and how or what way +they should keep it with all diligence.... She affirms +it above all things most necessary that they see to it, +that as soon as the conditions are agreed upon, both +English and French in haste pass out of Scotland, +lest that if only the Frenchmen go, the Englishmen +come in haste in greater companies upon the Scots +borders, and invade them in earnest. All the gentlemen +severally she persuades, that before all they +remember the privilege of their nation and native +country. When she had said this she burst into a +torrent of tears. Of those whom she thought she +had in any way offended she very gently asks pardon. +And to them by whom in any way she was offended +she wishes all kindness, gives her blessing, and with +all her heart her everlasting benison, as we call it. +To show and plainly declare that what she here said +was unfeigned, and without all kind of dissimulation,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span> +she receives all her nobles with all pleasure, with a +pleasant countenance, and even embraces them with +the kiss of love. With all the rest she shakes hands, +... so that there was none of so hard a heart, or +stout a stomach, or adamant a mind in all that company, +whom to think of moved not to tears.... +But the next day, which was Monday, she died and +departed this life.</p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE TREATY OF EDINBURGH</i></div> + +<h2>1560.—July. The <a name="Treaty" id="Treaty"></a>Treaty of Edinburgh.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Rymer's Fœdera</i>, vol. xv. p. 594.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The Treaty of Edinburgh provided that both the French soldiers who +had come to help the Queen Regent, and the English soldiers who +aided the insurgents, should leave the kingdom, and it renounced +Mary's claim to the throne of England: whether absolutely or only +with reference to Elizabeth, is a matter of dispute. The clauses to +which Mary objected are here quoted.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>... It is agreed that the said most Christian +King and Queen Mary, and each of them, abstain +henceforth from using the said title and bearing the +arms of the kingdom of England or of Ireland, and +that they will forbid and prohibit their subjects, so +that no one in the kingdom of France and Scotland +and their provinces, or in any part of them, do in +any way use the said title or arms, and that they +will, as far as possible, provide and guard that nobody +in any way commingle the said arms with the arms +of the kingdoms of France and Scotland.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 9]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE SCOTTISH <a name="REFORMATION" id="REFORMATION"></a>REFORMATION</i></div> + +<h2>The Abolition of Roman Catholicism by the Scottish Parliament.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Acts of Parliament of Scotland</i>, August 24, 1560.</p> + +<p>Therefore it is statute and ordained in this present +Parliament ... that no manner of person or persons +say mass, nor yet hear mass, nor be present +thereat, under the pain of confiscation of all their +goods, moveable and unmoveable, and punishing of +their bodies at the discretion of the magistrate within +whose jurisdiction such persons happen to be apprehended, +for the first fault; Banishment from the +Realm, for the second fault; and justifying to the +deed {<i>i.e.</i> capital punishment} for the third fault. +And ordains all sheriffs, stewards, baillies, and their +deputies, provosts and baillies of burghs, and other +judges whatsoever within this realm, to take diligent +suit and inquisition within their bounds, when any +such usurped ministry is in use, mass-saying, or they +that be present at the doing thereof, ratifying and +approving the same, and take and apprehend them +to the effect that the pains above written may be +executed upon them.</p> +<br> + +<h2>December 15. The Death of <a name="Francis" id="Francis"></a>Francis II.</h2> + +<p class = "rightnote"><i>Venetian Calendar</i>, vol. vii. December 3, 1560.</p> + +<p>Michiel Surian, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.</p> + +<p>On the 1st instant I informed your Serenity that +the king was worse, and this last night I wrote that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span> +his life was despaired of. He now still continues +lingering without any other hope than in the mercy +of God.... The whole Court is now constantly +engaged at prayers, and processions are being made +in all the churches of the city.</p> + +<p class="rightnote">December 6.</p> + +<p>It has pleased our Lord God that the most +Christian King, last night a little before midnight, +should pass to a better life, and end the agony in +which he lay from Saturday evening until the day +of his death.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>A DOLOROUS WIFE</i></div> + +<h2>1560.—December 6. Mary's Devotion to Francis II.</h2> + +<p class = "rightnote"><i>Throckmorton to Elizabeth. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth.</i></p> + +<p>The 6th of this present, at eleven of the clock +at night, he departed to God, leaving as heavy and +dolorous a wife, as of right she had good cause to be, +who by long watching with him during his sickness, +and painful diligence about him, and specially by +the issue thereof, is not in best tune of her body, but +without danger.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>LA REINE BLANCHE</i></div> + +<h2>1560.—December 31. Proposals for Mary's Return to Scotland, and for a +Second Marriage.</h2> + +<p class = "rightnote"><i>Throckmorton to the Council. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth.</i></p> + +<p>Now that death hath thus disposed of the late +French King, whereby the Scottish Queen is left a +widow, one of the special things your Lordships have<span class="pagenum">[Pg 11]</span> +to consider, and to have an eye to, is the marriage of +that Queen. During her husband's life there was no +great account made of her, for that being under bond +of marriage and subjection of her husband (who +carried the burden and care of all matters) there was +offered no great occasion to know what was in her. +But since her husband's death she hath showed (and +so continueth) that she is both of great wisdom for +her years, modesty, and also of great judgment in +the wise handling herself and her matters, which, +increasing with her years, cannot but turn greatly to +her commendation, reputation, honour, and great +benefit of her and her country.... Immediately +upon her husband's death she changed her lodging, +withdrew herself from all company, and became so +solitary and exempt of all worldliness that she doth +not to this day see daylight, and so will continue out +forty days.</p> +<br> + +<h2>1561.—June 13. Mary's Intentions Regarding Religion on her Return.</h2> +<p class = "rightnote"><i>Throckmorton to the Queen. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth.</i><br></p> + +<p>"Well," said she {Mary}, "I will be plain with +you, and tell you what I would all the world should +think of me. The religion that I profess I take to +be most acceptable to God, and, indeed, neither do I +know, nor desire to know, any other. Constancy +doth become most folks well, but none better than +princes and such as hath rule over realms, and especially +in the matter of religion. I have been brought<span class="pagenum">[Pg 12]</span> +up in this religion, and who might credit me in anything +if I should show myself light in this case?"</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>REQUEST FOR A PASSPORT</i></div> + +<p class= "rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i>, July 11.<br> +</p> + +<p>The Queen of Scotland, Queen Dowager of +France, desires to obtain the following from her +good sister, the Queen of England, and has charged +M. D'Oysel to the same effect:—</p> + +<p>1. A passport for her, with a clause that if she +arrives in any part of England, she may tarry there, +and purchase provisions and necessaries, and if it +seems good to her, that she may leave her ships and +pass by land to Scotland.</p> + +<p>2. Another safe conduct for her to pass through +England to Scotland with her train, and one hundred +horses, mules, &c.</p> + +<p>3. Another safe conduct, with commission for the +said M. D'Oysel to go and return through England +to Scotland.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[D'Oysel had an interview with Elizabeth, who inquired about the +ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh, and declined to grant the +safe-conduct "except she (Mary) shall first accord to do those +things that by her promise, under her hand and seal, she is bound to +do."—<i>Foreign Calendar, July 13th, 1561.</i>]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>A WORDY WARFARE</i></div> + +<h2>1561.—July 26. Throckmorton to Queen Elizabeth.</h2> + +<p class= "rightnote"><i>Cabala</i>, pp. 345-349.<br></p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>LANGUAGE THAT BECOMETH A QUEEN</i></div> + +<p>... The 20th of this present, in the afternoon, I +had access to the said Queen of Scotland ... the +said Queen sat down, and made me sit also by her; +she then commanded all the audience to retire them<span class="pagenum">[Pg 13]</span> +further off, and said: Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I +know not well my own infirmity, nor how far I may +with my passion be transported, but I like not to +have so many witnesses of my passions, as the +Queen, your mistress, was content to have when she +talked with Monsieur d'Oysel. There is nothing +that doth more grieve me, than that I did so forget +myself, as to require of the Queen, your mistress, +that favour which I had no need to ask; I needed +no more to have made her privy to my journey, than +she doth me of hers; I may well enough pass home +into my own realm, I think, without her passport or +license; for though the late King, your master (said +she), used all the impeachment he could both to +stay me and to catch me when I came hither, yet you +know, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I came hither safely, +and I may have as good means to help me home +again as I had to come hither, if I would employ +my friends.... Let the Queen, your mistress, think +that it will be thought very strange amongst all princes +and countries, that she should first animate my subjects +against me, and now being widow, to impeach +my going into my own country. I ask her nothing +but friendship. I do not trouble her State, nor +practise with her subjects; and yet I know there +be in her realm that be inclined enough to bear +offers; I know also they be not of the mind she is +of, neither in religion or other things. The Queen, +your mistress, doth say that I am young and do lack +experience! indeed (quoth she), I confess, I am +younger than she is, and do want experience. But I +have age enough and experience to use myself towards<span class="pagenum">[Pg 14]</span> +my friends and kinsfolks friendly and uprightly; and +I trust my discretion shall not so fail me, that my +passion shall move me to use other language of +her than it becometh of a Queen, and my next kinswoman.... +I answered, madam, I have declared +unto you my charge commanded by the Queen, my +mistress, and have no more to say to you on her +behalf, but to know your answer for the ratification +of the Treaty. The Queen answered, I have aforetime +showed you, and do now tell you again, that it +is not meet to proceed in this matter, without the +advice of the nobles and states of mine own realm, +which I can by no means have until I come amongst +them.... But I pray you, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur +(quoth she), tell me how vieth this strange affection +in the Queen, your mistress, towards me? I desire +to know it, to the intent that I may reform myself if +I have failed. I answered ... As soon as the +Queen, my mistress, after the death of her sister, +came to the crown of England, you bore the arms of +England diversely quartered with your own, and used +in your country notoriously the style and title of the +Queen, my mistress, which was never by you put in +use in Queen Mary's time.... Monsieur l'Ambassadeur +(said she), I was then under the commandment +of King Henry, my father, and of the King, my lord +and husband; and whatsoever was done then by +their order and commandments, the same was in like +manner continued until both their deaths, since which +time, you know, I neither bore the arms nor used the +title of England.... It were no great dishonour to +the Queen my cousin, your mistress, though I, a<span class="pagenum">[Pg 15]</span> +Queen also, did bear the arms of England; for, I am +sure, some, inferior to me, and that be not on every +side so well apparented as I am, do bear the arms of +England. You cannot deny (quoth she) but that my +grandmother was the King her father's sister, and +(I trow) the eldest sister he had. I do assure you, +Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, and do speak unto you truly +as I think, I never meant nor thought matter against +the Queen, my cousin.... And so I took my leave +of the said Queen for that time.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>TO DIE MIGHT BE BETTER THAN TO LIVE</i></div> + +<p>... And to the intent I might better decipher, +whether the Queen of Scotland did mind to continue +her voyage, I did, the ... 21st of July ... repair +to the said Queen of Scotland to take my leave +of her.... The said Queen made answer, Monsieur +l'Ambassadeur, if my preparations were not so +much advanced as they are, peradventure the Queen +your mistress's unkindness might stay my voyage; +but now I am determined to adventure the matter, +whatsoever come of it. I trust (quoth she) the wind +will be so favourable, as I shall not need to come on +the coast of England; and if I do, then, Monsieur +l'Ambassadeur, the Queen your mistress shall have +me in her hands to do her will of me; and if she be +so hard-hearted as to desire my end, she may then do +her pleasure, and make sacrifice of me; peradventure +that casualty might be better for me than to live; in +this matter (quoth she) God's will be fulfilled.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 16]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote">"<i>ADIEU, PLAISANT PAYS DE FRANCE</i>"</div> + +<h2>1561.—August 12. The Voyage from France to Scotland.</h2> + +<p class= "rightnote"><i>Cecil to the Earl of Sussex. Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 69.<br></p> + +<p>The Scottish Queen was the 10th of this month at +Boulogne, and meaneth to take shipping at Calais. +Neither those in Scotland nor we here do like her +going home. The Queen's Majesty hath three ships +in the north seas to preserve the fishers from pirates. +I think they will be sorry to see her pass.</p> + +<p class= "rightnote"><i>Cecil to Throgmorton</i>, August 26. <i>Hardwicke's State Papers</i>, vol. i. p. 176.</p> + +<p>The 19th of this present, in the morning early, she +{Mary} arrived at Leith with her two galleys, her whole +train not exceeding sixty persons of meaner sort.... +The Queen's Majesty's ships that were upon the seas +to cleanse them from pirates saw her and saluted her +galleys, and staying her ships examined them of +pirates and dismissed them gently. One Scottish ship +they detain, as vehemently suspected of piracy.</p> + +<p class= "rightnote"><i>From the Charges against the Countess of Lennox in Foreign +Calendar</i>, 1562. (May 7.)</p> + +<p>She loves not the Queen ... hearing that the +Queen of Scots had passed through the seas, she sat +down and gave God thanks, declaring to those by +how he had always preserved that Princess at all +times, especially now, "for when the Queen's ships +were almost near taking of the Scottish Queen, there +fell down a mist from heaven that separated them +and preserved her."</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 17]</span></p> +<br> +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="SECTION_II" id="SECTION_II"></a>SECTION II</h2> +<h3>FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE</h3><br> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Arrival">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox's description of Mary's reception, and his opinion of the Queen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Edinburgh">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Randolph's account of Mary's public entry into Edinburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Illustrations">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Illustrations of the religious difficulty.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Proclamation of the Privy Council.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's account of Mary's first High Mass.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Popular Songs against the Pope.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Treaty_of_Edinburgh">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary on the Treaty of Edinburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Conduct_of_Affairs">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The conduct of affairs at the beginning of the reign.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Cecil's opinion.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's impressions of Murray, Lethington, and Knox.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Huntly Rebellion as narrated by Randolph.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">The passing of the sentence on Huntly's embalmed corpse.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Chatelar">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox's account of the Châtelar affair.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Famine">7.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox's account of the famine of 1563.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Parliament">8.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox on the opening of Parliament.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#KNOXS_INTERVIEWS">9.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">One of Knox's interviews with the Queen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Second_Marriage">10.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's marriage-troubles.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">References Selected from the diplomatic correspondence from March 1561 to March 1564.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Early suspicions of the Darnley marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Melville's experiences in London.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Further diplomatic correspondence.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 18]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>SORROW, DOLOUR, AND DARKNESS</i></div> + +<h2>The Queen's <a name="Arrival" id="Arrival"></a>Arrival in Scotland.</h2> + +<p class= "rightnote"><i>Laing's Edition of Knox's History of the Reformation in Scotland</i>, vol. i. pp. 267-271.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE FIRST MASS</i></div> + +<p>The 19th day of August 1561, betwixt seven and +eight hours before noon, arrived Mary, Queen of +Scotland, then widow, with two galleys out of France. +In her company (besides her gentlewomen, called +the Maries) were her uncles, the Duc d'Aumale, the +Grand Prior, the Marquess d'Elbeuf. There accompanied +her also D'Amville, son to the Constable of +France, with other gentlemen of inferior condition, +besides servants and officers. The very face of the +heaven at the time of her arrival did manifestly speak +what comfort was brought into this country with her +(to wit) sorrow, dolour, darkness, and all impiety; for +in the memory of man that day of the year was never +seen a more dolorous face of the heaven, than was at +her arrival, which two days after did so continue: For +besides the surface wet, and corruption of the air, the +mist was so thick and dark that scarce might any +man espy another the length of two pair of butts; +the sun was not seen to shine two days before nor +two days after. That forewarning, God gave unto +us; but alas! the most part were blind.... Fires of +joy were set forth at night, and a company of most +honest men with instruments of music, and with +musicians, gave their salutations at her chamber +window: The melody (as she alleged) liked her well; +and she willed the same to be continued some nights +after with great diligence. The Lords repaired to<span class="pagenum">[Pg 19]</span> +her from all quarters, and so was nothing understood +but mirth and quietness, till the next Sunday, which +was the 24th of August, when preparations began +to be made for that Idol of the Mass to be said in +the Chapel; which pierced the hearts of all. The +Godly began to bolden, and then began openly to +speak, <i>Shall that Idol be suffered again to take place +within this Realm? It shall not.</i> The Lord Lindsay +(then but Master) with the Gentlemen of Fife, and +others, plainly cried in the close or yard, <i>The idolatrous +Priests should die the death, according to God's +Law</i>. One that carried in the candle was evil afraid; +but then began flesh and blood fully to show itself. +There durst no Papist, neither yet any that came out +of France, whisper: But the Lord James, the man +whom all the Godly did most reverence, took upon +him to keep the Chapel-door. His best excuse was, +that he would stop all Scotsmen to enter in to the +Mass; but it was and is sufficiently known, that the +door was kept that none should have entry to trouble +the Priest, who, after the Mass was ended, was committed +to the protection of the Lord John of Coldingham +and the Lord Robert of Holyrood House, who +then were both Protestants, and had communicate +at the Table of the Lord. Betwixt them both was +the Priest conveyed to his chamber. And so the +Godly departed with grief of heart, and after noon +repaired to the Abbey in great companies, and gave +plain signification, that they could not abide that +the land, which God by His power had purged from +Idolatry, should in their eyes be polluted again.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span></p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A PROUD MIND AND A CRAFTY WIT</i></div> + +<h2>Knox's Opinion of the Queen.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 286.</p> + +<p>John Knox his own judgment, being by some of +his familiars demanded what he thought of the +Queen, said, "If there be not in her a proud mind, +a crafty wit, and an indurate heart against God and +His truth, my judgment faileth me."</p> + + +<h2>1561.—2nd September. The Queen's Public Entry into <a name="Edinburgh" id="Edinburgh"></a>Edinburgh.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 63.</p> + +<p>Upon Tuesday last she made her entry. She +dined in the Castle. The first sight that she saw +after she came out of the Castle was a boy of six +years of age, that came as it were from heaven out +of a round globe, that presented unto her a Bible +and a Psalter, and the keys of the gates, and spake +unto her the verses which I send you. Then, for +the terrible significations of God upon idolatry, there +were burnt Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, in the time +of their sacrifice. They were minded to have a priest +burned at the altar, at the elevation. The Earl of +Huntly stayed {stopped} that pageant, but hath played +many as wicked as that since he came hither. He +bare that day the sword.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The following are the lines to which Randolph referred. As only the +first stanza has appeared in print before, the verses are given in +their original form.]</p></blockquote> +<br> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="HOLYROOD" id="HOLYROOD"></a> +<img src="images/illus_003.jpg" width="402" height="226" alt="" title=""> +<span class="caption">HOLYROOD.</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>A "NEEDEFULL" GIFT</i></div> + +<h2>A Ballad of Welcome.</h2> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Welcome, O Souveraine! Welcome, O natyve Quene!<br></span> +<span class="i2">Welcome to us your subiects great and small!<br></span> +<span class="i0">Welcome, I say, even from the verie splene,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">To Edinburgh your syttie principall.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Whereas your people with harts both one and all<br></span> +<span class="i0">Doth here{in} offer to your excellence<br></span> +<span class="i2">Two proper volumes<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> in memoriall<br></span> +<span class="i0">As gyfte most gainand<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> to a godlie prince.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Wherein your Grace may reade to understande<br></span> +<span class="i2">The perfett waye unto the hevennes hie,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And how to Rule your subiects and your land,<br></span> +<span class="i2">And how your kingdom stablished shalbe,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Judgment and wysdome therein shall ye see.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Here shall you find your God his due commande,<br></span> +<span class="i2">And who the contrarie does wilfullie,<br></span> +<span class="i0">How them he threatens with his scurge and wand.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Ane gyfte more precious cold<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> we none present<br></span> +<span class="i2">Nor yet more needefull to your Excellence,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Qwylk<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> is Gode's lawes his words and testament<br></span> +<span class="i2">Trewlie translate with frutefull diligence,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Qwylk to accepte with humble reverence<span class="pagenum">[Pg 22]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">The Provist present most hartelie you exorte<br></span> +<span class="i2">With the hole subiects due obedience,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Together with the keyes of their porte.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">In signe that they<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and all that they possess<br></span> +<span class="i2">Bodie and good shall ever reddie be<br></span> +<span class="i0">To serve you as their souveraine hie mistress<br></span> +<span class="i2">Both daye and {night} after thair bound dutie:<br></span> +<span class="i2">Besechinge<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> your Grace in this necessitie<br></span> +<span class="i0">Thair {too} shorte tyme and {their} godwill<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> consether<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">Accepte their harts and take it pacientlie<br></span> +<span class="i0">That may be done, seing all is yours together.<br></span> +</div></div> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A TOLERANT PROCLAMATION</i></div> + +<h2><a name="Illustrations" id="Illustrations"></a>Illustrations of the Religious Difficulty—Proclamation +regarding Religion.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Register of the Privy Council of Scotland</i>, August 26, 1561.</p> + +<p>Forasmuch as the Queen's Majesty has understood +the great inconveniences that may come through the +division presently standing in this realm for the difference +in matters of religion, that her Majesty is +most desirous to see pacified by a good order, to +the honour of God and the tranquillity of her realm, +and means to take the same by the advice of her +Estates as soon as conveniently may be; and that +her Majesty's godly resolution therein may be greatly +hindered in case any tumult or sedition be raised +among the lieges, if any sudden innovation or alteration +be pressed or attempted before that the order +may be established. Therefore ... her Majesty<span class="pagenum">[Pg 23]</span> +ordains letters to be directed to charge all and +sundry, lieges, ... that none of them take upon +hand, privately or openly, to make any alteration or +innovation of the state of religion, or attempt anything +against the form which her Majesty found +public and universally standing at her Majesty's +arrival in this her realm, under the pain of death, +... Attour, her Majesty, by the advice of the Lords +of her Secret Council, commands and charges all her +lieges, that none of them take upon hand to molest +or trouble any of her domestic servants or persons +whomsoever come forth of France, in her Grace's +company, at this time, in word, deed, or countenance +... under the said pain of death....</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>AN UNRULY PEOPLE</i></div> + +<h2>1561.—November 1. The Queen's first High Mass.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 83.</p> + +<p>Upon All Hallow Day the Queen had a song +mass. That night one of her priests was well beaten +for his reward by a servant of the Lord Robert's. +We look to have it proclaimed again that no man, +under pain of confiscation of goods and lands here, +say or come unto her own mass, saving her own +household, that came out of France....</p> + +<p>It is now called in question whether that the +Princess being an idolater may be obeyed in all +civil and politic{al} actions. I think marvellously of +the wisdom of God that gave this unruly, inconstant, +and cumbersome people no more substance than +they have, for then would they run wild.</p> +<br> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 24]</span></p> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE HUNT IS UP</i></div> + +<h2>Popular Songs.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[The stanzas which follow are selected from the popular songs of the +period. They date from a year or two before Mary's arrival in +Scotland, but will serve to illustrate the extreme difficulty +experienced by a Roman Catholic queen in dealing with such a +people.]</p></blockquote> + +<h3><i>The Gude and Godly Ballates.</i> Reprint of 1868, p. 153.</h3> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The hunt is up, the hunt is up,<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">It is now perfect day,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Jesus, our King, is gone in hunting,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Who likes to speed, they may.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">A cursed fox lay hid in rocks<br></span> +<span class="i2">This long and many a day,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Devouring sheep, while he might creep,<br></span> +<span class="i2">None might him scare away.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">It did him good to lap the blood<br></span> +<span class="i2">Of young and tender lambs;<br></span> +<span class="i0">None could he miss, for all was his,<br></span> +<span class="i2">The young ones with their dams.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The hunter is Christ, that huntis in haste,<br></span> +<span class="i2">The hounds are Peter and Paul;<br></span> +<span class="i0">The Pope is the fox, Rome is the rocks,<br></span> +<span class="i2">That rubs us on the gall.<br></span> +</div></div> +<p class="greynote"><i>THE POPE, THAT PAGAN FULL OF PRIDE</i></p> +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i></p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The Pope, that pagan full of pride,<br></span> +<span class="i2">He has us blinded long;<br></span> +<span class="i0">For where the blind the blind does guide,<br></span> +<span class="i2">No wonder they go wrong;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 25]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">Like prince and king, he led the ring<br></span> +<span class="i2">Of all iniquity;<br></span> +<span class="i0">"Hay trix, tryme go trix,"<br></span> +<span class="i2">Under the greenwood tree.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">But his abomination<br></span> +<span class="i2">The Lord has brought to light;<br></span> +<span class="i0">His Popish pride, and threefold crown,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Almost have lost their might.<br></span> +<span class="i0">His plack pardons are but lardouns<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">Of new found vanity;<br></span> +<span class="i0">"Hay trix, tryme go trix,"<br></span> +<span class="i2">Under the greenwood tree.<br></span> +<span class="u"> <br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Of late I saw these limmers<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> stand<br></span> +<span class="i2">Like mad men at mischief,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Thinking to get the upper hand,<br></span> +<span class="i2">They look after relief;<br></span> +<span class="i0">But all in vain, go tell them plain<br></span> +<span class="i2">That day will never be;<br></span> +<span class="i0">"Hay trix, tryme go trix,"<br></span> +<span class="i2">Under the greenwood tree.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">O Jesus! if they thought great glee<br></span> +<span class="i2">To see God's word down smorit,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a><br></span> +<span class="i0">The Congregation made to flee,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Hypocrisy restorit;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 26]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">With masses sung, and bellis rung,<br></span> +<span class="i2">To their idolatry;<br></span> +<span class="i0">Marry, God thank you, we shall gar brank<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> you,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Before that time truly.<br></span> +</div></div> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND KNOX</i></div> + +<h2>The <a name="Conduct_of_Affairs" id="Conduct_of_Affairs"></a>Conduct of Affairs in the Early Years of the +Reign—Randolph on Mary's Ministers.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil</i>, October 24, 1561. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. pp. 98-99.</p> + +<p>I receive of her Grace at all times very good +words. I am borne in hand {assured} by such as are +nearest about her, as the Lord James and the Laird +of Lethington, that they are meant as they are +spoken; I see them above all others in credit, and +find in them no alteration, though there be that +complain that they yield too much unto her appetite; +which yet I see not. The Lord James dealeth +according to his nature, rudely, homely, and bluntly; +the Laird of Lethington more delicately and finely, yet +nothing swerveth from the other in mind and effect. +She is patient to hear, and beareth much. The Earl +Marischal is wary, but speaketh sometimes to good +purpose.... Mr. Knox cannot be otherwise persuaded, +but many men are deceived in this woman; +he feareth yet that <i>posteriora sunt pejora primis</i>; his +severity keepeth us in marvellous order. I commend +better the success of his doings and preachings than +the manner thereof, tho' I acknowledged his doctrine +to be sound: His prayer is daily for her—"That<span class="pagenum">[Pg 27]</span> +God will turn her obstinate heart against God +and His truth; or, if the Holy Will be otherwise, to +strengthen the hearts and hands of His chosen and +elect, stoutly to withstand the rage of all tyrants," &c., +in words terrible enough.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>PROTESTANT RULE</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Cecil to Challoner (English Ambassador in Spain). Foreign +Calendar</i>, 1562, June 8, 1562.</p> + +<p>In Scotland ... the Earl of Huntly is in no +credit with the Queen. The whole governance rests +in Lord James, being Earl of Mar, and the Laird of +Lethington. The others that have credit are the +Earls Marshal, Argyll, Morton, and Glencairn, all +Protestants. The Queen quietly tolerates the reformed +religion throughout the realm, who is thought +to be no more devout towards Rome than for the +contentation of her uncles.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[Cecil's suspicion was quite unfounded. Throughout her reign Mary +was always in correspondence with the Pope, to whom she appealed for +money to help her in her efforts for the restoration of Catholicism +in Scotland.]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<h2>Mary on the <a name="Treaty_of_Edinburgh" id="Treaty_of_Edinburgh"></a>Treaty of Edinburgh.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Queen Mary to Queen Elizabeth</i>, January 5, 1562. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 134.</p> + +<p>How prejudicial that Treaty is to such title and +interest as by birth and natural descent of your own +lineage may fall to us, by very inspection of the +Treaty itself ye may easily perceive, and how slenderly +a matter of so great consequence is wrapped up in +obscure terms. We know how near we are descended<span class="pagenum">[Pg 28]</span> +of the blood of England, and what devices have been +attempted to make us, as it were, a stranger from it. +We trust, being so near your cousin, ye would be +loth we should receive so manifest an injury as all +utterly to be debarred from that title which in possibility +may fall unto us.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE WAY TO INVERNESS</i></div> + +<h2>1562.—Randolph's Account of the Huntly Rebellion.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Old Aberdeen</i>, August 31, 1562. <i>Foreign +Calendar</i>, 1562.</p> + +<p>The Queen in her progress is come to Old Aberdeen, +where the university is.... Her journey is +cumbersome, painful, and marvellous long; the +weather extreme foul and cold, all victuals marvellous +dear; and the corn that is, never like to come to +ripeness.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Spynie, Morayshire</i>, September 18.</p> + +<p>Within these eight or ten days the Queen arrived +at Inverness, the furthest part of her determined +journey. She has had just cause for misliking the +Earl of Huntly of long time, whose extortions have +been so great, and other manifest tokens of disobedience +such that it was no longer to be borne. +Intending to reform these, she has found in him +and his two eldest sons (the Lairds of Gordon and +Findlater) open disobedience so far that they have +taken arms and kept houses against her.</p> + +<p>The first occasion hereof was this. The Laird of +Findlater, being commanded to ward in Edinburgh,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 29]</span> +broke prison; and being afterwards summoned to +the Assize at Aberdeen, disobeyed also a new command +from the Queen to enter himself prisoner +in Stirling Castle. The Queen thinking this to be +done by the advice of his father, refused to come to +his house, she being looked and provided for. He, +unadvisedly conceiving the worst, took the worst way, +and supported his sons to manifest rebellion. At her +arrival at Inverness on the 9th, she proposed to lodge +in the castle, which belongs to her, and the keeping +only to the Earl of Huntly, being Sheriff by inheritance +of the whole shire, but was refused entrance, +and forced to lodge in the town. That night, the +castle being summoned, answer was given that without +the Lord Gordon's command it should not be +delivered.</p> + +<p>Next day the country assembled to the assistance +of the Queen. The Gordons, finding themselves not +so well served by their friends as they looked for +(who had above 500 men), rendered the castle, not +being twelve or fourteen able persons. The captain +was hanged, and his head set up on the castle, others +condemned to perpetual prison, and the rest received +mercy.</p> + +<p>The Queen remained there five days, and now +journeys homewards as far as Spynie, a house of the +Bishop of Moray.... The Earl of Huntly keeps +his house, and would have it thought that his disobedience +came through the evil behaviour of his +sons. The Queen is highly offended....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S COURAGE</i></div> + +<p>In all these broils I assure you I never saw her +merrier, never dismayed, nor never thought that so<span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span> +much<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> to be in her that I find. She repented +nothing, but (when the lords and others at Inverness +came in the morning from the watch) that she was +not a man, to know what life it was to lie all night in +the fields, or to walk on the causeway with a jack and +knapsack, a Glasgow buckler, and a broad sword.</p> + +<p>... His {Huntly's} house is fair, and best furnished +of any ... in the country; his cheer is marvellous +great; his mind such as it ought to be towards his +Sovereign.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The last sentence is <i>à propos</i> of a visit made by Argyll and +Randolph to Huntly.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE WATER OF SPEY</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Aberdeen</i>, September 24.</p> + +<p>When he {Huntly} understood that the Queen had +caused the captain of the Castle of Inverness to be +hanged, and committed the others to prison, he +thought there was no other way with him but to +execute his former determination or be utterly undone. +Therefore he assembled such force as he +could make, and committed them to the care of his +son, John Gordon, purposing to have met the Queen +at her return homeward at the water of Spey, a place +where good advantage might have been had. The +Queen (being advertised of their purpose), by the +advice of her Council, assembled, of those they call +Highlandmen and other, above 2000, and so increased +as she rode that at the passage of the water +they were above 3000. As she rode forward diverse<span class="pagenum">[Pg 31]</span> +reports were brought ... some said that there was +not a man to be seen, which was nearest the truth, +for when the night before there were in that wood +1000 horse and foot, they had all departed, whereof +the Queen had advertisement before she came to the +Spey ... what desperate blows would not have been +given, when every man should have fought in the +sight of so noble a Queen and so many fair ladies +... your honour can easily judge.... That +night (being Sunday) the Queen came to a house of +the Laird of Banke {Banff?} ... On Tuesday last +she arrived at Old Aberdeen, preparing herself against +her entry the next day into the new town, where she +was honourably received with spectacles, plays, interludes, +and others as they could best devise.... They +presented her with a cup of silver, double gilt, well +wrought, with 500 crowns in it; wine, coals, and wax +were sent in, as much as will serve her while she +remains here.</p> + +<div class="greynote">"<i>BE BLITHE AND BLISSFUL, ABERDENE</i>"</div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. from Aberdeen</i>, September 30.</p> + +<p>Since the Queen's arrival at Aberdeen they have +consulted how to reform this country. It was thought +best to begin at the head, and that the Earl of Huntly +shall either submit himself and deliver up his disobedient +son, John Gordon, in whose name all these +pageants have been wrought, or utterly to use all +force against him for the subverting of his house for +ever. For this purpose she remains here a good +space, and has levied 120 arquebusiers, and sent to +Lothian and Fife for the Master of Lindsay, Grange, +and Ormiston. Her purpose is to take the two houses +held against her, for which purpose she has a cannon<span class="pagenum">[Pg 32]</span> +within sixteen miles all ready, and other pieces there +are in this town sufficient.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. Maitland of Lethington to Cecil from Aberdeen</i>, October 1.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Huntly will plead not guilty, and +seems to charge the youth and folly of his children +with whatever is amiss. If any fault be his, it may +be thought to have proceeded from too great simplicity +rather than any craft or malice, especially by +so many as have had experience of how he has always +been accustomed to deal.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE SKIRMISH AT CORRICHIE</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen</i>, October 28.</p> + +<p>Huntly having assembled 700 persons, marched +towards Aberdeen to apprehend the Queen and do +with the rest at his will. She sent forth a sufficient +number against him before he came to the town, so +that this day the Earls of Murray, Athol, Morton, +and 2000 others marched to the place where he was +encamped, about twelve miles from hence {viz. +Corrichie}, and environed him, so that after some +defence he yielded himself, as did John Gordon and +another son named Adam Gordon, seventeen years +of age, who are brought into this town alive, but the +Earl himself, after he was taken, without either blow +or strike, being set on horseback before him that was +his taker, suddenly falleth from his horse stark dead, +without word, that he ever spake, after that he was +upon horseback.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span></p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen</i>, November 2.</p> + +<p>After Huntly was brought into this town it was +consulted what should be done with his corpse. +Some thought he should be buried, and nothing else +done; others that he should be beheaded; the last +was that his bowels should be taken out and the body +reserved until Parliament, that there he might be convicted +of treason, in which mind they remain. John +Gordon confessed all and lays the fault on his father. +He is not yet condemned, but doubtless will not +escape.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>EXECUTION OF SIR JOHN GORDON</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh</i>, November 18. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 175.</p> + +<p>After the defeat of the Earl of Huntly consultation +was had what should become of his body; it was +resolved that it should be kept till the Parliament, +that, according unto the order, judgment might be +given against him in the three estates. His son, +John Gordon, within three days after was beheaded +in Aberdeen, and execution done upon certain others +that were taken at the same time.</p> + + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Lethington to Cecil from Dundee</i>, November 14. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 182.</p> + +<p>I am sorry that the soil of my native country did +ever produce so unnatural a subject as the Earl of +Huntly hath proved in the end against his sovereign, +being a princess so gentle and benign, and whose +behaviour hath been always such towards all her +subjects, and every one in particular, that wonder is<span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span> +it that any could be found so ungracious as once to +think evil against her.... I have heard it whispered +that in this late storm of yours {Elizabeth's illness} a +device was intended there to prefer some other in +the succession to my mistress, which I cannot think +to be true, seeing none is more worthy for all respects, +nor hath so good a title. If her religion hath +moved anything, seeing her behaviour such toward +these that be of the religion within her own realm, +yea, and the religion itself, which is a great deal more +increased since she came home than it was before, +I see no reason why those that be zealous of religion +should suspect her.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>A GRUESOME SPECTACLE</i></div> + +<h2>1563.—28th May. The Sentence on the Earl's Body.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Rutland MSS. at Belvoir, quoted in the Marquess of Huntly's Annals of Aboyne</i>, pp. 467-468.</p> + +<p>The coffin was set upright, as if the Earl stood +upon his feet, and upon it a piece of good black +cloth with his arms fast pinned. His accusation +being read, his proctor answering for him, as if himself +had been alive, the inquest was empanelled. The +verdict was given that he was found guilty, and judgment +given thereupon as by the law is accustomed. +Immediately hereupon the good black cloth that +hung over the coffin was taken away, and in its place +a worse hanged on, the arms torn in pieces in sight +of the people, and likewise struck out of the herald's +book.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 35]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>GENTLE ENTREATMENT OF A STRANGER</i></div> + +<h2>1563.—22nd February. The Death of <a name="Chatelar" id="Chatelar"></a>Châtelar.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. pp. 367-369.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[Châtelar, a musician and poet, had been in the suite of d'Amville, +who accompanied Mary to Scotland. He addressed poems to the Queen, +who received them graciously, and replied to them. He went home with +his master, but returned to Scotland in 1562, and became one of the +Queen's favourite attendants.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Amongst the minions of the court there was one +named Monsieur Chatelar, a Frenchman, that at that +time passed all others in credit with the Queen. In +dancing of the Purpose (so term they that dance, +in the which man and woman talk secretly ...) in +this dance, the Queen chose Chatelar, and Chatelar +took the Queen. Chatelar had the best dress. All +this winter, Chatelar was so familiar in the Queen's +cabinet, early and late, that scarcely could any of the +nobility have access unto her. The Queen would lie +upon Chatelar's shoulder, and sometimes privily she +would steal a kiss of his neck. And all this was +honest enough; for it was the gentle entreatment of +a stranger. But the familiarity was so great, that +upon a night, he privily did convoy himself under +the Queen's bed; but being espied, he was commanded +away. The bruit {report} arising, the Queen +called the Earl of Murray, and bursting into a +womanly affection, charged him, that, as he loved +her, he should slay Chatelar, and let him never speak +a word. The other at first made promise so to +do ... but returned and fell upon his knees before +the Queen and said: Madam, I beseech your Grace<span class="pagenum">[Pg 36]</span> +cause not me to take the blood of this man upon +me; your Grace has entreated him so familiarly +before, that you have offended all your nobility; and +now, if he shall be secretly slain at your own commandment, +what shall the world judge of it? I shall +bring him to the presence of justice, and let him +suffer by law according to his deserving. "Oh," said +the Queen, "you will never let him speak." I shall do +(said he), madam, what in me lieth to save your honour.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE REWARD OF DANCING</i></div> + +<p>Poor Chatelar was brought back from Kinghorn to +St. Andrews, examined, put to an assize, and so +beheaded, the 22nd day of February, 1563. He +begged license to write to France the cause of his +death, which, said he, in his tongue was, <i>Pour estre +trouve en lieu trop suspect</i>; that is, Because I was +found in a place too much suspected. At the place +of execution, when he saw that there was no remedy +but death, he made a godly confession, and granted +that his declining from the truth of God, and following +of vanity and impiety, was justly recompensed +upon him. But in the end he concluded, looking +unto the heavens, with these words, <i>O cruel dame!</i> +that is, cruel mistress! What that complaint imported, +lovers may divine. And so received Chatelar +the reward of his dancing, for he lost his head, that +his tongue should not utter the secrets of our Queen. +<i>Deliver us, O Lord, from the rage of such inordinate +rulers.</i></p> + +<br> +<h2>The <a name="Famine" id="Famine"></a>Famine of 1563.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. pp. 369-70.</p> + +<p>The year of God 1563, there was an universal +dearth in Scotland. But in the northland, where,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span> +the harvest before, the Queen had travelled, there +was an extreme famine, in the which many died in +that country. The dearth was great over all, but +the famine was principally there. The boll of wheat +gave six pounds; the boll of bere, six merks and +a half; the boll of meal, four merks; the boll of +oats, fifty shillings; an ox to draw in the plough, +twenty merks; a wether, thirty shillings. And so +all things appertaining to the sustentation of man, +in triple and more exceeded their accustomed prices. +And so did God, according to the threatening of his +law, punish the idolatry of our wicked Queen, and +our ingratitude, that suffered her to defile the land +with that abomination again, that God so potently +had purged, by the power of his word. For the +riotous feasting, and excessive banqueting, used in +Court and country, wheresoever that wicked woman +repaired, provoked God to strike the staff of bread, +and to give his malediction upon the fruits of the +earth. But, O alas! who looked, or yet looks to +this very cause of all our calamities.</p><br> + + +<div class="greynote"><i>STINKING PRIDE OF WOMEN</i></div> + +<h2>1563.—The Meeting of <a name="Parliament" id="Parliament"></a>Parliament.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. p. 381.</p> + +<p>Such stinking pride of women, as was seen at that +Parliament, was never seen before in Scotland. Three +sundry days, the Queen rode to the Tolbooth; the +first day, she made a painted oration, and there +might have been heard amongst her flatterers, "<i>Vox +Dianæ</i>, the Voice of a Goddess (for it could not be +Dei) and not of a woman. God save that sweet<span class="pagenum">[Pg 38]</span> +face. Was there ever Orator spake so properly and +so sweetly?"</p> + +<p>All things misliking the Preacher, they spake +boldly against the targetting of their taillies {<i>i.e.</i> the +adornment of their robes with tassels}, and against +the rest of their vanity, which they affirmed should +provoke God's vengeance, not only against these +foolish women, but against the whole realm.... +Articles were presented, for orders to be taken for +apparel, and for reformation of other enormities; +but all was winked at.</p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="KNOXS_INTERVIEWS" id="KNOXS_INTERVIEWS"></a>KNOX'S INTERVIEWS WITH THE QUEEN</i></div> + +<h2>1563.—May or June. Knox and the Queen.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. p. 386.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[John Knox had five interviews with the Queen, which are recorded in +his "History." Soon after Mary's arrival in Scotland, she sent for +Knox, and they discussed the religious controversy and Knox's "Blast +against the monstrous Regiment of Women," in which he had inveighed +against female rule. In the spring of 1562, the Queen sent for Knox, +who had preached a sermon from the text, "And now, understand, O ye +kings, and be learned, ye that judge the earth." The Reformer gave a +<i>résumé</i> of his sermon, and informed the Queen that he considered +her uncles "enemies unto God," and that "for maintenance of their +own pomp and worldly glory, they spare not to spill the blood of +many innocents." The third occasion was about a year later, at +Lochleven, when the thesis was the rights of subjects to rebel, and +ended with the threat, "Now, Madam, if ye shall deny your duty unto +them, who especially crave, that ye punish malefactors, think ye to +receive full obedience of them? I fear, Madam, ye shall not." The +malefactors in question were recusant Roman Catholics. "Herewith she +being somewhat offended, passed to her supper." The interview was +resumed in the morning, but the conversation was<span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span> +more amicable, Mary asking Knox's help in reconciling the Earl of +Argyle to his wife, who was the Queen's half-sister. The fourth +discussion, quoted below, was <i>à propos</i> of the proposals for Mary's +marriage, which were the main political theme of the year 1563. Knox +had denounced any marriage with a Roman Catholic. In December of the +same year, the Queen and the Reformer met again, Knox undergoing a +judicial examination on a charge which amounted to incitement to +rebel. He defended himself by a homily upon "the insatiable cruelty +of the Papists," and was found innocent by the Council.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>The Provost of Glencludan, Douglas by surname, +of Drumlanark, was the man that gave the charge, +that the said John should present himself before +the Queen, which he did soon after dinner. The +Lord Ochiltree, and divers of the faithful, bare him +company to the Abbey; but none passed in to the +Queen with him in the cabinet, but John Erskine of +Dun, then superintendent of Angus and Mearns.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>WOMANLY WEEPING</i></div> + +<p>The Queen in a vehement fume began to cry out, +that never Prince was used as she was. "I have (said +she) borne with you in all your rigorous manner of +speaking, both against myself and against my uncles; +yea, I have sought your favour by all possible means; +I offered unto you presence and audience, whensoever +it pleased you to admonish me, and yet I cannot be +quit of you; I vow to God I shall be once revenged." +And with these words scarce could Marnoch, her +secret chamber boy, get napkins to hold her eyes +dry, for the tears and the howling, besides womanly +weeping, stayed her speech. The said John did +patiently abide all the first fume, and at opportunity +answered, "True it is, Madam, your Grace and I<span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span> +have been at divers controversies, into the which I +never perceived your Grace to be offended at me; +but when it shall please God to deliver you from +that bondage of darkness and error, wherein ye have +been nourished, for the lack of true Doctrine, your +Majesty will find the liberty of my tongue nothing +offensive. Without the Preaching-place (Madam) I +think few have occasion to be offended at me, and +there (Madam) I am not master of myself, but must +obey him who commands me to speak plain, and to +flatter no flesh upon the face of the earth...." +"But what have you to do (said she) with my marriage? +Or, what are you within the Commonwealth?"</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A <a name="MEEK" id="MEEK"></a>MEEK AND GENTLE SPIRIT</i></div> + +<p>"A subject born within the same (said he) Madam; +and albeit I be neither Earl, Lord, nor Baron within +it, yet hath God made me (how abject that ever I be +in your eyes) a profitable and useful member within +the same; yea, Madam, to me it appertaineth no +less, to forewarn of such things as may hurt it, if I +foresee them, than it doth to any one of the nobility; +for both my vocation and conscience craveth plainness +of me; and therefore (Madam) to yourself I say, that +which I spake in public, whensoever the nobility of +this realm shall be content, and consent, that you be +subject to an unlawful husband, they do as much as +in them lieth to renounce Christ, to banish the Truth, +to betray the freedom of this realm, and perchance +shall in the end do small comfort to yourself."</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>INORDINATE PASSION</i></div> + +<p>At these words, howling was heard, and tears +might have been seen in greater abundance than the +matter required. John Erskine of Dun, a man of +meek and gentle spirit, stood beside, and entreated<span class="pagenum">[Pg 41]</span> +what he could to mitigate her anger, and gave unto +her many pleasant words, of her beauty, of her excellency; +and how that all the princes in Europe would +be glad to seek her favours. But all that was to cast +oil into the flaming fire. The said John stood still, +without any alteration of countenance, for a long +time, while that the Queen gave place to her inordinate +passion; and in the end he said, "Madam, in +God's presence I speak, I never delighted in the +weeping of any of God's creatures; yea, I can +scarcely well abide the tears of mine own boys, +whom my own hands correct, much less can I +rejoice in your Majesty's weeping; But seeing I have +offered unto you no just occasion to be offended, but +have spoken the truth, as my vocation craves of me, +I must sustain your Majesty's tears, rather than I +dare hurt my conscience, or betray the Commonwealth +by silence." Herewith was the Queen more +offended, and commanded the said John to pass +forth of the cabinet, and to abide further of her +pleasure in the chamber.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>FY UPON THAT KNAVE, DEATH</i></div> + +<p>The Laird of Dun tarried, and Lord John of +Coldingham came into the cabinet, and so they +remained with her near the space of one hour. The +said John stood in the chamber, as one whom men +had never seen (so were all afraid), except that the +Lord Ochiltree bare him company; and therefore he +began to make discourse with the ladies, who were +there sitting in all their gorgeous apparel; which +when he espied, he merrily said: "Fair Ladies, how +pleasant were this life of yours, if it should ever +abide; and then in the end, that we might pass to<span class="pagenum">[Pg 42]</span> +Heaven with this gay gear {clothing}! But fy upon +that knave Death, that will come whether we will or +not; and when he hath laid on his arrest, then foul +worms will be busy with this flesh, be it never so fair +and so tender; and the silly {weak} soul I fear shall +be so feeble, that it can neither carry with it gold, +garnishing, targating {tassels}, pearls, nor precious +stones." And by such means procured he the company +of women, and so passed the time till that the +Laird of Dun willed him to depart to his house till +new advertisement.</p> + +<p>The Queen would have had the sentiment of the +Lords of the Articles if that such manner of speaking +deserved not punishment. But she was counselled +to desist; and so that storm quieted in appearance, +but never in the heart.</p><br> + + +<h2>Mary's <a name="Second_Marriage" id="Second_Marriage"></a>Second Marriage.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[The problem of Mary's marriage was one of great difficulty. +Allusions to it occur in diplomatic correspondence immediately after +the death of Francis II., and it was constantly in men's minds. The +Scottish preachers and the Protestant nobles objected to a union +with a Roman Catholic prince (<i>cf. supra</i>, <a href="#MEEK">p. 40</a>). Catherine de +Medici, who was at the head of affairs in France, opposed the +projected match with Don Carlos of Spain (<a href="#Smith">p. 43</a>). Elizabeth of +England found a difficulty in every proposal, and was especially +afraid of the union of Scotland with a foreign power. As early as +the spring of 1561 Throckmorton warned Elizabeth that, if she wished +to prevent such a union, "she should make a party in Scotland by +entertaining a good number of the best there, that all Princes, +perceiving her to have a great party in that realm, would not +greatly seek upon a country so much at her devotion" (<i>Foreign</i><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span> +<i>Calendar</i>, March 31, 1561). The following extracts indicate the +course of the controversy, and aim at presenting a connected survey +of the negotiations.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>PERFECT NEIGHBOURHOOD</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, December 17, 1561. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 124.</p> + +<p>When any purpose falleth in of marriage, she saith +that she will none other husband but the Queen of +England. He is right near about her that hath +oftentimes heard her speak it. I desire that it may +be in perfect neighbourhood, since it cannot be in +perfect marriage.</p> + +<br> +<h2>1563.—August 20. Instructions for Randolph.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p> + +<p>He shall always rest upon this argument, that +neither Elizabeth nor England ... can think any +mighty Prince a meet husband for her, to continue +the amity that now is with this realm.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i><a name="Smith" id="Smith"></a>Smith to the English Privy Council, from Paris</i>, October 13, 1563. +<i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p> + +<p>They {Catherine de Medici and the Constable of +France} hold King Philip a suspect neighbour. But +they most mislike the Spanish marriage with the +Queen of Scots, which they hold to be concluded +unto by the said Queen, taking it to be prejudicial to +England and consequently to them.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>DUDLEY OR DARNLEY</i></div> + +<blockquote><p>[The anxiety about her marriage was supposed to be the cause of an +illness from which Mary suffered, in the end of 1563. On December 13 +Randolph wrote to Cecil that she "kept her bed, being somewhat +diseased of overmuch travail she took a night<span class="pagenum">[Pg 44]</span> +or two before, dancing to celebrate her nativity. But," he adds, +"for two months the Queen has been divers times in great +melancholies. Her grief is marvellous secret. She is not well, and +weeps when there is little appearance of occasion." Eight days +later, he mentions that "the Queen's illness daily increaseth. Her +pain is in her right side.... Some think that the cause of the +Queen's sickness is that she utterly despairs of the marriage of any +of those she looked for, as well that neither they abroad are very +hasty, nor her subjects at home very willing those ways." On the 31st he had an interview with her "in her +chamber, beside ladies and gentlemen, herself in bed." He told her +that Elizabeth "could in no point alter her former advice, which was +that it could not be expedient for her country, nor fit for herself, +to match in any of those houses, when appearance is that dissension +may grow, and enmity to be nourished, as before time has been." Mary +summoned the Earl of Argyll, and told him that Randolph would have +her marry in England. He asked if "the Queen of England were become +a man?" "Who is there in that country (said she) to whom he {Argyll} +would wish her?" He said, "To whom she could like best." "That would +not please the Duke" {of Châtelherault}, said she. "If it please +God, and is good for the country," said he, "what reck who were +displeased?" (<i>Foreign Calendar</i>, December 13, 21, and 31, 1563). +Leicester was the husband suggested by Queen Elizabeth, and, during +1564, it became evident that either he or Darnley would be the +Queen's choice.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>RETURN OF LENNOX</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, March 20, 1564. <i>Foreign +Calendar.</i></p> + +<p>What troubles have risen in this country for religion, +your Honour knoweth. All things are now +grown into such a liberty, and her Grace taken unto +herself such a will to do therein what she list, that of +late, contrary to her own ordinances, as great numbers +have repaired to her chapel to hear mass, as<span class="pagenum">[Pg 45]</span> +sometimes come to the common churches to the +sermon. To have her mind altered for this freedom, +that she desireth to have all men live as they like, +she can hardly be brought, and thinketh it too great +a subjection for her, being a prince in her own +country, to have her will broken therein. The subjects +who desire to live in the true fear and worshipping +of God, offer rather their lives again to be +sacrificed, than that they would suffer such abomination, +yea, almost permit herself to enjoy her mass, +which is now more plainly and openly spoken against +by the preachers, than ever was the Pope of Rome.... +Above all the rest, this is it that is feared that +will be the breach of all good accord and quietness +of this estate, though the rest be borne with, that is, +if she match herself with a Papist, by whom she may +be fortified to her intent.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Kirkaldy of Grange to Randolph, from St. Johnston's</i> {<i>Perth</i>}, +April 30, 1564. <i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. vi. p. 539.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Lennox will obtain license to come +home and speak with the Queen. Her meaning +therein is not known, but some suspects she will at +length be persuaded to favour his son.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The Earl of Lennox had entered into negotiations with Henry VIII., +in 1544, to deliver over to England certain Scottish castles, and to +promote the marriage of Mary to Prince Edward. Sentence of +forfeiture was passed against him by the Scottish Parliament on 1st +October 1545. His treachery had received its reward in the shape of +an alliance with Margaret, daughter of the Earl of Angus and +Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV. (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Table, App. A.</a>). Their +eldest son was Lord Darnley.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 46]</span></p> + + +<div class="greynote"><i>KNOX SUSPICIOUS</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Knox to Randolph, from Edinburgh</i>, May 3, 1564. <i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. vi., p. 541.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Lennox's servant is familiar in Court, +and it is supposed that it is not without knowledge, +yea, and labour, of your Court. Some in the +country look for the lady {Queen Mary} and the +young Earl {Darnley} ere it be long. It is whispered +to me that licence is all ready procured for their +{Lennox and Darnley's} hithercoming. God's providence +is inscrutable to man, before the issue of +such things as are kept close for a season in his +counsel. But, to be plain with you, that journey +and progress I like not.</p> + +<br> +<h2>Queen Elizabeth and Sir <a name="James_Melvill" id="James_Melvill"></a>James Melville.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[Sir James Melville was sent as ambassador from the Queen of Scots +to the Queen of England to advance negotiations for Mary's marriage, +and to discover, if possible, Elizabeth's real meaning.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="rightnote">September 28, 1564. <i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, pp. 115-128. (<i>Bannatyne Club.</i>)</p> + +<p>The next morning Master Lattoun and Master +Randolph, late agent for the Queen of England in +Scotland, came to my lodging to convoy me to her +Majesty, who was, as they said, already in the garden.... +I found her Majesty pacing in an alley.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>YONDER LONG LAD</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MELVILLE'S OPINION OF <a name="DARNLEY1" id="DARNLEY1"></a>DARNLEY</i></div> + +<p>... She inquired if the Queen had sent any answer +anent the proposition of a marriage made to her by +Master Randolph. I answered, as I was instructed, +that the Queen thought little or nothing thereof, but<span class="pagenum">[Pg 47]</span> +looked for the meeting of some Commissioners upon +the borders, with my Lord of Murray and the secretary, +Lethington, to confer and treat upon all such +matters of greatest importance.... So seeing that +your Majesties cannot so soon find the opportunity +of meeting, so much desired between yourselves ... +the Queen, my mistress ... is in hope that your +Majesty will send my Lord of Bedford and my Lord +Robert Dudley. She said that it appeared that I +made but small account of my Lord Robert, seeing that +I named the Earl of Bedford before him; but, or it +were long, she should make him a greater earl, and +that I should see it done before my returning home; +for she esteemed him as her brother and best friend, +whom she should have married herself, if ever she +had been minded to take a husband.... And to +cause the Queen, my mistress, to think the more of +him, I was required to stay till I had seen him made +Earl of Leicester and Baron of Denbigh, with great +solemnity at Westminster, herself helping to put on +his ceremonial, he sitting upon his knees before her, +keeping a great gravity and discreet behaviour. But +she could not refrain from putting her hand in his +neck to kittle {tickle} him smilingly, the French +Ambassador and I standing beside her. Then she +asked me how I liked of him. I said, as he was a +worthy subject, he was happy that had encountered +a princess that could discern and reward good +service. "Yet," she said, "ye like better of yonder +long lad," pointing towards my Lord Darnley, who, +as nearest prince of the blood, bore the sword of +honour that day before her. My answer again was,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 48]</span> +that no woman of spirit could make choice of such a +man, that was liker a woman than a man; for he +was very lusty, beardless, and lady-faced. I had no +will that she should think that I liked of him, or had +any eye or dealing that way: albeit I had a secret +charge to deal with his mother, my Lady Lennox, to +purchase leave for him to pass in Scotland, where his +father was already, that he might see the country and +convoy the Earl, his father, back again to England.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>YE MAY NOT SUFFER A COMMANDER</i></div> + +<p>Now the said Queen was determined to treat with +the Queen, my sovereign, first anent her marriage +with the Earl of Leicester, and for that effect promised +to send commissioners unto the borders. In +the meantime I was favourably and familiarly used; +for during nine days that I remained at Court, her +Majesty pleased to confer with me every day, and +sometimes thrice upon a day, to wit, afore noon, +after noon, and after supper. Sometimes she would +say, that since she could not meet with the Queen, +her good sister herself, to confer familiarly with her, +that she should open a good part of her inward mind +unto me, that I might show it again unto the Queen; +and said that she was not so offended at the Queen's +angry letter as for that she seemed to disdain so far +the marriage with my Lord of Leicester, which she +had caused Master Randolph propose unto her. I +said that it might be he had teached something +thereof to my Lord of Murray and Lethington, but +that he had not proposed the matter directly unto +herself; and that as well her Majesty, as they that +were her most familiar counsellors, could conjecture +nothing thereupon but delays and drifting of time,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 49]</span> +anent the declaring of her to be the second person +{<i>i.e.</i>, the next in succession to the throne of England} +which would try at the meeting of commissioners +above specified. She said again that the trial and +declaration thereof would be hasted forward, according +to the Queen's good behaviour, and applying to +her {Elizabeth's} pleasure and advice in her marriage; +and seeing the matter concerning the said declaration +was so weighty, she had ordained some of the best +lawyers in England diligently to search out who had +the best right, which she would wish should be her +dear sister rather than any other. I said I was +assured that her Majesty {Mary} was both out of +doubt hereof, and would rather she should be declared +than any other.... She said that she was +never minded to marry, except she were compelled +by the Queen, her sister's, hard behaviour towards +her, in doing by {beyond} her counsel, as said is. I +said: "Madam, ye need not tell me that; I know +your stately stomach; ye think if ye were married, ye +would be but Queen of England, and now ye are +King and Queen both; ye may not suffer a commander."</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A COURTIER'S REPLIES</i></div> + +<p>She appeared to be so affectioned to the Queen +her good sister, that she had a great desire to see +her: and because their desired meeting could not +be hastily brought to pass, she delighted oft to +look upon her picture, and took me in to her bed +chamber, and opened a little lettroun {cabinet} +wherein were divers little pictures wrapped within +paper, and written upon the paper, their names +with her own hand. Upon the first that she took<span class="pagenum">[Pg 50]</span> +up was written, "My lord's picture." I held the +candle and pressed to see my lord's {Leicester's} +picture. Albeit she was loth to let me see it, at +length I by importunity obtained the sight thereof, +and asked the same to carry home with me unto the +Queen, which she refused, alleging she had but that +one of his. I said again, that she had the principal; +for he was at the furthest part of the chamber speaking +with the secretary Cecil. Then she took out the +Queen's picture and kissed it; and I kissed her hand +for the great love I saw she bore to the Queen.... +... Her {Elizabeth's} hair was redder than yellow, +curled apparently of nature. Then she entered to +discern what colour of hair was reported best, and +inquired whether the Queen's or her's was best, and +which of them two was fairest. I said, the fairness +of them both was not their worst faults. But she +was earnest with me to declare which of them I +thought fairest. I said, she was the fairest Queen +in England, and ours the fairest Queen in Scotland. +Yet she was earnest. I said they were both the +fairest ladies of their courts, and that the Queen of +England was whiter, but our Queen very lovesome. +She inquired which of them was of highest stature. +I said, our Queen. Then she said the Queen was +over high, and that herself was neither over high or +over low. Then she asked what sort of exercises +she used. I said, that I was dispatched out of Scotland, +that the Queen was but new come back from +the highland hunting; and when she had leisure +from the affairs of her company, she read upon good +books, the histories of divers countries, and sometimes<span class="pagenum">[Pg 51]</span> +would play upon lute and virginals. She sperit +{asked} if she played well. I said, reasonably for a +Queen.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A CONSEQUENCE OF FRENCH TRAINING</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>NO PLAIN DEALING OR UPRIGHT MEANING</i></div> + +<p>The same day after dinner, my Lord of Hunsden +{Huntingdon} drew me up to a quiet gallery that I +might hear some music, but he said he durst not +avow it, where I might hear the Queen play upon +the virginals. But after I had hearkened a while, +I took by the tapestry that hung before the door of +the chamber, and seeing her back was toward the +door, I entered within the chamber and stood still +at the door post, and heard her play excellently well; +but she left off so soon as she turned her about and +saw me, and came forwards seeming to strike me +with her left hand, and to think shame; alleging that +she used not to play before men, but when she was +solitary her alone, to eschew melancholy; and askit +how I came there. I said, as I was walking with +my Lord of Hunsden, as we passed by the chamber +door, I heard such melody, which ravished and drew +me within the chamber I wist not how; excusing my +fault of homeliness, as being brought up in the Court +of France, and was now willing to suffer what kind +of punishment would please her lay upon me for my +offence. Then she sat down low upon a cushion, +and I upon my knee beside her; but she gave me a +cushion with her own hand to lay under my knee, +which I refused, but she compelled me; and called +for my lady Stafford out of the next chamber, for +she was alone there. Then she asked whether the +Queen or she played best. In that I gave her the +praise.... She inquired at me whether she or the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 52]</span> +Queen danced best. I said, the Queen danced not +so high or disposedly as she did. Then again she +wished that she might see the Queen at some convenient +place of meeting. I offered to convey her +secretly in {to} Scotland by post, clothed like a page +disguised, that she might see the Queen: as King +James the 5 passed in France disguised, with his +own ambassador, to see the Duc of Vendome's sister +that should have been his wife; and how that her +chamber should be kept, as though she were sick, +in the meantime, and none to be privy thereto but +my Lady Stafford, and one of the grooms of her chamber. +She said, Alas! if she might do it: and seemed +to like well such kind of language, and used all the +means she could to cause me persuade the Queen of +the great love that she bore unto her.... My Lord +of Leicester began to purge himself of so proud a +pretence as to marry so great a Queen, esteeming +himself not worthy to deicht her shone {clean her +shoes}; alleging the invention of that proposition to +have proceeded of Master Cecil his secret enemy. +"For if I should," said he, "have seemed to desire +that marriage, I should have lost the favour of both +the Queens," praying me till excuse him unto the +Queen.... At my homecoming I found the Queen's +Majesty still in Edinburgh ... she inquired whether +I thought that Queen meant truly towards her as +well inwardly in her heart as she appeared to do outwardly +by her speech. I said, in my judgment, that +there was neither plain dealing nor upright meaning, +but great dissimulation, emulation and fear that her +princely qualities should over soon chase her out,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 53]</span> +and displace her from the kingdom; as having already +hindered her {Mary's} marriage with the Archduke +Charles of Austria, and now offering unto her my +Lord of Leicester, whom she would be as loth as then +to want. Then the Queen gave me her hand, that +she should never marry the new-made earl; albeit +shortly while after, my Lord of Murray and Bedford +met beside Berwick to treat upon the marriage with +Leicester.... The Queen of England began to fear +and suspect that the said marriage might perchance +take effect. And therefore my Lord Darnley obtained +the rather, license to come into Scotland, who was a +lusty youth, in hope that he should prevail being +present before Leicester that was absent. Which +license was obtained of the means of the secretary +Cecil; not that he was minded that any of the +marriages should take effect, but with such shifts +and practices to hold the Queen unmarried so long +as he could.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE NEW-MADE EARL</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh. Foreign Calendar.</i> +December 15, 1564.</p> + +<p>This parliament, being only assembled for restoring +Lennox, began upon Monday, and ended the Saturday +after. The third day the Queen came to the +house, when she had an oration of her affection +towards her subjects and the weal of her country, +which moved her to show her favour towards Lennox, +to restore him to his country, the rather for the suit +of the Queen of England, whose desire to her was +of no small moment, which words were duly rehearsed....</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 54]</span></p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND CECIL</i></div> + +<blockquote><p>[The next development in the situation took the form of a +correspondence between Murray and Lethington, and Cecil, on December +4, 1564. Randolph wrote to Cecil "that Murray and Lethington had +concluded that amity with England is fittest," and added, "No man +will be more acceptable to the people than the Lord Robert. There +has been more thought of Lord Darnley before his father's coming +than is at present. The mother more feared a great deal than +beloved." The two Scottish lords had already written to Cecil, who +replied on the 16th, informing them that Elizabeth would never +consent to their request, the establishment of Mary's "title to be +declared by Parliament in the second place to the Queen," but +"promising that she will cause inquisition to be made of their +Sovereign's right; and as far as shall stand with justice and her +own surety, she will abase such titles as shall be proved unjust and +prejudicial to her sister's interest;" and giving them warning. "Let +there not be found any intention to compass ... a kingdom and a +crown, which, if it be sought for, may be sooner lost than got, and +not being craved may be as soon offered as reason can require." To +this Murray and Lethington replied on the 24th, asking what Cecil +meant by the words "as shall stand with justice and her own surety," +for they "never meant anything prejudicial to the surety of Queen +Elizabeth;" stating that if Elizabeth "will nowise establish the +succession of her crown," the Leicester project must fall to the +ground; and urging Cecil to secrecy, for if it were discovered that +they had "meddled without her Majesty's knowledge, the opening +thereof" would be the ruin of them both. (Foreign Calendar, 14th, +16th, and 24th December 1564.) This episode is of importance in +connection with Mary's subsequent attitude to the Darnley marriage.]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>QUEEN MARY'S MERRY CONCEITS</i></div> + +<h2>Queen Mary and <a name="Randolph" id="Randolph"></a>Randolph.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Queen Elizabeth, from Edinburgh</i>, February 5, 1565. <i>Chalmers's Queen Mary</i>, vol. ii. pp. 123-127.</p> + +<div class="greynote">"<i>IT LIETH IN YOUR MISTRESS'S WILL</i>"</div> + +<p>Her grace lodged in a merchant's house; her train +were very few; and there was small repair from any<span class="pagenum">[Pg 55]</span> +part. Her will was, that for the time that I did +tarry, I should dine and sup with her. Your +Majesty was oftentimes dranken unto, by her, at +dinners and suppers. Having, in this sort, continued +with her grace, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday, I +thought it time to take occasion to utter unto her +grace, that which last I received in command, from +your Majesty, by Mr. Secretary's letter, which was to +know her grace's resolution touching those matters +propounded, at Berwick, by my Lord of Bedford, +and me, to my Lord of Murray and Lord of Lethington. +I had no sooner spoken these words, but +she saith, "I see now well that you are weary of +this company and treatment. I sent for you to be +merry and to see how like a Bourgeois-wife I live, +with my little troop; and you will interrupt our +pastime, with your great and grave matters. I pray +you, Sir, if you be weary here, return home to Edinburgh, +and keep your gravity and great ambassage +until the Queen come thither; for I assure you, you +shall not get her here, nor I know not myself where +she is become. You see neither cloth of estate, nor +such appearances, that you may think that there is a +Queen here; nor I would not that you should think +that I am she, at St. Andrews, that I was at Edinburgh." +I said that I was very sorry for that, for +that at Edinburgh, she said that she did love my +mistress, the Queen's majesty, better than any other, +and now I marvelled how her mind was altered. It +pleased her at this to be very merry, and called me +by more names than were given me in my christendom. +At these merry conceits much good sport was<span class="pagenum">[Pg 56]</span> +made. "But well, Sir," saith she, "that which then +I spoke in words shall be confirmed in writing.... +You know how willing I am to follow her advice +... and yet I can find in her no resolution nor +determination. For nothing, I cannot be bound +unto her ... and therefore, this I say, and trust me +I mean it, if your mistress will, as she hath said, use +me as her natural born sister or daughter, I will take +myself either as one or the other as she please, and +will show no less readiness to oblige her, and honour +her, than my mother, or eldest sister; but, if she will +repute me always but as her neighbour Queen of +Scots, how willing soever I be to live in amity and +to maintain peace, yet she must not look for that at +my hands, that otherwise I would, or she desireth." +... I requested her Grace, humbly ... to let her +mind be known, how well she liked of the suit of my +Lord Robert, Earl of Leicester, that might be able +somewhat to say or write touching that matter, unto +your Majesty. "My mind towards him is such as it +ought to be of a very noble man, as I hear say by +very many, and such one as the Queen, your mistress, +my good sister, doth so well like to be her husband, +if he were not her subject, ought not to mislike me to +be mine. Marry, what I shall do, it lieth in your +mistress's will, who shall wholly guide me and rule +me." I made myself not well to understand these +words, because I would have the better hold of them. +She repeated the self same words again.</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 57]</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="SECTION_III" id="SECTION_III"></a>SECTION III</h2> +<h3>FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER</h3><br> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Darnley">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Darnley marriage and the Earl of Murray's rebellion.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Melville's account of the progress of events from Mary's first meeting with Darnley to Elizabeth's reception of Murray (February to October).</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's account of the allegations regarding therival conspiracies.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Proclamation to allay disquiet regarding the Queen's marriage with a Catholic.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's letter to Leicester describing the marriage, and the relations between the bride and bridegroom.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">Cecil's account of the Murray trouble.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>f</i>)</td><td align="left">The Privy Council warrant against Murray.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>g</i>)</td><td align="left">Knox's account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Relations">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's relations with Darnley and the Rizzio murder.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Diplomatic references to the ill-will between the Queen and her husband, with an incidental account of the Holy League.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Bedford and Randolph's letter to Cecil foretelling the Rizzio plot.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Agreements between Darnley and the conspirators.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's own description of the murder of Rizzio.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 58]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY'S COURTSHIP</i></div> + +<h2>1563.—Feb. 17-Oct. 23. The <a name="Darnley" id="Darnley"></a>Darnley Marriage and the Murray Rebellion.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 134.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[It was now becoming evident that Mary was to marry Lord Darnley. +Her resolution gave great offence, not only to Queen Elizabeth, but +to the Earl of Murray, and some other Scottish nobles, who raised a +rebellion, commonly called the "Run about Chase." The matter is +somewhat mysterious; there are, as the reader will observe, +allegations of two conspiracies—one against Murray by Darnley, and +another against Mary and Darnley by Murray. The evidence is not +decisive.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE RUN-ABOUT RAID</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>UNWORTHY TRAITORS</i></div> + +<p>I have said already how that my Lord Darnley was +advised to suit license to come into Scotland, who at +his first coming found the Queen in the Wemyss, +making her progress through Fife. Her Majesty +took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest +and best proportioned long {tall} man that she had +seen, for he was of high stature, long and small, even +and upright; well instructed from his youth in all +honest and comely exercises. And after he had +hanted {frequented} a while in Court, he proposed +marriage to her Majesty; which she took in evil part +at the first, as she told me that same day herself, and +how she had refused the ring which he then offered +unto her, when I took occasion, as I had begun, +to speak in his favour, that their marriage would put +out of doubt their title to the succession. I cannot +tell how he fell in acquaintance with Seigneur David +{Rizzio}, but he also was his great friend at the +Queen's hand; so that her Majesty took aye the +longer the better liking of him, and at length determined<span class="pagenum">[Pg 59]</span> +to marry him. Which being known unto +Queen Elizabeth, she sent and charged him to +return; and also sent her ambassador, Sir Nicholas +Throgmorton, into Scotland, both to dissuade the +Queen to marry him, and in case the Queen would +not follow her advice in her marriage, to persuade +the lords and so many as were of her religion to withstand +the said marriage, unless the Lord Darnley +would promise and subscribe to abide at the religion +reformed, which he had plainly professed in England. +The Queen again perceiving the Queen of England's +earnest opposition to all the marriages that were +offered unto her, thought not meet to delay any +longer her marriage. But my Lord Duke of Châtelherault, +my Lords of Argyll, Murray, Glencairn, Rothes, +and divers others, lords and barons, withstood the said +marriage; who after they had made a mind to take +the Lord Darnley, in the Queen's company, at the +raid of Beath, and to have sent him into England, as +they alleged—I wot not what was in their mind, but +it was an evil-favoured enterprize, wherein the Queen +was in great danger other than {that of} keeping or +heartbreaking; and as they that had failed of their +foolish enterprize, took on plainly their arms of +rebellion, her Majesty again convened forces against +them, and chased them here and there till at length +they were compelled to flee into England for refuge, +to her that had promised by her ambassadors to wear +her crown in their defence, in case they were driven +to any strait for their opposition unto the said +marriage. Which was all denied at their coming +to seek help; and when they sent up my Lord of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_60" id="Pg_60"></a>[Pg 60]</span> +Murray to that Queen, the rest abiding at Newcastle, +he could obtain nothing but disdain and scorn; till +at length he and the Abbot of Kilwinning, his companion +in that message, were persuaded to come and +confess unto the Queen upon their knees, and that +in presence of the ambassadors of France and Spain, +that her Majesty had never moved them to that +opposition and resistance against their Queen's +marriage.... Unto my Lord of Murray and his +marrow {comrade} she said, "Now you have told the +truth; for I nor none in my name stirred you up +against your Queen; for your abominable treason +might serve for example, to move my own subjects to +rebel against me. Therefore pack you out of my +presence; ye are but unworthy traitors."</p><br> + + +<h2>1565.—April 29. Mary's Festivities.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil. Foreign Calendar</i>, 1565.</p> + +<p>Greater triumphs there never were in time of +Popery than were this Easter at the resurrection and +at her high mass. Organs were wont to be the +common music. She wanted now neither trumpet, +drum, nor fife, bagpipe nor tabor.... Upon Monday +she and divers of her women apparelled themselves +like burgesses' wives, went upon their feet up +and down the town, and of every man they met they +took some pledge for money towards the banquet; and +in the lodging where the writer was accustomed to lodge +was the dinner prepared, at which she was herself, with +the wonder and gazing of men, women, and children.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[This celebration of Easter is important as being a factor in the +growth of Protestant dislike of the Darnley marriage.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 61]</span></p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>"LESS COMFORT" FOR QUEEN MARY</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh</i>, July 2, 1565 {<i>date of end of letter</i>}. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 300.</p> + +<p>I wrote that there was a convention appointed at +St. Johnstone {Perth} the 22nd of this instant {<i>i.e.</i> +June}, to which there were specially named these, the +Duke, Earls Argyll, Murray, Morton, and Glencairn; +only Morton came; the other some tarried at their +houses, as the Duke, and Earl of Murray; other as +Argyll and Glencairn came to Edinburgh the 24th to +the Convention {General Assembly} of the Protestants +there. With this her Grace is greatly offended, and +layeth the whole fault hereof to the Earl of Murray +and Argyll, which both had come to St. Johnstone, +but that my Lord of Murray was assuredly advertised +that it was intended that he should be slain there.... +With my Lord of Murray I have lately spoken; +he is grieved to see these extreme follies in his +sovereign; he lamenteth the state of this country +that tendeth to utter ruin; he feareth that the +nobility shall be forced to assemble themselves +together, to do her honour and reverence as they +are in duty bound, but to provide for the State that +it do not utterly perish.... The Duke, the Earl of +Argyll, and he concur in this device; many other are +like to join with them in the same; what will ensue +let wise men judge.... The less comfort that this +Queen be put in, that the Queen's majesty will allow of +her doings, the sooner shall her Majesty bring that to +pass here that she most desireth, and more at her +Majesty's devotion than at this time she hath, there +were never in Scotland. Some that already have<span class="pagenum">[Pg 62]</span> +heard of my Ladie's Grace {Lady Lennox's} imprisonment +like very well thereof, and wish to the +father and son to keep her company. The question +hath been asked me. Whether if they were delivered +us into Berwick, we would receive them? I answered +that we could nor would not refuse our own, in what +sort soever they come unto us.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A HASTY RIDE</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh</i>, July 4. <i>Ibid.</i> vol. ii. p. 309.</p> + +<p>Upon Saturday her Grace came ... to St. Johnston, +where word was brought her that the Earl of +Argyll and Earl of Murray had assembled many of +their friends and servants, and intended to take her +and the Lord Darnley riding between that town and +the Lord of Livingstone's house, and to have carried +the Queen's Grace to St. Andrews, and the Lord +Darnley to Castle Campbell, a house of the Earl of +Argyll.... She took her horse by five of the clock +in the morning, and rode with great speed, having +only three women in her train, until she came to the +Queen's Ferry, passing through a little town called +Kinross, hard by Lochleven, where my Lord of +Murray was in a house in the loch with his mother +and the Laird of Lochleven, his brother, with a small +number of his servants, having been sick of a flux not +four days before, intending for all that to have met +the Queen, and to have convoyed her as far as her +Grace would give him leave; but hearing that her +Grace was past that town three or four hours before +that he looked for her, he remained still and went +not forth....</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 63]</span></p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A REQUEST FOR MONEY</i></div> + +<p>They {the two Earls} think it time to put to that +remedy they can; they depend greatly upon the +comfort received from the Queen's majesty our +sovereign; they know that it as well tendeth to her +Majesty's surety for that which may ensure as the +present hurt and danger to themselves. Wherefore, +having considered her Majesty's friendly and godly +offer to concur with them, and to assist them, ... +as from subjects that see how far the Sovereign is led +by unadvised persons, from her duty to God, and +care that she ought to have of the weal of her +country, they most humbly desire the performance of +her Majesty's promise.... They are loth so far to +charge her Majesty as to desire any number of men +to take their part, but that it will only please her +Majesty to help them with such sums of money as +for a time may be able to keep themselves together, +be it that they determine to be wheresoever the +Queen's self is, or to remain in Edinburgh, where +they may best put order unto all those grievous +enormities.... They think that if her Majesty +would bestow only three thousand pounds sterling +for this year, except some foreign force shall be +brought in against them.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Acts of the Privy Council of Scotland</i>, July 12, 1565.</p> + +<p>For as much as divers evil disposed persons ... +wickedly and ungodly have pretended by untrue +reports ... that her Majesty had begun or intended +to impede, stay, or molest any of them in using of +their religion and conscience freely ... ordains letters +to be direct to officers of the Queen's Sheriff in<span class="pagenum">[Pg 64]</span> +that part {respect}, charging them to pass to the market +crosses of all burghs of this realm, and other places +needful, and there, by open proclamation, make +publication of this her Majesty's mind and meaning; +certifying and assuring all her good subjects, that as +they, nor none of them, have hitherto been molested +in the quiet using of their religion and conscience, so +shall they not be unquieted in that behalf in any time +to come; but behaving themselves honestly as good +subjects shall find her Majesty their good princess, +willing to do them justice, and to show them favour +and clemency, but {without} innovation or alteration +in any sort.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A ROYAL MARRIAGE</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i><a name="darnley2" id="darnley2"></a>Randolph to Leicester, from Edinburgh</i>, July 31, 1565. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 199.</p> + +<p>I doubt not but your Lordship hath heard by +such information as I have given from hence, what +the present state of this country is, how this Queen +is now become a married wife, and her husband, the +self same day of his marriage, made a king.... So +many discontented minds, so much misliking of the +subjects to have these matters, ordered in this sort, +to be brought to pass, I never heard of any marriage.... +Thus they fear the overthrow of religion, the +breach of amity with the Queen's Majesty {Elizabeth}, +destruction of as many of the nobility as she hath +misliking of, or that he to pick a quarrel unto.... +He {Darnley} would now seem to be indifferent to +both the religions, she to use her mass, and he to +come sometimes to the preaching.</p> + +<p>They were married with all the solemnities of the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 65]</span> +popish time, saving that he heard not the mass; his +speech and talk argueth his mind, and yet would he +fain seem to the world that he were of some religion. +His words to all men against whom he conceiveth +any displeasure, how unjust soever it be, so proud +and spiteful, that rather he seemeth a monarch of the +world than he that not long since we have seen and +known the Lord Darnley....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>"GOD SAVE HIS GRACE!"</i></div> + +<p>All honour that may be attributed unto any man +by a wife, he hath it wholly and fully ... all dignities +that she can indue him with are already given +and granted. No man pleaseth her that contenteth +not him, and what may I say more, she hath given +over unto him her whole will, to be ruled and guided +as himself best liketh. She can as much prevail with +him in anything that is against his will, as your Lordship +may with me to persuade that I should hang +myself.... Upon Saturday ... at nine hours at +night, by three heralds at sound of the trumpet he +was proclaimed king. This was the night before the +marriage. This day, Monday, at twelve of the clock, +the Lords, all that were in this town, were present at +the proclaiming of him again, when no man said so +much as Amen, saving his father, that cried out aloud, +"God save his Grace!"</p> + +<p>The manner of the marriage was of this sort. +Upon Sunday, in the morning, between five and +six, she was conveyed by divers of her nobles to +the chapel. She had upon her back the great +mourning gown of black, with the great wide mourning +hood, not unlike unto that which she wore the +doleful day of the burial of her husband. She was<span class="pagenum">[Pg 66]</span> +led unto the Chapel by the Earls Lennox and Athole, +and there she was left until her husband came, who +was also conveyed by the same lords. The ministers, +two priests, did there receive them. The banns are +asked the third time, and an instrument taken by a +notary that no man said against them, or alleged any +cause why the marriage might not proceed. The +words were spoken, the rings, which were three, the +middle a rich diamond, were put upon her finger, +they kneel together, and many prayers said over +them. She carrieth out the ...<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> and he taketh a +kiss, and leaveth her there and went to her chamber, +whither in a space she followeth, and there being +required, according to the solemnities, to cast off her +care, and lay aside those sorrowful garments, and +give herself to a pleasanter life. After some pretty +refusals, more I believe for manner sake than grief +of heart, she suffereth them that stood by, every man +that could approach to take out a pin, and so being +committed to her ladies changed her garments.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH ASKED TO EXPLAIN</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Cecil to Sir Thomas Smith, from Windsor</i>, August 21, 1565. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 206.</p> + +<p>Mr. Tomworth was sent to the Queen of Scots +upon this occasion; the Scottish Queen hath sent +twice hither to require the Queen's Majesty to declare +for what causes she did mislike of this marriage, +offering also to satisfy the same. In the meantime +troubles arise there betwixt her and the Earl of +Murray and others being friendly to the warm amity +of the realm, whereunto for sundry respects it seemeth<span class="pagenum">[Pg 67]</span> +convenient for us to regard. The Duke {of Châtelherault}, +the Earls of Argyll, Murray, and Rothes, +with sundry Barons, are joined together not to allow +of the marriage, otherwise than to have the religion +established by law, but the Queen refuseth in this +sort; she will not suffer it to have the force of law, +but of permission to every man to live according to +his conscience. And herewith she retained a great +number of Protestants from associating openly with +the other. She hath sent for the Earl Murray, but +the mistrust is so far entered on both sides, that I +think it will fall to an evil end, for she hath put the +Earl of Murray to the horn {<i>i.e.</i> outlawed} and prohibited +all persons to aid him. Nevertheless, the +Duke, the Earls of Argyll and Rothes are together +with him. We shall hear by Mr. Tomworth what is +most likely to follow.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE REBELS OUT-LAWED</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Register of the Privy Council</i>, December 1, 1565.</p> + +<p>The which day, in presence of the King and +Queen's Majesties and Lords of Secret Council, compeared +Master John Spence of Condy, advocate to +their Highnesses, and exponed how at their Majesties' +command he had libelled summonses of treason +against Archibald, Earl of Argyll, James, Earl of +Murray, Alexander, Earl of Glencairn, Andrew, Earl +of Rothes, Andrew, Lord Ochiltree, Robert, Lord +Boyd, and divers others,—to compear in the next +Parliament, to begin the fourth day of February next +to come, to hear them decerned to have incurred the +crime of <i>lese majestie</i>, and to have lost and forfeited +life, lands, and goods.... But because there were<span class="pagenum">[Pg 68]</span> +divers of the said persons outwith the realm ... it +behoved them be summoned by open proclamation +at the Market Cross of Edinburgh, and other Crosses +next adjacent according to the common law; and +thereupon desired a declaration and determination of +their Majesties and Lords forsaid. The which being +reasoned with good deliberation and advisement, their +Majesties and Lordships find and declare that the +said persons being summoned in manner above specified, +the execution is as sufficient in all respects as if +the same summonses were execute upon them personally +or at their dwelling-places.</p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>GOOD AND COURTEOUS ENTERTAINMENT</i></div> + +<h2>Murray's Reception by Elizabeth.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Knox's Continuator</i> (cf. <a href="#JOHN_KNOX">p. 260</a>), <i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. p. 513</p> + +<p>By means of the French Ambassador, called Monsieur +De Four, his true friend, he {Murray} obtained +audience. The Queen, with a fair countenance, demanded +"how he, being a rebel to her Sister of +Scotland, durst take the boldness upon him to come +within her realm?" These, and the like words got +he, instead of the good and courteous entertainment +expected. Finally, after private discourse, the Ambassador +being absent, she refused to give the Lords +any support, denying plainly that ever she had promised +any such thing as to support them, saying, +"She never meant any such thing in that way;" +albeit her greatest familiars knew the contrary. In +the end the Earl of Murray said to her, "Madam, +whatsoever thing your Majesty meant in your heart,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 69]</span> +we are thereof ignorant; but this much we know +assuredly, that we had lately faithful promises of aid +and support by your Ambassador and familiar servants, +in your name; and further, we have your own handwriting, +confirming the said promises." And afterward +he took his leave, and came northward from +London towards Newcastle. After the Earl of Murray +his departure from the Court the Queen sent them +some aid, and writ unto the Queen of Scotland in +their favour, whether she had promised it in private +to the Earl of Murray, or whether she repented her +of the harsh reception of the Earl of Murray.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[This account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray should be +compared with that given by Melville (<a href="#Pg_60">p. 60</a>).]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<h2>Mary's <a name="Relations" id="Relations"></a>Relations with her Husband.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, January 16, 1566. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 216.</p> + +<p>This court of long time hath been very quiet, +small resort of any, and many of those that come +but slenderly welcome for the great and importunate +suit made by them for my Lord of Murray and the +rest, who by no means can find any favour at her +Grace's hands, in so much that Robert Melville hath +received for resolute answer that let the Queen of +England do for them what she will, they shall never +live in Scotland and she together....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MATRIMONIAL MISLIKINGS</i></div> + +<p>I cannot tell what mislikings of late there hath +been between her Grace and her husband; he presses +earnestly for the matrimonial crown, which she is +loth hastily to grant, but willing to keep somewhat<span class="pagenum">[Pg 70]</span> +in store until she know how well he is worthy to +enjoy such a sovereignty, and therefore it is thought +that the Parliament for a time shall be deferred, but +hereof I can write no certainty.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE HOLY LEAGUE</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, February 7, 1565. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 219.</p> + +<p>There was a bond lately devised in which the late +Pope, the Emperor, the King of Spain, the Duke of +Savoy, with divers Princes of Italy and the Queen +mother {of France} suspected to be of the same confederacy, +to maintain papistry throughout Christendom. +This bond was sent out of France by Thornton, +and is subscribed by this Queen. The copy whereof, +remaining with her and the principal, to be returned +very shortly, as I hear, by Mr. Steven Wilson, a fit +minister for such devilish devices. If the copy hereof +can be gotten, it shall be sent as conveniently I +may....</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The bond referred to is the Holy League. Cf. <i>infra.</i>]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In this court divers contentions, quarrels, and +debates; nothing so much sought as to maintain +mischief and disorder. David {Rizzio} yet retaineth +his place, not without heart grief to many that see +their sovereign guided chiefly by such a fellow.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, February 14, 1566. +<i>Stevenson's Selections.</i></p> + +<p>There is a league concluded between the King of +Spain, the Duke of Savoy, and divers other Papist +princes, for the overthrow of religion, as you shall<span class="pagenum">[Pg 71]</span> +hear more by others, which is come to this Queen's +hands, but not yet confirmed.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>CECIL INFORMED OF THE RIZZIO PLOT</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, March 6, 1566. +<i>Tytler's History of Scotland</i>, vol. vii. p. 30.</p> + +<p>Somewhat we are sure you have heard of divers +discord and jars between this Queen and her husband, +partly for that she hath refused him the crown matrimonial, +partly for that he hath assured knowledge of +such, usage of herself as altogether is intolerable to +be borne, which, if it were not over well known, we +would both be very loath to think that it could be true. +To take away this occasion of slander, he is himself +determined to be at the apprehension and execution +of him, whom he is able manifestly to charge with +the crime, and to have done him the most dishonour +that can be to any man, much more being as he is. +We need not more plainly to describe the person +{Rizzio}. You have heard of the man whom we +mean of.</p> + +<p>To come by the other thing which he desireth, +which is the crown matrimonial, what is devised and +concluded upon by him and the noblemen, you shall +see by copies of the conditions between them and +him, of which Mr. Randolph assureth me to have +seen the principals, and taken the copies written with +his own hand.</p> + +<p>The time of execution and performance of these +matters is before the Parliament, as near as it is. To +this determination of theirs, there are privy in Scotland; +these—Argyll, Morton, Boyd, Ruthven, and +Lethington. In England these—Murray, Rothes,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 72]</span> +Grange, myself, and the writer hereof. If persuasions +to cause the Queen to yield to these matters +do no good, they purpose to proceed we know not in +what sort. If she be able to make any power at +home, she shall be withstood, and herself kept from +all other counsel than her own nobility. If she seek +any foreign support, the Queen's Majesty, our +sovereign, shall be sought, and sued unto to accept +his and their defence, with offers reasonable to +her Majesty's contentment.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>OBLIGATIONS OF THE LORDS</i></div> + +<h2>Agreement between Darnley and the Earls of Murray, Argyll, Glencairn, +and Rothes, and Lords Boyd and Ochiltree.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ruthven's Relation</i>, Ed. of 1815.</p> +<p class="center"><i>Articles to be fulfilled by the lords.</i></p> + +<p>1. The said earls, lords, and their complices, shall +become, and by the tenor hereof become true subjects, +men and servants to the noble and mighty Prince +Henry, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, and +husband to our sovereign lady; that they and all +others that will do for them shall take a loyal and +true part with the said noble Prince in all his actions, +causes, and quarrels, against whomsoever, to the +uttermost of their power....</p> + +<p>2. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall +... by themselves and others that have voice in +Parliament, consent, and by these presents do consent +now as then, and then as now, to grant and +give the crown matrimonial to the said noble Prince +for all the days of his life. And if any person or<span class="pagenum">[Pg 73]</span> +persons withstand or gainsay the same, the said earls, +lords, and their complices shall take such part as the +said noble Prince taketh, in whatsoever sort, for the +obtaining of the said crown against all....</p> + +<p>3. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall +fortify and maintain the said noble Prince in his just +title to the crown of Scotland, failing of succession of +our sovereign lady....</p> + +<p>4. As to the religion which was established by the +Queen's Majesty, our sovereign, shortly after her +arrival in this realm ... they and every one of +them shall maintain and fortify the same at their +uttermost powers, by the help, supply, and maintenance +of the said noble Prince.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;"> + +<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY'S PROMISES</i></div> + +<p class="center"><i>Articles to be fulfilled by Darnley.</i></p> + +<p>1. The said noble Prince shall do his good-will +to obtain them one remission, if they require the +same, for all faults and crimes by-past, of whatsoever +quality or condition they be....</p> + +<p>2. We shall not suffer, by our good-wills, the +foresaid lords and their complices to be called or +accused in Parliament, nor suffer any forfeiture to be +laid against them....</p> + +<p>3. That the said earls, lords, and their complices, +returning within the realm of Scotland, we shall +suffer or permit them to use and enjoy all their lands, +tacks, steadings, and benefices, that they or any of +them had before their passage into England....</p> + +<p>4. As to the said earls, lords, and their complices' +religion, we are contented and consent that they use<span class="pagenum">[Pg 74]</span> +the same, conform to the Queen's Majesty's act +and proclamation made thereupon, shortly after her +Highness's return out of France....</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;"> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE BOND FOR THE MURDER</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE WORD OF A PRINCE</i></div> + +<h2>Bond for Rizzio's Murder—Ruthven's Relation.</h2> + +<p>Be it kend {known} to all men by these present +letters: We, Henry, by the grace of God, King of +Scotland, and husband to the Queen's Majesty, for so +much we having consideration of the gentle and good +nature, with many other good qualities in her Majesty, +we have thought pity, and also think it great conscience +to us that are her husband, to suffer her to +be abused or seduced by certain privy persons, wicked +and ungodly ... especially a stranger Italian called +Davie ... we have devised to take these privy +persons, enemies to her Majesty, us, the nobility and +commonwealth, to punish them according to their +demerits, and in case of any difficulty, to cut them +off immediately, and to take and slay them wherever +it happeneth. And because we cannot accomplish +the same without the assistance of others, therefore +have we drawn certain of our nobility, earls, lords, +barons, freeholders, gentlemen, merchants, and craftsmen, +to assist us in our enterprise, which cannot be +finished without great hazard.... We bind and +oblige us, our heirs and successors, to the said earls, +lords, barons, gentlemen, freeholders, merchants, and +craftsmen, their heirs and successors, that we shall +accept the same feud upon us, and fortify and maintain +them at the uttermost of our power, and shall be +friend to their friend, and enemy to their enemies,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 75]</span> +and shall neither suffer them nor theirs to be molested +nor troubled in their bodies, lands, goods, nor possessions +so far as lieth in us. And if any person would +take any of the said earls, lords, barons, gentlemen, +freeholders, merchants, or craftsmen, for enterprising +and assisting with us for the achieving of our purpose, +because it may chance to be done in presence of the +Queen's majesty, or within her palace of Holyrood-house, +we, by the word of a prince, shall accept and +take the same on us now as then and then as now.... +In witness whereof we have subscribed this with +our own hand at Edinburgh, the 1st of March 1565.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>A ROYAL SUPPER-PARTY</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE MURDER</i></div> + +<h2>1566.—April 2. Mary's Description of the Murder +of Rizzio, in a letter to the Archbishop of Glasgow, +her Ambassador in Paris.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 411.</p> + +<p>Most Reverend Father, we greet you well.... It +is not unknown to you how our Parliament was +appointed to the 12th of this instant month of March, +to which these that were our rebels and fugitives in +England were summoned to have heard themselves +forfeited. The day thereof approaching, we required +the King our husband to assist us in passing thereto, +who, as we are assured, being persuaded by our +rebels that were fugitive, with the advice and fortification +of the Earl of Morton, Lords Ruthven and +Lindsay, their assisters and complices, who were with +us in company, by their suggestion refused to pass +with us thereto, as we suppose because of his facility, +and subtle means of the Lords foresaid, he condescended +to advance the pretended religion published<span class="pagenum">[Pg 76]</span> +here, to put the rebels in their rooms and possessions +which they had of before, and but {without} our knowledge +grant to them a remit of all their trespasses.... +Upon the 9th day of March instant, we being, at even +about seven hours, in our cabinet at our supper, +sociated with our sister the Countess of Argyll, our +brother the Commendator {lay Abbot} of Holyrood-house, +Laird of Criech, Arthur Erskine, and certain +others our domestic servitors, in quiet manner, +especially by reason of our evil disposition, being +counselled to sustain ourselves with flesh {in Lent}, +having also then passed almost to the end of seven +months in our birth; the King our husband came to +us in our cabinet, placed him beside us at our supper. +The Earl of Morton and Lord Lindsay, with their +assisters, clothed in warlike manner, to the number +of eight score persons or thereby, kept and occupied +the whole entry to our Palace of Holyrood-house.... +In that meantime, the Lord Ruthven, clothed +in like manner, with his complices, took entry perforce +in our cabinet, and there seeing our secretary, David +Riccio, among others our servants, declared he had +to speak with him. In this instant we inquired the +King our husband if he knew anything of that enterprise? +who denyed the same. Also we commanded +the Lord Ruthven, under the pain of treason, to +avoid him forth of our presence, declaring we should +exhibit the said David before the Lords of Parliament +to be punished, if in any sort he had offended. Notwithstanding, +the said Lord Ruthven perforce invaded +him in our presence (he then for refuge took safe-guard, +having retired him behind our back), and with<span class="pagenum">[Pg 77]</span> +his complices cast down our table upon ourself, put +violent hands in him, struck him over our shoulders +with whingers {hangers}, one part of them standing +before our face with bended daggs {pistols}, most +cruelly took him forth of our cabinet, and at the +entry of our chamber give him fifty-six strokes with +whingers and swords, in doing whereof we were not +only struck with great dread, but also by sundry +considerations, were most justly induced to take +extreme fear of our life. After this deed immediately +the said Lord Ruthven, coming again in our presence, +declared how they and their complices foresaid were +highly offended with our proceedings and tyranny, +which was not to them tolerable; how we were +abused by the said David whom they had actually +put to death, namely, in taking his counsel for maintenance +of the ancient religion, debarring of the +Lords which were fugitive, and entertaining of amity +with foreign princes and nations with whom we were +confederate; putting also upon Council the Lords +Bothwell and Huntly, who were traitors, and with +whom he associated himself, that the Lords banished +in England were the morn to resort toward us, and +would take plain part with them in our contrary; +and that the King was willing to remit them their +offences. We all this time took no less care of ourselves +than for our Council and nobility, maintainers +of our authority, being with us in our Palace for the +time; to wit, the Earls of Huntly, Bothwell, Athole, +Lords Fleming and Livingstone, Sir James Balfour, +and certain others our familiar servitors, against whom +the enterprise was conspired as well as for David;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 78]</span> +and namely to have hanged the said Sir James in +cords. Yet, by the providence of God, the Earls of +Huntly and Bothwell escaped forth of their chambers +in our Palace at a back window by some cords.... +The Earl of Athole and Sir James Balfour by some +other means, with the Lords Fleming and Livingstone, +obtained deliverance of their invasion. The Provost +and town of Edinburgh having understood this tumult +in our Palace, caused ring their common bell, came to +us in great number and desired to have seen our +presence, intercommuned with us, and to have +known our welfare; to whom we were not permitted +to give answer, being extremely threatened by these +Lords, who in our face declared, if we desired to +have spoken them, they should cut us in collops, and +cast us over the wall. So this community being commanded +by our husband, retired them to quietness.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>TREATMENT OF THE QUEEN</i></div> + +<p>All that night we were detained in captivity within +our chamber, not permitting us to have intercommuned +scarcely with our servant-women nor domestic +servitors. Upon the morn hereafter proclamation +was made in our husband's name, by {without} our +advice, commanding all Prelates and other Lords +convened to Parliament to retire themselves of our +burgh of Edinburgh. That whole day we were kept +in that firmance {custody}, our familiar servitors and +guard being debarred from our service, and we +watched by the committers of these crimes, to whom +a part of the community of Edinburgh, to the number +of four score persons, assisted.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Murray that same day at even, accompanied +with the Earl of Rothes, Pitarrow, Grange,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 79]</span> +tutor of Pitcur, and others who were with him in +England, came to them, and seeing our state and +entertainment, was moved with natural affection +toward us. Upon the morn he assembled the enterprisers +of their late crime, and such of our rebels as +came with him. In their Council they thought it +most expedient we should be warded in our castle of +Stirling, there to remain while {till} we had approved +in Parliament all their wicked enterprises, established +their religion, and given the King the crown matrimonial +and the whole government of our realm; or +else, by all appearance, firmly prepared to have put +us to death, or detained us in perpetual captivity. +To avoid them of our Palace, with their guard and +assisters, the King promised to keep us that night in +sure guard, and that but {without} compulsion he +should cause us in Parliament approve all their conspiracies. +By this means he caused them to retire +them of our Palace.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY WINS DARNLEY TO HER SIDE</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY PROTESTS INNOCENCE</i></div> + +<p>This being granted, ... we declared our state to +the King our husband, certifying him how miserably +he would be handled, in case he permitted these +Lords to prevail in our contrare {against us}, and +how unacceptable it would be to other Princes, our +confederates, in case he altered the religion. By this +persuasion he was induced to condescend to the +purpose taken by us, and to retire in our company +to Dunbar, which we did under night, accompanied +with the captain of our guard, Arthur Erskine, and +two others only.... Soon after our coming to +Dunbar, sundry of our nobility, zealous of our weal, +such as the Earls of Huntly, Bothwell, Marshal,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 80]</span> +Athole, Caithness; Bishop of St. Andrews, with his +kin and friends; Lords Hume, Sempill, and infinite +others assembled to us.... The Earl of Moray +and Argyll sent diverse messages to procure our +favour, to whom in likewise, for certain respects, by +advice of our Nobility and Council being with us, we +have granted remission, under condition they nowise +apply themselves to these last conspirators, and +retire themselves in Argyle during our will.... +We remained in Dunbar five days, and after returned +to Edinburgh well accompanied with our +subjects. The last conspirators, with their assisters, +have removed themselves forth of the same before, +and being presently fugitive from our laws, we have +caused by our charges their whole fortunes, strength, +and houses to be rendered to us; have caused make +inventory of their goods and gear, and intend further +to pursue them with all vigour. Whereunto we are +assured to have the assistance of our husband, who +hath declared to us, and in presence of the Lords of +our Privy Council, his innocence of this last conspiracy, +how he never counselled, commanded, consented, +assisted, nor approved the same. Thus far +only he ever saw himself, that at the enticement and +persuasion of the late conspirators he, without our +advice or knowledge, consented to the bringing home +forth of England of the Earls of Moray, Glencairn, +Rothes, and other persons with whom we were +offended. This ye will consider by his declaration +made hereupon, which at his desire hath been published +at the market crosses of this our Realm ... +of Edinburgh, the second day of April 1566.</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 81]</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="SECTION_IV" id="SECTION_IV"></a>SECTION IV</h2> +<h3>MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY</h3><BR> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bedford">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Murray's plea for the Rizzio rebels.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#KING">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The relations between Mary and Darnley.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's Will.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Birth of Prince James.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Elizabeth">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary to Elizabeth anent her support of the rebels.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Treatment">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's treatment of Darnley, and Darnley's conduct towards Mary.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by M. le Croc, the French Ambassador.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan, with the Alloa story.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Nau's account of the Alloa story, and a letter of Mary's from Alloa.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Hermitage">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Ride to Hermitage.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported in the Diurnal of Occurrents.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Nau.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Illness">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Queen's illness at Jedburgh.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Craigmillar">7.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Craigmillar Conference.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">In the Protestation of Huntly and Argyll.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#immediately">8.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The events immediately before the Darnley murder.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Letter from Du Croc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Baptism of the Prince.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Restoration of the consistorial jurisdiction.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary on Darnley's conduct.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">Beaton's warning.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Glasgow">9.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The visit to Glasgow and the murder.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 82]</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan in the <i>Detection</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">As described by Mary.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">As described by Nau.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">As described by Buchanan in his <i>History</i>.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<br> + +<h2><a name="KING" id="KING"></a>Relations between Mary and Darnley.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i><a name="Bedford" id="Bedford"></a>Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, March 27,<br> +1566. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 235.</p> + +<p>My Lord of Murray by a special servant sent unto +us desireth your Honour's favour to these noblemen +{the fugitives}, as his dear friends, and such as for +his sake hath given this adventure.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote">"<i>TO THE KING WHO GAVE IT ME</i>"</div> + +<h2>Bequests to the King.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Robertson's Inventories.</i></p> + +<p>Before the birth of her son, Mary made a will, of +which no copy is extant. But Mr. Joseph Robertson +found an inventory of her jewels, made at the same +time, with marginal notes, in the Queen's own handwriting, +indicating their disposition. There are fifteen +entries "Au Roy," from which we quote the most +interesting marginal note:—</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">It was with this that I was married, to the King, who gave it me.</td><td align="left">A diamond ring enamelled in red.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>There are also bequests to the Crown of Scotland, +the Earl and Countess of Lennox, and the Earl of +Murray, also a jewel with the marginal note:—</p> + +<p>"To Joseph {Riccio}, which his brother gave me."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 83]</span></p> +<p>At the end of the first section of the inventory, +there is the following note in Mary's hand:—</p> + +<p>"I wish that these provisions be carried out in +case that the child does not survive me, but if it live, +it is to inherit everything. <span class="smcap">Marie R.</span>"</p> +<br> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 270px;"><a name="MONOGRAM" id="MONOGRAM"></a> +<img src="images/illus_004.jpg" width="270" height="486" alt="" title=""> +<span class="caption">QUEEN MARY'S SIGNET-RING AND MONOGRAM.</span> +</div> +<br> + +<h2>Mary's Will as described in the "Book of Articles" (cf. <a href="#Articles">p. 144</a>).</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Hosack's Mary</i>, vol. i. p. 525.</p> + +<p>This her rooted disdain still continuing a little +before her deliverance of her birth in May or June +1566, in making of her latter will and testament, +she named and appointed Bothwell among others to +the tutele {guardianship} of her birth {child} and +issue, and government of the realm in case of her +decease, and unnaturally excluded the father from all +kind of cure and regiment over his own child, advancing +Bothwell above all others to be lieutenant-general.... +She disponit also her whole moveables +to others beside her husband.</p><br> + + +<div class="greynote"><i>BIRTH OF A PRINCE</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S RECEPTION OF THE NEWS</i></div> + +<h2>The Birth of Prince James.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 158.</p> + +<p>All this while I lay in the castle of Edinburgh, +praying night and day for her Majesty's good and +happy delivery of a fair son. This prayer being +granted, I was the first that was advertised by the +Lady Boyne {Mary Beaton, just married to Ogilvie +of Boyne}, in her Majesty's name to part with diligence, +the 19th day of June in the year 1566,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 84]</span> +between ten and eleven hours before noon. It +struck twelve hours when I took my horse, and was +at Berwick that same night. The fourth day after, +I was at London, and met first with my brother, +who sent and advertised the Secretary Cecil that +same night of my coming and of the birth of the +Prince, willing him to keep it up, until my being at +Court to show it myself unto her Majesty, who was +for the time at Greenwich, where her Majesty was in +great merriness and dancing after supper; but so +soon as the Secretary Cecil rounded the news in her +ear of the Prince's birth all merriness was laid aside +for that night, every one that were present marvelling +what might move so sudden a changement; for the +Queen sat down with her hand upon her haffet +{cheek}, and bursting out to some of her ladies, how +that the Queen of Scotland was lighter of a fair +son, and that she was but a barren stock.... The +next morning was appointed unto me to get audience +... she ... said, that the joyful news of the Queen +her sister's delivery of a fair son, which I had sent +unto her by Master Cecil, had recovered her out of +a heavy sickness which has held her fifteen days. +Therefore she welcomed me with a merry volt {countenance}, +and thanked me for the diligence I had +used. All this she said before I had delivered unto +her my letter of credence. After that she had read +it, I declared how that the Queen had hasted me +towards her Majesty, whom she knew of all other +her friends would be gladdest of the good news of +her birth, albeit dear bought with the peril of her +life; for I said that she was so sore handled in the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 85]</span> +meantime that she wished never to have been married. +This I said to give her a little scare to marry, by the +way; for so my brother had informed me, because +she boasted sometimes to marry the Archduke +Charles of Austria, when any man pressed her to +declare a second person {heir}. Then I requested +her Majesty to be a gossip unto the Queen, for our +cummer are called gossips in England; which she +granted gladly to be.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY AND DARNLEY</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Herries's Memoirs</i>, p. 79. (<i>Abbotsford Club.</i>)</p> + +<p>About two o'clock in the afternoon the King came +to visit the Queen, and was desirous to see the child. +"My Lord," says the Queen, "God has given you +and me a son, begotten by none but you!" At +which words the King blushed, and kissed the child. +Then she took the child in her arms, and discovering +his face, said, "My Lord, here I protest to God, and +as I shall answer to Him at the great day of judgment, +this is your son, and no other man's son! +And I am desirous that all here, with ladies and +others, bear witness; for he is so much your own +son, that I fear it will be the worse for him hereafter!" +Then she spoke to Sir William Stanley. +"This," says she, "is the son whom (I hope) shall +first unite the two kingdoms of Scotland and England!" +Sir William answered, "Why, Madam? +Shall he succeed before your Majesty and his father?" +"Because," says she, "his father has broken to me." +The King was by and heard all. Says he, "Sweet +Madam, is this your promise that you made to forgive +and forget all?" The Queen answered, "I<span class="pagenum">[Pg 86]</span> +have forgiven all, but will never forget. What if +Faudonside's pistol had shot, what would have become +of him and me both? or what estate would you have +been in? God only knows; but we may suspect." +"Madam," answered the King, "these things are all +past." "Then," says the Queen, "let them go."</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>REJOICINGS IN EDINBURGH</i></div> + +<h2>Rejoicings in Edinburgh.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Claude Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 27.</p> + +<p>Immediately upon the birth of the Prince, all the +artillery of the castle was discharged, and the lords, +the nobles, and the people gathered in St. Giles' +Church to thank God for the honour of having an +heir to their kingdom. After the birth, certain gentlemen +were despatched to the King of France, the +Queen of England, and the Duke of Savoy, to ask +them to be godfathers and godmothers to the Prince, +to which they very gladly consented.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH AGAIN QUESTIONED</i></div> + +<h2><a name="Elizabeth" id="Elizabeth"></a>Elizabeth and the Rebels.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Mary to Elizabeth</i>, July 1566. <i>Keith's +History</i>, vol. ii. p. 442.</p> + +<p>Right excellent, right high and mighty Princess, +our dearest sister and cousin, in our most hearty +manner we commend us unto you: We have understood +by your declaration made ... to our dearest +brother the King of France, ... that neither ye had +aided nor were minded to aid and support our rebels +against us, which we have always taken to be undoubtedly +true, ... yet we have certain knowledge<span class="pagenum">[Pg 87]</span> +that our said rebels were supported with the sum of +three thousand crowns, sent to the Lady Murray by +Master Randolph about the middle of August by-past, +as the man who carried the money has confessed +in his own presence; which his proceeding as +we have just occasion to think most strange ... we +... have taken occasion to send him home to you, +where his behaviour in this case may be tried, and he +ordered accordingly at your discretion.</p><br> + + +<div class="greynote"><i>QUEEN MARY'S WISE CONDUCT</i></div> + +<h2>Mary's <a name="Treatment" id="Treatment"></a>Treatment of Darnley.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>M. le Croc, French Ambassador in Scotland, to the Archbishop of +Glasgow, Scottish Ambassador in France, from Jedburgh</i>, October 15, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 448.</p> + +<p>The Queen is now returned from Stirling to Edinburgh.... +The King, however, abode at Stirling, +and he told me there that he had a mind to go +beyond sea, in a sort of desperation.... Since that +time the Earl of Lennox his father came to visit him; +and he has written a letter to the Queen signifying +that it is not in his power to divert his son from his +intended voyage, and prays her Majesty to use her +influence therein. This letter from the Earl of +Lennox the Queen received on Michaelmas Day in +the morning; and that same evening the King +arrived here about ten of the clock.... Early next +morning the Queen sent for me, and for all the +Lords and other counsellors. As we were all met +in their Majesties' presence, the Bishop of Ross by +the Queen's commandment declared to the Council<span class="pagenum">[Pg 88]</span> +the King's intention to go beyond sea; for which +purpose he had a ship lying ready to sail; ... and +thereafter the Queen prayed the King to declare in +presence of the Lords and before me the reason of +his projected departure.... She likewise took him +by the hand, and besought him for God's sake to +declare if she had given him any cause for this resolution; +and entreated he might deal plainly, and not +spare her. Moreover, all the Lords likewise said to +him, that if there was any fault on their part, upon +his declaring it they were ready to perform it. And +I likewise took the freedom to tell him, that his +departure must certainly affect either his own or the +Queen's honour—that if the Queen had afforded any +ground for it, his declaring the same would affect her +Majesty; as, on the other hand, if he should go away +without giving any cause for it, this thing could not +at all redound to his praise.... The King at last +declared that he had no ground at all given him for +such a deliberation; and thereupon he went out of +the chamber of presence, saying to the Queen, +"Adieu, Madam, you shall not see my face for a +long space." ... I never saw her Majesty so much +beloved, esteemed, and honoured; nor so great a +harmony amongst all her subjects, as at present +is by her wise conduct, for I cannot perceive the +smallest difference or division.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>SUBSEQUENT ACCUSATIONS</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection.</i></p> + +<p>Not long after her deliverance, on a day very early, +accompanied with very few that were privy of her +counsel, she went down to the water-side, at the +place called the New Haven; and while all marvelled<span class="pagenum">[Pg 89]</span> +whither she went in such haste, she suddenly entered +into a ship there provided for her; which ship was +provided by ... Bothwell's servants, and famous +robbers and pirates. With this train of thieves, all +honest men wondering at it, she betook herself to +sea, taking not any other with her, no not of her +gentlemen, nor necessary attendants for common +honesty. In Alloa castle, where the ship arrived, +how she behaved herself, I had rather every man +should with himself imagine it, than hear me declare +it. This one thing I dare affirm, that in all her +words and doings, she never kept any regard, I will +not say of Queen-like Majesty, but not of matron-like +modesty.... In the meantime, the King being +commanded out of sight, and with injuries and +miseries banished from her, kept himself close, with +a few of his friends, at Stirling.... Yet his heart, +obstinately fixed in loving her, could not be restrained, +but he must needs come back to Edinburgh, on purpose, +with all kind of serviceable humbleness, to get +some entry into her former favour, and to recover the +kind society of marriage. Who once again being +with most dishonourable disdain excluded, returned +from whence he came, there to bewail his woeful +miseries, as in a solitary desert.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 29.</p> + +<p>About the beginning of August the Queen crossed +the sea and went to Alloa, a house belonging to the +Earl of Mar, where she remained for some days in +the company of the ladies of her court and the said +earl.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 90]</span></p> +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN AND A POOR WOMAN</i></div> + +<h2>Mary and the Poor.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>The Lennox</i>, vol. ii. p. 429.</p> + +<p>Trusty Friend,—Forasmuch as it is heavily bemoaned +and piteously complained to us by this poor +woman, that ye have violently ejected her with a company +of poor bairns forth of her kindly room, after +{although} willing to pay your duty thankfully: therefore +(in respect that if ye be so extreme as to depauperate +the poor woman and her bairns) we will desire +you to show some favour and accept them in their +steading {habitation} as ye have done in times bygone; +the which we doubt not but ye will do for this our +request, and as ye shall report our thanks and pleasure +for the same. At Alloa, the penult of July 1566.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Marie R.</span></p> + +<p>To our trusty friend, Robert Murray of Abercairney, +this be delivered.</p> + +<br> +<h2>The Ride to <a name="Hermitage" id="Hermitage"></a>Hermitage.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Diurnal of Occurrents.</i></p> + +<p>Upon the 7th day of October 1566 years, our +sovereign lady, accompanied with the nobility of this +realm, departed of Edinburgh towards Jedburgh, to +hold a justice eyre there, which was proclaimed to be +held upon the eighth day of the same month.</p> + +<p>Upon the same day, James, Earl Bothwell ... +being sent by our sovereigns to bring in certain +thieves and malefactors of Liddesdale to the justice +eyre ... chanced upon a thief called John Elliot<span class="pagenum">[Pg 91]</span> +of the Park.... The said earl shot him with a dagg +{pistol} in the body.... The said John perceiving +himself shot and the Earl fallen, he went to him +where he lay, and gave him three wounds, one in the +body, one in the head, and one in the hand; and my +lord gave him two strokes with a hanger, ... and +the said thief departed, and my lord lay in swoon, +while his servants came and carried him to the +Hermitage....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>FROM JEDBURGH TO HERMITAGE</i></div> + +<p>Upon the fifteenth day of the said month of October, +our sovereign lady rode from Jedburgh to the +Hermitage {about 30 miles}, wherein my Lord Bothwell +was lying in mending of his wound, and spake with +the same earl, and returned again the same night to +Jedburgh.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 30.</p> + +<p>The Earl of Bothwell was so dangerously wounded +in the hand that every one thought he would die. +He thought so himself. Such being the case, her +Majesty was both solicited and advised to pay him a +visit at his house, called the Hermitage, in order +that she might learn from him the state of affairs in +these districts, of which the said lord was hereditary +governor. With this object in view, she went very +speedily, in the company of the Earl of Moray and +some other lords, in whose presence she conversed +with Bothwell for some hours, and on the same day +returned to Jedburgh.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 92]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN'S VERSION</i></div> + +<h2>Buchanan on the Ride to Hermitage.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Detection.</i></p> + +<p>When the Queen had resolved to set out for Jedburgh +to hold the Assizes, about the beginning of +October, Bothwell made an expedition into Liddesdale. +While he was conducting himself there in a +manner worthy neither of the place to which he had +been raised nor of his family and of what might have +been expected of him, he was wounded by a dying +robber. He was carried to the castle of Hermitage +in a condition such as to make his recovery uncertain. +When this news is carried to the Queen at Borthwick, +although it was a severe winter, she flies off like a +mad woman, with enormous journeys first to Melrose +and then to Jedburgh. Although reliable reports +about his life had reached that place, her eager mind +was unable to retain self-control and to prevent her +from displaying her shameless lust. At an unfavourable +season, in spite of the danger of the roads and +of robbers, she threw herself into the expedition with +such an escort as no one slightly more honourable +would have dared to entrust with life and fortune. +Furthermore, when she returned to Jedburgh she +arranged, with extraordinary zeal and care, for Bothwell's +being carried thither. After he was brought +there, their life and conversation was little in accordance +with the dignity of either of them.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The distance from Borthwick Castle to Jedburgh is about sixty +miles.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 93]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY PHYSICIAN</i></div> + +<h2>The Queen's <a name="Illness" id="Illness"></a>Illness at Jedburgh.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, to the Archbishop of Glasgow.</i> October 27, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. iii. p. 286.</p> + +<p>My Lord,—After most hearty commendations, I +write upon haste to your Lordship with Saunders +Bog, who was sent by M. de Croc this last Wednesday +to advertise of the Queen's Majesty's sickness, +which at that time was wondrous great; for assuredly +her Majesty was so handled with great vehemency, +that all that were with her were desperate of her +convalescence. Nevertheless, soon after the departing +of Saunders Bog, her Majesty got some relief, which +lasted till Thursday at ten hours at even, at which +time her Majesty swooned again, and failed in her +sight; her feet and her hands were cold, which +were handled by extreme rubbing, drawing, and +other cures, by the space of four hours, that no +creature could endure greater pain; and through the +vehemency of this cure her Majesty got some relief, +till about six hours in the morning on Friday, that +her Majesty became dead, and all her members cold, +eyes closed, mouth fast, and feet and arms stiff and +cold. Nevertheless, Master Nau, who is a perfect +man of his craft, would not give the matter over in +that manner, but of new began to draw her knees, +legs, arms, feet, and the rest, with such vehement +torments, which lasted the space of three hours, till +her Majesty recovered again her sight and speech, +and got a great sweating, which was held the relief +of the sickness, because it was on the ninth day,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 94]</span> +which commonly is called the crisis of the sickness, +and so here thought the cooling of the fever. And +since then continually, thanks to God, her Majesty +convalesces better and better.... Always, I assure +your Lordship, in all this sickness, her Majesty used +herself marvellous godly and Catholic, and continually +desired to hear speak of God and godly +prayers....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S RECOVERY</i></div> + +<blockquote><p>[Mr. Small, in his "Queen Mary at Jedburgh" (p. 18), gives the +following as the opinion of "a distinguished physician" on the +illness:—"An attack of hæmatemesis, or effusion of blood into the +stomach, subsequently discharged by vomiting; presenting also, +possibly, hysterical complications, the whole induced by +over-exertion and vexation."]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Marc Antonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassador in France to the +Signory, from Paris</i>, Nov. 6, 1566. <i>Venetian Calendar.</i></p> + +<p>The Ambassador from Scotland came to me to-day +with the good news that his Queen ... is so much +better that it is hoped and almost believed that she is +certain to live.</p> + +<p>The illness was caused by her dissatisfaction at a +decision made by the King, her husband, to go to +a place twenty-five or thirty miles distant without +assigning any cause for it; which departure so +afflicted this unfortunate Princess, not so much for +the love she bears him as from the consequences of +his absence, which reduced her to the extremity heard +of by your Serenity.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 95]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN ON CRAIGMILLAR CONFERENCE</i></div> + +<h2>1566.—The <a name="Craigmillar" id="Craigmillar"></a>Craigmillar Conference.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection.</i></p> + +<p>About the 5th November she returned from Jedburgh +to a village called Kelso, and there she received +letters from the King. When she had read these in +the presence of the Regent, the Earl of Huntly, and +the Secretary, with a sad countenance, she said that +unless by some means she were freed from the King +her life would not be worth living; and that if it +could be done in no other way, rather than live in +such misery, she would take her life with her own +hand.... When, about the end of November, she +came to Craigmillar, a castle about two miles from +Edinburgh, she commenced a similar conversation in +the presence of the Earl of Moray (afterwards Regent, +and now himself dead), the Earl of Argyle, and the +Secretary. She mentioned what seemed to her a +satisfactory plan. She projected a suit of divorce +against the King, and doubted not but that it could +easily be done, since they were in that degree of +consanguinity which is forbidden by Canon Law for +the contraction of matrimony, although they had been +by letters easily exempted from that law. At this +point some one raised an objection, that, if it were so +managed, their son would be illegitimate, being born +out of matrimony, and the more so that neither of +the parents was ignorant of the causes that rendered +the marriage null. She considered that reply for a +little, and recognised its truth. Not daring to enter +upon a scheme which would thus affect her son, she<span class="pagenum">[Pg 96]</span> +abandoned her project of a divorce, nor did she ever +afterwards let slip any opportunity of getting rid of +the King, as may be readily gathered from what remains +to tell.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>The Protestation of the Earls of Huntly and Argyll, 1568, Goodall's Examination</i>, vol. ii. pp. 316-321, from Cott. Lib. Calig., vol. i. p. 282.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The following "Protestation" was drawn up by Queen Mary's advisers +during the Westminster Conference (<i>infra</i>, <a href="#Westminster">pp. 143</a> <i>et seq.</i>), and +was despatched to Huntly for his own and Argyll's signature. It was, +however, seized and sent to Cecil, without its having reached its +destination. It is placed here for the sake of comparison with +Buchanan's account of the Conference. It may be noted here that in +another document (Instructions and Articles to be advised on and +agreed, so far as the Queen's Majesty, our Sovereign, shall think +expedient, at the meeting of the Lords in England, committed in +credit by ... her Grace's true faithful subjects—<i>Goodall</i>, vol. +ii. p. 354), signed by Lords Huntly, Argyll, Crawford, Eglinton, +Cassilis, Errol, Ogilvie, Fleming, and many others of Mary's +supporters, the following sentence refers to this Conference:—"They +caused make offers to our said Sovereign Lady, if her Grace would +give remission to them that were banished at that time, to find +causes of divorce, either for consanguinity, in respect they alleged +the dispensation was not published, or else for adultery; or then +{else} to get him convict of treason, because he consented to her +Grace's retention in ward; or what other ways to despatch him; which +altogether her Grace refused, as is manifestly known." The +"Dispensation" is the Papal Dispensation for the Darnley marriage, +Mary and Darnley being within the forbidden degrees.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A CONFERENCE OF THE EARLS</i></div> + +<p>In the year of God 1566 years, in the month of +December, or thereby, after her Highness's great and +extreme sickness, and return from Jedburgh, her<span class="pagenum">[Pg 97]</span> +Grace being in the castle of Craigmillar, accompanied +by us above written {<i>i.e.</i> Huntly and Argyll}, and by +the Earls of Bothwell, Murray, and Secretary Lethington; +the said Earl of Murray and Lethington +came into the chamber of us the Earl of Argyll in +the morning, we being in our bed; who, lamenting +the banishment of the Earl of Morton, Lords Lindsay +and Ruthven, with the rest of their faction, said, +that the occasion of the murder of David, slain by +them in presence of the Queen's Majesty, was to +trouble and impesche {prevent} the parliament; +wherein the Earl of Murray and others were to have +been forfeited and declared rebels. And seeing that +the same was chiefly for the welfare of the Earl of +Murray, it should be esteemed ingratitude if he and +his friends in reciprocal manner, did not strive all +that in them lay for relief of the said banished ones; +wherefor they thought that we, of our part, should +have been as desirous thereto as they were.</p> + +<p>And we agreeing to the same, to do all that was in +us for their relief, providing that the Queen's Majesty +should not be offended thereat; on this Lethington +proposed and said, "That the nearest and best way +to obtain the said Earl of Morton's pardon, was, to +promise to the Queen's Majesty to find a means to +make divorcement between her Grace and the King +her husband, who had offended her Highness so +highly in many ways."</p> + +<p>And then they send to my Lord of Huntly, praying +him to come to our chamber.... And thereon we +four, viz., Earls of Huntly, Argyll, Murray, and +Secretary Lethington, passed all to the Earl of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 98]</span> +Bothwell's chamber, to understand his advice on the +proposals; wherein he gainsaid no more than we.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THEIR PROPOSITION MADE TO THE QUEEN</i></div> + +<p>So thereafter we passed altogether to the Queen's +Grace; where Lethington, after he had remembered +her Majesty of a great number of grievous and intolerable +offences, that the King, as he said, ungrateful +for the honour he had received from her Highness, +had done to her Grace, and continued every day +from bad to worse; proposed, "That if it pleased +her Majesty to pardon the Earl of Morton, Lords +Ruthven and Lindsay, with their company, they +should find the means with the rest of the nobility, +to make divorcement between her Highness and the +King her husband, which should not need her Grace +to meddle therewith. To the which, it was necessary +that her Majesty take heed to come to a decision +therein, as well for her own relief as for the good +of the realm; for he troubled her Grace and us all; +and remaining with her Majesty, would not cease +till he did her some other evil turn."</p> + +<p>After these persuasions and divers others, which +the said Lethington used, besides those which every +one of us showed particularly to her Majesty to +bring her to the said purpose, her Grace answered: +That under two conditions she might agree to the +same; the one, that the divorcement were made +lawfully; the other, that it were not prejudicial to +her son; otherwise her Highness would rather +endure all torments, and abide the perils that +might befall her in her Grace's lifetime. The Earl +of Bothwell answered, "That he doubted not but +the divorcement might be made without prejudice<span class="pagenum">[Pg 99]</span> +of my Lord Prince in any way," alleging the example +of himself, that he failed not to succeed to his father's +heritage without any difficulty, albeit there was a +divorce between him and his mother.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S ANSWER</i></div> + +<p>It was also proposed that, after their divorcement, +the King should be alone in one part of the country, +and the Queen's Majesty in another, or else that he +should retire to another realm; and herein her +Majesty said, "That peradventure he would change +his course, and that it were better that she herself +passed into France for a time, waiting till he acknowledged +his fault." Then Lethington, taking the +speech, said, "Madam, think you not we are here, +of the principal members of your Grace's nobility +and council, and that we shall find the means that +your Majesty shall be quit of him without prejudice +of your son. And albeit that my Lord of Murray +here present be little less scrupulous for a Protestant, +than your Grace is for a Papist, I am assured he will +look through his fingers thereto, and will behold +our doings, saying nothing to the same." The +Queen's Majesty answered, "I will that ye do nothing +through which any spot may be laid upon +my honour or conscience, and therefore I pray you, +rather let the matter be in the condition that it is, +abiding till God of His goodness put remedy thereto; +lest you believing that you are doing me a service, +may possibly turn to my hurt and displeasure." +"Madam," said Lethington, "let us guide the matter +among us, and your Grace shall see nothing but +good, and approved by Parliament."</p> + +<p>So since the murder of the said Henry Stewart<span class="pagenum">[Pg 100]</span> +followed this, we judge in our consciences, and hold +for certain and truth, that the said Earl of Murray +and Secretary Lethington were authors, inventors, +devisers, counsellors, and sources of the said murder, +in whatever manner, or by whatsoever persons, the +same was executed.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN AND DARNLEY</i></div> + +<h2>Events <a name="immediately" id="immediately"></a>immediately before the Murder of Darnley.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh.</i> December 2, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 96.</p> + +<p>The Queen is for the present at Craigmillar, about +a league distant from this city. She is in the hands +of the physicians, and I do assure you is not at all +well; and do believe the principal part of her disease +to consist in a deep grief and sorrow. Nor does it +seem possible to make her forget the same. Still she +repeats these words: <i>I could wish to be dead</i>. You +know very well that the injury she has received is +exceedingly great, and her Majesty will never forget +it. The King, her husband, came to visit her at +Jedburgh the very day after Captain Hay went away. +He remained there but one single night; and yet in +that short time I had a great deal of conversation +with him.... I think he intends to go away tomorrow; +but in any event I'm much assured, as I +always have been, that he won't be present at the +baptism. To speak my mind freely to you ... +I do not expect, upon several accounts, any good +understanding between them, unless God effectually +put to His hand. The first is, the King will never +humble himself as he ought; the other is, the Queen<span class="pagenum">[Pg 101]</span> +can't perceive any one nobleman speaking with the +King, but presently she suspects some contrivance +among them.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY AND THE BAPTISM</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Glasgow.</i> December 26, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 97.</p> + +<p>The baptism of the Prince was performed Tuesday +last, when he got the name of Charles James. It +was the Queen's pleasure that he should bear the +name James, together with that of Charles (the King +of France's name). Everything at this solemnity +was done according to the form of the Holy Roman +Catholic Church. The King (Lord Darnley) had +still given out that he would depart two days before +the baptism, but when the time came on he made no +sign of removing at all, only he still kept close within +his own apartment. The very day of the baptism he +sent three several times desiring me either to come +and see him, or to appoint him an hour that he +might come to me in my lodgings, so that I found +myself obliged at last to signify to him that seeing he +was in no good correspondence with the Queen, I +had it in charge from the most Christian King to +have no conference with him.... His bad deportment +is incurable, nor can there ever be any good +expected from him.... I can't pretend to foretell +how all may turn; but I will say that matters can't +subsist long as they are without being accompanied +with sundry bad consequences.... The Queen +behaved herself admirably well all the time of the +baptism, and showed so much earnestness to entertain +all the goodly company in the best manner, that this<span class="pagenum">[Pg 102]</span> +made her forget in a good measure her former ailments. +But I am of the mind, however, that she will give us +some trouble as yet; nor can I be brought to think +otherwise so long as she continues to be so pensive +and melancholy.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>AN INSULT TO THE ENGLISH</i></div> + +<h2>An Incident of the Baptism.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 171.</p> + +<p>At the principal banquet there fell out a great flaw +and grudge among the Englishmen, for a Frenchman +called Bastien devised a number of men formed like +satyrs, with long tails and whips in their hands, +running before the meat, which was brought through +the great hall upon a trim engine, marching, as it +appeared, alone, with musicians clothed like maidens, +playing upon all sorts of instruments and singing of +music. But the satyrs were not content only to +clear round, but put their hands behind them to +their tails, which they wagged with their hands, in +such sort as the Englishmen supposed it had been +devised and done in derision of them, daftly +{foolishly} apprehending that which they should +not seem to have understood.... So soon as +they saw the satyrs wagging their tails<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> ... they +all sat down upon the bare floor behind the back<span class="pagenum">[Pg 103]</span> +of the board, that they should not see themselves +scorned, as they thought.</p> +<br> +<h2>1566.—December 23. Restoration of the Consistorial +Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of St. Andrews.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing</i>, II., 77. <i>from Privy Seal Record</i>, bk. 35, fol. 99.</p> + +<p>A letter made restoring and reproving our +sovereign's well beloved and trusty councillor, John, +Archbishop of St. Andrews, primate and legate of +Scotland, to all and sundry his jurisdictions as well +upon the south as north sides of the Forth within +the diocese of St. Andrews, which pertained to the +Archbishopric of the same, to be used by him and +his commissaries in all time coming in the same +manner and form of justice as it is now used.... +At Stirling, this xxiii day of December, the year of +God, 1566 years.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts had been abolished in +1560. It was the Archbishop who pronounced the sentence of divorce +between Bothwell and his wife, either in virtue of this general +warrant, or by means of a special commission to try the case. On the +one side, this restoration of the Consistorial Court is regarded as +pointing to Mary's collusion with Bothwell, while controversialists, +on the other side, would connect it with the proposal, made at +Craigmillar, of a divorce between Mary and Darnley.]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY FALLS ILL</i></div> + +<h2>Darnley's Illness.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection.</i></p> + +<p>Before he had passed a mile from Stirling all the +parts of his body were taken with such a sore ache,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 104]</span> +as it might easily appear that the same proceeded not +of the force of any sickness, but by plain treachery. +The token of which treachery, certain black pimples, +so soon as he was come to Glasgow broke out over +all his whole body, with so great ache and such pain +throughout all his limbs, that he lingered out his life +with very small hope of escape: and yet all this while, +the Queen would not suffer so much as a physician +once to come at him.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN v. BEDFORD</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>The Earl of Bedford to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, +January 9, 1566. <i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p> + +<p>The King is now at Glasgow with his father, and +there lies full of the small-pox, to whom the Queen +has sent her physician.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh</i>, January 20, 1567.<i> Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 101.</p> + +<p>For the King our husband, God knows always our +part towards him; and his behaviour and thankfulness +to us is semblablement well known to God and +the world; specially our own indifferent subjects see +it, and in their hearts, we doubt not, condemn the +same. Always we perceive him occupied and busy +enough to have inquisition of our doings, which, God +willing, shall aye be such as none shall have occasion +to be offended with them, or to report of us any way +but honourably; howsoever he, his father, and their +fautors speak, which we know want no good will to +make us have ado, if their power were equivalent to +their minds.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 105]</span></p> + +<p class="greynote"><i>A WARNING TO THE QUEEN</i></p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>The Archbishop of Glasgow to Queen Mary, from Paris</i>, +January 17, 1567. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 103.</p> + +<p>I have heard some murmuring ... that there be +some surprise to be trafficked in your country, but +he {the Spanish ambassador} would never let me +know of any particular, only assured me he had +written to his master to know if by that way he can +try any further, and that he was advertised and counselled +to cause me haste toward you herewith.... +Finally, I would beseech your Majesty right humbly +to cause the captains of your guard be diligent in +their office; for notwithstanding that I have no particular +occasion wherein I desire it, yet can I not be +out of fear till I hear of your news.... And so I +pray the eternal Lord to preserve your Majesty from +all dangers, with long life and good health.</p> + +<br> +<h2>The Visit to <a name="Glasgow" id="Glasgow"></a>Glasgow and the Murder.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection</i> (First Scots translation, in <i>Anderson's Collections</i>, vol. ii. pp. 17-24).</p> + +<blockquote><p>[Buchanan's account of Queen Mary's visit to Glasgow should be +supplemented by a comparison with Crawford's "Deposition" (<a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">pp. +208-213</a>), with the Glasgow Letter (<a href="#Letter_II">pp. 167-182</a>), and with the +passage from Nau's "Memorials" on <a href="#Pg_111">p. 111.</a>]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Herself goes to Glasgow; she pretends the cause +of her journey to be to see the King alive, whose +death she had continually gaped for the month before. +But what was indeed the true cause of that journey, +every man may plainly perceive by her letters to +Bothwell. Being now out of care of her son, whom +she had in her own ward, bending herself to the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 106]</span> +slaughter of her husband, to Glasgow she goes, +accompanied with the Hamiltons, and other the +King's natural enemies.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>KIRK-OF-FIELD</i></div> + +<p>Bothwell, as it was between them before accorded, +provides all things ready that were needful to accomplish +the heinous act; First of all, a house, not +commodious for a sick man, nor comely for a King, +for it was both riven and ruinous, and had stood +empty without any dweller for divers years before, in +a place of small resort, between old falling walls of +two kirks, near a few almshouses for poor beggars. +And that no commodious means for committing that +mischief might be wanting, there is a postern door in +the Town Wall, hard by the house, whereby they +might easily pass away into the fields. In choosing +of the place, she would needs have it thought that +they had respect to the wholesomeness. And to +avoid suspicion that this was a feigned pretence, +herself the two nights before the day of the murder, +lay there in a lower room, under the King's chamber. +And as she did curiously put off the shows of suspicion +from herself, so the execution of the slaughter +she was content to have committed to another.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN GOES TO HOLYROOD</i></div> + +<p>About three days before the King was slain, she +practised to set her brother, Lord Robert, and him +at deadly feud, making reckoning that it should be +gain to her, whichsoever of them had perished. +For matter to ground their dissension, she made +rehearsal of the speech that the King had had with +her concerning her brother; and when they both so +grew in talk, as the one seemed to charge the other +with the lie, at last they were in a manner come from<span class="pagenum">[Pg 107]</span> +words to blows. But while they were both laying +their hands on their weapons, the Queen feigning as +though she had been perilously afraid of that which +she earnestly desired, called the Earl of Murray, her +other brother, to the parting, to this intent, that she +might either presently bring him in danger to be slain +himself, or in time to come to bear the blame of such +mischief as then might have happened....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE MURDER</i></div> + +<p>When all things were ready prepared for performing +this cruel fact ... the Queen, for manners' sake, +after supper, goes up to the King's lodging. There +being determined to show him all the tokens of +reconciled good will, she spent certain hours in his +company, with countenance and talk much more +familiar than she had used in six or seven months +before. At the coming in of Paris, she broke off +her talk and prepared to depart. This Paris was a +young man born in France, and had lived certain +years in the houses of Bothwell and Seton, and afterwards +with the Queen. Whereas the other keys of +that lodging were in custody of the King's servants, +Paris, by feigning certain fond and slender causes, +had in keeping the keys which Bothwell kept back, +of the back gate and the postern. He was in special +trust with Bothwell and the Queen, touching their +secret affairs. His coming (as it was before agreed +among them) was a watchword that all was ready +for the matter. As soon as the Queen saw him, she +rose up immediately, and feigning another cause to +depart, she said, "Alas! I have much offended toward +Sebastian this day, that I came not in a mask +to his marriage." This Sebastian was an Avernois<span class="pagenum">[Pg 108]</span> +{Auvergnois}, a man in great favour with the Queen, +for his cunning in music, and his merry jesting, and +was married the same day. The King thus left, +in manner, alone, in a desolate place, the Queen +departs, accompanied with the Earls of Argyle, +Huntly, and Cassilis, that attended upon her. After +that she was come into her chamber, after midnight, +she was in long talk with Bothwell, none being +present but the captain of her guard. And when he +also withdrew himself, Bothwell was there left alone, +without other company, and shortly after retired into +his own chamber. He changed his apparel, because +he would be unknown of such as met him, +and put on a loose cloak, such as the Swartrytters<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> +wear, and so went forward through the watch to +execute his intended traitorous fact. The whole +order of the doing thereof may be easily understood +by their confessions who were put to death for it.</p> + +<p>Bothwell, after the deed was ended that he went +for, returned, and as if he had been ignorant of all +that was done, he gat him to bed. The Queen, in +the meantime, in great expectation of the success, +how finely she played her part (as she thought) it is +marvell to tell; for she not once stirred at the noise +of the fall of the house, which shook the whole +town, nor at the fearful outcries that followed, and +confused cries of the people (for I think there happened +her not any new thing unlooked for) till +Bothwell, feigning himself afraid, rose again out of +his bed, and came to her with the Earls of Argyle, +Huntly, and Athole, and with the wives of the Earls<span class="pagenum">[Pg 109]</span> +of Mar and Athole, and with the Secretary. There, +while the monstrous chance was in telling, while +every one wondered at the thing, that the King's +lodging was even from the very foundation blown up +in the air, and the King himself slain; in this +amazedness and confused fear of all sorts of persons, +only that same heroical heart of the Queen maintained +itself, so far from casting herself down into +base lamentations and tears, unbeseeming the royal +name, blood, and estate, that she matched, or rather +far surmounted all credit of the constancy of any in +former times. This also proceeded of the same +nobility of courage, that she sent out the most part +of them that were then about her, to inquire out the +manner of the doing, and commanded the soldiers +that watched to follow, and she herself settled her to +rest, with a countenance so quiet, and mind so untroubled, +that she sweetly slept till the next day at +noon. But lest she should appear void of all naturalness +at the death of her husband, by little and little, +at length she kept her close, and proclaimed a +mourning not long to endure.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY ON THE MURDER</i></div> + +<h2>Mary's Description of the Murder.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Queen Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow</i>, February 11 [10?], 1567. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 101.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A PLOT AGAINST BOTH KING AND QUEEN</i></div> + +<p>We have received this morning your letters of the +27th January by your servant Robert Dury, containing +in one part such advertisement as we find by +effect over true. Albeit the success has not altogether +been such as the authors of that mischievous +fact had preconceived in their mind, and had put it<span class="pagenum">[Pg 110]</span> +in execution, if God in His mercy had not preserved +us and reserved us, as we trust, to the end that we +may take a rigorous vengeance of that mischievous +deed, which as it should remain unpunished, we had +rather lose life and all. The matter is horrible and +so strange as we believe the like was never heard +of in any country. This night past, being the 9th +February, a little after two hours after midnight, +the house wherein the King was lodged was in an +instant blown in the air, he lying sleeping in his bed, +with such a vehemency, that of the whole lodging, +walls, and other, there is nothing remained, no, not +a stone above another, but all carried far away or +dashed in dross to the very ground-stone. It must +be done by force of powder, and appears to have +been a mine. By whom it has been done, or in +what manner, it appears not as yet. We doubt not +but according to the diligence our Council has begun +already to use, the certainty of all shall be used +shortly; and the same being discovered, which we +wot God will never suffer to lie hid, we hope to +punish the same with such rigour as shall serve for +example of this cruelty to all ages to come. Always +whoever have taken this wicked enterprise in hand, +we assure ourselves it was dressed as well for us as +for the King; for we lay the most part of all the +last week in that same lodging, and were then accompanied +with the most part of the Lords that are in +this town that same night at midnight, and of every +chance tarried not all night, by reason of some mask +in the Abbey: but we believe it was not chance, but +God that put it in our head. We despatched the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_111" id="Pg_111"></a>[Pg 111]</span> +bearer upon the sudden, and therefore write to you +the more shortly....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>NAU'S ACCOUNT OF THE MURDER</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 33.</p> + +<p>He {the King} went to Glasgow, where he was +seized with the small-pox. He sent several times +for the Queen, who was very ill, having been injured +by a fall from her horse at Seton. At last she went, +stayed with him, and attended him on his return to +Edinburgh.... On his return to Edinburgh, the +King lodged in a small house outside the town, +which he had chosen in the report of James Balfour +and some others. This was against the Queen's +wishes, who was anxious to take him to Craigmillar, +for he could not stay in Holyrood Palace lest he +should give infection to the Prince. On his own +account, too, he did not wish any one to see him +in his present condition.... While he was in this +house, the King was often visited by the Queen, with +whom he was now perfectly reconciled. He promised +to give her much information of the utmost importance +to the life and quiet of both of them.... He +warned her more particularly to be on her guard +against Lethington, who, he said, was planning the +ruin of the one by the means of the other.... +That very night, as her Majesty was about to leave +the King, she met Paris, Lord Bothwell's <i>valet-de-chambre</i>, +and noticing that his face was all blackened +with gunpowder, she exclaimed in the hearing of +many of the lords, just as she was mounting her +horse, "Jesu, Paris, how begrimed you are!" At +this he turned very red.</p> + +<p>On the 10th of February 1567, about three or<span class="pagenum">[Pg 112]</span> +four o'clock in the morning, a match was put to the +train of gunpowder, which had been placed under +the King's house. It was afterwards made public +that this had been done by the command and device +of the Earls of Bothwell and Morton, James Balfour, +and some others, who always afterwards pretended +to be most diligent in searching out the murder which +they themselves had committed. Morton had secretly +returned from England, to which he had been banished.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE ORIGIN OF THE CRIME</i></div> + +<p>This crime was the result of a bond into which +they had entered. It was written by Alexander +Hay, at that time one of the clerks of the Council, +and signed by the Earls of Moray, Huntly, Bothwell, +and Morton, by Lethington, James Balfour, and +others, who had combined for this purpose. They +protested that they were acting for the public good +of the realm, pretending that they were freeing the +Queen from the bondage and misery into which she +had been reduced by the King's behaviour.... +He was but deceiving the Queen, whom they often +blamed for so faithfully having come to a good +understanding with her husband; and they told her +that he was putting a knife not only to their throats +but to her own.</p> + +<p>The King's body was blown into the garden by +the violence of the explosion, and a poor English +valet of his, who slept in his room, was there killed.... +Earl Bothwell was much suspected of this +villainous and detestable murder.... If we may +judge by the plots, deeds, and contrivances of his +associates, it would seem that after having used him +to rid themselves of the King, they designed to make<span class="pagenum">[Pg 113]</span> +Bothwell their instrument to ruin the Queen, their +true and lawful sovereign.</p> + +<p>Their plan was this, to persuade her to marry +the Earl of Bothwell, so that they might charge her +with being in the plot against her late husband, and a +consenting party to his death. This they did shortly +after, appealing to the fact that she had married the +murderer.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>ANOTHER ACCOUNT BY BUCHANAN</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote">Buchanan (<i>Translated from History</i>, xx. 35).</p> + +<p>The Archbishop of St. Andrews, who lived nearest, +willingly undertook the task of killing the King, when +it was offered to him, both on account of old enmities, +and in the hope of bringing the succession nearer +his own family. He chose, accordingly, six or eight +of the most abandoned of his retainers, and entrusted +the matter to them, giving them the keys of the +King's lodging. They entered very quietly into his +chamber, strangled him as he lay sleeping, and +carried his body through the postern into a garden +beside the walls. Then, at a given signal, fire was +applied to the house.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The question as to the manner of Darnley's death has given rise to +considerable discussion. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Paris +(vide <a href="#Hay">pp. 144</a>, <a href="#PARIS">215-218</a>) agree in representing that the King was +killed by the explosion. On the other hand, Drury, who wrote to +Cecil on 24th April {Foreign Calendar}, and Count Moretta, the agent +of the Duke of Savoy, who was in Edinburgh {Labanoff, vii. 108}, +state that he was strangled. The facts that the bodies of Darnley +and his servant, Taylor, were found together, in the garden, at some +little distance from the house, without violent injury; that +Darnley's pelisse and slippers were found beside him; and that the +other bodies were found among the ruins, must be taken into account +in forming a judgment on the question.]</p></blockquote><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 114]</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="SECTION_V" id="SECTION_V"></a>SECTION V</h2> +<h3>FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND</h3><br> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bothwell">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Introductory Note.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bothwell">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's seizure by Bothwell.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Ainslie Bond.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's description.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Description in the Diurnal of Occurrents.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Guzman de Silva to Philip II.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bothwell_Marriage">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Bothwell Marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Divorce.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Dukedom of Orkney.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">'s demeanour, as described by Du Croc and Drury.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Carberry_Hill">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Carberry Hill.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Lochleven_Castle">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary in Lochleven.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Guzman de Silva on the nature of the Rebellion.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Elizabeth's intervention.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">De Silva's conversation with Murray—the first suggestion of the Casket Letters.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Escape">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The escape from Lochleven.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>LENNOX AND THE QUEEN</i></div> + +<h2>1567.—April 19. Mary's Capture by <a name="Bothwell" id="Bothwell"></a>Bothwell.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[The Register of the Privy Council tells that, on February 12th, the +Queen offered to the first revealer of the crime, "although he be +one culpable and participant of the said<span class="pagenum">[Pg 115]</span> +crime," a reward of two thousand pounds and "ane honest yeirlie +rent." Public opinion pointed to Bothwell as the murderer, and +anonymous placards appeared in the streets of Edinburgh accusing +him. Lennox approached the Queen demanding a trial. On March 1st (in +reply to his letter of February 26th) Mary wrote asking a list of +names. He sent, on the 17th, the names of Bothwell, Sir James +Balfour, David Chalmers, John Spens, Francis Bastian, John de +Bourdeaux, and Joseph Riccio,—the last four were attendants on the +Queen. On March 28th the Privy Council fixed the trial for April +12th. On the 11th, Lennox wrote asking a postponement of the trial +and the imprisonment of the persons he had named, or whom he might +suspect. The request was not granted, and the trial took place on +the 12th. The Earl of Argyll, hereditary Lord-Justice, took his +place as President of the Court, and the Earl of Caithness was +Chancellor of the jury. Lennox put forward his demand for a +postponement, which was refused, Bothwell urging that the Privy +Council had fixed an early date in accordance with Lennox's own +request. No witnesses were produced by the prosecution, and Bothwell +was acquitted. He then challenged to single combat any one who might +accuse him, and the challenge was not accepted. In the Parliament +which met on the 16th, various confirmations of grants were +made—the Castle of Dunbar to Bothwell, the Earldom of Angus to +Bothwell's nephew, and various lands to Sir Richard Maitland of +Lethington. No Parliament had assembled since Mary's marriage to +Darnley, and, accordingly, the restoration of Murray and Morton to +their titles and estates was confirmed by statute. Although +Parliament thus put its seal on Bothwell's acquittal, by securing +Dunbar to him, the popular impression of his guilt was in no way +lessened.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 116]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE AINSLIE BOND</i></div> + +<h2>A Bond by a Number of the Nobility to promote Bothwell's Marrying of Queen Mary.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Anderson's Collections</i>, vol. i. pp. 107-112, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. fol. 1.</p> + +<p>We undersubscribing, understanding that although +the noble and mighty Lord James, Earl Bothwell, ... +being not only bruitit {reported} and calumniated by +placards, privily affixed on the public places of the +Kirk of Edinburgh, and otherwise slandered by his +evil willers, as art and part of the heinous murther +of the King, ... but also by special letters sent to +her Highness by the Earl of Lennox, and debated +{accused} of the same crime ... he by condign +inquest and assize of certain noblemen his peers and +other barons of good reputation is found guiltless +and innocent of the odious crime objected to him +... and we considering the anciency and nobleness +of his house, the honourable and good service of his +predecessors, and specially himself to our Sovereign, +and for the defence of this her Highness' Realm +against the enemies thereof, and the amity and +friendship which so long has preserved betwix his +House and every one of us.... Therefore obliges +us, and every one of us, upon our Faith and +Honours, and Truth in our bodies, as we are noblemen, +and will answer to God, that in case hereafter +any manner of person or persons ... shall happen +to insist farther to the slander and calumniation of +the said Earl of Bothwell, as participant, act or part, +of the said heinous murther, ... we ... shall +take ... plain and upright part with him, to the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 117]</span> +defence and maintenance of his quarrel.... Moreover, +weighing and considering the time present, and +how our Sovereign the Queen's Majesty is now +destitute of a husband, in the which solitary state +the Commonwealth of this Realm may not permit +her Highness to continue and endure; ... and, +therefore, in case the former affectionate and hearty +service of the said Earl ... may move her Majesty +so far to humble herself, as preferring one of her +native born subjects unto all foreign princes, to take +to Husband the said Earl, we, and every one of us +undersubscribing, upon our Honours and Fidelity, +obliges us, and promises, not only to further, advance, +and set forward the marriage to be solemnised +and completed betwix her Highness and the said +noble Lord ... but in case any would presume +directly or indirectly, openly, or under whatsoever +colour or pretence, to hinder, hold back, or disturb +the said marriage, we shall in that behalf, esteem, +hold and repute the hinderers, adversaries or disturbers +thereof as our common enemies and evil +willers.... In witness of the which we have subscriyved +these presents, as follows, at Edinburgh, the +19 Day of April, the year of God, 1567 years.</p> + + +<div class="greynote"><i>SIGNATORIES TO THE BOND</i></div> + +<p>The names of such of the nobility as subscribed +the bond, so far as John Read {a dependent of +Murray} might remember, of whom I had this copy, +being in his own hand, being commonly termed in +Scotland, Ainslie's Supper.</p> + +<p>The Earls—Murray, Huntly, Cassilis, Morton, +Sutherland, Rothes, Glencairn, Caithness.</p> + +<p>Lords—Boyd, Seton, Sinclair, Semple, Oliphant,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 118]</span> +Ogilvie, Rosse-Hacat, Carlisle, Herries, Hume, and +Innermeith.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[This note is appended to Cecil's copy of the bond. It should be +noted that Murray was not in Scotland at the time, and that his name +does not appear in a copy of the bond in the Scots College at Paris, +for which we have the authority of Sir James Balfour.]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN CAPTURED</i></div> + +<h2>1567.—May. Mary on her Capture. Instructions +to the Bishop of Dunblane for the French Court.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 592.</p> + +<p>In our returning he awaited us by the way, accompanied +with a great force, and led us with all diligence +to Dunbar.... And when he saw us like to reject +all his suit and offers, in the end he showed us how +far he was proceeded with our whole nobility and +principals of our estates, and what they had promised +him under their handwrites.... In the end, when +we saw no esperance to be rid of him, never man in +Scotland once making an attempt to procure our +deliverance, ... so ceased he never till by persuasions +and importune suit, accompanied not the +less with force, he has finally driven us to end the +work begun at such time and in such form as he +thought might best serve his turn, wherein we cannot +dissemble that he has used us otherwise than we +would have wished, or yet have deserved at his hand.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland.</i></p> + +<p>And upon the twenty-fourth day of April, which +was Saint Mark's even, our sovereign lady being<span class="pagenum">[Pg 119]</span> +riding from Stirling, whereto she passed a little of +before to visit her son, as said is, to Edinburgh, +James, Earl of Bothwell, accompanied with seven or +eight hundred men and friends, whom he caused +believe that he would ride upon the thieves of +Liddesdale, met our sovereign lady betwix Kirkliston +and Edinburgh, at a place called the Bridges, +accompanied with a few number, and there took her +person to the castle of Dunbar.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>BOTHWELL AND MARY AT DUNBAR</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King, from London.</i> +May 3, 1567. <i>Spanish State Papers.</i></p> + +<p>On arriving six miles from Edinburgh, Bothwell +met her with four hundred horsemen. As they +arrived near the Queen with their swords drawn they +showed an intention of taking her with them, whereupon +some of those who were with her were about to +defend her, but the Queen stopped them, saying she +was ready to go with the Earl of Bothwell wherever +he wished rather than bloodshed and death should +result. She was taken to Dunbar, where she arrived +at midnight, and still remains. Some say she will +marry him, and they are so informed direct by some +of the highest men in the country who follow Bothwell. +They are convinced of this, both because of +the favour the Queen has shown him, and because he +has the national forces in his hands. Although the +Queen sent secretly to the governor of the town of +Dunbar to sally out with his troops and release her, +it is believed that the whole thing has been arranged, +so that if anything comes of the marriage, the Queen +may make out that she was forced into it.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 120]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>A FATAL MARRIAGE</i></div> + +<h2>The <a name="Bothwell_Marriage" id="Bothwell_Marriage"></a>Bothwell Marriage.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland.</i></p> + +<p>Upon the third day of May 1567, the sentence +of divorce was pronounced by the comissaries of +Edinburgh, decerning and ordaining ... Jean +Gordon {Countess of Bothwell} to be free to marry +when she pleased, and the said Earl Bothwell to be +an adulterer. This divorcement was made to the +effect that the said Earl should marry the Queen's +Majesty.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p>Upon the twelfth day thairof {of May}, betwix +seven and eight hours at even, James, Earl Bothwell, +was made Duke of Orkney and Zetland, with great +magnificence, ... and there were few or none of +the nobility thereat.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p>Upon the fifteenth day of May 1567, Mary, by +the grace of God, Queen of Scots, was married on +James, Duke of Orkney, Earl Bothwell, ... in the +palace of Holyrood-house, within the old chapel, +by Adam, Bishop of Orkney, not with the mass +but with preaching, at ten hours afore noon. There +were not many of the nobility of this realm thereat, +except the Earl Crawford, the Earl Huntly, the Earl +Sutherland, my Lords Arbroath, Oliphant, Fleming, +Livingston, Glamis, and Boyd, John, Archbishop of +St. Andrews, the Bishop of Dunblane, the Bishop of +Ross, Orkney, with certain other small gentlemen, +who waited upon the said Duke of Orkney. At this<span class="pagenum">[Pg 121]</span> +marriage there was neither pleasure nor pastime +used, as use was wont to be used when princes +were married.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>NEITHER PLEASURE NOR PASTIME</i></div> + +<h2>1567.—May. Mary's Demeanour.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Du Croc to Catherine de Medici. Von Raumer's Elizabeth and Mary</i>, p. 99.</p> + +<p>It {the Bothwell marriage} is too unhappy, and +begins already to be repented of. On Thursday the +Queen sent for me, when I perceived something +strange in the mutual behaviour of her and her +husband. She attempted to excuse it, and said, "If +you see me melancholy, it is because I do not choose +to be cheerful; because I never will be so, and wish +for nothing but death." Yesterday, when they were +both in a room, with the Earl d'Aumale, she called +aloud for a knife to kill herself; the persons in the +ante-chamber heard it. I believe that if God does +not support her, she will fall entirely into despair.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Sir William Drury to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, May 25. +<i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p> + +<p>The Queen uses often with the Duke {Bothwell} +to ride abroad, and they now make outward show of +great content, but the company at Court increases +not of one nobleman more than were at the marriage.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid., May 27.</i></p> + +<p>The Duke openly uses great reverence to the Queen, +ordinarily bareheaded, which she seems she would +have otherwise, and will sometimes take his cap and +put it on.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 122]</span></p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote">"<i>NO HEARTS TO FIGHT IN THAT QUARREL</i>"</div> + +<h2>1567.—June 15. <a name="Carberry_Hill" id="Carberry_Hill"></a>Carberry Hill.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 181.</p> + +<p>All Scotland cried out upon the foul murther of +the King.... Whereupon the lords that had the +enterprise in their heads were hasted forward to take +arms.... The Earl of Bothwell again, having the +Queen in his company, convened a greater number +out of the Merse and Lothians, and out of all parts +where he had means of friendship, at over her +Majesty's proclamation, which was not well obeyed +for the time; and so many as came had no hearts to +fight in that quarrel. Yet the Earl Bothwell marched +forward out of Dunbar {which was threatened by the +lords}, taking the Queen with him, towards Edinburgh. +The lords again, with their companies, +passed out of Edinburgh upon foot, with a great +energy and fierceness to fight; both the armies not +far from Carberry. The Earl Bothwell's men camped +upon the hill head, in a strength very advantageous; +the lords camped at the foot of the hill.</p> + +<p>Albeit her Majesty was there, I cannot name it to +be her army, for many of them that were with her +had opinion that she had intelligence with the lords; +chiefly such as understood of the Earl Bothwell's +mishandling of her, and many indignities that he +had both said and done unto her, since their marriage +was made. He was so beastly and suspicious, +that he suffered her not to pass over a day in +patience, not making her cause to shed abundance +of salt tears. So part of his own company detested<span class="pagenum">[Pg 123]</span> +him; other part believed that her Majesty would +fain have been quit of him, but thought shame to +be the doer thereof directly herself.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>BOTHWELL'S COWARDICE</i></div> + +<p>In the meantime the laird of Grange rode about +the brae.... When the Queen understood that the +laird of Grange was chief of that company of horsemen, +she sent the laird of Ormiston to desire him to +come and speak with her under surety, which he did, +after he had sent and obtained leave of the lords. +As he was speaking with her Majesty, the Earl +Bothwell had appointed a soldier to shoot him, until +the Queen gave a cry, and said that he should not +do her that shame, who had promised that he should +come and return safely. For he was declaring unto +the Queen how that all they would honour and serve +her so that she would abandon the Earl Bothwell, +who was the murderer of her own husband....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S LAST DAY IN EDINBURGH</i></div> + +<p>The Earl Bothwell hearkened, and heard part of +this language, and offered the singular combat to any +man that would maintain that he had done it. The +laird of Grange promised to send him an answer +shortly thereanent.... He offered himself first.... +The Earl Bothwell answered that he was neither +lord nor earl, but a baron, and so could not be his +peer. The like answer he made to Tullibardine. +Then my Lord Lindsay offered to fight him, which +he could not plainly refuse, but his heart cooled aye +the longer the more. Then the Queen sent again +for the laird of Grange, and said to him, that if the +lords would do as he had spoken to her, she should +put away the Earl Bothwell and come unto them. +Whereupon he asked at them, if he might promise it<span class="pagenum">[Pg 124]</span> +to her Majesty in their name; which they willed him +to do.... Her Majesty was that night conveyed to +Edinburgh, and lodged in the middle of the town, in +the provost's lodging. As she came through the +town, the common people cried out against her +Majesty at the windows and stairs, which it was a +pity to hear. Her Majesty again cried out, to all +gentlemen and others that passed up and down the +causeway, declaring how that she was their native +princess, and doubted not but all honest subjects +would respect her as they ought to do, and not suffer +her to be mishandled. Others again showed their +malice, in setting up a banner or ensign, whereupon +the King was painted lying dead under a tree, and +the young prince sitting upon his knees, praying, +"Judge, and revenge my cause, O Lord!"<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>That same night it was alleged that her Majesty +wrote a letter unto the Earl Bothwell.... Upon +the which letter the lords took occasion to send her +to Lochleven to be kept, against promise as she +alleged.</p> +<br> +<h2>1567.—July 12. <a name="Lochleven_Castle" id="Lochleven_Castle"></a>Lochleven Castle.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King. Spanish State Papers.</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>[Mary was a prisoner in Lochleven from 17th June 1567 to 2nd May +1568. The chief events of her captivity were her compulsory +abdication on 24th July, the coronation of her infant son on the +29th of the same month, and the proclamation of the Earl of Murray +as Regent on August 22nd. Her escape was preceded by at least one +unsuccessful attempt. Murray visited Mary in Lochleven, and was by +her asked to undertake the Regency, according to a letter from<span class="pagenum">[Pg 125]</span> +Throgmorton to Elizabeth, 20th August 1567 (in "Foreign Calendar," +and in Keith's "History," vol. ii. p. 737).]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="LOCHLEVEN" id="LOCHLEVEN"></a> +<img src="images/illus_005.jpg" width="402" height="230" alt="" title=""> +<span class="caption">LOCHLEVEN CASTLE.</span> +</div> + +<p>... Croc, who was French Ambassador in Scotland, +has passed here on his way to France, and +there is nobody now representing his King.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="THE_CASKET_LETTERS" id="THE_CASKET_LETTERS"></a>THE CASKET LETTERS</i></div> + +<p>The Ambassador here assures me that the King +(of France) has in his favour both those who have +assembled to detain the Queen (of Scots) and those +who are against them, and has their signatures promising +to keep up the friendship and alliance that +the country has had with his predecessors. For this +reason the King had proceeded in such a way as not +to lose the support of the one side by taking up the +cause of the other, but he could not avoid giving his +aid to the Queen, whose adversaries assert positively +that she knew she had been concerned in the murder +of her husband, which was proved by letters under +her own hand, copies of which were in his possession.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[This is the earliest known reference to the Casket Letters.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King, from London</i>, July 26. +<i>Spanish State Papers.</i></p> + +<p>Four days ago the preacher and confessor of the +Queen of Scotland arrived here. He is a Dominican +Friar, a Frenchman named Roche Mameret, and was +at the Council of Trent.... He is much grieved +at events in Scotland, and the imprisonment of the +Queen, but more than all at the marriage with Bothwell, +since he already has a wife.... He assured +me that those who had risen against the Queen had<span class="pagenum">[Pg 126]</span> +not been moved by zeal to punish the King's murder, +as they had been enemies rather than friends of his; +nor in consequence of the marriage, as they had been +all in favour of it, and had signed their names to that +effect without exception, either lay or clerical, apart +from the Earl of Murray, but their sole object had +been a religious one, as they thought the Queen, being +a Catholic, might settle religion in a way not to their +liking.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S INTERVENTION</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Queen Elizabeth to Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, in Scotland</i>, July 27, 1567. <i>Keith's History</i>, p. 702.</p> + +<p>You shall plainly declare unto them {the lords}, +that if they shall determine anything to the deprivation +of the Queen their sovereign lady of her royal +estate, we are well assured of our own determination, +and we have some just and probable cause to think +the like of other Princes of Christendom, that we +will make ourselves a plain party against them, for +example to all posterity.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[This intervention by Elizabeth on Mary's behalf was the result of +reports which reached London that Mary's life was in danger. Her +death was demanded by certain of the Protestant clergy, and the more +ardent of their following.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>OPINION OF MARY'S CONFESSOR</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King, from London</i>, +August 2. <i>Spanish State Papers.</i></p> + +<p>The Earl of Murray went to Scotland on the last +day of July.... I visited him.... He repeated +how displeased he was at the action of the lords in +taking the Queen.... I said that her confessor had +told me that as regarded the King's murder she had<span class="pagenum">[Pg 127]</span> +no knowledge whatever of it, and had been greatly +grieved thereat.... He opened out somewhat, +saying that my good will towards him prompted him +to tell me something that he had not even told this +Queen {Elizabeth}, although she had given him many +remote hints upon the subject. This was that he +considered it very difficult to arrange matters, as it +was certain that the Queen had been cognisant of +the murder of her husband, and he, Murray, was +greatly grieved thereat. This had been proved +beyond doubt by a letter which the Queen had +written to Bothwell, containing three sheets of +paper, written with her own hand, and signed by +her, in which she says in substance that he is not +to delay putting into execution that which he had +arranged, because her husband used such fair words +to deceive her and bring her round that she might +be moved by them if the other thing were not done +quickly. She said that she herself would go and +fetch him, and would stop at a house on the road, +where she would try to give him a draught, but if +this could not be done, she would put him in the +house where the explosion was arranged for the +night upon which one of her servants was to be +married. He, Bothwell, was to try to get rid of +his wife either by putting her away or by poisoning +her, since he knew that she, the Queen, had risked +all for him, her honour, her kingdom, her wealth, +and her God, contenting herself with his person +alone. Besides this she had done an extraordinary +and unexampled thing on the night of the murder +in giving her husband a ring, petting and fondling<span class="pagenum">[Pg 128]</span> +him after plotting his murder, and this had been the +worst thing in connection with it. Murray said he +had heard about the letter from a man who had read +it, and the rest was notorious.... He says he will +do his best for her. I am more inclined to believe +that he will do it for himself if he finds a chance, as +he is a Scotchman, and a heretic....</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>END OF MARY'S FIRST IMPRISONMENT</i></div> + +<h2>The <a name="Escape" id="Escape"></a>Escape from Lochleven.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Giovanni Correr, Venetian Ambassador in France to the Signory, +from Paris</i>, May 26, 1568. <i>Venetian Calendar.</i></p> + +<div class="greynote">"<i>A LOYAL HOST A ROYAL BANNER BORE</i>"</div> + +<p>Guard was continually kept at the castle day and +night, except during supper, at which time the gate +was locked with a key, every one going to supper, +and the key was always placed on the table where +the Governor took his meals, and before him. The +Governor is the uterine brother of the Earl of Murray, +Regent of Scotland, the Queen's illegitimate brother, +and her mortal enemy. The Queen, having attempted +to descend from a window unsuccessfully, contrived +that a page of the Governor's, whom she had persuaded +to this effect, when carrying a dish, in the +evening of the second of May, to the table of his +master with a napkin before him, should place the +napkin on the key, and in removing the napkin take +up the key with it and carry it away unperceived by +any one. Having done so, the page then went +directly to the Queen and told her all was ready; +and she, having in the meanwhile been attired by +the elder of the two maids who waited upon her, +took with her by the hand the younger maid, a girl<span class="pagenum">[Pg 129]</span> +ten years old, and with the page went quietly to the +door, and he having opened it, the Queen went out +with him and the younger girl and locked the +gate outside with the same key, without which +it could not be opened from within. They then +got into a little boat which was kept for the +service of the castle, and displaying a white veil +of the Queen's with a red tassel, she made the +concerted signal to those who awaited her that +she was approaching.... The horsemen ... +came immediately to the lake and received the +Queen with infinite joy, and having placed her on +horseback, with the page and the girl, they conveyed +her to the sea coast, at a distance of five +miles from thence, because to proceed by land to the +place which had been designated appeared manifestly +too dangerous. All having embarked, the Queen +was conducted to Niddry, a place belonging to Lord +Seton, and from thence to Hamilton, a castle of +the Duke of Châtelherault, where his brother, the +Archbishop of St. Andrews, with other principal +personages of those parts, acknowledged her as +Queen....</p> + +<p>All Scotland is in motion, some declaring for +the Queen, and some against her and for the Earl +of Murray.... With regard to her flight, it is +judged here, by those who know the site, and how +strictly she was guarded, that her escape was most +miraculous, most especially having been contrived +by two lads under ten years of age, who could not +be presupposed to have the requisite judgment +and secrecy.</p> + +<p>To the greater satisfaction with the result may<span class="pagenum">[Pg 130]</span> +be added that the inmates of Lochleven Castle +perceived the flight; but being shut up within it, +and thus made prisoners, they had to take patience, +and to witness the Queen's escape, while they remained +at the windows of the castle.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE DISASTER AT LANGSIDE</i></div> + +<p>But now, if the current report be true, the Queen +of Scotland, following the course of her fickle fortune, +gives news of her troops having been routed +near Glasgow, all her chief adherents being killed +or made prisoners.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i> June 6.</p> + +<p>The news of the defeat of the troops of the Queen +of Scotland was true. She had assembled about +eight thousand men, who had flocked to her from +divers parts, and for greater security she wished to +shut herself up in Dumbarton, which is a very strong +castle, but she could not get there without crossing +the Clyde, over which there is but one bridge near +Glasgow, and that was already occupied by the +enemy. It was therefore determined to cross the +river where it flows into the sea, a number of boats +being sent to the spot for that purpose. The +Regent, aware of this, went in pursuit with four +thousand men; whereupon the Queen appointed +as her Lieutenant-General the Earl of Argyle, who +had just joined her, and who is her brother-in-law +through his wife, Queen Mary's natural sister, and +he with six thousand men gave Murray battle.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY SEEKS ENGLISH PROTECTION</i></div> + +<p>The contest lasted for three-quarters of an hour, +when the Queen's troops were worsted, but only +one hundred and fifty of her followers were killed,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 131]</span> +for the Regent exerted himself extremely to prevent +his troops shedding blood. The prisoners exceeded +three hundred, including many noblemen, amongst +whom, moreover, is that Lord Seton who was the +chief instrument and leader in effecting the Queen's +escape. Finding herself defeated, the Queen set out +for England, accompanied by a son of the Duke +of Châtelherault, by Lord Fleming, by the Earl of +Maxwell, and some twenty-five other attendants, +and she travelled a distance of one hundred and +twenty-five miles without any rest. She stopped +at a place called Workington, which is four miles +within the English border. She did not discover +herself, but was recognised by a Scotsman, who +informed the warden of the castle, and the latter +went immediately to receive her, with great marks +of respect, and posted guards on all sides to prevent +pursuit by the enemy.</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 132]</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="SECTION_VI" id="SECTION_VI"></a>SECTION VI</h2> +<h3>THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER</h3><br> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#York">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Conference at York.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Letter of Murray to Queen Elizabeth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The formal complaints and replies.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">The account of the private interview, with the "abstract of matters" there shown.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">Sussex's opinion of the evidence.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Westminster">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Conference at Westminster.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's Instructions.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Murray's "Eik" or additional charge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The answer of Mary's Commissioners to the "Eik."</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Elizabeth's reply to (<i>a</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">The Privy Council and suggestions for a compromise.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>f</i>)</td><td align="left">Proofs produced at Westminster—the account of the production.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>g</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's own answer to the "Eik," and her request to see the originals, with Elizabeth's reply.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>h</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's request for copies, with Elizabeth's reply.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>i</i>)</td><td align="left">Dissolution of the Conference by Elizabeth.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY IN ENGLAND</i></div> + +<h2>The Conference at <a name="York" id="York"></a>York.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[On Mary's arrival in England, Queen Elizabeth declined to meet her, +till she should be cleared from the suspicion of complicity in the +Darnley murder. Mary promptly accused<span class="pagenum">[Pg 133]</span> +Maitland and Morton of a share in the crime, and accepted +Elizabeth's proposal to have the case tried at a Conference at York. +The Queen of England appointed as Commissioners, the Duke of +Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir Ralph Sadler. The Scottish +Queen was represented by Lords Boyd, Herries, and Livingstone, the +Abbot of Kilwinning, Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar, Sir James +Cockburn of Skirving, and John Lesley, the Bishop of Ross. The Earl +of Murray, the Earl of Morton, the Bishop of Orkney (Adam Bothwell), +the Abbot of Dunfermline, and Lord Lindsay appeared in the name of +the young James VI., along with Maitland of Lethington, George +Buchanan, James Macgill, and Henry Balnaves, as assistants.</p> + +<p>Many points of procedure and various formal questions occupied much +of the time of the Conferences. The extracts which follow have been +chosen out of regard to their bearing on the problem of Mary's guilt +or innocence, and especial care has been taken to include references +to the Casket Letters. The letters themselves, and the depositions +which were produced before the Commissioners, will be found, by +themselves, after the account of the Conferences.</p> + +<p>The Conference met at York on October 8, and as Mary was, formally, +the plaintiff, her complaint against the Lords was first received. +Thereafter, Murray's reply and a rejoinder from Mary's +representatives were put on record. This was all the formal business +essential for our purpose. But, on October 11th, Elizabeth's +Commissioners received a private visit from Maitland, Buchanan, +Macgill, and Balnaves, who put before them, secretly, certain +documents to prove Mary's guilt. It will be seen from the letter of +the Commissioners to Elizabeth, and the quotations from the +"abstract of matters ... chosen by the Scots," that these documents +consisted of:—</p> + +<p>1. A bond signed by the Lords, agreeing to Bothwell's marriage with +the Queen.</p> + +<p>2. The Queen's warrant for the signature of the above-mentioned +bond.</p> + +<p>3. Two contracts of marriage. (See <a href="#The_Contracts">pp. 201-203</a>.)</p> + +<p>4. Two letters arranging for the seizure of the Queen by Bothwell<span class="pagenum">[Pg 134]</span> +(<i>i.e.</i> two of Letters, <a href="#Letter_VI">vi.</a>, <a href="#Letter_VII">vii.</a>, and <a href="#Letter_VIII">viii.</a>, see pp. 190-194).</p> + +<p>5. A letter arranging a duel between Darnley and the Lord Robert.</p> + +<p>6. The two Glasgow Letters (<a href="#Letter_I">i.</a> and <a href="#Letter_II">ii.</a>, see pp. 165-182).</p> + +<p>7. The Love Sonnets (<a href="#Sonnets">pp. 195-201</a>).</p> + +<p>8. The Letter in which the Jason and Medea comparison occurs. +(<a href="#Letter_IV">Letter iv.</a>, see pp. 185-189.)</p> + +<p>This list should be compared with the recital of the productions at +Westminster (<a href="#Westminster">pp. 143</a> <i>et seq.</i>). Maitland informed Queen Mary of +this secret visit, and she complained to Queen Elizabeth, who +summoned all the Commissioners to London, on the ground of greater +convenience.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY AND HIS PROOFS</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Letter of the Earl of Murray, with information for the Queen of England</i>, June 22, 1568. <i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 75, <i>from the</i> <i>Paper Office</i>.</p> + +<p>It may be that such letters as we have of the +Queen, our Sovereign Lord's mother, that sufficiently, +in our opinion, prove her consenting to the murther +of the King her lawful husband, shall be called in +doubt ... therefore, since our servant, Mr. John +Wood, has the copies of the same letters translated +in our language, we would earnestly desire that the +said copies may be considered by the judges that +shall have the examination and commission of the +matter, that they may resolve us thus far, in case the +principal agree with the copy, that then we prove the +case indeed; for when we have manifested and +shown all, and yet shall have no assurances that +what we send shall satisfy for probation, for what +purpose shall we either accuse or seek to prove,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 135]</span> +when we are not assured what to prove, or when we +have proved, what shall succeed?</p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY ASSERTS FORGERY</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—September 9. Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 337, from <i>Queen Mary's Register</i> in Cotton Library.</p> + +<p>In case they allege they have any writings of mine, +which may infer presumption against me in that case, +ye shall desire the principals to be produced, and +that I myself may have inspection thereof, and make +answer thereto. For ye shall affirm, in my name, I +never wrote anything concerning that matter to any +creature; and if any writings be, they are false and +feigned, forged and invented by themselves, only to +my dishonour and slander. And there are divers in +Scotland, both men and women, that can counterfeit +my handwriting, and write the like manner of writing +which I use, as well as myself, and principally such +as are in company with themselves. And I doubt +not, if I had remained in my own realm, but I +should have gotten knowledge of the inventors and +writers of such writings ere now, to the declaration +of my innocency, and confusion of their falsity.</p> + +<br> +<h2>October 8. Complaint of the Queen of Scots against the Earl of Murray.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 128, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 197.</p> + +<p>That James, Earl of Morton, John, Earl of Mar, +Alexander, Earl of Glencairn, the Lords Howe,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 136]</span> +Lindsay, Ruthven, Sempill, Cathcart, Ochiltree, with +others their assisters, assembled in arms a great part +of the Queen's grace's subjects, declared by their +proclamations it was for her Grace's relief, beset the +road in her passage betwixt her Grace's castles of +Dunbar and Edinburgh, there took her most noble +person, committed her in ward in her own place of +Lochleven, ... passed to the castle of Stirling, and +made there fashion of crowning of her son the +Prince....</p> + +<p>James, Earl of Murray, took upon him the name +of the Regent, ... intromitted with the whole +strengths, munitions, jewels, and patrimony of the +crown, as well property as casualty....</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY'S APOLOGY FOR THE REVOLUTION</i></div> + +<h2>October 10. The Answer of the Earl of Murray.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 144, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 202.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>ACCUSATIONS AGAINST MARY</i></div> + +<p>It is notorious to all men, how umquhile {the +late} King Henry, father to our sovereign Lord, +was horribly murdered in his bed. James, sometime +Earl of Bothwell, being well known to be the chief +author thereof, entered into so great credit and +authority with the Queen, then our sovereign, that, +within three months after the murder of her husband, +the said Earl ... accomplished a pretended marriage +betwix him and the Queen, which strange and +hasty proceeding of that godless and ambitious man, +... with the ignominy spoken among all nations of +that murther, as though all the nobility had been +alike culpable thereof, so moved the hearts of a good<span class="pagenum">[Pg 137]</span> +number of them, that they thought nothing more +godly ... than by punishing of the said Earl, chief +author of the murther, to relieve others causelessly +calumniated thereof, to put the Queen to freedom, +forth of the bondage of that tyrant.... {From the +Queen, after Carberry Hill}, no other answer could +be obtained, but vigorous menacing, on the one part, +avowing to be revenged on all them that had shown +themselves in that cause, and on the other part, +offering to leave and give over the realm and all, so +she might be suffered to possess the murtherer of her +husband, which her inflexible mind, and extremity of +necessity compelled them to sequestrate her person +for a season.... During the which time, she finding +herself by long, irksome, and tedious travail, +taken by her in the government of the realm and +lieges thereof ... vexed and wearied ... and for +other considerations moving her at the time, therefore +demitted and renounced the office of government of +the realm and lieges thereof ... and constituted +me, the said Earl of Murray, I being then absent +furth of the realm, and without my knowledge, +Regent to his Grace, the realm, and lieges....</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S REPLY</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—October 16. Queen Mary's Commissioners' Rejoinder to Murray's Reply.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 162, from <i>Queen Mary's Register</i> in Cott. Lib. Titus, C. 12.</p> + +<p>If he {Bothwell} was the principal author of the +murder, the same was never known nor manifested +to her Highness, but the contrary did well appear<span class="pagenum">[Pg 138]</span> +to her Grace, by reason the said Earl of Bothwell +being suspected, indited, and orderly summoned by +the laws of that realm, was acquitted by an assize of +his Peers, and the same ratified and confirmed by +authority of Parliament, by the greatest part of the +nobility ... who also consented and solicited our +said Sovereign to accomplish the said marriage with +him as the man most fit in all the realm of Scotland +... and they nor none of them ... came to her +Highness ... to find fault with the said Earl concerning +the murder foresaid, or yet in any ways +seemed to grudge or disallow the said marriage.... +And at the presenting of the said writings of demission +of her crown to her Majesty by the Lord Lindsay, +he menaced her Grace, that if she would not +subscribe, he had command to put her presently in +the Tower, and would do the same, and counselled +her to fulfil their desire or worse would shortly follow; +which her Highness subscribed with many tears, +never looking what was contained in the writings, +declaring plainly thereafter, if ever her Grace came +to liberty, she would never abide thereat, because it +was against her Majesty's will.... If her Grace +had willingly demitted the same, as her Highness +did not, her Highness could not have nominated the +said Earl of Murray Regent, for there were others +to have been preferred to him.</p> + +<br> +<h2>1568.—<a name="October_11" id="October_11"></a>October 11. Letter to Queen Elizabeth from +her Commissioners at York.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[This letter is printed in the Appendix to vol. ii. of Hosack's +"Mary Queen of Scots, and her Accusers," from Cott. MS. Cal. c. i. +fol. 198. The words or letters within brackets, {}, have been<span class="pagenum">[Pg 139]</span> +burnt, the margin being singed. "The words printed in italics," says +Mr. Hosack, "are very carefully erased with the pen, and, in some +instances, are disguised with head and tail loops, to prevent their +being read, the alterations being written between the lines." +Without the alterations, the letter is printed in Goodall, vol. ii. +p. 139, and elsewhere.]</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE PROOFS ARE SHOWN PRIVATELY</i></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE COMMISSIONERS' LETTER</i></div> + +<p>And so they {Moray and his colleagues} sent +unto us the Lord of Lethington, James Macgill, Mr. +George Buchanan, and one other being a Lord of +the Session, which in private and secret conference +with us, not as Commissioners, as they protested, +but for our better instruction, afte{r} declaration of +such circumstances as led and induced them to vehement +presumptio{n} to judge her guilty of the said +murder, shewed unto us a copy of a bond bear{ing} +date the 19th of April 1567, to the which the most +part of the Lords and coun{cil} of Scotland have put +to their hands; and, as they say, more for fear, than +any liking they had of the same. Which bond contained +two special points, the one {a} declaration of +Bothwell's purgation of the murder of the Lord +Darnley ... and the othe{r} a general consent to +his marriage with the Queen.... And yet, in proof +that they did it not willingly, they procured a warrant, +which was now shewed unto us, bearing date +the 19th {of} April, signed with the Queen's hand, +whereby she gave them licence to agree to the same.... +There was also a contract shewed unto us, +signed with the Queen's hand, and also with Bothwell's, +bearing date the fifth of April.... There +was also a contract shewed unto us, of the Queen's +own hand, of the marriage to be had between her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_140" id="Pg_140"></a>[Pg 140]</span> +and Bothwell, bearing no date, which had not <i>verba +de præsenti</i>, as the other had, bearing date the 5th +of April. It appeared also unto us by two letters of +her own hand, that it was by her own practice and +consent that Bothwell should take her and carry her +to Dunbar.... After the device of the murder was +determined, as it seemed by the sequel, they inferred +upon a letter of her own hand, that there was another +mean of a more cleanly conveyance devised to kill +the King; for there was a quarrel made betwixt him +and the Lord Robert of Holyrood-house, by carrying +of false tales betwixt them, the Queen being the +instrument, as they said, to bring it to pass.... +Afterwards they shewed unto us one horrible and +long letter of her own hand, as they say, containing +foul matter, and abominable to be either thought of, +or to be written by a Prince, with divers fond ballads, +and other writings before specified, were closed in a +little coffer of silver and gilt heretofore given by her +to Bothwell.... And these men here do constantly +affirm the said letters and other writings, which they +produce of her own hand, to be of her own hand in +deed; and do offer to swear and take their oath +thereupon, <i>as in deed</i> the matter contained in them +being such as could hardly be invented or devised +by any other than by herself; for that the discourse +of some things which were unknown to any other, +than to herself, and Bothwell, <i>doth the rather persuade +us to believe that they be in deed of her own handwriting</i>. +And as it is hard to counterfeit so many, +<i>and so long letters</i>, so the matter of them, and the +manner how these men came by them, is such, as it<span class="pagenum">[Pg 141]</span> +seemeth that God (in whose sight murder and bloodshed +of the innocent is abominable) would not permit +the same to be hid or concealed. In a paper here +inclosed we have noted to your Majesty the chief +and special points of the said letters, written (as they +say) with her own hand, to the intent it may please +your Majesty to consider of them, and so to judge +whether the same be sufficient to convince her of +the detestable crime of the murder of her husband; +which in our opinions and consciences, if the said +letters be written with her own hand, +<i>as we believe they be</i>,<span class="combination"> +<span class="moustache">{</span> +<span class="above"> is very hard to be avoided.</span> +<span class="belowlong"> <i>is plain and manifest</i>....</span></span> +</p> +<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">T. Norfolk.</span> +<br><span class="smcap">T. Sussex.</span> +<br><span class="smcap">R. Sadler.</span></p> + +<br> +<h2>Abstract of Matters showed to the Queen's Majesty's Commissioners by the +Scots, sent the 11th of October.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, pp. 148-153.</p> + +<p>... She wrote to Bothwell, that according to her +commission, she would bring the man with her; +praying him to work wisely, or else the whole burden +would lie on her shoulders; and specially to make +good watch, that the bird escaped not out of the +cage. {<a href="#Letter_IV">Letter iv.</a>, see pp. 185-189.}</p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>QUOTATIONS FROM THE LETTERS</i></div> + +<h2>Notes drawn forth of the Queen's Letters sent to +the Earl Bothwell.</h2> + +<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... We are coupled with twa fals +racis; the devill syndere us, and God mot knit us<span class="pagenum">[Pg 142]</span> +togidder for ever for the maist faithful cupple that +ever he unitit. This is my faith, I will die in it.</p> + +<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... Wareit {cursed} mocht this +pokishe man be, that causes me haif sa meikill pane, +for without hym I wald haif ane far mair plesant +subject to discourse upoun. He is not oer meikle +spilt, bot he has gottin verray mekill; he has almaist +slane me with his braith; it is war nor your unclis, +and zeit {yet} I cum na neirar bot sat in ane cheir at +the bedfute, and he beand {being} at the uther end +thairof.</p> + +<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... Send me advertisement quhat I +sall do, and quhatsumever sall cum thairof I sall +obey you; advys to with yourself. Yf ye can fynd +out any mair secreit inventioun be medecein, and +the baith in Craigmillar.</p> + +<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... "For certaintie he suspectis that +thing ye know, and of his lyif: bot as to the last, +how sone I speak twa or thrie guid wordis unto hym, +he rejois and is out of doubt."</p> + +<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... Sie not his quhas fenzeit tearis +suld not be sa mekill praysit, nor estemyt, as the +trew and faythfull travaillis quhilk I sustene to merit +hir place, for obteyning of quhilk, againis my naturall. +I betray thame that may impesche me. God forgive +me, and God gif you, my onlie luif, the hope and +prosperitie that your humble and faythfull luif desyris +unto yow, quha hoipis schortlie to be ane uther thing +unto yow. {<a href="#Letter_II">Letter, ii.</a> pp. 167-182.}</p> + +<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... As to me, howbeit I heir no +farther newes from yow. According to my commission, +I bring the man with me to Craigmillar upon<span class="pagenum">[Pg 143]</span> +Munday, quhair he will be all Wednisday. {<a href="#Letter_I">Letter i</a>., +pp. 165-6.}</p> + +<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... In ane uther lettre, "I pray you, +according to your promeis, to discharge your hart to +me, utherwayis I will think that my malheure, and +the guid composing of thame, that hes not the third +part of the faythfull and willing obedience unto yow +that I beyre, has wyne, againis my will, that advantage +over me quhilk the secund luif of Jason wan; +not that I wolde compair yow to ane soe unhappie as +he was, nor yit myself to ane soe unpetifull a woman +as she...." {<a href="#Letter_IV">Letter iv.</a>, p. 185.}</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>COMMISSION REMOVED TO WESTMINSTER</i></div> + +<h2>The Conference at <a name="Westminster" id="Westminster"></a>Westminster.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[At the beginning of the Westminster Conference, Mary found herself +"ever straiter and straiter kept from liberty," and demanded to be +allowed to appear in person. Her request and Elizabeth's reply will +be found on <a href="#MARYS_REQUEST">pp. 145</a>, <a href="#The_Answer">148</a>. On the 26th November, Murray made his +"eik" or additional charge. For the relevant portions of this +document, and of the reply of Mary's Commissioners, see <a href="#Eik">pp. 146-7</a>. +On December 6th, Mary's representatives protested that they would +withdraw from the Conference if their mistress's demand were not +granted. Cecil declined, on a formal point, to receive the protest. +On the 6th, 7th, and 8th, Murray produced his proofs. On the 9th, +the protest was accepted, and Mary's Commissioners withdrew. After +their retirement further evidence was received. It may be of use to +enumerate the documents produced at Westminster:—</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>PRODUCTIONS AT WESTMINSTER</i></div> + +<p>The Book of Articles.</p> + +<p>Acts of Parliament ratifying the proceedings of the insurgent Lords.</p> + +<p>Two contracts of marriage, and record of Bothwell's trial and +divorce.</p> + +<p>Five of the six letters produced at York, three additional letters, +and the sonnets (<a href="#Sonnets">pp. 162-201</a>).</p> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 144]</span> +Recognition of the Regent's Government by Huntly, Argyll, and +Herries (<a href="#Pg_154">pp. 154-5</a>).</p> + +<p>Depositions and confessions of <a name="Hay" id="Hay"></a>Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, Dalgleish, +Nelson, and Crawford.</p> + +<p>Murray's "Journal or Diary of Events."</p> + +<p>The Book of <a name="Articles" id="Articles"></a>Articles is a document of considerable length. It is a +summary of the charges against the Queen of Scots, but contains no +important charge which is not to be found elsewhere. The reader is +already in possession of its essential allegations. It formed the +material for Buchanan's "Detectio," with which it is, at times, +almost identical. It is printed, from the Hopetoun MS., in Hosack's +"Mary," I. App. B. For the depositions of <a href="#Nelson">Nelson</a> and <a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">Crawford</a>, see +pp. 207-213. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, and Dalgleish +do not directly accuse the Queen of the murder, beyond stating that +the powder was placed in her room, and they have therefore been +omitted. The question of the position of the powder is discussed in +Hosack, vol. i. pp. 247-8, and the reader is referred to the +authorities there quoted, and to Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary Queen of +Scots," pp. 435-6 (<i>cf.</i> also <a href="#confession">pp. 219-220</a>). The confession of +Hepburn (English edition of Buchanan's "Detection") contains the +following sentence:—"He said, let no man do evil for counsel of +great men ... for surely I thought that night that the deed was +done, that although knowledge should be gotten, no man durst have +said it was evil done, seeing the handwriting and acknowledging the +Queen's mind thereto." No question was put to Dalgleish regarding +the casket found in his possession.</p> + +<p>A quotation from Murray's "Diary," so far as it bears on the murder, +will be found on <a href="#Murrays_Journal">pp. 213-215.</a>]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>The Earl of Sussex to Sir William Cecil</i>, October 22, 1568. <i>Lodge: Illustrations of British History.</i></p> + +<p>This matter must at length take end, either by +finding the Scotch Queen guilty of the crimes that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 145]</span> +are objected against her, or by some manner of +composition with a show of saving her honour. The +first, I think, will hardly be attempted, for two causes, +the one, for that if her adverse party accuse her of +the murder by producing of her letters, she will deny +them, and accuse the most of them of manifest consent +to the murder, hardly to be denied; so as, upon +the trial on both sides, her proofs will judicially fall +best out, as it is thought. The other, for that their +young King is of tender and weak years and state of +body; and if God should call him, and their Queen +were judicially defaced ... Hamilton, upon his death, +should succeed; which Murray's faction utterly detest.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="MARYS_REQUEST" id="MARYS_REQUEST"></a>MARY'S REQUEST</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—November 22. Mary to her Commissioners.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 185, <i>from Queen Mary's Register</i>, Cott. Lib., Titius C. 12.</p> + +<p>Ye shall afore our sister, her nobility, and the +whole ambassadors of strange countries, desire, in +our name, that we may be licensed to come in proper +person afore them all, to answer to that which may +or can be proposed and alleged against us by the +calumnies of our rebels, since they have free access +to accuse us.... And now the said Earl of Murray +being permitted to come into her presence, which if +the like be not granted us, as is reasonable, and yet +our sister will condemn us in our absence, not having +place to answer for ourselves, as justice requires; in +consideration of the premisses ye shall break off your +conference, and proceed no further therein, but take +your leave and come away.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 146]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE REGENT'S "EIK"</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—November 26. Murray's "<a name="Eik" id="Eik"></a>Eik" or Additional Charge.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 206, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 230.</p> + +<p>Whereas in our former answer, upon good respects +mentioned in our protestation, we kept back the +chiefest causes and grounds, whereupon our actions +and whole proceedings were founded, wherewithal +seeing our adversaries will not content themselves; +but by their obstinate and earnest pressing we are +compelled, for justifying of our cause, to manifest +the naked truth. It is certain, and we boldly and +constantly affirm, that as James, sometime Earl of +Bothwell, was the chief executor of the horrible and +unworthy murder, perpetrated in the person of umquhile +King Henry of good memory, father to our +sovereign Lord, and the Queen's lawful husband, so +was she of the foreknowledge, counsel, device, persuader +and commander of the said murder to be +done, maintainer and fortifier of the executors thereof, +by impeding and stopping of the inquisition and +punishment due for the same, according to the laws +of the realm, and, consequently, by marriage with the +said James, sometime Earl Bothwell, delated and +universally esteemed chief author of the above-named +murder. Where through they began to use and exercise +an uncouth and cruel tyranny in the whole state +of the commonwealth, and with the first (as well +appeared by their proceedings) intended to cause the +innocent Prince, now our Sovereign Lord, shortly<span class="pagenum">[Pg 147]</span> +follow his father, and so to transfer the crown from +the right line to a bloody murderer and godless +tyrant. In which respect the estates of the realm of +Scotland finding her unworthy to reign, decreed +her demission of the Crown, with the coronation of +our sovereign Lord, and establishing of the regiment +of that realm, in the person of me, the Earl of +Murray....</p> + +<p class="blockqtrt">James, Regent. +<br><span class="smcap">Patrick, L. Lindsay.</span> +<br><span class="smcap">Morton.</span> +<br><span class="smcap">Ad. Orkad.</span> +<br><span class="smcap">Dunfermline.</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>ANSWER TO THE "EIK"</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—December 1. <a name="The_Answer" id="The_Answer"></a>The Answer of Queen Mary's Commissioners to the "Eik."</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 213, <i>from Queen Mary's Register</i>.</p> + +<p>My Lords,—We are heartily sorry to hear that +our countrymen should intend to colour their most +unjust, ingrate, and shameful doings.... Her +Highness made the greatest of them of mean men, if +they had used their own calling, Earls and Lords, +and now, without any evil deserving on her Grace's +part to any of them in deed or word, to be thuswise +recompensed with calumnious and false invented +bruits {rumours}, slandered in so great a matter, to +her reproach, whereof they themselves, that now pretend +herewith to excuse their own treasons, were the +first inventors, writers with their own hands of that +devilish band, the conspiracy of the slaughter of that +innocent young gentleman, Henry Stewart, late +spouse till our sovereign, and presented to their wicked<span class="pagenum">[Pg 148]</span> +confederate, James, Earl Bothwell, as was made +manifest before ten thousand people at the execution +of certain the principal offenders at Edinburgh....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY AND ELIZABETH</i></div> + +<p>The Queen's Highness, our and their native sovereign, +... gave them in her youth ... the twa +part (two-thirds) of the patrimony pertaining to the +Crown of Scotland, and seeing that her successors, +Kings of that realm, might not maintain their estate +upon the third part ... for their evil deservings +and most proud contemption ... caused her use +the privilege of the laws always granted to the Kings +of that realm before, and make revocation before +her full age of xxv. years, ... so that it was not the +punishment of that slaughter that moved them to +this proud rebellion, but the usurping of their +Sovereign's supreme authority, and to possess themselves +with her great riches....</p> + +<p>... Our desire is most earnestly that it should be +the Queen's Majesty's pleasure that our Sovereign +may be admitted to come into the presence of the +Queen's Highness of this realm, her whole nobility, +and also in presence of the ambassadors of foreign +countries, for more true declaration of her innocency.</p> + +<br> +<h2>1568.—December 4. Elizabeth's Answer.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 222, <i>from Queen Mary's Register</i>.</p> + +<p>I think it very reasonable that she should be heard +in her own cause, being so weighty; but to determine +whom before, when and what, any time before I +understand how they will verify their allegation, I +am not as yet resolved.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 149]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE PRIVY COUNCIL</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—Dec. 4. Proceedings of the Privy Council.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 223, <i>from the Journal of the +Privy Council of England</i>.</p> + +<p>Die Sabbati, 4 Decembris 1568, Hora prima post meridiem.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Present.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Queen's Majesty.</span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">The Lord Keeper {Sir Nicholas Bacon}.</td><td align="left">Earl Leicester.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Duke of Norfolk.</td><td align="left">Lord Admiral {Lord Clinton}.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Marquis {of Northampton}.</td><td align="left">Lord Chamberlain {Lord Howard of Effingham}.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lord Steward {Pembroke}.</td><td align="left">Sir William Cecil.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Earl Essex.</td><td align="left">Sir Ralph Sadler.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Earl Bedford.</td><td align="left">Sir Walt. Mildmay.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The said Bishop {of Ross} and his colleagues, +before they came to the Court, sent a message to +the Earl of Leicester and Sir William Cecil, requiring +to speak with them two apart.... And thereupon +the said Commissioners came into the Earl of +Leicester's chamber, where the said Bishop in the name +of the rest said ... That although the Earl of Murray +and his complices had delivered in writing a grievous +accusation against the Queen, their Sovereign, and +that they were prohibited to make any further answer +to any such matter, but only to desire the Queen of +Scots might come in person to the presence of the +Queen's Majesty to make any further answer to any +such matter; yet they having considered with themselves +their mistress's intention to have been always +from the beginning, that these causes should be<span class="pagenum">[Pg 150]</span> +ended by the Queen's Majesty by some such good +appointment betwix her and her subjects, as might +be for her Grace's honour and the common weal of +the country, with surety also to the Earl of Murray, +and his party ... thought good to declare thus +much to the said Earl and Sir William Cecil....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>COUNCIL PROCEEDINGS</i></div> + +<p>After the said Bishop had reiterated the said +motion, as above is mentioned, the Queen's Majesty +said: "... Trusting and wishing that the Queen, +her sister, should be found innocent, ... she +thought it better for her sister's honour and declaration +to the world of her innocency, to have the Earl +of Murray and his complices charged and reproved +for this their so audacious defaming of the Queen, +their sovereign, and to receive that which was due for +their punishment, than to have it ended by appointment, +except it might be thought that they should +be able to show some apparent just causes of such +an attempt, whereof her Majesty would be sorry to +hear. And as for the Queen of Scots coming in +person to her Majesty to make answer hereunto, the +same being of no small moment to her honour, but +rather likely to touch her in reputation, in that it +might be thought the accusation so probable, as it +not to be improved {disproved} by any other, but +that she should be forced to come herself, being a +Queen, in person to answer for herself, her Majesty +said she would not have the Queen's honour and +estate in that matter endangered without this their +accusation might first appear to have more likelihood +of just cause than she did find therein....</p> + +<p>Hereunto the Queen of Scots' Commissioners said<span class="pagenum">[Pg 151]</span> +that this last motion for an appointment came not +from the Queen since the accusation given in by the +Earl of Murray, and so also the Queen's Majesty +assented thereto, but of their own consideration."</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>PRODUCTION OF THE PROOFS</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—Dec. 6. Proofs produced at Westminster.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote">l. ii. p. 231, <i>from the Journal of the Commissioners</i>.</p> + +<p>... They {Murray and others} would show +unto her Majesty's Commissioners a collection made +in writing of the presumptions and circumstances, +by the which it should evidently appear that as the +Earl Bothwell was the chief murtherer of the King, +so was the Queen a deviser and maintainer thereof; +the which writing followeth thus. Articles containing +certain conjectures, &c. {the Book of Articles. See +<i>supra</i>, <a href="#Articles">p. 144</a>}.</p> + +<p>After the reading hereof they also said that according +to the truth contained in the same, the three +estates of Parliament, called by the King, now +present, their whole actions and proceedings from +the murther of the late King were ratified and +approved to be lawful....</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Hosack I., App. C., from State Papers</i> (<i>Mary, Queen of Scots</i>), +1568, vol. ii. p. 61, December 7, 1568.</p> + +<p>... The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners having +heard the foresaid Book of Articles read unto them +... entered into a new hearing of the Book of +Articles, whereof having heard three of the chapters +or heads, the Earl of Murray and his colleagues, +according to the appointment, came to the said<span class="pagenum">[Pg 152]</span> +Commissioners and said: 'They trusted that, after +the reading of the Book of Articles, and specially +upon the sight of the Act of Parliament, wherein the +whole cause wherewith their adversaries did charge +them, were found, declared, and concluded to be +lawful; their Lordships would be satisfied to think +them clear and void of such crime as her Majesty +did charge them withal.... They required to know +whether their Lordships were not now satisfied with +such things as they had seen, and if they were not, +and that it would please them to show if in any part +of these Articles exhibited they conceived any doubt, +or would have any other proof, which they trusted, +needed not.... {The Commissioners declined to +give any opinion on this point.}</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE CASKET</i></div> + +<p>And so they produced a small gilded coffer of not +fully one foot long, being garnished in many places +with the Roman letter F set under a Royal Crown, +wherein were certain letters and writings, and as they +said and affirmed to have been written with the Queen +of Scots' own hand, to the Earl Bothwell, which +coffer, as they said, being left in the Castle of Edinburgh +by the said Earl Bothwell before his flying +away, was sent for by one George Dalgleish, his +servant, who was taken by the Earl of Morton, who +also thereto sitting presently as one of the Commissioners +avowed upon his oath the same to be true, and +the writings to be the very same without any manner +of change, and before they would exhibit the sight of +these letters they exhibited {the two marriage contracts}.... +After this the said Earl and his +colleagues offered to show certain proofs, not<span class="pagenum">[Pg 153]</span> +only of the Queen's hate towards the King, her +husband, but also of unordinate love towards Bothwell, +for which purpose they produced a letter written +in French and in Roman hand, which they averred +to be a letter of the said Queen's own hand to Bothwell +when she was at Glasgow with her husband, at +the time she went to bring him to Edinburgh, the +tenour of which letter hereafter followeth: Il semble +que avecques ure absence, &c. {<a href="#Letter_I">Letter i.</a> p. 165.}</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>ITS CONTENTS</i></div> + +<p>After this they produced for the same purpose one +other long letter written also with the like hand, and +in French, ... the tenour of all which letter followeth +hereafter: Estant party du lieu, &c. {<a href="#Letter_II">Letter ii.</a> p. 167.}</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 235, <i>from the Journal of the +Commissioners</i>, December 8.</p> + +<p>They produced seven several writings written in +French in the like Roman hand, as others her letters +which were shewed yesternight and avowed by them +to be written by the said Queen, which seven writings, +being copied, were read in French, and a due collation +made thereof as near as could be by reading and +inspection, and made to accord with the originals, +which the said Earl of Murray required to be redelivered, +and did thereupon deliver the copies being +collationed, the tenour of all which seven writings +hereafter follow in order, the first being in manner of +a sonnet,</p> + +<p class="center">"O Dieux, ayez de moy," &c.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[This is the first line of the first of the collection of sonnets, +which will be found <a href="#Sonnets">on pp. 195-201</a>. The other six "writings" are +Letters iii.-viii., on <a href="#Letter_III">pp. 162-195.</a>]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_154" id="Pg_154"></a>[Pg 154]</span></p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>DEPOSITIONS</i></div> + +<p>After this they did produce and show three several +writings in English, subscribed and signed by Sir +John Bellenden, Knight, Justice-Clerk in Scotland, +whereof the first contained two several examinations, +the first of John Hay, the younger of Talla, the 13th +of September, anno 1567, the second of John Hepburn, +called John of Bolton, being examined upon +the murder of the King, the 8th of December 1567. +The third writing containeth the examination of one +George Dalgleish, the 26th of June in the same year, +1567. All which writings ... were delivered to +the said Commissioners, the true tenour whereof +hereafter followeth, <i>Apud Edinburgh</i>, 13 die mensis +Septembris.</p> + +<p>After this they produced and showed forth in +writing, subscribed likewise by the said Justice-Clerk, +a copy of the process, verdict, and judgment against +the foresaid John Hepburn, John Hay, William +Powrie, and George Dalgleish, as culpable of the +murder of the said King, which being read, was also +delivered, and the tenours thereof hereafter followeth, +<i>Curia justiciariae S. D. N. regis</i>, &c. After this they +produced and shewed forth a writing in a long paper, +being, as they said, the judgment and condemnation +by Parliament of the Earl Bothwell, James Ormiston, +Robert Ormiston, Patrick Wilson, and Paris, a Frenchman, +Sym, Armstrong, and William Murray, as guilty +sundry ways of treason for the murder of the King. +The tenour whereof thus followeth: <i>In the Parliament +holden at Edinburgh, the 20th day of December</i>.</p> + +<p>After this they produced and showed a writing +signed by Mr. James Macgill, Clerk of the register,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 155]</span> +containing a request, by way of protestation, by the +Earls of Huntly and Argyle, and the Lord Herries, +by the which they require to have no fault imputed +unto them for not doing their duty since the 10th of +June 1567, until the 29th of December then following, +for the which, by order of Parliament, they were +acquitted....</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE FINDING OF THE CASKET</i></div> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 239, from <i>Journal of the Commissioners</i>, +Cott. Lib. Calig., c. i. p. 252, Dec. 9, 1568.</p> + +<p>The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners being occupied +in perusing and reading certain letters and +sonnets written in French, being duly translated into +English, and other writings also exhibited yesterday +to them by the Earl of Murray and his colleagues.... +After this the Earl of Murray and his colleagues +came ... and first the Earl Morton said, that where +heretofore he had declared by speech, the manner +how he came to the little gilt coffer with the letters, +sonnets, and contracts of marriage therein found, and +heretofore exhibited: he had caused the same to be +put in writing, which also he produced subscribed +with his hand, and desired to have it read: which +being done, he avowed upon his honour, and the +oath which he already took, the same to be true, the +tenor whereof followeth, <i>The true declaration and report</i>, +&c. (see <a href="#Mortons_Declaration">p. 203</a>).</p> + +<p>After this the Earl of Murray required that one +Thomas Nelson, late servitor to the King that was +murdered ... might be heard upon his oath to +report his knowledge therein, who, being produced, +did present a writing in form of answer of himself to<span class="pagenum">[Pg 156]</span> +an examination, which being read unto him, he did +by a corporal oath affirm the same to be true ... +(see <a href="#Nelson">p. 207</a>) ...</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>CRAWFORD'S EVIDENCE</i></div> + +<p>The like request was made that one Thomas Crawford, +a gentleman of the Earl of Lennox, might be +also heard upon his oath, who was, as they said, the +same party of whom mention is made in a long letter +written in French, and exhibited the 7th of this +month.... Whereupon the said Thomas Crawford +... did present a writing, which he said he caused +to be made according to the truth of his knowledge, +which being read he affirmed upon his corporal oath +there taken to be true, the tenour whereof hereafter +followeth. The words betwixt the Queen, &c.... +The said Crawford said ... that he ... was secretly +informed by the King of all things which had passed +betwixt the said Queen and the King, to the intent +he should report the same to the Earl of Lennox his +master ... and that he did, immediately at the same +time, write the same word by word as near as he +possibly could carry the same away ... (see +<a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">p. 208</a>).</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Journal of the Privy Council of Hampton Court</i>, +December 14, 1568. <i>Goodall</i>, ii. 254.</p> + +<p>There were produced sundry letters written in French, +supposed to be written by the Queen of Scots' own +hand, were then also presently produced and perused; +and being read were duly conferred and compared, +for the manner of writing and fashion of orthography, +with sundry other letters long since heretofore written, +and sent by the Queen of Scots to the Queen's<span class="pagenum">[Pg 157]</span> +Majesty. {The attestation of Morton and the depositions +were then read.} ... And forasmuch as the +night approached, it was thought good to defer the +further declaration of the rest until the next day +following.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i>, December 15.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The Book of Articles, depositions, and contracts were produced, +along with Acts of the Scottish Parliament.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>And it is to be noted, that, at the time of the +producing, shewing, and reading of all these foresaid +writings, there was no special choice nor regard had +to the order of the producing thereof, but the whole +writings lying all together upon the Council table, the +same were one after another showed rather by hap, as +the same did lie upon the table, than with any choice +made, as by the natures thereof, if time had so served, +might have been.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S PERSONAL ANSWER</i></div> + +<h2>1568.—December 19. Queen Mary's own Answer to the "Eik."</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Mary to her Commissioners. Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 288, +from Cott. Lib. Calig., b. ix. p. 287.</p> + +<p>We have received the eik given in by the Earl +of Murray and his complices. And where they have +said thereintill, or at any time, that we knew, counselled, +devised, persuaded, or commended the murther +of our husband, they have falsely, traitorously, and +meschantlie lied; imputing unto us the crime whereof +they themselves are authors, inventors, doers, and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 158]</span> +some of them proper executors. And where they +allege we stopped inquisition, and due punishment +to be made on the said murther; and siclike {similarly} +of the sequel of the marriage with the Earl +Bothwell; it is sufficiently answered in the reply +given in at York to their two points.... And where +they charge us with unnatural kindness towards our +son, alleging we intended to have caused him follow +his father hastily: Howbeit the natural love the +mother bears to her only bairn is sufficient to confound +them, and misteris {requires} no other answer. +Yet, considering their proceedings by-past, who did +wrong him in our womb, intending to have slain him +and us both, there is none of good judgment but +they may easily perceive their hypocrisy, how they +would fortify themselves in our son's name, till their +tyranny were better established.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>DEMAND TO SEE ELIZABETH</i></div> + +<p>And to the effect our good sister may understand +we are not willing to let their false invented allegations +pass over with silence, adhering to your former protestations, +ye shall desire the inspection and doubles +of all that they have produced against us; and that +we may see the alleged principal {original} writings, +if they have any, produced; and with God's grace we +shall make our answer thereto, that our innocence +shall be known to our good sister, and to all other +Princes; and similarly shall charge them as authors, +inventors, and doers of the said crime they would +impute to us, and prove the same sufficiently, so that +we may have our good sister's presence, as our adversaries +have had, and reasonable space and time to +get such verification as appertains thereto. And<span class="pagenum">[Pg 159]</span> +protest that we may add thereto as time place and +need shall require.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[In accordance with these instructions, Mary's Commissioners made +the request before Elizabeth and her Council on 25th December, and +received the following reply:—]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Which desire her Majesty thought very reasonable, +and declared her to be very glad that her good sister +would make answer in that manner for defence of +her honour. And to the effect her Majesty might +be the better advised upon their desires, and give +answer thereto, desired an extract of the said writing +to be given to her Highness. (Goodall, p. 282, from +"Queen Mary's Register," as before.)</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>HAMPTON COURT</i></div> + +<h2>1569.—January 7. Proceedings at Hampton Court.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 297, from <i>Queen Mary's Register</i>.</p> + +<p>The which day the said Bishop of Ross, Lord +Herries, and Abbot of Kilwinning, passed to the +presence of the Queen's Majesty of England, her +Highness's council being also present, and declared, +that they had presently received writings from the +Queen's Majesty of Scotland, their sovereign, by the +which they were of new commanded to signify unto +her Majesty, that she would answer to the calumnious +accusation of her subjects, and also would +accuse them as principal authors, inventors, and +executors of that deid for the which she was falsely +accused by them, conform to the writings presented +of before in her name, and therefore desired the +writings produced by her inobedient subjects, or, at<span class="pagenum">[Pg 160]</span> +the least, the copies thereof, to be delivered unto +thame, that their mistress might fully answer thereto +as was desired.</p> + +<p>And the Queen's Majesty of England took to be +advised therewith, and promised to give answer +within two or three days.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S DECISION</i></div> + +<h2>1569.—January 10. At Hampton Court.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i> (p. 305).</p> + +<p>The which day the said Earl of Murray, and his +complices, came before the Queen's Majesty of England, +where Sir William Cecil, secretary, at the +Queen's Majesty's command, and her Highness's +council, gave them such answer in effect as follows:—</p> + +<p>Whereas the Earl of Murray, and his adherents, +come into this realm, at the desire of the Queen's +Majesty of England, to answer to such things as the +Queen their sovereign objected against them, and +their allegiances; for so much as there has been +nothing deduced against them, as yet, that may +impair their honour or allegiances; and, on the +other part, there had been nothing sufficiently produced +nor shown by them against the Queen, their +sovereign, whereby the Queen of England should +conceive or take any evil opinion of the Queen, her +good sister, for anything yet seen; and there being +alleged by the Earl of Murray the unquiet state and +disorder of the realm of Scotland, now in his absence, +her Majesty thinketh meet not to restrain any +farther the said Earl and his adherents' liberty; but +suffer him and them, at their pleasure to depart,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 161]</span> +relinquishing them in the same estate in the which +they were of before their coming within this realm, till +she hear farther of their Queen of Scotland's answer, +to such things as have been alleged against her.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S PROTEST</i></div> + +<blockquote><p>[Next day, Mary's Commissioners protested and again demanded "copies +of the pretended writings given in." On the 13th they repeated their +demand, and received a promise "that she {Elizabeth} will not refuse +unto the Queen, her good sister, to give the doubles of all that was +produced." (Goodall.) The copies not being forthcoming, Mary applied +to the French ambassador, La Mothe Fénélon, for help. Elizabeth +promised that they should be produced immediately, but, when Fénélon +again approached her on the subject, he was informed that Mary had, +in a letter, accused the English Queen of partiality. (Fénélon, i. +133 and 162.) The matter was forgotten in the negotiations for +Mary's marriage with the Duke of Norfolk, and in the conspiracy +which followed.]</p></blockquote><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 162]</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="SECTION_VII" id="SECTION_VII"></a>SECTION VII</h2> +<h3>THE DOCUMENTS</h3><br> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#CASKET">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Contents of the Casket.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Letters.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Sonnets.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Contracts of Marriage.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Nelson">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Deposition of Thomas Nelson.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Deposition of Thomas Crawford.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Murrays_Journal">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Murray's Journal.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#PARIS">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Depositions of Paris.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Ormiston">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Confession of Ormiston.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Morton">7.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Confession of the Earl of Morton.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Douglas">8.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Letter from Mr. Archibald Douglas to the Queen of Scots.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>THE CASKET LETTERS</i></div> + +<h2>THE <a name="CASKET" id="CASKET"></a>CASKET LETTERS.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[The following eight letters are the principal contents of the +famous Silver Casket (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#THE_CASKET_LETTERS">pp. 125</a> and <a href="#SECTION_VI">132-161</a>). A long and bitter +controversy has been waged in connection with the question of their +authenticity. Every recorded production of them has been the subject +of debate. Their discovery is related on <a href="#Mortons_Declaration">pp. 203-207</a>. Their +appearance at York is described in the letter to Queen Elizabeth on +<a href="#October_11">pp. 138-143</a>. It is evident that, at York, they were produced in +Scots, and there has been considerable controversy as to whether +they were there stated to be originals or translations. At +Westminster, they were shown to the Commissioners in French. Within +a few years after the Westminster Conference, we lose all trace of +the original documents. Translations<span class="pagenum">[Pg 163]</span> +of them into Scots, English, and Latin and French versions, which we +now know (at least in the case of some of the Letters) not to have +been those produced at Westminster, were published soon after the +Conference closed. In 1571, Latin translations of Nos. I., II., and +IV. were printed in the Latin edition of Buchanan's "Detectio," and, +in the same year, a Scots translation was published in London, +containing the sonnets in French and Scots (reprinted in Anderson's +"Collections," Vol. II.). Prefixed to each of the Scots versions was +the first sentence of each letter, in French (<i>see</i> <a href="#French">pp. 194-5</a>). In +1572 another Scots version was published at St. Andrews, and, in +1573, a French translation of the "Detectio" appeared, with the +imprimatur "Edinburgh." To it, French versions of all the letters, +except No. III., were appended, with a version of the sonnets, +varying considerably from that in the Scots "Detection." Research +has revealed the existence of English translations of Nos. I. and +II. and French versions of Nos. III. and V. in the Record Office; +and of English translations and French versions of Nos. IV. and VI. +at Hatfield. All these various versions will be found printed, in +careful and scholarly fashion, in Appendix C. of Mr. T. F. +Henderson's "Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots."</p> + +<p>The method adopted in the present work has been to print the Scots +version of all the letters, with a glossary of unusual words. It is +the only complete version, and the published French and Latin +letters are probably derived from it. Variations both in these and +in such English and French versions of the letters as are at +Hatfield or the Record Office, are indicated in notes appended to +each letter. Care should be taken to distinguish between these +Hatfield or Record Office French versions and the "Published +French," <i>i.e.</i> the French of the edition of 1573.</p> + +<p>References to the literature of the question will be found in an +Appendix. For the guidance of the reader, it may be added that one +section of the discussion turns upon the question whether French +originals of Nos. I., II., VII., and VIII. ever existed; and the +Scots and English have been carefully<span class="pagenum">[Pg 164]</span> +examined to discover if they bear traces of derivation from a French +source.</p> + +<p>Of the other contents of the Casket, the Sonnets, and the important +clauses of the marriage contracts will be found immediately after +the letters.]</p> + +<p>The following Scots words, which appear frequently in the text of +the letters, may be unknown to English readers:—</p></blockquote> + +<p class="blockqtin">Abaschit = surprised.<br> +Aganis = against.<br> +Allanerly = only.<br> +Awin = own.<br> +Beseik = beseech.<br> +Chereis = cherish.<br> +Conqueis = conquest.<br> +Cordounis = cords.<br> +Dreddouris = fears.<br> +Eir = ear.<br> +Eis = ease.<br> +Fane = anxious (wald verray fane, wished very much).<br> +Fascherie, fascheous = trouble, troublesome.<br> +Fenze, fenzeingly = feign, feigningly.<br> +Fulische = foolish.<br> +Gangand = going.<br> +Gar = force, compel.<br> +Gude = good.<br> +Haillely = wholly.<br> +Impesche = hinder, prevent.<br> +Incontinent = immediately.<br> +Inlack = fail.<br> +Inragis = becomes angry.<br> +Irkit = tired, wearied.<br> +Irksome = troublesome, disagreeable.<br> +Journey = day's work.<br> +Luif, luifar = love, lover.<br> +Mekle, meikle = much.<br> +Playn, plenzeit = complain, complained.<br> +Quha = who.<br> +Quhair = where.<br> +Quhen = when.<br> +Quhilk = which.<br> +Quhill = while, till.<br> +Regiment = rule.<br> +Schaw = show.<br> +Schort = short.<br> +Schuillis = schools.<br> +Seik = sick.<br> +Sic, siclyke = such, similarly.<br> +Sone = son.<br> +Speik = speak.<br> +Suld = should.<br> +Travell = take pains, try.<br> +Thristit = nudged.<br> +Tuichit = touched.<br> +Tyne = lose.<br> +Unsay = contradict.<br> +Wald = would.<br> +Waryit = cured.<br> +Wod = mad, angry.<br> +Ze, zow = ye, you.<br> +Zisternicht = yesternight.<br> +Zit = yet.<br></p> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 165]</span></p> + +<br> +<h2><a name="Letter_I" id="Letter_I"></a>Letter I.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 1, <i>et seq.</i></p> + +<p>It appeiris, that with zour absence thair is alswa +joynit forzetfulnes, seand yat at zour departing ze +promysit to mak me advertisement of zour newis +from tyme to tyme. The waitting upon yame zisterday +causit me to be almaist in sic joy as I will be at +zour returning, quhilk ze have delayit langer than +zour promeis was.</p> + +<p>As to me, howbeit I have na farther newis from +zow according to my commission, I bring the man +with me to Craigmillar upon Monounday, quhair he +will be all Wednisday; and I will gang to Edinburgh +to draw blude of me, gif in the meane tyme +I get na newis in ye contrary fra zow.</p> + +<p>He is mair gay than ever ze saw him; he puttis +me in remembrance of all thingis yat may mak me +beleve he luifis me. Summa, ye will say yat he +makis lufe to me; of ye quhilk I tak sa greit pleasure, +yat I enter never where he is, bot incontinent +I tak ye seiknes of my sair syde, I am sa troubillit +with it. Gif Paris bringis me that quhilk I send +him for, I traist it sall amend me.</p> + +<p>I pray zow, advertise me of zour newis at lenth, +and quhat I sall do in cace ze be not returnit quhen +I am cum thair; for, in cace ze wirk not wysely, I +se that the haill burding of this will fall upon my +schoulderis. Provide for all thing, and discourse +upon it first with zourself. I send this be Betoun, +quha gais to ane day of law of the Laird of Balfouris.</p> + +<p>I will say na farther, saifing that I pray zow to send<span class="pagenum">[Pg 166]</span> +me gude newis of zour voyage. From Glasgow this +Setterday in the morning.</p> + +<blockquote><p>There are no important variations in the published Latin and +French translations.</p> + +<p>An English version of Letter I., preserved in the Record +Office (State Papers relating to Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. +p. 66), quoted by Mr. Henderson in his "Casket Letters," +pp. 124-5:—</p> + +<p>It seemyth that with your absence forgetfulness is joynid consydering +that at your departure you promised me to send me +newes from you. Nevertheless I can learn none. And yet did +I yesterday looke for that that shuld make me meryer than I +shall be. I think you doo the lyke for your return, prolonging +it more than you have promised.</p> + +<p>As for me, if I hear no other matter of you, according to my +commission, I bring the man Monday to Craigmillar, where he +shall be upon Wednisday. And I go to Edinborough to be lett +blud, if I hear no word to the contrary.</p> + +<p>He is the meryest that ever you sawe and doth remember +unto me all that he can, to make me believe that he loveth me. +To conclude, you wold say that he maketh love to me, wherein +I take so much pleasure, that I have never com in there, but +the payne of my syde doth take me. I have it sore to-day. If +Paris doth bring back unto me that for which I have sent, it +suld much amend me.</p> + +<p>I pray you, send me word from you at large, and what I shall +doo if you be not returned, when I shall be there. For if you +be not wyse I see assuredly all the whole burden falling upon +my shoulders. Provide for all and consyder well first of all. I +send this present to Ledington to be delivered to you by Beton, +who goeth to one day a law of Lord Balfour. I will say no +more unto you, but that I pray God send me goode newes of +your voyage.</p> + +<p>From Glasco this Saturday morning.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 167]</span></p> + +<br> +<h2><a name="Letter_II" id="Letter_II"></a>Letter II.</h2> + +<p>Being departit from the place where I left my +hart, it is esie to be judgeit quhat was my countenance, +seing that<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> I was evin als mekle as ane body +without ane hart; quhilk was the occasioun that +quhile dennertyme I held purpois to na body: nor +zit durst ony present themselves unto me, judging +yat it was not gude sa to do.</p> + +<p>Four myle or I came to the towne, ane gentilman +of the Erle of Lennox came and maid his commendatiounis +unto me; and excusit him that he came not +to meit me, be ressoun he durst not interpryse the +same, becaus of the rude wordis that I had spoken +to Cuninghame; and he desyrit that he suld come to +the inquisition of ye matter yat I suspectit him of. +This last speiking was of his awin heid, without ony +commissioun.</p> + +<p>I answerit to him, that thair was na receipt culd +serve aganis feir; and that he wald not be affrayit, in +case he wer not culpabill; and that I answerit +bot rudely to the doutis yat were in his letteris.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +Summa, I maid him hald his toung. The rest were +lang to wryte. Schir James Hammiltoun met me, +quha schawit, that the uther tyme quhen he hard of +my cumming, he departit away, and send Howstoun, +to schaw him, that he wald never have belevit that +he wald persewit him, nor yit accompanyit him with +the Hammiltounis. He answerit, that he was only +cum bot to see me, and yat he wald nouther accompany +Stewart nor Hammiltoun, bot be my commandement.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 168]</span> +He desyrit<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> that he wald cum and speik with +him. He refusit it.</p> + +<p>The Laird of Lusse,<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Howstoun, and Caldwellis +sone, with xl hors or thair about, came and met me. +The Laird of Lusse said, he was chargeit to ane day +of law be the King's father, quhilk suld be this day, +aganis his awin handwrit, quhilk he has; and zit +notwithstanding, knawing of my cumming, it is delayit. +He was inquyrit to come to him, whilk he +refusit, and sweiris that he will indure nothing of +him.</p> + +<p>Never ane of that towne came to speik to me, +quhilk causis me think that thay ar his; and nevertheless +he speikis gude, at the leist his sone. I se<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> +na uther gentilman but thay of my company.</p> + +<p>The King send for Joachim zisternicht,<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> and askit +at him, quhy I lodgeit not besyde him, and that he +wald ryse the soner gif that wer; and quhairfoir<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> I +come, gif it was for gude appointment? and gif ye +wer thair in particular? and gif I had maid my estait, +gif I had takin Paris<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a><a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and Gilbert to wryte to me? +and yat I wald send Joseph away. I am abaschit +[<i>i.e.</i> I wonder] quha hes schawin him sa far; zea, he +spak evin of ye marriage of Bastiane.</p> + +<p>I inquyrit him of his letteris, quhairintil he plenzeit +{complained} of the crueltie of sum; answerit, that +he was astonischit,<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> and that he was sa glaid to se me, +that he belevit to die for glaidness. He fand greit +fault that I was pensive.</p> + +<p>I departit to supper. This beirer will tell zow of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 169]</span> +my arryving. He prayit me to returne; the quhilk +I did. He declairit unto me his seiknes, and that he +wald mak na testament, but only leif all thing to me; +and that I was the caus of his maladie, becaus of the +regrait that he had that I was sa strange unto him. +And thus he said: Ze ask me quhat I mene be the +crueltie contenit in my letter? It is of zow alone +that will not accept my offeris and repentance. I +confes that I have failit, but not into that quhilk I +ever denyit, and sicklyke hes failit to {too} sindrie of +your subjectis, quhilk ze have forgevin.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p> + +<p>I am zoung.</p> + +<p>Ye will say that ze have forgevin me oft tymes, and +zit yat I returne to my faultis. May not ane man of my +age, for lacke of counsell, fall twyse or thryse, or +inlacke {fail} of his promeis, and at last<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> repent +himself and be chastisit be experience? Gif I may +obtene pardoun, I protest I sall never mak fault +agane. And I crave na uther thing bot yat we may +be at bed and buird togidder as husband and wyfe; +and gif ze wil not consent heirunto I sall never ryse +out of yis bed. I pray zow, tell me zour resolution. +God knawis I am punischit for making my God of +zow, and for having na uther thocht bot on zow; +and gif at ony tyme I offend zow, ze ar the caus, +becaus quhen ony offendis me, gif, for my refuge, I +micht playne unto zow, I wald speik it unto na uther +body; bot quhen I heir ony thing, not being familiar +with zow, necessitie constrains me to keip it in my +breist, and yat causes me to tyne {lose} my wit for +verray anger.</p> + +<p>I answerit ay unto him, bot that wald be ovir lang<span class="pagenum">[Pg 170]</span> +to wryte at lenth. I askit quhy he wald pas away in +ye Inglis schip. He denyis it, and sweirs theirunto; +bot he grantis that he spak with the men. Efter this +I inquirit him of the inquisition of Hiegate. He +denyit the same quhill I schew him the verray wordis +was spokin. At quhilk tyme he said that Mynto +had advertisit him, that it was said that sum of the +counsell had brocht an letter to me to be subscrivit +to put him in presoun, and to slay him gif he maid +resistence. And he askit the same at Mynto himself, +quha answerit that he belevit ye same to be trew. +The morne I will speik to him upon this point. As +to the rest of Willie Hiegait's,<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> he confessit it, bot +it was the morne efter my cumming or {till} he +did it.</p> + +<p>He wald verray fane that I suld ludge in his +ludgeing. I refusit it, and said to him that he behovit +to be purgeit, and that culd not be done heir. +He said to me, I heir say ze have brocht ane lyter +{litter, couch} with zow; bot I had rather have +passit {travelled} with zow. I trow<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> he belevit that +I wald have send him away presoner. I answerit +that I wald tak him with me to Craigmillar, quhais +the mediciner and I micht help him, and not be far +from my sone. He answerit that he was reddy when +I pleisit, sa I wald assure him of his requeist.</p> + +<p>He desyris na body to se him. He is angrie quhen +I speik of Walcar, and sayis, that he sall pluk the eiris +out of his heid, and that he leis {lies}. For I inquyrit +him upon that, and yat he was angrie with +sum of the Lordis, and wald threittin thame. He<span class="pagenum">[Pg 171]</span> +denyis that,<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> and sayis he luifis {loves} thame all, +and prayis me to give traist to nathing aganis him. +As to me he wald rather give his lyfe or he did ony +displesure to me.</p> + +<p>And efter yis he schew me of sa mony lytil +flattereis, sa cauldly and sa wysely, that ze will +abasche {marvel} thairat. I had almaist forzet that +he said he could not dout of me in yis purpois of +Hiegait's; for he wald never belief yat I, quha was +his proper flesche, wald do him ony evill; alsweill it +was schawin that I refusit to subscrive the same.<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> +But as to ony utheris that wald persew him, at least +he wald sell his lyfe deir eneuch; but he suspectit +na body, nor yit wald not, but wald lufe all yat I +lufit.</p> + +<p>He wald not let me depart from him, bot desyrit +yat I suld walk {watch} with him. I make it seme +that I beleive that all is trew, and takis heid thairto, +and excusit my self for this nicht that I culd not +walk. He sayis, that he sleipis not weil. Ze saw +him never better, nor speik mair humbler. And gif +I had not ane prufe of his hart of waxe, and yat +myne were not of ane dyamont quhairintill na schot +can mak brek, bot that quhilk cummis furth your hand, +I wald have almaist had pietie of him. But feir not, +the place<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> sall hald unto the deith. Remember, in +recompense thairof, that ze suffer not zouris to be +wyn {won} be that fals race<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> that will travell na les +with zow for the same.</p> + +<p>I beleve thay have bene at schuillis togidder. He +has ever the teir in his eye; he salutis every body, zea +unto the leist, and makis pieteous caressing unto<span class="pagenum">[Pg 172]</span> +thame to mak thame have pietie on him. This day +his father bled at the mouth and nose; ges quhat +presage that is. I have not zit sene him, he keipis +his chamber. The King desyris that I suld give +him meit with my awin handis; but gif {give} na +mair traist quhair ze ar than I sall do heir.</p> + +<p>This is my first journay {day's work.} I sall end +ye same ye morne. I wryte all thingis, howbeit thay +be of lytill wecht, to the end that ze may tak the best +of all to judge upon. I am in doing of ane work heir +that I hait greitly.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> Have ye not desyre to lauch to +see me lie sa weill, at ye leist to dissembill sa weill, and +to tell him treuth betwix handis {<i>i.e.</i> occasionally.} +He schawit me almaist all yat is in the name of the +Bischop and Sudderland, and zit I have never twichit +ane word of that ze schawit me; but allanerly {only} +be force, flattering, and to pray him to assure +himself of me. And be pleinzing on the Bischop +I have drawin it all out of him.<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Ze have hard the +rest.</p> + +<p>We are couplit<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> with twa fals races; the devil +sinder us and God knit us togidder for ever, for the +maist faithfull coupill that ever He unitit. This is +my faith; I will die in it.</p> + +<p>Excuse I wryte evill, ze may ges ye half of it; bot +I cannot mend it, becaus I am not weil at eis; and +zit verray glaid to wryte unto zow quhen the rest are +sleipand, sen {since} I cannot sleip as they do and as +I wald desyre, that is, in your armes, my deir lufe, +quhome I pray God to preserve from all evill, and +send yow repois; I am gang and to seik myne till +ye morne, quhen I sall end my Bybill; bot I am<span class="pagenum">[Pg 173]</span> +faschit {troubled} that it stoppis me to wryte newis +of myself unto zow, becaus it is sa lang. Advertise +me quhat ye have deliberat to do in the mater ze +know upon this point to ye end, that we may understand +utheris {each other} weill, that nathing may +thairthrow be spilt.</p> + +<p>I am irkit {weary}<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> and ganging to sleip, and zit I +ceis not to scrible all this paper in sa mekle as restis +thairof. Waryit mot this pockische man be that +causes me haif sa mekle pane, for without him I suld +have an far plesander subject to discourse upon. He +is not over mekle deformit,<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> zit he hes ressavit verray +mekle. He hes almaist slane me with his braith; it +is worse than your uncle's;<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> and zit I cum na neirer +unto him, bot in ane chyre<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> at the bed feit, and he +being at the uther end thairof.</p> + +<p>The message of the father in the gait {way}.</p> + +<p>The purpois {talk}<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> of Schir James Hamiltoun.</p> + +<p>Of that the Laird of Lusse schawit me of the delay.</p> + +<p>Of the demandis that he askit at Joachim.</p> + +<p>Of my estait.</p> + +<p>Of my company.</p> + +<p>Of the occasioun of my cumming;</p> + +<p>And of Joseph.</p> + +<p><i>Item.</i> The purpois that he and I had togidder.</p> + +<p>Of the desyre that he has to pleis me, and of his repentance.</p> + +<p>Of the interpretatioun of his letter.</p> + +<p>Of Willie Hiegaite's mater {business}, of his departing.</p> + +<p>Of Monsiure de Levingstoun.</p> + +<p>I had almaist forzet, that Monsiure de Levingstoun +said in the Lady Reres eir at supper he said to me, quhen I was lenand<span class="pagenum">[Pg 174]</span> +upon him warming me at the fyre. Ze have +<span class="combination"><span class="moustache">{</span> <span class="above">fair</span> <span class="below"> sair</span> <span class="moustache">}</span></span> +going to se seik folk,<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> zit ze cannot be sa welcum to +thame as ze left sum body this day in regrait, that +will never be blyth quhill he se zow agane. I askit +at him quha that was. With that he thristit my +body, and said, that sum<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> of his folkis had sene zow +in fascherie; ze may ges at the rest.</p> + +<p>I wrocht this day quhill {till} it was twa houris +upon this bracelet, for to put the key of it within the +lock thairof, quhilk is couplit underneth with twa +cordounis. I have had sa lytill tyme that it is evill +maid; bot I sall mak ane fairer in the meane tyme. +Tak heid that nane that is heir se it, for all the warld +will knaw it, becaus for haist it was made in yair +presence.</p> + +<p>I am now passand to my fascheous {hateful} purpois.<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> +Ze gar (force) me dissemble sa far that I +haif horring thairat; and ye caus me do almaist the +office of a traitores. Remember how gif {if} it wer +not to obey zow, I had rather be deid or I did it;<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +my hart bleidis at it. Summa, he will not cum with +me, except upon conditioun that I will promeis to +him, that I sall be at bed and buird with him as of +befoir, and that I will leif him na ofter:<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> And doing +this upon my word, he will do all thingis that I pleis, +and cum with me. Bot he has prayit me to remane +upon him quhil uther morne<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> {till tomorrow}.</p> + +<p>He spak verray bravely<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> at ye beginning, as yis<span class="pagenum">[Pg 175]</span> +beirer will schaw zow, upon the purpois of the Inglismen, +and of his departing; Bot in ye end he returnit +agane to his humilitie.</p> + +<p>He schawit, amangis uther purposis, yat he knew +weill aneuch that my brother had schawin me yat +thing, quhilk he had spokin in striviling, of the +quhilk he denyis ye ane half, and above all, yat ever +he came in his chalmer. For to mak him traist me, +it behovit me to fenze {feign} in sum thingis with +him; thairfoir, quhen he requeistit me to promeis +unto him, that quhen he was haill we suld have baith +ane bed;<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> I said to him fenzeingly, and making me +to beleve his promisis, that gif he changeit not purpois +betwix yis and {by} that tyme, I wald be content +thairwith; bot in the meane tyme I bad him tak +heid that he leit na body wit thairof, becaus, to speik +amangis our selvis, the Lordis culd not be offendit, +nor will evill thairfoir: Bot<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> thay wald feir in respect +of the boisting he maid of thame, that gif ever we +aggreit togidder, he suld mak thame knaw the lytill +compt thay tuke of him; and that he counsallit me +not to purchas sum of thame by him. Thay for this +caus wald be in jelosy, gif at anis, without thair +knawledge, I suld brek the play set up in contrair in +thair presence.</p> + +<p>He said, verray joyfully, And think zow thay will +esteme zow the mair of that? Bot I am verray glaid +that ze speik to me of the Lordis, for I beleve at this +tyme ze desyre that we suld leif togidder in quyetnes: +For gif it wer utherwyse, greiter inconvenience micht +come to us baith than we ar war of;<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> bot now I +will do quhatever ze will do, and will lufe all that ze<span class="pagenum">[Pg 176]</span> +lufe; and desyris zow to make thame lufe in lyk +maner; For, sen thay seik not my lyf, I lufe thame +all equallie. Upon yis point this beirer will schaw +zow mony small thingis. Becaus I have over mekle +to wryte, and it is lait: I give traist unto him upon +zour word. Summa, he will ga upon my word to all +places.</p> + +<p>Alace! I never dissavit {deceived} ony body: Bot +I remit me altogidder to zour will. Send me advertisement +quhat I sall do, and quhatsaever thing sall +cum thairof, I sall obey zow. Advise to with zourself, +gif ze can find out ony mair secreit inventioun +by medicine; for he suld tak medicine and the bath +at Cragmillar. He may not cum furth of the hous +this lang tyme.</p> + +<p>Summa, be all that I can leirne, he is in greit suspicioun, +and zit notwithstanding, he gevis credit to +my word; bot zit not sa far that he will schaw ony +thing to me; bot nevertheles, I sall draw it out of +him, gif ze will that I avow all unto him. Bot I will +never rejoyce to dissaive ony body that traistis in me: +Zit notwithstanding ze may command me in all thingis. +Have na evill opinioun of me for that caus, be ressoun +ze are the occasion of it zourself; becaus, for my +awin particular revenge, I wald not do it to him.</p> + +<p>He gevis me sum chekis<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> of yat quhilk I feir, zea, +evin in the quick. He sayis this far, yat his faultis +wer publeist; bot yair is that committis faultis, that +belevis thay will never be spokin of; and zit thay +will speik of greit and small. As towart the Lady +Reres, he said, I pray God that scho may serve zow +for your honour; and said, it is thocht, and he<span class="pagenum">[Pg 177]</span> +belevis it to be trew, that I have not the power of +myself into myself, and that becaus of the refuse I +maid of his offeris. Summa,<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> for certanetie he suspectis +of the thing ze knaw, and of his lyf. Bot as +to the last, how sone that I spak twa or thre gude +wordis unto him, he rejoysis, and is out of dout.<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p> + +<p>I saw him not this evening for to end zour bracelet, +to the quhilk I can get na lokkis. It is ready to +thame: and zit I feir that it will bring sum malheus, +and may be sene gif ze chance to be hurt. Advertise +me gif ze will have it, and gif ze will have mair silver, +and quhen I sall returne, and how far I mey speik.<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> +He inragis when he heiris of Lethingtoun, or of zow +or of my brother. Of zour brother he speikis nathing. +He speikis of the Erle of Argyle. I am in feir quhen +I heir him speik; for he assuris himself yat he hes +not an evill opinioun of him. He speikis nathing of +thame that is out, nouther gude nor evill, bot fleis +that point. His father keipis his chalmer; I have +not sene him.</p> + +<p>All the Hammiltounis ar heir, that accompanyis +me verray honorabilly. All the freindis of the uther +convoyis me quhen I gang to se him. He desyris +me to cum and se him ryse the morne betyme. For +to mak schort, this beirer will tell zow the rest. And +gif I leirne onything heir, I will make zow memoriall +at evin. He will tell zow the occasioun of my +remaning. Burne this letter, for it is ovir dangerous, +and nathing weill said in it; for I am thinkand upon +nathing bot fascherie. Gif<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> ze be in Edinburgh at +the ressait of it, send me word sone.</p> + +<p>Be not<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> offendit, for I gif not ovir greit credite.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 178]</span> +Now seing to obey zow, my deir lufe, I spair nouther +honour, conscience, hasard, nor greitnes quhatsumevir; +tak it, I pray zow, in gude part, not efter the +interpretatioun of zour fals gude-brother, to quhome, +I pray zow, gif na credite aganis the maist faithful +luifer that ever ze had, or ever sall have.</p> + +<p>Se not hir, quhais fenzeit teiris suld not be sa +meckle praisit nor estemit, as the trew and faithful +travellis quhilk I sustene for to merite his place. For +obtening of the quhilk agains my natural, I betrayis +thame that may impesche me. God forgive me, and +God give zow, my only lufe, the hap and prosperitie +quhilk zour humble and faithful lufe desyris unto zow, +quha hopis to be schortly ane uther thing to zow for +the reward of my irksome travellis.</p> + +<p>It is lait; I desyre never to ceis fra wryting unto +zow; zit now, after the kissing of zour handis, +I will end my letter. Excuse my evill wryting, +and reid it twyse over. Excuse that thing that is +scriblit, for I had na paper zisterday quhen I wrait +that of ye memoriall. Remember upon zour lufe, +and wryte unto hir, and that verray oft. Lufe me as +I sall do zow.</p> + +<p>Remember zow of the purpois<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> of the Lady Reres</p> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Of the Inglismen<br></span> +<span class="i0">Of his mother.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Of the Erle of Argyle.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Of the Erle of Bothwell.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Of the ludgeing in Edinburgh.<br></span> +</div></div> +<blockquote><p>[The memoranda in the middle of the letter constitute the "thing +that is scriblit," for which pardon is asked in the last<span class="pagenum">[Pg 179]</span> +sentence. The concluding words, from "Remember" to "Edinburgh," are +instructions for the bearer.]</p></blockquote> +<span class="pagenum">[Pg 182]</span> +<br> +<h2><a name="Letter_III" id="Letter_III"></a>Letter III.<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></h2> + +<p>My Lord, gif the displesure of zour absence, of +zour forzetfulnes, ye feir of danger sa promisit be +everie ane to zour sa luifit persone, may gif me consolatioun, +I leif it to zow to juge, seing the unhap +that my cruell lot and continuall misadventure hes +hitherto promysit me, following ye misfortunes and +feiris as weill of lait, as of ane lang tyme by-past, the +quhilk ye do knaw. Bot for all that, I will in na +wise accuse zow, nouther of zour lytill cair, and leist +of all of zour promeis brokin, or of ye cauldnes of +zour wryting, sen I am ellis sa far maid zouris, yat +yat quhilk pleisis zow is acceptabill to me; and my<span class="pagenum">[Pg 183]</span> +thochtis ar as willingly subdewit unto zouris, that I +suppois yat all that cummis of zow proceidis not be ony +of the causis forsaid, bot rather for sic {such} as be just +and ressonabill, and sic as I desyre myself. Quhilk +is the fynal order that ze promysit to tak for the +suretie and honorabil service of ye only uphald of +my lyfe. For quhilk alone I will preserve the same, +and without the quhilk I desyre not bot suddane +deith, and to testifie unto zow how lawly I submit +me under zour commandementis, I have send zow, +in signe of homage, be Paris, the ornament of the +heid, quhilk is the chief gude of the uther memberis, +inferring thairby that, be ye seising {placing} of zow in +the possessioune of the spoile of that quhilk is principall, +the remnant cannot be bot subject unto zow, +and with consenting of the hart. In place thairof, sen +I have ellis left it unto zow, I send unto zow ane sepulture +of hard stane, collourit with blak, sawin with +teiris and bones. The stane I compair to my hart, +that as it is carvit in ane sure sepulture or harbor of +zour commandementis, and above all, of zour name +and memorie that ar thairin inclosit, as is my heart +in this ring, never to cum furth, quhill deith grant +unto yow to ane trophee of victorie of my banes, as +the ring is fullit, in signe that yow haif maid ane full +conqueis of me, of myne hart, and unto yat my banes +be left unto yow in remembrance of your victorie +and my acceptabill lufe and willing, for to be better +bestowit than I merite. The ameling that is about +is blak, quhilk signifyis the steidfastness of hir that +sendis the same. The teiris are without number, sa +ar the dreddowris to displeis yow, the teiris of your<span class="pagenum">[Pg 184]</span> +absence, the disdane that I cannot be in outward +effect youris, as I am without fenzeitnes of hart and +spreit, and of gude ressoun, thocht my meritis wer +mekle greiter then of the maist profite that ever was, +and sic as I desyre to be, and sall tak pane in conditiounis +to imitate, for to be bestowit worthylie under +your regiment. My only wealth ressaif thairfoir in +als gude part ye same, as I have ressavit your marriage +with extreme joy, the quhilk sall not part furth of my +bosum, quhill yat marriage of our bodyis be maid in +publict, as signe of all that I outher hope or desyris +of blis in yis warld. Zit my hart feiring to displeis +you as mekle in the reiding heirof, as I delite me in +ye writing, I will mak end, efter that I have kissit +zour handis with als greit affectioun as, I pray God +(O ye only uphald of my lyfe) to gif yow lang and +blissit lyfe, and to me zour gude favour, as the only +gude yat I desyre, and to ye quhilk I pretend. I have +schawin unto this beirer that quhilk I have leirnit, to +quhome I remit me, knawand the credite that ze gaif +him, as scho dois that will be for ever unto zow +humbill and obedient lauchfull wyfe, that for ever +dedicates unto zow hir hart, hir body, without ony +change, as unto him that I have maid possessour of my +hart, of quhilk ze may hald zow assurit, yat unto ye +deith sall na wayis be changeit, for evill nor gude sall +never mak me go from it.</p> + +<blockquote><p>The original French version of this letter is in the Record +Office (State Papers, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 66). It is +printed by Mr. Henderson, and by Hosack. No Latin or +French version of it was printed in the <i>Detectio</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<br> +<h2><a name="Letter_IV" id="Letter_IV"></a>Letter IV.</h2> + +<p>I have walkit laiter thair up then I wald have done, +gif it had not bene to draw sumthing out of him, +quhilk this beirer will schaw zow; quhilk is the fairest +commodity {<i>i.e.</i> the most suitable opportunity} that +can be offerit to excuse zour affairis. I have promysit +to bring him the morne. Put ordour to it, gif ze +find it gude.</p> + +<p>Now, Schir, I have brokin my promeis; becaus ze +commandit me nouther to wryte nor send unto zow +Zit I have not done this to offend zow, and gif ze +knew the feir yat I have presently, ze wald not have +sa mony contrary suspiciounis in your thocht; quhilk +notwithstanding I treit and chereis, as proceeding +from the thing in the warld that I maist desyre, and +seikis fastest to haif, quhilk is zour gude grace; of +the quhilk my behaviour sall assure me. As to me: +I sall never dispair of it, and prayis zow, according +to zour promeis, to discharge zour hart unto me, +Utherwayis<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> I will think that my malhure, and the +gude handling of hir that has not ye third part of the +faithfull nor willing obedience unto zow that I beir, +hes wyn, aganis my will, yat advantage over me, +quhilk the second lufe of Jason wan; not that I will +compair zow unto ane sa unhappy as he was, nor zit<span class="pagenum">[Pg 186]</span> +myself to ane sa unpietifull ane woman as scho. +Howbeit, ze caus me to be sumthing lyk unto hir in +onything that tuichis zow, or yat may preserve and +keip zow unto hir, to quhome only ze appertene; gif +it be sa that I may appropriate that quhilk is wyn +throch faithfull, zea only, lufiing of zow, as I do, and +sall do all the dayis of my lyfe, for pane or evill that +can cum thairof. In recompense of the quhilk, and +of all the evillis quhilk ze have bene caus of to me, +remember zow upon the place heir besyde.</p> + +<p>I craif with that ze keip promeis to me the morne; +but that we may meit togidder, and that ye gif na +faith to suspiciounis without the certanetie of thame. +And I craif na uther thing at God, but that ze may +knaw that thing that is in my hart quhilk is zouris; +and that he may preserve zow from all evill, at the leist +sa lang as I have lyfe, quhilk I repute not precious +unto me, except in sa far as it and I baith ar +aggreabill unto zow. I am going to bed, and will +bid zow gude nicht. Advertise me tymely in the +morning how ze have fairin; for I will be in pane +unto I get worde. Mak gude watch,<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> gif the burd +eschaip out of the caige, or without hir mate. As ye +turtur I sall remane alone for to lament the absence, +how schort yat sa ever it be. This letter will do +with ane gude hart, that thing quhilk I cannot do +myself, gif it be not that I have feir that ze ar in +sleiping, I durst not wryte this befoir Joseph, Bastiane, +and Joachim, that did bot depart even quhen I +began to wryte.</p> + +<blockquote><p>A French version of this letter is in the possession of the +Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield (<i>cf.</i> Calendar of Hatfield MSS.,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 187]</span> +I. 376-7) and has been printed by Mr. Henderson. ("Casket +Letters," pp. 159-162.) It is here given in full, and the variations +in the published Latin and French versions, and in the +English translation at Halfield are indicated in the notes.</p></blockquote> + +<p>J'ay veillé plus tard la hault que je n'eusse fait si +ce neust esté pour tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira +que je treuve la plus belle commoditee pour excuser +vostre affaire que se pourroit presenter. Je luy ay +promise de le luy mener demain si vous le trouves +bon mettes y ordre. Or monsieur j'ay ja rompu ma +promesse. Car vous ne mavyes comande de vous +envoier ni escrire si ne le fais pour vous offencer et +si vous scavyes la craint que j'en ay vous nauries tant +des subçons contrairs que toutesfois je cheris comme +procedant de la chose du mond que je desire et +cherche le plus c'est votre bonne grace de laquelle +mes deportemens m'asseureront et je n'en disesperay +jamais tant que selon vostre promesse vous m'en +dischargeres vostre cœur aultrement<a name="F65b" id="F65b"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65b]</a> je penserais que +mon malheur et le bien composer de cœux qui n'ont +le troisiesme partie de la fidelité ni voluntair obéissance +que je vous porte auront gaigné sur moy +l'avantage de la seconde amye de Jason. Non que +je vous compare a un si malheureus ni moy a une +si impitoiable. Combien que vous men fassies un +peu resentir en chose qui vous touschat ou pour vous +preserver et garder a celle a qui seulle vous aparteines +si lon se peult approprier ce que lon acquiert par +bien et loyalment voire uniquement aymer comme je +fais et fairay toute ma vie pour pein ou mal que m'en +puisse avenir. En recompence de quoy et des tous +les maulx dont vous maves este cause, souvenes vous<span class="pagenum">[Pg 188]</span> +du lieu icy pres. Je ne demande que vous me tennes +promesse de main mais que nous truvions et que +nadjousties foy au subçons quaures sans nous en certifier, +et je ne demande a Dieu si non que coignoissies +tout ce que je ay au cœur qui est vostre et quil vous +preserve de tout mal au moyns durant ma vie qui ne +me sera chère qu'autant qu'elle et moy vous serons +agreables. Je m'en vois coucher et vous donner le +bon soir mandes moy demain comme vous seres +porté a bon heur. Car j'enseray en pein et faites bon +guet<a name="F66b" id="F66b"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66b]</a> si l'oseau sortira de sa cagé ou sens son per +comme la tourtre demeurera seulle a se lamenter de +l'absence pour court quelle soit-ce que je ne puis +faire ma lettre de bon cœur {fera} si ce nestoit qui je +{qy} peur que soyes endormy. Car je nay ose escrire +devant Joseph et Bastienne et Joachim qui ne sont +que partis quand J'ay commence.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 189]</span></p> +<br> +<h2>Letter V.</h2> + +<p>My hart, alace! must the foly of ane woman +quhais unthankfulness toward me ze do sufficiently +knaw, be occasioun of displesure unto zow, considering +yat I culd not have remeidit thairunto +without knawing it? And sen that I persavit it, +I culd not tell it zow, for that<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="FNanchor">[67]</a> I knew not how to +uther thing will I tak upon me to do ony thing +without knawledge of zour will, quhilk I beseik zow +let me understand; for I will follow it all my lyfe +mair willingly than zow sall declair it to me; and +gif ze do not send me word this nicht quhat ze will +that I sall do, I will red myself of it, and hesard<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="FNanchor">[68]</a> +to caus it to be interprysit and takin in hand, quhilk +micht be hurtfull to that quhairunto baith we do +tend. And quhen scho sall be maryit, I beseik zow<span class="pagenum">[Pg 190]</span> +give me ane, or ellis I will tak sic as sall content zow +for their conditiounis; bot as for thair toungis or +faithfulness towart zow I will not answer. I beseik +zow yat ane opinioun of uther persoun be not hurtfull +in zour mynde to my constancie, Mistrust me; bot +quhen I will put zow out of dout and cleir myselfe, +refuse it not, my deir lufe, and suffer me to make +zow sum prufe be my obedince, my faithfulness, constancie, +and voluntarie subjectioun, quhilk I tak for +the plesandest gude that I micht ressaif, gif ze will +accept it; and mak na ceremonie at it, for ze culd +do me na greiter outrage nor give mair mortall grief.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[There is a French version of this letter in the Record Office +(<i>State Papers</i>, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 63). It has been +printed by Malcolm Laing (vol. iv. p. 202), Hosack (vol. i. p. 230), +and Mr. Henderson (p. 165). The following variations are taken from +the Record Office version. The other published French version +follows the Scots, as also does the Latin.]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<h2><a name="Letter_VI" id="Letter_VI"></a>Letter VI.</h2> + +<p>Alace! my Lord, quhy is zour traist put in ane +persoun sa unworthie, to mistraist that quhilk is +haillely zouris? I am wod {wild}. Ze had promysit<span class="pagenum">[Pg 191]</span> +me that ze wald send me word every day quhat I +suld do. Ye haif done nathing yairof. I advertisit +yow weill to tak heid of zour fals brother-in-law +{Huntly}. He come to me, and without schawing +me ony thing from zow, tald me that ze had willit him +to wryte to zow that that I suld say, and quhair and +quhen ze suld cum to me, and that that ze suld do +tuiching him; and thairupon hes preichit<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> unto me +yat it was ane fulische interpryse, and that with myne +honour I culd never marry zow, seing that being +maryit ze did cary me away, and yat his folkis wad +not suffer it, and that the Lordis wald unsay yameselvis, +and wald deny that thay had said. To be schort, +he is all contrarie. I tald him that seeing I was +cum sa far, gif ze did not withdraw zour self of zour +self, that na perswasioun, nor deith itself suld mak +me fail of my promeis. As tuiching the place ze are +too negligent, pardoun me, to remit zour self thairof +unto me. Cheis it zour self, and send me word of it. +And in the meane tyme I am seik; I will differ +{defer} as tuiching the mater it is to lait. It was not +lang of me yat ze have not thocht thairupon in time. +And gif ze had not mair changeit zour mynd sen myne +absence, then I have; ye suld not be now to ask sic +resolving. Weill, thair wantis nathing of my part; +and seing that zour negligence dois put us baith in +the danger of ane fals brother, gif it succeedet not +weill I will never ryse agane. I send this beirer +unto zow, for I dar not traist zour brother with thir +letteris, nor with the diligence. He sall tell zow in +quhat stait I am, and judge ze quhat amendment yir +new ceremonies<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="FNanchor">[70]</a> have brocht unto me. I wald I<span class="pagenum">[Pg 192]</span> +wer deid, for I se all gais ill. Ze promysit uther +maner of mater of zour foirseing, bot absence hes +power over zow, quha haif twa stringis to zour bow. +Dispatch the answer that I faill not, and put na traist +in your brother for this interpryse, for he hes tald it, +and is also all aganis it. God give zow gude nicht.</p> + +<br> +<h2><a name="Letter_VII" id="Letter_VII"></a>Letter VII.</h2> + +<p>Of the place and ye tyme,<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> remit my self to zour +brother and to zow. I will follow him, and will faill +in nathing of my part. He finds mony difficulteis; +I think he dois advertise zow thairof, and quhat he +desyris for the handling of himself. As for the +handling of myself, I hard it anis weill devysit.<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p> + +<p>Methinkis that zour services, and the lang amitie, +having ye gude will of ye Lordis, do weill deserve ane +pardoun, gif above the dewtie of ane subject yow<span class="pagenum">[Pg 193]</span> +advance yourself, not to constrane me,<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> bot to assure +yourself of sic place neir unto me, that uther admonitiounis +or forane {foreign} perswasiounis may not let +{hinder} me from consenting to that, that ye hope +your service sall mak yow ane day to attene; and to +be schort, to mak yourself sure of the Lordis and fre +to mary; and that ye are constranit for your suretie, +and to be abill to serve me faithfully, to use ane +humbil requeist, joynit to ane importune actioun.</p> + +<p>And to be schort, excuse yourself, and perswade +thame the maist ye can, yat ye ar constranit to mak +persute aganis zour enemies. Ze sall say aneuch, +gif the mater or ground do lyke yow, and mony fair +wordis to Lethingtoun. Gif ye lyke not the deid, +send me word, and leif not the blame of all unto me.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[Of this letter there is no version in the Record Office, the only +other version being the published French translation].</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<h2><a name="Letter_VIII" id="Letter_VIII"></a>Letter VIII.</h2> + +<p>My Lord, sen my letter written, zour brother in +law yat was, come to me verray sad, and hes askit me +my counsel, quhat he suld do efter to morne, becaus +thair be mony folkis heir, and among utheris the Erle +of Sudderland, quha wald rather die, considdering +the gude thay have sa laitlie ressavit of me, than +suffer me to be caryit away, thay conducting me; +and that he feirit thair suld sum troubil happin of it:<span class="pagenum">[Pg 194]</span> +of the uther syde, that it suld be said that he wer +unthankfull to have betrayit me. I tald him, that he +suld have resolvit with zow upon all that, and that +he suld avoyde, gif he culd, thay that were maist +mistraistit.</p> + +<p>He has resolvit to wryte thairof to zow be my +opinioun; for he has abaschit me to se him sa +unresolvit at the neid. I assure myself he will play +the part of an honest man. Bot I have thocht gude +to advertise zow of the feir he hes yat he suld be +charget and accusit of tressoun to ye end yat, without +mistraisting him, ze may be the mair circumspect, +and that ze may have ye mair power. For +we had zisterday mair then iii. c. hors of his and +of Levingstoun's. For the honour of God, be accompanyit +rather with mair then les; for that is +the principal of my cair.</p> + +<p>I go to wryte my dispatche, and pray God to send +us ane happy enterview schortly. I wryte in haist, +to the end ye may be advysit in tyme.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[There are no important variants in the only other version of this +letter—the published French translation.]</p> + +<p>The following are the <a name="French" id="French"></a>French versions of the first sentence of each +letter, printed in the Scots translation, published in London in +1572 (p. 163).</p> + +<p><i>Letter I.</i> Il semble qu' avecques vostre abscence soit joynt le +oubly, <a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>ceu qu'au partir vous me promistes de vos nouvelles. Et +toutes foys je n'en puis apprendre, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Letter II.</i> Estant party du lieu ou je avois laissé mon cœur il +se peult aysément juger quelle estoit ma contenance, veu ce qui +peult un corps sans cœur, qui à esté cause que jusques à la +Disnée je n'ay pas tenu grand propos, aussi personne ne s'est voulu +advancer jugeant bien qu'il n'y faisoit bon, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Letter III.</i> Monsieur, si l'ennury de vostre absence, celuy de<span class="pagenum">[Pg 195]</span> +vostre oubly, la crainte du danger, tant provué<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> d'un chacun à +vostre tant aymée personne, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Letter IV.</i> J'ay veillé plus tard la haut que je n'eusse fait, si +ce n'eust esté pour tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira, que je trouve +la plus belle commodité pour excuser vostre affaire qui ce purroit +présenter, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Letter V.</i> Mon cœur, helas! fault il que la follie d'une femme, +dont vous cognoissez assez l'ingratitude vers moy, soit cause de +vous donner desplaisir, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Letter VI.</i> Monsieur, helas! pourquoy est vostre fiance mise en +personne si indigne, pour soupconner ce qui est entierement vostre. +J'enrage, vous m'aviez promis, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Letter VII.</i> Du lieu et l'heure<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> je m'en rapporte à vostre frere +et à vous. Je le suivray, et ne fauldray en rien de ma part. Il +trouve beaucoup de difficultez, &c.</p> + +<p><i>Letter VIII.</i> Monsieur, de puis ma lettre escrite vostre beau frere +qui fust, est venu à moy fort triste, et m'a demandé mon conseil de +ce qu'il feroit apres demain, &c.</p> + +<p>The slight variations in the other French versions are noted above. +There are no Record Office or Hatfield versions of I., II., VII., +and VIII., and there is no "Published French" version of III.</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<h2>The Love <a name="Sonnets" id="Sonnets"></a>Sonnets.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Henderson's Casket Letters.</i></p> + +<blockquote><p>The "divers fond ballads" referred to in the letter of +Elizabeth's Commissioners of October 11th, 1568, consist of +the following "sonnets" in French.</p> + +<p>The sonnets are printed from the English edition of Buchanan's +<i>Detection</i> (1571). The lines in italics are translated from the +Scots by Professor York Powell.</p></blockquote> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">1. O Dieux ayez de moy compassion,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Et m'enseignez quelle preuue certain{e}<br></span> +<span class="i2">Ie puis donner qui ne luy semble vain{e}<br></span> +<span class="i0">De mon amour & ferme affection.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Las n'est il pas ia en possession<span class="pagenum">[Pg 196]</span><br></span> +<span class="i2">Du corps, du coeur qui ne refuse paine<br></span> +<span class="i2">Ny deshonneur, en<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> la vie incertaine,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Offense de parentz, ne pire affliction?<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a><br></span> +<span class="i0">Pour luy {tous mes} amis estime moins que rien,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et d{e mes} ennemis ie veux esperer bien.<br></span> +<span class="i2">I'ay hazardé {pour luy} & nom & conscience:<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ie veux pour luy au monde renoncer:<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ie veux mourir pour le fair'<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> auancer.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Que reste il plus pour prouuer ma constance?<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">2. Entre ses mains & en son plein pouuoir,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Je metz mon filz, mon honneur, & ma vie,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Mon pais, mes<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> subjectz, mon ame assubiectie<br></span> +<span class="i0">Est tout à luy, & n'ay autre voulloir<br></span> +<span class="i0">Pour mon obiect, que sans le deceuoir<br></span> +<span class="i2">Suiure ie veux, malgré toute l'enuie<br></span> +<span class="i2">Qu'issir en peult, car ie n'ay autre envie<br></span> +<span class="i0">Que de ma foy, luy faire apperceuoir<br></span> +<span class="i0">Que pour tempeste ou bonnace qui face<br></span> +<span class="i0">Iamais ne veux changer demeure ou place.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Brief ie feray de ma foy telle preuue,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Qu'il cognoistra sans faulte<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> ma constance,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Non par mes pleurs ou fainte obeyssance,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Come autres font,<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> mais par diuers espreuue.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">3. Elle pour son honneur vous doibt obeyssance<br></span> +<span class="i2">Moy vous obeyssant i'en puis receuoir blasme<br></span> +<span class="i2">N'estât, à mon regret, comme elle vostre femme.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et si n'aura pourtant en ce point preeminence<span class="pagenum">[Pg 197]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">Pour son propre profit<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> elle vse de coustance,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Car ce n'est peu d'honneur d'estre de voz biens dame<br></span> +<span class="i2">Et moy pour vous aymer i'en puis receuoir blasme<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et ne luy veux ceder en toute l'obseruance:<br></span> +<span class="i0">Elle de vostre mal n'à l'apprehension<br></span> +<span class="i2">Moy ie n'ay nul repos tant ie crains l'apparence:<br></span> +<span class="i2">Par l'aduis des parentz, elle eut vostre accointance<br></span> +<span class="i0">Moy malgré tous les miens vous porte affection<br></span> +<span class="i0">{<i>Et neanmoins, mon cœur, vous doubtez ma constance</i>}<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">Et de sa loyauté prenez ferme asseurance.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">4. Par vous mon coeur & par vostre alliance<br></span> +<span class="i2">Elle à remis sa maison en honneur<br></span> +<span class="i2">Elle à jouy par vous de<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> la grandeur<br></span> +<span class="i0">Dont tous les siens n'ayent nul asseurance<br></span> +<span class="i0">De vous, mon bien, elle à eu l'ac coinstance,<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">Et à gaigné pour vn temps vostre coeur,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Par vous elle à eu plaisir en bon heur,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et par vous a<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> honneur & reuerence,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et n'a perdu sinon la jouyssance<br></span> +<span class="i2">D'vn fascheux sot qu'elle aymoit cherement,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Ie ne la playns d'aymer donc ardamment,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Celuy qui n'à en sens, ny en vaillance,<br></span> +<span class="i0">En beauté, en bonté, ny en constance<br></span> +<span class="i2">Point de seçond. Ie vis en ceste foy.<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a><br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">5. Quant vous l'amiez, elle vsoit de froideur.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 198]</span><br></span> +<span class="i2">Sy vous souffriez pour s'amour passion<br></span> +<span class="i2">Qui vient d'aymer de trop d'affection,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Son doy monstroit, a tristesse de coeur<br></span> +<span class="i0">N'ayant plaisir de vostre grand ardeur.<br></span> +<span class="i2">En ses habitz, monstroit sans fiction<br></span> +<span class="i2">Qu'elle n'auoit paour qu'imperfection<br></span> +<span class="i0">Peust l'effacer hors de ce loyal coeur.<br></span> +<span class="i0">De vostre mort ie ne vis la peaur<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a><br></span> +<span class="i0">Que meritoit tel mary & seigneur.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Somme, de vous elle à eu tout son bien<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et na prisé ne iamais estimé<br></span> +<span class="i2">Vn si grand heur sinon puis qu'il n'est sien<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et maintenant dit l'auoir tant aymé.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">6. Et maintenant elle commence à voir<br></span> +<span class="i2">Qu'elle estoit bien de mauuais iugement<br></span> +<span class="i2">De n'estimer l'amour d'vn tel amant<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et voudrait bien mon amy deceuoir,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Par les escriptz tout fardez de scauoir<br></span> +<span class="i2">Qui pourtant n'est en son esprit croissant<br></span> +<span class="i2">Ains emprunté de quelque autheur luissant<br></span> +<span class="i0">A faint tresbien vn ennoy<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> sans l'avoir<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et toutesfois ses parolles fardeez,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Ses pleurs, ses plaincts remplis de fictions.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Et ses hautz cris & lamentations<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ont tant gaigné que par vous sont gardéez<br></span> +<span class="i2">Ses lettres {escriptes} ausquellez vous donnez foy<br></span> +<span class="i2">Et si l'aymez & croyez plus que moy.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">7. Vous la croyez las trop ie l'apperçoy<span class="pagenum">[Pg 199]</span><br></span> +<span class="i2">Et vous doutez de ma ferme constance,<br></span> +<span class="i2">O mon seul bien & mon seul esperance,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et ne vous puis ie asseurer de ma foy<br></span> +<span class="i0">Vous m'estimez plus legier que le noy,<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">Et si n'auez en moy nul' asseurance,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Et soupçonnez mon coeur sans apparence,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Vous deffiant à trop grand tort de moy.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Vous ignorez l'amour que ie vous porte<br></span> +<span class="i0">Vous soupçonnez qu'autre amour me trâsporte,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Vous estimez mes parolles du vent,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Vous depeignez de cire mon las coeur<br></span> +<span class="i2">Vous me pensez femme sans iugement,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et tout sela augmente mon ardeur.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">8. Mon amour croist & plus en plus croistra<br></span> +<span class="i2">Tant que je viure &<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> tiendray à grandeur,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Tant seulement d'auoir part en ce coeur<br></span> +<span class="i0">Vers qui en fin mon amour paroistra<br></span> +<span class="i0">Sy tres à clair que iamais n'en doutra,<br></span> +<span class="i2">{<i>Pur luy je lutterai contre malheur</i>}<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">Pour luy ie veux recercher la grandeur,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et feray tant qu'en vray cognoistera,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Que ie n'ay bien, heur, ne contentement,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Qu'a l'obeyr & servir loyaument.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Pour luy iattendz toute bonne fortune,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Pour luy ie veux garder sainté & vie<br></span> +<span class="i0">Pour luy vertu de suyure i'ay enuie<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">Et sans changer me trouvera tout vne.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">9. Pour luy aussi ie jette mainte larme.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 200]</span><br></span> +<span class="i2">Premier quand il se fist de ce corps {posses}seur,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Duquel alors il n'auoit pas le coeur.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Puis me donna vn autre dur alarme<br></span> +<span class="i0">Quand il versa de son sang mainte dragme<br></span> +<span class="i2">Dont de grief il me vint telle<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> doleur,<br></span> +<span class="i2">M'en pensay<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> oster la vie en frayeur<br></span> +<span class="i0">De perdre la{s} le seul rempar qui m'arme.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Pour luy depuis iay mesprise l'honneur<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ce qui nous peult seul pouruoir de bonheur.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Pour luy hazarde grandeur & conscience.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Pour luy {tous mes} i'ay quité parentz, & amis,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et tous autres respectz sont apart mis.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Brief de vous seul ie cherche l'alliance.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">10. De vous, ie dis, seul soustein de ma vie<br></span> +<span class="i2">Tant seulement ie cerche m'asseurer,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Et si ose de moy tant presumer<br></span> +<span class="i0">De vous gaigner maugré toute l'enuie.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Car c'est le seul desir de vostre {chere} amie,<br></span> +<span class="i2">De vous seruir & loyaument aymer,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Et tous malheurs moins que riens estimer,<br></span> +<span class="i0">{Et} vostre volonté de mon mie{ux} suivie,<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a><br></span> +<span class="i0">Vous cognoistrez avecque obeyssance<br></span> +<span class="i0">De mon {loyal} deuoir n'omettant la sciance<br></span> +<span class="i2">A quoy ie estudiray pour {tousiours} vous complaire<br></span> +<span class="i0">Sans aymer rien que vous, soubz {la} suiection.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 201]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">De qui ie veux sans nulle fiction<br></span> +<span class="i2">Vivre & mourir & à ce j'obtempere.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">11. Mon coeur, mon sang, mon ame, & mon soucy,<br></span> +<span class="i2">{Las,} vous m'auez promis qu'aurons ce plaisir<br></span> +<span class="i2">De deuiser auecques vous à loysir,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Toute la nuict, ou ie languis icy<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ayant le coeur d'extreme paour transy,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Pour voir absent le but de mon desir<br></span> +<span class="i2">Crainte d'oublir vn coup me vient {a} saisir:<br></span> +<span class="i0">Et l'autre fois ie crains que rendurcie<br></span> +<span class="i0">Soit contre moy vostre amiable coeur<br></span> +<span class="i0">Par quelque dit d'un meschant rapporteur.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Un autre fois ie crains quelque auenture<br></span> +<span class="i0">Qui par chemin detourne mon amant,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Par vn fascheux & nouueau accident.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Dieu detourne tout malheureux augure.<br></span> +<span class="u"> <br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">12. Ne vous voyant selon qu'auez promis<br></span> +<span class="i2">I'ay mis la main au papier pour escrire<br></span> +<span class="i2">D'vn different que ié voulu transcrire,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ie ne scay pas quel sera vostre aduis<br></span> +<span class="i0">Mais ie scay bien qué mieux aymer scaura<br></span> +<span class="i0">Vous diriez bien que plus y gaignera.<br></span> +<span class="u"> <br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +</div></div><br> + +<h2><a name="The_Contracts" id="The_Contracts"></a>The Contracts of Marriage.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 54, from Cot. Lib. Calig., C. i.</p> + +<p>At Seton, the 5th day of April, the year of God, +1567, the right excellent, right high and mighty<span class="pagenum">[Pg 202]</span> +Princess, Mary, by the grace of God, Queen of Scots, +... in the presence of the Eternal God, faithfully, +and on the word of a Prince, by these presents, takes +the said James, Earl Bothwell, as her lawful husband, +and promises and obliges her Highness, that how +soon the process of divorce, intended betwixt the +said Earl Bothwell and Dame Jane Gordon, now his +pretended spouse, be ended by the order of the laws, +her Majesty shall, God willing, thereafter shortly marry +and take the said Earl to her husband.... +He presently takes her Majesty as his lawful spouse, +in the presence of God, and promises and obliges +him ... that in all diligence possible, he shall prosecute +and set forward the said process of divorce +already begun and intended betwix him and the +said Dame Gordon, his pretended spouse....</p> + +<p class="blockqtrt"><span class="smcap">Marie, R.</span><br> +<span class="smcap">James, Earl Bothwell.</span></p> + +<p>Here note, that this contract was made the v of +April, within viii weeks after the murder of the King, +which was slain the x of February before; also it +was made vii days before Bothwell was acquitted, by +corrupt judgment, of the said murder. Also it +appears by the words of the contract itself, that it +was made before sentence of divorce betwixt Bothwell +and his former wife, and also in very truth was made +before any suit of divorce intended or begun between +him and his former wife, though some words in this +contract seem to say otherwise, which is thus proved; +for this contract is dated the v of April, and it +plainly appears by the judicial acts, ... wherein is<span class="pagenum">[Pg 203]</span> +contained the whole process of the divorce between +the said Earl and Dame Jane Gordon his wife, that +the one of the same processes was intended and +begun the xxvi day of April, and the other the xxvii.—Buchanan's +"Detection."</p> + +<p>Nous Marie, par la grace de Dieu, Royne d'Ecosse, +douaryere de France, &c., promettous fidellement et +de bonne foy, et sans contraynte, à Jaques Hepburn, +Comte de Boduel, de n'avoir jamais autre espoulx et +mary que luy, et de le prendre pour tel toute et quant +fois qu'il m'en requerira, quoy que parents, amys ou +autres, y soient contrayres. Et puis que Dieu a pris +mon feu mary Henry Stuart dit Darnley et que par +ce moien je sois libre, n'estant sous obeissance de +pere, ni de mere, des mayntenant je proteste que, lui +estant en mesme liberté, je seray preste, et d'accomplir +les ceremonies requises an mariage; que je lui +promets devant Dieu, que j'en prantz a tesmoignasge, +et la presente, signee de ma mayn: ecrit ce—</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Marie, R.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>[This contract merely promises to marry Bothwell, without +constraint, and refers to the writer's freedom from the necessity of +any one's permission, since Darnley's death. It contains no +reference to the divorce.]</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MORTON'S DECLARATION</i></div> + +<h2>The Discovery of the Letters—1. The Earl of <a name="Mortons_Declaration" id="Mortons_Declaration"></a>Morton's Declaration.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Henderson's Casket Letters</i>, pp. 113-116, from fol. 216, +Add. MSS. 32,091, Brit. Mus.</p> + +<p>The trew declaration and report of me, James, +Earl of Morton, how a certain silver box overgilt<span class="pagenum">[Pg 204]</span> +containing diverse missive writings, sonnets, contracts, +and obligations for marriage betwix the Queen mother +to our sovereign lord, and James sometime Earl +Bothwell, was found and used.</p> + +<p>Upon Thursday the xix of June, 1567, I dined at +Edinburgh, the Laird of Lethington, secretary, with +me. At time of my dinner a certain man came to +me, and in secret manner showed me that three servants +of the Earl Bothwell, viz. Mr. Thomas Hepburn, +parson of Auldhamesokkes, John Cockburn, brother +to the laird of Skirling, and George Dalgleish were +come to the town, and passed into the castle. Upon +which advertisement I on the sudden sent my cousin +Mr. Archibald Douglas and Robert Douglas, his +brother, and James Johnston of Westerrall, with +others my servants, to the number of xvi or thereby, +toward the castle to make search for the said persons, +and, if possible were, to apprehend them. According +to which my direction, my servants passed, and +at the first missing the forenamed three persons for +that they were departed forth of the castle before +their coming, my men then parting into several companies +upon knowledge that the others whom they +sought were separated, Mr. Archibald Douglas sought +for Mr. Thomas Hepburn and found him not, but got +his horse, James Johnston sought for John Cockburn +and apprehended him, Robert Douglas seeking for +George Dalgleish. After he had almost given over +his search and inquisition a good fellow understanding +his purpose came to him offering for a mean piece +of money to reveal where George Dalgleish was. The<span class="pagenum">[Pg 205]</span> +said Robert satisfying him that gave the intelligence +for his pains, passed to the Potterrow beside Edinburgh, +and there apprehended the said George, with +divers evidences and letters in parchment, viz. Earl +Bothwell's infeftments of Liddesdale, of the Lordship +of Dunbar and of Orkney and Shetland, and divers +others, which all with the said George himself, the +said Robert brought and presented to me. And the +said George being examined of the cause of his direction +to the castle of Edinburgh, and which letters +and evidents he brought forth of the same, alleged +he was sent only to visit {examine} the Lord Bothwell, +his master's clothing, and he had not more letters +nor evidents than these which were apprehended with +him. But his report being found suspicious and his +gesture and behaviour ministering cause of mistrust +seeing the gravity of the action that was in hand, it +was resolved by common assent of the noblemen +convened, that the said George Dalgleish should be +surely kept that night, and upon the morn should be +had to the Tolbooth of Edinburgh and there be put +in the iron and torments for furthering of the declaration +of the truth, wherein being set, upon Friday the +xx day of the said month of June before any rigorous +demeaning of his person, fearing the pain, and moved +of conscience, he called for my cousin Mr. Archibald +Douglas, who coming, the said George desired that +Robert Douglas should be sent with him, and he +should show and bring to light that which he had. +So being taken forth from the irons, he passed with +the said Robert to the Potterrow, and there, under +the sceit {seat} of a bed took forth the said silver<span class="pagenum">[Pg 206]</span> +box, which he had brought forth of the castle the +day before, locked, and brought the same to me at +viii hours at night, and because it was late I kept it +all that night. Upon the morn, viz., Saturday, the +xxi of June, in presence of the Earls of Atholl, Mar, +Glencairn, myself, the Lords Home, Sempill, Sanquhar, +the Master of Graham, and the Secretary, +and Laird of Tullibardine, Comptroller, and the said +Mr. Archibald Douglas, the said box was broken +open because we wanted the key, and the letters +within contained sighted {<i>i.e.</i> examined} and immediately +thereafter delivered again into my hand and +custody. Since which time, I have observed and +kept the same box, and all letters, missives, contracts, +sonnets, and divers writings contained therein fairly +without alteration changing adding or diminishing +of anything found or received in the said box. This +I testify and declare to be undoubted truth.</p> + +<p>This is the copy of that which was given to Mr. +Secretary Cecil upon Thursday the 8th of December +1568.</p> + +<p>This is the true copy of the declaration made and +presented by the Earl of Morton to the Commissioners +and Council of England sitting in Westminster +for the time, upon Thursday being the 29 of December +1568.</p> + +<p>Subscribed with his hand thus, <span class="smcap">Morton</span>.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN'S DESCRIPTION</i></div> + +<h2>2. Buchanan's Account.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Translated from the History</i>, book xviii. c. 51.</p> + +<p>It happened that, about the same time, Bothwell +sent one of his confidential servants to the castle of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 207]</span> +Edinburgh, to bring to him the silver casket, covered +with inscriptions, which had once belonged to the +French king, Francis. In it were letters of the +Queen, almost all written with her own hand, in +which both the King's murder and the whole sequel +were plainly discernible; and in almost every letter +there was an injunction to burn it. But Bothwell, +who knew the Queen's inconstancy, of which he had +recently seen many instances, preserved the letters, +so that, in any disagreement, he might use their +testimony, and prove himself not the author of the +crime, but only an accomplice. This casket Sir +Robert Balfour gave to Bothwell's servant to take +away; but first he told the leaders of the opposite +party what had been sent, and the agent and the +destination.... It was captured....</p><br> + + +<h2>The Deposition of Thomas <a name="Nelson" id="Nelson"></a>Nelson.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 243, from Cott. Lib. Calig. i. 165.</p> + +<p>... She {the Queen} caused take down the said +new black bed {in Darnley's room}, saying it would +be soiled with the bath, and in the place thereof set +up an old purple bed, ... and the said keys that +were delivered into the hands of Archibald Beton +remained still in the hands of him, and others that +awaited upon the Queen, and never were delivered +again to the King's servants; for she set up a green +bed for herself in the said low chamber, wherein she +lay the said two nights, and promised also to have +bidden {remained} there upon the Sunday at night. +But after she had tarried long and entertained the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 208]</span> +King very familiarly, she took purpose (as it had +been on the sudden), and departed as she spake to +give the masque to Bastien who that night was +married {to} her servant, namely the said Archibald +Beton and one Paris, Frenchman, having the +keys of her chamber, wherein her bed stood in, as +also of the passage that passed toward the garden.... +The Queen being departed toward Holyrood-house, +the King within the space of one hour passed +to bed, and in the chamber with him lay umquhill +{<i>i.e.</i> the late} William Taylor. The deponent and +Edward Symonds lay in the little gallery, that went +direct to the south out of the King's chamber, ... +and beside them lay William Taylor's boy, who never +knew of anything till the house wherein they lay was +falling about them....</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>CRAWFORD'S DEPOSITION</i></div> + +<h2>Thomas <a name="Crawfords_Deposition" id="Crawfords_Deposition"></a>Crawford's Deposition.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[With regard to the deposition of Crawford, see <a href="#Hay">p. 144</a>; the wording +of the account of the conversation between Mary and Darnley should +be carefully compared with that of the second Casket Letter.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Hosack's Mary.</i> Appendix L.</p> + +<p>First I made my Lord {Lennox} my master's +humble commendations unto her Majesty with the +excuse that he came not to meet her, praying her +grace not to think that it was either for proudness or +yet for not knowing his duty towards her Highness, +but only for want of health at the present, and also +that he would not presume to come in her presence +until he knew farther her mind because of the sharp +words that she had spoken of him to Robert Cuningham,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 209]</span> +his servant, in Stirling, whereby he thought he +was in her Majesty's displeasure. Notwithstanding, +he has sent his servants and friends to wait upon +her Majesty. She answered that there was no receipt +against fear. I answered that my Lord had no fear +for anything he knew in himself, but only of the +cold and unkind words she had spoken to his servant. +She answered and said that he would not be afraid +in case he were not culpable. I answered that I +knew so far of his Lordship that he desired nothing +more than that the secrets of every creature's heart +were written in their face. She asked if I had any +farther commission. I answered no. Then she commanded +me to hold my peace.</p> + +<p>The words that I remember were betwixt the King +and the Queen in Glasgow when she took him away +to Edinburgh.</p> + +<p>The King for that my Lord his father was then +absent and sick, by reason whereof he could not +speak with him himself, called me unto him, and these +words that had then passed betwixt him and the +Queen, he gave me in remembrance to report unto +the said my Lord his father.</p> + +<p>After their meeting and short speaking together +she asked him of his letters, wherein he complained +of the cruelty of some. He answered that he complained +not without cause, and as he believed, she +would grant herself, when she was well advised. She +asked him of his sickness, he answered that she was +the cause thereof, and moreover he said, ye asked me +what I meant by the cruelty specified in my letters, +that proceedeth of you only, that will not accept my<span class="pagenum">[Pg 210]</span> +offers and repentance. I confess that I have failed +in some things, and yet greater faults have been +made to you sundry times, which ye have forgiven. +I am but young, and ye will say ye have forgiven me +divers times. May not a man of my age for lack of +counsel, of which I am very destitute, fall twice or +thrice, and yet repent and be chastised by experience. +If I have made any fail that ye but think a fail, howsoever +it be, I crave your pardon, and protest that I +shall never fail again. I desire no other thing but +that we may be together as husband and wife. And +if ye will not consent hereto, I desire never to rise +forth of this bed. Therefore I pray you give me an +answer hereunto. God knoweth how I am punished +for making my god of you, and for having no other +thought but on you. And if any time I offend you, +ye are the cause, for that when any offendeth me, if +for my refuge I might open my mind to you, I would +speak to no other, but when any thing is spoken to +me, and ye and I not being as husband and wife +ought to be, necessity compelleth me to keep it in +my breast, and bringeth me in such melancholy as ye +see me in. She answered that it seemed him she +was sorry for his sickness, and she would find remedy +therefor, so soon as she might.</p> + +<p>She asked him why he would have passed away in +the English ship. He answered that he had spoken with +the Englishman, but not of mind to go away with him. +And if he had, it had not been without cause, considering +how he was used. For he had neither to sustain +himself nor his servants, and needed not make further +rehearsal thereof, seeing she knew it as well as he.</p> + +<p>Then she asked him of the purpose of Highgate.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 211]</span> +He answered that it was told him. She required +how and by whom it was told him. He answered +that the Lord of Minto told him that a letter was +presented to her in Craigmillar, made by her own +device, and subscribed by certain others who desired +her to subscribe the same, which she refused to do. +And he said that he would never think that she who +was his own proper flesh, would do him any hurt, and +if any other would do it, they should buy it dear, +unless they took him sleeping, albeit he suspected +none, so he desired her effectuously to bear him +company. For she ever found some ado to draw +herself from him to her own lodging, and would +never abide with him past two hours at once.</p> + +<p>She was very pensive, whereat he found fault. He +said to her that he was advertised she had brought a +litter with her. She answered that because she +understood he was not able to ride on horseback, she +brought a litter that he might be carried more softly. +He answered that it was not meet for a sick man to +travel, that could not sit on horseback, and especially +in so cold weather. She answered that she would +take him to Craigmillar, where she might be with him, +and not far from her son. He answered that upon +condition he would go with her, which was that he +and she might be together at bed and board as +husband and wife, and that she should leave him no +more. And if she would promise him that, upon +her word, he would go with her when she was pleased, +without respect of any danger either of sickness +wherein he was, or otherwise. But if she would not condescend +thereto, he would not go with her in any wise.</p> + +<p>She answered that her coming was only to that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 212]</span> +effect, and if she had not been minded thereto, she +had not come so far to fetch him, and so she granted +his desire, and promised him that it should be as he +had spoken, and thereupon gave him her hand, and +faith of her body, that she would love him, and use +him as her husband, notwithstanding before they +could come together, he must be purged and cleansed +of his sickness, which she trusted would be shortly, +for she minded to give him the bath at Craigmillar.</p> + +<p>Then he said he would do whatsoever she would +have him do, and would love all that she loved. She +required of him in especial, whom he loved of the +nobility, and whom he hated. He answered that +he hated no man, and loved all alike. She asked +him how he liked the Lady Reres, and if he were +angry with her. He answered that he had little +mind of such as she was, and wished of God she +might serve her to her honour. Then she desired +him to keep to himself the promise betwixt him and +her, and to open it to nobody. For peradventure +the Lords would not think well of their sudden +agreement, considering he and they were at some +words before. He answered that he knew no cause +why they should mislike of it, and desired her that +she would not move any of them against him even as +he would stir none against her, and that they would +work both in one mind, otherwise it might turn to +great inconvenience to them both. She answered +that she never sought any way by him, but he was in +fault himself. He answered again that his faults were +published, and that there were that made greater<span class="pagenum">[Pg 213]</span> +faults than ever he made that believed were unknown, +and yet they would speak of great and small.</p> + +<p>Farther, the King asked me at that present time +what I thought of his voyage. I answered that I +liked it not, because she took him to Craigmillar. +For if she had desired him with herself, or to have +had his company, she would have taken him to his +own house in Edinburgh, where she might more +easily visit him than to travel two miles out of town +to a gentleman's house. Therefore my opinion was +that she took him away more like a prisoner than +her husband.</p> + +<p>He answered that he thought little else himself, +and feared himself indeed save the confidence he had +in her promise only; notwithstanding he would go +with her, and put himself in her hands, though she +should cut his throat, and besought God to be judge +unto them both.</p> + +<p><i>Endorsed—Thomas Crawford's Deposit.</i></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY'S JOURNAL</i></div> + +<h2><a name="Murrays_Journal" id="Murrays_Journal"></a>Murray's Journal.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>From a copy marked by Cecil</i>, Cot. Lib. Calig., B. ix. fol. 247, +quoted by Goodall, vol. ii. p. 247.</p> + +<p><i>January 21, 1566.</i>—The Queen took her journey +toward Glasgow, and was accompanied with the Earls +of Huntly and Bothwell to the Kalendar, my Lord +Livingstone's place.</p> + +<p><i>23.</i>—The Queen came to Glasgow, and on the +road met her, Thomas Crawford, from the Earl of +Lennox, and Sir James Hamilton, with the rest mentioned +in her letter. Earl Huntly and Bothwell<span class="pagenum">[Pg 214]</span> +returned that same night to Edinburgh, and Bothwell +lay in the town.</p> + +<p><i>24.</i>—The Queen remained at Glasgow, like as she +did the 25th and the 26th, and had the conference +with the King whereof she writes; and in this time +wrote her bill and other letters to Bothwell. And +Bothwell this 24th day was found very timeous weseing +{inspecting} the King's lodging that was in preparing +for him, and the same night took journey +towards Liddesdale.</p> + +<p><i>27.</i>—The Queen (conform to her commission as +she writes) brought the King from Glasgow to the +Kalendar towards Edinburgh.</p> + +<p><i>28.</i>—The Queen brought the King to Linlithgow, +and there remained all morn, while she got word of +my Lord Bothwell his returning towards Edinburgh, +by Hob Ormiston, one of the murderers. The same +day the Earl Bothwell came back from Liddesdale +towards Edinburgh.</p> + +<p><i>29.</i>—She remained all day in Linlithgow with the +King, and wrote from thence to Bothwell.</p> + +<p><i>30.</i>—The Queen brought the King to Edinburgh, +and put him in his lodging, where he ended; and +Bothwell keeping tryst met her upon the way.</p> + +<p><i>February 5.</i>—She lodged all night under the King, +in the chamber wherein the powder was laid thereafter, +and whereof Paris, her chamber child, received the key.</p> + +<p><i>7.</i>—She lodged and lay all night again in the foresaid +chamber, and from thence wrote that same night +the letter concerning the purpose of the Abbot of +Holyrood-house (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#Pg_140">p. 140</a>).</p> + +<p><i>8.</i>—She confronted the King and my Lord of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 215]</span> +Holyrood-house, conform to her letter written the +night before.</p> + +<p><i>9.</i>—She and Bothwell supped at the banquet with +the Bishop of the Isles, and after passed up accompanied +with Argyll, Huntly, and Bothwell, to the +King's chamber, and there they remained cherishing +him, till Bothwell and his complices put all things to +order, and Paris, her chamber child, received in her +chamber the powder, and came up again and gave +the sign, and they departed to Bastian's banquet and +masque, about eleven hours, and thereafter they both +returned to the Abbey, and talked till twelve hours +and after.</p> + +<p><i>10.</i>—Betwix two and three of the clock, the King +was blown in the air by the powder.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>DEPOSITIONS OF <a name="PARIS" id="PARIS"></a>PARIS</i></div> + +<h2>The Depositions of Paris.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>The depositions of Paris were not produced at Westminster. +They were taken, in the early autumn of 1569, in connection +with the charges against Lethington (who had by this time, +with Kirkcaldy of Grange, joined the Queen's party). "Paris" +was the nickname of Nicholas Hubert, a French attendant of +Bothwell, who, shortly before the murder, attached himself to +the Queen's service. He was known to be concerned in the +murder, but succeeded in escaping from the country. He took +refuge in Denmark, and was delivered up on Murray's request. +Queen Elizabeth wrote to the Regent asking him to delay the +execution of Paris, and Murray replied: "The said Paris +arrived at Leith about the middle of June last {1569}, I at +that time being in the north parts of this realm far distant, +whereupon it followed that, at my returning, after diligent and +circumspect examination of him, and long time spent in that +behalf, upon the xvi day of August by-past, he suffered death +by order of law, so that before the receipt of your Highness<span class="pagenum">[Pg 216]</span> +letter by the space of 7 or 8 days he was execute." {Laing, +vol. i. p. 295, from the Paper Office.} The letter is undated. +But Professor Schiern, of Copenhagen, sent Mr. Hosack a copy +of a document from the Danish archives, containing a receipt +for the delivery of "two men, William Murray, and Paris, a +Frenchman," accused of Darnley's murder. The receipt is +dated 30th October 1568, and is given by Captain Clark, on +behalf of the Scottish Government. (Hosack, vol. i. pp. 250-251.) +There is a copy of the depositions in the Cotton Library, bearing +the following note: "This is the true copy of the declaration +and deposition of the said Nicholas Hubert or Paris, whereof +the principal {original} is marked every leaf with his own hand.... +Ita est Alexander Hay, scriba secreti consilii S.D.N. +Regis, ac Notarius Publicus." But the originals, sent to London +in October 1569, and preserved in the Record Office, bear that +they were taken "in presence of Mr. George Buchanan, Master +of St. Leonard's College in St. Andrews; Mr. John Wood, +Senator of the College of Justice; and Robert Ramsay, writer +of this declaration, servant to my lord regent's grace." {Hosack, +vol. i. p. 256.} The documents were first published in Anderson's +"Collection" (1725), not in Buchanan's "Detection," +along with the depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Dalgleish.</p> + +<p>The first deposition of Paris is a Confession, in French, made +at St. Andrews on 9th August 1569, "without any constraint or +interrogations." It states that, on the Wednesday or Thursday +before the murder, Bothwell told Paris of the plot, and requested +his aid. "What do you think?" said he.... "My Lord," +said I, "I have served you these five or six years in all your +great troubles ... now, my Lord, by the grace of God, you are +free of all these difficulties ... if you undertake this great +matter you will be in worse case than before." Bothwell then +assured him that Lethington was the moving spirit, and that +Argyll, Huntly, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay were in league +with him. Paris then asked, "My Lord, I pray you tell me of +one whom you have not named; I well know that he is loved +in this country of the common people." ... "Who is that?" +said he. "It is, my Lord," said I, "my Lord the Earl of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 217]</span> +Murray; I pray tell me what part he will take." To which he +replied, "He will not meddle with it." "My Lord," said I, "he +is wise." Then the Lord Bothwell turned his head to me ... +and said, "My Lord of Murray, my Lord of Murray, he will +neither help nor hinder; but it is all one." ... On the Saturday +before the murder, Margaret Carwood, one of the Queen's +attendants, told "Paris to go to Kirk-of-Field for the coverlet of +the mattress in the Queen's room," which he did.... When he +heard of Murray's leaving Edinburgh on Sunday morning to +see his mother, he remarked that he did it to be out of the way +when the wicked deed should take place, and so to dissociate +himself from it. On Sunday evening Mary supped with Argyll, +and seeing Paris, "as she washed her hands after supper, she +asked me if I had removed the coverlet of the bed in her room +in the King's lodging." These are the main points of interest +in the first document signed by Paris. {Laing, vol. ii. p. 296.}</p> + +<p>The second deposition consists of answers to interrogations, +and is dated at St. Andrews on August 10th, 1569. It makes a +number of allegations against the Queen, with which the reader +is already familiar. As it is a long document, we can quote +only the most important sentences. "Interrogated when first +he entered into credit with the Queen, he replied that it was +when the Queen was at Callander on her way to Glasgow, +when she gave him a purse with three or four hundred crowns +to take to the Earl of Bothwell, who, after having received the +said purse on the road between Callander and Glasgow, told him +to go with the Queen and remain with her, and to attend well +to what she did, saying that the Queen would give him letters to +carry to him. When the Queen reached Glasgow, she said to +him, 'I will send you to Edinburgh,' ... and after he had +remained two days with the said lady, she wrote the letters and +gave them him, saying, 'You will tell the Earl of Bothwell, +by word of mouth, to take to the Laird of Lethington the letters +addressed to him.' Bothwell and Lethington were to consult +as to whether Darnley should go to Craigmillar or to Kirk-of-Field, +and Paris was to report their decision to Mary. Further, +he was to 'say to Bothwell, that the King wished to kiss her,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 218]</span> +but that she would not, for fear of his malady.' Paris carried +out his commission, and returned with the message that Kirk-of-Field +was considered most suitable. On the way from Glasgow +to Edinburgh the Queen received a letter from Bothwell +and sent one to him, and also gave Paris a bracelet to take to +him. At Kirk-of-Field, where the Queen's room was immediately +underneath that of the King, Bothwell told him that +he must not place the Queen's bed in the corner of the room +under the corner containing the King's bed, because he wished +to place the powder there. This order was reiterated by the +Queen, when she observed that it was being disregarded.... +Paris said to the Queen, 'Madam, the Earl of Bothwell has +commanded me to take the keys of your chamber, because he +wishes to do something, that is, to place there the powder for +the explosion to blow the King in the air.' That night she +wrote letters to Bothwell...." The only other circumstance +of importance affecting the Queen is a statement that Paris +carried correspondence relating to Mary's seizure by Bothwell.</p></blockquote> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>ORMISTON'S CONFESSION</i></div> + +<h2>1573.—December 13. Confession of the Laird of <a name="Ormiston" id="Ormiston"></a>Ormiston.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>"The Laird of Black Ormiston" was put to death on 13th +December 1573, under the government of the Regent Morton, +for his share in the murder of Darnley. His confession was +made to "John Brand, minister at Holyrood-house," on the +day of his execution.</p></blockquote> + + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Scotland</i>, vol. ii. p. 319, from State Trials, +vol. i. p. 944.</p> + +<p>As I shall answer unto God, with whom I hope +this night to sup, I shall declare unto you the whole, +from the beginning unto the end, of my part. First, +I confess that the Earl Bothwell showed that same +wicked deed unto me in his own chamber in the +Abbey on Friday before the deed was done, and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 219]</span> +required me to take part with him therein.... The +said earl said unto me, "Tush, Ormiston, ye need +not take fear for this, for the whole lords have concluded +this same long since in Craigmillar, all that +were there with the Queen, and none dare find fault +with it when it shall be done." ... Who {Bothwell} +let me see a contract subscribed by four or five handwrites, +which he affirmed to me was the subscription +of the Earl of Huntly, Argyll, the Secretary Maitland, +and Sir James Balfour, and alleged that many more +promised, who would assist him if he were put at: +and thereafter read the said contract, which, as I +remember, contained these words in effect: "That +for as much it was thought expedient and most profitable +for the common wealth, by the whole nobility +and lords undersubscribed, that such a young fool and +proud tyrant should not reign nor bear rule over them; +and that for divers causes therefore, that they all had +concluded that he should be put off by one way or +other, and whosoever should take the deed in hand +they should defend and fortify it as themselves, for it +should be every one of their own reckoned and held +done by themselves." Which writing, as the said earl +shewed unto me, was devised by Sir James Balfour, +subscribed by them all a quarter of a year before the +deed was done.</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MORTON'S CONFESSION</i></div> + +<h2><a name="confession" id="confession"></a>1581.—June 2. The Confession of the Earl of <a name="Morton" id="Morton"></a>Morton.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[The Earl of Morton having made during his tenure of the government +many enemies, was driven from power and accused of complicity in the +murder of Darnley. The indictment<span class="pagenum">[Pg 220]</span> +("Arnot's Criminal Trials," p. 388, quoted by Laing, vol. ii, p. +350) mentions as his accomplices "James, some time Earl Bothwell; +James Ormiston, some time of that ilk; Robert <i>alias</i> Hob Ormiston, +his father's brother; John Hay, some time of Talla, younger; John +Hepburn, called John of Bolton; and divers others," and says that +the murderers "two hours after midnight ... came to the lodging ... +and there ... most vilely, unmercifully, and treasonably slew and +murdered him ... burnt his whole lodging foresaid, and raised the +same in the air by force of gunpowder, which a little before was +placed ... by him and his foresaids under the ground, and angular +stones, and within the vaults, in low and secret parts thereof." The +Earl was found guilty, on the 1st of June, of "art, part, +foreknowledge, and concealing of the treasonable and unnatural +murder foresaid," and was executed next day. A few hours before his +death he made a confession to three of the ministers of Edinburgh, +part of which is here quoted.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing</i>, vol. ii. p. 354.</p> + +<p>Being required what was his part or knowledge +in the King's murther, he answered with this attestation. +As I shall answer to my Lord God, I shall +declare truly all my knowledge in that matter, the +sum whereof is this: After my returning out of England, +where I was banished for Davie's slaughter, I +came out of Wedderburn to Whittinghame {Castle}, +where the Earl Bothwell and I met together in the +yard of Whittinghame, where, after long communing, +the Earl Bothwell proposed to me the King's murther, +requiring what would be my part therein, seeing it +was the Queen's mind that the King should be taken +away, because, as he said, she blamed the King more +of Davie's slaughter than me. My answer to the +Earl Bothwell was this, that I would not in any way<span class="pagenum">[Pg 221]</span> +meddle with that matter.... The Earl Bothwell +... thereafter earnestly proposed the same matter +again to me, persuading me thereto, because so was +the Queen's mind, and she would have it to be done. +Unto this my answer was, I desired the Earl Bothwell +to bring me the Queen's handwrit of this matter for +a warrant; other ways I would not meddle thereof, +which warrant he never purchased {brought}.... +Then it was said to him, "Apparently, my lord, ye +cannot complain justly of the sentence that is given +against you, seeing with your own mouth ye confess +the foreknowledge and concealing of the King's +murther." ... He answered, "That I know to be +true indeed, but yet they should have considered the +danger that the revealing of it would have brought to +me at that time; for I durst not reveal it for fear of +my life. For at that time to whom should I have +revealed it? To the Queen? She was the doer +thereof. I was minded to have told it to the King's +self, but I durst not for my life, for I knew him to +be a bairn of such nature, that there was nothing +told him but he would reveal it to her again." ... +Then he said, "After the Earl Bothwell was cleansed +by an assize, sundry of the nobility and I subscrived +also a bond with the Earl Bothwell, that if any should +lay the King's murder to his charge, we should assist +him in the contrary. And thereafter I subscrived to +the Queen's marriage with the Earl Bothwell, as sundry +others of the nobility did, being charged thereto by +the Queen's writ and command." Then being inquired +in name of the living God, that seeing this murther +was one of the most filthy acts that ever was done in<span class="pagenum">[Pg 222]</span> +Scotland, and the secrets thereof have not yet been +declared, who were the chief doers, or whether he +was worried, or blown in the air, and therefore pressed +to declare if he knew any further secret thereunto; +he answered, "As I shall answer to God, I know no +more secret in that matter than I have already +told."</p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS'S LETTER</i></div> + +<h2>Letter from Mr. Archibald <a name="Douglas" id="Douglas"></a>Douglas to the Queen of Scots.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Robertson's History of Scotland</i>, App. XIV., from Harl. Lib. +xxxvii. bk. ix. fol. 126.</p> + +<p>... It may please your Majesty to remember in +the year of God 1566, the said Earl of Morton, with +divers other nobility and gentry, were declared rebels +to your Majesty.... True it is that I was one of +that number, that heavily offended against your +Majesty, and passed into France the time of our +banishment, at the desire of the rest, to humbly pray +your brother the most Christian King, to intercede +that our offences might be pardoned.—Your Majesty's +mind so inclined to mercy, that, within short space +thereafter, I was permitted to repair into Scotland, +to deal with Earls Murray, Atholl, Bothwell, Argyll, +and Secretary Lethington, in the name and behalf of +the said Earl Morton, Lords Ruthven, Lindsay, and +remanent accomplices.... At my coming to them ... +they declared that the marriage betwix you and your +husband had been the occasion already of great evil +in that realm ... they had thought it convenient +to join themselves in league and band with some<span class="pagenum">[Pg 223]</span> +other noblemen resolved to obey your Majesty as +their natural sovereign, and have nothing to do with +your husband's command whatsoever; if the said +earl would for himself enter into that band, they +could be content to humbly request and travel by +all means with your Majesty for his pardon.... +They desired that I should return sufficiently instructed +in this matter to Stirling, before the baptism of your +son, whom God might preserve. This message was +faithfully delivered by me at Newcastle in England, +where the said earl then remained, in presence of his +friends and company, where they all condescended +to have no further dealing with your husband, and to +enter into the said band. With this deliberation, I +returned to Stirling, where ... your Majesty's +gracious pardon was granted unto them all.... +Immediately after, the said Earl of Morton repaired +to Whittinghame, where the Earl Bothwell and Secretary +Lethington came to him; what speech passed +there amongst them, as God shall be my judge, I +knew nothing at that time; but at their departure +I was requested by the said Earl Morton to accompany +the Earl Bothwell and Secretary to Edinburgh, +and to return with such answer as they should obtain +of your Majesty, which being given to me by the said +persons, as God shall be my judge, was no other +than these words, "Show to the Earl Morton that +the Queen will hear no speech of that matter +appointed unto him." When I craved that the +answer might be made more sensible, Secretary +Lethington said, that the earl would sufficiently +understand it, albeit few or none at that time understand<span class="pagenum">[Pg 224]</span> +what passed amongst them. It is known to +all men, as well by the railing letters passed betwixt +the said earl and Lethington, when they became in +divers factions, as also a book set forth by the ministers, +wherein they affirm that the earl has confessed +to them, before his death, that the Earl Bothwell +came to Whittinghame to propose the calling away +of the King your husband, to the which proposition +the said Earl of Morton affirms that he could give no +answer unto such time he might know your Majesty's +mind, which he never received....</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 225]</span></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="SECTION_VIII" id="SECTION_VIII"></a>SECTION VIII</h2> +<h3>THE END</h3><br> +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2><br> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CONNECTING">1.</a></td><td align="left"> Connecting Note.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#INVECTIVE">2.</a></td><td align="left"> Contemporary Verses on the Babington Conspiracy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Marys_Letter">3.</a></td><td align="left"> Queen Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth on hearing the announcement of her sentence.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Will">4.</a></td><td align="left"> Clauses from Queen Mary's Will.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Spiritual">5.</a></td><td align="left"> Appeal for Spiritual Faculties.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Poem">6.</a></td><td align="left"> "O Domine Deus, speravi in te."</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Execution">7.</a></td><td align="left"> Contemporary Official Report of the Execution.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="CONNECTING" id="CONNECTING"></a>CONNECTING NOTE</i></div> + +<blockquote><p>Queen Mary's life, after the conclusion of the conference at +Westminster, was occupied with plots and negotiations for her +escape from captivity. The proposal for her marriage with the +Duke of Norfolk was opposed both in Scotland and in England; +and an insurrection was raised by the Earls of Northumberland +and Westmoreland, which was speedily suppressed (November, +1569). In January of the following year the Earl of Moray was +assassinated at Linlithgow, and the Earl of Lennox, Darnley's +father, succeeded him as Regent. Maitland of Lethington +finally seceded from the "King's party," and allied himself with +Kirkaldy of Grange, who held Edinburgh Castle for Mary. The +Norfolk conspiracy continued to raise the expectations of the +Marians till the capture, in the spring of 1571, of Charles Baillie, +who was carrying letters from the papal agent, Rudolfi, for +Queen Mary, Norfolk, the Spanish ambassador, and the Bishop +of Ross. On the strength of Baillie's disclosures, Norfolk was +put to death in June 1572. Elizabeth declined to gratify the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 226]</span> +English Parliament by executing her prisoner, but attempted to +arrange for her delivery to the Earl of Morton, now Regent of +Scotland, with a view to his accepting the responsibility for +Mary's death. Morton broke off the negotiations as Elizabeth +refused to give her open sanction to the deed. Edinburgh +Castle surrendered in June 1573, and its fall, and the loss of +Lethington and Grange, gave the death-blow to the hopes of the +Queen of Scots. She maintained, however, a constant correspondence +with Elizabeth and with Spain and Rome, clutching +eagerly at any hope of release, however vague. In 1586 she +became involved, to what extent is disputed, in what is known +as the Babington Conspiracy, which had for its object the assassination +of Elizabeth and her ministers, and the restoration of +Catholicism throughout Great Britain. Walsingham received +information as to the plot, and obtained possession of letters +alleged to be written by Mary to Babington. The conspirators +were put to death, and Mary was tried by a Commission of +Peers in the end of 1586. The following verses, addressed to +the conspirators, indicate the common feeling in England at the +time. They are quoted from a poem by William Kempe, published +in 1587, and entitled "A Dutiful Invective against the +moste haynous Treasons of Ballard and Babington ... together +with the horrible attempts and actions of the Queen of Scottes.... +For a New Yeares gift to all loyall English subjects." The +author of the verses is not Kemp the player, but a writer of +some treatises on Education. <i>Cf.</i> "Dict. Nat. Biog."</p></blockquote> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A DUTIFUL <a name="INVECTIVE" id="INVECTIVE"></a>INVECTIVE</i></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The Scottish Queen, with mischief fraught, for to perform the will<br></span> +<span class="i0">Of him whose pupil she hath been hath usëd all her skill;<br></span> +<span class="i0">By words most fair, and loving terms, and gifts of value great:<br></span> +<span class="i0">For to persuade your hollow hearts, your duties to forget,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 227]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">And for to be assistant still, her treacheries to further,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Wherein she reckons it no sinne though you commit great murther.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Such is her heinous hateful mind, who long hath lived in hope,<br></span> +<span class="i0">By such her subtle lawless means (and help of cursëd Pope)<br></span> +<span class="i0">Both to deprive our sovereign Queen of her imperial crown,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And true religion to repel, God's Gospel to put down.<br></span> +</div></div> +<hr style="width: 45%;"> +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Wherein you fully did conclude that it could never be,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Except you first conspired her death, by secret treachery.<br></span> +<span class="i0">And thereupon consulted oft, and sundry ways did seek<br></span> +<span class="i0">For to perform this devilish act, which you so well did like.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Next unto this your promise was to lend your help and aid,<br></span> +<span class="i0">With all the force and power you could, to foes that should invade.<br></span> +<span class="i0">And thereby for to set at large that Queen whom I did name,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Who always in her treacherous mind, doth nought but mischief frame.<br></span> +</div></div> +<hr style="width: 45%;"> +<span class="pagenum">[Pg 228]</span> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE CAUSE OF ALL OUR TROUBLES</i></div> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">For plainly hath it fallen out, by sundry proofs most true,<br></span> +<span class="i0">She was the only maintainer of all this treacherous crew:<br></span> +<span class="i0">For trial whereof we may see, how that our gracious Queen,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Both having care the very truth most plainly might be seen,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And she with honour might be tried, in that she was a Prince,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Did cause the chiefest peers her faults by justice to convince:<br></span> +<span class="i0">Who did assemble at her place, by name called Fotheringay,<br></span> +<span class="i0">There to examine out the truth, and hear what she could say;<br></span> +<span class="i0">And to that end did then direct to them a large commission<br></span> +<span class="i0">For to examine every one in whom they found suspicion.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Who meeting at that place, it plainly did appear,<br></span> +<span class="i0">How that she was the chiefest cause of all our troubles here.<br></span> +<span class="i0">And that she by persuasions did seek for to withdraw<br></span> +<span class="i0">The subjects' hearts from this our Queen, who erst had lived in awe;<br></span> +<span class="i0">And that the treasons named before were all by her consent,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And that she author was thereof, and did the same invent,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Whereto her answer was so light, and to so small effect,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 229]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">As that the weakness of the same her treasons did detect.<br></span> +<span class="i0">And thereupon these peers of State, having a due regard<br></span> +<span class="i0">To what she could object thereto, and likewise nothing spared<br></span> +<span class="i0">By circumstance to search out truth, did forthwith then pronounce<br></span> +<span class="i0">That she was guilty of these crimes, and could not them renounce.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Which sentence so by them declared, was by our Queen's consent,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Plainly revealed to all estates in court of Parliament;<br></span> +<span class="i0">And was by them considered of, who then did all agree<br></span> +<span class="i0">To join in suit unto her Grace, the same to ratify.<br></span> +</div></div> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S LETTER TO ELIZABETH</i></div> + +<h2>Queen <a name="Marys_Letter" id="Marys_Letter"></a>Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots</i>, vol. ii. p. 200. +<span class="smcap">Fotheringay</span>, December 19, 1586.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Madame</span>,—Having with difficulty obtained leave +from those to whom you have committed me to open +to you all I have on my heart, as much for exonerating +myself from any illwill, or desire of committing +cruelty, or any act of enmity against those with whom +I am connected in blood; as also, kindly, to communicate +to you what I thought would serve you, as<span class="pagenum">[Pg 230]</span> +much for your weal and preservation as for the +maintenance of the peace and repose of this isle, +which can only be injured if you reject my advice. +You will credit or disbelieve my discourse, as it +seems best to you.</p> + +<p>I am resolved to strengthen myself in Christ Jesus +alone, who, to those invoking Him with a true heart, +never fails in His justice and consolation, especially to +those who are bereft of all human aid; such are +under His holy protection: to Him be the glory! +He has equalled my expectation, having given me +heart and strength, <i>in spe contra spem</i>, to endure the +unjust calumnies, accusations, and condemnations (of +those who have no such jurisdiction over me) with a +constant resolution to suffer death for upholding the +obedience and authority of the Apostolical Roman +Catholic Church.</p> + +<p>Now, since I have been on your part informed of +the sentence of your last meeting of Parliament, Lord +Buckhurst and Beale having admonished me to prepare +for the end of my long and weary pilgrimage, I +beg to return you thanks on my part for these happy +tidings, and to entreat you to vouchsafe to me certain +points for the discharge of my conscience. But +since Sir A. Paulet has informed me (though falsely) +that you had indulged me by having restored to me +my almoner, and the money that they had taken +from me, and that the remainder would follow; for +all this I would willingly return you thanks, and +supplicate still further as a last request, which I have +thought for many reasons I ought to ask of you +alone, that you will accord this ultimate grace, for<span class="pagenum">[Pg 231]</span> +which I should not like to be indebted to any other, +since I have no hope of finding aught but cruelty +from the Puritans, who are at this time, God knows +wherefore! the first in authority, and the most bitter +against me.</p> + +<p>I will accuse no one: nay, I pardon with a sincere +heart every one, even as I desire every one may grant +forgiveness to me, God the first. But I know that +you, more than any one, ought to feel at heart the +honour or dishonour of your own blood, and that, +moreover, of a queen and the daughter of a king.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A LAST REQUEST</i></div> + +<p>Then, Madame, for the sake of that Jesus to whose +name all powers bow, I require you to ordain that +when my enemies have slaked their black thirst for +my innocent blood, you will permit my poor desolated +servants altogether to carry away my corpse, to bury +it in holy ground with the other queens of France, +my predecessors, especially near the late queen, my +mother; having this in recollection, that in Scotland +the bodies of the kings, my predecessors, have been +outraged, and the churches profaned and abolished; +and that as I shall suffer in this country, I shall not +be given place near the kings, your predecessors, +who are mine as well as yours: for according to our +religion, we think much of being interred in holy +earth. As they tell me that you will in nothing force +my conscience nor my religion, and have even conceded +me a priest, refuse me not this my last request, +that you will permit free sepulchre to this body when +the soul is separated, which, when united, could never +obtain liberty to live in repose, such as you would +procure for yourself; against which repose—before<span class="pagenum">[Pg 232]</span> +God I speak—I never aimed a blow: but God will +let you see the truth of all after my death.</p> + +<p>And because I dread the tyranny of those to whose +power you have abandoned me, I entreat you not to +permit that execution be done on me without your +own knowledge, not for fear of the torment, which I +am most ready to suffer, but on account of the reports +which will be raised concerning my death unsuspected, +and without other witnesses than those who +would inflict it, who, I am persuaded, would be of +very different qualities from these parties whom I +require (being my servants) to stay spectators, and +with witnesses of my end in the faith of our sacrament, +of my Saviour, and in obedience to His Church. +And after all is over, that they together may carry +away my poor corpse (as secretly as you please), and +speedily withdraw, without taking with them any of +my goods except those which in dying I may leave to +them, which are little enough for their long and good +services.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S JEWEL</i></div> + +<p>One jewel that I received of you I shall return to +you with my last words, or sooner if you please.</p> + +<p>Once more I supplicate you to permit me to send +a jewel and a last adieu to my son, with my dying +benediction, for of my blessing he has been deprived +since you sent me his refusal to enter into the treaty +whence I was excluded by his wicked council; this +last point I refer to your favourable consideration and +conscience as the others, but I ask them in the name +of Jesus Christ, and in respect of your consanguinity, +and for the sake of King Henry VII., your grandfather +and mine, and by the honour of the dignity we both<span class="pagenum">[Pg 233]</span> +hold, and of our sex in common, do I implore you to +grant these requests.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S TREATMENT</i></div> + +<p>As to the rest, I think you know that in your name +they have taken down my dais, but afterwards they +owned to me that it was not by your commandment, +but by the intimation of some of your privy council. +I thank God that this wickedness came not from you, +and that it serves rather to vent their malice than to +afflict me, having made up my mind to die. It is on +account of this, and some other things, that they +debarred me from writing to you, and after they had +done all in their power to degrade me from my rank, +they told me "that I was but a mere dead woman, +incapable of dignity." God be praised for all!</p> + +<p>I could wish that all my papers were brought to +you without reserve, that at last it may be manifest +to you that the sole care of your safety was not confined +to those who are so prompt to persecute me. +If you will accord this my last request, I would wish +that you would write for them, otherwise they do with +them as they choose. And, moreover, I wish that to +this, my last request, you will let me know your last +reply.</p> + +<p>To conclude, I pray God, the just Judge, of His +mercy that He will enlighten you with His Holy Spirit, +and that He will give you His grace to die in the +perfect charity I am disposed to do, and to pardon +all those who have caused, or who have co-operated +in, my death. Such will be my last prayer to my +end, which I esteem myself happy will precede the +persecution which I foresee menaces this isle, where +God is no longer seriously feared and revered, but<span class="pagenum">[Pg 234]</span> +vanity and worldly policy rule and govern all. Yet +will I accuse no one, nor give way to presumption. +Yet while abandoning this world, and preparing myself +for a better, I must remind you that one day you +will have to answer for your charge, and for all those +whom you doom, and that I desire that my blood +and my country may be remembered in that time. +For why? From the first days of our capacity to +comprehend our duties, we ought to bend our minds +to make the things of this world yield to those of +eternity!</p> + +<p class='center'>From Fotheringay, this 19th December, 1586.<br> +Your sister and cousin,</p> +<p class="blockqtrt">Prisoner wrongfully,</p> +<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Marie Royne</span>.</p> +<br> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S WILL</i></div> + +<h2>The <a name="Will" id="Will"></a>Will of the Queen of Scots.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots</i>, vol. ii. p. 237.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[The Will contains clauses relative to the payments of her debts, +and of legacies to her servants. The selections given are of more +general interest.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>In the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the +Holy Ghost, I, Mary, by the grace of God, Queen of +Scotland and Dowager of France, being on the point +of death, and not having any means of making my +will, have myself committed these articles to writing, +and I will and desire, that they have the same force, +as if they were made in due form.</p> + +<p>In the first place, I declare that I die in the +Catholic, Apostolic, and Romish faith. First, I desire<span class="pagenum">[Pg 235]</span> +that a complete service be performed for my soul in +the Church of St. Denis in France, and another in +St. Peter's, at Rheims, where all my servants are to +attend, in such manner as may be ordered to do by +those to whom I have given directions, and who are +named therein.</p> + +<p>Further, that an annual obit be founded for prayers +for my soul, in perpetuity, in such place, and after such +manner, as shall be deemed most convenient....</p> + +<p>I appoint my cousin, the Duke of Guise, principal +executor of my will. After him, the Archbishop of +Glasgow, the Bishop of Ross, and Monsieur de +Ruissieu, my chancellor....</p> + +<p>I recommend Marie Paiges, my god-daughter, to +my cousin, Madame de Guise, and beg her to take +her into her service, and my aunt de Saint Pierre to +get Moubray some good situation, or retain her in +her service, for the honour of God.</p> + +<p>Done this day, 7th February 1587.</p> + +<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Mary, Queen.</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>APPEAL FOR FACULTIES</i></div> + +<h2>Queen Mary's Appeal to the Pope for <a name="Spiritual" id="Spiritual"></a>Spiritual Faculties.</h2> + +<blockquote><p>[The following document is here printed for the first time, so far +as is known to the Editor. It is from a MS. at Blairs College, and +is published by kind permission of the Right Reverend the Rector, +and with the advantage of revision by the Reverend Professor Welsh. +It is dated {158-}, and probably belongs to the last year of Queen +Mary's life.]</p></blockquote> + +<p>Cum Serenissima Regina Scotiae multis ab hinc +annis in Anglorum haereticorum custodias sit inclusa +atque ob id non possit Catholicae Ecclesiae sacramenta<span class="pagenum">[Pg 236]</span> +suscipere et rebus divinis praesertim vero missae +sacrificio nisi clam et magno cum periculo interesse, +supplex petit a Sanctissimo Domino Nostro quam diu +in illa custodia retinetur, ut sacerdoti catholico suo +capellano pro tempore existenti concedatur, facultas +non modo exercendi omnia munera episcopalia exceptis +ordinis et confirmationis sacramentis, et Chrysmatis +consecratione; sed etiam absolvendi ab haeresi, +et haereticos poenitentes gremio sanctae matris +Ecclesiae reconciliandi; quod frequentes ibi se offerant +huiusmodi occasiones.</p> + +<p>Deinde cum in hac rerum calamitate ipsi Reginae +opus sit ad sua secreta consilia et commercia tractanda +et exsequenda, uti opera nonnullorum Anglorum, +qui nisi profanis haereticorum et schismaticorum +precibus et communioni intersint, vel a praefectis +carceris prohiberentur, ne Reginae inservirent, vel +non possent ita commode illa consilia et commercia +juvare; dignetur Sanctitas Sua sacerdoti capellano, +quem Regina delegerit hanc potestatem illos ab omni +censura et poena in tali casu absolvendi; et quoties +opus fuerit in gratiam Sanctae matris Ecclesiæ reducendi; +ii tamen, quoad fieri potest, vitare debent +impiam huiusmodi communionem et rerum sacrarum +prophanationem.</p> + +<p>Permittat quoque Sanctitas Sua, ut tales etiam ante +absolutionem possint sine scrupulo tum Reginae tum +sacerdotis celebrantis et aliorum qui missae intererunt, +praesentes adesse in ea missa quae coram Regina, +durante ejus captivitate celebrabitur.</p> + +<p>Petit etiam Regina, ut 25 numero viri catholici, +per eam nominandi, quo commodius et securius ipsi<span class="pagenum">[Pg 237]</span> +inserviant, possint sine scrupulo et sine periculo et +metu censurarum et peccati, hujusmodi precibus et +communionibus hæreticorum interesse, ita tamen, ut +cum illis non communicent, ac nefandis illorum actibus +ne verbo quidem consentiant.</p> + +<p>Concedat quoque sua Beatitudo ipsi Reginæ plenam +indulgentiam et remissionem omnium peccatorum in +forma jubilei, quoties genibus flexis orat confessa +coram sacra Eucharistia, vel eam suscipit, ac quoties +patienter fert injuriam ab hæreticis sibi illatam; eam +dem quoque obtineat indulgentiam in articulo mortis +ore dicendo Jesus Maria vel idem corde saltem +memorando.</p> + +<p>Postremo Regina summis precibus Sanctissimum +Dominum Nostrum orat, ut quem sibi delegerit +sacerdotem, possit ab eo in confessione sacramentali +absolvi a cunctibus casibus etiam Sedi Apostolicæ +reservatis, atque in bulla coenae Domini contentis.</p> + +<blockquote><p>[It is not known what reply was sent; but the forthcoming volume of +"Vatican Papers," to be edited for the Scottish History Society by +Father Pollard, S.J., may throw light on the subject.]</p></blockquote> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Translation.</span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Since Her Most Serene Majesty, the Queen of Scotland, has +been for these many years a prisoner in the hands of the +English heretics, and on that account is unable to receive the +sacraments of the Catholic Church, or to be present, except +secretly and at great risk, at divine service, and especially at +the Sacrifice of the Mass, she humbly supplicates of His Holiness +that, so long as she is kept in that restraint:</p> + +<p>That to a Catholic priest, her chaplain for the time being, +there may be granted the faculty, not only of exercising all the +powers of a bishop, except the sacrament of Orders and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 238]</span> +Confirmation, and the consecration of the Chrism, but also of +absolving from heresy and receiving penitent heretics into the +bosom of Holy Mother Church. Such opportunities frequently +offer themselves.</p> + +<p>Secondly, since, in this sad condition of her affairs, the +Queen herself has need, in connexion with her secret counsels +and negotiations, of the assistance of some Englishmen, who, +unless they attend the blasphemous prayers and communion +of the heretics, would be excluded, by her gaolers, from the +Queen's presence, or would have difficulty in aiding her counsels +and plans, let His Holiness grant to a priest, whom the Queen +may choose as chaplain, the power of absolving them from all +censure and penalty in such circumstances, and restoring, as +often as there is need, to the grace of Holy Mother Church, it +being understood that, as far as possible, they shall avoid this +impious communion and profanation of Holy Things.</p> + +<p>Let His Holiness also permit that such persons, even before +absolution, may without scruple either to the Queen or to the +celebrating priest, or to all others who may be present, be +present and assist at the Mass which shall be celebrated in +presence of the Queen during her captivity.</p> + +<p>The Queen also begs that Catholic men, twenty-five in +number, nominated by her, in order that they may serve her +more conveniently and safely, may without scruple and without +danger or fear of censures and of sin, be present at such prayers +and communions of the heretics, it being understood that they +shall not communicate with them or give even verbal consent to +their nefarious acts.</p> + +<p>Let His Holiness grant also to the Queen herself a plenary +indulgence and remission of all her sins, in the form of a jubilee, +as often as, having confessed her sins, she may pray on bended +knees before the Holy Eucharist, or receive it, and as often as +she patiently endures injuries inflicted on her by heretics. May +she obtain also the same indulgence at the moment of death by +invoking with her lips, Jesu, Maria, or at least meditating on +them in her heart.</p> + +<p>Finally the Queen begs His Holiness with many prayers, that +whomsoever she shall choose as a priest, she may be by him, in +sacramental confession, absolved from all censures, even from +those reserved to the Holy Apostolic See, and contained in the +Bull "Coena Domini."</p></blockquote> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 282px;"><a name="BELL" id="BELL"></a> +<img src="images/illus_006.jpg" width="282" height="486" alt="" title=""> +<span class="caption">SILVER-GILT HAND-BELL. Height 4-½ inches. (Used by +Queen Mary in Captivity.)</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 239]</span></p> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>"IN THEE HAVE I TRUSTED"</i></div> + +<h2><a name="Poem" id="Poem"></a>Poem composed by Queen Mary in view of her Approaching Death.</h2> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">O Domine Deus, speravi in te!<br></span> +<span class="i0">O care mi Jesu, nunc libera me!<br></span> +<span class="i0">In dura catena, in misera poena,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Languendo, gemendo, et genu flectendo,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Adoro, imploro ut liberes me.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i4"><i>Tr. Mr. Swinburne, Mary Stuart</i>, Act V.<br></span> +<span class="i0">O Lord my God,<br></span> +<span class="i2">I have trusted in thee;<br></span> +<span class="i0">O Jesu my dearest one,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Now set me free.<br></span> +<span class="i0">In prison's oppression,<br></span> +<span class="i0">In sorrow's obsession,<br></span> +<span class="i2">I weary for thee.<br></span> +<span class="i0">With sighing and crying,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Bowed down as dying,<br></span> +<span class="i0">I adore thee, I implore thee, set me free!<br></span> +</div></div> + +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i>PARTING WITH ROBERT MELVILLE</i></div> + +<h2>1587.—February 8. Narrative of the <a name="Execution" id="Execution"></a>Execution, sent to the Court.</h2> + +<p class="rightnote"><i>Ellis's Letters</i>, Ser. ii. vol. iii. p. 113, from the +Lansdowne MS. 51, Art. 46.</p> + +<p>First, the said Scottish Queen, being carried by +two of Sir Amias Paulett's gentlemen, and the Sheriff<span class="pagenum">[Pg 240]</span> +going before her, came most willingly out of her +chamber into an entry next the Hall, at which place +the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of Kent, commissioners +for the execution, with the two governors +of her person, and divers knights and gentlemen did +meet her, where they found one of the Scottish +Queen's servants, named Melvin, kneeling on his +knees, who uttered these words with tears to the +Queen of Scots, his mistress, "Madam, it will be +the sorrowfullest message that ever I carried, when I +shall report that my Queen and dear mistress is +dead." Then the Queen of Scots, shedding tears, +answered him, "You ought to rejoice rather than +weep for that the end of Mary Stuart's troubles is +now come. Thou knowest, Melvin, that all this world +is but vanity, and full of troubles and sorrows; carry +this message from me, and tell my friends that I die +a true woman to my religion, and like a true Scottish +woman and a true Frenchwoman. But God forgive +them that have long desired my end; and He that +is the true Judge of all secret thoughts knoweth my +mind, how that it ever hath been my desire to have +Scotland and England united together. Commend +me to my son, and tell him that I have not done +anything that may prejudice his kingdom of Scotland; +and so, good Melvin, farewell;" and kissing him, she +bade him pray for her.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>AN ENGLISH NOBLEMAN</i></div> + +<p>Then she turned to the Lords and told them that +she had certain requests to make unto them. One +was for a sum of money, which she said Sir Amyas +Paulet knew of, to be paid to one Curle her servant; +next, that all her poor servants might enjoy that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 241]</span> +quietly which by her Will and Testament she had +given unto them; and lastly, that they might be all +well entreated, and sent home safely and honestly +into their countries. "And this I do conjure you, +my Lords, to do."</p> + +<p>Answer was made by Sir Amyas Paulet, "I do +well remember the money your Grace speaketh of, +and your Grace need not to make any doubt of the +not performance of your requests, for I do surely +think they shall be granted."</p> + +<p>"I have," said she, "one other request to make +unto you, my Lords, that you will suffer my poor +servants to be present about me, at my death, that +they may report when they come into their countries +how I died a true woman to my religion."</p> + +<p>Then the Earl of Kent, one of the commissioners, +answered, "Madam, it cannot well be granted, for +that it is feared lest some of them would with speeches +both trouble and grieve your Grace, and disquiet the +company, of which we have had already some experience, +or seek to wipe their napkins in some of your +blood, which were not convenient." "My Lord," +said the Queen of Scots, "I will give my word and +promise for them that they shall not do any such +thing as your Lordship has named. Alas! poor +souls, it would do them good to bid me farewell. +And I hope your Mistress, being a maiden Queen, +in regard of womanhood, will suffer me to have some +of my own people about me at my death. And I +know she hath not given you so straight a commission, +but that you may grant me more than this, if I +were a far meaner woman than I am." And then<span class="pagenum">[Pg 242]</span> +(seeming to be grieved) with some tears uttered these +words: "You know that I am cousin to your Queen, +and descended from the blood of Henry the Seventh, +a married Queen of France, and the anointed Queen +of Scotland."</p> + +<div class="greynote">"<i>BESIDE THE BLOCK—ALONE</i>"</div> + +<p>Whereupon, after some consultation, they granted +that she might have some of her servants according +to her Grace's request, and therefore desired her to +make choice of half-a-dozen of her men and women: +who presently said that of her men she would have +Melvin, her apothecary, her surgeon, and one other +old man beside; and of her women, those two that +did use to lie in her chamber.</p> + +<p>After this, she being supported by Sir Amias's two +gentlemen aforesaid, and Melvin carrying up her +train, and also accompanied with the Lords, Knights, +and Gentlemen aforenamed, the Sheriff going before +her, she passed out of the entry into the Great Hall, +with her countenance careless, importing thereby +rather mirth than mournful cheer, and so she willingly +stepped up to the scaffold which was prepared +for her in the Hall, being two feet high and twelve +feet broad, with rails round about, hung and covered +with black, with a low stool, long cushion, and block, +covered with black also. Then, having the stool +brought her, she sat her down; by her, on the right +hand, sat the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of +Kent, and on the left hand stood the Sheriff, and +before her the two executioners; round about the +rails stood Knights, Gentlemen, and others.</p> + +<p>Then, silence being made, the Queen's Majesty's +Commission for the execution of the Queen of Scots<span class="pagenum">[Pg 243]</span> +was openly read by Mr. Beale, clerk of the Council; +and these words pronounced by the Assembly, "God +save the Queen." During the reading of which Commission +the Queen of Scots was silent, listening unto +it with as small regard as if it had not concerned her +at all; and with as cheerful a countenance as if it +had been a pardon from her Majesty for her life; +using as much strangeness in word and deed as if +she had never known any of the Assembly, or had +been ignorant of the English language.</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>A THEOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY</i></div> + +<p>Then one Doctor Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough, +standing directly before her, without the rail, bending +his body with great reverence, began to utter this +exhortation following: "Madam, the Queen's most +excellent Majesty," &c., and iterating these words +three or four times, she told him, "Mr. Dean, I am +settled in the ancient Catholic Roman religion, and +mind to spend my blood in defence of it." Then +Mr. Dean said: "Madam, change your opinion, and +repent you of your former wickedness, and settle +your faith only in Jesus Christ, by Him to be saved." +Then she answered again and again, "Mr. Dean, +trouble not yourself any more, for I am settled and +resolved in this my religion, and am purposed therein +to die." Then the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl +of Kent, perceiving her so obstinate, told her that +since she would not hear the exhortation begun by +Mr. Dean, "We will pray for your Grace, that it +stand with God's will you may have your heart +lightened, even at the last hour, with the true knowledge +of God, and so die therein." Then she +answered, "If you will pray for me, my Lords, I will<span class="pagenum">[Pg 244]</span> +thank you; but to join in prayer with you I will not, +for that you and I are not of one religion."</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE EARL OF KENT</i></div> + +<p>Then the Lords called for Mr. Dean, who, kneeling +on the scaffold stairs, began this prayer, "O most +gracious God and merciful Father," &c., all the +Assembly, saving the Queen of Scots and her servants, +saying after him. During the saying of which +prayer, the Queen of Scots, sitting upon a stool, +having about her neck an <i>Agnus Dei</i>, in her hand a +crucifix, at her girdle a pair of beads with a golden +cross at the end of them, a Latin book in her hand, +began with tears and with loud and fast voice to pray +in Latin; and in the midst of her prayers she slided +off from her stool, and kneeling, said divers Latin +prayers; and after the end of Mr. Dean's prayer, she +kneeling, prayed in English to this effect: "For +Christ His afflicted Church, and for an end of their +troubles; for her son; and for the Queen's Majesty, +that she might prosper and serve God aright." She +confessed that she hoped to be saved "by and in +the blood of Christ, at the foot of whose Crucifix she +would shed her blood." Then said the Earl of Kent, +"Madam, settle Christ Jesus in your heart, and leave +those trumperies." Then she little regarding, or +nothing at all, his good counsel, went forward with +her prayers, desiring that "God would avert His +wrath from this Island, and that He would give her +grief and forgiveness for her sins." These, with +other prayers she made in English, saying she forgave +her enemies with all her heart that had long sought +her blood, and desired God to convert them to the +truth; and in the end of the prayer she desired all<span class="pagenum">[Pg 245]</span> +saints to make intercession for her to Jesus Christ, +and so kissing the crucifix, and crossing of her also, +said these words: "Even as Thy arms, O Jesus, were +spread here upon the Cross, so receive me into Thy +arms of mercy, and forgive me all my sins."</p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>SMILING CHEER</i></div> + +<p>Her prayer being ended, the executioners, kneeling, +desired her Grace to forgive them her death; who +answered, "I forgive you with all my heart, for now, +I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles." +Then they, with her two women, helping of her up, +began to disrobe her of her apparel; she never changed +her countenance, but with smiling cheer she uttered +these words, "that she never had such grooms to +make her unready, and that she never put off her +clothes before such a company."</p> + +<p>Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving +her petticoat and kirtle, her two women beholding +her made great lamentation, and crying and crossing +themselves prayed in Latin; she, turning herself to +them, embracing them, said these words in French, +"Ne criez vous; j'ay promis pour vous;" and so +crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her, +and rejoice and not weep, for that now they should +see an end of all their mistress's troubles. Then +she, with a smiling countenance, turning to her men +servants, as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a +bench nigh the scaffold, who sometime weeping, +sometime crying out aloud, and continually crossing +themselves, prayed in Latin, crossing them with her +hand bade them farewell; and wishing them to pray +for her even until the last hour.</p> + +<div class="greynote">"<i>INTO THY HANDS</i>"</div> + +<p>This done, one of the women having a Corpus<span class="pagenum">[Pg 246]</span> +Christi cloth lapped up three-corner ways, kissing it, +put it over the Queen of Scots' face, and pinned it +fast to the caul of her head. Then the two women +departed from her, and she kneeling down upon the +cushion most resolutely, and without any token or +fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, +"In te, Domine, confido, non confundar in eternum," +&c. {Ps. xxv.}. Then, groping for the block, she +laid down her head, putting her chin over the block +with both her hands, which holding there, still had +been cut off, had they not been espied. Then lying +upon the block most quietly, and stretching out her +arms, cried, "In manus tuas, Domine," &c., three or +four times. Then she lying very still on the block, +one of the executioners holding of her slightly with +one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the +other executioner with an axe, she making very +small noise or none at all, and not stirring any part +of her from the place where she lay; and so the +executioner cut off her head, saving one little grisle, +which being cut asunder, he lifted up her head to +the view of all the assembly, and bade "God save +the Queen." Then her dressing of lawn falling off +from her head, it appeared as grey as one of threescore +and ten years old, polled very short, her face in a +moment being so much altered from the form she +had when she was alive, as few could remember her +by her dead face. Her lips stirred up and down a +quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.</p> + +<p>Then Mr. Dean said with a loud voice, "So perish +all the Queen's enemies;" and afterwards the Earl +of Kent came to the dead body, and standing over +it, with a loud voice said, "Such end of all the +Queen's and the Gospel's enemies."</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="EFFIGY" id="EFFIGY"></a> +<img src="images/illus_007.jpg" width="402" height="229" alt="" title=""> +<span class="caption">EFFIGY AT WESTMINSTER.</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 247]</span></p> + +<div class="greynote"><i>THE LAST COURTIER</i></div> + +<p>Then one of the executioners pulling off her garters, +espied her little dog which was crept under her clothes, +which could not be gotten forth but by force, yet +afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, +but came and lay between her head and her shoulders, +which being imbrued with her blood, was carried +away and washed, as all things else were that had +any blood was either burned or clean washed; and +the executioners sent away with money for their fees, +not having any one thing that belonged unto her. +And so, every man being commanded out of the +Hall, except the Sheriff and his men, she was carried +by them up into a great chamber lying ready for the +surgeons to embalm her.</p> + +<blockquote><p>A full account of Queen Mary's last days will be found in +"The Tragedy of Fotheringay," by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott. +In August 1587, the Queen was buried, with great ceremony, +in Peterborough Cathedral, and, in 1612, was reinterred +in Westminster Abbey by her son James VI. and I.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 249]</span></blockquote> + +<br> + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<h2><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES</h2> + +<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_A">A.</a>)</td><td align="left">Genealogical Tables.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_B">B.</a>)</td><td align="left">Lord Darnley.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_C">C.</a>)</td><td align="left">Contemporary Writers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_D">D.</a>)</td><td align="left">Authorities.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_E">E.</a>)</td><td align="left">Controversial Books.</td></tr> +</table></div> +<br> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 250]</span></p><div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A"></a>APPENDIX A.</i></div> + + +<h2>(A.) TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF MARY TO LORD DARNLEY AND TO THE DUKE OF CHÂTELHERAULT.</h2> +<pre> + JAMES II., King of Scotland. + | + +----------------------+-------------------+ + | | + James III. Mary = James, Lord Hamilton. + | | + James IV. = Margaret, = Archibald, +-----+-------+ + | dau. of | Earl of | | + | Henry VII. | Angus. | | + | of England. | James, Elizabeth, _m._ + | | 1st Earl Matthew, Earl + | | of Arran. of Lennox. + James V. = Mary of | | | + | Guise. | James, | + | | 2nd Earl | + | | of Arran | + Mary Stuart. | and Duke of John, Earl + | Châtelherault. of Lennox. + | | + +----------------+ | + | | + Margaret = Matthew, Earl + | of Lennox. + | + Henry, Lord Darnley. +</pre> +<br> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 251]</span></p><h2>TABLE SHOWING THE POSITION OF MARY AND DARNLEY WITH REGARD TO THE +CROWN OF ENGLAND.</h2> +<pre> + + HENRY VII. + | + +-------------------+---------+------------+ + | | | + Henry VIII. James IV. = Margaret = Archibald, Mary = Charles, Duke + +------+----+ | | Earl of | of Suffolk. + | | | | | Angus | + Edward VI. | Elizabeth. James V. | +---+-----+ + | | | | | + Mary. | Margaret, _m._ | | + Mary. Matthew, Earl | | + of Lennox. | | + | Frances, Eleanor, + | _m._ _m._ + Henry, Lord Henry, Henry, + Darnley. Duke of Earl of + Suffolk. Cumberland. + | | + +-----------------+-----------------+ | + | | | + Lady Jane Grey. Catherine, _m._ | + Edward, Earl of | + Hertford. | + | + +--------------------------+ + | | + Margaret, _m._ Henry, Earl of Derby. + + +</pre> +<br> + +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 252]</span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<br> +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B.</i></div> +<h2>(B.) LORD DARNLEY.</h2> + + +<p>It may be of some interest to collect a few contemporary +opinions regarding the unfortunate Lord +Darnley. The extracts from Sir James Melville and +Randolph (<a href="#James_Melvill">pp. 46-53</a>, <a href="#Randolph">54-56</a>) sufficiently illustrate the +personality of Mary, and we need only add Knolly's +description of the Queen of Scots on her arrival in +England (Wright's "Elizabeth," vol. i. pp. 280-1). +He wrote to Cecil: "This ladie and princess is a notable +woman. She semeth to regard no ceremonious +honour beside the acknowledging of her estate regalle. +She sheweth a disposition to speake much, to be bold, +to be pleasant, and to be very famylyar. She sheweth +a great desire to be avenged of her enemies: she +sheweth a readiness to expose herself to all perylls in +hope of victorie; she delyteth much to hear of hardiness +and valiancye, commending by name all approved +hardy men of her cuntrye, altho' they be her enemies: +and she commendeth no cowardice even in her friends. +The thing that most she thirsteth after is victory, and +it semeth to be indifferent to her to have her enemies +diminish, either by the sword of her friends, or by +the liberall promises and rewards of her purse, or by +division and quarrells raised among themselves; so +that for victorie's sake, payne and perrylls semeth +pleasant unto her, and in respect of victorie, welthe +and all thyngs semeth to her contemptuous and vile."</p> + +<p>Our best picture of Darnley comes from the pen +of the continuator of Knox. "He was of a comely +stature, and none was like unto him within this island;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 253]</span> +he died under the age of one and twenty years; +prompt and ready for all games and sports; much +given to hawking and hunting, and running of horses, +and likewise to playing on the lute; and also to +Venus chamber he was liberal enough; he could write +and dictate well; but he was somewhat given to wine, +and much feeding, and likewise to inconstancy; and +proud beyond measure, and therefore contemned all +others; he had learned to dissemble well enough, being +from his youth misled up in Popery" (Laing's "Knox," +vol. ii. p. 551). Incidental references to Darnley's +character will be found on <a href="#DARNLEY1">pp. 47-8</a>, <a href="#darnley2">64-5</a>, <a href="#Treatment">87-8</a>, &c. +The author of the "Histoire of James the Sext" +wrote of him, "He was a comelie Prince, of a fayre +and large stature of bodie, pleasant in countenance, +and affable to all men, and devote, weill exercised in +martiall pastymes upoun horseback as ony Prince of +that age, but was sa facile as he could conceal no +secret, although it might tend to his own weill." Of +Darnley's literary abilities we possess two indications—a +letter written to Mary Tudor, and the following +ballad, both printed in Maidment's "Scottish Songs +and Ballads," vol. ii. It may be noted that the figure +of the turtle-dove or wood-pigeon occurs in the ballad +and in one of the "Casket Letters."</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Gife langour makis men licht,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Or dolour thame decoir,<br></span> +<span class="i0">In earth there is no wicht,<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">May me compair in gloir.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Gif cairfuill thoftis restoir<span class="pagenum">[Pg 254]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">My havy heart from sorrow<br></span> +<span class="i2">I am for evir moir<br></span> +<span class="i0">In joy, both evin and morrow.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Gif plesour be to pance,<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">I playne me nocht opprest,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Or absence micht avance,<br></span> +<span class="i2">My heart is haill possesst,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Gif want of quiet rest<br></span> +<span class="i0">From cairis micht me convoy,<br></span> +<span class="i2">My mynd is nocht mollest,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Bot evir moir in joy.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Thocht that I pance in paine,<br></span> +<span class="i2">In passing to and fro,<br></span> +<span class="i0">I laubor all in vane,<br></span> +<span class="i2">For so hes mony mo,<br></span> +<span class="i2">That hes nocht servit so,<br></span> +<span class="i0">In suting of thair sueit,<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a><br></span> +<span class="i2">The nar the fyre I go<br></span> +<span class="i0">The grittar is my heit.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The turtour for hir maik,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Mair dule may nocht indure<br></span> +<span class="i0">Nor I do for hir saik,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Evin hir quha hes in cure<br></span> +<span class="i2">My hairt, quhilk salbe sure,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And service to the deid,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Unto that lady pure,<br></span> +<span class="i0">The well of woman heid.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Schaw shedfull to that sueit<span class="pagenum">[Pg 255]</span><br></span> +<span class="i2">My pairt so permanent<br></span> +<span class="i0">That no mirth quhill<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> we meit,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Sall cause me be content;<br></span> +<span class="i2">But still my hairt lament,<br></span> +<span class="i0">In sorrowfull siching soir,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Till tyme sho be present,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Fairweill, I say no moir.<br></span> +<span class="i4"><i>Finis quod King Hary Stewart.</i><br></span> +</div></div> + +<p>This lament for Darnley (also printed by Maidment) +was doubtless used as a political weapon against +Queen Mary:—</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">To Edinburgh about six hours at morn,<br></span> +<span class="i2">As I was passing pansand out the way;<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ane bonny boy was sore making his moan,<br></span> +<span class="i2">His sorry song was Oche, and Wallaway!<br></span> +<span class="i2">That ever I should lyve to see that day,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Ane king at eve, with sceptre, sword and crown;<br></span> +<span class="i2">At morn but a deformed lump of clay,<br></span> +<span class="i0">With traitors strong so cruelly put down!<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Then drew I near some tidings for to speir,<br></span> +<span class="i2">And said, My friend, what makis thee sa way.<br></span> +<span class="i0">Bloody Bothwell hath brought our king to beir,<br></span> +<span class="i2">And flatter and fraud with double Dalilay.<br></span> +<span class="i2">At ten houris on Sunday late at een,<br></span> +<span class="i0">When Dalila and Bothwell bade good night,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Off her finger false she threw ane ring,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And said, My Lord, ane token you I plight.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">She did depart then with an untrue train,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 256]</span><br></span> +<span class="i2">And then in haste and culverin they let craik,<br></span> +<span class="i0">To teach their feiris to know the appoint time,<br></span> +<span class="i2">About the kinge's lodging for to clap.<br></span> +<span class="i2">To dance that night they said she should not slack,<br></span> +<span class="i0">With leggis lycht to hald the wedow walkan;<br></span> +<span class="i2">And baid fra bed until she heard the crack,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Whilk was a sign that her good lord was slain.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">O ye that to our kirk have done subscryve,<br></span> +<span class="i2">These Achans try alsweill traist I may,<br></span> +<span class="i0">If ye do not, the time will come, belyve,<br></span> +<span class="i2">That God to you will raise some Iosuay;<br></span> +<span class="i2">Whilk shall your bairnis gar sing Wallaway,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And ye your selvis be put down with shame;<br></span> +<span class="i2">Remember on the awesome latter day,<br></span> +<span class="i0">When ye reward shall receive for your blame.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">I ken right well ye knaw your duty,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Gif ye do not purge you ane and all,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Then shall I write in pretty poetry,<br></span> +<span class="i2">In Latin laid in style rhetorical;<br></span> +<span class="i2">Which through all Europe shall ring like ane bell,<br></span> +<span class="i0">In the contempt of your malignity.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Fye, flee fra Clynemnestra fell,<br></span> +<span class="i0">For she was never like Penelope.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">With Clynemnestra I do not fain to fletch,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Who slew her spouse, the great Agamemnon;<br></span> +<span class="i0">Or with any that Ninus' wife doth match,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Semiramis quha brought her gude lord down.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Quha do abstain fra litigation,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 257]</span><br></span> +<span class="i0">Or from his paper hald aback the pen?<br></span> +<span class="i2">Except he hate our Scottish nation,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Or then stand up and traitors deeds commend?<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Now all the woes that Ovid in Ibin,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Into his pretty little book did write,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And many mo be to our Scottish Queen,<br></span> +<span class="i2">For she the cause is of my doleful dyte.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Sa mot her heart be fillet full of syte,<br></span> +<span class="i0">As Herois was for Leander's death;<br></span> +<span class="i2">Herself to slay for woe who thought delyte,<br></span> +<span class="i0">For Henry's sake to like our Queen was laith.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The dolours als that pierced Dido's heart,<br></span> +<span class="i2">When King Enee from Carthage took the flight;<br></span> +<span class="i0">For the which cause unto a brand she start,<br></span> +<span class="i2">And slew herseif, which was a sorry sight.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Sa might she die as did Creusa bright,<br></span> +<span class="i0">The worthy wife of douty Duke Jason;<br></span> +<span class="i2">Wha brint was in ane garment wrought by slight<br></span> +<span class="i0">Of Medea through incantation.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Her laughter light be like to true Thisbe,<br></span> +<span class="i2">When Pyramus she found dead at the well,<br></span> +<span class="i0">In languor like unto Penelope,<br></span> +<span class="i2">For Ulysses who long at Troy did dwell.<br></span> +<span class="i2">Her dolesome death be worse than Jezebel,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Whom through an window surely men did thraw;<br></span> +<span class="i2">Whose blood did lap the cruel hundis fell,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And doggis could her wicked bainis gnaw.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">Were I an hound—oh! if she an hare,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 258]</span><br></span> +<span class="i2">And I an cat, and she a little mouse,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And she a bairn, and I a wild wod bear,<br></span> +<span class="i2">I an ferret, and she cuniculus.<br></span> +<span class="i2">To her I shall be aye contrarius—<br></span> +<span class="i0">When to me Atropos cut the fatal thread,<br></span> +<span class="i2">And fell deithis dartys dolorous,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Then shall our spirits be at mortal feid.<br></span> +</div><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">My spirit her spirit shall douke in Phlegethon,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Into that painful filthy flood of hell,<br></span> +<span class="i0">And then in Styx, and Lethe baith anone—<br></span> +<span class="i2">And Cerberus that cruel hound sa fell,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Sall gar her cry with mony gout and yell,<br></span> +<span class="i0">O Wallaway! that ever she was born,<br></span> +<span class="i2">Or with treason by ony manner mell,<br></span> +<span class="i0">Whilk from all bliss should cause her be forlorn.<br></span> +</div></div><br> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_C" id="APPENDIX_C"></a>APPENDIX C.</i></div> + +<h2>(C.) CONTEMPORARY WRITERS.</h2> + +<h3>GEORGE BUCHANAN.</h3> + +<p>The writings of George Buchanan with which we are concerned +are his "Detection" of Queen Mary, and his "History +of Scotland." Buchanan was the friend and adviser of Mary's +enemies, and his references to her are polemical, not historical. +His "Detection" is based on the "Book of Articles" (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#Articles">p. 144</a>), +and it is not always consistent with the statements in his +"History." Sheriff Æneas Mackay admits with regard to it +that "it must be deemed a calumnious work." The reader must +decide for himself what credit to attach to statements made +by Buchanan, and otherwise unattested. He occupies among +Mary's accusers the position held by Lesley among her friends. +His title to fame is not confined to the Marian controversy. He<span class="pagenum">[Pg 259]</span> +was a very distinguished humanist, and his writings possess both +learning and charm. (<i>Cf.</i> Mr. Hume Brown's recent volume +entitled "George Buchanan.")</p> + +<h3>CONAEUS.</h3> + +<p>George Conn belonged to an Aberdeenshire family of Roman +Catholic sympathies, and was educated at Douay, Paris, and +Rome. He was Papal agent accredited to Queen Henrietta +Maria from 1636 to 1639. He died in 1640. The date of his +birth is unknown, and he is not quite strictly a contemporary +author. But he lived in Paris at a time when people must have +been alive who could remember Queen Mary's residence in +France, and his "Life of Mary Stuart," published in 1624, has +all the freshness of a contemporary source.</p> + +<h3>LORD HERRIES.</h3> + +<p>John Maxwell, fourth Lord Herries, was, although a Protestant, +a staunch supporter of Queen Mary. He opposed the +Bothwell marriage, but remained faithful after the surrender at +Carberry Hill. He joined the Queen after her escape from +Lochleven, was present at the Battle of Langside, and accompanied +her in her flight to England. In spite of some temporising +with her enemies, he was selected, along with the +Bishop of Ross, to defend her at York and Westminster, and he +was probably involved in the Norfolk plot. When he became +convinced of the hopelessness of Mary's cause, he came to an +arrangement with the victorious party, and took a part in politics +till his death in 1583. He seems, however, always to have +been ready to assist the Queen had there been any chance of +success. His "Memoirs" possess an unusual interest in virtue +of his intimate knowledge of the secret history of the reign.</p> + +<h3><a name="JOHN_KNOX" id="JOHN_KNOX"></a>JOHN KNOX.</h3> + +<p>The extracts from Knox's "History of the Reformation in +Scotland" are interesting as bearing the impress of their<span class="pagenum">[Pg 260]</span> +author's vigorous personality. But it must be remembered +that, as the leader of the Protestant clergy, he was a strong +partisan, and his descriptions cannot be accepted literally. +Different readers will decide differently as to the credit to be +given to Knox's statements. The most valuable edition of +Knox is the large one by the late Mr. David Laing, which +contains much important annotation. The concluding portion +of the "History" is not from Knox's own pen, but is the work of +an unknown writer, who is generally described as Knox's Continuator.</p> + +<h3>JOHN LESLEY.</h3> + +<p>The Bishop of Ross was a native of Inverness-shire, and was +educated at the University of Aberdeen. The first public +capacity in which he was employed was as one of a deputation +of Roman Catholic nobles to invite Queen Mary to return to +Scotland, after the death of Francis II. He became Bishop of +Ross in 1566. He rendered his chief services to Queen Mary +as one of the agents for her defence at the Conferences at York +and Westminster, and he was thereafter involved in most of the +schemes for Mary's release. He survived the Queen for nine +years, and died in 1596 at Guirtenburg, near Brussels. He was +about seventy years of age.</p> + +<p>Lesley's chief work is his "History of Scotland from 1437 to +1561." The Scots edition was first published in 1830, but the +Latin version, which is more complete, appeared during the +author's lifetime, and was translated into Scots, as early as 1596, +by Father James Dalrymple of Regensburg. For the period with +which we are concerned Lesley is a contemporary authority; +but he wrote with a purpose, and was inclined to exaggeration. +His "Defence of Queen Mary's Honour" was a reply to +Buchanan's "Detection."</p> + +<h3>LINDSAY OF PITSCOTTIE.</h3> + +<p>Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie was a cadet of the family of +Crawford. He was born about 1500, and died about 1565, and +took no part in public affairs. His "History" was not published<span class="pagenum">[Pg 261]</span> +till 1728. It is a work to which we are indebted for +much gossip, and it contains many humorous anecdotes. The +writer was a strong Protestant, and shared with many of his +contemporaries a fondness for moralising. His book is not +absolutely reliable by any means; but in the passage quoted +he appears to best advantage.</p> + +<h3>SIR JAMES MELVILLE.</h3> + +<p>Sir James Melville had been an attendant on Queen Mary +since her childhood. In 1549, when he was fourteen years +of age and she seven, he became her page. After some +military, and diplomatic service he became one of the gentlemen +of the Bed Chamber on the Queen's return to Scotland. +His two visits to London as ambassador from Mary to Elizabeth +are recorded in the passage quoted in the text. After +the fall of the Queen Melville attached himself to the ruling +party, and was prominent in politics till James's accession to +the throne of England. Thereafter, he lived quietly at his +estate of Hallhill, in Fife, where he died in 1617. During +his retirement he wrote his "Memoirs," which were published +by his grandson in 1683. His memory was not invariably +trustworthy; but his fascinating style has made his writing +one of the most popular chronicles of the time. His picture +of the rival queens is one of the most characteristic passages +in his work (<a href="#James_Melvill">pp. 46-53</a>).</p> + +<h3>CLAUDE NAU.</h3> + +<p>Claude de la Boisselierre Nau was sent by the Cardinal of +Lorraine to Queen Mary as a Secretary in 1575. Thenceforward +he remained her confidential adviser, although his +loyalty to his own interests was more marked than his devotion +to his mistress, and he was generally believed to have +betrayed her in connection with the Babington conspiracy. +After her death he was released by Queen Elizabeth, and +entered the service of Henry IV. of France. The MS. +known as "Nau's History of Mary Stewart" is in the British<span class="pagenum">[Pg 262]</span> +Museum, and was printed in 1883 by Father Joseph Stevenson, +S.J. The evidence on which Mr. Stevenson attributes +it to Nau is given in his introduction.</p> + +<h3>LORD RUTHVEN.</h3> + +<p>Patrick, third Lord Ruthven, was one of the Protestant +nobles who formed the body known as the "Lords of the +Congregation" during the absence of Queen Mary in France. +He was not popular even on his own side, for we find mysterious +accusations of sorcery and enchantment attaching to his name. +At the murder of Rizzio he appeared in the Queen's room, +gaunt and haggard, having risen from a sick bed in the neighbouring +house. After the murder he fled to England and +wrote for the benefit of Queen Elizabeth his "Relation" of +the circumstances. He makes numerous accusations against +Mary, which have generally been received with suspicion +owing to the position of the author as an exiled rebel anxious +to justify himself before a foreign sovereign. He died at +Newcastle in June 1566, three months after the murder. The +"articles" are printed, not only in the "Relation," but in the +first column of Goodall's <i>Examination</i>, and the third volume +of Keith's "History," while those signed by Darnley are +copied from the original in the Appendix (p. 641) to the Sixth +Report of the Historical MSS. Commissioners.</p> + +<h3>DIURNAL OF OCCURRENTS.</h3> + +<p>The "Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland" was first printed +by the Bannatyne Club in 1833 (from a MS. then in the +possession of Sir John Maxwell of Pollock). It deals with the +history of Scotland from 1513 to 1575. During the period +with which we are concerned, it is clearly the diary of an +Edinburgh citizen, and it is of great value, especially in fixing +dates. The anonymous diarist was not a partisan of the Queen, +but his work is more impartial than any other of the period. +Another contemporary diary, by Robert Birrell, is published in +Dalyell's "Fragments of Scottish History," 1798.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 263]</span></p> +<h3>GUDE AND GODLY BALLATES.</h3> + +<p>The controversy of the sixteenth century gave rise to many +political songs and ballads, which became known to the Protestant +party as the "Gude and Godly Ballates." Most of +them were aimed against Roman Catholicism in general, but +some are invectives against Queen Mary herself. The specimens +given are among the best known. They are slightly earlier in +date than the arrival of Mary in Scotland; but they serve to +illustrate the bitterness of the struggle.</p><br> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_D" id="APPENDIX_D"></a>APPENDIX D.</i></div> + +<h2>(D.) AUTHORITIES.</h2> +<br> + +<p>The remaining contemporary authorities are to be found in +the letters of ambassadors, and the other diplomatic correspondence +of the time. But it must be remembered that a +statement can by no means be implicitly believed because it +appears in such documents. The circumstances of the writer, +his opportunities of obtaining information on the particular +topic, his personal prejudices, the impression that he wished +to convey to his correspondent, must all be allowed due weight. +The correspondence and other information is largely contained +in the following books:—</p> + + +<h3>(1.) OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.</h3> + +<p><i>Acts of Parliament of Scotland.</i></p> + +<p><i>Reports of the Royal Commission upon Historical MSS.</i></p> + +<p><i>Register of the Privy Council of Scotland.</i></p> + +<p><i>Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland</i>, preserved in the +Public Record Office.</p> + +<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to Foreign Affairs</i>, 1542-1587.</p> + +<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs</i>, preserved in the +Archives of Simancas.</p> + +<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs</i>, preserved in the +Archives of Venice.</p> + +<p><i>Calendar of Border Papers.</i><span class="pagenum">[Pg 264]</span></p> + +<p><i>The Hamilton Papers.</i></p> + +<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of +Scots</i>, 1898.</p> + + +<h3>(2.) BOOKS WHICH CONTAIN ORIGINAL LETTERS, &c.</h3> + +<p><i>Fædera, Conventiones, Literæ, &c., inter Reges Angliæ et alios</i>, +ed. by Thomas Rymer. London, 1704-1735.</p> + +<p><i>Queen Elizabeth and her Times</i>, by Thomas Wright. London, +1838.</p> + +<p><i>History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland</i>, by the +Right Rev. Robert Keith, Primus of the Scottish Episcopal +Church. Edinburgh, 1734 (reprinted by the Spottiswoode +Society).</p> + +<p><i>Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726</i>, edited by Philip, +Earl of Hardwicke. London, 1778.</p> + +<p><i>The Annals of Aboyne</i>, edited by George, 11th Marquis of +Huntly. (New Spalding Club.)</p> + +<p><i>Life of Queen Mary</i>, by George Chalmers. London, 1818.</p> + +<p><i>History of Scotland</i>, by William Robertson, D.D.</p> + +<p><i>History of Scotland</i>, by Patrick Fraser Tytler.</p> + +<p><i>Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots</i>, edited by Joseph Robertson.</p> + +<p><i>Examination of the Letters said to have been written by Mary +Queen of Scots, to James, Earl of Bothwell</i>, by Walter +Goodall, 1744.</p> + +<p><i>History of Scotland</i>, by Malcolm Laing.</p> + +<p><i>Illustrations of British History</i>, by Edmund Lodge.</p> + +<p><i>Elizabeth and Mary</i>, by Fred. Von Raumer.</p> + +<p><i>Original Letters, Illustrative of British History</i>, ed. Ellis.</p> + +<p><i>Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers</i>, by John Hosack, +1870-74.</p> + +<p><i>Mary Queen of Scots, from her Birth to her Flight into England</i>, +by D. Hay Fleming.</p> + +<p><i>Recueil des Lettres de Marie Stuart</i>, ed. Labanoff.</p> + +<p><i>Letters of Mary Stuart</i>, ed. Agnes Strickland.</p> + +<p><i>Cabala, sive Scrinia Sacra.</i> London, 1691.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 265]</span></p> + +<p><i>Collections relating to Mary Queen of Scots</i>, by James Anderson.</p> + +<p><i>A Lost Chapter in the Life of Mary Stuart</i>, by John Stuart.</p> + +<p><i>Queen Mary at Jedburgh</i>, by John Small.</p> + +<p><i>Illustrations of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots.</i> (Maitland +Club.)</p> + +<p><i>Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse</i>, +edited by Teulet.</p> + +<p><i>The Tragedy of Fotheringay</i>, by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott.</p> + +<p>These are the main authorities. A complete list of publications +dealing with the question up to 1700, will be found in +"A Bibliography of Works relating to Mary Queen of Scots, +1544-1700," by John Scott, C.B. (Edinburgh Bibliographical +Society, 1896). Very full references will be found in Mr. Hay +Fleming's notes. The list of authorities appended to the articles +"Mary Stuart," in the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, +should also be consulted.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;"><br> +<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_E" id="APPENDIX_E"></a>APPENDIX E.</i></div> + +<h2>(E.) CONTROVERSIAL WORKS.</h2> + + +<p>The general historians who deal with the period—Hume, +Robertson, Tytler, Laing, Froude, and Hill Burton—are usually +ranked among Queen Mary's opponents. Hume and Froude +occupy the most decided position. Among other writers who +are definitely against the theory of Mary's innocence, must be +reckoned Mignet ("Life of Mary Queen of Scots"), Mr. D. +Hay Fleming ("Mary Queen of Scots"), and Mr. T. F. +Henderson (articles, "Mary Stuart," "Henry Stewart, Lord +Darnley," "James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell," &c., in the +<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>). No one can hope to +understand the present position of the controversy without the +writings of Mr. Fleming and Mr. Henderson. Among general +controversialists on the side of Queen Mary, may be mentioned +the works already quoted, by Walter Goodall, George Chalmers, +and John Hosack, William Tytler's "Inquiry into the Evidence +against Mary Queen of Scots" (1790), Whitaker's "Mary Queen<span class="pagenum">[Pg 266]</span> +of Scots Vindicated" (1778), Miss Agnes Strickland's "Lives +of the Queens of Scotland," Mr. Alex. Walker's "Mary, Queen +of Scots," Mr. M'Neel-Caird's "Mary Stuart," and Sir John +Skelton's "Impeachment of Mary Stuart," "Maitland of Lethington," +and "Life of Mary Stuart." Mr. Swinburne's "Mary +Queen of Scots" is one of the most attractive works on the +subject. The reader will recollect that the "false Duessa" in +Spenser's "Faerie Queen" is the Queen of Scots.</p> + +<p>The last few years have seen the publication of many important +works dealing with the problem of the Casket Letters, <i>e.g.</i>:—</p> + +<p>Bresslau: "Die Kassettenbriefe der Königin Maria Stuart," +in the <i>Historisches Taschenbuche</i>, 1882.</p> + +<p>Sepp: <i>Die Kassettenbriefe</i>, 1884.</p> + +<p>Gerde: "Geschichte der Königin Maria Stuart," 1885.</p> + +<p>T. F. Henderson: "Casket Letters, and Mary Queen of +Scots." 2nd ed. 1890.</p> + +<p>Philippson: "Histoire du Règne de Marie Stuart," 1891-92.</p> + +<p>The English reader will find the material in Mr. T. F. +Henderson's work ample for his purpose. The preface to +Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary Queen, of Scots" promises a second +volume, which will contain the life in captivity, and, of course, +deal with the letters. No Marian apologist has, as yet, attempted +an answer to the more recent evidence on the other side, and +Hosack's great work is now considerably superseded. The +foregoing lists are, of course, selected. A full Bibliography +is a great task, not yet attempted.</p><br> + +<h3>THE END</h3><br> + +<h3>Footnotes</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Spleen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The volumes were a Bible and a Psalter "coverit with +fine purpour velvet." <i>Cf.</i> the <i>Diurnal of Occurrents</i>, September +2, 1561, which gives some additional details, and mentions that the +child "delivered also to her hieness three writings, the tenour +whereof is uncertain."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Gainful.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Could.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Which.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> MS. to them.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Beseeching.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Goodwill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Consider.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>Original reads</i>, With huntis up.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Lumps.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Worthless persons.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Smothered.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Put the barnacles on you, as on a restive horse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> So the "Calendar," but Chalmers, in quoting, reads, probably +correctly, "stomach."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Word illegible.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> It was a mediæval superstition, especially in France, that the +English possessed tails, which had been affixed to their persons as a +punishment for their ill-treatment of a saint; the names of St. +Augustine and St. Thomas of Canterbury were used indifferently in this +connection. <i>Cf.</i> Mr. George Neilson's "Caudatus Anglicus: A Mediæval +Slander."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> German. Black Riders, or heavy cavalry.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Ps. xliii. 1.</p></div> + +<p><i>E.</i> = <i>English</i>; <i>F.</i>= <i>Published French</i>; <i>L.</i> = <i>Latin</i>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Considering what the body may without heart, which was cause +... that till dinner I had used little talk." So also French, but Latin +as in Scots.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "letters," " ... as though there had been a meaning +to pursue him."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> Omit "He desired ... refusit it."</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "The Lord Luse, Houstoun, and the son of Caldwell, and about +forty horse came to meet me, and he told me that he was sent to one day +o' law from the father, which should be this day," &c. <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as +in Scots.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "I see ... company."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "yesternight;" <i>L.</i> "heri;" <i>F.</i> "hier."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>E.</i> ... "Whether it were for any good appointment that he came, +and whether I had not taken Paris and Gilbert to write, and that I sent +Joseph." +</p><p> +<i>L.</i> "Item cur venisrem? an reconciliationis causa? ac nominatim, an tu +hic esses? An familiæ catalogum fecissem? An Paridem et Gilbertum +acceptissem, qui mihi scriberent? an Josephum dimissura essem?" +</p><p> +<i>F.</i> "Item pour quoy j'estoye venue, et si c'estoit pour faire une +reconciliation; si vous estiez icy; et si j'avoye faict quelque rolle de +mes domestiques; si j'avois prins Paris et Gilbert, afin qu'ils +m'escrivissent; et si je ne vouloye pas licentier Joseph."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Scots has a marginal note, "This berer will tell you sumwhat +upon this," which appears in the English text and is omitted in the other +versions.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> This berer will tell you somewhat upon this. [Marginal note in +original.]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He said that he did dream, and that he was so glad to see me +that he thought he should die—indeed, that he had found fault with me." +<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "You have well pardoned them." <i>F.</i> and <i>L.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "And at the last repent, and rebuke himself by his +repentance." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "The rest, as Will Hiegate hath confessed; but it was the next +day that he came hither." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>E.</i> omits "I trow ... Presoner."</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He denyeth it, and saith that he had already prayed them to +think no such matter of him." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "And indeed it was said that I refused to have him let blood." +<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>L.</i> "Praesidium." <i>F.</i> "Forteresse."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "By that false race that would do no less to yourself." <i>L.</i> +"A gentle illa perfida, quae non minore contentione te cum de hoc ipso +aget." <i>F.</i> "Par ceste nation infidele, qui avec non moindre +opiniastreté debatra le mesme avec vous."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "greitly"—"but I had begun it this morning."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "all out of him"—"I have known what I would. I +have taken the worms out of his nose."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "We are tied to with two false races. The good yure {goujere} +untye us from them. God forgive me, and God knit us together forever." +<i>L.</i> "Diabolus nos sejungat, ac nos conjugat Deus in perpetuum," &c. +<i>F.</i>, "Le diable nous vueille separer, et que Dieu nous conjoingne à +jamais," &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "I am weary, and am asleep." <i>L.</i> "Ego nudata sum, ac dormitum +eo." <i>F.</i>, "Je suis toute nuë, et m'en vay coucher." [The Latin and +French translation mistook "irkit" for "nakit."]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He is not much the worse, but he is ill arrayed." <i>L.</i> "Non +magnopere deformatus est, multum tamen accepit." <i>F.</i> "Il n'a pas esté +beaucoup rende diforme, toutesfois il en a pris beaucoup."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>L.</i> "Propinqui." <i>F.</i> "Parent."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "By his bolster, and he lieth at the further side of the bed." +<i>L.</i> "Ad pedes ejus." <i>F.</i> "A ses pieds."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "The talk of Sir James Hamilton of the ambassador." <i>L.</i> and +<i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i> +</p><p> +<i>E.</i> "Lord of Lusse." <i>L.</i> "Lussae Comarchus." <i>F.</i> "Le prevost de +Lusse."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "You may well go and see sick folk." <i>L.</i> "Bella +huiusmodi hominum visitatio." <i>F.</i> "Voyla une belle visitation +de telles gens." [<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> translators confusing <i>sik</i> (sick) +and <i>sik</i> (such).]</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "And said, 'One of his folk that hath left you this +day.'" <i>L.</i> "Respondit, unus eorum qui te reliquerunt." +<i>F.</i> "Respondit, c'est l'un de ceux qui vous ont laissée."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "To my tedious talk." <i>L.</i> "Ad institutum meum odiosum." <i>F.</i> +"À ma deliberation odieuse."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "or I did." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "No more." <i>L.</i> "Ne +saepius." <i>Fr.</i> "Ne ... si souvent."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Till after tomorrow." <i>L.</i> "In diem perendinum." <i>F.</i> "Encor +deux jours."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "More pleasantly." <i>L.</i> "Valde ferociter." <i>F.</i> "Fort +asprement."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Make but one bed." <i>L.</i> "Communem fore lectum." <i>F.</i> "Ne +faisions plus qu'un lict."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "But did fear lest, considering the +threatening which he made in case we did agree together, he would make +them feel the small account they have made of him, and that he would +persuade me to pursue some of them." <i>L.</i> "Sed in timore futuros quod +comitatus fuisset, si aliquando inter nos concordes essemus, se daturum +operam ut intelligerent quam parvi eum aestimâssent; item quod mihi +consuluisset ne gratiam quorundam seorsum a se expeterem." <i>F.</i> "Ains +seroient en crainte de ce qu'il m'auroit suivy. Et si nous pouvions +estre d'acord ensemble, qu'il pourroit donner ordre, qu'ils entendroient +combien peu ils l'avoient estimé. Item de ce qu'il m'avoit conseillé, +que je ne recerchasse la bonne grace d'aucuns sans luy."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Than you think." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He giveth me certain charges (and these strong) of that +I fear even to say that his faults be published; but there be that +commit some secret faults, and fear not to have them spoken of so +lowdely, and that there is speech of greate and small." <i>L.</i> +"Interim me attingit in loco suspecto; idque ad vivum hactenus +proloquutus est, sua crimina esse palam; sed sunt qui majora committant, +et opinantur ea silentio tegi; et tamen homines de magnis juxta et +parvis loquuntur." <i>F.</i> +"Cependant il m'a donné attainte du lieu suspect, et a jusques +icy discouru bien au vif, que ces fautes sont congreües; mais +qu'il y en a qui en commettent de plus grandes, encores qu'ils +estiment qu'elles soient cachées par silence; et toutesfois que +les hommes parlent des grands aussi bien des petits."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "To conclude, for assurety he mistrusteth her of that that ye +know, and for his life." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He was very merry and glad." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "speak"—"Now, as far as I perceive. +</p><p><br> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">{J'ay bien la vogue avec vous<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>} Guess you whether I shall not</span><br> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">{I may do much without you. } be suspected."</span><br> +</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "For I think upon nothing but grief if you be at Edinburgh." +<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "Be not ... credit."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits from "Remember you" to the end.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>F.</i> Mais pour tout cela Je me vous accuserai ni de peu de +souvenance ni de peu de soigne et moins encore de vostre<span class="pagenum">[Pg 185]</span> +promesse violee que ce qu'il vous plaist mest agreable et sont +mes penses tant volonterement, aux vostres asubjectes que je +veulx presupposer que tout ce que vient de vous procede non +par aucune des causes susdictes ains pour telles qui son justes et +raisoinables et telles que je desie moy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> This is a comment in the margin, perhaps a quotation from the +French version shown to the Commissioners. According to Mr. T. F. +Henderson, it is in Cecil's handwriting. ("The Casket Letters and Mary +Queen of Scots," p. 78.)</p></div> + +<p><i>P. F.</i> = Published French; <i>L.</i>= Latin.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> +<a href="#F65b"><span class="labelb">[65b]</span></a> +<a href="#F65c"><span class="labelc">[65c]</span></a> +<span style="margin-left: 20%;"><i>P. F.</i></span> "Autrement j'estimeray que cela se faict par mon malheureux +destin, et par la faveur des astres envers celles, qui toutesfois n'ont +une tierce partie de loyauté, et volonté que j'ay de vous obëir; si +elles, comme si j'estoye une second amye de Jason, malgré moy, occupent +le premier lieu de faveur; ce que je ne dy, pour vous a comparer a cet +homme en l'infelicité qu'il avoit, ny moy avec une femme toute esloignée +de misericorde, comme estoit celle-la," &c. <i>L.</i> "Alioqui suspicabor +fieri malo meo fato, et siderum favore erga illas (quae nec tertiam +habent partem fidelitatis, et voluntatis tibi obsequendi, quam ego +habeo) ut ipsae, velut secunda Jasonis amica, me invitâ, priorem apud te +locum gratiae occupaverint; nec hoc eo dico, quo te cum homine, eâ quâ +ille erat infelicitate, comparem, nec me cum muliere tam aliena a +misericordia quam illa erat."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> +<a href="#F66b"><span class="labelb">[66b]</span></a> +<a href="#F66c"><span class="labelc">[66c]</span></a> +<span style="margin-left: 20%;"><i>P. F.</i></span> has no sentence corresponding to "mak gude +watch," and proceeds, "Comme l'oyseau eschappé de la cage, +ou la tourtre qui est sans compagne, ainsi je demeureray seule, +pour pleurer votre absence, quelque brieve qu'elle puisse estre." +<i>L.</i> also has no expression for "mak gude watch," but reads, +"Si avis evaserit e cavea autsine compare, velut turtur, ego remanebo +sola ut lamenter absentiam tuam quamlibet brevem." +</p><p> +The English translation at Hatfield follows the Hatfield +French version closely. The two most important passages run +thus: "Otherwise,<a name="F65c" id="F65c"></a><a href="#Footnote_65">[65c]</a> I wold think that my yll luck, and the +fayre behavior of those that have not the thirde parte of the +faythfulness and voluntary obedience that I beare unto you, +shall have wonne the advantage over me of the second Loover +of Jason.... Send me<a name="F66c" id="F66c"></a><a href="#Footnote_66">[66c]</a> word tomorrow early in the morning +how you have don for I shall think long. And watche well if the +byrde shall fly out of his cage or without his mate, as the turtle +shall remayne alone to lament and morne for absence how short +soever it be."</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Je ne vous lay peu dire pour sçavoir comment je me +gouvernerois." (I could not tell you, in order to know how to govern +myself.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Et si vous ne me mondes ce soir ce que volles que jeu faisse +je m en deferay au hazard de la fayre entreprandre ce qui pourroit nuire +a ce a quoy nous tandons tous deux {and if you do not send me word this +night what you will that I shall do, I will rid myself of it at the +hazard of making her undertake that which might be hurtful to that +whereunto we both do tend (Laing)} et quant ella sera mariee je vous +suplie donnes qune opinion sur aultrui ne nuise en votre endroit a ma +constance."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>F.</i> in Record Office, "M'a preschè que c'estoit une folle +entreprise, et qu'avecques mon honneur Je ne vous pourries Jamaiis +espouser, veu qu'estant marié vous m'amenies et que ses gens ne +l'endureroient pas et que les seigneurs se dediroient" <i>P. F.</i> "Il me +remonstra, que c'estoit une folle entreprise, et que pour mon honneur, +Je ne vous pourvoye prendre à mary, puis que vous estiez marié, ny aller +avec vous, et que ses gens mesmes ne le souffriroient pas voire que les +Seigneurs contrediroyent á ce que en seroit proposé." <i>E.</i> at Hatfield, +"And thereupon hath preached unto me that it was a foolish entreprise, +and that with mine honour I could never marry you, seeing that being +married you did carry me away. And that his folk would not suffer it, +and that the Lords would unsay themselves, and would deny that they had +said."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>F.</i> in Record Office, "Ce incertains nouvelles." <i>P. F.</i> "Ces +nouvelles ceremonies." <i>E.</i> at Hatfield, "These new ceremonies."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Homme."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Quant à jouer le mien, je sçay com me jè m'y dois gouverner, +mà souvenant de la façon que les choses ont esté delibereés."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>F.</i> Adds "et tenir captive."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a><i>P. F.</i> "veu."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a><i>Record Office F.</i> "promis."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a><i>P. F.</i> "homme."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a>Ny?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a>Rochelle text has "affection" wrongly.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a>Buchanan, "luy" only. Rochelle text, "lui le fair."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a>Read "Mon pis subject"?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a>Buch., "fainte."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a>Buch., "ont fait."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a>Buch., "Pour son profit elle."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a>Scots translation, "And not the less, my heart, ye doubt +of my constance."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a>Buch., "vous la."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a>Buch., "la constance."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a>Buch. inserts "receu."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a>Text of sextain corrupt.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a>Omitted in Rochelle version as corrupt.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a>Buch., "envoy."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a>Buch., "mestimez legier que le voy."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a>Buch., "viuray, &".</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a>Scots—"For him I will stryve aganis wan-weird."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a>Rochelle version to read "luy tout."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a>Buch., "lesser."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a>Buch., "Que m'en pensa ... & frayeur."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a>Rochelle text, "et vostre ... de la mienne suivi," and later +version "la mien suivre."</p></div><br> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a>Man.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a>Think.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a>Sweet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a>Till.</p></div> + + + + + + +<br> +<p class="center"> +Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.</span> Edinburgh & London<br> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;"> + + +<p Class='padtop center'><i>Published by</i> <span class="smcap">David Nutt</span>, <i>270-271 Strand, London, +and Sold by all Booksellers throughout +Scotland, England, and Ireland.</i></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;"> +<p class='larger center'>SCOTTISH VERNACULAR LITERATURE</p> + +<p class='smaller center'><span class="smcap">A Succinct History</span> </p> +<p class='larger center'>By T. F. HENDERSON</p> + +<p class='smaller center'>Printed at the Constable Press, 1898</p> + +<p class='smaller center'>Crown 8vo, x, 464 pp. Buckram, top gilt, 6s.</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;"> + +<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:—The Scottish Vernacular—Minstrelsy and +Romance—Historical Poetry—The Scottish Fabliau and the +Decay of Romance—The Early Chaucerians—Dunbar and +Walter Kennedy—Gavin Douglas and Sir David Lyndsay—Minor +and Later Poets of the 16th Century—Anonymous Poetry +of the 15th and 16th Centuries—Vernacular Prose—Traditional +Ballads and Songs—Before Ramsay—Ramsay to Burns—Burns +and afterwards.</p> + +<h3><i>Some Press Notices</i></h3> + +<p><b>Outlook.</b>—"Truly admirable for its conciseness and adequacy of +critical treatment."</p> + +<p><b>Literature.</b>—"A work of great merit and interest, and unique in +its field."</p> + +<p><b>Scotsman.</b>—"Will be of great use to those who wish a general +guide to Scottish literature in prose, such as there was, as well as +in verse."</p> + +<p><b>North British Daily Mail.</b>—"A model of what such a handbook +should be—thorough, concise, well balanced."</p> + +<p><b>Saturday Review.</b>—"Excellent in every respect."</p> + +<p><b>Morning Post.</b>—"It is not easy to recall another volume, conceived +on this apparently unambitious scale, which is at once so +scholarly, so thorough, so agreeable."</p> + +<p><b>Glasgow Herald.—"Deserves a hearty welcome and no stinted</b>praise."</p> + +<p><b>Arbroath Herald.</b>—"Few readers will fail to appreciate the justice +and the suggestive force of his general survey of Scottish literature."</p> +<br> +<h3>Transcribers Note</h3> +<p>Headings printed at the top of pages in the original have been +converted to sub-headings and placed and the head of the most relevant +paragraph - see grey shaded sub-headings</p> + +<p>Much of the text being letters and transcripts, inconsistant spellings +have been retained</p> + +<p>Footnote 64 had no anchor in the text. Since it appears to relate +to the whole of letter III an anchor has been inserted at to top of the +letter.</p> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587 *** + +***** This file should be named 38048-h.htm or 38048-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/0/4/38048/ + +Produced by Susan Skinner, Hazel Batey and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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