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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert S. Rait
+
+Release Date: November 18, 2011 [EBook #38048]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Susan Skinner, Hazel Batey and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY WRITERS
+
+ NO. II.
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots
+
+
+ =ENGLISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.= Edited by Prof. F. YORK
+ POWELL. In 16mo volumes, averaging 200 pages, with illustrations, neatly
+ bound in cloth, cut flush, or cloth, uncut edges, comprising extracts
+ from the Chronicles, State Papers, and Memoirs of the time,
+ chronologically arranged. With Introductions, Notes, Accounts of
+ Authorities, Tables, Maps, Illustrations, etc.
+
+ =Edward III. and his Wars= (1327-1360). Edited by W. J. ASHLEY,
+ M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =The Misrule of Henry III.= (1236-1251). Edited by the Rev. W. H.
+ HUTTON, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =Strongbow's Conquest of Ireland.= Edited by F. P. BARNARD, M.A.
+ Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =Simon of Montfort and his Cause= (1251-1265). Edited by the Rev.
+ W. H. HUTTON, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =The Crusade of Richard I.= Edited by T. A. ARCHER. 396 pp. Cut
+ edges, 2s.; uncut edges, 2s. 6d.
+
+ =S. Thomas of Canterbury.= By Rev. W. H. HUTTON. 286 pp. Cut edges,
+ 1s. 6d.; uncut edges, 2s.
+
+ =England under Charles II., from the Restoration to the Treaty of
+ Nimwegen.= Edited by W. TAYLOR. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s.
+ 6d.
+
+ =The Wars of the Roses.= Edited by Miss E. THOMPSON. 180 pp. 1892.
+ Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =The Jews of Angevin England.= Edited by J. JACOBS. xxix, 425 pp.
+ 1893. Cut edges, 4s.; uncut edges, 4s. 6d.
+
+ =King Alfred.= Edited by F. YORK POWELL. _In the Press._
+
+ =SCOTTISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.=
+
+ =The Days of James IV.= Edited by G. GREGORY SMITH, M.A. 1891. Cut
+ edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =Mary Queen of Scots.= Edited by R. S. RAIT. 1899. Cut edges, 2s.;
+ elegant cloth cover, top gilt, edges trimmed, 3s.
+
+
+Illustration: THE BLAIRS PORTRAIT.
+
+
+
+
+ SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY WRITERS.
+
+ No. II.
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587
+
+ _Extracts from the English, Spanish, and Venetian State Papers,
+ Buchanan, Knox, Lesley, Melville, The "Diurnal of Occurrents," Nau,
+ &c. &c._
+
+ ARRANGED AND EDITED BY
+
+ ROBERT S. RAIT
+
+ M.A. (ABERDON.) EXHIBITIONER OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD
+
+
+ LONDON
+ DAVID NUTT, 270-71 STRAND
+ 1899
+
+ Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+ At the Ballantyne Press
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The life of the Queen of Scots presents so many different lines of
+interest, that, in a volume of the present size, it is necessary to
+make and adhere to a selection from among the numerous possible
+varieties of treatment. The attention of the reader has, therefore,
+been concentrated upon the six active years in Mary's life, from her
+arrival in Scotland in August 1561, to her imprisonment in Lochleven
+Castle in June 1567. Documents bearing on the "English Wooing" and
+the other events of Mary's minority and residence in France have,
+accordingly, been omitted, except in so far as they are required for
+an intelligible introduction to the main theme of the book. Most of
+them, indeed, would be more relevant to a volume having for its
+subject the history of the Scottish Reformation. It is hoped that
+such extracts as have been chosen will, with the connecting notes,
+be sufficient to indicate the position of affairs in 1561. The
+struggle which had convulsed Scotland for twenty years, was, on its
+theoretical side, a contest between Roman Catholicism and
+Protestantism. On its practical side, it was a rivalry between two
+political parties; the one, headed by the Queen-Dowager, Mary of
+Guise, and Cardinal Beaton, aiming at the maintenance of the ancient
+alliance with France; and the other, led by the Protestant nobles
+and the reformed clergy, striving towards an understanding with
+England. Before Mary's arrival, the popular, or English Party, had
+made good its position, and the understanding between the nobles and
+Queen Elizabeth continued undisturbed. Such wish or power as Mary
+possessed for the re-establishment of a definite alliance with
+France, was lessened by her personal dislike to Catharine de Medici,
+and by her position as nearest heir to the English throne.
+
+The Editor's main aim has been to place before the reader, as fairly
+as possible, the evidence for the divergent views of Mary's life and
+character. For this purpose, considerable space has been devoted to
+the Conferences at York and Westminster, in 1568 and 1569, which,
+although themselves outside the period specially chosen, yet refer
+to the events that fall within it. The selection of extracts has
+also been influenced by a desire to give prominence to the condition
+of Scotland at the time, and to the religious difficulty associated
+with the person of John Knox; while an attempt has been made to
+bring into relief the personality of the rival queens.
+
+The Editor desires to acknowledge the courtesy of the Right Reverend
+Monsignor Chisholm, Rector of Blairs College, Bishop-Designate of
+Aberdeen, who has sanctioned the reproduction of the Blairs
+portrait. He has also to acknowledge the assistance of Professor W.
+L. Davidson of Aberdeen; Mr. Herbert Fisher, Fellow of New College;
+and the Editor of the series, who have read the proof-sheets. Mr.
+Swinburne's translation of Mary's last poem (p. 239) is printed by
+kind permission, and Mr. T. F. Henderson has allowed the Editor to
+use the Documents first printed in his "Casket Letters and Mary
+Queen of Scots."
+
+ R. S. R.
+
+NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD,
+_February 1899_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ SECT. PAGE
+
+ I. FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE 1
+
+ II. FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE 17
+
+ III. FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER 57
+
+ IV. MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY 81
+
+ V. FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND 114
+
+ VI. THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER 132
+
+ VII. THE DOCUMENTS 162
+
+ VIII. THE END 225
+
+ APPENDICES 249
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ 1. QUEEN MARY _Frontispiece_
+ (_From the painting preserved in St. Mary's College,
+ Blairs, Aberdeen._)
+
+ 2. LINLITHGOW PALACE 1
+
+ 3. HOLYROOD HOUSE 20
+ (_The north-west end of Holyrood, shown in the
+ foreground, contains Queen Mary's rooms._)
+
+ 4. QUEEN MARY'S SIGNET RING 83
+ (_Preserved in the British Museum._)
+
+ FACSIMILE OF QUEEN MARY'S SIGNATURE AND MONOGRAM 83
+
+ 5. LOCHLEVEN CASTLE 125
+
+ 6. HAND-BELL USED BY QUEEN MARY 238
+
+ 7. EFFIGY OF QUEEN MARY IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY 246
+ (_Erected by her son, King James, in 1612._)
+
+
+ _Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are from photographs by Messrs. Wilson,
+ Aberdeen; Nos. 4 and 6 by Messrs. Taunt, Oxford. For full
+ information regarding Nos. 4 and 6, see "Catalogue of Antiquities"
+ &c., exhibited in the Museum of the Archæological Institute of
+ Great Britain and Ireland, 1856, pp. 169-182 (Edin. 1859)._
+
+
+Illustration: LINLITHGOW PALACE, QUEEN MARY'S BIRTHPLACE.
+
+
+
+
+Mary Queen of Scots
+
+SECTION I
+
+FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Lindsay's account of her birth and her father's death.
+
+ 2. Her education and character in France.
+ (_a_) Letter of the Privy Council of Scotland.
+ (_b_) Conn's List of her accomplishments.
+
+ 3. Lesley's account of her Betrothal and Marriage.
+
+ 4. Lesley's account of the death of Mary of Guise.
+
+ 5. The disputed clause in the Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+ 6. Act of the Scots Parliament establishing the Reformation.
+
+ 7. Quotations from the English and Venetian diplomatic correspondence
+ narrating
+ (_a_) The Death of Francis II., and its effect on Mary.
+ (_b_) The negotiations between Elizabeth and Mary.
+ (_c_) The attempt to capture Mary on her way to Leith.
+
+
+The Birth of the Queen.
+
+_Lindsay of Pitscottie: History of Scotland_, Ed. of 1778, p. 275.
+
+ [Mary was born at Linlithgow on December 2nd, 1542. Her father,
+ James V., was dying at Falkland, broken-hearted after the defeat at
+ Solway Moss. The reference in the following passage is, of course,
+ to the succession of the House of Stewart to the Crown, through
+ Marjory Bruce. King James died on December 8th.]
+
+_DEATH OF JAMES V._
+
+By this the post came to the King out of Linlithgow, showing to him good
+tidings, that the Queen was delivered. The King enquired whether it was
+a man-child or a woman. The messenger said: "It is a fair daughter." The
+King answered: "Adieu, farewell; it came with a lass and it will pass
+with a lass." And so he recommended himself to the mercy of Almighty
+God, and spake little from that time forth, but turned his back unto his
+lords, and his face unto the wall.... In this manner he departed.... He
+turned him upon his back, and looked, and beheld all his nobles and
+lords about him, and gave a little smile of laughter, then kissed his
+hand, and offered the same to all his nobles round about him; thereafter
+held up his hands to God, and yielded his spirit to God.
+
+ On the death of James V. the Earl of Arran was made Regent, and
+ negotiations were commenced by Henry VIII. for the marriage of the
+ infant Queen of Scots to his son, afterwards Edward VI. After much
+ discussion, a treaty to this effect was concluded in July 1543
+ between the Scots and English Commissioners. The relations of the
+ two countries, however, almost immediately became strained, and war
+ broke out in the end of the year, and in 1547 a treaty of alliance
+ was made between Scotland and France against England, the Scots to
+ receive French help against the English forces, and to marry their
+ Queen to the Dauphin. Mary landed in France in August 1548. The
+ Earl of Arran was made Duke of Chatelherault by Henry II., but
+ ceased to be Governor of Scotland in April 1554, when the Queen
+ Mother, Mary of Guise, became Regent.
+
+
+_THE LITTLE QUEEN_
+
+1550--April. Queen Mary's Life in France--Character of the Queen.
+
+_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland._
+
+_Item._--Thereafter the said Master of Erskine shall report to the King
+{of France}, how rejoiced the Queen's Grace and my Lord Governor were of
+the news of our Sovereign Lady's welfare, and to hear that the King's
+Highness was so well contented with her Grace, and that she was so able
+to increase in virtue, and that the King's Majesty takes such
+consolation, seeing the beginning of her up-bringing to have been so
+good, that he hopes some day to see his son the husband of one of the
+most virtuous princes that man can desire: beseeching God of His
+infinite goodness that His Highness may see not only the thing that his
+noble heart desires, but also that our Sovereign Lady be after this so
+endued with the graces of God that she may by her birth {offspring} make
+his Highness to be called the grandfather of one of the most virtuous
+princes in the world, and king long to reign prosperously over both
+realms.
+
+
+_HER ACCOMPLISHMENTS_
+
+Her Education and Accomplishments.
+
+_Conaeus._ (_Jebb: De Vita ac Rebus_, vol. ii. p. 15.)
+
+Her main course of study was directed towards the attainment of the best
+European languages. So graceful was her French that the judgment of the
+most learned men recognised her command of the language; nor did she
+neglect Spanish or Italian, although she aimed rather at an useful
+knowledge than at a pretentious fluency. She followed Latin more readily
+than she spoke it. The charm of her poetry owed nothing to art. Her
+penmanship was clear, and (what is rare in a woman) swift. Her
+excellence in singing arose from a natural, not an acquired, ability to
+modulate her voice: the instruments she played were the cittern, the
+harp, and the harpsichord. Being very agile, she danced admirably to a
+musical accompaniment, yet with beauty and comeliness, for the silent
+and gentle movement of her limbs kept time to the harmony of the chords.
+She devoted herself to learning to ride so far as it is necessary for
+travelling or for her favourite exercise of hunting, thinking anything
+further more fitted for a man than for a woman.... Several tapestries
+worked by her with wonderful skill are yet to be seen in France,
+dedicated to the altars of God, especially in the monastery in which she
+was nurtured on her first arrival in the kingdom.
+
+
+_THE "HANDFASTING"_
+
+1558.--April. Mary's Betrothal and Marriage to the Dauphin.
+
+_Lesley's History of Scotland_ (_Bannatyne Club_, pp. 264-5).
+
+All things necessary for the marriage of the Queen of Scots with the
+Dauphin being prepared, and the whole nobility and estates of the realm
+being convened at Paris, upon the 20th day of April 1558, in the great
+hall of the palace of the Louvre, in presence of King Henry of France,
+of the Queen his wife, and a great number of cardinals, dukes, earls,
+bishops, and noblemen, the "fianzellis," otherwise called the
+handfasting {betrothal}, was made with great triumph, by the Cardinal of
+Lorraine, between the excellent young Prince Francis, eldest son to the
+most valiant, courageous, and victorious prince, Henry, King of France,
+and Mary, Queen, inheritor of the realm of Scotland, one of the fairest,
+most civil and virtuous princesses of the whole world, with great
+solemnity, triumph, and banqueting; and upon the next Sunday, being the
+24th of April, the marriage was solemnised and completed betwixt them by
+the Cardinal of Bourbon, Archbishop of Rouen, in Notre Dame Kirk of
+Paris; where the Bishop of Paris made a very learned and eloquent
+sermon, in presence and assistance of the King, Queen, and many
+prelates, noblemen, ladies, and gentlemen of all estates and callings,
+with most excellent triumph, and the heralds crying with loud voices
+three sundry times, "Largess"; casting to the people great quantity of
+gold and silver of all kinds and sorts of coin, where there was great
+tumult of people, every one troubling and pressing others for greediness
+to get some part of the money. After which there were as great
+solemnities used in the kirk, with as great dignity and reverence as was
+possible, which being done, they entered into the bishop's palace, where
+there was a sumptuous and princely dinner prepared for the whole
+company; and after they had dined, there was used a princely dancing,
+called the ball royal, to the great comfort and pleasure of all being
+there present; and how soon the ball was ended, they passed to the great
+hall of the palace royal, where they supped with so great magnificence,
+pomp, and triumph, that none of the assistance there had ever seen the
+like; and there presently was given to the Dauphin the title of King
+Dauphin, so that he and the Queen were called the King and Queen
+Dauphin.
+
+_PROGRESS OF EVENTS_
+
+ [In connection with the marriage settlements, an assurance was
+ given to the Scots Parliament of the maintenance of its liberties,
+ and of the succession of the nearest heir, in case of Mary's death
+ without issue. (_Acts_ ii. 508-519.) But, at the same time, Mary
+ was induced to sign three documents transferring her rights, in
+ case of her decease without issue, to the King of France, his heirs
+ and successors. See Labanoff, "Lettres, Instructiones et Mémoires
+ de Marie Stuart," vol. i. pp. 50-56.]
+
+ Events moved rapidly between 1558 and Mary's return to Scotland in
+ 1561. In November 1558 Mary Tudor died, and Henry II. caused
+ Francis and Mary to assume the arms of England. In June 1559 Henry
+ II. died, and Francis II. succeeded. Meanwhile, in Scotland, the
+ Reformation was making progress. In 1559 the Protestants formed
+ themselves into "the Congregation of the Lord," and signed the
+ National Covenant to abolish Roman Catholicism. After the death of
+ Henry II., when it seemed probable that the Guises would guide the
+ government of Scotland, the discontent broke into open rebellion.
+ The insurgents obtained help from Elizabeth, and proposed a
+ marriage between the English Queen and the Earl of Arran, the heir
+ of the Duke of Chatelherault, who stood next in the order of
+ succession to the Scottish throne. The Queen-Dowager took refuge in
+ Edinburgh Castle, and had the assistance of French troops. The
+ Lords of the Congregation and their English allies commenced the
+ siege of Leith, but with small success. The illness of Mary of
+ Guise led to the conclusion of peace, and to the formulating of the
+ Treaty of Edinburgh, which was the cause of a long dispute between
+ Elizabeth and Mary Stuart.
+
+
+_A RECONCILIATION_
+
+1560.--June 11. The Death of the Queen Regent.
+
+_Lesley's History of Scotland, Dalrymple's Translation, Scottish
+Text Society_, vol. ii. pp. 439-441.
+
+Now the Queen Regent, almost at an end, through force of her sickness,
+for she was infected with sore sickness, commands all the nobility of
+both the parties to be brought before her, who were in Edinburgh. And to
+them she declared and plainly showed the necessity of peace and concord
+between them, how great it was. She related the old bond of the
+perpetual friendship that was ever between Scots and French, lately
+confirmed by the matrimony and marriage of the Queen's daughter, and how
+or what way they should keep it with all diligence.... She affirms it
+above all things most necessary that they see to it, that as soon as the
+conditions are agreed upon, both English and French in haste pass out of
+Scotland, lest that if only the Frenchmen go, the Englishmen come in
+haste in greater companies upon the Scots borders, and invade them in
+earnest. All the gentlemen severally she persuades, that before all they
+remember the privilege of their nation and native country. When she had
+said this she burst into a torrent of tears. Of those whom she thought
+she had in any way offended she very gently asks pardon. And to them by
+whom in any way she was offended she wishes all kindness, gives her
+blessing, and with all her heart her everlasting benison, as we call it.
+To show and plainly declare that what she here said was unfeigned, and
+without all kind of dissimulation, she receives all her nobles with all
+pleasure, with a pleasant countenance, and even embraces them with the
+kiss of love. With all the rest she shakes hands, ... so that there was
+none of so hard a heart, or stout a stomach, or adamant a mind in all
+that company, whom to think of moved not to tears.... But the next day,
+which was Monday, she died and departed this life.
+
+
+1560.--July. The Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+_Rymer's F[oe]dera_, vol. xv. p. 594.
+
+ [The Treaty of Edinburgh provided that both the French soldiers who
+ had come to help the Queen Regent, and the English soldiers who
+ aided the insurgents, should leave the kingdom, and it renounced
+ Mary's claim to the throne of England: whether absolutely or only
+ with reference to Elizabeth, is a matter of dispute. The clauses to
+ which Mary objected are here quoted.]
+
+... It is agreed that the said most Christian King and Queen Mary, and
+each of them, abstain henceforth from using the said title and bearing
+the arms of the kingdom of England or of Ireland, and that they will
+forbid and prohibit their subjects, so that no one in the kingdom of
+France and Scotland and their provinces, or in any part of them, do in
+any way use the said title or arms, and that they will, as far as
+possible, provide and guard that nobody in any way commingle the said
+arms with the arms of the kingdoms of France and Scotland.
+
+
+_THE SCOTTISH REFORMATION_
+
+The Abolition of Roman Catholicism by the Scottish Parliament.
+
+_Acts of Parliament of Scotland_, August 24, 1560.
+
+Therefore it is statute and ordained in this present Parliament ... that
+no manner of person or persons say mass, nor yet hear mass, nor be
+present thereat, under the pain of confiscation of all their goods,
+moveable and unmoveable, and punishing of their bodies at the discretion
+of the magistrate within whose jurisdiction such persons happen to be
+apprehended, for the first fault; Banishment from the Realm, for the
+second fault; and justifying to the deed {_i.e._ capital punishment} for
+the third fault. And ordains all sheriffs, stewards, baillies, and their
+deputies, provosts and baillies of burghs, and other judges whatsoever
+within this realm, to take diligent suit and inquisition within their
+bounds, when any such usurped ministry is in use, mass-saying, or they
+that be present at the doing thereof, ratifying and approving the same,
+and take and apprehend them to the effect that the pains above written
+may be executed upon them.
+
+
+December 15. The Death of Francis II.
+
+_Venetian Calendar_, vol. vii. December 3, 1560.
+
+Michiel Surian, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.
+
+On the 1st instant I informed your Serenity that the king was worse, and
+this last night I wrote that his life was despaired of. He now still
+continues lingering without any other hope than in the mercy of God....
+The whole Court is now constantly engaged at prayers, and processions
+are being made in all the churches of the city.
+
+December 6.
+
+It has pleased our Lord God that the most Christian King, last night a
+little before midnight, should pass to a better life, and end the agony
+in which he lay from Saturday evening until the day of his death.
+
+
+_A DOLOROUS WIFE_
+
+1560.--December 6. Mary's Devotion to Francis II.
+
+_Throckmorton to Elizabeth. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth._
+
+The 6th of this present, at eleven of the clock at night, he departed to
+God, leaving as heavy and dolorous a wife, as of right she had good
+cause to be, who by long watching with him during his sickness, and
+painful diligence about him, and specially by the issue thereof, is not
+in best tune of her body, but without danger.
+
+
+_LA REINE BLANCHE_
+
+1560.--December 31. Proposals for Mary's Return to Scotland, and for a
+Second Marriage.
+
+_Throckmorton to the Council. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth._
+
+Now that death hath thus disposed of the late French King, whereby the
+Scottish Queen is left a widow, one of the special things your Lordships
+have to consider, and to have an eye to, is the marriage of that Queen.
+During her husband's life there was no great account made of her, for
+that being under bond of marriage and subjection of her husband (who
+carried the burden and care of all matters) there was offered no great
+occasion to know what was in her. But since her husband's death she hath
+showed (and so continueth) that she is both of great wisdom for her
+years, modesty, and also of great judgment in the wise handling herself
+and her matters, which, increasing with her years, cannot but turn
+greatly to her commendation, reputation, honour, and great benefit of
+her and her country.... Immediately upon her husband's death she changed
+her lodging, withdrew herself from all company, and became so solitary
+and exempt of all worldliness that she doth not to this day see
+daylight, and so will continue out forty days.
+
+
+1561.--June 13. Mary's Intentions Regarding Religion on her Return.
+
+_Throckmorton to the Queen. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth._
+
+"Well," said she {Mary}, "I will be plain with you, and tell you what I
+would all the world should think of me. The religion that I profess I
+take to be most acceptable to God, and, indeed, neither do I know, nor
+desire to know, any other. Constancy doth become most folks well, but
+none better than princes and such as hath rule over realms, and
+especially in the matter of religion. I have been brought up in this
+religion, and who might credit me in anything if I should show myself
+light in this case?"
+
+_REQUEST FOR A PASSPORT_
+
+_Ibid._, July 11.
+
+The Queen of Scotland, Queen Dowager of France, desires to obtain the
+following from her good sister, the Queen of England, and has charged M.
+D'Oysel to the same effect:--
+
+1. A passport for her, with a clause that if she arrives in any part of
+England, she may tarry there, and purchase provisions and necessaries,
+and if it seems good to her, that she may leave her ships and pass by
+land to Scotland.
+
+2. Another safe conduct for her to pass through England to Scotland with
+her train, and one hundred horses, mules, &c.
+
+3. Another safe conduct, with commission for the said M. D'Oysel to go
+and return through England to Scotland.
+
+ [D'Oysel had an interview with Elizabeth, who inquired about the
+ ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh, and declined to grant the
+ safe-conduct "except she (Mary) shall first accord to do those
+ things that by her promise, under her hand and seal, she is bound
+ to do."--_Foreign Calendar, July 13th, 1561._]
+
+
+_A WORDY WARFARE_
+
+1561.--July 26. Throckmorton to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+_Cabala_, pp. 345-349.
+
+_LANGUAGE THAT BECOMETH A QUEEN_
+
+... The 20th of this present, in the afternoon, I had access to the said
+Queen of Scotland ... the said Queen sat down, and made me sit also by
+her; she then commanded all the audience to retire them further off, and
+said: Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I know not well my own infirmity, nor how
+far I may with my passion be transported, but I like not to have so many
+witnesses of my passions, as the Queen, your mistress, was content to
+have when she talked with Monsieur d'Oysel. There is nothing that doth
+more grieve me, than that I did so forget myself, as to require of the
+Queen, your mistress, that favour which I had no need to ask; I needed
+no more to have made her privy to my journey, than she doth me of hers;
+I may well enough pass home into my own realm, I think, without her
+passport or license; for though the late King, your master (said she),
+used all the impeachment he could both to stay me and to catch me when I
+came hither, yet you know, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I came hither safely,
+and I may have as good means to help me home again as I had to come
+hither, if I would employ my friends.... Let the Queen, your mistress,
+think that it will be thought very strange amongst all princes and
+countries, that she should first animate my subjects against me, and now
+being widow, to impeach my going into my own country. I ask her nothing
+but friendship. I do not trouble her State, nor practise with her
+subjects; and yet I know there be in her realm that be inclined enough
+to bear offers; I know also they be not of the mind she is of, neither
+in religion or other things. The Queen, your mistress, doth say that I
+am young and do lack experience! indeed (quoth she), I confess, I am
+younger than she is, and do want experience. But I have age enough and
+experience to use myself towards my friends and kinsfolks friendly and
+uprightly; and I trust my discretion shall not so fail me, that my
+passion shall move me to use other language of her than it becometh of a
+Queen, and my next kinswoman.... I answered, madam, I have declared unto
+you my charge commanded by the Queen, my mistress, and have no more to
+say to you on her behalf, but to know your answer for the ratification
+of the Treaty. The Queen answered, I have aforetime showed you, and do
+now tell you again, that it is not meet to proceed in this matter,
+without the advice of the nobles and states of mine own realm, which I
+can by no means have until I come amongst them.... But I pray you,
+Monsieur l'Ambassadeur (quoth she), tell me how vieth this strange
+affection in the Queen, your mistress, towards me? I desire to know it,
+to the intent that I may reform myself if I have failed. I answered ...
+As soon as the Queen, my mistress, after the death of her sister, came
+to the crown of England, you bore the arms of England diversely
+quartered with your own, and used in your country notoriously the style
+and title of the Queen, my mistress, which was never by you put in use
+in Queen Mary's time.... Monsieur l'Ambassadeur (said she), I was then
+under the commandment of King Henry, my father, and of the King, my lord
+and husband; and whatsoever was done then by their order and
+commandments, the same was in like manner continued until both their
+deaths, since which time, you know, I neither bore the arms nor used the
+title of England.... It were no great dishonour to the Queen my cousin,
+your mistress, though I, a Queen also, did bear the arms of England;
+for, I am sure, some, inferior to me, and that be not on every side so
+well apparented as I am, do bear the arms of England. You cannot deny
+(quoth she) but that my grandmother was the King her father's sister,
+and (I trow) the eldest sister he had. I do assure you, Monsieur
+l'Ambassadeur, and do speak unto you truly as I think, I never meant nor
+thought matter against the Queen, my cousin.... And so I took my leave
+of the said Queen for that time.
+
+_TO DIE MIGHT BE BETTER THAN TO LIVE_
+
+... And to the intent I might better decipher, whether the Queen of
+Scotland did mind to continue her voyage, I did, the ... 21st of July
+... repair to the said Queen of Scotland to take my leave of her.... The
+said Queen made answer, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, if my preparations were
+not so much advanced as they are, peradventure the Queen your mistress's
+unkindness might stay my voyage; but now I am determined to adventure
+the matter, whatsoever come of it. I trust (quoth she) the wind will be
+so favourable, as I shall not need to come on the coast of England; and
+if I do, then, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, the Queen your mistress shall
+have me in her hands to do her will of me; and if she be so hard-hearted
+as to desire my end, she may then do her pleasure, and make sacrifice of
+me; peradventure that casualty might be better for me than to live; in
+this matter (quoth she) God's will be fulfilled.
+
+
+"_ADIEU, PLAISANT PAYS DE FRANCE_"
+
+1561.--August 12. The Voyage from France to Scotland.
+
+_Cecil to the Earl of Sussex. Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 69.
+
+The Scottish Queen was the 10th of this month at Boulogne, and meaneth
+to take shipping at Calais. Neither those in Scotland nor we here do
+like her going home. The Queen's Majesty hath three ships in the north
+seas to preserve the fishers from pirates. I think they will be sorry to
+see her pass.
+
+_Cecil to Throgmorton_, August 26. _Hardwicke's State Papers_, vol.
+i. p. 176.
+
+The 19th of this present, in the morning early, she {Mary} arrived at
+Leith with her two galleys, her whole train not exceeding sixty persons
+of meaner sort.... The Queen's Majesty's ships that were upon the seas
+to cleanse them from pirates saw her and saluted her galleys, and
+staying her ships examined them of pirates and dismissed them gently.
+One Scottish ship they detain, as vehemently suspected of piracy.
+
+_From the Charges against the Countess of Lennox in Foreign
+Calendar_, 1562. (May 7.)
+
+She loves not the Queen ... hearing that the Queen of Scots had passed
+through the seas, she sat down and gave God thanks, declaring to those
+by how he had always preserved that Princess at all times, especially
+now, "for when the Queen's ships were almost near taking of the Scottish
+Queen, there fell down a mist from heaven that separated them and
+preserved her."
+
+
+
+
+SECTION II
+
+FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Knox's description of Mary's reception, and his opinion of the Queen.
+
+ 2. Randolph's account of Mary's public entry into Edinburgh.
+
+ 3. Illustrations of the religious difficulty.
+ (_a_) Proclamation of the Privy Council.
+ (_b_) Randolph's account of Mary's first High Mass.
+ (_c_) Popular Songs against the Pope.
+
+ 4. Mary on the Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+ 5. The conduct of affairs at the beginning of the reign.
+ (_a_) Cecil's opinion.
+ (_b_) Randolph's impressions of Murray, Lethington,
+ and Knox.
+ (_c_) The Huntly Rebellion as narrated by Randolph.
+ (_d_) The passing of the sentence on Huntly's embalmed
+ corpse.
+
+ 6. Knox's account of the Châtelar affair.
+
+ 7. Knox's account of the famine of 1563.
+
+ 8. Knox on the opening of Parliament.
+
+ 9. One of Knox's interviews with the Queen.
+
+ 10. Mary's marriage-troubles.
+ (_a_) References Selected from the diplomatic correspondence
+ from March 1561 to March 1564.
+ (_b_) Early suspicions of the Darnley marriage.
+ (_c_) Melville's experiences in London.
+ (_d_) Further diplomatic correspondence.
+
+
+_SORROW, DOLOUR, AND DARKNESS_
+
+The Queen's Arrival in Scotland.
+
+_Laing's Edition of Knox's History of the Reformation in Scotland_,
+vol. i. pp. 267-271.
+
+_THE FIRST MASS_
+
+The 19th day of August 1561, betwixt seven and eight hours before noon,
+arrived Mary, Queen of Scotland, then widow, with two galleys out of
+France. In her company (besides her gentlewomen, called the Maries) were
+her uncles, the Duc d'Aumale, the Grand Prior, the Marquess d'Elbeuf.
+There accompanied her also D'Amville, son to the Constable of France,
+with other gentlemen of inferior condition, besides servants and
+officers. The very face of the heaven at the time of her arrival did
+manifestly speak what comfort was brought into this country with her (to
+wit) sorrow, dolour, darkness, and all impiety; for in the memory of man
+that day of the year was never seen a more dolorous face of the heaven,
+than was at her arrival, which two days after did so continue: For
+besides the surface wet, and corruption of the air, the mist was so
+thick and dark that scarce might any man espy another the length of two
+pair of butts; the sun was not seen to shine two days before nor two
+days after. That forewarning, God gave unto us; but alas! the most part
+were blind.... Fires of joy were set forth at night, and a company of
+most honest men with instruments of music, and with musicians, gave
+their salutations at her chamber window: The melody (as she alleged)
+liked her well; and she willed the same to be continued some nights
+after with great diligence. The Lords repaired to her from all quarters,
+and so was nothing understood but mirth and quietness, till the next
+Sunday, which was the 24th of August, when preparations began to be made
+for that Idol of the Mass to be said in the Chapel; which pierced the
+hearts of all. The Godly began to bolden, and then began openly to
+speak, _Shall that Idol be suffered again to take place within this
+Realm? It shall not._ The Lord Lindsay (then but Master) with the
+Gentlemen of Fife, and others, plainly cried in the close or yard, _The
+idolatrous Priests should die the death, according to God's Law_. One
+that carried in the candle was evil afraid; but then began flesh and
+blood fully to show itself. There durst no Papist, neither yet any that
+came out of France, whisper: But the Lord James, the man whom all the
+Godly did most reverence, took upon him to keep the Chapel-door. His
+best excuse was, that he would stop all Scotsmen to enter in to the
+Mass; but it was and is sufficiently known, that the door was kept that
+none should have entry to trouble the Priest, who, after the Mass was
+ended, was committed to the protection of the Lord John of Coldingham
+and the Lord Robert of Holyrood House, who then were both Protestants,
+and had communicate at the Table of the Lord. Betwixt them both was the
+Priest conveyed to his chamber. And so the Godly departed with grief of
+heart, and after noon repaired to the Abbey in great companies, and gave
+plain signification, that they could not abide that the land, which God
+by His power had purged from Idolatry, should in their eyes be polluted
+again.
+
+
+_A PROUD MIND AND A CRAFTY WIT_
+
+Knox's Opinion of the Queen.
+
+_Ibid._, p. 286.
+
+John Knox his own judgment, being by some of his familiars demanded what
+he thought of the Queen, said, "If there be not in her a proud mind, a
+crafty wit, and an indurate heart against God and His truth, my judgment
+faileth me."
+
+
+1561.--2nd September. The Queen's Public Entry into Edinburgh.
+
+_Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 63.
+
+Upon Tuesday last she made her entry. She dined in the Castle. The first
+sight that she saw after she came out of the Castle was a boy of six
+years of age, that came as it were from heaven out of a round globe,
+that presented unto her a Bible and a Psalter, and the keys of the
+gates, and spake unto her the verses which I send you. Then, for the
+terrible significations of God upon idolatry, there were burnt Korah,
+Dathan, and Abiram, in the time of their sacrifice. They were minded to
+have a priest burned at the altar, at the elevation. The Earl of Huntly
+stayed {stopped} that pageant, but hath played many as wicked as that
+since he came hither. He bare that day the sword.
+
+ [The following are the lines to which Randolph referred. As only
+ the first stanza has appeared in print before, the verses are given
+ in their original form.]
+
+
+Illustration: HOLYROOD.
+
+
+_A "NEEDEFULL" GIFT_
+
+A Ballad of Welcome.
+
+ Welcome, O Souveraine! Welcome, O natyve Quene!
+ Welcome to us your subiects great and small!
+ Welcome, I say, even from the verie splene,[1]
+ To Edinburgh your syttie principall.
+ Whereas your people with harts both one and all
+ Doth here{in} offer to your excellence
+ Two proper volumes[2] in memoriall
+ As gyfte most gainand[3] to a godlie prince.
+
+ Wherein your Grace may reade to understande
+ The perfett waye unto the hevennes hie,
+ And how to Rule your subiects and your land,
+ And how your kingdom stablished shalbe,
+ Judgment and wysdome therein shall ye see.
+ Here shall you find your God his due commande,
+ And who the contrarie does wilfullie,
+ How them he threatens with his scurge and wand.
+
+ Ane gyfte more precious cold[4] we none present
+ Nor yet more needefull to your Excellence,
+ Qwylk[5] is Gode's lawes his words and testament
+ Trewlie translate with frutefull diligence,
+ Qwylk to accepte with humble reverence
+ The Provist present most hartelie you exorte
+ With the hole subiects due obedience,
+ Together with the keyes of their porte.
+
+ In signe that they[6] and all that they possess
+ Bodie and good shall ever reddie be
+ To serve you as their souveraine hie mistress
+ Both daye and {night} after thair bound dutie:
+ Besechinge[7] your Grace in this necessitie
+ Thair {too} shorte tyme and {their} godwill[8] consether[9]
+ Accepte their harts and take it pacientlie
+ That may be done, seing all is yours together.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [1] Spleen.
+
+ [2] The volumes were a Bible and a Psalter "coverit with fine
+ purpour velvet." _Cf._ the _Diurnal of Occurrents_, September 2,
+ 1561, which gives some additional details, and mentions that the
+ child "delivered also to her hieness three writings, the tenour
+ whereof is uncertain."
+
+ [3] Gainful.
+
+ [4] Could.
+
+ [5] Which.
+
+ [6] MS. to them.
+
+ [7] Beseeching.
+
+ [8] Goodwill.
+
+ [9] Consider.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+_A TOLERANT PROCLAMATION_
+
+Illustrations of the Religious Difficulty--Proclamation regarding
+Religion.
+
+_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_, August 26, 1561.
+
+Forasmuch as the Queen's Majesty has understood the great inconveniences
+that may come through the division presently standing in this realm for
+the difference in matters of religion, that her Majesty is most desirous
+to see pacified by a good order, to the honour of God and the
+tranquillity of her realm, and means to take the same by the advice of
+her Estates as soon as conveniently may be; and that her Majesty's godly
+resolution therein may be greatly hindered in case any tumult or
+sedition be raised among the lieges, if any sudden innovation or
+alteration be pressed or attempted before that the order may be
+established. Therefore ... her Majesty ordains letters to be directed to
+charge all and sundry, lieges, ... that none of them take upon hand,
+privately or openly, to make any alteration or innovation of the state
+of religion, or attempt anything against the form which her Majesty
+found public and universally standing at her Majesty's arrival in this
+her realm, under the pain of death, ... Attour, her Majesty, by the
+advice of the Lords of her Secret Council, commands and charges all her
+lieges, that none of them take upon hand to molest or trouble any of her
+domestic servants or persons whomsoever come forth of France, in her
+Grace's company, at this time, in word, deed, or countenance ... under
+the said pain of death....
+
+
+_AN UNRULY PEOPLE_
+
+1561.--November 1. The Queen's first High Mass.
+
+_Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 83.
+
+Upon All Hallow Day the Queen had a song mass. That night one of her
+priests was well beaten for his reward by a servant of the Lord
+Robert's. We look to have it proclaimed again that no man, under pain of
+confiscation of goods and lands here, say or come unto her own mass,
+saving her own household, that came out of France....
+
+It is now called in question whether that the Princess being an idolater
+may be obeyed in all civil and politic{al} actions. I think marvellously
+of the wisdom of God that gave this unruly, inconstant, and cumbersome
+people no more substance than they have, for then would they run wild.
+
+
+_THE HUNT IS UP_
+
+Popular Songs.
+
+ [The stanzas which follow are selected from the popular songs of
+ the period. They date from a year or two before Mary's arrival in
+ Scotland, but will serve to illustrate the extreme difficulty
+ experienced by a Roman Catholic queen in dealing with such a
+ people.]
+
+_The Gude and Godly Ballates._ Reprint of 1868, p. 153.
+
+ The hunt is up, the hunt is up,[10]
+ It is now perfect day,
+ Jesus, our King, is gone in hunting,
+ Who likes to speed, they may.
+
+ A cursed fox lay hid in rocks
+ This long and many a day,
+ Devouring sheep, while he might creep,
+ None might him scare away.
+
+ It did him good to lap the blood
+ Of young and tender lambs;
+ None could he miss, for all was his,
+ The young ones with their dams.
+
+ The hunter is Christ, that huntis in haste,
+ The hounds are Peter and Paul;
+ The Pope is the fox, Rome is the rocks,
+ That rubs us on the gall.
+
+_THE POPE, THAT PAGAN FULL OF PRIDE_
+
+ _Ibid._
+
+ The Pope, that pagan full of pride,
+ He has us blinded long;
+ For where the blind the blind does guide,
+ No wonder they go wrong;
+ Like prince and king, he led the ring
+ Of all iniquity;
+ "Hay trix, tryme go trix,"
+ Under the greenwood tree.
+
+ But his abomination
+ The Lord has brought to light;
+ His Popish pride, and threefold crown,
+ Almost have lost their might.
+ His plack pardons are but lardouns[11]
+ Of new found vanity;
+ "Hay trix, tryme go trix,"
+ Under the greenwood tree.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Of late I saw these limmers[12] stand
+ Like mad men at mischief,
+ Thinking to get the upper hand,
+ They look after relief;
+ But all in vain, go tell them plain
+ That day will never be;
+ "Hay trix, tryme go trix,"
+ Under the greenwood tree.
+
+ O Jesus! if they thought great glee
+ To see God's word down smorit,[13]
+ The Congregation made to flee,
+ Hypocrisy restorit;
+ With masses sung, and bellis rung,
+ To their idolatry;
+ Marry, God thank you, we shall gar brank[14] you,
+ Before that time truly.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ [10] _Original reads_, With huntis up.
+
+ [11] Lumps.
+
+ [12] Worthless persons.
+
+ [13] Smothered.
+
+ [14] Put the barnacles on you, as on a restive horse.
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+_MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND KNOX_
+
+The Conduct of Affairs in the Early Years of the Reign--Randolph on
+Mary's Ministers.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil_, October 24, 1561. _Keith's History_, vol. i.
+pp. 98-99.
+
+I receive of her Grace at all times very good words. I am borne in hand
+{assured} by such as are nearest about her, as the Lord James and the
+Laird of Lethington, that they are meant as they are spoken; I see them
+above all others in credit, and find in them no alteration, though there
+be that complain that they yield too much unto her appetite; which yet I
+see not. The Lord James dealeth according to his nature, rudely, homely,
+and bluntly; the Laird of Lethington more delicately and finely, yet
+nothing swerveth from the other in mind and effect. She is patient to
+hear, and beareth much. The Earl Marischal is wary, but speaketh
+sometimes to good purpose.... Mr. Knox cannot be otherwise persuaded,
+but many men are deceived in this woman; he feareth yet that _posteriora
+sunt pejora primis_; his severity keepeth us in marvellous order. I
+commend better the success of his doings and preachings than the manner
+thereof, tho' I acknowledged his doctrine to be sound: His prayer is
+daily for her--"That God will turn her obstinate heart against God and
+His truth; or, if the Holy Will be otherwise, to strengthen the hearts
+and hands of His chosen and elect, stoutly to withstand the rage of all
+tyrants," &c., in words terrible enough.
+
+_PROTESTANT RULE_
+
+_Cecil to Challoner (English Ambassador in Spain). Foreign
+Calendar_, 1562, June 8, 1562.
+
+In Scotland ... the Earl of Huntly is in no credit with the Queen. The
+whole governance rests in Lord James, being Earl of Mar, and the Laird
+of Lethington. The others that have credit are the Earls Marshal,
+Argyll, Morton, and Glencairn, all Protestants. The Queen quietly
+tolerates the reformed religion throughout the realm, who is thought to
+be no more devout towards Rome than for the contentation of her uncles.
+
+ [Cecil's suspicion was quite unfounded. Throughout her reign Mary
+ was always in correspondence with the Pope, to whom she appealed
+ for money to help her in her efforts for the restoration of
+ Catholicism in Scotland.]
+
+
+Mary on the Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+_Queen Mary to Queen Elizabeth_, January 5, 1562. _Keith's History_,
+vol. ii. p. 134.
+
+How prejudicial that Treaty is to such title and interest as by birth
+and natural descent of your own lineage may fall to us, by very
+inspection of the Treaty itself ye may easily perceive, and how
+slenderly a matter of so great consequence is wrapped up in obscure
+terms. We know how near we are descended of the blood of England, and
+what devices have been attempted to make us, as it were, a stranger from
+it. We trust, being so near your cousin, ye would be loth we should
+receive so manifest an injury as all utterly to be debarred from that
+title which in possibility may fall unto us.
+
+
+_THE WAY TO INVERNESS_
+
+1562.--Randolph's Account of the Huntly Rebellion.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Old Aberdeen_, August 31, 1562. _Foreign
+Calendar_, 1562.
+
+The Queen in her progress is come to Old Aberdeen, where the university
+is.... Her journey is cumbersome, painful, and marvellous long; the
+weather extreme foul and cold, all victuals marvellous dear; and the
+corn that is, never like to come to ripeness.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Spynie, Morayshire_, September 18.
+
+Within these eight or ten days the Queen arrived at Inverness, the
+furthest part of her determined journey. She has had just cause for
+misliking the Earl of Huntly of long time, whose extortions have been so
+great, and other manifest tokens of disobedience such that it was no
+longer to be borne. Intending to reform these, she has found in him and
+his two eldest sons (the Lairds of Gordon and Findlater) open
+disobedience so far that they have taken arms and kept houses against
+her.
+
+The first occasion hereof was this. The Laird of Findlater, being
+commanded to ward in Edinburgh, broke prison; and being afterwards
+summoned to the Assize at Aberdeen, disobeyed also a new command from
+the Queen to enter himself prisoner in Stirling Castle. The Queen
+thinking this to be done by the advice of his father, refused to come to
+his house, she being looked and provided for. He, unadvisedly conceiving
+the worst, took the worst way, and supported his sons to manifest
+rebellion. At her arrival at Inverness on the 9th, she proposed to lodge
+in the castle, which belongs to her, and the keeping only to the Earl of
+Huntly, being Sheriff by inheritance of the whole shire, but was refused
+entrance, and forced to lodge in the town. That night, the castle being
+summoned, answer was given that without the Lord Gordon's command it
+should not be delivered.
+
+Next day the country assembled to the assistance of the Queen. The
+Gordons, finding themselves not so well served by their friends as they
+looked for (who had above 500 men), rendered the castle, not being
+twelve or fourteen able persons. The captain was hanged, and his head
+set up on the castle, others condemned to perpetual prison, and the rest
+received mercy.
+
+The Queen remained there five days, and now journeys homewards as far as
+Spynie, a house of the Bishop of Moray.... The Earl of Huntly keeps his
+house, and would have it thought that his disobedience came through the
+evil behaviour of his sons. The Queen is highly offended....
+
+_THE QUEEN'S COURAGE_
+
+In all these broils I assure you I never saw her merrier, never
+dismayed, nor never thought that so much[15] to be in her that I find.
+She repented nothing, but (when the lords and others at Inverness came
+in the morning from the watch) that she was not a man, to know what life
+it was to lie all night in the fields, or to walk on the causeway with a
+jack and knapsack, a Glasgow buckler, and a broad sword.
+
+... His {Huntly's} house is fair, and best furnished of any ... in the
+country; his cheer is marvellous great; his mind such as it ought to be
+towards his Sovereign.
+
+ [The last sentence is _à propos_ of a visit made by Argyll and
+ Randolph to Huntly.]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [15] So the "Calendar," but Chalmers, in quoting, reads, probably
+ correctly, "stomach."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_THE WATER OF SPEY_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Aberdeen_, September 24.
+
+When he {Huntly} understood that the Queen had caused the captain of the
+Castle of Inverness to be hanged, and committed the others to prison, he
+thought there was no other way with him but to execute his former
+determination or be utterly undone. Therefore he assembled such force as
+he could make, and committed them to the care of his son, John Gordon,
+purposing to have met the Queen at her return homeward at the water of
+Spey, a place where good advantage might have been had. The Queen (being
+advertised of their purpose), by the advice of her Council, assembled,
+of those they call Highlandmen and other, above 2000, and so increased
+as she rode that at the passage of the water they were above 3000. As
+she rode forward diverse reports were brought ... some said that there
+was not a man to be seen, which was nearest the truth, for when the
+night before there were in that wood 1000 horse and foot, they had all
+departed, whereof the Queen had advertisement before she came to the
+Spey ... what desperate blows would not have been given, when every man
+should have fought in the sight of so noble a Queen and so many fair
+ladies ... your honour can easily judge.... That night (being Sunday)
+the Queen came to a house of the Laird of Banke {Banff?} ... On Tuesday
+last she arrived at Old Aberdeen, preparing herself against her entry
+the next day into the new town, where she was honourably received with
+spectacles, plays, interludes, and others as they could best devise....
+They presented her with a cup of silver, double gilt, well wrought, with
+500 crowns in it; wine, coals, and wax were sent in, as much as will
+serve her while she remains here.
+
+"_BE BLITHE AND BLISSFUL, ABERDENE_"
+
+_Ibid. from Aberdeen_, September 30.
+
+Since the Queen's arrival at Aberdeen they have consulted how to reform
+this country. It was thought best to begin at the head, and that the
+Earl of Huntly shall either submit himself and deliver up his
+disobedient son, John Gordon, in whose name all these pageants have been
+wrought, or utterly to use all force against him for the subverting of
+his house for ever. For this purpose she remains here a good space, and
+has levied 120 arquebusiers, and sent to Lothian and Fife for the Master
+of Lindsay, Grange, and Ormiston. Her purpose is to take the two houses
+held against her, for which purpose she has a cannon within sixteen
+miles all ready, and other pieces there are in this town sufficient.
+
+_Ibid. Maitland of Lethington to Cecil from Aberdeen_, October 1.
+
+The Earl of Huntly will plead not guilty, and seems to charge the youth
+and folly of his children with whatever is amiss. If any fault be his,
+it may be thought to have proceeded from too great simplicity rather
+than any craft or malice, especially by so many as have had experience
+of how he has always been accustomed to deal.
+
+_THE SKIRMISH AT CORRICHIE_
+
+_Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen_, October 28.
+
+Huntly having assembled 700 persons, marched towards Aberdeen to
+apprehend the Queen and do with the rest at his will. She sent forth a
+sufficient number against him before he came to the town, so that this
+day the Earls of Murray, Athol, Morton, and 2000 others marched to the
+place where he was encamped, about twelve miles from hence {viz.
+Corrichie}, and environed him, so that after some defence he yielded
+himself, as did John Gordon and another son named Adam Gordon, seventeen
+years of age, who are brought into this town alive, but the Earl
+himself, after he was taken, without either blow or strike, being set on
+horseback before him that was his taker, suddenly falleth from his horse
+stark dead, without word, that he ever spake, after that he was upon
+horseback.
+
+_Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen_, November 2.
+
+After Huntly was brought into this town it was consulted what should be
+done with his corpse. Some thought he should be buried, and nothing else
+done; others that he should be beheaded; the last was that his bowels
+should be taken out and the body reserved until Parliament, that there
+he might be convicted of treason, in which mind they remain. John Gordon
+confessed all and lays the fault on his father. He is not yet condemned,
+but doubtless will not escape.
+
+_EXECUTION OF SIR JOHN GORDON_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh_, November 18. _Keith's History_,
+vol. ii. p. 175.
+
+After the defeat of the Earl of Huntly consultation was had what should
+become of his body; it was resolved that it should be kept till the
+Parliament, that, according unto the order, judgment might be given
+against him in the three estates. His son, John Gordon, within three
+days after was beheaded in Aberdeen, and execution done upon certain
+others that were taken at the same time.
+
+
+_Lethington to Cecil from Dundee_, November 14. _Keith's History_,
+vol. ii. p. 182.
+
+I am sorry that the soil of my native country did ever produce so
+unnatural a subject as the Earl of Huntly hath proved in the end against
+his sovereign, being a princess so gentle and benign, and whose
+behaviour hath been always such towards all her subjects, and every one
+in particular, that wonder is it that any could be found so ungracious
+as once to think evil against her.... I have heard it whispered that in
+this late storm of yours {Elizabeth's illness} a device was intended
+there to prefer some other in the succession to my mistress, which I
+cannot think to be true, seeing none is more worthy for all respects,
+nor hath so good a title. If her religion hath moved anything, seeing
+her behaviour such toward these that be of the religion within her own
+realm, yea, and the religion itself, which is a great deal more
+increased since she came home than it was before, I see no reason why
+those that be zealous of religion should suspect her.
+
+
+_A GRUESOME SPECTACLE_
+
+1563.--28th May. The Sentence on the Earl's Body.
+
+_Rutland MSS. at Belvoir, quoted in the Marquess of Huntly's Annals
+of Aboyne_, pp. 467-468.
+
+The coffin was set upright, as if the Earl stood upon his feet, and upon
+it a piece of good black cloth with his arms fast pinned. His accusation
+being read, his proctor answering for him, as if himself had been alive,
+the inquest was empanelled. The verdict was given that he was found
+guilty, and judgment given thereupon as by the law is accustomed.
+Immediately hereupon the good black cloth that hung over the coffin was
+taken away, and in its place a worse hanged on, the arms torn in pieces
+in sight of the people, and likewise struck out of the herald's book.
+
+
+_GENTLE ENTREATMENT OF A STRANGER_
+
+1563.--22nd February. The Death of Châtelar.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. pp. 367-369.
+
+ [Châtelar, a musician and poet, had been in the suite of d'Amville,
+ who accompanied Mary to Scotland. He addressed poems to the Queen,
+ who received them graciously, and replied to them. He went home
+ with his master, but returned to Scotland in 1562, and became one
+ of the Queen's favourite attendants.]
+
+Amongst the minions of the court there was one named Monsieur Chatelar,
+a Frenchman, that at that time passed all others in credit with the
+Queen. In dancing of the Purpose (so term they that dance, in the which
+man and woman talk secretly ...) in this dance, the Queen chose
+Chatelar, and Chatelar took the Queen. Chatelar had the best dress. All
+this winter, Chatelar was so familiar in the Queen's cabinet, early and
+late, that scarcely could any of the nobility have access unto her. The
+Queen would lie upon Chatelar's shoulder, and sometimes privily she
+would steal a kiss of his neck. And all this was honest enough; for it
+was the gentle entreatment of a stranger. But the familiarity was so
+great, that upon a night, he privily did convoy himself under the
+Queen's bed; but being espied, he was commanded away. The bruit {report}
+arising, the Queen called the Earl of Murray, and bursting into a
+womanly affection, charged him, that, as he loved her, he should slay
+Chatelar, and let him never speak a word. The other at first made
+promise so to do ... but returned and fell upon his knees before the
+Queen and said: Madam, I beseech your Grace cause not me to take the
+blood of this man upon me; your Grace has entreated him so familiarly
+before, that you have offended all your nobility; and now, if he shall
+be secretly slain at your own commandment, what shall the world judge of
+it? I shall bring him to the presence of justice, and let him suffer by
+law according to his deserving. "Oh," said the Queen, "you will never
+let him speak." I shall do (said he), madam, what in me lieth to save
+your honour.
+
+_THE REWARD OF DANCING_
+
+Poor Chatelar was brought back from Kinghorn to St. Andrews, examined,
+put to an assize, and so beheaded, the 22nd day of February, 1563. He
+begged license to write to France the cause of his death, which, said
+he, in his tongue was, _Pour estre trouve en lieu trop suspect_; that
+is, Because I was found in a place too much suspected. At the place of
+execution, when he saw that there was no remedy but death, he made a
+godly confession, and granted that his declining from the truth of God,
+and following of vanity and impiety, was justly recompensed upon him.
+But in the end he concluded, looking unto the heavens, with these words,
+_O cruel dame!_ that is, cruel mistress! What that complaint imported,
+lovers may divine. And so received Chatelar the reward of his dancing,
+for he lost his head, that his tongue should not utter the secrets of
+our Queen. _Deliver us, O Lord, from the rage of such inordinate
+rulers._
+
+
+The Famine of 1563.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. pp. 369-70.
+
+The year of God 1563, there was an universal dearth in Scotland. But in
+the northland, where, the harvest before, the Queen had travelled, there
+was an extreme famine, in the which many died in that country. The
+dearth was great over all, but the famine was principally there. The
+boll of wheat gave six pounds; the boll of bere, six merks and a half;
+the boll of meal, four merks; the boll of oats, fifty shillings; an ox
+to draw in the plough, twenty merks; a wether, thirty shillings. And so
+all things appertaining to the sustentation of man, in triple and more
+exceeded their accustomed prices. And so did God, according to the
+threatening of his law, punish the idolatry of our wicked Queen, and our
+ingratitude, that suffered her to defile the land with that abomination
+again, that God so potently had purged, by the power of his word. For
+the riotous feasting, and excessive banqueting, used in Court and
+country, wheresoever that wicked woman repaired, provoked God to strike
+the staff of bread, and to give his malediction upon the fruits of the
+earth. But, O alas! who looked, or yet looks to this very cause of all
+our calamities.
+
+
+_STINKING PRIDE OF WOMEN_
+
+1563.--The Meeting of Parliament.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. p. 381.
+
+Such stinking pride of women, as was seen at that Parliament, was never
+seen before in Scotland. Three sundry days, the Queen rode to the
+Tolbooth; the first day, she made a painted oration, and there might
+have been heard amongst her flatterers, "_Vox Dianæ_, the Voice of a
+Goddess (for it could not be Dei) and not of a woman. God save that
+sweet face. Was there ever Orator spake so properly and so sweetly?"
+
+All things misliking the Preacher, they spake boldly against the
+targetting of their taillies {_i.e._ the adornment of their robes with
+tassels}, and against the rest of their vanity, which they affirmed
+should provoke God's vengeance, not only against these foolish women,
+but against the whole realm.... Articles were presented, for orders to
+be taken for apparel, and for reformation of other enormities; but all
+was winked at.
+
+
+_KNOX'S INTERVIEWS WITH THE QUEEN_
+
+1563.--May or June. Knox and the Queen.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. p. 386.
+
+ [John Knox had five interviews with the Queen, which are recorded
+ in his "History." Soon after Mary's arrival in Scotland, she sent
+ for Knox, and they discussed the religious controversy and Knox's
+ "Blast against the monstrous Regiment of Women," in which he had
+ inveighed against female rule. In the spring of 1562, the Queen
+ sent for Knox, who had preached a sermon from the text, "And now,
+ understand, O ye kings, and be learned, ye that judge the earth."
+ The Reformer gave a _résumé_ of his sermon, and informed the Queen
+ that he considered her uncles "enemies unto God," and that "for
+ maintenance of their own pomp and worldly glory, they spare not to
+ spill the blood of many innocents." The third occasion was about a
+ year later, at Lochleven, when the thesis was the rights of
+ subjects to rebel, and ended with the threat, "Now, Madam, if ye
+ shall deny your duty unto them, who especially crave, that ye
+ punish malefactors, think ye to receive full obedience of them? I
+ fear, Madam, ye shall not." The malefactors in question were
+ recusant Roman Catholics. "Herewith she being somewhat offended,
+ passed to her supper." The interview was resumed in the morning,
+ but the conversation was more amicable, Mary asking Knox's help in
+ reconciling the Earl of Argyle to his wife, who was the Queen's
+ half-sister. The fourth discussion, quoted below, was _à propos_ of
+ the proposals for Mary's marriage, which were the main political
+ theme of the year 1563. Knox had denounced any marriage with a
+ Roman Catholic. In December of the same year, the Queen and the
+ Reformer met again, Knox undergoing a judicial examination on a
+ charge which amounted to incitement to rebel. He defended himself
+ by a homily upon "the insatiable cruelty of the Papists," and was
+ found innocent by the Council.]
+
+The Provost of Glencludan, Douglas by surname, of Drumlanark, was the
+man that gave the charge, that the said John should present himself
+before the Queen, which he did soon after dinner. The Lord Ochiltree,
+and divers of the faithful, bare him company to the Abbey; but none
+passed in to the Queen with him in the cabinet, but John Erskine of Dun,
+then superintendent of Angus and Mearns.
+
+_WOMANLY WEEPING_
+
+The Queen in a vehement fume began to cry out, that never Prince was
+used as she was. "I have (said she) borne with you in all your rigorous
+manner of speaking, both against myself and against my uncles; yea, I
+have sought your favour by all possible means; I offered unto you
+presence and audience, whensoever it pleased you to admonish me, and yet
+I cannot be quit of you; I vow to God I shall be once revenged." And
+with these words scarce could Marnoch, her secret chamber boy, get
+napkins to hold her eyes dry, for the tears and the howling, besides
+womanly weeping, stayed her speech. The said John did patiently abide
+all the first fume, and at opportunity answered, "True it is, Madam,
+your Grace and I have been at divers controversies, into the which I
+never perceived your Grace to be offended at me; but when it shall
+please God to deliver you from that bondage of darkness and error,
+wherein ye have been nourished, for the lack of true Doctrine, your
+Majesty will find the liberty of my tongue nothing offensive. Without
+the Preaching-place (Madam) I think few have occasion to be offended at
+me, and there (Madam) I am not master of myself, but must obey him who
+commands me to speak plain, and to flatter no flesh upon the face of the
+earth...." "But what have you to do (said she) with my marriage? Or,
+what are you within the Commonwealth?"
+
+_A MEEK AND GENTLE SPIRIT_
+
+"A subject born within the same (said he) Madam; and albeit I be neither
+Earl, Lord, nor Baron within it, yet hath God made me (how abject that
+ever I be in your eyes) a profitable and useful member within the same;
+yea, Madam, to me it appertaineth no less, to forewarn of such things as
+may hurt it, if I foresee them, than it doth to any one of the nobility;
+for both my vocation and conscience craveth plainness of me; and
+therefore (Madam) to yourself I say, that which I spake in public,
+whensoever the nobility of this realm shall be content, and consent,
+that you be subject to an unlawful husband, they do as much as in them
+lieth to renounce Christ, to banish the Truth, to betray the freedom of
+this realm, and perchance shall in the end do small comfort to
+yourself."
+
+_INORDINATE PASSION_
+
+At these words, howling was heard, and tears might have been seen in
+greater abundance than the matter required. John Erskine of Dun, a man
+of meek and gentle spirit, stood beside, and entreated what he could to
+mitigate her anger, and gave unto her many pleasant words, of her
+beauty, of her excellency; and how that all the princes in Europe would
+be glad to seek her favours. But all that was to cast oil into the
+flaming fire. The said John stood still, without any alteration of
+countenance, for a long time, while that the Queen gave place to her
+inordinate passion; and in the end he said, "Madam, in God's presence I
+speak, I never delighted in the weeping of any of God's creatures; yea,
+I can scarcely well abide the tears of mine own boys, whom my own hands
+correct, much less can I rejoice in your Majesty's weeping; But seeing I
+have offered unto you no just occasion to be offended, but have spoken
+the truth, as my vocation craves of me, I must sustain your Majesty's
+tears, rather than I dare hurt my conscience, or betray the Commonwealth
+by silence." Herewith was the Queen more offended, and commanded the
+said John to pass forth of the cabinet, and to abide further of her
+pleasure in the chamber.
+
+_FY UPON THAT KNAVE, DEATH_
+
+The Laird of Dun tarried, and Lord John of Coldingham came into the
+cabinet, and so they remained with her near the space of one hour. The
+said John stood in the chamber, as one whom men had never seen (so were
+all afraid), except that the Lord Ochiltree bare him company; and
+therefore he began to make discourse with the ladies, who were there
+sitting in all their gorgeous apparel; which when he espied, he merrily
+said: "Fair Ladies, how pleasant were this life of yours, if it should
+ever abide; and then in the end, that we might pass to Heaven with this
+gay gear {clothing}! But fy upon that knave Death, that will come
+whether we will or not; and when he hath laid on his arrest, then foul
+worms will be busy with this flesh, be it never so fair and so tender;
+and the silly {weak} soul I fear shall be so feeble, that it can neither
+carry with it gold, garnishing, targating {tassels}, pearls, nor
+precious stones." And by such means procured he the company of women,
+and so passed the time till that the Laird of Dun willed him to depart
+to his house till new advertisement.
+
+The Queen would have had the sentiment of the Lords of the Articles if
+that such manner of speaking deserved not punishment. But she was
+counselled to desist; and so that storm quieted in appearance, but never
+in the heart.
+
+
+Mary's Second Marriage.
+
+ [The problem of Mary's marriage was one of great difficulty.
+ Allusions to it occur in diplomatic correspondence immediately
+ after the death of Francis II., and it was constantly in men's
+ minds. The Scottish preachers and the Protestant nobles objected to
+ a union with a Roman Catholic prince (_cf. supra_, p. 40).
+ Catherine de Medici, who was at the head of affairs in France,
+ opposed the projected match with Don Carlos of Spain (p. 43).
+ Elizabeth of England found a difficulty in every proposal, and was
+ especially afraid of the union of Scotland with a foreign power. As
+ early as the spring of 1561 Throckmorton warned Elizabeth that, if
+ she wished to prevent such a union, "she should make a party in
+ Scotland by entertaining a good number of the best there, that all
+ Princes, perceiving her to have a great party in that realm, would
+ not greatly seek upon a country so much at her devotion" (_Foreign_
+ _Calendar_, March 31, 1561). The following extracts indicate the
+ course of the controversy, and aim at presenting a connected survey
+ of the negotiations.]
+
+_PERFECT NEIGHBOURHOOD_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, December 17, 1561. _Keith's
+History_, vol. ii. p. 124.
+
+When any purpose falleth in of marriage, she saith that she will none
+other husband but the Queen of England. He is right near about her that
+hath oftentimes heard her speak it. I desire that it may be in perfect
+neighbourhood, since it cannot be in perfect marriage.
+
+
+1563.--August 20. Instructions for Randolph.
+
+_Foreign Calendar._
+
+He shall always rest upon this argument, that neither Elizabeth nor
+England ... can think any mighty Prince a meet husband for her, to
+continue the amity that now is with this realm.
+
+_Smith to the English Privy Council, from Paris_, October 13, 1563.
+_Foreign Calendar._
+
+They {Catherine de Medici and the Constable of France} hold King Philip
+a suspect neighbour. But they most mislike the Spanish marriage with the
+Queen of Scots, which they hold to be concluded unto by the said Queen,
+taking it to be prejudicial to England and consequently to them.
+
+_DUDLEY OR DARNLEY_
+
+ [The anxiety about her marriage was supposed to be the cause of an
+ illness from which Mary suffered, in the end of 1563. On December
+ 13 Randolph wrote to Cecil that she "kept her bed, being somewhat
+ diseased of overmuch travail she took a night or two before,
+ dancing to celebrate her nativity. But," he adds, "for two months
+ the Queen has been divers times in great melancholies. Her grief is
+ marvellous secret. She is not well, and weeps when there is little
+ appearance of occasion." Eight days later, he mentions that "the
+ Queen's illness daily increaseth. Her pain is in her right side....
+ Some think that the cause of the Queen's sickness is that she
+ utterly despairs of the marriage of any of those she looked for, as
+ well that neither they abroad are very hasty, nor her subjects at
+ home very willing those ways." On the 31st he had an interview with
+ her "in her chamber, beside ladies and gentlemen, herself in bed."
+ He told her that Elizabeth "could in no point alter her former
+ advice, which was that it could not be expedient for her country,
+ nor fit for herself, to match in any of those houses, when
+ appearance is that dissension may grow, and enmity to be nourished,
+ as before time has been." Mary summoned the Earl of Argyll, and
+ told him that Randolph would have her marry in England. He asked if
+ "the Queen of England were become a man?" "Who is there in that
+ country (said she) to whom he {Argyll} would wish her?" He said,
+ "To whom she could like best." "That would not please the Duke" {of
+ Châtelherault}, said she. "If it please God, and is good for the
+ country," said he, "what reck who were displeased?" (_Foreign
+ Calendar_, December 13, 21, and 31, 1563). Leicester was the
+ husband suggested by Queen Elizabeth, and, during 1564, it became
+ evident that either he or Darnley would be the Queen's choice.]
+
+_RETURN OF LENNOX_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, March 20, 1564. _Foreign
+Calendar._
+
+What troubles have risen in this country for religion, your Honour
+knoweth. All things are now grown into such a liberty, and her Grace
+taken unto herself such a will to do therein what she list, that of
+late, contrary to her own ordinances, as great numbers have repaired to
+her chapel to hear mass, as sometimes come to the common churches to the
+sermon. To have her mind altered for this freedom, that she desireth to
+have all men live as they like, she can hardly be brought, and thinketh
+it too great a subjection for her, being a prince in her own country, to
+have her will broken therein. The subjects who desire to live in the
+true fear and worshipping of God, offer rather their lives again to be
+sacrificed, than that they would suffer such abomination, yea, almost
+permit herself to enjoy her mass, which is now more plainly and openly
+spoken against by the preachers, than ever was the Pope of Rome....
+Above all the rest, this is it that is feared that will be the breach of
+all good accord and quietness of this estate, though the rest be borne
+with, that is, if she match herself with a Papist, by whom she may be
+fortified to her intent.
+
+_Kirkaldy of Grange to Randolph, from St. Johnston's_ {_Perth_},
+April 30, 1564. _Laing's Knox_, vol. vi. p. 539.
+
+The Earl of Lennox will obtain license to come home and speak with the
+Queen. Her meaning therein is not known, but some suspects she will at
+length be persuaded to favour his son.
+
+ [The Earl of Lennox had entered into negotiations with Henry VIII.,
+ in 1544, to deliver over to England certain Scottish castles, and
+ to promote the marriage of Mary to Prince Edward. Sentence of
+ forfeiture was passed against him by the Scottish Parliament on 1st
+ October 1545. His treachery had received its reward in the shape of
+ an alliance with Margaret, daughter of the Earl of Angus and
+ Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV. (_cf._ Table, App. A.). Their
+ eldest son was Lord Darnley.]
+
+
+_KNOX SUSPICIOUS_
+
+_Knox to Randolph, from Edinburgh_, May 3, 1564. _Laing's Knox_,
+vol. vi., p. 541.
+
+The Earl of Lennox's servant is familiar in Court, and it is supposed
+that it is not without knowledge, yea, and labour, of your Court. Some
+in the country look for the lady {Queen Mary} and the young Earl
+{Darnley} ere it be long. It is whispered to me that licence is all
+ready procured for their {Lennox and Darnley's} hithercoming. God's
+providence is inscrutable to man, before the issue of such things as are
+kept close for a season in his counsel. But, to be plain with you, that
+journey and progress I like not.
+
+
+Queen Elizabeth and Sir James Melville.
+
+ [Sir James Melville was sent as ambassador from the Queen of Scots
+ to the Queen of England to advance negotiations for Mary's
+ marriage, and to discover, if possible, Elizabeth's real meaning.]
+
+September 28, 1564. _Melville's Memoirs_, pp. 115-128.
+(_Bannatyne Club._)
+
+The next morning Master Lattoun and Master Randolph, late agent for the
+Queen of England in Scotland, came to my lodging to convoy me to her
+Majesty, who was, as they said, already in the garden.... I found her
+Majesty pacing in an alley.
+
+_YONDER LONG LAD_
+
+_MELVILLE'S OPINION OF DARNLEY_
+
+... She inquired if the Queen had sent any answer anent the proposition
+of a marriage made to her by Master Randolph. I answered, as I was
+instructed, that the Queen thought little or nothing thereof, but looked
+for the meeting of some Commissioners upon the borders, with my Lord of
+Murray and the secretary, Lethington, to confer and treat upon all such
+matters of greatest importance.... So seeing that your Majesties cannot
+so soon find the opportunity of meeting, so much desired between
+yourselves ... the Queen, my mistress ... is in hope that your Majesty
+will send my Lord of Bedford and my Lord Robert Dudley. She said that it
+appeared that I made but small account of my Lord Robert, seeing that I
+named the Earl of Bedford before him; but, or it were long, she should
+make him a greater earl, and that I should see it done before my
+returning home; for she esteemed him as her brother and best friend,
+whom she should have married herself, if ever she had been minded to
+take a husband.... And to cause the Queen, my mistress, to think the
+more of him, I was required to stay till I had seen him made Earl of
+Leicester and Baron of Denbigh, with great solemnity at Westminster,
+herself helping to put on his ceremonial, he sitting upon his knees
+before her, keeping a great gravity and discreet behaviour. But she
+could not refrain from putting her hand in his neck to kittle {tickle}
+him smilingly, the French Ambassador and I standing beside her. Then she
+asked me how I liked of him. I said, as he was a worthy subject, he was
+happy that had encountered a princess that could discern and reward good
+service. "Yet," she said, "ye like better of yonder long lad," pointing
+towards my Lord Darnley, who, as nearest prince of the blood, bore the
+sword of honour that day before her. My answer again was, that no woman
+of spirit could make choice of such a man, that was liker a woman than a
+man; for he was very lusty, beardless, and lady-faced. I had no will
+that she should think that I liked of him, or had any eye or dealing
+that way: albeit I had a secret charge to deal with his mother, my Lady
+Lennox, to purchase leave for him to pass in Scotland, where his father
+was already, that he might see the country and convoy the Earl, his
+father, back again to England.
+
+_YE MAY NOT SUFFER A COMMANDER_
+
+Now the said Queen was determined to treat with the Queen, my sovereign,
+first anent her marriage with the Earl of Leicester, and for that effect
+promised to send commissioners unto the borders. In the meantime I was
+favourably and familiarly used; for during nine days that I remained at
+Court, her Majesty pleased to confer with me every day, and sometimes
+thrice upon a day, to wit, afore noon, after noon, and after supper.
+Sometimes she would say, that since she could not meet with the Queen,
+her good sister herself, to confer familiarly with her, that she should
+open a good part of her inward mind unto me, that I might show it again
+unto the Queen; and said that she was not so offended at the Queen's
+angry letter as for that she seemed to disdain so far the marriage with
+my Lord of Leicester, which she had caused Master Randolph propose unto
+her. I said that it might be he had teached something thereof to my Lord
+of Murray and Lethington, but that he had not proposed the matter
+directly unto herself; and that as well her Majesty, as they that were
+her most familiar counsellors, could conjecture nothing thereupon but
+delays and drifting of time, anent the declaring of her to be the second
+person {_i.e._, the next in succession to the throne of England} which
+would try at the meeting of commissioners above specified. She said
+again that the trial and declaration thereof would be hasted forward,
+according to the Queen's good behaviour, and applying to her
+{Elizabeth's} pleasure and advice in her marriage; and seeing the matter
+concerning the said declaration was so weighty, she had ordained some of
+the best lawyers in England diligently to search out who had the best
+right, which she would wish should be her dear sister rather than any
+other. I said I was assured that her Majesty {Mary} was both out of
+doubt hereof, and would rather she should be declared than any other....
+She said that she was never minded to marry, except she were compelled
+by the Queen, her sister's, hard behaviour towards her, in doing by
+{beyond} her counsel, as said is. I said: "Madam, ye need not tell me
+that; I know your stately stomach; ye think if ye were married, ye would
+be but Queen of England, and now ye are King and Queen both; ye may not
+suffer a commander."
+
+_A COURTIER'S REPLIES_
+
+She appeared to be so affectioned to the Queen her good sister, that she
+had a great desire to see her: and because their desired meeting could
+not be hastily brought to pass, she delighted oft to look upon her
+picture, and took me in to her bed chamber, and opened a little lettroun
+{cabinet} wherein were divers little pictures wrapped within paper, and
+written upon the paper, their names with her own hand. Upon the first
+that she took up was written, "My lord's picture." I held the candle and
+pressed to see my lord's {Leicester's} picture. Albeit she was loth to
+let me see it, at length I by importunity obtained the sight thereof,
+and asked the same to carry home with me unto the Queen, which she
+refused, alleging she had but that one of his. I said again, that she
+had the principal; for he was at the furthest part of the chamber
+speaking with the secretary Cecil. Then she took out the Queen's picture
+and kissed it; and I kissed her hand for the great love I saw she bore
+to the Queen.... ... Her {Elizabeth's} hair was redder than yellow,
+curled apparently of nature. Then she entered to discern what colour of
+hair was reported best, and inquired whether the Queen's or her's was
+best, and which of them two was fairest. I said, the fairness of them
+both was not their worst faults. But she was earnest with me to declare
+which of them I thought fairest. I said, she was the fairest Queen in
+England, and ours the fairest Queen in Scotland. Yet she was earnest. I
+said they were both the fairest ladies of their courts, and that the
+Queen of England was whiter, but our Queen very lovesome. She inquired
+which of them was of highest stature. I said, our Queen. Then she said
+the Queen was over high, and that herself was neither over high or over
+low. Then she asked what sort of exercises she used. I said, that I was
+dispatched out of Scotland, that the Queen was but new come back from
+the highland hunting; and when she had leisure from the affairs of her
+company, she read upon good books, the histories of divers countries,
+and sometimes would play upon lute and virginals. She sperit {asked} if
+she played well. I said, reasonably for a Queen.
+
+_A CONSEQUENCE OF FRENCH TRAINING_
+
+_NO PLAIN DEALING OR UPRIGHT MEANING_
+
+The same day after dinner, my Lord of Hunsden {Huntingdon} drew me up to
+a quiet gallery that I might hear some music, but he said he durst not
+avow it, where I might hear the Queen play upon the virginals. But after
+I had hearkened a while, I took by the tapestry that hung before the
+door of the chamber, and seeing her back was toward the door, I entered
+within the chamber and stood still at the door post, and heard her play
+excellently well; but she left off so soon as she turned her about and
+saw me, and came forwards seeming to strike me with her left hand, and
+to think shame; alleging that she used not to play before men, but when
+she was solitary her alone, to eschew melancholy; and askit how I came
+there. I said, as I was walking with my Lord of Hunsden, as we passed by
+the chamber door, I heard such melody, which ravished and drew me within
+the chamber I wist not how; excusing my fault of homeliness, as being
+brought up in the Court of France, and was now willing to suffer what
+kind of punishment would please her lay upon me for my offence. Then she
+sat down low upon a cushion, and I upon my knee beside her; but she gave
+me a cushion with her own hand to lay under my knee, which I refused,
+but she compelled me; and called for my lady Stafford out of the next
+chamber, for she was alone there. Then she asked whether the Queen or
+she played best. In that I gave her the praise.... She inquired at me
+whether she or the Queen danced best. I said, the Queen danced not so
+high or disposedly as she did. Then again she wished that she might see
+the Queen at some convenient place of meeting. I offered to convey her
+secretly in {to} Scotland by post, clothed like a page disguised, that
+she might see the Queen: as King James the 5 passed in France disguised,
+with his own ambassador, to see the Duc of Vendome's sister that should
+have been his wife; and how that her chamber should be kept, as though
+she were sick, in the meantime, and none to be privy thereto but my Lady
+Stafford, and one of the grooms of her chamber. She said, Alas! if she
+might do it: and seemed to like well such kind of language, and used all
+the means she could to cause me persuade the Queen of the great love
+that she bore unto her.... My Lord of Leicester began to purge himself
+of so proud a pretence as to marry so great a Queen, esteeming himself
+not worthy to deicht her shone {clean her shoes}; alleging the invention
+of that proposition to have proceeded of Master Cecil his secret enemy.
+"For if I should," said he, "have seemed to desire that marriage, I
+should have lost the favour of both the Queens," praying me till excuse
+him unto the Queen.... At my homecoming I found the Queen's Majesty
+still in Edinburgh ... she inquired whether I thought that Queen meant
+truly towards her as well inwardly in her heart as she appeared to do
+outwardly by her speech. I said, in my judgment, that there was neither
+plain dealing nor upright meaning, but great dissimulation, emulation
+and fear that her princely qualities should over soon chase her out, and
+displace her from the kingdom; as having already hindered her {Mary's}
+marriage with the Archduke Charles of Austria, and now offering unto her
+my Lord of Leicester, whom she would be as loth as then to want. Then
+the Queen gave me her hand, that she should never marry the new-made
+earl; albeit shortly while after, my Lord of Murray and Bedford met
+beside Berwick to treat upon the marriage with Leicester.... The Queen
+of England began to fear and suspect that the said marriage might
+perchance take effect. And therefore my Lord Darnley obtained the
+rather, license to come into Scotland, who was a lusty youth, in hope
+that he should prevail being present before Leicester that was absent.
+Which license was obtained of the means of the secretary Cecil; not that
+he was minded that any of the marriages should take effect, but with
+such shifts and practices to hold the Queen unmarried so long as he
+could.
+
+_THE NEW-MADE EARL_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh. Foreign Calendar._ December 15, 1564.
+
+This parliament, being only assembled for restoring Lennox, began upon
+Monday, and ended the Saturday after. The third day the Queen came to
+the house, when she had an oration of her affection towards her subjects
+and the weal of her country, which moved her to show her favour towards
+Lennox, to restore him to his country, the rather for the suit of the
+Queen of England, whose desire to her was of no small moment, which
+words were duly rehearsed....
+
+_MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND CECIL_
+
+ [The next development in the situation took the form of a
+ correspondence between Murray and Lethington, and Cecil, on
+ December 4, 1564. Randolph wrote to Cecil "that Murray and
+ Lethington had concluded that amity with England is fittest," and
+ added, "No man will be more acceptable to the people than the Lord
+ Robert. There has been more thought of Lord Darnley before his
+ father's coming than is at present. The mother more feared a great
+ deal than beloved." The two Scottish lords had already written to
+ Cecil, who replied on the 16th, informing them that Elizabeth would
+ never consent to their request, the establishment of Mary's "title
+ to be declared by Parliament in the second place to the Queen," but
+ "promising that she will cause inquisition to be made of their
+ Sovereign's right; and as far as shall stand with justice and her
+ own surety, she will abase such titles as shall be proved unjust
+ and prejudicial to her sister's interest;" and giving them warning.
+ "Let there not be found any intention to compass ... a kingdom and
+ a crown, which, if it be sought for, may be sooner lost than got,
+ and not being craved may be as soon offered as reason can require."
+ To this Murray and Lethington replied on the 24th, asking what
+ Cecil meant by the words "as shall stand with justice and her own
+ surety," for they "never meant anything prejudicial to the surety
+ of Queen Elizabeth;" stating that if Elizabeth "will nowise
+ establish the succession of her crown," the Leicester project must
+ fall to the ground; and urging Cecil to secrecy, for if it were
+ discovered that they had "meddled without her Majesty's knowledge,
+ the opening thereof" would be the ruin of them both. (Foreign
+ Calendar, 14th, 16th, and 24th December 1564.) This episode is of
+ importance in connection with Mary's subsequent attitude to the
+ Darnley marriage.]
+
+
+_QUEEN MARY'S MERRY CONCEITS_
+
+Queen Mary and Randolph.
+
+_Randolph to Queen Elizabeth, from Edinburgh_, February 5, 1565.
+_Chalmers's Queen Mary_, vol. ii. pp. 123-127.
+
+"_IT LIETH IN YOUR MISTRESS'S WILL_"
+
+Her grace lodged in a merchant's house; her train were very few; and
+there was small repair from any part. Her will was, that for the time
+that I did tarry, I should dine and sup with her. Your Majesty was
+oftentimes dranken unto, by her, at dinners and suppers. Having, in this
+sort, continued with her grace, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday, I thought
+it time to take occasion to utter unto her grace, that which last I
+received in command, from your Majesty, by Mr. Secretary's letter, which
+was to know her grace's resolution touching those matters propounded, at
+Berwick, by my Lord of Bedford, and me, to my Lord of Murray and Lord of
+Lethington. I had no sooner spoken these words, but she saith, "I see
+now well that you are weary of this company and treatment. I sent for
+you to be merry and to see how like a Bourgeois-wife I live, with my
+little troop; and you will interrupt our pastime, with your great and
+grave matters. I pray you, Sir, if you be weary here, return home to
+Edinburgh, and keep your gravity and great ambassage until the Queen
+come thither; for I assure you, you shall not get her here, nor I know
+not myself where she is become. You see neither cloth of estate, nor
+such appearances, that you may think that there is a Queen here; nor I
+would not that you should think that I am she, at St. Andrews, that I
+was at Edinburgh." I said that I was very sorry for that, for that at
+Edinburgh, she said that she did love my mistress, the Queen's majesty,
+better than any other, and now I marvelled how her mind was altered. It
+pleased her at this to be very merry, and called me by more names than
+were given me in my christendom. At these merry conceits much good sport
+was made. "But well, Sir," saith she, "that which then I spoke in words
+shall be confirmed in writing.... You know how willing I am to follow
+her advice ... and yet I can find in her no resolution nor
+determination. For nothing, I cannot be bound unto her ... and
+therefore, this I say, and trust me I mean it, if your mistress will, as
+she hath said, use me as her natural born sister or daughter, I will
+take myself either as one or the other as she please, and will show no
+less readiness to oblige her, and honour her, than my mother, or eldest
+sister; but, if she will repute me always but as her neighbour Queen of
+Scots, how willing soever I be to live in amity and to maintain peace,
+yet she must not look for that at my hands, that otherwise I would, or
+she desireth." ... I requested her Grace, humbly ... to let her mind be
+known, how well she liked of the suit of my Lord Robert, Earl of
+Leicester, that might be able somewhat to say or write touching that
+matter, unto your Majesty. "My mind towards him is such as it ought to
+be of a very noble man, as I hear say by very many, and such one as the
+Queen, your mistress, my good sister, doth so well like to be her
+husband, if he were not her subject, ought not to mislike me to be mine.
+Marry, what I shall do, it lieth in your mistress's will, who shall
+wholly guide me and rule me." I made myself not well to understand these
+words, because I would have the better hold of them. She repeated the
+self same words again.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION III
+
+FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. The Darnley marriage and the Earl of Murray's rebellion.
+
+ (_a_) Melville's account of the progress of events from Mary's
+ first meeting with Darnley to Elizabeth's reception of Murray
+ (February to October).
+
+ (_b_) Randolph's account of the allegations regarding the rival
+ conspiracies.
+
+ (_c_) The Proclamation to allay disquiet regarding the Queen's
+ marriage with a Catholic.
+
+ (_d_) Randolph's letter to Leicester describing the marriage, and
+ the relations between the bride and bridegroom.
+
+ (_e_) Cecil's account of the Murray trouble.
+
+ (_f_) The Privy Council warrant against Murray.
+
+ (_g_) Knox's account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray.
+
+ 2. Mary's relations with Darnley and the Rizzio murder.
+
+ (_a_) Diplomatic references to the ill-will between the Queen and
+ her husband, with an incidental account of the Holy League.
+
+ (_b_) Bedford and Randolph's letter to Cecil foretelling the Rizzio
+ plot.
+
+ (_c_) Agreements between Darnley and the conspirators.
+
+ (_d_) Mary's own description of the murder of Rizzio.
+
+
+_DARNLEY'S COURTSHIP_
+
+1563.--Feb. 17-Oct. 23. The Darnley Marriage and the Murray Rebellion.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 134.
+
+ [It was now becoming evident that Mary was to marry Lord Darnley.
+ Her resolution gave great offence, not only to Queen Elizabeth, but
+ to the Earl of Murray, and some other Scottish nobles, who raised a
+ rebellion, commonly called the "Run about Chase." The matter is
+ somewhat mysterious; there are, as the reader will observe,
+ allegations of two conspiracies--one against Murray by Darnley, and
+ another against Mary and Darnley by Murray. The evidence is not
+ decisive.]
+
+_THE RUN-ABOUT RAID_
+
+_UNWORTHY TRAITORS_
+
+I have said already how that my Lord Darnley was advised to suit license
+to come into Scotland, who at his first coming found the Queen in the
+Wemyss, making her progress through Fife. Her Majesty took well with
+him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long {tall}
+man that she had seen, for he was of high stature, long and small, even
+and upright; well instructed from his youth in all honest and comely
+exercises. And after he had hanted {frequented} a while in Court, he
+proposed marriage to her Majesty; which she took in evil part at the
+first, as she told me that same day herself, and how she had refused the
+ring which he then offered unto her, when I took occasion, as I had
+begun, to speak in his favour, that their marriage would put out of
+doubt their title to the succession. I cannot tell how he fell in
+acquaintance with Seigneur David {Rizzio}, but he also was his great
+friend at the Queen's hand; so that her Majesty took aye the longer the
+better liking of him, and at length determined to marry him. Which being
+known unto Queen Elizabeth, she sent and charged him to return; and also
+sent her ambassador, Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, into Scotland, both to
+dissuade the Queen to marry him, and in case the Queen would not follow
+her advice in her marriage, to persuade the lords and so many as were of
+her religion to withstand the said marriage, unless the Lord Darnley
+would promise and subscribe to abide at the religion reformed, which he
+had plainly professed in England. The Queen again perceiving the Queen
+of England's earnest opposition to all the marriages that were offered
+unto her, thought not meet to delay any longer her marriage. But my Lord
+Duke of Châtelherault, my Lords of Argyll, Murray, Glencairn, Rothes,
+and divers others, lords and barons, withstood the said marriage; who
+after they had made a mind to take the Lord Darnley, in the Queen's
+company, at the raid of Beath, and to have sent him into England, as
+they alleged--I wot not what was in their mind, but it was an
+evil-favoured enterprize, wherein the Queen was in great danger other
+than {that of} keeping or heartbreaking; and as they that had failed of
+their foolish enterprize, took on plainly their arms of rebellion, her
+Majesty again convened forces against them, and chased them here and
+there till at length they were compelled to flee into England for
+refuge, to her that had promised by her ambassadors to wear her crown in
+their defence, in case they were driven to any strait for their
+opposition unto the said marriage. Which was all denied at their coming
+to seek help; and when they sent up my Lord of Murray to that Queen, the
+rest abiding at Newcastle, he could obtain nothing but disdain and
+scorn; till at length he and the Abbot of Kilwinning, his companion in
+that message, were persuaded to come and confess unto the Queen upon
+their knees, and that in presence of the ambassadors of France and
+Spain, that her Majesty had never moved them to that opposition and
+resistance against their Queen's marriage.... Unto my Lord of Murray and
+his marrow {comrade} she said, "Now you have told the truth; for I nor
+none in my name stirred you up against your Queen; for your abominable
+treason might serve for example, to move my own subjects to rebel
+against me. Therefore pack you out of my presence; ye are but unworthy
+traitors."
+
+
+1565.--April 29. Mary's Festivities.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil. Foreign Calendar_, 1565.
+
+Greater triumphs there never were in time of Popery than were this
+Easter at the resurrection and at her high mass. Organs were wont to be
+the common music. She wanted now neither trumpet, drum, nor fife,
+bagpipe nor tabor.... Upon Monday she and divers of her women apparelled
+themselves like burgesses' wives, went upon their feet up and down the
+town, and of every man they met they took some pledge for money towards
+the banquet; and in the lodging where the writer was accustomed to lodge
+was the dinner prepared, at which she was herself, with the wonder and
+gazing of men, women, and children.
+
+ [This celebration of Easter is important as being a factor in the
+ growth of Protestant dislike of the Darnley marriage.]
+
+_"LESS COMFORT" FOR QUEEN MARY_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh_, July 2, 1565 {_date of
+end of letter_}. _Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 300.
+
+I wrote that there was a convention appointed at St. Johnstone {Perth}
+the 22nd of this instant {_i.e._ June}, to which there were specially
+named these, the Duke, Earls Argyll, Murray, Morton, and Glencairn; only
+Morton came; the other some tarried at their houses, as the Duke, and
+Earl of Murray; other as Argyll and Glencairn came to Edinburgh the 24th
+to the Convention {General Assembly} of the Protestants there. With this
+her Grace is greatly offended, and layeth the whole fault hereof to the
+Earl of Murray and Argyll, which both had come to St. Johnstone, but
+that my Lord of Murray was assuredly advertised that it was intended
+that he should be slain there.... With my Lord of Murray I have lately
+spoken; he is grieved to see these extreme follies in his sovereign; he
+lamenteth the state of this country that tendeth to utter ruin; he
+feareth that the nobility shall be forced to assemble themselves
+together, to do her honour and reverence as they are in duty bound, but
+to provide for the State that it do not utterly perish.... The Duke, the
+Earl of Argyll, and he concur in this device; many other are like to
+join with them in the same; what will ensue let wise men judge.... The
+less comfort that this Queen be put in, that the Queen's majesty will
+allow of her doings, the sooner shall her Majesty bring that to pass
+here that she most desireth, and more at her Majesty's devotion than at
+this time she hath, there were never in Scotland. Some that already have
+heard of my Ladie's Grace {Lady Lennox's} imprisonment like very well
+thereof, and wish to the father and son to keep her company. The
+question hath been asked me. Whether if they were delivered us into
+Berwick, we would receive them? I answered that we could nor would not
+refuse our own, in what sort soever they come unto us.
+
+_A HASTY RIDE_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh_, July 4. _Ibid._ vol. ii. p. 309.
+
+Upon Saturday her Grace came ... to St. Johnston, where word was brought
+her that the Earl of Argyll and Earl of Murray had assembled many of
+their friends and servants, and intended to take her and the Lord
+Darnley riding between that town and the Lord of Livingstone's house,
+and to have carried the Queen's Grace to St. Andrews, and the Lord
+Darnley to Castle Campbell, a house of the Earl of Argyll.... She took
+her horse by five of the clock in the morning, and rode with great
+speed, having only three women in her train, until she came to the
+Queen's Ferry, passing through a little town called Kinross, hard by
+Lochleven, where my Lord of Murray was in a house in the loch with his
+mother and the Laird of Lochleven, his brother, with a small number of
+his servants, having been sick of a flux not four days before, intending
+for all that to have met the Queen, and to have convoyed her as far as
+her Grace would give him leave; but hearing that her Grace was past that
+town three or four hours before that he looked for her, he remained
+still and went not forth....
+
+_A REQUEST FOR MONEY_
+
+They {the two Earls} think it time to put to that remedy they can; they
+depend greatly upon the comfort received from the Queen's majesty our
+sovereign; they know that it as well tendeth to her Majesty's surety for
+that which may ensure as the present hurt and danger to themselves.
+Wherefore, having considered her Majesty's friendly and godly offer to
+concur with them, and to assist them, ... as from subjects that see how
+far the Sovereign is led by unadvised persons, from her duty to God, and
+care that she ought to have of the weal of her country, they most humbly
+desire the performance of her Majesty's promise.... They are loth so far
+to charge her Majesty as to desire any number of men to take their part,
+but that it will only please her Majesty to help them with such sums of
+money as for a time may be able to keep themselves together, be it that
+they determine to be wheresoever the Queen's self is, or to remain in
+Edinburgh, where they may best put order unto all those grievous
+enormities.... They think that if her Majesty would bestow only three
+thousand pounds sterling for this year, except some foreign force shall
+be brought in against them.
+
+_Acts of the Privy Council of Scotland_, July 12, 1565.
+
+For as much as divers evil disposed persons ... wickedly and ungodly
+have pretended by untrue reports ... that her Majesty had begun or
+intended to impede, stay, or molest any of them in using of their
+religion and conscience freely ... ordains letters to be direct to
+officers of the Queen's Sheriff in that part {respect}, charging them to
+pass to the market crosses of all burghs of this realm, and other places
+needful, and there, by open proclamation, make publication of this her
+Majesty's mind and meaning; certifying and assuring all her good
+subjects, that as they, nor none of them, have hitherto been molested in
+the quiet using of their religion and conscience, so shall they not be
+unquieted in that behalf in any time to come; but behaving themselves
+honestly as good subjects shall find her Majesty their good princess,
+willing to do them justice, and to show them favour and clemency, but
+{without} innovation or alteration in any sort.
+
+_A ROYAL MARRIAGE_
+
+_Randolph to Leicester, from Edinburgh_, July 31, 1565.
+_Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 199.
+
+I doubt not but your Lordship hath heard by such information as I have
+given from hence, what the present state of this country is, how this
+Queen is now become a married wife, and her husband, the self same day
+of his marriage, made a king.... So many discontented minds, so much
+misliking of the subjects to have these matters, ordered in this sort,
+to be brought to pass, I never heard of any marriage.... Thus they fear
+the overthrow of religion, the breach of amity with the Queen's Majesty
+{Elizabeth}, destruction of as many of the nobility as she hath
+misliking of, or that he to pick a quarrel unto.... He {Darnley} would
+now seem to be indifferent to both the religions, she to use her mass,
+and he to come sometimes to the preaching.
+
+They were married with all the solemnities of the popish time, saving
+that he heard not the mass; his speech and talk argueth his mind, and
+yet would he fain seem to the world that he were of some religion. His
+words to all men against whom he conceiveth any displeasure, how unjust
+soever it be, so proud and spiteful, that rather he seemeth a monarch of
+the world than he that not long since we have seen and known the Lord
+Darnley....
+
+_"GOD SAVE HIS GRACE!"_
+
+All honour that may be attributed unto any man by a wife, he hath it
+wholly and fully ... all dignities that she can indue him with are
+already given and granted. No man pleaseth her that contenteth not him,
+and what may I say more, she hath given over unto him her whole will, to
+be ruled and guided as himself best liketh. She can as much prevail with
+him in anything that is against his will, as your Lordship may with me
+to persuade that I should hang myself.... Upon Saturday ... at nine
+hours at night, by three heralds at sound of the trumpet he was
+proclaimed king. This was the night before the marriage. This day,
+Monday, at twelve of the clock, the Lords, all that were in this town,
+were present at the proclaiming of him again, when no man said so much
+as Amen, saving his father, that cried out aloud, "God save his Grace!"
+
+The manner of the marriage was of this sort. Upon Sunday, in the
+morning, between five and six, she was conveyed by divers of her nobles
+to the chapel. She had upon her back the great mourning gown of black,
+with the great wide mourning hood, not unlike unto that which she wore
+the doleful day of the burial of her husband. She was led unto the
+Chapel by the Earls Lennox and Athole, and there she was left until her
+husband came, who was also conveyed by the same lords. The ministers,
+two priests, did there receive them. The banns are asked the third time,
+and an instrument taken by a notary that no man said against them, or
+alleged any cause why the marriage might not proceed. The words were
+spoken, the rings, which were three, the middle a rich diamond, were put
+upon her finger, they kneel together, and many prayers said over them.
+She carrieth out the ...[16] and he taketh a kiss, and leaveth her there
+and went to her chamber, whither in a space she followeth, and there
+being required, according to the solemnities, to cast off her care, and
+lay aside those sorrowful garments, and give herself to a pleasanter
+life. After some pretty refusals, more I believe for manner sake than
+grief of heart, she suffereth them that stood by, every man that could
+approach to take out a pin, and so being committed to her ladies changed
+her garments.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [16] Word illegible.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_ELIZABETH ASKED TO EXPLAIN_
+
+_Cecil to Sir Thomas Smith, from Windsor_, August 21,
+1565. _Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 206.
+
+Mr. Tomworth was sent to the Queen of Scots upon this occasion; the
+Scottish Queen hath sent twice hither to require the Queen's Majesty to
+declare for what causes she did mislike of this marriage, offering also
+to satisfy the same. In the meantime troubles arise there betwixt her
+and the Earl of Murray and others being friendly to the warm amity of
+the realm, whereunto for sundry respects it seemeth convenient for us to
+regard. The Duke {of Châtelherault}, the Earls of Argyll, Murray, and
+Rothes, with sundry Barons, are joined together not to allow of the
+marriage, otherwise than to have the religion established by law, but
+the Queen refuseth in this sort; she will not suffer it to have the
+force of law, but of permission to every man to live according to his
+conscience. And herewith she retained a great number of Protestants from
+associating openly with the other. She hath sent for the Earl Murray,
+but the mistrust is so far entered on both sides, that I think it will
+fall to an evil end, for she hath put the Earl of Murray to the horn
+{_i.e._ outlawed} and prohibited all persons to aid him. Nevertheless,
+the Duke, the Earls of Argyll and Rothes are together with him. We shall
+hear by Mr. Tomworth what is most likely to follow.
+
+_THE REBELS OUT-LAWED_
+
+_Register of the Privy Council_, December 1, 1565.
+
+The which day, in presence of the King and Queen's Majesties and Lords
+of Secret Council, compeared Master John Spence of Condy, advocate to
+their Highnesses, and exponed how at their Majesties' command he had
+libelled summonses of treason against Archibald, Earl of Argyll, James,
+Earl of Murray, Alexander, Earl of Glencairn, Andrew, Earl of Rothes,
+Andrew, Lord Ochiltree, Robert, Lord Boyd, and divers others,--to
+compear in the next Parliament, to begin the fourth day of February next
+to come, to hear them decerned to have incurred the crime of _lese
+majestie_, and to have lost and forfeited life, lands, and goods.... But
+because there were divers of the said persons outwith the realm ... it
+behoved them be summoned by open proclamation at the Market Cross of
+Edinburgh, and other Crosses next adjacent according to the common law;
+and thereupon desired a declaration and determination of their Majesties
+and Lords forsaid. The which being reasoned with good deliberation and
+advisement, their Majesties and Lordships find and declare that the said
+persons being summoned in manner above specified, the execution is as
+sufficient in all respects as if the same summonses were execute upon
+them personally or at their dwelling-places.
+
+
+_GOOD AND COURTEOUS ENTERTAINMENT_
+
+Murray's Reception by Elizabeth.
+
+_Knox's Continuator_ (cf. p. 260), _Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. p. 513.
+
+By means of the French Ambassador, called Monsieur De Four, his true
+friend, he {Murray} obtained audience. The Queen, with a fair
+countenance, demanded "how he, being a rebel to her Sister of Scotland,
+durst take the boldness upon him to come within her realm?" These, and
+the like words got he, instead of the good and courteous entertainment
+expected. Finally, after private discourse, the Ambassador being absent,
+she refused to give the Lords any support, denying plainly that ever she
+had promised any such thing as to support them, saying, "She never meant
+any such thing in that way;" albeit her greatest familiars knew the
+contrary. In the end the Earl of Murray said to her, "Madam, whatsoever
+thing your Majesty meant in your heart, we are thereof ignorant; but
+this much we know assuredly, that we had lately faithful promises of aid
+and support by your Ambassador and familiar servants, in your name; and
+further, we have your own handwriting, confirming the said promises."
+And afterward he took his leave, and came northward from London towards
+Newcastle. After the Earl of Murray his departure from the Court the
+Queen sent them some aid, and writ unto the Queen of Scotland in their
+favour, whether she had promised it in private to the Earl of Murray, or
+whether she repented her of the harsh reception of the Earl of Murray.
+
+ [This account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray should be
+ compared with that given by Melville (p. 60).]
+
+
+Mary's Relations with her Husband.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, January 16, 1566.
+_Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 216.
+
+This court of long time hath been very quiet, small resort of any, and
+many of those that come but slenderly welcome for the great and
+importunate suit made by them for my Lord of Murray and the rest, who by
+no means can find any favour at her Grace's hands, in so much that
+Robert Melville hath received for resolute answer that let the Queen of
+England do for them what she will, they shall never live in Scotland and
+she together....
+
+_MATRIMONIAL MISLIKINGS_
+
+I cannot tell what mislikings of late there hath been between her Grace
+and her husband; he presses earnestly for the matrimonial crown, which
+she is loth hastily to grant, but willing to keep somewhat in store
+until she know how well he is worthy to enjoy such a sovereignty, and
+therefore it is thought that the Parliament for a time shall be
+deferred, but hereof I can write no certainty.
+
+_THE HOLY LEAGUE_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, February 7, 1565.
+_Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 219.
+
+There was a bond lately devised in which the late Pope, the Emperor, the
+King of Spain, the Duke of Savoy, with divers Princes of Italy and the
+Queen mother {of France} suspected to be of the same confederacy, to
+maintain papistry throughout Christendom. This bond was sent out of
+France by Thornton, and is subscribed by this Queen. The copy whereof,
+remaining with her and the principal, to be returned very shortly, as I
+hear, by Mr. Steven Wilson, a fit minister for such devilish devices. If
+the copy hereof can be gotten, it shall be sent as conveniently I
+may....
+
+ [The bond referred to is the Holy League. Cf. _infra._]
+
+In this court divers contentions, quarrels, and debates; nothing so much
+sought as to maintain mischief and disorder. David {Rizzio} yet
+retaineth his place, not without heart grief to many that see their
+sovereign guided chiefly by such a fellow.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick_, February 14, 1566.
+_Stevenson's Selections._
+
+There is a league concluded between the King of Spain, the Duke of
+Savoy, and divers other Papist princes, for the overthrow of religion,
+as you shall hear more by others, which is come to this Queen's hands,
+but not yet confirmed.
+
+_CECIL INFORMED OF THE RIZZIO PLOT_
+
+_Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick_, March 6, 1566.
+_Tytler's History of Scotland_, vol. vii. p. 30.
+
+Somewhat we are sure you have heard of divers discord and jars between
+this Queen and her husband, partly for that she hath refused him the
+crown matrimonial, partly for that he hath assured knowledge of such,
+usage of herself as altogether is intolerable to be borne, which, if it
+were not over well known, we would both be very loath to think that it
+could be true. To take away this occasion of slander, he is himself
+determined to be at the apprehension and execution of him, whom he is
+able manifestly to charge with the crime, and to have done him the most
+dishonour that can be to any man, much more being as he is. We need not
+more plainly to describe the person {Rizzio}. You have heard of the man
+whom we mean of.
+
+To come by the other thing which he desireth, which is the crown
+matrimonial, what is devised and concluded upon by him and the noblemen,
+you shall see by copies of the conditions between them and him, of which
+Mr. Randolph assureth me to have seen the principals, and taken the
+copies written with his own hand.
+
+The time of execution and performance of these matters is before the
+Parliament, as near as it is. To this determination of theirs, there are
+privy in Scotland; these--Argyll, Morton, Boyd, Ruthven, and Lethington.
+In England these--Murray, Rothes, Grange, myself, and the writer hereof.
+If persuasions to cause the Queen to yield to these matters do no good,
+they purpose to proceed we know not in what sort. If she be able to make
+any power at home, she shall be withstood, and herself kept from all
+other counsel than her own nobility. If she seek any foreign support,
+the Queen's Majesty, our sovereign, shall be sought, and sued unto to
+accept his and their defence, with offers reasonable to her Majesty's
+contentment.
+
+
+_OBLIGATIONS OF THE LORDS_
+
+Agreement between Darnley and the Earls of Murray, Argyll, Glencairn,
+and Rothes, and Lords Boyd and Ochiltree.
+
+_Ruthven's Relation_, Ed. of 1815.
+
+_Articles to be fulfilled by the lords._
+
+1. The said earls, lords, and their complices, shall become, and by the
+tenor hereof become true subjects, men and servants to the noble and
+mighty Prince Henry, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, and husband
+to our sovereign lady; that they and all others that will do for them
+shall take a loyal and true part with the said noble Prince in all his
+actions, causes, and quarrels, against whomsoever, to the uttermost of
+their power....
+
+2. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall ... by themselves
+and others that have voice in Parliament, consent, and by these presents
+do consent now as then, and then as now, to grant and give the crown
+matrimonial to the said noble Prince for all the days of his life. And
+if any person or persons withstand or gainsay the same, the said earls,
+lords, and their complices shall take such part as the said noble Prince
+taketh, in whatsoever sort, for the obtaining of the said crown against
+all....
+
+3. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall fortify and maintain
+the said noble Prince in his just title to the crown of Scotland,
+failing of succession of our sovereign lady....
+
+4. As to the religion which was established by the Queen's Majesty, our
+sovereign, shortly after her arrival in this realm ... they and every
+one of them shall maintain and fortify the same at their uttermost
+powers, by the help, supply, and maintenance of the said noble Prince.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_DARNLEY'S PROMISES_
+
+_Articles to be fulfilled by Darnley._
+
+1. The said noble Prince shall do his good-will to obtain them one
+remission, if they require the same, for all faults and crimes by-past,
+of whatsoever quality or condition they be....
+
+2. We shall not suffer, by our good-wills, the foresaid lords and their
+complices to be called or accused in Parliament, nor suffer any
+forfeiture to be laid against them....
+
+3. That the said earls, lords, and their complices, returning within the
+realm of Scotland, we shall suffer or permit them to use and enjoy all
+their lands, tacks, steadings, and benefices, that they or any of them
+had before their passage into England....
+
+4. As to the said earls, lords, and their complices' religion, we are
+contented and consent that they use the same, conform to the Queen's
+Majesty's act and proclamation made thereupon, shortly after her
+Highness's return out of France....
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+_THE BOND FOR THE MURDER_
+
+_THE WORD OF A PRINCE_
+
+Bond for Rizzio's Murder--Ruthven's Relation.
+
+Be it kend {known} to all men by these present letters: We, Henry, by
+the grace of God, King of Scotland, and husband to the Queen's Majesty,
+for so much we having consideration of the gentle and good nature, with
+many other good qualities in her Majesty, we have thought pity, and also
+think it great conscience to us that are her husband, to suffer her to
+be abused or seduced by certain privy persons, wicked and ungodly ...
+especially a stranger Italian called Davie ... we have devised to take
+these privy persons, enemies to her Majesty, us, the nobility and
+commonwealth, to punish them according to their demerits, and in case of
+any difficulty, to cut them off immediately, and to take and slay them
+wherever it happeneth. And because we cannot accomplish the same without
+the assistance of others, therefore have we drawn certain of our
+nobility, earls, lords, barons, freeholders, gentlemen, merchants, and
+craftsmen, to assist us in our enterprise, which cannot be finished
+without great hazard.... We bind and oblige us, our heirs and
+successors, to the said earls, lords, barons, gentlemen, freeholders,
+merchants, and craftsmen, their heirs and successors, that we shall
+accept the same feud upon us, and fortify and maintain them at the
+uttermost of our power, and shall be friend to their friend, and enemy
+to their enemies, and shall neither suffer them nor theirs to be
+molested nor troubled in their bodies, lands, goods, nor possessions so
+far as lieth in us. And if any person would take any of the said earls,
+lords, barons, gentlemen, freeholders, merchants, or craftsmen, for
+enterprising and assisting with us for the achieving of our purpose,
+because it may chance to be done in presence of the Queen's majesty, or
+within her palace of Holyrood-house, we, by the word of a prince, shall
+accept and take the same on us now as then and then as now.... In
+witness whereof we have subscribed this with our own hand at Edinburgh,
+the 1st of March 1565.
+
+
+_A ROYAL SUPPER-PARTY_
+
+_THE MURDER_
+
+1566.--April 2. Mary's Description of the Murder of Rizzio, in a letter
+to the Archbishop of Glasgow, her Ambassador in Paris.
+
+_Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 411.
+
+Most Reverend Father, we greet you well.... It is not unknown to you how
+our Parliament was appointed to the 12th of this instant month of March,
+to which these that were our rebels and fugitives in England were
+summoned to have heard themselves forfeited. The day thereof
+approaching, we required the King our husband to assist us in passing
+thereto, who, as we are assured, being persuaded by our rebels that were
+fugitive, with the advice and fortification of the Earl of Morton, Lords
+Ruthven and Lindsay, their assisters and complices, who were with us in
+company, by their suggestion refused to pass with us thereto, as we
+suppose because of his facility, and subtle means of the Lords foresaid,
+he condescended to advance the pretended religion published here, to put
+the rebels in their rooms and possessions which they had of before, and
+but {without} our knowledge grant to them a remit of all their
+trespasses.... Upon the 9th day of March instant, we being, at even
+about seven hours, in our cabinet at our supper, sociated with our
+sister the Countess of Argyll, our brother the Commendator {lay Abbot}
+of Holyrood-house, Laird of Criech, Arthur Erskine, and certain others
+our domestic servitors, in quiet manner, especially by reason of our
+evil disposition, being counselled to sustain ourselves with flesh {in
+Lent}, having also then passed almost to the end of seven months in our
+birth; the King our husband came to us in our cabinet, placed him beside
+us at our supper. The Earl of Morton and Lord Lindsay, with their
+assisters, clothed in warlike manner, to the number of eight score
+persons or thereby, kept and occupied the whole entry to our Palace of
+Holyrood-house.... In that meantime, the Lord Ruthven, clothed in like
+manner, with his complices, took entry perforce in our cabinet, and
+there seeing our secretary, David Riccio, among others our servants,
+declared he had to speak with him. In this instant we inquired the King
+our husband if he knew anything of that enterprise? who denyed the same.
+Also we commanded the Lord Ruthven, under the pain of treason, to avoid
+him forth of our presence, declaring we should exhibit the said David
+before the Lords of Parliament to be punished, if in any sort he had
+offended. Notwithstanding, the said Lord Ruthven perforce invaded him in
+our presence (he then for refuge took safe-guard, having retired him
+behind our back), and with his complices cast down our table upon
+ourself, put violent hands in him, struck him over our shoulders with
+whingers {hangers}, one part of them standing before our face with
+bended daggs {pistols}, most cruelly took him forth of our cabinet, and
+at the entry of our chamber give him fifty-six strokes with whingers and
+swords, in doing whereof we were not only struck with great dread, but
+also by sundry considerations, were most justly induced to take extreme
+fear of our life. After this deed immediately the said Lord Ruthven,
+coming again in our presence, declared how they and their complices
+foresaid were highly offended with our proceedings and tyranny, which
+was not to them tolerable; how we were abused by the said David whom
+they had actually put to death, namely, in taking his counsel for
+maintenance of the ancient religion, debarring of the Lords which were
+fugitive, and entertaining of amity with foreign princes and nations
+with whom we were confederate; putting also upon Council the Lords
+Bothwell and Huntly, who were traitors, and with whom he associated
+himself, that the Lords banished in England were the morn to resort
+toward us, and would take plain part with them in our contrary; and that
+the King was willing to remit them their offences. We all this time took
+no less care of ourselves than for our Council and nobility, maintainers
+of our authority, being with us in our Palace for the time; to wit, the
+Earls of Huntly, Bothwell, Athole, Lords Fleming and Livingstone, Sir
+James Balfour, and certain others our familiar servitors, against whom
+the enterprise was conspired as well as for David; and namely to have
+hanged the said Sir James in cords. Yet, by the providence of God, the
+Earls of Huntly and Bothwell escaped forth of their chambers in our
+Palace at a back window by some cords.... The Earl of Athole and Sir
+James Balfour by some other means, with the Lords Fleming and
+Livingstone, obtained deliverance of their invasion. The Provost and
+town of Edinburgh having understood this tumult in our Palace, caused
+ring their common bell, came to us in great number and desired to have
+seen our presence, intercommuned with us, and to have known our welfare;
+to whom we were not permitted to give answer, being extremely threatened
+by these Lords, who in our face declared, if we desired to have spoken
+them, they should cut us in collops, and cast us over the wall. So this
+community being commanded by our husband, retired them to quietness.
+
+_TREATMENT OF THE QUEEN_
+
+All that night we were detained in captivity within our chamber, not
+permitting us to have intercommuned scarcely with our servant-women nor
+domestic servitors. Upon the morn hereafter proclamation was made in our
+husband's name, by {without} our advice, commanding all Prelates and
+other Lords convened to Parliament to retire themselves of our burgh of
+Edinburgh. That whole day we were kept in that firmance {custody}, our
+familiar servitors and guard being debarred from our service, and we
+watched by the committers of these crimes, to whom a part of the
+community of Edinburgh, to the number of four score persons, assisted.
+
+The Earl of Murray that same day at even, accompanied with the Earl of
+Rothes, Pitarrow, Grange, tutor of Pitcur, and others who were with him
+in England, came to them, and seeing our state and entertainment, was
+moved with natural affection toward us. Upon the morn he assembled the
+enterprisers of their late crime, and such of our rebels as came with
+him. In their Council they thought it most expedient we should be warded
+in our castle of Stirling, there to remain while {till} we had approved
+in Parliament all their wicked enterprises, established their religion,
+and given the King the crown matrimonial and the whole government of our
+realm; or else, by all appearance, firmly prepared to have put us to
+death, or detained us in perpetual captivity. To avoid them of our
+Palace, with their guard and assisters, the King promised to keep us
+that night in sure guard, and that but {without} compulsion he should
+cause us in Parliament approve all their conspiracies. By this means he
+caused them to retire them of our Palace.
+
+_MARY WINS DARNLEY TO HER SIDE_
+
+_DARNLEY PROTESTS INNOCENCE_
+
+This being granted, ... we declared our state to the King our husband,
+certifying him how miserably he would be handled, in case he permitted
+these Lords to prevail in our contrare {against us}, and how
+unacceptable it would be to other Princes, our confederates, in case he
+altered the religion. By this persuasion he was induced to condescend to
+the purpose taken by us, and to retire in our company to Dunbar, which
+we did under night, accompanied with the captain of our guard, Arthur
+Erskine, and two others only.... Soon after our coming to Dunbar, sundry
+of our nobility, zealous of our weal, such as the Earls of Huntly,
+Bothwell, Marshal, Athole, Caithness; Bishop of St. Andrews, with his
+kin and friends; Lords Hume, Sempill, and infinite others assembled to
+us.... The Earl of Moray and Argyll sent diverse messages to procure our
+favour, to whom in likewise, for certain respects, by advice of our
+Nobility and Council being with us, we have granted remission, under
+condition they nowise apply themselves to these last conspirators, and
+retire themselves in Argyle during our will.... We remained in Dunbar
+five days, and after returned to Edinburgh well accompanied with our
+subjects. The last conspirators, with their assisters, have removed
+themselves forth of the same before, and being presently fugitive from
+our laws, we have caused by our charges their whole fortunes, strength,
+and houses to be rendered to us; have caused make inventory of their
+goods and gear, and intend further to pursue them with all vigour.
+Whereunto we are assured to have the assistance of our husband, who hath
+declared to us, and in presence of the Lords of our Privy Council, his
+innocence of this last conspiracy, how he never counselled, commanded,
+consented, assisted, nor approved the same. Thus far only he ever saw
+himself, that at the enticement and persuasion of the late conspirators
+he, without our advice or knowledge, consented to the bringing home
+forth of England of the Earls of Moray, Glencairn, Rothes, and other
+persons with whom we were offended. This ye will consider by his
+declaration made hereupon, which at his desire hath been published at
+the market crosses of this our Realm ... of Edinburgh, the second day of
+April 1566.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION IV
+
+MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Murray's plea for the Rizzio rebels.
+
+ 2. The relations between Mary and Darnley.
+ (_a_) Mary's Will.
+ (_b_) The Birth of Prince James.
+
+ 3. Mary to Elizabeth anent her support of the rebels.
+
+ 4. Mary's treatment of Darnley, and Darnley's conduct towards Mary.
+ (_a_) As reported by M. le Croc, the French Ambassador.
+ (_b_) As reported by Buchanan, with the Alloa story.
+ (_c_) Nau's account of the Alloa story, and a letter of
+ Mary's from Alloa.
+
+ 5. The Ride to Hermitage.
+ (_a_) As reported in the Diurnal of Occurrents.
+ (_b_) As reported by Nau.
+ (_c_) As reported by Buchanan.
+
+ 6. The Queen's illness at Jedburgh.
+
+ 7. The Craigmillar Conference.
+ (_a_) As reported by Buchanan.
+ (_b_) In the Protestation of Huntly and Argyll.
+
+ 8. The events immediately before the Darnley murder.
+ (_a_) Letter from Du Croc.
+ (_b_) The Baptism of the Prince.
+ (_c_) Restoration of the consistorial jurisdiction.
+ (_d_) Mary on Darnley's conduct.
+ (_e_) Beaton's warning.
+
+ 9. The visit to Glasgow and the murder.
+ (_a_) As reported by Buchanan in the _Detection_.
+ (_b_) As described by Mary.
+ (_c_) As described by Nau.
+ (_d_) As described by Buchanan in his _History_.
+
+
+Relations between Mary and Darnley.
+
+_Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick_, March 27,
+1566. _Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 235.
+
+My Lord of Murray by a special servant sent unto us desireth your
+Honour's favour to these noblemen {the fugitives}, as his dear friends,
+and such as for his sake hath given this adventure.
+
+
+"_TO THE KING WHO GAVE IT ME_"
+
+Bequests to the King.
+
+_Robertson's Inventories._
+
+Before the birth of her son, Mary made a will, of which no copy is
+extant. But Mr. Joseph Robertson found an inventory of her jewels, made
+at the same time, with marginal notes, in the Queen's own handwriting,
+indicating their disposition. There are fifteen entries "Au Roy," from
+which we quote the most interesting marginal note:--
+
+ It was with this that I was
+ married, to the King, who A diamond ring enamelled
+ gave it me. in red.
+
+There are also bequests to the Crown of Scotland, the Earl and Countess
+of Lennox, and the Earl of Murray, also a jewel with the marginal
+note:--
+
+"To Joseph {Riccio}, which his brother gave me."
+
+At the end of the first section of the inventory, there is the following
+note in Mary's hand:--
+
+"I wish that these provisions be carried out in case that the child does
+not survive me, but if it live, it is to inherit everything. MARIE R."
+
+
+Illustration: QUEEN MARY'S SIGNET-RING AND MONOGRAM.
+
+
+Mary's Will as described in the "Book of Articles" (cf. p. 144).
+
+_Hosack's Mary_, vol. i. p. 525.
+
+This her rooted disdain still continuing a little before her deliverance
+of her birth in May or June 1566, in making of her latter will and
+testament, she named and appointed Bothwell among others to the tutele
+{guardianship} of her birth {child} and issue, and government of the
+realm in case of her decease, and unnaturally excluded the father from
+all kind of cure and regiment over his own child, advancing Bothwell
+above all others to be lieutenant-general.... She disponit also her
+whole moveables to others beside her husband.
+
+
+_ELIZABETH'S RECEPTION OF THE NEWS_
+
+The Birth of Prince James.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 158.
+
+All this while I lay in the castle of Edinburgh, praying night and day
+for her Majesty's good and happy delivery of a fair son. This prayer
+being granted, I was the first that was advertised by the Lady Boyne
+{Mary Beaton, just married to Ogilvie of Boyne}, in her Majesty's name
+to part with diligence, the 19th day of June in the year 1566, between
+ten and eleven hours before noon. It struck twelve hours when I took my
+horse, and was at Berwick that same night. The fourth day after, I was
+at London, and met first with my brother, who sent and advertised the
+Secretary Cecil that same night of my coming and of the birth of the
+Prince, willing him to keep it up, until my being at Court to show it
+myself unto her Majesty, who was for the time at Greenwich, where her
+Majesty was in great merriness and dancing after supper; but so soon as
+the Secretary Cecil rounded the news in her ear of the Prince's birth
+all merriness was laid aside for that night, every one that were present
+marvelling what might move so sudden a changement; for the Queen sat
+down with her hand upon her haffet {cheek}, and bursting out to some of
+her ladies, how that the Queen of Scotland was lighter of a fair son,
+and that she was but a barren stock.... The next morning was appointed
+unto me to get audience ... she ... said, that the joyful news of the
+Queen her sister's delivery of a fair son, which I had sent unto her by
+Master Cecil, had recovered her out of a heavy sickness which has held
+her fifteen days. Therefore she welcomed me with a merry volt
+{countenance}, and thanked me for the diligence I had used. All this she
+said before I had delivered unto her my letter of credence. After that
+she had read it, I declared how that the Queen had hasted me towards her
+Majesty, whom she knew of all other her friends would be gladdest of the
+good news of her birth, albeit dear bought with the peril of her life;
+for I said that she was so sore handled in the meantime that she wished
+never to have been married. This I said to give her a little scare to
+marry, by the way; for so my brother had informed me, because she
+boasted sometimes to marry the Archduke Charles of Austria, when any man
+pressed her to declare a second person {heir}. Then I requested her
+Majesty to be a gossip unto the Queen, for our cummer are called gossips
+in England; which she granted gladly to be.
+
+_MARY AND DARNLEY_
+
+_Herries's Memoirs_, p. 79. (_Abbotsford Club._)
+
+About two o'clock in the afternoon the King came to visit the Queen, and
+was desirous to see the child. "My Lord," says the Queen, "God has given
+you and me a son, begotten by none but you!" At which words the King
+blushed, and kissed the child. Then she took the child in her arms, and
+discovering his face, said, "My Lord, here I protest to God, and as I
+shall answer to Him at the great day of judgment, this is your son, and
+no other man's son! And I am desirous that all here, with ladies and
+others, bear witness; for he is so much your own son, that I fear it
+will be the worse for him hereafter!" Then she spoke to Sir William
+Stanley. "This," says she, "is the son whom (I hope) shall first unite
+the two kingdoms of Scotland and England!" Sir William answered, "Why,
+Madam? Shall he succeed before your Majesty and his father?" "Because,"
+says she, "his father has broken to me." The King was by and heard all.
+Says he, "Sweet Madam, is this your promise that you made to forgive and
+forget all?" The Queen answered, "I have forgiven all, but will never
+forget. What if Faudonside's pistol had shot, what would have become of
+him and me both? or what estate would you have been in? God only knows;
+but we may suspect." "Madam," answered the King, "these things are all
+past." "Then," says the Queen, "let them go."
+
+
+Rejoicings in Edinburgh.
+
+_Claude Nau's Memorials_, p. 27.
+
+Immediately upon the birth of the Prince, all the artillery of the
+castle was discharged, and the lords, the nobles, and the people
+gathered in St. Giles' Church to thank God for the honour of having an
+heir to their kingdom. After the birth, certain gentlemen were
+despatched to the King of France, the Queen of England, and the Duke of
+Savoy, to ask them to be godfathers and godmothers to the Prince, to
+which they very gladly consented.
+
+
+_ELIZABETH AGAIN QUESTIONED_
+
+Elizabeth and the Rebels.
+
+_Mary to Elizabeth_, July 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 442.
+
+Right excellent, right high and mighty Princess, our dearest sister and
+cousin, in our most hearty manner we commend us unto you: We have
+understood by your declaration made ... to our dearest brother the King
+of France, ... that neither ye had aided nor were minded to aid and
+support our rebels against us, which we have always taken to be
+undoubtedly true, ... yet we have certain knowledge that our said rebels
+were supported with the sum of three thousand crowns, sent to the Lady
+Murray by Master Randolph about the middle of August by-past, as the man
+who carried the money has confessed in his own presence; which his
+proceeding as we have just occasion to think most strange ... we ...
+have taken occasion to send him home to you, where his behaviour in this
+case may be tried, and he ordered accordingly at your discretion.
+
+
+_QUEEN MARY'S WISE CONDUCT_
+
+Mary's Treatment of Darnley.
+
+_M. le Croc, French Ambassador in Scotland, to the Archbishop of
+Glasgow, Scottish Ambassador in France, from Jedburgh_, October 15,
+1566. _Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 448.
+
+The Queen is now returned from Stirling to Edinburgh.... The King,
+however, abode at Stirling, and he told me there that he had a mind to
+go beyond sea, in a sort of desperation.... Since that time the Earl of
+Lennox his father came to visit him; and he has written a letter to the
+Queen signifying that it is not in his power to divert his son from his
+intended voyage, and prays her Majesty to use her influence therein.
+This letter from the Earl of Lennox the Queen received on Michaelmas Day
+in the morning; and that same evening the King arrived here about ten of
+the clock.... Early next morning the Queen sent for me, and for all the
+Lords and other counsellors. As we were all met in their Majesties'
+presence, the Bishop of Ross by the Queen's commandment declared to the
+Council the King's intention to go beyond sea; for which purpose he had
+a ship lying ready to sail; ... and thereafter the Queen prayed the King
+to declare in presence of the Lords and before me the reason of his
+projected departure.... She likewise took him by the hand, and besought
+him for God's sake to declare if she had given him any cause for this
+resolution; and entreated he might deal plainly, and not spare her.
+Moreover, all the Lords likewise said to him, that if there was any
+fault on their part, upon his declaring it they were ready to perform
+it. And I likewise took the freedom to tell him, that his departure must
+certainly affect either his own or the Queen's honour--that if the Queen
+had afforded any ground for it, his declaring the same would affect her
+Majesty; as, on the other hand, if he should go away without giving any
+cause for it, this thing could not at all redound to his praise.... The
+King at last declared that he had no ground at all given him for such a
+deliberation; and thereupon he went out of the chamber of presence,
+saying to the Queen, "Adieu, Madam, you shall not see my face for a long
+space." ... I never saw her Majesty so much beloved, esteemed, and
+honoured; nor so great a harmony amongst all her subjects, as at present
+is by her wise conduct, for I cannot perceive the smallest difference or
+division.
+
+_SUBSEQUENT ACCUSATIONS_
+
+_Buchanan's Detection._
+
+Not long after her deliverance, on a day very early, accompanied with
+very few that were privy of her counsel, she went down to the
+water-side, at the place called the New Haven; and while all marvelled
+whither she went in such haste, she suddenly entered into a ship there
+provided for her; which ship was provided by ... Bothwell's servants,
+and famous robbers and pirates. With this train of thieves, all honest
+men wondering at it, she betook herself to sea, taking not any other
+with her, no not of her gentlemen, nor necessary attendants for common
+honesty. In Alloa castle, where the ship arrived, how she behaved
+herself, I had rather every man should with himself imagine it, than
+hear me declare it. This one thing I dare affirm, that in all her words
+and doings, she never kept any regard, I will not say of Queen-like
+Majesty, but not of matron-like modesty.... In the meantime, the King
+being commanded out of sight, and with injuries and miseries banished
+from her, kept himself close, with a few of his friends, at Stirling....
+Yet his heart, obstinately fixed in loving her, could not be restrained,
+but he must needs come back to Edinburgh, on purpose, with all kind of
+serviceable humbleness, to get some entry into her former favour, and to
+recover the kind society of marriage. Who once again being with most
+dishonourable disdain excluded, returned from whence he came, there to
+bewail his woeful miseries, as in a solitary desert.
+
+_Nau's Memorials_, p. 29.
+
+About the beginning of August the Queen crossed the sea and went to
+Alloa, a house belonging to the Earl of Mar, where she remained for some
+days in the company of the ladies of her court and the said earl.
+
+
+_THE QUEEN AND A POOR WOMAN_
+
+Mary and the Poor.
+
+_The Lennox_, vol. ii. p. 429.
+
+Trusty Friend,--Forasmuch as it is heavily bemoaned and piteously
+complained to us by this poor woman, that ye have violently ejected her
+with a company of poor bairns forth of her kindly room, after {although}
+willing to pay your duty thankfully: therefore (in respect that if ye be
+so extreme as to depauperate the poor woman and her bairns) we will
+desire you to show some favour and accept them in their steading
+{habitation} as ye have done in times bygone; the which we doubt not but
+ye will do for this our request, and as ye shall report our thanks and
+pleasure for the same. At Alloa, the penult of July 1566.
+
+ MARIE R.
+
+To our trusty friend, Robert Murray of Abercairney, this be delivered.
+
+
+The Ride to Hermitage.
+
+_Diurnal of Occurrents._
+
+Upon the 7th day of October 1566 years, our sovereign lady, accompanied
+with the nobility of this realm, departed of Edinburgh towards Jedburgh,
+to hold a justice eyre there, which was proclaimed to be held upon the
+eighth day of the same month.
+
+Upon the same day, James, Earl Bothwell ... being sent by our sovereigns
+to bring in certain thieves and malefactors of Liddesdale to the justice
+eyre ... chanced upon a thief called John Elliot of the Park.... The
+said earl shot him with a dagg {pistol} in the body.... The said John
+perceiving himself shot and the Earl fallen, he went to him where he
+lay, and gave him three wounds, one in the body, one in the head, and
+one in the hand; and my lord gave him two strokes with a hanger, ... and
+the said thief departed, and my lord lay in swoon, while his servants
+came and carried him to the Hermitage....
+
+_FROM JEDBURGH TO HERMITAGE_
+
+Upon the fifteenth day of the said month of October, our sovereign lady
+rode from Jedburgh to the Hermitage {about 30 miles}, wherein my Lord
+Bothwell was lying in mending of his wound, and spake with the same
+earl, and returned again the same night to Jedburgh.
+
+_Nau's Memorials_, p. 30.
+
+The Earl of Bothwell was so dangerously wounded in the hand that every
+one thought he would die. He thought so himself. Such being the case,
+her Majesty was both solicited and advised to pay him a visit at his
+house, called the Hermitage, in order that she might learn from him the
+state of affairs in these districts, of which the said lord was
+hereditary governor. With this object in view, she went very speedily,
+in the company of the Earl of Moray and some other lords, in whose
+presence she conversed with Bothwell for some hours, and on the same day
+returned to Jedburgh.
+
+
+_BUCHANAN'S VERSION_
+
+Buchanan on the Ride to Hermitage.
+
+_Detection._
+
+When the Queen had resolved to set out for Jedburgh to hold the Assizes,
+about the beginning of October, Bothwell made an expedition into
+Liddesdale. While he was conducting himself there in a manner worthy
+neither of the place to which he had been raised nor of his family and
+of what might have been expected of him, he was wounded by a dying
+robber. He was carried to the castle of Hermitage in a condition such as
+to make his recovery uncertain. When this news is carried to the Queen
+at Borthwick, although it was a severe winter, she flies off like a mad
+woman, with enormous journeys first to Melrose and then to Jedburgh.
+Although reliable reports about his life had reached that place, her
+eager mind was unable to retain self-control and to prevent her from
+displaying her shameless lust. At an unfavourable season, in spite of
+the danger of the roads and of robbers, she threw herself into the
+expedition with such an escort as no one slightly more honourable would
+have dared to entrust with life and fortune. Furthermore, when she
+returned to Jedburgh she arranged, with extraordinary zeal and care, for
+Bothwell's being carried thither. After he was brought there, their life
+and conversation was little in accordance with the dignity of either of
+them.
+
+ [The distance from Borthwick Castle to Jedburgh is about sixty
+ miles.]
+
+
+_A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY PHYSICIAN_
+
+The Queen's Illness at Jedburgh.
+
+_John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, to the Archbishop of Glasgow._
+October 27, 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. iii. p. 286.
+
+My Lord,--After most hearty commendations, I write upon haste to your
+Lordship with Saunders Bog, who was sent by M. de Croc this last
+Wednesday to advertise of the Queen's Majesty's sickness, which at that
+time was wondrous great; for assuredly her Majesty was so handled with
+great vehemency, that all that were with her were desperate of her
+convalescence. Nevertheless, soon after the departing of Saunders Bog,
+her Majesty got some relief, which lasted till Thursday at ten hours at
+even, at which time her Majesty swooned again, and failed in her sight;
+her feet and her hands were cold, which were handled by extreme rubbing,
+drawing, and other cures, by the space of four hours, that no creature
+could endure greater pain; and through the vehemency of this cure her
+Majesty got some relief, till about six hours in the morning on Friday,
+that her Majesty became dead, and all her members cold, eyes closed,
+mouth fast, and feet and arms stiff and cold. Nevertheless, Master Nau,
+who is a perfect man of his craft, would not give the matter over in
+that manner, but of new began to draw her knees, legs, arms, feet, and
+the rest, with such vehement torments, which lasted the space of three
+hours, till her Majesty recovered again her sight and speech, and got a
+great sweating, which was held the relief of the sickness, because it
+was on the ninth day, which commonly is called the crisis of the
+sickness, and so here thought the cooling of the fever. And since then
+continually, thanks to God, her Majesty convalesces better and
+better.... Always, I assure your Lordship, in all this sickness, her
+Majesty used herself marvellous godly and Catholic, and continually
+desired to hear speak of God and godly prayers....
+
+_THE QUEEN'S RECOVERY_
+
+ [Mr. Small, in his "Queen Mary at Jedburgh" (p. 18), gives the
+ following as the opinion of "a distinguished physician" on the
+ illness:--"An attack of hæmatemesis, or effusion of blood into the
+ stomach, subsequently discharged by vomiting; presenting also,
+ possibly, hysterical complications, the whole induced by
+ over-exertion and vexation."]
+
+_Marc Antonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassador in France to the
+Signory, from Paris_, Nov. 6, 1566. _Venetian Calendar._
+
+The Ambassador from Scotland came to me to-day with the good news that
+his Queen ... is so much better that it is hoped and almost believed
+that she is certain to live.
+
+The illness was caused by her dissatisfaction at a decision made by the
+King, her husband, to go to a place twenty-five or thirty miles distant
+without assigning any cause for it; which departure so afflicted this
+unfortunate Princess, not so much for the love she bears him as from the
+consequences of his absence, which reduced her to the extremity heard of
+by your Serenity.
+
+
+_BUCHANAN ON CRAIGMILLAR CONFERENCE_
+
+1566.--The Craigmillar Conference.
+
+_Buchanan's Detection._
+
+About the 5th November she returned from Jedburgh to a village called
+Kelso, and there she received letters from the King. When she had read
+these in the presence of the Regent, the Earl of Huntly, and the
+Secretary, with a sad countenance, she said that unless by some means
+she were freed from the King her life would not be worth living; and
+that if it could be done in no other way, rather than live in such
+misery, she would take her life with her own hand.... When, about the
+end of November, she came to Craigmillar, a castle about two miles from
+Edinburgh, she commenced a similar conversation in the presence of the
+Earl of Moray (afterwards Regent, and now himself dead), the Earl of
+Argyle, and the Secretary. She mentioned what seemed to her a
+satisfactory plan. She projected a suit of divorce against the King, and
+doubted not but that it could easily be done, since they were in that
+degree of consanguinity which is forbidden by Canon Law for the
+contraction of matrimony, although they had been by letters easily
+exempted from that law. At this point some one raised an objection,
+that, if it were so managed, their son would be illegitimate, being born
+out of matrimony, and the more so that neither of the parents was
+ignorant of the causes that rendered the marriage null. She considered
+that reply for a little, and recognised its truth. Not daring to enter
+upon a scheme which would thus affect her son, she abandoned her project
+of a divorce, nor did she ever afterwards let slip any opportunity of
+getting rid of the King, as may be readily gathered from what remains to
+tell.
+
+_The Protestation of the Earls of Huntly and Argyll, 1568, Goodall's
+Examination_, vol. ii. pp. 316-321, from Cott. Lib. Calig.,
+vol. i. p. 282.
+
+ [The following "Protestation" was drawn up by Queen Mary's advisers
+ during the Westminster Conference (_infra_, pp. 143 _et seq._), and
+ was despatched to Huntly for his own and Argyll's signature. It
+ was, however, seized and sent to Cecil, without its having reached
+ its destination. It is placed here for the sake of comparison with
+ Buchanan's account of the Conference. It may be noted here that in
+ another document (Instructions and Articles to be advised on and
+ agreed, so far as the Queen's Majesty, our Sovereign, shall think
+ expedient, at the meeting of the Lords in England, committed in
+ credit by ... her Grace's true faithful subjects--_Goodall_, vol.
+ ii. p. 354), signed by Lords Huntly, Argyll, Crawford, Eglinton,
+ Cassilis, Errol, Ogilvie, Fleming, and many others of Mary's
+ supporters, the following sentence refers to this
+ Conference:--"They caused make offers to our said Sovereign Lady,
+ if her Grace would give remission to them that were banished at
+ that time, to find causes of divorce, either for consanguinity, in
+ respect they alleged the dispensation was not published, or else
+ for adultery; or then {else} to get him convict of treason, because
+ he consented to her Grace's retention in ward; or what other ways
+ to despatch him; which altogether her Grace refused, as is
+ manifestly known." The "Dispensation" is the Papal Dispensation for
+ the Darnley marriage, Mary and Darnley being within the forbidden
+ degrees.]
+
+_A CONFERENCE OF THE EARLS_
+
+In the year of God 1566 years, in the month of December, or thereby,
+after her Highness's great and extreme sickness, and return from
+Jedburgh, her Grace being in the castle of Craigmillar, accompanied by
+us above written {_i.e._ Huntly and Argyll}, and by the Earls of
+Bothwell, Murray, and Secretary Lethington; the said Earl of Murray and
+Lethington came into the chamber of us the Earl of Argyll in the
+morning, we being in our bed; who, lamenting the banishment of the Earl
+of Morton, Lords Lindsay and Ruthven, with the rest of their faction,
+said, that the occasion of the murder of David, slain by them in
+presence of the Queen's Majesty, was to trouble and impesche {prevent}
+the parliament; wherein the Earl of Murray and others were to have been
+forfeited and declared rebels. And seeing that the same was chiefly for
+the welfare of the Earl of Murray, it should be esteemed ingratitude if
+he and his friends in reciprocal manner, did not strive all that in them
+lay for relief of the said banished ones; wherefor they thought that we,
+of our part, should have been as desirous thereto as they were.
+
+And we agreeing to the same, to do all that was in us for their relief,
+providing that the Queen's Majesty should not be offended thereat; on
+this Lethington proposed and said, "That the nearest and best way to
+obtain the said Earl of Morton's pardon, was, to promise to the Queen's
+Majesty to find a means to make divorcement between her Grace and the
+King her husband, who had offended her Highness so highly in many ways."
+
+And then they send to my Lord of Huntly, praying him to come to our
+chamber.... And thereon we four, viz., Earls of Huntly, Argyll, Murray,
+and Secretary Lethington, passed all to the Earl of Bothwell's chamber,
+to understand his advice on the proposals; wherein he gainsaid no more
+than we.
+
+_THEIR PROPOSITION MADE TO THE QUEEN_
+
+So thereafter we passed altogether to the Queen's Grace; where
+Lethington, after he had remembered her Majesty of a great number of
+grievous and intolerable offences, that the King, as he said, ungrateful
+for the honour he had received from her Highness, had done to her Grace,
+and continued every day from bad to worse; proposed, "That if it pleased
+her Majesty to pardon the Earl of Morton, Lords Ruthven and Lindsay,
+with their company, they should find the means with the rest of the
+nobility, to make divorcement between her Highness and the King her
+husband, which should not need her Grace to meddle therewith. To the
+which, it was necessary that her Majesty take heed to come to a decision
+therein, as well for her own relief as for the good of the realm; for he
+troubled her Grace and us all; and remaining with her Majesty, would not
+cease till he did her some other evil turn."
+
+After these persuasions and divers others, which the said Lethington
+used, besides those which every one of us showed particularly to her
+Majesty to bring her to the said purpose, her Grace answered: That under
+two conditions she might agree to the same; the one, that the
+divorcement were made lawfully; the other, that it were not prejudicial
+to her son; otherwise her Highness would rather endure all torments, and
+abide the perils that might befall her in her Grace's lifetime. The Earl
+of Bothwell answered, "That he doubted not but the divorcement might be
+made without prejudice of my Lord Prince in any way," alleging the
+example of himself, that he failed not to succeed to his father's
+heritage without any difficulty, albeit there was a divorce between him
+and his mother.
+
+_THE QUEEN'S ANSWER_
+
+It was also proposed that, after their divorcement, the King should be
+alone in one part of the country, and the Queen's Majesty in another, or
+else that he should retire to another realm; and herein her Majesty
+said, "That peradventure he would change his course, and that it were
+better that she herself passed into France for a time, waiting till he
+acknowledged his fault." Then Lethington, taking the speech, said,
+"Madam, think you not we are here, of the principal members of your
+Grace's nobility and council, and that we shall find the means that your
+Majesty shall be quit of him without prejudice of your son. And albeit
+that my Lord of Murray here present be little less scrupulous for a
+Protestant, than your Grace is for a Papist, I am assured he will look
+through his fingers thereto, and will behold our doings, saying nothing
+to the same." The Queen's Majesty answered, "I will that ye do nothing
+through which any spot may be laid upon my honour or conscience, and
+therefore I pray you, rather let the matter be in the condition that it
+is, abiding till God of His goodness put remedy thereto; lest you
+believing that you are doing me a service, may possibly turn to my hurt
+and displeasure." "Madam," said Lethington, "let us guide the matter
+among us, and your Grace shall see nothing but good, and approved by
+Parliament."
+
+So since the murder of the said Henry Stewart followed this, we judge in
+our consciences, and hold for certain and truth, that the said Earl of
+Murray and Secretary Lethington were authors, inventors, devisers,
+counsellors, and sources of the said murder, in whatever manner, or by
+whatsoever persons, the same was executed.
+
+
+_THE QUEEN AND DARNLEY_
+
+Events immediately before the Murder of Darnley.
+
+_M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh._
+December 2, 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 96.
+
+The Queen is for the present at Craigmillar, about a league distant from
+this city. She is in the hands of the physicians, and I do assure you is
+not at all well; and do believe the principal part of her disease to
+consist in a deep grief and sorrow. Nor does it seem possible to make
+her forget the same. Still she repeats these words: _I could wish to be
+dead_. You know very well that the injury she has received is
+exceedingly great, and her Majesty will never forget it. The King, her
+husband, came to visit her at Jedburgh the very day after Captain Hay
+went away. He remained there but one single night; and yet in that short
+time I had a great deal of conversation with him.... I think he intends
+to go away tomorrow; but in any event I'm much assured, as I always have
+been, that he won't be present at the baptism. To speak my mind freely
+to you ... I do not expect, upon several accounts, any good
+understanding between them, unless God effectually put to His hand. The
+first is, the King will never humble himself as he ought; the other is,
+the Queen can't perceive any one nobleman speaking with the King, but
+presently she suspects some contrivance among them.
+
+_DARNLEY AND THE BAPTISM_
+
+_M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Glasgow._
+December 26, 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 97.
+
+The baptism of the Prince was performed Tuesday last, when he got the
+name of Charles James. It was the Queen's pleasure that he should bear
+the name James, together with that of Charles (the King of France's
+name). Everything at this solemnity was done according to the form of
+the Holy Roman Catholic Church. The King (Lord Darnley) had still given
+out that he would depart two days before the baptism, but when the time
+came on he made no sign of removing at all, only he still kept close
+within his own apartment. The very day of the baptism he sent three
+several times desiring me either to come and see him, or to appoint him
+an hour that he might come to me in my lodgings, so that I found myself
+obliged at last to signify to him that seeing he was in no good
+correspondence with the Queen, I had it in charge from the most
+Christian King to have no conference with him.... His bad deportment is
+incurable, nor can there ever be any good expected from him.... I can't
+pretend to foretell how all may turn; but I will say that matters can't
+subsist long as they are without being accompanied with sundry bad
+consequences.... The Queen behaved herself admirably well all the time
+of the baptism, and showed so much earnestness to entertain all the
+goodly company in the best manner, that this made her forget in a good
+measure her former ailments. But I am of the mind, however, that she
+will give us some trouble as yet; nor can I be brought to think
+otherwise so long as she continues to be so pensive and melancholy.
+
+
+_AN INSULT TO THE ENGLISH_
+
+An Incident of the Baptism.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 171.
+
+At the principal banquet there fell out a great flaw and grudge among
+the Englishmen, for a Frenchman called Bastien devised a number of men
+formed like satyrs, with long tails and whips in their hands, running
+before the meat, which was brought through the great hall upon a trim
+engine, marching, as it appeared, alone, with musicians clothed like
+maidens, playing upon all sorts of instruments and singing of music. But
+the satyrs were not content only to clear round, but put their hands
+behind them to their tails, which they wagged with their hands, in such
+sort as the Englishmen supposed it had been devised and done in derision
+of them, daftly {foolishly} apprehending that which they should not seem
+to have understood.... So soon as they saw the satyrs wagging their
+tails[17] ... they all sat down upon the bare floor behind the back of
+the board, that they should not see themselves scorned, as they thought.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [17] It was a mediæval superstition, especially in France, that the
+ English possessed tails, which had been affixed to their persons as
+ a punishment for their ill-treatment of a saint; the names of St.
+ Augustine and St. Thomas of Canterbury were used indifferently in
+ this connection. _Cf._ Mr. George Neilson's "Caudatus Anglicus: A
+ Mediæval Slander."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+1566.--December 23. Restoration of the Consistorial Jurisdiction of the
+Archbishop of St. Andrews.
+
+_Laing_, II., 77. _from Privy Seal Record_, bk. 35, fol. 99.
+
+A letter made restoring and reproving our sovereign's well beloved and
+trusty councillor, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews, primate and legate
+of Scotland, to all and sundry his jurisdictions as well upon the south
+as north sides of the Forth within the diocese of St. Andrews, which
+pertained to the Archbishopric of the same, to be used by him and his
+commissaries in all time coming in the same manner and form of justice
+as it is now used.... At Stirling, this xxiii day of December, the year
+of God, 1566 years.
+
+ [The jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts had been abolished
+ in 1560. It was the Archbishop who pronounced the sentence of
+ divorce between Bothwell and his wife, either in virtue of this
+ general warrant, or by means of a special commission to try the
+ case. On the one side, this restoration of the Consistorial Court
+ is regarded as pointing to Mary's collusion with Bothwell, while
+ controversialists, on the other side, would connect it with the
+ proposal, made at Craigmillar, of a divorce between Mary and
+ Darnley.]
+
+
+_DARNLEY FALLS ILL_
+
+Darnley's Illness.
+
+_Buchanan's Detection._
+
+Before he had passed a mile from Stirling all the parts of his body were
+taken with such a sore ache, as it might easily appear that the same
+proceeded not of the force of any sickness, but by plain treachery. The
+token of which treachery, certain black pimples, so soon as he was come
+to Glasgow broke out over all his whole body, with so great ache and
+such pain throughout all his limbs, that he lingered out his life with
+very small hope of escape: and yet all this while, the Queen would not
+suffer so much as a physician once to come at him.
+
+_BUCHANAN v. BEDFORD_
+
+_The Earl of Bedford to Cecil, from Berwick_,
+January 9, 1566. _Foreign Calendar._
+
+The King is now at Glasgow with his father, and there lies full of the
+small-pox, to whom the Queen has sent her physician.
+
+_Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh_,
+January 20, 1567._ Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 101.
+
+For the King our husband, God knows always our part towards him; and his
+behaviour and thankfulness to us is semblablement well known to God and
+the world; specially our own indifferent subjects see it, and in their
+hearts, we doubt not, condemn the same. Always we perceive him occupied
+and busy enough to have inquisition of our doings, which, God willing,
+shall aye be such as none shall have occasion to be offended with them,
+or to report of us any way but honourably; howsoever he, his father, and
+their fautors speak, which we know want no good will to make us have
+ado, if their power were equivalent to their minds.
+
+_A WARNING TO THE QUEEN_
+
+_The Archbishop of Glasgow to Queen Mary, from Paris_, January 17, 1567.
+_Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 103.
+
+I have heard some murmuring ... that there be some surprise to be
+trafficked in your country, but he {the Spanish ambassador} would never
+let me know of any particular, only assured me he had written to his
+master to know if by that way he can try any further, and that he was
+advertised and counselled to cause me haste toward you herewith....
+Finally, I would beseech your Majesty right humbly to cause the captains
+of your guard be diligent in their office; for notwithstanding that I
+have no particular occasion wherein I desire it, yet can I not be out of
+fear till I hear of your news.... And so I pray the eternal Lord to
+preserve your Majesty from all dangers, with long life and good health.
+
+
+The Visit to Glasgow and the Murder.
+
+_Buchanan's Detection_ (First Scots translation, in
+_Anderson's Collections_, vol. ii. pp. 17-24).
+
+ [Buchanan's account of Queen Mary's visit to Glasgow should be
+ supplemented by a comparison with Crawford's "Deposition" (pp.
+ 208-213), with the Glasgow Letter (pp. 167-182), and with the
+ passage from Nau's "Memorials" on p. 111.]
+
+Herself goes to Glasgow; she pretends the cause of her journey to be to
+see the King alive, whose death she had continually gaped for the month
+before. But what was indeed the true cause of that journey, every man
+may plainly perceive by her letters to Bothwell. Being now out of care
+of her son, whom she had in her own ward, bending herself to the
+slaughter of her husband, to Glasgow she goes, accompanied with the
+Hamiltons, and other the King's natural enemies.
+
+_KIRK-OF-FIELD_
+
+Bothwell, as it was between them before accorded, provides all things
+ready that were needful to accomplish the heinous act; First of all, a
+house, not commodious for a sick man, nor comely for a King, for it was
+both riven and ruinous, and had stood empty without any dweller for
+divers years before, in a place of small resort, between old falling
+walls of two kirks, near a few almshouses for poor beggars. And that no
+commodious means for committing that mischief might be wanting, there is
+a postern door in the Town Wall, hard by the house, whereby they might
+easily pass away into the fields. In choosing of the place, she would
+needs have it thought that they had respect to the wholesomeness. And to
+avoid suspicion that this was a feigned pretence, herself the two nights
+before the day of the murder, lay there in a lower room, under the
+King's chamber. And as she did curiously put off the shows of suspicion
+from herself, so the execution of the slaughter she was content to have
+committed to another.
+
+_THE QUEEN GOES TO HOLYROOD_
+
+About three days before the King was slain, she practised to set her
+brother, Lord Robert, and him at deadly feud, making reckoning that it
+should be gain to her, whichsoever of them had perished. For matter to
+ground their dissension, she made rehearsal of the speech that the King
+had had with her concerning her brother; and when they both so grew in
+talk, as the one seemed to charge the other with the lie, at last they
+were in a manner come from words to blows. But while they were both
+laying their hands on their weapons, the Queen feigning as though she
+had been perilously afraid of that which she earnestly desired, called
+the Earl of Murray, her other brother, to the parting, to this intent,
+that she might either presently bring him in danger to be slain himself,
+or in time to come to bear the blame of such mischief as then might have
+happened....
+
+_THE MURDER_
+
+When all things were ready prepared for performing this cruel fact ...
+the Queen, for manners' sake, after supper, goes up to the King's
+lodging. There being determined to show him all the tokens of reconciled
+good will, she spent certain hours in his company, with countenance and
+talk much more familiar than she had used in six or seven months before.
+At the coming in of Paris, she broke off her talk and prepared to
+depart. This Paris was a young man born in France, and had lived certain
+years in the houses of Bothwell and Seton, and afterwards with the
+Queen. Whereas the other keys of that lodging were in custody of the
+King's servants, Paris, by feigning certain fond and slender causes, had
+in keeping the keys which Bothwell kept back, of the back gate and the
+postern. He was in special trust with Bothwell and the Queen, touching
+their secret affairs. His coming (as it was before agreed among them)
+was a watchword that all was ready for the matter. As soon as the Queen
+saw him, she rose up immediately, and feigning another cause to depart,
+she said, "Alas! I have much offended toward Sebastian this day, that I
+came not in a mask to his marriage." This Sebastian was an Avernois
+{Auvergnois}, a man in great favour with the Queen, for his cunning in
+music, and his merry jesting, and was married the same day. The King
+thus left, in manner, alone, in a desolate place, the Queen departs,
+accompanied with the Earls of Argyle, Huntly, and Cassilis, that
+attended upon her. After that she was come into her chamber, after
+midnight, she was in long talk with Bothwell, none being present but the
+captain of her guard. And when he also withdrew himself, Bothwell was
+there left alone, without other company, and shortly after retired into
+his own chamber. He changed his apparel, because he would be unknown of
+such as met him, and put on a loose cloak, such as the Swartrytters[18]
+wear, and so went forward through the watch to execute his intended
+traitorous fact. The whole order of the doing thereof may be easily
+understood by their confessions who were put to death for it.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [18] German. Black Riders, or heavy cavalry.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Bothwell, after the deed was ended that he went for, returned, and as if
+he had been ignorant of all that was done, he gat him to bed. The Queen,
+in the meantime, in great expectation of the success, how finely she
+played her part (as she thought) it is marvell to tell; for she not once
+stirred at the noise of the fall of the house, which shook the whole
+town, nor at the fearful outcries that followed, and confused cries of
+the people (for I think there happened her not any new thing unlooked
+for) till Bothwell, feigning himself afraid, rose again out of his bed,
+and came to her with the Earls of Argyle, Huntly, and Athole, and with
+the wives of the Earls of Mar and Athole, and with the Secretary. There,
+while the monstrous chance was in telling, while every one wondered at
+the thing, that the King's lodging was even from the very foundation
+blown up in the air, and the King himself slain; in this amazedness and
+confused fear of all sorts of persons, only that same heroical heart of
+the Queen maintained itself, so far from casting herself down into base
+lamentations and tears, unbeseeming the royal name, blood, and estate,
+that she matched, or rather far surmounted all credit of the constancy
+of any in former times. This also proceeded of the same nobility of
+courage, that she sent out the most part of them that were then about
+her, to inquire out the manner of the doing, and commanded the soldiers
+that watched to follow, and she herself settled her to rest, with a
+countenance so quiet, and mind so untroubled, that she sweetly slept
+till the next day at noon. But lest she should appear void of all
+naturalness at the death of her husband, by little and little, at length
+she kept her close, and proclaimed a mourning not long to endure.
+
+
+_MARY ON THE MURDER_
+
+Mary's Description of the Murder.
+
+_Queen Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow_, February 11 [10?], 1567.
+_Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 101.
+
+_A PLOT AGAINST BOTH KING AND QUEEN_
+
+We have received this morning your letters of the 27th January by your
+servant Robert Dury, containing in one part such advertisement as we
+find by effect over true. Albeit the success has not altogether been
+such as the authors of that mischievous fact had preconceived in their
+mind, and had put it in execution, if God in His mercy had not preserved
+us and reserved us, as we trust, to the end that we may take a rigorous
+vengeance of that mischievous deed, which as it should remain
+unpunished, we had rather lose life and all. The matter is horrible and
+so strange as we believe the like was never heard of in any country.
+This night past, being the 9th February, a little after two hours after
+midnight, the house wherein the King was lodged was in an instant blown
+in the air, he lying sleeping in his bed, with such a vehemency, that of
+the whole lodging, walls, and other, there is nothing remained, no, not
+a stone above another, but all carried far away or dashed in dross to
+the very ground-stone. It must be done by force of powder, and appears
+to have been a mine. By whom it has been done, or in what manner, it
+appears not as yet. We doubt not but according to the diligence our
+Council has begun already to use, the certainty of all shall be used
+shortly; and the same being discovered, which we wot God will never
+suffer to lie hid, we hope to punish the same with such rigour as shall
+serve for example of this cruelty to all ages to come. Always whoever
+have taken this wicked enterprise in hand, we assure ourselves it was
+dressed as well for us as for the King; for we lay the most part of all
+the last week in that same lodging, and were then accompanied with the
+most part of the Lords that are in this town that same night at
+midnight, and of every chance tarried not all night, by reason of some
+mask in the Abbey: but we believe it was not chance, but God that put it
+in our head. We despatched the bearer upon the sudden, and therefore
+write to you the more shortly....
+
+_NAU'S ACCOUNT OF THE MURDER_
+
+_Nau's Memorials_, p. 33.
+
+He {the King} went to Glasgow, where he was seized with the small-pox.
+He sent several times for the Queen, who was very ill, having been
+injured by a fall from her horse at Seton. At last she went, stayed with
+him, and attended him on his return to Edinburgh.... On his return to
+Edinburgh, the King lodged in a small house outside the town, which he
+had chosen in the report of James Balfour and some others. This was
+against the Queen's wishes, who was anxious to take him to Craigmillar,
+for he could not stay in Holyrood Palace lest he should give infection
+to the Prince. On his own account, too, he did not wish any one to see
+him in his present condition.... While he was in this house, the King
+was often visited by the Queen, with whom he was now perfectly
+reconciled. He promised to give her much information of the utmost
+importance to the life and quiet of both of them.... He warned her more
+particularly to be on her guard against Lethington, who, he said, was
+planning the ruin of the one by the means of the other.... That very
+night, as her Majesty was about to leave the King, she met Paris, Lord
+Bothwell's _valet-de-chambre_, and noticing that his face was all
+blackened with gunpowder, she exclaimed in the hearing of many of the
+lords, just as she was mounting her horse, "Jesu, Paris, how begrimed
+you are!" At this he turned very red.
+
+On the 10th of February 1567, about three or four o'clock in the
+morning, a match was put to the train of gunpowder, which had been
+placed under the King's house. It was afterwards made public that this
+had been done by the command and device of the Earls of Bothwell and
+Morton, James Balfour, and some others, who always afterwards pretended
+to be most diligent in searching out the murder which they themselves
+had committed. Morton had secretly returned from England, to which he
+had been banished.
+
+_THE ORIGIN OF THE CRIME_
+
+This crime was the result of a bond into which they had entered. It was
+written by Alexander Hay, at that time one of the clerks of the Council,
+and signed by the Earls of Moray, Huntly, Bothwell, and Morton, by
+Lethington, James Balfour, and others, who had combined for this
+purpose. They protested that they were acting for the public good of the
+realm, pretending that they were freeing the Queen from the bondage and
+misery into which she had been reduced by the King's behaviour.... He
+was but deceiving the Queen, whom they often blamed for so faithfully
+having come to a good understanding with her husband; and they told her
+that he was putting a knife not only to their throats but to her own.
+
+The King's body was blown into the garden by the violence of the
+explosion, and a poor English valet of his, who slept in his room, was
+there killed.... Earl Bothwell was much suspected of this villainous and
+detestable murder.... If we may judge by the plots, deeds, and
+contrivances of his associates, it would seem that after having used him
+to rid themselves of the King, they designed to make Bothwell their
+instrument to ruin the Queen, their true and lawful sovereign.
+
+Their plan was this, to persuade her to marry the Earl of Bothwell, so
+that they might charge her with being in the plot against her late
+husband, and a consenting party to his death. This they did shortly
+after, appealing to the fact that she had married the murderer.
+
+_ANOTHER ACCOUNT BY BUCHANAN_
+
+Buchanan (_Translated from History_, xx. 35).
+
+The Archbishop of St. Andrews, who lived nearest, willingly undertook
+the task of killing the King, when it was offered to him, both on
+account of old enmities, and in the hope of bringing the succession
+nearer his own family. He chose, accordingly, six or eight of the most
+abandoned of his retainers, and entrusted the matter to them, giving
+them the keys of the King's lodging. They entered very quietly into his
+chamber, strangled him as he lay sleeping, and carried his body through
+the postern into a garden beside the walls. Then, at a given signal,
+fire was applied to the house.
+
+ [The question as to the manner of Darnley's death has given rise to
+ considerable discussion. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Paris
+ (vide pp. 144, 215-218) agree in representing that the King was
+ killed by the explosion. On the other hand, Drury, who wrote to
+ Cecil on 24th April {Foreign Calendar}, and Count Moretta, the
+ agent of the Duke of Savoy, who was in Edinburgh {Labanoff, vii.
+ 108}, state that he was strangled. The facts that the bodies of
+ Darnley and his servant, Taylor, were found together, in the
+ garden, at some little distance from the house, without violent
+ injury; that Darnley's pelisse and slippers were found beside him;
+ and that the other bodies were found among the ruins, must be taken
+ into account in forming a judgment on the question.]
+
+
+
+
+SECTION V
+
+FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Introductory Note.
+
+ 2. Mary's seizure by Bothwell.
+ (_a_) The Ainslie Bond.
+ (_b_) Mary's description.
+ (_c_) Description in the Diurnal of Occurrents.
+ (_d_) Guzman de Silva to Philip II.
+
+ 3. The Bothwell Marriage.
+ (_a_) The Divorce.
+ (_b_) The Dukedom of Orkney.
+ (_c_) The Marriage.
+ (_d_) Mary's demeanour, as described by Du Croc and Drury.
+
+ 4. Carberry Hill.
+
+ 5. Mary in Lochleven.
+ (_a_) Guzman de Silva on the nature of the Rebellion.
+ (_b_) Elizabeth's intervention.
+ (_c_) De Silva's conversation with Murray--the first suggestion
+ of the Casket Letters.
+
+ 6. The escape from Lochleven.
+
+
+_LENNOX AND THE QUEEN_
+
+1567.--April 19. Mary's Capture by Bothwell.
+
+ [The Register of the Privy Council tells that, on February 12th,
+ the Queen offered to the first revealer of the crime, "although he
+ be one culpable and participant of the said crime," a reward of two
+ thousand pounds and "ane honest yeirlie rent." Public opinion
+ pointed to Bothwell as the murderer, and anonymous placards
+ appeared in the streets of Edinburgh accusing him. Lennox
+ approached the Queen demanding a trial. On March 1st (in reply to
+ his letter of February 26th) Mary wrote asking a list of names. He
+ sent, on the 17th, the names of Bothwell, Sir James Balfour, David
+ Chalmers, John Spens, Francis Bastian, John de Bourdeaux, and
+ Joseph Riccio,--the last four were attendants on the Queen. On
+ March 28th the Privy Council fixed the trial for April 12th. On the
+ 11th, Lennox wrote asking a postponement of the trial and the
+ imprisonment of the persons he had named, or whom he might suspect.
+ The request was not granted, and the trial took place on the 12th.
+ The Earl of Argyll, hereditary Lord-Justice, took his place as
+ President of the Court, and the Earl of Caithness was Chancellor of
+ the jury. Lennox put forward his demand for a postponement, which
+ was refused, Bothwell urging that the Privy Council had fixed an
+ early date in accordance with Lennox's own request. No witnesses
+ were produced by the prosecution, and Bothwell was acquitted. He
+ then challenged to single combat any one who might accuse him, and
+ the challenge was not accepted. In the Parliament which met on the
+ 16th, various confirmations of grants were made--the Castle of
+ Dunbar to Bothwell, the Earldom of Angus to Bothwell's nephew, and
+ various lands to Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington. No Parliament
+ had assembled since Mary's marriage to Darnley, and, accordingly,
+ the restoration of Murray and Morton to their titles and estates
+ was confirmed by statute. Although Parliament thus put its seal on
+ Bothwell's acquittal, by securing Dunbar to him, the popular
+ impression of his guilt was in no way lessened.]
+
+
+_THE AINSLIE BOND_
+
+A Bond by a Number of the Nobility to promote Bothwell's Marrying of
+Queen Mary.
+
+_Anderson's Collections_, vol. i. pp. 107-112, from
+Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. fol. 1.
+
+We undersubscribing, understanding that although the noble and mighty
+Lord James, Earl Bothwell, ... being not only bruitit {reported} and
+calumniated by placards, privily affixed on the public places of the
+Kirk of Edinburgh, and otherwise slandered by his evil willers, as art
+and part of the heinous murther of the King, ... but also by special
+letters sent to her Highness by the Earl of Lennox, and debated
+{accused} of the same crime ... he by condign inquest and assize of
+certain noblemen his peers and other barons of good reputation is found
+guiltless and innocent of the odious crime objected to him ... and we
+considering the anciency and nobleness of his house, the honourable and
+good service of his predecessors, and specially himself to our
+Sovereign, and for the defence of this her Highness' Realm against the
+enemies thereof, and the amity and friendship which so long has
+preserved betwix his House and every one of us.... Therefore obliges us,
+and every one of us, upon our Faith and Honours, and Truth in our
+bodies, as we are noblemen, and will answer to God, that in case
+hereafter any manner of person or persons ... shall happen to insist
+farther to the slander and calumniation of the said Earl of Bothwell, as
+participant, act or part, of the said heinous murther, ... we ... shall
+take ... plain and upright part with him, to the defence and maintenance
+of his quarrel.... Moreover, weighing and considering the time present,
+and how our Sovereign the Queen's Majesty is now destitute of a husband,
+in the which solitary state the Commonwealth of this Realm may not
+permit her Highness to continue and endure; ... and, therefore, in case
+the former affectionate and hearty service of the said Earl ... may move
+her Majesty so far to humble herself, as preferring one of her native
+born subjects unto all foreign princes, to take to Husband the said
+Earl, we, and every one of us undersubscribing, upon our Honours and
+Fidelity, obliges us, and promises, not only to further, advance, and
+set forward the marriage to be solemnised and completed betwix her
+Highness and the said noble Lord ... but in case any would presume
+directly or indirectly, openly, or under whatsoever colour or pretence,
+to hinder, hold back, or disturb the said marriage, we shall in that
+behalf, esteem, hold and repute the hinderers, adversaries or disturbers
+thereof as our common enemies and evil willers.... In witness of the
+which we have subscriyved these presents, as follows, at Edinburgh, the
+19 Day of April, the year of God, 1567 years.
+
+_SIGNATORIES TO THE BOND_
+
+The names of such of the nobility as subscribed the bond, so far as John
+Read {a dependent of Murray} might remember, of whom I had this copy,
+being in his own hand, being commonly termed in Scotland, Ainslie's
+Supper.
+
+The Earls--Murray, Huntly, Cassilis, Morton, Sutherland, Rothes,
+Glencairn, Caithness.
+
+Lords--Boyd, Seton, Sinclair, Semple, Oliphant, Ogilvie, Rosse-Hacat,
+Carlisle, Herries, Hume, and Innermeith.
+
+ [This note is appended to Cecil's copy of the bond. It should be
+ noted that Murray was not in Scotland at the time, and that his
+ name does not appear in a copy of the bond in the Scots College at
+ Paris, for which we have the authority of Sir James Balfour.]
+
+
+_THE QUEEN CAPTURED_
+
+1567.--May. Mary on her Capture. Instructions to the Bishop of Dunblane
+for the French Court.
+
+_Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 592.
+
+In our returning he awaited us by the way, accompanied with a great
+force, and led us with all diligence to Dunbar.... And when he saw us
+like to reject all his suit and offers, in the end he showed us how far
+he was proceeded with our whole nobility and principals of our estates,
+and what they had promised him under their handwrites.... In the end,
+when we saw no esperance to be rid of him, never man in Scotland once
+making an attempt to procure our deliverance, ... so ceased he never
+till by persuasions and importune suit, accompanied not the less with
+force, he has finally driven us to end the work begun at such time and
+in such form as he thought might best serve his turn, wherein we cannot
+dissemble that he has used us otherwise than we would have wished, or
+yet have deserved at his hand.
+
+_Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland._
+
+And upon the twenty-fourth day of April, which was Saint Mark's even,
+our sovereign lady being riding from Stirling, whereto she passed a
+little of before to visit her son, as said is, to Edinburgh, James, Earl
+of Bothwell, accompanied with seven or eight hundred men and friends,
+whom he caused believe that he would ride upon the thieves of
+Liddesdale, met our sovereign lady betwix Kirkliston and Edinburgh, at a
+place called the Bridges, accompanied with a few number, and there took
+her person to the castle of Dunbar.
+
+_BOTHWELL AND MARY AT DUNBAR_
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King, from London._ May 3, 1567.
+_Spanish State Papers._
+
+On arriving six miles from Edinburgh, Bothwell met her with four hundred
+horsemen. As they arrived near the Queen with their swords drawn they
+showed an intention of taking her with them, whereupon some of those who
+were with her were about to defend her, but the Queen stopped them,
+saying she was ready to go with the Earl of Bothwell wherever he wished
+rather than bloodshed and death should result. She was taken to Dunbar,
+where she arrived at midnight, and still remains. Some say she will
+marry him, and they are so informed direct by some of the highest men in
+the country who follow Bothwell. They are convinced of this, both
+because of the favour the Queen has shown him, and because he has the
+national forces in his hands. Although the Queen sent secretly to the
+governor of the town of Dunbar to sally out with his troops and release
+her, it is believed that the whole thing has been arranged, so that if
+anything comes of the marriage, the Queen may make out that she was
+forced into it.
+
+
+_A FATAL MARRIAGE_
+
+The Bothwell Marriage.
+
+_Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland._
+
+Upon the third day of May 1567, the sentence of divorce was pronounced
+by the comissaries of Edinburgh, decerning and ordaining ... Jean Gordon
+{Countess of Bothwell} to be free to marry when she pleased, and the
+said Earl Bothwell to be an adulterer. This divorcement was made to the
+effect that the said Earl should marry the Queen's Majesty.
+
+_Ibid._
+
+Upon the twelfth day thairof {of May}, betwix seven and eight hours at
+even, James, Earl Bothwell, was made Duke of Orkney and Zetland, with
+great magnificence, ... and there were few or none of the nobility
+thereat.
+
+_Ibid._
+
+Upon the fifteenth day of May 1567, Mary, by the grace of God, Queen of
+Scots, was married on James, Duke of Orkney, Earl Bothwell, ... in the
+palace of Holyrood-house, within the old chapel, by Adam, Bishop of
+Orkney, not with the mass but with preaching, at ten hours afore noon.
+There were not many of the nobility of this realm thereat, except the
+Earl Crawford, the Earl Huntly, the Earl Sutherland, my Lords Arbroath,
+Oliphant, Fleming, Livingston, Glamis, and Boyd, John, Archbishop of St.
+Andrews, the Bishop of Dunblane, the Bishop of Ross, Orkney, with
+certain other small gentlemen, who waited upon the said Duke of Orkney.
+At this marriage there was neither pleasure nor pastime used, as use was
+wont to be used when princes were married.
+
+
+_NEITHER PLEASURE NOR PASTIME_
+
+1567.--May. Mary's Demeanour.
+
+_Du Croc to Catherine de Medici. Von Raumer's
+Elizabeth and Mary_, p. 99.
+
+It {the Bothwell marriage} is too unhappy, and begins already to be
+repented of. On Thursday the Queen sent for me, when I perceived
+something strange in the mutual behaviour of her and her husband. She
+attempted to excuse it, and said, "If you see me melancholy, it is
+because I do not choose to be cheerful; because I never will be so, and
+wish for nothing but death." Yesterday, when they were both in a room,
+with the Earl d'Aumale, she called aloud for a knife to kill herself;
+the persons in the ante-chamber heard it. I believe that if God does not
+support her, she will fall entirely into despair.
+
+_Sir William Drury to Cecil, from Berwick_, May 25. _Foreign Calendar._
+
+The Queen uses often with the Duke {Bothwell} to ride abroad, and they
+now make outward show of great content, but the company at Court
+increases not of one nobleman more than were at the marriage.
+
+_Ibid., May 27._
+
+The Duke openly uses great reverence to the Queen, ordinarily
+bareheaded, which she seems she would have otherwise, and will sometimes
+take his cap and put it on.
+
+
+"_NO HEARTS TO FIGHT IN THAT QUARREL_"
+
+1567.--June 15. Carberry Hill.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 181.
+
+All Scotland cried out upon the foul murther of the King.... Whereupon
+the lords that had the enterprise in their heads were hasted forward to
+take arms.... The Earl of Bothwell again, having the Queen in his
+company, convened a greater number out of the Merse and Lothians, and
+out of all parts where he had means of friendship, at over her Majesty's
+proclamation, which was not well obeyed for the time; and so many as
+came had no hearts to fight in that quarrel. Yet the Earl Bothwell
+marched forward out of Dunbar {which was threatened by the lords},
+taking the Queen with him, towards Edinburgh. The lords again, with
+their companies, passed out of Edinburgh upon foot, with a great energy
+and fierceness to fight; both the armies not far from Carberry. The Earl
+Bothwell's men camped upon the hill head, in a strength very
+advantageous; the lords camped at the foot of the hill.
+
+Albeit her Majesty was there, I cannot name it to be her army, for many
+of them that were with her had opinion that she had intelligence with
+the lords; chiefly such as understood of the Earl Bothwell's mishandling
+of her, and many indignities that he had both said and done unto her,
+since their marriage was made. He was so beastly and suspicious, that he
+suffered her not to pass over a day in patience, not making her cause to
+shed abundance of salt tears. So part of his own company detested him;
+other part believed that her Majesty would fain have been quit of him,
+but thought shame to be the doer thereof directly herself.
+
+_BOTHWELL'S COWARDICE_
+
+In the meantime the laird of Grange rode about the brae.... When the
+Queen understood that the laird of Grange was chief of that company of
+horsemen, she sent the laird of Ormiston to desire him to come and speak
+with her under surety, which he did, after he had sent and obtained
+leave of the lords. As he was speaking with her Majesty, the Earl
+Bothwell had appointed a soldier to shoot him, until the Queen gave a
+cry, and said that he should not do her that shame, who had promised
+that he should come and return safely. For he was declaring unto the
+Queen how that all they would honour and serve her so that she would
+abandon the Earl Bothwell, who was the murderer of her own husband....
+
+_MARY'S LAST DAY IN EDINBURGH_
+
+The Earl Bothwell hearkened, and heard part of this language, and
+offered the singular combat to any man that would maintain that he had
+done it. The laird of Grange promised to send him an answer shortly
+thereanent.... He offered himself first.... The Earl Bothwell answered
+that he was neither lord nor earl, but a baron, and so could not be his
+peer. The like answer he made to Tullibardine. Then my Lord Lindsay
+offered to fight him, which he could not plainly refuse, but his heart
+cooled aye the longer the more. Then the Queen sent again for the laird
+of Grange, and said to him, that if the lords would do as he had spoken
+to her, she should put away the Earl Bothwell and come unto them.
+Whereupon he asked at them, if he might promise it to her Majesty in
+their name; which they willed him to do.... Her Majesty was that night
+conveyed to Edinburgh, and lodged in the middle of the town, in the
+provost's lodging. As she came through the town, the common people cried
+out against her Majesty at the windows and stairs, which it was a pity
+to hear. Her Majesty again cried out, to all gentlemen and others that
+passed up and down the causeway, declaring how that she was their native
+princess, and doubted not but all honest subjects would respect her as
+they ought to do, and not suffer her to be mishandled. Others again
+showed their malice, in setting up a banner or ensign, whereupon the
+King was painted lying dead under a tree, and the young prince sitting
+upon his knees, praying, "Judge, and revenge my cause, O Lord!"[19]
+
+That same night it was alleged that her Majesty wrote a letter unto the
+Earl Bothwell.... Upon the which letter the lords took occasion to send
+her to Lochleven to be kept, against promise as she alleged.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [19] Ps. xliii. 1.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+1567.--July 12. Lochleven Castle.
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King. Spanish State Papers._
+
+ [Mary was a prisoner in Lochleven from 17th June 1567 to 2nd May
+ 1568. The chief events of her captivity were her compulsory
+ abdication on 24th July, the coronation of her infant son on the
+ 29th of the same month, and the proclamation of the Earl of Murray
+ as Regent on August 22nd. Her escape was preceded by at least one
+ unsuccessful attempt. Murray visited Mary in Lochleven, and was by
+ her asked to undertake the Regency, according to a letter from
+ Throgmorton to Elizabeth, 20th August 1567 (in "Foreign Calendar,"
+ and in Keith's "History," vol. ii. p. 737).]
+
+Illustration: LOCHLEVEN CASTLE.
+
+... Croc, who was French Ambassador in Scotland, has passed here on his
+way to France, and there is nobody now representing his King.
+
+_THE CASKET LETTERS_
+
+The Ambassador here assures me that the King (of France) has in his
+favour both those who have assembled to detain the Queen (of Scots) and
+those who are against them, and has their signatures promising to keep
+up the friendship and alliance that the country has had with his
+predecessors. For this reason the King had proceeded in such a way as
+not to lose the support of the one side by taking up the cause of the
+other, but he could not avoid giving his aid to the Queen, whose
+adversaries assert positively that she knew she had been concerned in
+the murder of her husband, which was proved by letters under her own
+hand, copies of which were in his possession.
+
+ [This is the earliest known reference to the Casket Letters.]
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King, from London_, July 26.
+_Spanish State Papers._
+
+Four days ago the preacher and confessor of the Queen of Scotland
+arrived here. He is a Dominican Friar, a Frenchman named Roche Mameret,
+and was at the Council of Trent.... He is much grieved at events in
+Scotland, and the imprisonment of the Queen, but more than all at the
+marriage with Bothwell, since he already has a wife.... He assured me
+that those who had risen against the Queen had not been moved by zeal to
+punish the King's murder, as they had been enemies rather than friends
+of his; nor in consequence of the marriage, as they had been all in
+favour of it, and had signed their names to that effect without
+exception, either lay or clerical, apart from the Earl of Murray, but
+their sole object had been a religious one, as they thought the Queen,
+being a Catholic, might settle religion in a way not to their liking.
+
+_ELIZABETH'S INTERVENTION_
+
+_Queen Elizabeth to Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, in Scotland_,
+July 27, 1567. _Keith's History_, p. 702.
+
+You shall plainly declare unto them {the lords}, that if they shall
+determine anything to the deprivation of the Queen their sovereign lady
+of her royal estate, we are well assured of our own determination, and
+we have some just and probable cause to think the like of other Princes
+of Christendom, that we will make ourselves a plain party against them,
+for example to all posterity.
+
+ [This intervention by Elizabeth on Mary's behalf was the result of
+ reports which reached London that Mary's life was in danger. Her
+ death was demanded by certain of the Protestant clergy, and the
+ more ardent of their following.]
+
+_OPINION OF MARY'S CONFESSOR_
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King, from London_, August 2.
+_Spanish State Papers._
+
+The Earl of Murray went to Scotland on the last day of July.... I
+visited him.... He repeated how displeased he was at the action of the
+lords in taking the Queen.... I said that her confessor had told me that
+as regarded the King's murder she had no knowledge whatever of it, and
+had been greatly grieved thereat.... He opened out somewhat, saying that
+my good will towards him prompted him to tell me something that he had
+not even told this Queen {Elizabeth}, although she had given him many
+remote hints upon the subject. This was that he considered it very
+difficult to arrange matters, as it was certain that the Queen had been
+cognisant of the murder of her husband, and he, Murray, was greatly
+grieved thereat. This had been proved beyond doubt by a letter which the
+Queen had written to Bothwell, containing three sheets of paper, written
+with her own hand, and signed by her, in which she says in substance
+that he is not to delay putting into execution that which he had
+arranged, because her husband used such fair words to deceive her and
+bring her round that she might be moved by them if the other thing were
+not done quickly. She said that she herself would go and fetch him, and
+would stop at a house on the road, where she would try to give him a
+draught, but if this could not be done, she would put him in the house
+where the explosion was arranged for the night upon which one of her
+servants was to be married. He, Bothwell, was to try to get rid of his
+wife either by putting her away or by poisoning her, since he knew that
+she, the Queen, had risked all for him, her honour, her kingdom, her
+wealth, and her God, contenting herself with his person alone. Besides
+this she had done an extraordinary and unexampled thing on the night of
+the murder in giving her husband a ring, petting and fondling him after
+plotting his murder, and this had been the worst thing in connection
+with it. Murray said he had heard about the letter from a man who had
+read it, and the rest was notorious.... He says he will do his best for
+her. I am more inclined to believe that he will do it for himself if he
+finds a chance, as he is a Scotchman, and a heretic....
+
+
+_END OF MARY'S FIRST IMPRISONMENT_
+
+The Escape from Lochleven.
+
+_Giovanni Correr, Venetian Ambassador in France to the Signory,
+from Paris_, May 26, 1568. _Venetian Calendar._
+
+"_A LOYAL HOST A ROYAL BANNER BORE_"
+
+Guard was continually kept at the castle day and night, except during
+supper, at which time the gate was locked with a key, every one going to
+supper, and the key was always placed on the table where the Governor
+took his meals, and before him. The Governor is the uterine brother of
+the Earl of Murray, Regent of Scotland, the Queen's illegitimate
+brother, and her mortal enemy. The Queen, having attempted to descend
+from a window unsuccessfully, contrived that a page of the Governor's,
+whom she had persuaded to this effect, when carrying a dish, in the
+evening of the second of May, to the table of his master with a napkin
+before him, should place the napkin on the key, and in removing the
+napkin take up the key with it and carry it away unperceived by any one.
+Having done so, the page then went directly to the Queen and told her
+all was ready; and she, having in the meanwhile been attired by the
+elder of the two maids who waited upon her, took with her by the hand
+the younger maid, a girl ten years old, and with the page went quietly
+to the door, and he having opened it, the Queen went out with him and
+the younger girl and locked the gate outside with the same key, without
+which it could not be opened from within. They then got into a little
+boat which was kept for the service of the castle, and displaying a
+white veil of the Queen's with a red tassel, she made the concerted
+signal to those who awaited her that she was approaching.... The
+horsemen ... came immediately to the lake and received the Queen with
+infinite joy, and having placed her on horseback, with the page and the
+girl, they conveyed her to the sea coast, at a distance of five miles
+from thence, because to proceed by land to the place which had been
+designated appeared manifestly too dangerous. All having embarked, the
+Queen was conducted to Niddry, a place belonging to Lord Seton, and from
+thence to Hamilton, a castle of the Duke of Châtelherault, where his
+brother, the Archbishop of St. Andrews, with other principal personages
+of those parts, acknowledged her as Queen....
+
+All Scotland is in motion, some declaring for the Queen, and some
+against her and for the Earl of Murray.... With regard to her flight, it
+is judged here, by those who know the site, and how strictly she was
+guarded, that her escape was most miraculous, most especially having
+been contrived by two lads under ten years of age, who could not be
+presupposed to have the requisite judgment and secrecy.
+
+To the greater satisfaction with the result may be added that the
+inmates of Lochleven Castle perceived the flight; but being shut up
+within it, and thus made prisoners, they had to take patience, and to
+witness the Queen's escape, while they remained at the windows of the
+castle.
+
+_THE DISASTER AT LANGSIDE_
+
+But now, if the current report be true, the Queen of Scotland, following
+the course of her fickle fortune, gives news of her troops having been
+routed near Glasgow, all her chief adherents being killed or made
+prisoners.
+
+_Ibid._ June 6.
+
+The news of the defeat of the troops of the Queen of Scotland was true.
+She had assembled about eight thousand men, who had flocked to her from
+divers parts, and for greater security she wished to shut herself up in
+Dumbarton, which is a very strong castle, but she could not get there
+without crossing the Clyde, over which there is but one bridge near
+Glasgow, and that was already occupied by the enemy. It was therefore
+determined to cross the river where it flows into the sea, a number of
+boats being sent to the spot for that purpose. The Regent, aware of
+this, went in pursuit with four thousand men; whereupon the Queen
+appointed as her Lieutenant-General the Earl of Argyle, who had just
+joined her, and who is her brother-in-law through his wife, Queen Mary's
+natural sister, and he with six thousand men gave Murray battle.
+
+_MARY SEEKS ENGLISH PROTECTION_
+
+The contest lasted for three-quarters of an hour, when the Queen's
+troops were worsted, but only one hundred and fifty of her followers
+were killed, for the Regent exerted himself extremely to prevent his
+troops shedding blood. The prisoners exceeded three hundred, including
+many noblemen, amongst whom, moreover, is that Lord Seton who was the
+chief instrument and leader in effecting the Queen's escape. Finding
+herself defeated, the Queen set out for England, accompanied by a son of
+the Duke of Châtelherault, by Lord Fleming, by the Earl of Maxwell, and
+some twenty-five other attendants, and she travelled a distance of one
+hundred and twenty-five miles without any rest. She stopped at a place
+called Workington, which is four miles within the English border. She
+did not discover herself, but was recognised by a Scotsman, who informed
+the warden of the castle, and the latter went immediately to receive
+her, with great marks of respect, and posted guards on all sides to
+prevent pursuit by the enemy.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION VI
+
+THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. The Conference at York.
+ (_a_) Letter of Murray to Queen Elizabeth.
+ (_b_) Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.
+ (_c_) The formal complaints and replies.
+ (_d_) The account of the private interview, with the "abstract of
+ matters" there shown.
+ (_e_) Sussex's opinion of the evidence.
+
+ 2. The Conference at Westminster.
+ (_a_) Mary's Instructions.
+ (_b_) Murray's "Eik" or additional charge.
+ (_c_) The answer of Mary's Commissioners to the "Eik."
+ (_d_) Elizabeth's reply to (_a_).
+ (_e_) The Privy Council and suggestions for a compromise.
+ (_f_) Proofs produced at Westminster--the account of the production.
+ (_g_) Mary's own answer to the "Eik," and her request to see the
+ originals, with Elizabeth's reply.
+ (_h_) Mary's request for copies, with Elizabeth's reply.
+ (_i_) Dissolution of the Conference by Elizabeth.
+
+
+_MARY IN ENGLAND_
+
+The Conference at York.
+
+ [On Mary's arrival in England, Queen Elizabeth declined to meet
+ her, till she should be cleared from the suspicion of complicity in
+ the Darnley murder. Mary promptly accused Maitland and Morton of a
+ share in the crime, and accepted Elizabeth's proposal to have the
+ case tried at a Conference at York. The Queen of England appointed
+ as Commissioners, the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir
+ Ralph Sadler. The Scottish Queen was represented by Lords Boyd,
+ Herries, and Livingstone, the Abbot of Kilwinning, Sir John Gordon
+ of Lochinvar, Sir James Cockburn of Skirving, and John Lesley, the
+ Bishop of Ross. The Earl of Murray, the Earl of Morton, the Bishop
+ of Orkney (Adam Bothwell), the Abbot of Dunfermline, and Lord
+ Lindsay appeared in the name of the young James VI., along with
+ Maitland of Lethington, George Buchanan, James Macgill, and Henry
+ Balnaves, as assistants.
+
+ Many points of procedure and various formal questions occupied much
+ of the time of the Conferences. The extracts which follow have been
+ chosen out of regard to their bearing on the problem of Mary's
+ guilt or innocence, and especial care has been taken to include
+ references to the Casket Letters. The letters themselves, and the
+ depositions which were produced before the Commissioners, will be
+ found, by themselves, after the account of the Conferences.
+
+ The Conference met at York on October 8, and as Mary was, formally,
+ the plaintiff, her complaint against the Lords was first received.
+ Thereafter, Murray's reply and a rejoinder from Mary's
+ representatives were put on record. This was all the formal
+ business essential for our purpose. But, on October 11th,
+ Elizabeth's Commissioners received a private visit from Maitland,
+ Buchanan, Macgill, and Balnaves, who put before them, secretly,
+ certain documents to prove Mary's guilt. It will be seen from the
+ letter of the Commissioners to Elizabeth, and the quotations from
+ the "abstract of matters ... chosen by the Scots," that these
+ documents consisted of:--
+
+ 1. A bond signed by the Lords, agreeing to Bothwell's marriage with
+ the Queen.
+
+ 2. The Queen's warrant for the signature of the above-mentioned
+ bond.
+
+ 3. Two contracts of marriage. (See pp. 201-203.)
+
+ 4. Two letters arranging for the seizure of the Queen by Bothwell
+ (_i.e._ two of Letters, vi., vii., and viii., see pp. 190-194).
+
+ 5. A letter arranging a duel between Darnley and the Lord Robert.
+
+ 6. The two Glasgow Letters (i. and ii., see pp. 165-182).
+
+ 7. The Love Sonnets (pp. 195-201).
+
+ 8. The Letter in which the Jason and Medea comparison occurs.
+ (Letter iv., see pp. 185-189.)
+
+ This list should be compared with the recital of the productions at
+ Westminster (pp. 143 _et seq._). Maitland informed Queen Mary of
+ this secret visit, and she complained to Queen Elizabeth, who
+ summoned all the Commissioners to London, on the ground of greater
+ convenience.]
+
+_MURRAY AND HIS PROOFS_
+
+_Letter of the Earl of Murray, with information for the Queen
+of England_, June 22, 1568. _Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 75, _from the
+Paper Office_.
+
+It may be that such letters as we have of the Queen, our Sovereign
+Lord's mother, that sufficiently, in our opinion, prove her consenting
+to the murther of the King her lawful husband, shall be called in doubt
+... therefore, since our servant, Mr. John Wood, has the copies of the
+same letters translated in our language, we would earnestly desire that
+the said copies may be considered by the judges that shall have the
+examination and commission of the matter, that they may resolve us thus
+far, in case the principal agree with the copy, that then we prove the
+case indeed; for when we have manifested and shown all, and yet shall
+have no assurances that what we send shall satisfy for probation, for
+what purpose shall we either accuse or seek to prove, when we are not
+assured what to prove, or when we have proved, what shall succeed?
+
+
+_MARY ASSERTS FORGERY_
+
+1568.--September 9. Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 337, from _Queen Mary's Register_ in Cotton
+Library.
+
+In case they allege they have any writings of mine, which may infer
+presumption against me in that case, ye shall desire the principals to
+be produced, and that I myself may have inspection thereof, and make
+answer thereto. For ye shall affirm, in my name, I never wrote anything
+concerning that matter to any creature; and if any writings be, they are
+false and feigned, forged and invented by themselves, only to my
+dishonour and slander. And there are divers in Scotland, both men and
+women, that can counterfeit my handwriting, and write the like manner of
+writing which I use, as well as myself, and principally such as are in
+company with themselves. And I doubt not, if I had remained in my own
+realm, but I should have gotten knowledge of the inventors and writers
+of such writings ere now, to the declaration of my innocency, and
+confusion of their falsity.
+
+
+October 8. Complaint of the Queen of Scots against the Earl of Murray.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 128, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 197.
+
+That James, Earl of Morton, John, Earl of Mar, Alexander, Earl of
+Glencairn, the Lords Howe, Lindsay, Ruthven, Sempill, Cathcart,
+Ochiltree, with others their assisters, assembled in arms a great part
+of the Queen's grace's subjects, declared by their proclamations it was
+for her Grace's relief, beset the road in her passage betwixt her
+Grace's castles of Dunbar and Edinburgh, there took her most noble
+person, committed her in ward in her own place of Lochleven, ... passed
+to the castle of Stirling, and made there fashion of crowning of her son
+the Prince....
+
+James, Earl of Murray, took upon him the name of the Regent, ...
+intromitted with the whole strengths, munitions, jewels, and patrimony
+of the crown, as well property as casualty....
+
+
+_MURRAY'S APOLOGY FOR THE REVOLUTION_
+
+October 10. The Answer of the Earl of Murray.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 144, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 202.
+
+_ACCUSATIONS AGAINST MARY_
+
+It is notorious to all men, how umquhile {the late} King Henry, father
+to our sovereign Lord, was horribly murdered in his bed. James, sometime
+Earl of Bothwell, being well known to be the chief author thereof,
+entered into so great credit and authority with the Queen, then our
+sovereign, that, within three months after the murder of her husband,
+the said Earl ... accomplished a pretended marriage betwix him and the
+Queen, which strange and hasty proceeding of that godless and ambitious
+man, ... with the ignominy spoken among all nations of that murther, as
+though all the nobility had been alike culpable thereof, so moved the
+hearts of a good number of them, that they thought nothing more godly
+... than by punishing of the said Earl, chief author of the murther, to
+relieve others causelessly calumniated thereof, to put the Queen to
+freedom, forth of the bondage of that tyrant.... {From the Queen, after
+Carberry Hill}, no other answer could be obtained, but vigorous
+menacing, on the one part, avowing to be revenged on all them that had
+shown themselves in that cause, and on the other part, offering to leave
+and give over the realm and all, so she might be suffered to possess the
+murtherer of her husband, which her inflexible mind, and extremity of
+necessity compelled them to sequestrate her person for a season....
+During the which time, she finding herself by long, irksome, and tedious
+travail, taken by her in the government of the realm and lieges thereof
+... vexed and wearied ... and for other considerations moving her at the
+time, therefore demitted and renounced the office of government of the
+realm and lieges thereof ... and constituted me, the said Earl of
+Murray, I being then absent furth of the realm, and without my
+knowledge, Regent to his Grace, the realm, and lieges....
+
+
+_MARY'S REPLY_
+
+1568.--October 16. Queen Mary's Commissioners' Rejoinder to Murray's
+Reply.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 162, from _Queen Mary's Register_
+in Cott. Lib. Titus, C. 12.
+
+If he {Bothwell} was the principal author of the murder, the same was
+never known nor manifested to her Highness, but the contrary did well
+appear to her Grace, by reason the said Earl of Bothwell being
+suspected, indited, and orderly summoned by the laws of that realm, was
+acquitted by an assize of his Peers, and the same ratified and confirmed
+by authority of Parliament, by the greatest part of the nobility ... who
+also consented and solicited our said Sovereign to accomplish the said
+marriage with him as the man most fit in all the realm of Scotland ...
+and they nor none of them ... came to her Highness ... to find fault
+with the said Earl concerning the murder foresaid, or yet in any ways
+seemed to grudge or disallow the said marriage.... And at the presenting
+of the said writings of demission of her crown to her Majesty by the
+Lord Lindsay, he menaced her Grace, that if she would not subscribe, he
+had command to put her presently in the Tower, and would do the same,
+and counselled her to fulfil their desire or worse would shortly follow;
+which her Highness subscribed with many tears, never looking what was
+contained in the writings, declaring plainly thereafter, if ever her
+Grace came to liberty, she would never abide thereat, because it was
+against her Majesty's will.... If her Grace had willingly demitted the
+same, as her Highness did not, her Highness could not have nominated the
+said Earl of Murray Regent, for there were others to have been preferred
+to him.
+
+
+1568.--October 11. Letter to Queen Elizabeth from her Commissioners at
+York.
+
+ [This letter is printed in the Appendix to vol. ii. of Hosack's
+ "Mary Queen of Scots, and her Accusers," from Cott. MS. Cal. c. i.
+ fol. 198. The words or letters within brackets, {}, have been
+ burnt, the margin being singed. "The words printed in italics,"
+ says Mr. Hosack, "are very carefully erased with the pen, and, in
+ some instances, are disguised with head and tail loops, to prevent
+ their being read, the alterations being written between the lines."
+ Without the alterations, the letter is printed in Goodall, vol. ii.
+ p. 139, and elsewhere.]
+
+_THE PROOFS ARE SHOWN PRIVATELY_
+
+_THE COMMISSIONERS' LETTER_
+
+And so they {Moray and his colleagues} sent unto us the Lord of
+Lethington, James Macgill, Mr. George Buchanan, and one other being a
+Lord of the Session, which in private and secret conference with us, not
+as Commissioners, as they protested, but for our better instruction,
+afte{r} declaration of such circumstances as led and induced them to
+vehement presumptio{n} to judge her guilty of the said murder, shewed
+unto us a copy of a bond bear{ing} date the 19th of April 1567, to the
+which the most part of the Lords and coun{cil} of Scotland have put to
+their hands; and, as they say, more for fear, than any liking they had
+of the same. Which bond contained two special points, the one {a}
+declaration of Bothwell's purgation of the murder of the Lord Darnley
+... and the othe{r} a general consent to his marriage with the Queen....
+And yet, in proof that they did it not willingly, they procured a
+warrant, which was now shewed unto us, bearing date the 19th {of} April,
+signed with the Queen's hand, whereby she gave them licence to agree to
+the same.... There was also a contract shewed unto us, signed with the
+Queen's hand, and also with Bothwell's, bearing date the fifth of
+April.... There was also a contract shewed unto us, of the Queen's own
+hand, of the marriage to be had between her and Bothwell, bearing no
+date, which had not _verba de præsenti_, as the other had, bearing date
+the 5th of April. It appeared also unto us by two letters of her own
+hand, that it was by her own practice and consent that Bothwell should
+take her and carry her to Dunbar.... After the device of the murder was
+determined, as it seemed by the sequel, they inferred upon a letter of
+her own hand, that there was another mean of a more cleanly conveyance
+devised to kill the King; for there was a quarrel made betwixt him and
+the Lord Robert of Holyrood-house, by carrying of false tales betwixt
+them, the Queen being the instrument, as they said, to bring it to
+pass.... Afterwards they shewed unto us one horrible and long letter of
+her own hand, as they say, containing foul matter, and abominable to be
+either thought of, or to be written by a Prince, with divers fond
+ballads, and other writings before specified, were closed in a little
+coffer of silver and gilt heretofore given by her to Bothwell.... And
+these men here do constantly affirm the said letters and other writings,
+which they produce of her own hand, to be of her own hand in deed; and
+do offer to swear and take their oath thereupon, _as in deed_ the matter
+contained in them being such as could hardly be invented or devised by
+any other than by herself; for that the discourse of some things which
+were unknown to any other, than to herself, and Bothwell, _doth the
+rather persuade us to believe that they be in deed of her own
+handwriting_. And as it is hard to counterfeit so many, _and so long
+letters_, so the matter of them, and the manner how these men came by
+them, is such, as it seemeth that God (in whose sight murder and
+bloodshed of the innocent is abominable) would not permit the same to be
+hid or concealed. In a paper here inclosed we have noted to your Majesty
+the chief and special points of the said letters, written (as they say)
+with her own hand, to the intent it may please your Majesty to consider
+of them, and so to judge whether the same be sufficient to convince her
+of the detestable crime of the murder of her husband; which in our
+opinions and consciences, if the said letters be written with her own
+hand, _as we believe_
+
+ _they be_, {is very hard to be avoided.
+ {_is plain and manifest_....
+
+ T. NORFOLK.
+ T. SUSSEX.
+ R. SADLER.
+
+
+Abstract of Matters showed to the Queen's Majesty's Commissioners by the
+Scots, sent the 11th of October.
+
+_Goodall_, pp. 148-153.
+
+... She wrote to Bothwell, that according to her commission, she would
+bring the man with her; praying him to work wisely, or else the whole
+burden would lie on her shoulders; and specially to make good watch,
+that the bird escaped not out of the cage. {Letter iv., see pp.
+185-189.}
+
+
+_QUOTATIONS FROM THE LETTERS_
+
+Notes drawn forth of the Queen's Letters sent to the Earl Bothwell.
+
+... _Item._ ... We are coupled with twa fals racis; the devill syndere
+us, and God mot knit us togidder for ever for the maist faithful cupple
+that ever he unitit. This is my faith, I will die in it.
+
+... _Item._ ... Wareit {cursed} mocht this pokishe man be, that causes
+me haif sa meikill pane, for without hym I wald haif ane far mair
+plesant subject to discourse upoun. He is not oer meikle spilt, bot he
+has gottin verray mekill; he has almaist slane me with his braith; it is
+war nor your unclis, and zeit {yet} I cum na neirar bot sat in ane cheir
+at the bedfute, and he beand {being} at the uther end thairof.
+
+... _Item._ ... Send me advertisement quhat I sall do, and quhatsumever
+sall cum thairof I sall obey you; advys to with yourself. Yf ye can fynd
+out any mair secreit inventioun be medecein, and the baith in
+Craigmillar.
+
+... _Item._ ... "For certaintie he suspectis that thing ye know, and of
+his lyif: bot as to the last, how sone I speak twa or thrie guid wordis
+unto hym, he rejois and is out of doubt."
+
+... _Item._ ... Sie not his quhas fenzeit tearis suld not be sa mekill
+praysit, nor estemyt, as the trew and faythfull travaillis quhilk I
+sustene to merit hir place, for obteyning of quhilk, againis my
+naturall. I betray thame that may impesche me. God forgive me, and God
+gif you, my onlie luif, the hope and prosperitie that your humble and
+faythfull luif desyris unto yow, quha hoipis schortlie to be ane uther
+thing unto yow. {Letter, ii. pp. 167-182.}
+
+... _Item._ ... As to me, howbeit I heir no farther newes from yow.
+According to my commission, I bring the man with me to Craigmillar upon
+Munday, quhair he will be all Wednisday. {Letter i., pp. 165-6.}
+
+... _Item._ ... In ane uther lettre, "I pray you, according to your
+promeis, to discharge your hart to me, utherwayis I will think that my
+malheure, and the guid composing of thame, that hes not the third part
+of the faythfull and willing obedience unto yow that I beyre, has wyne,
+againis my will, that advantage over me quhilk the secund luif of Jason
+wan; not that I wolde compair yow to ane soe unhappie as he was, nor yit
+myself to ane soe unpetifull a woman as she...." {Letter iv., p. 185.}
+
+
+_COMMISSION REMOVED TO WESTMINSTER_
+
+The Conference at Westminster.
+
+ [At the beginning of the Westminster Conference, Mary found herself
+ "ever straiter and straiter kept from liberty," and demanded to be
+ allowed to appear in person. Her request and Elizabeth's reply will
+ be found on pp. 145, 148. On the 26th November, Murray made his
+ "eik" or additional charge. For the relevant portions of this
+ document, and of the reply of Mary's Commissioners, see pp. 146-7.
+ On December 6th, Mary's representatives protested that they would
+ withdraw from the Conference if their mistress's demand were not
+ granted. Cecil declined, on a formal point, to receive the protest.
+ On the 6th, 7th, and 8th, Murray produced his proofs. On the 9th,
+ the protest was accepted, and Mary's Commissioners withdrew. After
+ their retirement further evidence was received. It may be of use to
+ enumerate the documents produced at Westminster:--
+
+ _PRODUCTIONS AT WESTMINSTER_
+
+ The Book of Articles.
+
+ Acts of Parliament ratifying the proceedings of the insurgent
+ Lords.
+
+ Two contracts of marriage, and record of Bothwell's trial and
+ divorce.
+
+ Five of the six letters produced at York, three additional letters,
+ and the sonnets (pp. 162-201).
+
+ Recognition of the Regent's Government by Huntly, Argyll, and
+ Herries (pp. 154-5).
+
+ Depositions and confessions of Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, Dalgleish,
+ Nelson, and Crawford.
+
+ Murray's "Journal or Diary of Events."
+
+ The Book of Articles is a document of considerable length. It is a
+ summary of the charges against the Queen of Scots, but contains no
+ important charge which is not to be found elsewhere. The reader is
+ already in possession of its essential allegations. It formed the
+ material for Buchanan's "Detectio," with which it is, at times,
+ almost identical. It is printed, from the Hopetoun MS., in Hosack's
+ "Mary," I. App. B. For the depositions of Nelson and Crawford, see
+ pp. 207-213. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, and Dalgleish
+ do not directly accuse the Queen of the murder, beyond stating that
+ the powder was placed in her room, and they have therefore been
+ omitted. The question of the position of the powder is discussed in
+ Hosack, vol. i. pp. 247-8, and the reader is referred to the
+ authorities there quoted, and to Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary Queen of
+ Scots," pp. 435-6 (_cf._ also pp. 219-220). The confession of
+ Hepburn (English edition of Buchanan's "Detection") contains the
+ following sentence:--"He said, let no man do evil for counsel of
+ great men ... for surely I thought that night that the deed was
+ done, that although knowledge should be gotten, no man durst have
+ said it was evil done, seeing the handwriting and acknowledging the
+ Queen's mind thereto." No question was put to Dalgleish regarding
+ the casket found in his possession.
+
+ A quotation from Murray's "Diary," so far as it bears on the
+ murder, will be found on pp. 213-215.]
+
+_The Earl of Sussex to Sir William Cecil_, October 22, 1568.
+_Lodge: Illustrations of British History._
+
+This matter must at length take end, either by finding the Scotch Queen
+guilty of the crimes that are objected against her, or by some manner of
+composition with a show of saving her honour. The first, I think, will
+hardly be attempted, for two causes, the one, for that if her adverse
+party accuse her of the murder by producing of her letters, she will
+deny them, and accuse the most of them of manifest consent to the
+murder, hardly to be denied; so as, upon the trial on both sides, her
+proofs will judicially fall best out, as it is thought. The other, for
+that their young King is of tender and weak years and state of body; and
+if God should call him, and their Queen were judicially defaced ...
+Hamilton, upon his death, should succeed; which Murray's faction utterly
+detest.
+
+
+_MARY'S REQUEST_
+
+1568.--November 22. Mary to her Commissioners.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 185, _from Queen Mary's Register_,
+Cott. Lib., Titius C. 12.
+
+Ye shall afore our sister, her nobility, and the whole ambassadors of
+strange countries, desire, in our name, that we may be licensed to come
+in proper person afore them all, to answer to that which may or can be
+proposed and alleged against us by the calumnies of our rebels, since
+they have free access to accuse us.... And now the said Earl of Murray
+being permitted to come into her presence, which if the like be not
+granted us, as is reasonable, and yet our sister will condemn us in our
+absence, not having place to answer for ourselves, as justice requires;
+in consideration of the premisses ye shall break off your conference,
+and proceed no further therein, but take your leave and come away.
+
+
+_THE REGENT'S "EIK"_
+
+1568.--November 26. Murray's "Eik" or Additional Charge.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 206, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 230.
+
+Whereas in our former answer, upon good respects mentioned in our
+protestation, we kept back the chiefest causes and grounds, whereupon
+our actions and whole proceedings were founded, wherewithal seeing our
+adversaries will not content themselves; but by their obstinate and
+earnest pressing we are compelled, for justifying of our cause, to
+manifest the naked truth. It is certain, and we boldly and constantly
+affirm, that as James, sometime Earl of Bothwell, was the chief executor
+of the horrible and unworthy murder, perpetrated in the person of
+umquhile King Henry of good memory, father to our sovereign Lord, and
+the Queen's lawful husband, so was she of the foreknowledge, counsel,
+device, persuader and commander of the said murder to be done,
+maintainer and fortifier of the executors thereof, by impeding and
+stopping of the inquisition and punishment due for the same, according
+to the laws of the realm, and, consequently, by marriage with the said
+James, sometime Earl Bothwell, delated and universally esteemed chief
+author of the above-named murder. Where through they began to use and
+exercise an uncouth and cruel tyranny in the whole state of the
+commonwealth, and with the first (as well appeared by their proceedings)
+intended to cause the innocent Prince, now our Sovereign Lord, shortly
+follow his father, and so to transfer the crown from the right line to a
+bloody murderer and godless tyrant. In which respect the estates of the
+realm of Scotland finding her unworthy to reign, decreed her demission
+of the Crown, with the coronation of our sovereign Lord, and
+establishing of the regiment of that realm, in the person of me, the
+Earl of Murray....
+
+ JAMES, REGENT.
+ PATRICK, L. LINDSAY.
+ MORTON.
+ AD. ORKAD.
+ DUNFERMLINE.
+
+
+_ANSWER TO THE "EIK"_
+
+1568.--December 1. The Answer of Queen Mary's Commissioners to the
+"Eik."
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 213, _from Queen Mary's Register_.
+
+My Lords,--We are heartily sorry to hear that our countrymen should
+intend to colour their most unjust, ingrate, and shameful doings.... Her
+Highness made the greatest of them of mean men, if they had used their
+own calling, Earls and Lords, and now, without any evil deserving on her
+Grace's part to any of them in deed or word, to be thuswise recompensed
+with calumnious and false invented bruits {rumours}, slandered in so
+great a matter, to her reproach, whereof they themselves, that now
+pretend herewith to excuse their own treasons, were the first inventors,
+writers with their own hands of that devilish band, the conspiracy of
+the slaughter of that innocent young gentleman, Henry Stewart, late
+spouse till our sovereign, and presented to their wicked confederate,
+James, Earl Bothwell, as was made manifest before ten thousand people at
+the execution of certain the principal offenders at Edinburgh....
+
+_MARY AND ELIZABETH_
+
+The Queen's Highness, our and their native sovereign, ... gave them in
+her youth ... the twa part (two-thirds) of the patrimony pertaining to
+the Crown of Scotland, and seeing that her successors, Kings of that
+realm, might not maintain their estate upon the third part ... for their
+evil deservings and most proud contemption ... caused her use the
+privilege of the laws always granted to the Kings of that realm before,
+and make revocation before her full age of xxv. years, ... so that it
+was not the punishment of that slaughter that moved them to this proud
+rebellion, but the usurping of their Sovereign's supreme authority, and
+to possess themselves with her great riches....
+
+... Our desire is most earnestly that it should be the Queen's Majesty's
+pleasure that our Sovereign may be admitted to come into the presence of
+the Queen's Highness of this realm, her whole nobility, and also in
+presence of the ambassadors of foreign countries, for more true
+declaration of her innocency.
+
+
+1568.--December 4. Elizabeth's Answer.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 222, _from Queen Mary's Register_.
+
+I think it very reasonable that she should be heard in her own cause,
+being so weighty; but to determine whom before, when and what, any time
+before I understand how they will verify their allegation, I am not as
+yet resolved.
+
+
+_THE PRIVY COUNCIL_
+
+1568.--Dec. 4. Proceedings of the Privy Council.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 223, _from the Journal of the
+Privy Council of England_.
+
+Die Sabbati, 4 Decembris 1568, Hora prima post meridiem.
+
+_Present._
+
+ THE QUEEN'S MAJESTY.
+
+ The Lord Keeper {Sir Nicholas Bacon}.
+ Duke of Norfolk.
+ Marquis {of Northampton}.
+ Lord Steward {Pembroke}.
+ Earl Essex.
+ Earl Bedford.
+ Earl Leicester.
+ Lord Admiral {Lord Clinton}.
+ Lord Chamberlain {Lord Howard of Effingham}.
+ Sir William Cecil.
+ Sir Ralph Sadler.
+ Sir Walt. Mildmay.
+
+The said Bishop {of Ross} and his colleagues, before they came to the
+Court, sent a message to the Earl of Leicester and Sir William Cecil,
+requiring to speak with them two apart.... And thereupon the said
+Commissioners came into the Earl of Leicester's chamber, where the said
+Bishop in the name of the rest said ... That although the Earl of Murray
+and his complices had delivered in writing a grievous accusation against
+the Queen, their Sovereign, and that they were prohibited to make any
+further answer to any such matter, but only to desire the Queen of Scots
+might come in person to the presence of the Queen's Majesty to make any
+further answer to any such matter; yet they having considered with
+themselves their mistress's intention to have been always from the
+beginning, that these causes should be ended by the Queen's Majesty by
+some such good appointment betwix her and her subjects, as might be for
+her Grace's honour and the common weal of the country, with surety also
+to the Earl of Murray, and his party ... thought good to declare thus
+much to the said Earl and Sir William Cecil....
+
+_COUNCIL PROCEEDINGS_
+
+After the said Bishop had reiterated the said motion, as above is
+mentioned, the Queen's Majesty said: "... Trusting and wishing that the
+Queen, her sister, should be found innocent, ... she thought it better
+for her sister's honour and declaration to the world of her innocency,
+to have the Earl of Murray and his complices charged and reproved for
+this their so audacious defaming of the Queen, their sovereign, and to
+receive that which was due for their punishment, than to have it ended
+by appointment, except it might be thought that they should be able to
+show some apparent just causes of such an attempt, whereof her Majesty
+would be sorry to hear. And as for the Queen of Scots coming in person
+to her Majesty to make answer hereunto, the same being of no small
+moment to her honour, but rather likely to touch her in reputation, in
+that it might be thought the accusation so probable, as it not to be
+improved {disproved} by any other, but that she should be forced to come
+herself, being a Queen, in person to answer for herself, her Majesty
+said she would not have the Queen's honour and estate in that matter
+endangered without this their accusation might first appear to have more
+likelihood of just cause than she did find therein....
+
+Hereunto the Queen of Scots' Commissioners said that this last motion
+for an appointment came not from the Queen since the accusation given in
+by the Earl of Murray, and so also the Queen's Majesty assented thereto,
+but of their own consideration."
+
+
+_PRODUCTION OF THE PROOFS_
+
+1568.--Dec. 6. Proofs produced at Westminster.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 231, _from the Journal of the Commissioners_.
+
+... They {Murray and others} would show unto her Majesty's Commissioners
+a collection made in writing of the presumptions and circumstances, by
+the which it should evidently appear that as the Earl Bothwell was the
+chief murtherer of the King, so was the Queen a deviser and maintainer
+thereof; the which writing followeth thus. Articles containing certain
+conjectures, &c. {the Book of Articles. See _supra_, p. 144}.
+
+After the reading hereof they also said that according to the truth
+contained in the same, the three estates of Parliament, called by the
+King, now present, their whole actions and proceedings from the murther
+of the late King were ratified and approved to be lawful....
+
+_Hosack I., App. C., from State Papers_ (_Mary, Queen of Scots_),
+1568, vol. ii. p. 61, December 7, 1568.
+
+... The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners having heard the foresaid Book
+of Articles read unto them ... entered into a new hearing of the Book of
+Articles, whereof having heard three of the chapters or heads, the Earl
+of Murray and his colleagues, according to the appointment, came to the
+said Commissioners and said: 'They trusted that, after the reading of
+the Book of Articles, and specially upon the sight of the Act of
+Parliament, wherein the whole cause wherewith their adversaries did
+charge them, were found, declared, and concluded to be lawful; their
+Lordships would be satisfied to think them clear and void of such crime
+as her Majesty did charge them withal.... They required to know whether
+their Lordships were not now satisfied with such things as they had
+seen, and if they were not, and that it would please them to show if in
+any part of these Articles exhibited they conceived any doubt, or would
+have any other proof, which they trusted, needed not.... {The
+Commissioners declined to give any opinion on this point.}
+
+_THE CASKET_
+
+And so they produced a small gilded coffer of not fully one foot long,
+being garnished in many places with the Roman letter F set under a Royal
+Crown, wherein were certain letters and writings, and as they said and
+affirmed to have been written with the Queen of Scots' own hand, to the
+Earl Bothwell, which coffer, as they said, being left in the Castle of
+Edinburgh by the said Earl Bothwell before his flying away, was sent for
+by one George Dalgleish, his servant, who was taken by the Earl of
+Morton, who also thereto sitting presently as one of the Commissioners
+avowed upon his oath the same to be true, and the writings to be the
+very same without any manner of change, and before they would exhibit
+the sight of these letters they exhibited {the two marriage
+contracts}.... After this the said Earl and his colleagues offered to
+show certain proofs, not only of the Queen's hate towards the King, her
+husband, but also of unordinate love towards Bothwell, for which purpose
+they produced a letter written in French and in Roman hand, which they
+averred to be a letter of the said Queen's own hand to Bothwell when she
+was at Glasgow with her husband, at the time she went to bring him to
+Edinburgh, the tenour of which letter hereafter followeth: Il semble que
+avecques ure absence, &c. {Letter i. p. 165.}
+
+_ITS CONTENTS_
+
+After this they produced for the same purpose one other long letter
+written also with the like hand, and in French, ... the tenour of all
+which letter followeth hereafter: Estant party du lieu, &c. {Letter ii.
+p. 167.}
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 235, _from the Journal of the Commissioners_,
+December 8.
+
+They produced seven several writings written in French in the like Roman
+hand, as others her letters which were shewed yesternight and avowed by
+them to be written by the said Queen, which seven writings, being
+copied, were read in French, and a due collation made thereof as near as
+could be by reading and inspection, and made to accord with the
+originals, which the said Earl of Murray required to be redelivered, and
+did thereupon deliver the copies being collationed, the tenour of all
+which seven writings hereafter follow in order, the first being in
+manner of a sonnet,
+
+ "O Dieux, ayez de moy," &c.
+
+ [This is the first line of the first of the collection of sonnets,
+ which will be found on pp. 195-201. The other six "writings" are
+ Letters iii.-viii., on pp. 162-195.]
+
+_DEPOSITIONS_
+
+After this they did produce and show three several writings in English,
+subscribed and signed by Sir John Bellenden, Knight, Justice-Clerk in
+Scotland, whereof the first contained two several examinations, the
+first of John Hay, the younger of Talla, the 13th of September, anno
+1567, the second of John Hepburn, called John of Bolton, being examined
+upon the murder of the King, the 8th of December 1567. The third writing
+containeth the examination of one George Dalgleish, the 26th of June in
+the same year, 1567. All which writings ... were delivered to the said
+Commissioners, the true tenour whereof hereafter followeth, _Apud
+Edinburgh_, 13 die mensis Septembris.
+
+After this they produced and showed forth in writing, subscribed
+likewise by the said Justice-Clerk, a copy of the process, verdict, and
+judgment against the foresaid John Hepburn, John Hay, William Powrie,
+and George Dalgleish, as culpable of the murder of the said King, which
+being read, was also delivered, and the tenours thereof hereafter
+followeth, _Curia justiciariae S. D. N. regis_, &c. After this they
+produced and shewed forth a writing in a long paper, being, as they
+said, the judgment and condemnation by Parliament of the Earl Bothwell,
+James Ormiston, Robert Ormiston, Patrick Wilson, and Paris, a Frenchman,
+Sym, Armstrong, and William Murray, as guilty sundry ways of treason for
+the murder of the King. The tenour whereof thus followeth: _In the
+Parliament holden at Edinburgh, the 20th day of December_.
+
+After this they produced and showed a writing signed by Mr. James
+Macgill, Clerk of the register, containing a request, by way of
+protestation, by the Earls of Huntly and Argyle, and the Lord Herries,
+by the which they require to have no fault imputed unto them for not
+doing their duty since the 10th of June 1567, until the 29th of December
+then following, for the which, by order of Parliament, they were
+acquitted....
+
+_THE FINDING OF THE CASKET_
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 239, from _Journal of the Commissioners_,
+Cott. Lib. Calig., c. i. p. 252, Dec. 9, 1568.
+
+The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners being occupied in perusing and
+reading certain letters and sonnets written in French, being duly
+translated into English, and other writings also exhibited yesterday to
+them by the Earl of Murray and his colleagues.... After this the Earl of
+Murray and his colleagues came ... and first the Earl Morton said, that
+where heretofore he had declared by speech, the manner how he came to
+the little gilt coffer with the letters, sonnets, and contracts of
+marriage therein found, and heretofore exhibited: he had caused the same
+to be put in writing, which also he produced subscribed with his hand,
+and desired to have it read: which being done, he avowed upon his
+honour, and the oath which he already took, the same to be true, the
+tenor whereof followeth, _The true declaration and report_, &c. (see p.
+203).
+
+After this the Earl of Murray required that one Thomas Nelson, late
+servitor to the King that was murdered ... might be heard upon his oath
+to report his knowledge therein, who, being produced, did present a
+writing in form of answer of himself to an examination, which being read
+unto him, he did by a corporal oath affirm the same to be true ... (see
+p. 207) ...
+
+_CRAWFORD'S EVIDENCE_
+
+The like request was made that one Thomas Crawford, a gentleman of the
+Earl of Lennox, might be also heard upon his oath, who was, as they
+said, the same party of whom mention is made in a long letter written in
+French, and exhibited the 7th of this month.... Whereupon the said
+Thomas Crawford ... did present a writing, which he said he caused to be
+made according to the truth of his knowledge, which being read he
+affirmed upon his corporal oath there taken to be true, the tenour
+whereof hereafter followeth. The words betwixt the Queen, &c.... The
+said Crawford said ... that he ... was secretly informed by the King of
+all things which had passed betwixt the said Queen and the King, to the
+intent he should report the same to the Earl of Lennox his master ...
+and that he did, immediately at the same time, write the same word by
+word as near as he possibly could carry the same away ... (see p. 208).
+
+_Journal of the Privy Council of Hampton Court_,
+December 14, 1568. _Goodall_, ii. 254.
+
+There were produced sundry letters written in French, supposed to be
+written by the Queen of Scots' own hand, were then also presently
+produced and perused; and being read were duly conferred and compared,
+for the manner of writing and fashion of orthography, with sundry other
+letters long since heretofore written, and sent by the Queen of Scots to
+the Queen's Majesty. {The attestation of Morton and the depositions were
+then read.} ... And forasmuch as the night approached, it was thought
+good to defer the further declaration of the rest until the next day
+following.
+
+_Ibid._, December 15.
+
+ [The Book of Articles, depositions, and contracts were produced,
+ along with Acts of the Scottish Parliament.]
+
+And it is to be noted, that, at the time of the producing, shewing, and
+reading of all these foresaid writings, there was no special choice nor
+regard had to the order of the producing thereof, but the whole writings
+lying all together upon the Council table, the same were one after
+another showed rather by hap, as the same did lie upon the table, than
+with any choice made, as by the natures thereof, if time had so served,
+might have been.
+
+
+_MARY'S PERSONAL ANSWER_
+
+1568.--December 19. Queen Mary's own Answer to the "Eik."
+
+_Mary to her Commissioners. Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 288,
+from Cott. Lib. Calig., b. ix. p. 287.
+
+We have received the eik given in by the Earl of Murray and his
+complices. And where they have said thereintill, or at any time, that we
+knew, counselled, devised, persuaded, or commended the murther of our
+husband, they have falsely, traitorously, and meschantlie lied; imputing
+unto us the crime whereof they themselves are authors, inventors, doers,
+and some of them proper executors. And where they allege we stopped
+inquisition, and due punishment to be made on the said murther; and
+siclike {similarly} of the sequel of the marriage with the Earl
+Bothwell; it is sufficiently answered in the reply given in at York to
+their two points.... And where they charge us with unnatural kindness
+towards our son, alleging we intended to have caused him follow his
+father hastily: Howbeit the natural love the mother bears to her only
+bairn is sufficient to confound them, and misteris {requires} no other
+answer. Yet, considering their proceedings by-past, who did wrong him in
+our womb, intending to have slain him and us both, there is none of good
+judgment but they may easily perceive their hypocrisy, how they would
+fortify themselves in our son's name, till their tyranny were better
+established.
+
+_DEMAND TO SEE ELIZABETH_
+
+And to the effect our good sister may understand we are not willing to
+let their false invented allegations pass over with silence, adhering to
+your former protestations, ye shall desire the inspection and doubles of
+all that they have produced against us; and that we may see the alleged
+principal {original} writings, if they have any, produced; and with
+God's grace we shall make our answer thereto, that our innocence shall
+be known to our good sister, and to all other Princes; and similarly
+shall charge them as authors, inventors, and doers of the said crime
+they would impute to us, and prove the same sufficiently, so that we may
+have our good sister's presence, as our adversaries have had, and
+reasonable space and time to get such verification as appertains
+thereto. And protest that we may add thereto as time place and need
+shall require.
+
+ [In accordance with these instructions, Mary's Commissioners made
+ the request before Elizabeth and her Council on 25th December, and
+ received the following reply:--]
+
+Which desire her Majesty thought very reasonable, and declared her to be
+very glad that her good sister would make answer in that manner for
+defence of her honour. And to the effect her Majesty might be the better
+advised upon their desires, and give answer thereto, desired an extract
+of the said writing to be given to her Highness. (Goodall, p. 282, from
+"Queen Mary's Register," as before.)
+
+
+_HAMPTON COURT_
+
+1569.--January 7. Proceedings at Hampton Court.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 297, from _Queen Mary's Register_.
+
+The which day the said Bishop of Ross, Lord Herries, and Abbot of
+Kilwinning, passed to the presence of the Queen's Majesty of England,
+her Highness's council being also present, and declared, that they had
+presently received writings from the Queen's Majesty of Scotland, their
+sovereign, by the which they were of new commanded to signify unto her
+Majesty, that she would answer to the calumnious accusation of her
+subjects, and also would accuse them as principal authors, inventors,
+and executors of that deid for the which she was falsely accused by
+them, conform to the writings presented of before in her name, and
+therefore desired the writings produced by her inobedient subjects, or,
+at the least, the copies thereof, to be delivered unto thame, that their
+mistress might fully answer thereto as was desired.
+
+And the Queen's Majesty of England took to be advised therewith, and
+promised to give answer within two or three days.
+
+
+_ELIZABETH'S DECISION_
+
+1569.--January 10. At Hampton Court.
+
+_Ibid._ (p. 305).
+
+The which day the said Earl of Murray, and his complices, came before
+the Queen's Majesty of England, where Sir William Cecil, secretary, at
+the Queen's Majesty's command, and her Highness's council, gave them
+such answer in effect as follows:--
+
+Whereas the Earl of Murray, and his adherents, come into this realm, at
+the desire of the Queen's Majesty of England, to answer to such things
+as the Queen their sovereign objected against them, and their
+allegiances; for so much as there has been nothing deduced against them,
+as yet, that may impair their honour or allegiances; and, on the other
+part, there had been nothing sufficiently produced nor shown by them
+against the Queen, their sovereign, whereby the Queen of England should
+conceive or take any evil opinion of the Queen, her good sister, for
+anything yet seen; and there being alleged by the Earl of Murray the
+unquiet state and disorder of the realm of Scotland, now in his absence,
+her Majesty thinketh meet not to restrain any farther the said Earl and
+his adherents' liberty; but suffer him and them, at their pleasure to
+depart, relinquishing them in the same estate in the which they were of
+before their coming within this realm, till she hear farther of their
+Queen of Scotland's answer, to such things as have been alleged against
+her.
+
+_MARY'S PROTEST_
+
+ [Next day, Mary's Commissioners protested and again demanded
+ "copies of the pretended writings given in." On the 13th they
+ repeated their demand, and received a promise "that she {Elizabeth}
+ will not refuse unto the Queen, her good sister, to give the
+ doubles of all that was produced." (Goodall.) The copies not being
+ forthcoming, Mary applied to the French ambassador, La Mothe
+ Fénélon, for help. Elizabeth promised that they should be produced
+ immediately, but, when Fénélon again approached her on the subject,
+ he was informed that Mary had, in a letter, accused the English
+ Queen of partiality. (Fénélon, i. 133 and 162.) The matter was
+ forgotten in the negotiations for Mary's marriage with the Duke of
+ Norfolk, and in the conspiracy which followed.]
+
+
+
+
+SECTION VII
+
+THE DOCUMENTS
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. The Contents of the Casket.
+ (_a_) The Letters.
+ (_b_) The Sonnets.
+ (_c_) The Contracts of Marriage.
+
+ 2. The Deposition of Thomas Nelson.
+
+ 3. The Deposition of Thomas Crawford.
+
+ 4. Murray's Journal.
+
+ 5. The Depositions of Paris.
+
+ 6. The Confession of Ormiston.
+
+ 7. The Confession of the Earl of Morton.
+
+ 8. Letter from Mr. Archibald Douglas to the Queen of Scots.
+
+
+THE CASKET LETTERS.
+
+ [The following eight letters are the principal contents of the
+ famous Silver Casket (_cf._ pp. 125 and 132-161). A long and bitter
+ controversy has been waged in connection with the question of their
+ authenticity. Every recorded production of them has been the
+ subject of debate. Their discovery is related on pp. 203-207. Their
+ appearance at York is described in the letter to Queen Elizabeth on
+ pp. 138-143. It is evident that, at York, they were produced in
+ Scots, and there has been considerable controversy as to whether
+ they were there stated to be originals or translations. At
+ Westminster, they were shown to the Commissioners in French. Within
+ a few years after the Westminster Conference, we lose all trace of
+ the original documents. Translations of them into Scots, English,
+ and Latin and French versions, which we now know (at least in the
+ case of some of the Letters) not to have been those produced at
+ Westminster, were published soon after the Conference closed. In
+ 1571, Latin translations of Nos. I., II., and IV. were printed in
+ the Latin edition of Buchanan's "Detectio," and, in the same year,
+ a Scots translation was published in London, containing the sonnets
+ in French and Scots (reprinted in Anderson's "Collections," Vol.
+ II.). Prefixed to each of the Scots versions was the first sentence
+ of each letter, in French (_see_ pp. 194-5). In 1572 another Scots
+ version was published at St. Andrews, and, in 1573, a French
+ translation of the "Detectio" appeared, with the imprimatur
+ "Edinburgh." To it, French versions of all the letters, except No.
+ III., were appended, with a version of the sonnets, varying
+ considerably from that in the Scots "Detection." Research has
+ revealed the existence of English translations of Nos. I. and II.
+ and French versions of Nos. III. and V. in the Record Office; and
+ of English translations and French versions of Nos. IV. and VI. at
+ Hatfield. All these various versions will be found printed, in
+ careful and scholarly fashion, in Appendix C. of Mr. T. F.
+ Henderson's "Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots."
+
+ The method adopted in the present work has been to print the Scots
+ version of all the letters, with a glossary of unusual words. It is
+ the only complete version, and the published French and Latin
+ letters are probably derived from it. Variations both in these and
+ in such English and French versions of the letters as are at
+ Hatfield or the Record Office, are indicated in notes appended to
+ each letter. Care should be taken to distinguish between these
+ Hatfield or Record Office French versions and the "Published
+ French," _i.e._ the French of the edition of 1573.
+
+ References to the literature of the question will be found in an
+ Appendix. For the guidance of the reader, it may be added that one
+ section of the discussion turns upon the question whether French
+ originals of Nos. I., II., VII., and VIII. ever existed; and the
+ Scots and English have been carefully examined to discover if they
+ bear traces of derivation from a French source.
+
+ Of the other contents of the Casket, the Sonnets, and the important
+ clauses of the marriage contracts will be found immediately after
+ the letters.]
+
+ The following Scots words, which appear frequently in the text of
+ the letters, may be unknown to English readers:--
+
+ Abaschit = surprised.
+ Aganis = against.
+ Allanerly = only.
+ Awin = own.
+ Beseik = beseech.
+ Chereis = cherish.
+ Conqueis = conquest.
+ Cordounis = cords.
+ Dreddouris = fears.
+ Eir = ear.
+ Eis = ease.
+ Fane = anxious (wald verray fane, wished very much).
+ Fascherie, fascheous = trouble, troublesome.
+ Fenze, fenzeingly = feign, feigningly.
+ Fulische = foolish.
+ Gangand = going.
+ Gar = force, compel.
+ Gude = good.
+ Haillely = wholly.
+ Impesche = hinder, prevent.
+ Incontinent = immediately.
+ Inlack = fail.
+ Inragis = becomes angry.
+ Irkit = tired, wearied.
+ Irksome = troublesome, disagreeable.
+ Journey = day's work.
+ Luif, luifar = love, lover.
+ Mekle, meikle = much.
+ Playn, plenzeit = complain, complained.
+ Quha = who.
+ Quhair = where.
+ Quhen = when.
+ Quhilk = which.
+ Quhill = while, till.
+ Regiment = rule.
+ Schaw = show.
+ Schort = short.
+ Schuillis = schools.
+ Seik = sick.
+ Sic, siclyke = such, similarly.
+ Sone = son.
+ Speik = speak.
+ Suld = should.
+ Travell = take pains, try.
+ Thristit = nudged.
+ Tuichit = touched.
+ Tyne = lose.
+ Unsay = contradict.
+ Wald = would.
+ Waryit = cured.
+ Wod = mad, angry.
+ Ze, zow = ye, you.
+ Zisternicht = yesternight.
+ Zit = yet.
+
+
+Letter I.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 1, _et seq._
+
+It appeiris, that with zour absence thair is alswa joynit forzetfulnes,
+seand yat at zour departing ze promysit to mak me advertisement of zour
+newis from tyme to tyme. The waitting upon yame zisterday causit me to
+be almaist in sic joy as I will be at zour returning, quhilk ze have
+delayit langer than zour promeis was.
+
+As to me, howbeit I have na farther newis from zow according to my
+commission, I bring the man with me to Craigmillar upon Monounday,
+quhair he will be all Wednisday; and I will gang to Edinburgh to draw
+blude of me, gif in the meane tyme I get na newis in ye contrary fra
+zow.
+
+He is mair gay than ever ze saw him; he puttis me in remembrance of all
+thingis yat may mak me beleve he luifis me. Summa, ye will say yat he
+makis lufe to me; of ye quhilk I tak sa greit pleasure, yat I enter
+never where he is, bot incontinent I tak ye seiknes of my sair syde, I
+am sa troubillit with it. Gif Paris bringis me that quhilk I send him
+for, I traist it sall amend me.
+
+I pray zow, advertise me of zour newis at lenth, and quhat I sall do in
+cace ze be not returnit quhen I am cum thair; for, in cace ze wirk not
+wysely, I se that the haill burding of this will fall upon my
+schoulderis. Provide for all thing, and discourse upon it first with
+zourself. I send this be Betoun, quha gais to ane day of law of the
+Laird of Balfouris.
+
+I will say na farther, saifing that I pray zow to send me gude newis of
+zour voyage. From Glasgow this Setterday in the morning.
+
+ There are no important variations in the published Latin and French
+ translations.
+
+ An English version of Letter I., preserved in the Record Office
+ (State Papers relating to Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 66),
+ quoted by Mr. Henderson in his "Casket Letters," pp. 124-5:--
+
+ It seemyth that with your absence forgetfulness is joynid
+ consydering that at your departure you promised me to send me newes
+ from you. Nevertheless I can learn none. And yet did I yesterday
+ looke for that that shuld make me meryer than I shall be. I think
+ you doo the lyke for your return, prolonging it more than you have
+ promised.
+
+ As for me, if I hear no other matter of you, according to my
+ commission, I bring the man Monday to Craigmillar, where he shall
+ be upon Wednisday. And I go to Edinborough to be lett blud, if I
+ hear no word to the contrary.
+
+ He is the meryest that ever you sawe and doth remember unto me all
+ that he can, to make me believe that he loveth me. To conclude, you
+ wold say that he maketh love to me, wherein I take so much
+ pleasure, that I have never com in there, but the payne of my syde
+ doth take me. I have it sore to-day. If Paris doth bring back unto
+ me that for which I have sent, it suld much amend me.
+
+ I pray you, send me word from you at large, and what I shall doo if
+ you be not returned, when I shall be there. For if you be not wyse
+ I see assuredly all the whole burden falling upon my shoulders.
+ Provide for all and consyder well first of all. I send this present
+ to Ledington to be delivered to you by Beton, who goeth to one day
+ a law of Lord Balfour. I will say no more unto you, but that I pray
+ God send me goode newes of your voyage.
+
+ From Glasco this Saturday morning.
+
+
+Letter II.
+
+Being departit from the place where I left my hart, it is esie to be
+judgeit quhat was my countenance, seing that[20] I was evin als mekle as
+ane body without ane hart; quhilk was the occasioun that quhile
+dennertyme I held purpois to na body: nor zit durst ony present
+themselves unto me, judging yat it was not gude sa to do.
+
+Four myle or I came to the towne, ane gentilman of the Erle of Lennox
+came and maid his commendatiounis unto me; and excusit him that he came
+not to meit me, be ressoun he durst not interpryse the same, becaus of
+the rude wordis that I had spoken to Cuninghame; and he desyrit that he
+suld come to the inquisition of ye matter yat I suspectit him of. This
+last speiking was of his awin heid, without ony commissioun.
+
+I answerit to him, that thair was na receipt culd serve aganis feir; and
+that he wald not be affrayit, in case he wer not culpabill; and that I
+answerit bot rudely to the doutis yat were in his letteris.[21] Summa, I
+maid him hald his toung. The rest were lang to wryte. Schir James
+Hammiltoun met me, quha schawit, that the uther tyme quhen he hard of my
+cumming, he departit away, and send Howstoun, to schaw him, that he wald
+never have belevit that he wald persewit him, nor yit accompanyit him
+with the Hammiltounis. He answerit, that he was only cum bot to see me,
+and yat he wald nouther accompany Stewart nor Hammiltoun, bot be my
+commandement. He desyrit[22] that he wald cum and speik with him. He
+refusit it.
+
+The Laird of Lusse,[23] Howstoun, and Caldwellis sone, with xl hors or
+thair about, came and met me. The Laird of Lusse said, he was chargeit
+to ane day of law be the King's father, quhilk suld be this day, aganis
+his awin handwrit, quhilk he has; and zit notwithstanding, knawing of my
+cumming, it is delayit. He was inquyrit to come to him, whilk he
+refusit, and sweiris that he will indure nothing of him.
+
+Never ane of that towne came to speik to me, quhilk causis me think that
+thay ar his; and nevertheless he speikis gude, at the leist his sone. I
+se[24] na uther gentilman but thay of my company.
+
+The King send for Joachim zisternicht,[25] and askit at him, quhy I
+lodgeit not besyde him, and that he wald ryse the soner gif that wer;
+and quhairfoir[26] I come, gif it was for gude appointment? and gif ye
+wer thair in particular? and gif I had maid my estait, gif I had takin
+Paris[27][28] and Gilbert to wryte to me? and yat I wald send Joseph away.
+I am abaschit [_i.e._ I wonder] quha hes schawin him sa far; zea, he
+spak evin of ye marriage of Bastiane.
+
+I inquyrit him of his letteris, quhairintil he plenzeit {complained} of
+the crueltie of sum; answerit, that he was astonischit,[29] and that he
+was sa glaid to se me, that he belevit to die for glaidness. He fand
+greit fault that I was pensive.
+
+I departit to supper. This beirer will tell zow of my arryving. He
+prayit me to returne; the quhilk I did. He declairit unto me his
+seiknes, and that he wald mak na testament, but only leif all thing to
+me; and that I was the caus of his maladie, becaus of the regrait that
+he had that I was sa strange unto him. And thus he said: Ze ask me quhat
+I mene be the crueltie contenit in my letter? It is of zow alone that
+will not accept my offeris and repentance. I confes that I have failit,
+but not into that quhilk I ever denyit, and sicklyke hes failit to {too}
+sindrie of your subjectis, quhilk ze have forgevin.[30]
+
+I am zoung.
+
+Ye will say that ze have forgevin me oft tymes, and zit yat I returne to
+my faultis. May not ane man of my age, for lacke of counsell, fall twyse
+or thryse, or inlacke {fail} of his promeis, and at last[31] repent
+himself and be chastisit be experience? Gif I may obtene pardoun, I
+protest I sall never mak fault agane. And I crave na uther thing bot yat
+we may be at bed and buird togidder as husband and wyfe; and gif ze wil
+not consent heirunto I sall never ryse out of yis bed. I pray zow, tell
+me zour resolution. God knawis I am punischit for making my God of zow,
+and for having na uther thocht bot on zow; and gif at ony tyme I offend
+zow, ze ar the caus, becaus quhen ony offendis me, gif, for my refuge, I
+micht playne unto zow, I wald speik it unto na uther body; bot quhen I
+heir ony thing, not being familiar with zow, necessitie constrains me to
+keip it in my breist, and yat causes me to tyne {lose} my wit for verray
+anger.
+
+I answerit ay unto him, bot that wald be ovir lang to wryte at lenth. I
+askit quhy he wald pas away in ye Inglis schip. He denyis it, and sweirs
+theirunto; bot he grantis that he spak with the men. Efter this I
+inquirit him of the inquisition of Hiegate. He denyit the same quhill I
+schew him the verray wordis was spokin. At quhilk tyme he said that
+Mynto had advertisit him, that it was said that sum of the counsell had
+brocht an letter to me to be subscrivit to put him in presoun, and to
+slay him gif he maid resistence. And he askit the same at Mynto himself,
+quha answerit that he belevit ye same to be trew. The morne I will speik
+to him upon this point. As to the rest of Willie Hiegait's,[32] he
+confessit it, bot it was the morne efter my cumming or {till} he did it.
+
+He wald verray fane that I suld ludge in his ludgeing. I refusit it, and
+said to him that he behovit to be purgeit, and that culd not be done
+heir. He said to me, I heir say ze have brocht ane lyter {litter, couch}
+with zow; bot I had rather have passit {travelled} with zow. I trow[33]
+he belevit that I wald have send him away presoner. I answerit that I
+wald tak him with me to Craigmillar, quhais the mediciner and I micht
+help him, and not be far from my sone. He answerit that he was reddy
+when I pleisit, sa I wald assure him of his requeist.
+
+He desyris na body to se him. He is angrie quhen I speik of Walcar, and
+sayis, that he sall pluk the eiris out of his heid, and that he leis
+{lies}. For I inquyrit him upon that, and yat he was angrie with sum of
+the Lordis, and wald threittin thame. He denyis that,[34] and sayis he
+luifis {loves} thame all, and prayis me to give traist to nathing aganis
+him. As to me he wald rather give his lyfe or he did ony displesure to
+me.
+
+And efter yis he schew me of sa mony lytil flattereis, sa cauldly and sa
+wysely, that ze will abasche {marvel} thairat. I had almaist forzet that
+he said he could not dout of me in yis purpois of Hiegait's; for he wald
+never belief yat I, quha was his proper flesche, wald do him ony evill;
+alsweill it was schawin that I refusit to subscrive the same.[35] But as
+to ony utheris that wald persew him, at least he wald sell his lyfe deir
+eneuch; but he suspectit na body, nor yit wald not, but wald lufe all
+yat I lufit.
+
+He wald not let me depart from him, bot desyrit yat I suld walk {watch}
+with him. I make it seme that I beleive that all is trew, and takis heid
+thairto, and excusit my self for this nicht that I culd not walk. He
+sayis, that he sleipis not weil. Ze saw him never better, nor speik mair
+humbler. And gif I had not ane prufe of his hart of waxe, and yat myne
+were not of ane dyamont quhairintill na schot can mak brek, bot that
+quhilk cummis furth your hand, I wald have almaist had pietie of him.
+But feir not, the place[36] sall hald unto the deith. Remember, in
+recompense thairof, that ze suffer not zouris to be wyn {won} be that
+fals race[37] that will travell na les with zow for the same.
+
+I beleve thay have bene at schuillis togidder. He has ever the teir in
+his eye; he salutis every body, zea unto the leist, and makis pieteous
+caressing unto thame to mak thame have pietie on him. This day his
+father bled at the mouth and nose; ges quhat presage that is. I have not
+zit sene him, he keipis his chamber. The King desyris that I suld give
+him meit with my awin handis; but gif {give} na mair traist quhair ze ar
+than I sall do heir.
+
+This is my first journay {day's work.} I sall end ye same ye morne. I
+wryte all thingis, howbeit thay be of lytill wecht, to the end that ze
+may tak the best of all to judge upon. I am in doing of ane work heir
+that I hait greitly.[38] Have ye not desyre to lauch to see me lie sa
+weill, at ye leist to dissembill sa weill, and to tell him treuth betwix
+handis {_i.e._ occasionally.} He schawit me almaist all yat is in the
+name of the Bischop and Sudderland, and zit I have never twichit ane
+word of that ze schawit me; but allanerly {only} be force, flattering,
+and to pray him to assure himself of me. And be pleinzing on the Bischop
+I have drawin it all out of him.[39] Ze have hard the rest.
+
+We are couplit[40] with twa fals races; the devil sinder us and God knit
+us togidder for ever, for the maist faithfull coupill that ever He
+unitit. This is my faith; I will die in it.
+
+Excuse I wryte evill, ze may ges ye half of it; bot I cannot mend it,
+becaus I am not weil at eis; and zit verray glaid to wryte unto zow
+quhen the rest are sleipand, sen {since} I cannot sleip as they do and
+as I wald desyre, that is, in your armes, my deir lufe, quhome I pray
+God to preserve from all evill, and send yow repois; I am gang and to
+seik myne till ye morne, quhen I sall end my Bybill; bot I am faschit
+{troubled} that it stoppis me to wryte newis of myself unto zow, becaus
+it is sa lang. Advertise me quhat ye have deliberat to do in the mater
+ze know upon this point to ye end, that we may understand utheris {each
+other} weill, that nathing may thairthrow be spilt.
+
+I am irkit {weary}[41] and ganging to sleip, and zit I ceis not to
+scrible all this paper in sa mekle as restis thairof. Waryit mot this
+pockische man be that causes me haif sa mekle pane, for without him I
+suld have an far plesander subject to discourse upon. He is not over
+mekle deformit,[42] zit he hes ressavit verray mekle. He hes almaist
+slane me with his braith; it is worse than your uncle's;[43] and zit I
+cum na neirer unto him, bot in ane chyre[44] at the bed feit, and he
+being at the uther end thairof.
+
+The message of the father in the gait {way}.
+
+The purpois {talk}[45] of Schir James Hamiltoun.
+
+Of that the Laird of Lusse schawit me of the delay.
+
+Of the demandis that he askit at Joachim.
+
+Of my estait.
+
+Of my company.
+
+Of the occasioun of my cumming;
+
+And of Joseph.
+
+_Item._ The purpois that he and I had togidder.
+
+Of the desyre that he has to pleis me, and of his repentance.
+
+Of the interpretatioun of his letter.
+
+Of Willie Hiegaite's mater {business}, of his departing.
+
+Of Monsiure de Levingstoun.
+
+I had almaist forzet, that Monsiure de Levingstoun said in the Lady
+Reres eir at supper, that he wald drink to ye folk yat I wist of, gif I
+wald pledge thame. And efter supper he said to me, quhen I was lenand
+
+ upon him warming me at the fyre. Ze have {fair}
+ {sair}
+
+going to se seik folk,[46] zit ze cannot be sa welcum to thame as ze
+left sum body this day in regrait, that will never be blyth quhill he se
+zow agane. I askit at him quha that was. With that he thristit my body,
+and said, that sum[47] of his folkis had sene zow in fascherie; ze may
+ges at the rest.
+
+I wrocht this day quhill {till} it was twa houris upon this bracelet,
+for to put the key of it within the lock thairof, quhilk is couplit
+underneth with twa cordounis. I have had sa lytill tyme that it is evill
+maid; bot I sall mak ane fairer in the meane tyme. Tak heid that nane
+that is heir se it, for all the warld will knaw it, becaus for haist it
+was made in yair presence.
+
+I am now passand to my fascheous {hateful} purpois.[48] Ze gar (force)
+me dissemble sa far that I haif horring thairat; and ye caus me do
+almaist the office of a traitores. Remember how gif {if} it wer not to
+obey zow, I had rather be deid or I did it;[49] my hart bleidis at it.
+Summa, he will not cum with me, except upon conditioun that I will
+promeis to him, that I sall be at bed and buird with him as of befoir,
+and that I will leif him na ofter:[50] And doing this upon my word, he
+will do all thingis that I pleis, and cum with me. Bot he has prayit me
+to remane upon him quhil uther morne[51] {till tomorrow}.
+
+He spak verray bravely[52] at ye beginning, as yis beirer will schaw
+zow, upon the purpois of the Inglismen, and of his departing; Bot in ye
+end he returnit agane to his humilitie.
+
+He schawit, amangis uther purposis, yat he knew weill aneuch that my
+brother had schawin me yat thing, quhilk he had spokin in striviling, of
+the quhilk he denyis ye ane half, and above all, yat ever he came in his
+chalmer. For to mak him traist me, it behovit me to fenze {feign} in sum
+thingis with him; thairfoir, quhen he requeistit me to promeis unto him,
+that quhen he was haill we suld have baith ane bed;[53] I said to him
+fenzeingly, and making me to beleve his promisis, that gif he changeit
+not purpois betwix yis and {by} that tyme, I wald be content thairwith;
+bot in the meane tyme I bad him tak heid that he leit na body wit
+thairof, becaus, to speik amangis our selvis, the Lordis culd not be
+offendit, nor will evill thairfoir: Bot[54] thay wald feir in respect of
+the boisting he maid of thame, that gif ever we aggreit togidder, he
+suld mak thame knaw the lytill compt thay tuke of him; and that he
+counsallit me not to purchas sum of thame by him. Thay for this caus
+wald be in jelosy, gif at anis, without thair knawledge, I suld brek the
+play set up in contrair in thair presence.
+
+He said, verray joyfully, And think zow thay will esteme zow the mair of
+that? Bot I am verray glaid that ze speik to me of the Lordis, for I
+beleve at this tyme ze desyre that we suld leif togidder in quyetnes:
+For gif it wer utherwyse, greiter inconvenience micht come to us baith
+than we ar war of;[55] bot now I will do quhatever ze will do, and will
+lufe all that ze lufe; and desyris zow to make thame lufe in lyk maner;
+For, sen thay seik not my lyf, I lufe thame all equallie. Upon yis point
+this beirer will schaw zow mony small thingis. Becaus I have over mekle
+to wryte, and it is lait: I give traist unto him upon zour word. Summa,
+he will ga upon my word to all places.
+
+Alace! I never dissavit {deceived} ony body: Bot I remit me altogidder
+to zour will. Send me advertisement quhat I sall do, and quhatsaever
+thing sall cum thairof, I sall obey zow. Advise to with zourself, gif ze
+can find out ony mair secreit inventioun by medicine; for he suld tak
+medicine and the bath at Cragmillar. He may not cum furth of the hous
+this lang tyme.
+
+Summa, be all that I can leirne, he is in greit suspicioun, and zit
+notwithstanding, he gevis credit to my word; bot zit not sa far that he
+will schaw ony thing to me; bot nevertheles, I sall draw it out of him,
+gif ze will that I avow all unto him. Bot I will never rejoyce to
+dissaive ony body that traistis in me: Zit notwithstanding ze may
+command me in all thingis. Have na evill opinioun of me for that caus,
+be ressoun ze are the occasion of it zourself; becaus, for my awin
+particular revenge, I wald not do it to him.
+
+He gevis me sum chekis[56] of yat quhilk I feir, zea, evin in the quick.
+He sayis this far, yat his faultis wer publeist; bot yair is that
+committis faultis, that belevis thay will never be spokin of; and zit
+thay will speik of greit and small. As towart the Lady Reres, he said, I
+pray God that scho may serve zow for your honour; and said, it is
+thocht, and he belevis it to be trew, that I have not the power of
+myself into myself, and that becaus of the refuse I maid of his offeris.
+Summa,[57] for certanetie he suspectis of the thing ze knaw, and of his
+lyf. Bot as to the last, how sone that I spak twa or thre gude wordis
+unto him, he rejoysis, and is out of dout.[58]
+
+I saw him not this evening for to end zour bracelet, to the quhilk I can
+get na lokkis. It is ready to thame: and zit I feir that it will bring
+sum malheus, and may be sene gif ze chance to be hurt. Advertise me gif
+ze will have it, and gif ze will have mair silver, and quhen I sall
+returne, and how far I mey speik.[59] He inragis when he heiris of
+Lethingtoun, or of zow or of my brother. Of zour brother he speikis
+nathing. He speikis of the Erle of Argyle. I am in feir quhen I heir him
+speik; for he assuris himself yat he hes not an evill opinioun of him.
+He speikis nathing of thame that is out, nouther gude nor evill, bot
+fleis that point. His father keipis his chalmer; I have not sene him.
+
+All the Hammiltounis ar heir, that accompanyis me verray honorabilly.
+All the freindis of the uther convoyis me quhen I gang to se him. He
+desyris me to cum and se him ryse the morne betyme. For to mak schort,
+this beirer will tell zow the rest. And gif I leirne onything heir, I
+will make zow memoriall at evin. He will tell zow the occasioun of my
+remaning. Burne this letter, for it is ovir dangerous, and nathing weill
+said in it; for I am thinkand upon nathing bot fascherie. Gif[60] ze be
+in Edinburgh at the ressait of it, send me word sone.
+
+Be not[61] offendit, for I gif not ovir greit credite. Now seing to obey
+zow, my deir lufe, I spair nouther honour, conscience, hasard, nor
+greitnes quhatsumevir; tak it, I pray zow, in gude part, not efter the
+interpretatioun of zour fals gude-brother, to quhome, I pray zow, gif na
+credite aganis the maist faithful luifer that ever ze had, or ever sall
+have.
+
+Se not hir, quhais fenzeit teiris suld not be sa meckle praisit nor
+estemit, as the trew and faithful travellis quhilk I sustene for to
+merite his place. For obtening of the quhilk agains my natural, I
+betrayis thame that may impesche me. God forgive me, and God give zow,
+my only lufe, the hap and prosperitie quhilk zour humble and faithful
+lufe desyris unto zow, quha hopis to be schortly ane uther thing to zow
+for the reward of my irksome travellis.
+
+It is lait; I desyre never to ceis fra wryting unto zow; zit now, after
+the kissing of zour handis, I will end my letter. Excuse my evill
+wryting, and reid it twyse over. Excuse that thing that is scriblit, for
+I had na paper zisterday quhen I wrait that of ye memoriall. Remember
+upon zour lufe, and wryte unto hir, and that verray oft. Lufe me as I
+sall do zow.
+
+Remember zow of the purpois[62] of the Lady Reres
+
+ Of the Inglismen
+ Of his mother.
+ Of the Erle of Argyle.
+ Of the Erle of Bothwell.
+ Of the ludgeing in Edinburgh.
+
+ [The memoranda in the middle of the letter constitute the "thing
+ that is scriblit," for which pardon is asked in the last sentence.
+ The concluding words, from "Remember" to "Edinburgh," are
+ instructions for the bearer.]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ _E._ = _English_; _F._= _Published French_; _L._ = _Latin_.
+
+ [20] _E._ "Considering what the body may without heart, which was
+ cause ... that till dinner I had used little talk." So also French,
+ but Latin as in Scots.
+
+ [21] _E._ Adds after "letters," " ... as though there had been a
+ meaning to pursue him."
+
+ [22] _L._ and _F._ Omit "He desired ... refusit it."
+
+ [23] _E._ "The Lord Luse, Houstoun, and the son of Caldwell, and about
+ forty horse came to meet me, and he told me that he was sent to one
+ day o' law from the father, which should be this day," &c. _L._ and
+ _F._ as in Scots.
+
+ [24] _E._ Omits "I see ... company."
+
+ [25] _E._ Omits "yesternight;" _L._ "heri;" _F._ "hier."
+
+ [26] _E._ ... "Whether it were for any good appointment that he came,
+ and whether I had not taken Paris and Gilbert to write, and that I
+ sent Joseph."
+
+ _L._ "Item cur venisrem? an reconciliationis causa? ac nominatim, an
+ tu hic esses? An familiæ catalogum fecissem? An Paridem et Gilbertum
+ acceptissem, qui mihi scriberent? an Josephum dimissura essem?"
+
+ _F._ "Item pour quoy j'estoye venue, et si c'estoit pour faire une
+ reconciliation; si vous estiez icy; et si j'avoye faict quelque
+ rolle de mes domestiques; si j'avois prins Paris et Gilbert, afin
+ qu'ils m'escrivissent; et si je ne vouloye pas licentier Joseph."
+
+ [27] Scots has a marginal note, "This berer will tell you sumwhat upon
+ this," which appears in the English text and is omitted in the other
+ versions.
+
+ [28] This berer will tell you somewhat upon this. [Marginal note in
+ original.]
+
+ [29] _E._ "He said that he did dream, and that he was so glad to see
+ me that he thought he should die--indeed, that he had found fault
+ with me." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [30] _E._ "You have well pardoned them." _F._ and _L._ as in _S._
+
+ [31] _E._ "And at the last repent, and rebuke himself by his
+ repentance." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [32] _E._ "The rest, as Will Hiegate hath confessed; but it was the
+ next day that he came hither." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [33] _E._ omits "I trow ... Presoner."
+
+ [34] _E._ "He denyeth it, and saith that he had already prayed them
+ to think no such matter of him." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [35] _E._ "And indeed it was said that I refused to have him let
+ blood." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [36] _L._ "Praesidium." _F._ "Forteresse."
+
+ [37] _E._ "By that false race that would do no less to yourself."
+ _L._ "A gentle illa perfida, quae non minore contentione te cum de
+ hoc ipso aget." _F._ "Par ceste nation infidele, qui avec non
+ moindre opiniastreté debatra le mesme avec vous."
+
+ [38] _E._ Adds after "greitly"--"but I had begun it this morning."
+
+ [39] _E._ Adds after "all out of him"--"I have known what I would. I
+ have taken the worms out of his nose."
+
+ [40] _E._ "We are tied to with two false races. The good yure {goujere}
+ untye us from them. God forgive me, and God knit us together
+ forever." _L._ "Diabolus nos sejungat, ac nos conjugat Deus in
+ perpetuum," &c. _F._, "Le diable nous vueille separer, et que Dieu
+ nous conjoingne à jamais," &c.
+
+ [41] _E._ "I am weary, and am asleep." _L._ "Ego nudata sum, ac
+ dormitum eo." _F._, "Je suis toute nuë, et m'en vay coucher." [The
+ Latin and French translation mistook "irkit" for "nakit."]
+
+ [42] _E._ "He is not much the worse, but he is ill arrayed." _L._
+ "Non magnopere deformatus est, multum tamen accepit." _F._ "Il n'a
+ pas esté beaucoup rende diforme, toutesfois il en a pris beaucoup."
+
+ [43] _L._ "Propinqui." _F._ "Parent."
+
+ [44] _E._ "By his bolster, and he lieth at the further side of the
+ bed." _L._ "Ad pedes ejus." _F._ "A ses pieds."
+
+ [45] _E._ "The talk of Sir James Hamilton of the ambassador." _L._
+ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ _E._ "Lord of Lusse." _L._ "Lussae Comarchus." _F._ "Le prevost de
+ Lusse."
+
+ [46] _E._ "You may well go and see sick folk." _L._ "Bella huiusmodi
+ hominum visitatio." _F._ "Voyla une belle visitation de telles
+ gens." [_L._ and _F._ translators confusing _sik_ (sick) and _sik_
+ (such).]
+
+ [47] _E._ "And said, 'One of his folk that hath left you this day.'"
+ _L._ "Respondit, unus eorum qui te reliquerunt." _F._ "Respondit,
+ c'est l'un de ceux qui vous ont laissée."
+
+ [48] _E._ "To my tedious talk." _L._ "Ad institutum meum odiosum."
+ _F._ "À ma deliberation odieuse."
+
+ [49] _E._ Omits "or I did." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [50] _E._ "No more." _L._ "Ne saepius." _Fr._ "Ne ... si souvent."
+
+ [51] _E._ "Till after tomorrow." _L._ "In diem perendinum." _F._
+ "Encor deux jours."
+
+ [52] _E._ "More pleasantly." _L._ "Valde ferociter." _F._ "Fort
+ asprement."
+
+ [53] _E._ "Make but one bed." _L._ "Communem fore lectum." _F._ "Ne
+ faisions plus qu'un lict."
+
+ [54] _F._ "But did fear lest, considering the threatening which he
+ made in case we did agree together, he would make them feel the
+ small account they have made of him, and that he would persuade me
+ to pursue some of them." _L._ "Sed in timore futuros quod comitatus
+ fuisset, si aliquando inter nos concordes essemus, se daturum operam
+ ut intelligerent quam parvi eum aestimâssent; item quod mihi
+ consuluisset ne gratiam quorundam seorsum a se expeterem." _F._
+ "Ains seroient en crainte de ce qu'il m'auroit suivy. Et si nous
+ pouvions estre d'acord ensemble, qu'il pourroit donner ordre, qu'ils
+ entendroient combien peu ils l'avoient estimé. Item de ce qu'il
+ m'avoit conseillé, que je ne recerchasse la bonne grace d'aucuns
+ sans luy."
+
+ [55] _E._ "Than you think." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [56] _E._ "He giveth me certain charges (and these strong) of that
+ I fear even to say that his faults be published; but there be
+ that commit some secret faults, and fear not to have them spoken of
+ so lowdely, and that there is speech of greate and small." _L._
+ "Interim me attingit in loco suspecto; idque ad vivum hactenus
+ proloquutus est, sua crimina esse palam; sed sunt qui majora
+ committant, et opinantur ea silentio tegi; et tamen homines de
+ magnis juxta et parvis loquuntur." _F._ "Cependant il m'a donné
+ attainte du lieu suspect, et a jusques icy discouru bien au vif, que
+ ces fautes sont congreües; mais qu'il y en a qui en commettent de
+ plus grandes, encores qu'ils estiment qu'elles soient cachées par
+ silence; et toutesfois que les hommes parlent des grands aussi bien
+ des petits."
+
+ [57] _E._ "To conclude, for assurety he mistrusteth her of that that
+ ye know, and for his life." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [58] _E._ "He was very merry and glad." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [59] _E._ Adds after "speak"--"Now, as far as I perceive.
+
+ {J'ay bien la vogue avec vous[63]} Guess you whether I shall not
+ {I may do much without you. } be suspected."
+
+ [60] _E._ "For I think upon nothing but grief if you be at
+ Edinburgh." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [61] _E._ Omits "Be not ... credit."
+
+ [62] _E._ Omits from "Remember you" to the end.
+
+ [63] This is a comment in the margin, perhaps a quotation from the
+ French version shown to the Commissioners. According to Mr. T. F.
+ Henderson, it is in Cecil's handwriting. ("The Casket Letters and
+ Mary Queen of Scots," p. 78.)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter III.[64]
+
+My Lord, gif the displesure of zour absence, of zour forzetfulnes, ye
+feir of danger sa promisit be everie ane to zour sa luifit persone, may
+gif me consolatioun, I leif it to zow to juge, seing the unhap that my
+cruell lot and continuall misadventure hes hitherto promysit me,
+following ye misfortunes and feiris as weill of lait, as of ane lang
+tyme by-past, the quhilk ye do knaw. Bot for all that, I will in na wise
+accuse zow, nouther of zour lytill cair, and leist of all of zour
+promeis brokin, or of ye cauldnes of zour wryting, sen I am ellis sa far
+maid zouris, yat yat quhilk pleisis zow is acceptabill to me; and my
+thochtis ar as willingly subdewit unto zouris, that I suppois yat all
+that cummis of zow proceidis not be ony of the causis forsaid, bot
+rather for sic {such} as be just and ressonabill, and sic as I desyre
+myself. Quhilk is the fynal order that ze promysit to tak for the
+suretie and honorabil service of ye only uphald of my lyfe. For quhilk
+alone I will preserve the same, and without the quhilk I desyre not bot
+suddane deith, and to testifie unto zow how lawly I submit me under zour
+commandementis, I have send zow, in signe of homage, be Paris, the
+ornament of the heid, quhilk is the chief gude of the uther memberis,
+inferring thairby that, be ye seising {placing} of zow in the
+possessioune of the spoile of that quhilk is principall, the remnant
+cannot be bot subject unto zow, and with consenting of the hart. In
+place thairof, sen I have ellis left it unto zow, I send unto zow ane
+sepulture of hard stane, collourit with blak, sawin with teiris and
+bones. The stane I compair to my hart, that as it is carvit in ane sure
+sepulture or harbor of zour commandementis, and above all, of zour name
+and memorie that ar thairin inclosit, as is my heart in this ring, never
+to cum furth, quhill deith grant unto yow to ane trophee of victorie of
+my banes, as the ring is fullit, in signe that yow haif maid ane full
+conqueis of me, of myne hart, and unto yat my banes be left unto yow in
+remembrance of your victorie and my acceptabill lufe and willing, for to
+be better bestowit than I merite. The ameling that is about is blak,
+quhilk signifyis the steidfastness of hir that sendis the same. The
+teiris are without number, sa ar the dreddowris to displeis yow, the
+teiris of your absence, the disdane that I cannot be in outward effect
+youris, as I am without fenzeitnes of hart and spreit, and of gude
+ressoun, thocht my meritis wer mekle greiter then of the maist profite
+that ever was, and sic as I desyre to be, and sall tak pane in
+conditiounis to imitate, for to be bestowit worthylie under your
+regiment. My only wealth ressaif thairfoir in als gude part ye same, as
+I have ressavit your marriage with extreme joy, the quhilk sall not part
+furth of my bosum, quhill yat marriage of our bodyis be maid in publict,
+as signe of all that I outher hope or desyris of blis in yis warld. Zit
+my hart feiring to displeis you as mekle in the reiding heirof, as I
+delite me in ye writing, I will mak end, efter that I have kissit zour
+handis with als greit affectioun as, I pray God (O ye only uphald of my
+lyfe) to gif yow lang and blissit lyfe, and to me zour gude favour, as
+the only gude yat I desyre, and to ye quhilk I pretend. I have schawin
+unto this beirer that quhilk I have leirnit, to quhome I remit me,
+knawand the credite that ze gaif him, as scho dois that will be for ever
+unto zow humbill and obedient lauchfull wyfe, that for ever dedicates
+unto zow hir hart, hir body, without ony change, as unto him that I have
+maid possessour of my hart, of quhilk ze may hald zow assurit, yat unto
+ye deith sall na wayis be changeit, for evill nor gude sall never mak me
+go from it.
+
+ The original French version of this letter is in the Record Office
+ (State Papers, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 66). It is printed
+ by Mr. Henderson, and by Hosack. No Latin or French version of it
+ was printed in the _Detectio_.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [64] _F._ Mais pour tout cela Je me vous accuserai ni de peu de
+ souvenance ni de peu de soigne et moins encore de vostre promesse
+ violee que ce qu'il vous plaist mest agreable et sont mes penses
+ tant volonterement, aux vostres asubjectes que je veulx presupposer
+ que tout ce que vient de vous procede non par aucune des causes
+ susdictes ains pour telles qui son justes et raisoinables et telles
+ que je desie moy.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter IV.
+
+I have walkit laiter thair up then I wald have done, gif it had not bene
+to draw sumthing out of him, quhilk this beirer will schaw zow; quhilk
+is the fairest commodity {_i.e._ the most suitable opportunity} that can
+be offerit to excuse zour affairis. I have promysit to bring him the
+morne. Put ordour to it, gif ze find it gude.
+
+Now, Schir, I have brokin my promeis; becaus ze commandit me nouther to
+wryte nor send unto zow Zit I have not done this to offend zow, and gif
+ze knew the feir yat I have presently, ze wald not have sa mony contrary
+suspiciounis in your thocht; quhilk notwithstanding I treit and chereis,
+as proceeding from the thing in the warld that I maist desyre, and
+seikis fastest to haif, quhilk is zour gude grace; of the quhilk my
+behaviour sall assure me. As to me: I sall never dispair of it, and
+prayis zow, according to zour promeis, to discharge zour hart unto me,
+Utherwayis[65] I will think that my malhure, and the gude handling of hir
+that has not ye third part of the faithfull nor willing obedience unto
+zow that I beir, hes wyn, aganis my will, yat advantage over me, quhilk
+the second lufe of Jason wan; not that I will compair zow unto ane sa
+unhappy as he was, nor zit myself to ane sa unpietifull ane woman as
+scho. Howbeit, ze caus me to be sumthing lyk unto hir in onything that
+tuichis zow, or yat may preserve and keip zow unto hir, to quhome only
+ze appertene; gif it be sa that I may appropriate that quhilk is wyn
+throch faithfull, zea only, lufiing of zow, as I do, and sall do all the
+dayis of my lyfe, for pane or evill that can cum thairof. In recompense
+of the quhilk, and of all the evillis quhilk ze have bene caus of to me,
+remember zow upon the place heir besyde.
+
+I craif with that ze keip promeis to me the morne; but that we may meit
+togidder, and that ye gif na faith to suspiciounis without the
+certanetie of thame. And I craif na uther thing at God, but that ze may
+knaw that thing that is in my hart quhilk is zouris; and that he may
+preserve zow from all evill, at the leist sa lang as I have lyfe, quhilk
+I repute not precious unto me, except in sa far as it and I baith ar
+aggreabill unto zow. I am going to bed, and will bid zow gude nicht.
+Advertise me tymely in the morning how ze have fairin; for I will be in
+pane unto I get worde. Mak gude watch,[66] gif the burd eschaip out of
+the caige, or without hir mate. As ye turtur I sall remane alone for to
+lament the absence, how schort yat sa ever it be. This letter will do
+with ane gude hart, that thing quhilk I cannot do myself, gif it be not
+that I have feir that ze ar in sleiping, I durst not wryte this befoir
+Joseph, Bastiane, and Joachim, that did bot depart even quhen I began to
+wryte.
+
+ A French version of this letter is in the possession of the Marquis
+ of Salisbury at Hatfield (_cf._ Calendar of Hatfield MSS., I.
+ 376-7) and has been printed by Mr. Henderson. ("Casket Letters,"
+ pp. 159-162.) It is here given in full, and the variations in the
+ published Latin and French versions, and in the English translation
+ at Halfield are indicated in the notes.
+
+J'ay veillé plus tard la hault que je n'eusse fait si ce neust esté pour
+tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira que je treuve la plus belle commoditee
+pour excuser vostre affaire que se pourroit presenter. Je luy ay promise
+de le luy mener demain si vous le trouves bon mettes y ordre. Or
+monsieur j'ay ja rompu ma promesse. Car vous ne mavyes comande de vous
+envoier ni escrire si ne le fais pour vous offencer et si vous scavyes
+la craint que j'en ay vous nauries tant des subçons contrairs que
+toutesfois je cheris comme procedant de la chose du mond que je desire
+et cherche le plus c'est votre bonne grace de laquelle mes deportemens
+m'asseureront et je n'en disesperay jamais tant que selon vostre
+promesse vous m'en dischargeres vostre c[oe]ur aultrement[65b] je penserais
+que mon malheur et le bien composer de c[oe]ux qui n'ont le troisiesme
+partie de la fidelité ni voluntair obéissance que je vous porte auront
+gaigné sur moy l'avantage de la seconde amye de Jason. Non que je vous
+compare a un si malheureus ni moy a une si impitoiable. Combien que vous
+men fassies un peu resentir en chose qui vous touschat ou pour vous
+preserver et garder a celle a qui seulle vous aparteines si lon se peult
+approprier ce que lon acquiert par bien et loyalment voire uniquement
+aymer comme je fais et fairay toute ma vie pour pein ou mal que m'en
+puisse avenir. En recompence de quoy et des tous les maulx dont vous
+maves este cause, souvenes vous du lieu icy pres. Je ne demande que vous
+me tennes promesse de main mais que nous truvions et que nadjousties foy
+au subçons quaures sans nous en certifier, et je ne demande a Dieu si
+non que coignoissies tout ce que je ay au c[oe]ur qui est vostre et quil
+vous preserve de tout mal au moyns durant ma vie qui ne me sera chère
+qu'autant qu'elle et moy vous serons agreables. Je m'en vois coucher et
+vous donner le bon soir mandes moy demain comme vous seres porté a bon
+heur. Car j'enseray en pein et faites bon guet[66b] si l'oseau sortira de
+sa cagé ou sens son per comme la tourtre demeurera seulle a se lamenter
+de l'absence pour court quelle soit-ce que je ne puis faire ma lettre de
+bon c[oe]ur {fera} si ce nestoit qui je {qy} peur que soyes endormy. Car je
+nay ose escrire devant Joseph et Bastienne et Joachim qui ne sont que
+partis quand J'ay commence.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ _P. F._ = Published French; _L._= Latin.
+
+ [65][65b][65c] _P. F._ "Autrement j'estimeray que cela se faict par mon
+ malheureux destin, et par la faveur des astres envers celles, qui
+ toutesfois n'ont une tierce partie de loyauté, et volonté que j'ay
+ de vous obëir; si elles, comme si j'estoye une second amye de Jason,
+ malgré moy, occupent le premier lieu de faveur; ce que je ne dy,
+ pour vous a comparer a cet homme en l'infelicité qu'il avoit, ny moy
+ avec une femme toute esloignée de misericorde, comme estoit
+ celle-la," &c. _L._ "Alioqui suspicabor fieri malo meo fato, et
+ siderum favore erga illas (quae nec tertiam habent partem
+ fidelitatis, et voluntatis tibi obsequendi, quam ego habeo) ut
+ ipsae, velut secunda Jasonis amica, me invitâ, priorem apud te locum
+ gratiae occupaverint; nec hoc eo dico, quo te cum homine, eâ quâ
+ ille erat infelicitate, comparem, nec me cum muliere tam aliena a
+ misericordia quam illa erat."
+
+ [66][66b][66c] _P. F._ has no sentence corresponding to "mak gude watch," and
+ proceeds, "Comme l'oyseau eschappé de la cage, ou la tourtre qui est
+ sans compagne, ainsi je demeureray seule, pour pleurer votre
+ absence, quelque brieve qu'elle puisse estre." _L._ also has no
+ expression for "mak gude watch," but reads, "Si avis evaserit e
+ cavea autsine compare, velut turtur, ego remanebo sola ut lamenter
+ absentiam tuam quamlibet brevem."
+
+ The English translation at Hatfield follows the Hatfield French
+ version closely. The two most important passages run thus:
+ "Otherwise,[65c] I wold think that my yll luck, and the fayre behavior
+ of those that have not the thirde parte of the faythfulness and
+ voluntary obedience that I beare unto you, shall have wonne the
+ advantage over me of the second Loover of Jason.... Send me[66c] word
+ tomorrow early in the morning how you have don for I shall think
+ long. And watche well if the byrde shall fly out of his cage or
+ without his mate, as the turtle shall remayne alone to lament and
+ morne for absence how short soever it be."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter V.
+
+My hart, alace! must the foly of ane woman quhais unthankfulness toward
+me ze do sufficiently knaw, be occasioun of displesure unto zow,
+considering yat I culd not have remeidit thairunto without knawing it?
+And sen that I persavit it, I culd not tell it zow, for that[67] I knew
+not how to governe myself thairin: for nouther in that nor in any uther
+thing will I tak upon me to do ony thing without knawledge of zour will,
+quhilk I beseik zow let me understand; for I will follow it all my lyfe
+mair willingly than zow sall declair it to me; and gif ze do not send me
+word this nicht quhat ze will that I sall do, I will red myself of it,
+and hesard[68] to caus it to be interprysit and takin in hand, quhilk
+micht be hurtfull to that quhairunto baith we do tend. And quhen scho
+sall be maryit, I beseik zow give me ane, or ellis I will tak sic as
+sall content zow for their conditiounis; bot as for thair toungis or
+faithfulness towart zow I will not answer. I beseik zow yat ane opinioun
+of uther persoun be not hurtfull in zour mynde to my constancie,
+Mistrust me; bot quhen I will put zow out of dout and cleir myselfe,
+refuse it not, my deir lufe, and suffer me to make zow sum prufe be my
+obedince, my faithfulness, constancie, and voluntarie subjectioun,
+quhilk I tak for the plesandest gude that I micht ressaif, gif ze will
+accept it; and mak na ceremonie at it, for ze culd do me na greiter
+outrage nor give mair mortall grief.
+
+ [There is a French version of this letter in the Record Office
+ (_State Papers_, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 63). It has been
+ printed by Malcolm Laing (vol. iv. p. 202), Hosack (vol. i. p.
+ 230), and Mr. Henderson (p. 165). The following variations are
+ taken from the Record Office version. The other published French
+ version follows the Scots, as also does the Latin.]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [67] _F._ "Je ne vous lay peu dire pour sçavoir comment je me
+ gouvernerois." (I could not tell you, in order to know how to govern
+ myself.)
+
+ [68] _F._ "Et si vous ne me mondes ce soir ce que volles que jeu
+ faisse je m en deferay au hazard de la fayre entreprandre ce qui
+ pourroit nuire a ce a quoy nous tandons tous deux {and if you do not
+ send me word this night what you will that I shall do, I will rid
+ myself of it at the hazard of making her undertake that which might
+ be hurtful to that whereunto we both do tend (Laing)} et quant ella
+ sera mariee je vous suplie donnes qune opinion sur aultrui ne nuise
+ en votre endroit a ma constance."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter VI.
+
+Alace! my Lord, quhy is zour traist put in ane persoun sa unworthie, to
+mistraist that quhilk is haillely zouris? I am wod {wild}. Ze had
+promysit me that ze wald send me word every day quhat I suld do. Ye haif
+done nathing yairof. I advertisit yow weill to tak heid of zour fals
+brother-in-law {Huntly}. He come to me, and without schawing me ony
+thing from zow, tald me that ze had willit him to wryte to zow that that
+I suld say, and quhair and quhen ze suld cum to me, and that that ze
+suld do tuiching him; and thairupon hes preichit[69] unto me yat it was
+ane fulische interpryse, and that with myne honour I culd never marry
+zow, seing that being maryit ze did cary me away, and yat his folkis wad
+not suffer it, and that the Lordis wald unsay yameselvis, and wald deny
+that thay had said. To be schort, he is all contrarie. I tald him that
+seeing I was cum sa far, gif ze did not withdraw zour self of zour self,
+that na perswasioun, nor deith itself suld mak me fail of my promeis. As
+tuiching the place ze are too negligent, pardoun me, to remit zour self
+thairof unto me. Cheis it zour self, and send me word of it. And in the
+meane tyme I am seik; I will differ {defer} as tuiching the mater it is
+to lait. It was not lang of me yat ze have not thocht thairupon in time.
+And gif ze had not mair changeit zour mynd sen myne absence, then I
+have; ye suld not be now to ask sic resolving. Weill, thair wantis
+nathing of my part; and seing that zour negligence dois put us baith in
+the danger of ane fals brother, gif it succeedet not weill I will never
+ryse agane. I send this beirer unto zow, for I dar not traist zour
+brother with thir letteris, nor with the diligence. He sall tell zow in
+quhat stait I am, and judge ze quhat amendment yir new ceremonies[70]
+have brocht unto me. I wald I wer deid, for I se all gais ill. Ze
+promysit uther maner of mater of zour foirseing, bot absence hes power
+over zow, quha haif twa stringis to zour bow. Dispatch the answer that I
+faill not, and put na traist in your brother for this interpryse, for he
+hes tald it, and is also all aganis it. God give zow gude nicht.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [69] _F._ in Record Office, "M'a preschè que c'estoit une folle
+ entreprise, et qu'avecques mon honneur Je ne vous pourries Jamaiis
+ espouser, veu qu'estant marié vous m'amenies et que ses gens ne
+ l'endureroient pas et que les seigneurs se dediroient" _P. F._ "Il
+ me remonstra, que c'estoit une folle entreprise, et que pour mon
+ honneur, Je ne vous pourvoye prendre à mary, puis que vous estiez
+ marié, ny aller avec vous, et que ses gens mesmes ne le
+ souffriroient pas voire que les Seigneurs contrediroyent á ce que en
+ seroit proposé." _E._ at Hatfield, "And thereupon hath preached unto
+ me that it was a foolish entreprise, and that with mine honour I
+ could never marry you, seeing that being married you did carry me
+ away. And that his folk would not suffer it, and that the Lords
+ would unsay themselves, and would deny that they had said."
+
+ [70] _F._ in Record Office, "Ce incertains nouvelles." _P. F._ "Ces
+ nouvelles ceremonies." _E._ at Hatfield, "These new ceremonies."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter VII.
+
+Of the place and ye tyme,[71] remit my self to zour brother and to zow.
+I will follow him, and will faill in nathing of my part. He finds mony
+difficulteis; I think he dois advertise zow thairof, and quhat he
+desyris for the handling of himself. As for the handling of myself, I
+hard it anis weill devysit.[72]
+
+Methinkis that zour services, and the lang amitie, having ye gude will
+of ye Lordis, do weill deserve ane pardoun, gif above the dewtie of ane
+subject yow advance yourself, not to constrane me,[73] bot to assure
+yourself of sic place neir unto me, that uther admonitiounis or forane
+{foreign} perswasiounis may not let {hinder} me from consenting to that,
+that ye hope your service sall mak yow ane day to attene; and to be
+schort, to mak yourself sure of the Lordis and fre to mary; and that ye
+are constranit for your suretie, and to be abill to serve me faithfully,
+to use ane humbil requeist, joynit to ane importune actioun.
+
+And to be schort, excuse yourself, and perswade thame the maist ye can,
+yat ye ar constranit to mak persute aganis zour enemies. Ze sall say
+aneuch, gif the mater or ground do lyke yow, and mony fair wordis to
+Lethingtoun. Gif ye lyke not the deid, send me word, and leif not the
+blame of all unto me.
+
+ [Of this letter there is no version in the Record Office, the only
+ other version being the published French translation].
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [71] _F._ "Homme."
+
+ [72] _F._ "Quant à jouer le mien, je sçay com me jè m'y dois
+ gouverner, mà souvenant de la façon que les choses ont esté
+ delibereés."
+
+ [73] _F._ Adds "et tenir captive."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter VIII.
+
+My Lord, sen my letter written, zour brother in law yat was, come to me
+verray sad, and hes askit me my counsel, quhat he suld do efter to
+morne, becaus thair be mony folkis heir, and among utheris the Erle of
+Sudderland, quha wald rather die, considdering the gude thay have sa
+laitlie ressavit of me, than suffer me to be caryit away, thay
+conducting me; and that he feirit thair suld sum troubil happin of it:
+of the uther syde, that it suld be said that he wer unthankfull to have
+betrayit me. I tald him, that he suld have resolvit with zow upon all
+that, and that he suld avoyde, gif he culd, thay that were maist
+mistraistit.
+
+He has resolvit to wryte thairof to zow be my opinioun; for he has
+abaschit me to se him sa unresolvit at the neid. I assure myself he will
+play the part of an honest man. Bot I have thocht gude to advertise zow
+of the feir he hes yat he suld be charget and accusit of tressoun to ye
+end yat, without mistraisting him, ze may be the mair circumspect, and
+that ze may have ye mair power. For we had zisterday mair then iii. c.
+hors of his and of Levingstoun's. For the honour of God, be accompanyit
+rather with mair then les; for that is the principal of my cair.
+
+I go to wryte my dispatche, and pray God to send us ane happy enterview
+schortly. I wryte in haist, to the end ye may be advysit in tyme.
+
+ [There are no important variants in the only other version of this
+ letter--the published French translation.]
+
+ The following are the French versions of the first sentence of each
+ letter, printed in the Scots translation, published in London in
+ 1572 (p. 163).
+
+ _Letter I._ Il semble qu' avecques vostre abscence soit joynt le
+ oubly, [74]ceu qu'au partir vous me promistes de vos nouvelles. Et
+ toutes foys je n'en puis apprendre, &c.
+
+ _Letter II._ Estant party du lieu ou je avois laissé mon c[oe]ur il se
+ peult aysément juger quelle estoit ma contenance, veu ce qui peult
+ un corps sans c[oe]ur, qui à esté cause que jusques à la Disnée je
+ n'ay pas tenu grand propos, aussi personne ne s'est voulu advancer
+ jugeant bien qu'il n'y faisoit bon, &c.
+
+ _Letter III._ Monsieur, si l'ennury de vostre absence, celuy de
+ vostre oubly, la crainte du danger, tant provué[75] d'un chacun à
+ vostre tant aymée personne, &c.
+
+ _Letter IV._ J'ay veillé plus tard la haut que je n'eusse fait, si
+ ce n'eust esté pour tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira, que je
+ trouve la plus belle commodité pour excuser vostre affaire qui ce
+ purroit présenter, &c.
+
+ _Letter V._ Mon c[oe]ur, helas! fault il que la follie d'une femme,
+ dont vous cognoissez assez l'ingratitude vers moy, soit cause de
+ vous donner desplaisir, &c.
+
+ _Letter VI._ Monsieur, helas! pourquoy est vostre fiance mise en
+ personne si indigne, pour soupconner ce qui est entierement vostre.
+ J'enrage, vous m'aviez promis, &c.
+
+ _Letter VII._ Du lieu et l'heure[76] je m'en rapporte à vostre
+ frere et à vous. Je le suivray, et ne fauldray en rien de ma part.
+ Il trouve beaucoup de difficultez, &c.
+
+ _Letter VIII._ Monsieur, de puis ma lettre escrite vostre beau
+ frere qui fust, est venu à moy fort triste, et m'a demandé mon
+ conseil de ce qu'il feroit apres demain, &c.
+
+ The slight variations in the other French versions are noted above.
+ There are no Record Office or Hatfield versions of I., II., VII.,
+ and VIII., and there is no "Published French" version of III.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [74] _P. F._ "veu."
+
+ [75] _Record Office F._ "promis."
+
+ [76] _P. F._ "homme."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+The Love Sonnets.
+
+_Henderson's Casket Letters._
+
+ The "divers fond ballads" referred to in the letter of Elizabeth's
+ Commissioners of October 11th, 1568, consist of the following
+ "sonnets" in French.
+
+ The sonnets are printed from the English edition of Buchanan's
+ _Detection_ (1571). The lines in italics are translated from the
+ Scots by Professor York Powell.
+
+ 1. O Dieux ayez de moy compassion,
+ Et m'enseignez quelle preuue certain{e}
+ Ie puis donner qui ne luy semble vain{e}
+ De mon amour & ferme affection.
+ Las n'est il pas ia en possession
+ Du corps, du coeur qui ne refuse paine
+ Ny deshonneur, en[77] la vie incertaine,
+ Offense de parentz, ne pire affliction?[78]
+ Pour luy {tous mes} amis estime moins que rien,
+ Et d{e mes} ennemis ie veux esperer bien.
+ I'ay hazardé {pour luy} & nom & conscience:
+ Ie veux pour luy au monde renoncer:
+ Ie veux mourir pour le fair'[79] auancer.
+ Que reste il plus pour prouuer ma constance?
+
+ 2. Entre ses mains & en son plein pouuoir,
+ Je metz mon filz, mon honneur, & ma vie,
+ Mon pais, mes[80] subjectz, mon ame assubiectie
+ Est tout à luy, & n'ay autre voulloir
+ Pour mon obiect, que sans le deceuoir
+ Suiure ie veux, malgré toute l'enuie
+ Qu'issir en peult, car ie n'ay autre envie
+ Que de ma foy, luy faire apperceuoir
+ Que pour tempeste ou bonnace qui face
+ Iamais ne veux changer demeure ou place.
+ Brief ie feray de ma foy telle preuue,
+ Qu'il cognoistra sans faulte[81] ma constance,
+ Non par mes pleurs ou fainte obeyssance,
+ Come autres font,[82] mais par diuers espreuue.
+
+ 3. Elle pour son honneur vous doibt obeyssance
+ Moy vous obeyssant i'en puis receuoir blasme
+ N'estât, à mon regret, comme elle vostre femme.
+ Et si n'aura pourtant en ce point preeminence
+ Pour son propre profit[83] elle vse de coustance,
+ Car ce n'est peu d'honneur d'estre de voz biens dame
+ Et moy pour vous aymer i'en puis receuoir blasme
+ Et ne luy veux ceder en toute l'obseruance:
+ Elle de vostre mal n'à l'apprehension
+ Moy ie n'ay nul repos tant ie crains l'apparence:
+ Par l'aduis des parentz, elle eut vostre accointance
+ Moy malgré tous les miens vous porte affection
+ {_Et neanmoins, mon c[oe]ur, vous doubtez ma constance_}[84]
+ Et de sa loyauté prenez ferme asseurance.
+
+ 4. Par vous mon coeur & par vostre alliance
+ Elle à remis sa maison en honneur
+ Elle à jouy par vous de[85] la grandeur
+ Dont tous les siens n'ayent nul asseurance
+ De vous, mon bien, elle à eu l'ac coinstance,[86]
+ Et à gaigné pour vn temps vostre coeur,
+ Par vous elle à eu plaisir en bon heur,
+ Et par vous a[87] honneur & reuerence,
+ Et n'a perdu sinon la jouyssance
+ D'vn fascheux sot qu'elle aymoit cherement,
+ Ie ne la playns d'aymer donc ardamment,
+ Celuy qui n'à en sens, ny en vaillance,
+ En beauté, en bonté, ny en constance
+ Point de seçond. Ie vis en ceste foy.[88]
+
+ 5. Quant vous l'amiez, elle vsoit de froideur.
+ Sy vous souffriez pour s'amour passion
+ Qui vient d'aymer de trop d'affection,
+ Son doy monstroit, a tristesse de coeur
+ N'ayant plaisir de vostre grand ardeur.
+ En ses habitz, monstroit sans fiction
+ Qu'elle n'auoit paour qu'imperfection
+ Peust l'effacer hors de ce loyal coeur.
+ De vostre mort ie ne vis la peaur[89]
+ Que meritoit tel mary & seigneur.
+ Somme, de vous elle à eu tout son bien
+ Et na prisé ne iamais estimé
+ Vn si grand heur sinon puis qu'il n'est sien
+ Et maintenant dit l'auoir tant aymé.
+
+ 6. Et maintenant elle commence à voir
+ Qu'elle estoit bien de mauuais iugement
+ De n'estimer l'amour d'vn tel amant
+ Et voudrait bien mon amy deceuoir,
+ Par les escriptz tout fardez de scauoir
+ Qui pourtant n'est en son esprit croissant
+ Ains emprunté de quelque autheur luissant
+ A faint tresbien vn ennoy[90] sans l'avoir
+ Et toutesfois ses parolles fardeez,
+ Ses pleurs, ses plaincts remplis de fictions.
+ Et ses hautz cris & lamentations
+ Ont tant gaigné que par vous sont gardéez
+ Ses lettres {escriptes} ausquellez vous donnez foy
+ Et si l'aymez & croyez plus que moy.
+
+ 7. Vous la croyez las trop ie l'apperçoy
+ Et vous doutez de ma ferme constance,
+ O mon seul bien & mon seul esperance,
+ Et ne vous puis ie asseurer de ma foy
+ Vous m'estimez plus legier que le noy,[91]
+ Et si n'auez en moy nul' asseurance,
+ Et soupçonnez mon coeur sans apparence,
+ Vous deffiant à trop grand tort de moy.
+ Vous ignorez l'amour que ie vous porte
+ Vous soupçonnez qu'autre amour me trâsporte,
+ Vous estimez mes parolles du vent,
+ Vous depeignez de cire mon las coeur
+ Vous me pensez femme sans iugement,
+ Et tout sela augmente mon ardeur.
+
+ 8. Mon amour croist & plus en plus croistra
+ Tant que je viure &[92] tiendray à grandeur,
+ Tant seulement d'auoir part en ce coeur
+ Vers qui en fin mon amour paroistra
+ Sy tres à clair que iamais n'en doutra,
+ {_Pur luy je lutterai contre malheur_}[93]
+ Pour luy ie veux recercher la grandeur,
+ Et feray tant qu'en vray cognoistera,
+ Que ie n'ay bien, heur, ne contentement,
+ Qu'a l'obeyr & servir loyaument.
+ Pour luy iattendz toute bonne fortune,
+ Pour luy ie veux garder sainté & vie
+ Pour luy vertu de suyure i'ay enuie[94]
+ Et sans changer me trouvera tout vne.
+
+ 9. Pour luy aussi ie jette mainte larme.
+ Premier quand il se fist de ce corps {posses}seur,
+ Duquel alors il n'auoit pas le coeur.
+ Puis me donna vn autre dur alarme
+ Quand il versa de son sang mainte dragme
+ Dont de grief il me vint telle[95] doleur,
+ M'en pensay[96] oster la vie en frayeur
+ De perdre la{s} le seul rempar qui m'arme.
+ Pour luy depuis iay mesprise l'honneur
+ Ce qui nous peult seul pouruoir de bonheur.
+ Pour luy hazarde grandeur & conscience.
+ Pour luy {tous mes} i'ay quité parentz, & amis,
+ Et tous autres respectz sont apart mis.
+ Brief de vous seul ie cherche l'alliance.
+
+ 10. De vous, ie dis, seul soustein de ma vie
+ Tant seulement ie cerche m'asseurer,
+ Et si ose de moy tant presumer
+ De vous gaigner maugré toute l'enuie.
+ Car c'est le seul desir de vostre {chere} amie,
+ De vous seruir & loyaument aymer,
+ Et tous malheurs moins que riens estimer,
+ {Et} vostre volonté de mon mie{ux} suivie,[97]
+ Vous cognoistrez avecque obeyssance
+ De mon {loyal} deuoir n'omettant la sciance
+ A quoy ie estudiray pour {tousiours} vous complaire
+ Sans aymer rien que vous, soubz {la} suiection.
+ De qui ie veux sans nulle fiction
+ Vivre & mourir & à ce j'obtempere.
+
+ 11. Mon coeur, mon sang, mon ame, & mon soucy,
+ {Las,} vous m'auez promis qu'aurons ce plaisir
+ De deuiser auecques vous à loysir,
+ Toute la nuict, ou ie languis icy
+ Ayant le coeur d'extreme paour transy,
+ Pour voir absent le but de mon desir
+ Crainte d'oublir vn coup me vient {a} saisir:
+ Et l'autre fois ie crains que rendurcie
+ Soit contre moy vostre amiable coeur
+ Par quelque dit d'un meschant rapporteur.
+ Un autre fois ie crains quelque auenture
+ Qui par chemin detourne mon amant,
+ Par vn fascheux & nouueau accident.
+ Dieu detourne tout malheureux augure.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ 12. Ne vous voyant selon qu'auez promis
+ I'ay mis la main au papier pour escrire
+ D'vn different que ié voulu transcrire,
+ Ie ne scay pas quel sera vostre aduis
+ Mais ie scay bien qué mieux aymer scaura
+ Vous diriez bien que plus y gaignera.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [77] Ny?
+
+ [78] Rochelle text has "affection" wrongly.
+
+ [79] Buchanan, "luy" only. Rochelle text, "lui le fair."
+
+ [80] Read "Mon pis subject"?
+
+ [81] Buch., "fainte."
+
+ [82] Buch., "ont fait."
+
+ [83] Buch., "Pour son profit elle."
+
+ [84] Scots translation, "And not the less, my heart, ye doubt of my
+ constance."
+
+ [85] Buch., "vous la."
+
+ [86] Buch., "la constance."
+
+ [87] Buch. inserts "receu."
+
+ [88] Text of sextain corrupt.
+
+ [89] Omitted in Rochelle version as corrupt.
+
+ [90] Buch., "envoy."
+
+ [91] Buch., "mestimez legier que le voy."
+
+ [92] Buch., "viuray, &".
+
+ [93] Scots--"For him I will stryve aganis wan-weird."
+
+ [94] Rochelle version to read "luy tout."
+
+ [95] Buch., "lesser."
+
+ [96] Buch., "Que m'en pensa ... & frayeur."
+
+ [97] Rochelle text, "et vostre ... de la mienne suivi," and later
+ version "la mien suivre."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+The Contracts of Marriage.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 54, from Cot. Lib. Calig., C. i.
+
+At Seton, the 5th day of April, the year of God, 1567, the right
+excellent, right high and mighty Princess, Mary, by the grace of God,
+Queen of Scots, ... in the presence of the Eternal God, faithfully, and
+on the word of a Prince, by these presents, takes the said James, Earl
+Bothwell, as her lawful husband, and promises and obliges her Highness,
+that how soon the process of divorce, intended betwixt the said Earl
+Bothwell and Dame Jane Gordon, now his pretended spouse, be ended by the
+order of the laws, her Majesty shall, God willing, thereafter shortly
+marry and take the said Earl to her husband.... He presently takes her
+Majesty as his lawful spouse, in the presence of God, and promises and
+obliges him ... that in all diligence possible, he shall prosecute and
+set forward the said process of divorce already begun and intended
+betwix him and the said Dame Gordon, his pretended spouse....
+
+ MARIE, R.
+ JAMES, EARL BOTHWELL.
+
+Here note, that this contract was made the v of April, within viii weeks
+after the murder of the King, which was slain the x of February before;
+also it was made vii days before Bothwell was acquitted, by corrupt
+judgment, of the said murder. Also it appears by the words of the
+contract itself, that it was made before sentence of divorce betwixt
+Bothwell and his former wife, and also in very truth was made before any
+suit of divorce intended or begun between him and his former wife,
+though some words in this contract seem to say otherwise, which is thus
+proved; for this contract is dated the v of April, and it plainly
+appears by the judicial acts, ... wherein is contained the whole process
+of the divorce between the said Earl and Dame Jane Gordon his wife, that
+the one of the same processes was intended and begun the xxvi day of
+April, and the other the xxvii.--Buchanan's "Detection."
+
+Nous Marie, par la grace de Dieu, Royne d'Ecosse, douaryere de France,
+&c, promettous fidellement et de bonne foy, et sans contraynte, à Jaques
+Hepburn, Comte de Boduel, de n'avoir jamais autre espoulx et mary que
+luy, et de le prendre pour tel toute et quant fois qu'il m'en requerira,
+quoy que parents, amys ou autres, y soient contrayres. Et puis que Dieu
+a pris mon feu mary Henry Stuart dit Darnley et que par ce moien je sois
+libre, n'estant sous obeissance de pere, ni de mere, des mayntenant je
+proteste que, lui estant en mesme liberté, je seray preste, et
+d'accomplir les ceremonies requises an mariage; que je lui promets
+devant Dieu, que j'en prantz a tesmoignasge, et la presente, signee de
+ma mayn: ecrit ce--
+
+ MARIE, R.
+
+ [This contract merely promises to marry Bothwell, without
+ constraint, and refers to the writer's freedom from the necessity
+ of any one's permission, since Darnley's death. It contains no
+ reference to the divorce.]
+
+
+_MORTON'S DECLARATION_
+
+The Discovery of the Letters--1. The Earl of Morton's Declaration.
+
+_Henderson's Casket Letters_, pp. 113-116, from fol. 216,
+Add. MSS. 32,091, Brit. Mus.
+
+The trew declaration and report of me, James, Earl of Morton, how a
+certain silver box overgilt containing diverse missive writings,
+sonnets, contracts, and obligations for marriage betwix the Queen mother
+to our sovereign lord, and James sometime Earl Bothwell, was found and
+used.
+
+Upon Thursday the xix of June, 1567, I dined at Edinburgh, the Laird of
+Lethington, secretary, with me. At time of my dinner a certain man came
+to me, and in secret manner showed me that three servants of the Earl
+Bothwell, viz. Mr. Thomas Hepburn, parson of Auldhamesokkes, John
+Cockburn, brother to the laird of Skirling, and George Dalgleish were
+come to the town, and passed into the castle. Upon which advertisement I
+on the sudden sent my cousin Mr. Archibald Douglas and Robert Douglas,
+his brother, and James Johnston of Westerrall, with others my servants,
+to the number of xvi or thereby, toward the castle to make search for
+the said persons, and, if possible were, to apprehend them. According to
+which my direction, my servants passed, and at the first missing the
+forenamed three persons for that they were departed forth of the castle
+before their coming, my men then parting into several companies upon
+knowledge that the others whom they sought were separated, Mr. Archibald
+Douglas sought for Mr. Thomas Hepburn and found him not, but got his
+horse, James Johnston sought for John Cockburn and apprehended him,
+Robert Douglas seeking for George Dalgleish. After he had almost given
+over his search and inquisition a good fellow understanding his purpose
+came to him offering for a mean piece of money to reveal where George
+Dalgleish was. The said Robert satisfying him that gave the intelligence
+for his pains, passed to the Potterrow beside Edinburgh, and there
+apprehended the said George, with divers evidences and letters in
+parchment, viz. Earl Bothwell's infeftments of Liddesdale, of the
+Lordship of Dunbar and of Orkney and Shetland, and divers others, which
+all with the said George himself, the said Robert brought and presented
+to me. And the said George being examined of the cause of his direction
+to the castle of Edinburgh, and which letters and evidents he brought
+forth of the same, alleged he was sent only to visit {examine} the Lord
+Bothwell, his master's clothing, and he had not more letters nor
+evidents than these which were apprehended with him. But his report
+being found suspicious and his gesture and behaviour ministering cause
+of mistrust seeing the gravity of the action that was in hand, it was
+resolved by common assent of the noblemen convened, that the said George
+Dalgleish should be surely kept that night, and upon the morn should be
+had to the Tolbooth of Edinburgh and there be put in the iron and
+torments for furthering of the declaration of the truth, wherein being
+set, upon Friday the xx day of the said month of June before any
+rigorous demeaning of his person, fearing the pain, and moved of
+conscience, he called for my cousin Mr. Archibald Douglas, who coming,
+the said George desired that Robert Douglas should be sent with him, and
+he should show and bring to light that which he had. So being taken
+forth from the irons, he passed with the said Robert to the Potterrow,
+and there, under the sceit {seat} of a bed took forth the said silver
+box, which he had brought forth of the castle the day before, locked,
+and brought the same to me at viii hours at night, and because it was
+late I kept it all that night. Upon the morn, viz., Saturday, the xxi of
+June, in presence of the Earls of Atholl, Mar, Glencairn, myself, the
+Lords Home, Sempill, Sanquhar, the Master of Graham, and the Secretary,
+and Laird of Tullibardine, Comptroller, and the said Mr. Archibald
+Douglas, the said box was broken open because we wanted the key, and the
+letters within contained sighted {_i.e._ examined} and immediately
+thereafter delivered again into my hand and custody. Since which time, I
+have observed and kept the same box, and all letters, missives,
+contracts, sonnets, and divers writings contained therein fairly without
+alteration changing adding or diminishing of anything found or received
+in the said box. This I testify and declare to be undoubted truth.
+
+This is the copy of that which was given to Mr. Secretary Cecil upon
+Thursday the 8th of December 1568.
+
+This is the true copy of the declaration made and presented by the Earl
+of Morton to the Commissioners and Council of England sitting in
+Westminster for the time, upon Thursday being the 29 of December 1568.
+
+Subscribed with his hand thus, MORTON.
+
+
+2. Buchanan's Account.
+
+_Translated from the History_, book xviii. c. 51.
+
+It happened that, about the same time, Bothwell sent one of his
+confidential servants to the castle of Edinburgh, to bring to him the
+silver casket, covered with inscriptions, which had once belonged to the
+French king, Francis. In it were letters of the Queen, almost all
+written with her own hand, in which both the King's murder and the whole
+sequel were plainly discernible; and in almost every letter there was an
+injunction to burn it. But Bothwell, who knew the Queen's inconstancy,
+of which he had recently seen many instances, preserved the letters, so
+that, in any disagreement, he might use their testimony, and prove
+himself not the author of the crime, but only an accomplice. This casket
+Sir Robert Balfour gave to Bothwell's servant to take away; but first he
+told the leaders of the opposite party what had been sent, and the agent
+and the destination.... It was captured....
+
+
+The Deposition of Thomas Nelson.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 243, from Cott. Lib. Calig. i. 165.
+
+... She {the Queen} caused take down the said new black bed {in
+Darnley's room}, saying it would be soiled with the bath, and in the
+place thereof set up an old purple bed, ... and the said keys that were
+delivered into the hands of Archibald Beton remained still in the hands
+of him, and others that awaited upon the Queen, and never were delivered
+again to the King's servants; for she set up a green bed for herself in
+the said low chamber, wherein she lay the said two nights, and promised
+also to have bidden {remained} there upon the Sunday at night. But after
+she had tarried long and entertained the King very familiarly, she took
+purpose (as it had been on the sudden), and departed as she spake to
+give the masque to Bastien who that night was married {to} her servant,
+namely the said Archibald Beton and one Paris, Frenchman, having the
+keys of her chamber, wherein her bed stood in, as also of the passage
+that passed toward the garden.... The Queen being departed toward
+Holyrood-house, the King within the space of one hour passed to bed, and
+in the chamber with him lay umquhill {_i.e._ the late} William Taylor.
+The deponent and Edward Symonds lay in the little gallery, that went
+direct to the south out of the King's chamber, ... and beside them lay
+William Taylor's boy, who never knew of anything till the house wherein
+they lay was falling about them....
+
+
+Thomas Crawford's Deposition.
+
+ [With regard to the deposition of Crawford, see p. 144; the wording
+ of the account of the conversation between Mary and Darnley should
+ be carefully compared with that of the second Casket Letter.]
+
+_Hosack's Mary._ Appendix L.
+
+First I made my Lord {Lennox} my master's humble commendations unto her
+Majesty with the excuse that he came not to meet her, praying her grace
+not to think that it was either for proudness or yet for not knowing his
+duty towards her Highness, but only for want of health at the present,
+and also that he would not presume to come in her presence until he knew
+farther her mind because of the sharp words that she had spoken of him
+to Robert Cuningham, his servant, in Stirling, whereby he thought he was
+in her Majesty's displeasure. Notwithstanding, he has sent his servants
+and friends to wait upon her Majesty. She answered that there was no
+receipt against fear. I answered that my Lord had no fear for anything
+he knew in himself, but only of the cold and unkind words she had spoken
+to his servant. She answered and said that he would not be afraid in
+case he were not culpable. I answered that I knew so far of his Lordship
+that he desired nothing more than that the secrets of every creature's
+heart were written in their face. She asked if I had any farther
+commission. I answered no. Then she commanded me to hold my peace.
+
+The words that I remember were betwixt the King and the Queen in Glasgow
+when she took him away to Edinburgh.
+
+The King for that my Lord his father was then absent and sick, by reason
+whereof he could not speak with him himself, called me unto him, and
+these words that had then passed betwixt him and the Queen, he gave me
+in remembrance to report unto the said my Lord his father.
+
+After their meeting and short speaking together she asked him of his
+letters, wherein he complained of the cruelty of some. He answered that
+he complained not without cause, and as he believed, she would grant
+herself, when she was well advised. She asked him of his sickness, he
+answered that she was the cause thereof, and moreover he said, ye asked
+me what I meant by the cruelty specified in my letters, that proceedeth
+of you only, that will not accept my offers and repentance. I confess
+that I have failed in some things, and yet greater faults have been made
+to you sundry times, which ye have forgiven. I am but young, and ye will
+say ye have forgiven me divers times. May not a man of my age for lack
+of counsel, of which I am very destitute, fall twice or thrice, and yet
+repent and be chastised by experience. If I have made any fail that ye
+but think a fail, howsoever it be, I crave your pardon, and protest that
+I shall never fail again. I desire no other thing but that we may be
+together as husband and wife. And if ye will not consent hereto, I
+desire never to rise forth of this bed. Therefore I pray you give me an
+answer hereunto. God knoweth how I am punished for making my god of you,
+and for having no other thought but on you. And if any time I offend
+you, ye are the cause, for that when any offendeth me, if for my refuge
+I might open my mind to you, I would speak to no other, but when any
+thing is spoken to me, and ye and I not being as husband and wife ought
+to be, necessity compelleth me to keep it in my breast, and bringeth me
+in such melancholy as ye see me in. She answered that it seemed him she
+was sorry for his sickness, and she would find remedy therefor, so soon
+as she might.
+
+She asked him why he would have passed away in the English ship. He
+answered that he had spoken with the Englishman, but not of mind to go
+away with him. And if he had, it had not been without cause, considering
+how he was used. For he had neither to sustain himself nor his servants,
+and needed not make further rehearsal thereof, seeing she knew it as
+well as he.
+
+Then she asked him of the purpose of Highgate. He answered that it was
+told him. She required how and by whom it was told him. He answered that
+the Lord of Minto told him that a letter was presented to her in
+Craigmillar, made by her own device, and subscribed by certain others
+who desired her to subscribe the same, which she refused to do. And he
+said that he would never think that she who was his own proper flesh,
+would do him any hurt, and if any other would do it, they should buy it
+dear, unless they took him sleeping, albeit he suspected none, so he
+desired her effectuously to bear him company. For she ever found some
+ado to draw herself from him to her own lodging, and would never abide
+with him past two hours at once.
+
+She was very pensive, whereat he found fault. He said to her that he was
+advertised she had brought a litter with her. She answered that because
+she understood he was not able to ride on horseback, she brought a
+litter that he might be carried more softly. He answered that it was not
+meet for a sick man to travel, that could not sit on horseback, and
+especially in so cold weather. She answered that she would take him to
+Craigmillar, where she might be with him, and not far from her son. He
+answered that upon condition he would go with her, which was that he and
+she might be together at bed and board as husband and wife, and that she
+should leave him no more. And if she would promise him that, upon her
+word, he would go with her when she was pleased, without respect of any
+danger either of sickness wherein he was, or otherwise. But if she would
+not condescend thereto, he would not go with her in any wise.
+
+She answered that her coming was only to that effect, and if she had not
+been minded thereto, she had not come so far to fetch him, and so she
+granted his desire, and promised him that it should be as he had spoken,
+and thereupon gave him her hand, and faith of her body, that she would
+love him, and use him as her husband, notwithstanding before they could
+come together, he must be purged and cleansed of his sickness, which she
+trusted would be shortly, for she minded to give him the bath at
+Craigmillar.
+
+Then he said he would do whatsoever she would have him do, and would
+love all that she loved. She required of him in especial, whom he loved
+of the nobility, and whom he hated. He answered that he hated no man,
+and loved all alike. She asked him how he liked the Lady Reres, and if
+he were angry with her. He answered that he had little mind of such as
+she was, and wished of God she might serve her to her honour. Then she
+desired him to keep to himself the promise betwixt him and her, and to
+open it to nobody. For peradventure the Lords would not think well of
+their sudden agreement, considering he and they were at some words
+before. He answered that he knew no cause why they should mislike of it,
+and desired her that she would not move any of them against him even as
+he would stir none against her, and that they would work both in one
+mind, otherwise it might turn to great inconvenience to them both. She
+answered that she never sought any way by him, but he was in fault
+himself. He answered again that his faults were published, and that
+there were that made greater faults than ever he made that believed were
+unknown, and yet they would speak of great and small.
+
+Farther, the King asked me at that present time what I thought of his
+voyage. I answered that I liked it not, because she took him to
+Craigmillar. For if she had desired him with herself, or to have had his
+company, she would have taken him to his own house in Edinburgh, where
+she might more easily visit him than to travel two miles out of town to
+a gentleman's house. Therefore my opinion was that she took him away
+more like a prisoner than her husband.
+
+He answered that he thought little else himself, and feared himself
+indeed save the confidence he had in her promise only; notwithstanding
+he would go with her, and put himself in her hands, though she should
+cut his throat, and besought God to be judge unto them both.
+
+_Endorsed--Thomas Crawford's Deposit._
+
+
+Murray's Journal.
+
+_From a copy marked by Cecil_, Cot. Lib. Calig., B. ix. fol. 247,
+quoted by Goodall, vol. ii. p. 247.
+
+_January 21, 1566._--The Queen took her journey toward Glasgow, and was
+accompanied with the Earls of Huntly and Bothwell to the Kalendar, my
+Lord Livingstone's place.
+
+_23._--The Queen came to Glasgow, and on the road met her, Thomas
+Crawford, from the Earl of Lennox, and Sir James Hamilton, with the rest
+mentioned in her letter. Earl Huntly and Bothwell returned that same
+night to Edinburgh, and Bothwell lay in the town.
+
+_24._--The Queen remained at Glasgow, like as she did the 25th and the
+26th, and had the conference with the King whereof she writes; and in
+this time wrote her bill and other letters to Bothwell. And Bothwell
+this 24th day was found very timeous weseing {inspecting} the King's
+lodging that was in preparing for him, and the same night took journey
+towards Liddesdale.
+
+_27._--The Queen (conform to her commission as she writes) brought the
+King from Glasgow to the Kalendar towards Edinburgh.
+
+_28._--The Queen brought the King to Linlithgow, and there remained all
+morn, while she got word of my Lord Bothwell his returning towards
+Edinburgh, by Hob Ormiston, one of the murderers. The same day the Earl
+Bothwell came back from Liddesdale towards Edinburgh.
+
+_29._--She remained all day in Linlithgow with the King, and wrote from
+thence to Bothwell.
+
+_30._--The Queen brought the King to Edinburgh, and put him in his
+lodging, where he ended; and Bothwell keeping tryst met her upon the
+way.
+
+_February 5._--She lodged all night under the King, in the chamber
+wherein the powder was laid thereafter, and whereof Paris, her chamber
+child, received the key.
+
+_7._--She lodged and lay all night again in the foresaid chamber, and
+from thence wrote that same night the letter concerning the purpose of
+the Abbot of Holyrood-house (_cf._ p. 140).
+
+_8._--She confronted the King and my Lord of Holyrood-house, conform to
+her letter written the night before.
+
+_9._--She and Bothwell supped at the banquet with the Bishop of the
+Isles, and after passed up accompanied with Argyll, Huntly, and
+Bothwell, to the King's chamber, and there they remained cherishing him,
+till Bothwell and his complices put all things to order, and Paris, her
+chamber child, received in her chamber the powder, and came up again and
+gave the sign, and they departed to Bastian's banquet and masque, about
+eleven hours, and thereafter they both returned to the Abbey, and talked
+till twelve hours and after.
+
+_10._--Betwix two and three of the clock, the King was blown in the air
+by the powder.
+
+
+The Depositions of Paris.
+
+ The depositions of Paris were not produced at Westminster. They were
+ taken, in the early autumn of 1569, in connection with the charges
+ against Lethington (who had by this time, with Kirkcaldy of Grange,
+ joined the Queen's party). "Paris" was the nickname of Nicholas
+ Hubert, a French attendant of Bothwell, who, shortly before the
+ murder, attached himself to the Queen's service. He was known to be
+ concerned in the murder, but succeeded in escaping from the country.
+ He took refuge in Denmark, and was delivered up on Murray's request.
+ Queen Elizabeth wrote to the Regent asking him to delay the
+ execution of Paris, and Murray replied: "The said Paris arrived at
+ Leith about the middle of June last {1569}, I at that time being in
+ the north parts of this realm far distant, whereupon it followed
+ that, at my returning, after diligent and circumspect examination of
+ him, and long time spent in that behalf, upon the xvi day of August
+ by-past, he suffered death by order of law, so that before the
+ receipt of your Highness letter by the space of 7 or 8 days he was
+ execute." {Laing, vol. i. p. 295, from the Paper Office.} The letter
+ is undated. But Professor Schiern, of Copenhagen, sent Mr. Hosack a
+ copy of a document from the Danish archives, containing a receipt
+ for the delivery of "two men, William Murray, and Paris, a
+ Frenchman," accused of Darnley's murder. The receipt is dated 30th
+ October 1568, and is given by Captain Clark, on behalf of the
+ Scottish Government. (Hosack, vol. i. pp. 250-251.) There is a copy
+ of the depositions in the Cotton Library, bearing the following
+ note: "This is the true copy of the declaration and deposition of
+ the said Nicholas Hubert or Paris, whereof the principal {original}
+ is marked every leaf with his own hand.... Ita est Alexander Hay,
+ scriba secreti consilii S.D.N. Regis, ac Notarius Publicus." But the
+ originals, sent to London in October 1569, and preserved in the
+ Record Office, bear that they were taken "in presence of Mr. George
+ Buchanan, Master of St. Leonard's College in St. Andrews; Mr. John
+ Wood, Senator of the College of Justice; and Robert Ramsay, writer
+ of this declaration, servant to my lord regent's grace." {Hosack,
+ vol. i. p. 256.} The documents were first published in Anderson's
+ "Collection" (1725), not in Buchanan's "Detection," along with the
+ depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Dalgleish.
+
+ The first deposition of Paris is a Confession, in French, made at
+ St. Andrews on 9th August 1569, "without any constraint or
+ interrogations." It states that, on the Wednesday or Thursday before
+ the murder, Bothwell told Paris of the plot, and requested his aid.
+ "What do you think?" said he.... "My Lord," said I, "I have served
+ you these five or six years in all your great troubles ... now, my
+ Lord, by the grace of God, you are free of all these difficulties
+ ... if you undertake this great matter you will be in worse case
+ than before." Bothwell then assured him that Lethington was the
+ moving spirit, and that Argyll, Huntly, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay
+ were in league with him. Paris then asked, "My Lord, I pray you tell
+ me of one whom you have not named; I well know that he is loved in
+ this country of the common people." ... "Who is that?" said he. "It
+ is, my Lord," said I, "my Lord the Earl of Murray; I pray tell me
+ what part he will take." To which he replied, "He will not meddle
+ with it." "My Lord," said I, "he is wise." Then the Lord Bothwell
+ turned his head to me ... and said, "My Lord of Murray, my Lord of
+ Murray, he will neither help nor hinder; but it is all one." ... On
+ the Saturday before the murder, Margaret Carwood, one of the Queen's
+ attendants, told "Paris to go to Kirk-of-Field for the coverlet of
+ the mattress in the Queen's room," which he did.... When he heard of
+ Murray's leaving Edinburgh on Sunday morning to see his mother, he
+ remarked that he did it to be out of the way when the wicked deed
+ should take place, and so to dissociate himself from it. On Sunday
+ evening Mary supped with Argyll, and seeing Paris, "as she washed
+ her hands after supper, she asked me if I had removed the coverlet
+ of the bed in her room in the King's lodging." These are the main
+ points of interest in the first document signed by Paris. {Laing,
+ vol. ii. p. 296.}
+
+ The second deposition consists of answers to interrogations, and is
+ dated at St. Andrews on August 10th, 1569. It makes a number of
+ allegations against the Queen, with which the reader is already
+ familiar. As it is a long document, we can quote only the most
+ important sentences. "Interrogated when first he entered into credit
+ with the Queen, he replied that it was when the Queen was at
+ Callander on her way to Glasgow, when she gave him a purse with
+ three or four hundred crowns to take to the Earl of Bothwell, who,
+ after having received the said purse on the road between Callander
+ and Glasgow, told him to go with the Queen and remain with her, and
+ to attend well to what she did, saying that the Queen would give him
+ letters to carry to him. When the Queen reached Glasgow, she said to
+ him, 'I will send you to Edinburgh,' ... and after he had remained
+ two days with the said lady, she wrote the letters and gave them
+ him, saying, 'You will tell the Earl of Bothwell, by word of mouth,
+ to take to the Laird of Lethington the letters addressed to him.'
+ Bothwell and Lethington were to consult as to whether Darnley should
+ go to Craigmillar or to Kirk-of-Field, and Paris was to report their
+ decision to Mary. Further, he was to 'say to Bothwell, that the King
+ wished to kiss her, but that she would not, for fear of his malady.'
+ Paris carried out his commission, and returned with the message that
+ Kirk-of-Field was considered most suitable. On the way from Glasgow
+ to Edinburgh the Queen received a letter from Bothwell and sent one
+ to him, and also gave Paris a bracelet to take to him. At
+ Kirk-of-Field, where the Queen's room was immediately underneath
+ that of the King, Bothwell told him that he must not place the
+ Queen's bed in the corner of the room under the corner containing
+ the King's bed, because he wished to place the powder there. This
+ order was reiterated by the Queen, when she observed that it was
+ being disregarded.... Paris said to the Queen, 'Madam, the Earl of
+ Bothwell has commanded me to take the keys of your chamber, because
+ he wishes to do something, that is, to place there the powder for
+ the explosion to blow the King in the air.' That night she wrote
+ letters to Bothwell...." The only other circumstance of importance
+ affecting the Queen is a statement that Paris carried correspondence
+ relating to Mary's seizure by Bothwell.
+
+
+1573.--December 13. Confession of the Laird of Ormiston.
+
+ "The Laird of Black Ormiston" was put to death on 13th December
+ 1573, under the government of the Regent Morton, for his share in
+ the murder of Darnley. His confession was made to "John Brand,
+ minister at Holyrood-house," on the day of his execution.
+
+
+_Laing's Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 319, from State Trials, vol. i. p. 944.
+
+As I shall answer unto God, with whom I hope this night to sup, I shall
+declare unto you the whole, from the beginning unto the end, of my part.
+First, I confess that the Earl Bothwell showed that same wicked deed
+unto me in his own chamber in the Abbey on Friday before the deed was
+done, and required me to take part with him therein.... The said earl
+said unto me, "Tush, Ormiston, ye need not take fear for this, for the
+whole lords have concluded this same long since in Craigmillar, all that
+were there with the Queen, and none dare find fault with it when it
+shall be done." ... Who {Bothwell} let me see a contract subscribed by
+four or five handwrites, which he affirmed to me was the subscription of
+the Earl of Huntly, Argyll, the Secretary Maitland, and Sir James
+Balfour, and alleged that many more promised, who would assist him if he
+were put at: and thereafter read the said contract, which, as I
+remember, contained these words in effect: "That for as much it was
+thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth, by the
+whole nobility and lords undersubscribed, that such a young fool and
+proud tyrant should not reign nor bear rule over them; and that for
+divers causes therefore, that they all had concluded that he should be
+put off by one way or other, and whosoever should take the deed in hand
+they should defend and fortify it as themselves, for it should be every
+one of their own reckoned and held done by themselves." Which writing,
+as the said earl shewed unto me, was devised by Sir James Balfour,
+subscribed by them all a quarter of a year before the deed was done.
+
+
+1581.--June 2. The Confession of the Earl of Morton.
+
+ [The Earl of Morton having made during his tenure of the government
+ many enemies, was driven from power and accused of complicity in
+ the murder of Darnley. The indictment ("Arnot's Criminal Trials,"
+ p. 388, quoted by Laing, vol. ii, p. 350) mentions as his
+ accomplices "James, some time Earl Bothwell; James Ormiston, some
+ time of that ilk; Robert _alias_ Hob Ormiston, his father's
+ brother; John Hay, some time of Talla, younger; John Hepburn,
+ called John of Bolton; and divers others," and says that the
+ murderers "two hours after midnight ... came to the lodging ... and
+ there ... most vilely, unmercifully, and treasonably slew and
+ murdered him ... burnt his whole lodging foresaid, and raised the
+ same in the air by force of gunpowder, which a little before was
+ placed ... by him and his foresaids under the ground, and angular
+ stones, and within the vaults, in low and secret parts thereof."
+ The Earl was found guilty, on the 1st of June, of "art, part,
+ foreknowledge, and concealing of the treasonable and unnatural
+ murder foresaid," and was executed next day. A few hours before his
+ death he made a confession to three of the ministers of Edinburgh,
+ part of which is here quoted.]
+
+_Laing_, vol. ii. p. 354.
+
+Being required what was his part or knowledge in the King's murther, he
+answered with this attestation. As I shall answer to my Lord God, I
+shall declare truly all my knowledge in that matter, the sum whereof is
+this: After my returning out of England, where I was banished for
+Davie's slaughter, I came out of Wedderburn to Whittinghame {Castle},
+where the Earl Bothwell and I met together in the yard of Whittinghame,
+where, after long communing, the Earl Bothwell proposed to me the King's
+murther, requiring what would be my part therein, seeing it was the
+Queen's mind that the King should be taken away, because, as he said,
+she blamed the King more of Davie's slaughter than me. My answer to the
+Earl Bothwell was this, that I would not in any way meddle with that
+matter.... The Earl Bothwell ... thereafter earnestly proposed the same
+matter again to me, persuading me thereto, because so was the Queen's
+mind, and she would have it to be done. Unto this my answer was, I
+desired the Earl Bothwell to bring me the Queen's handwrit of this
+matter for a warrant; other ways I would not meddle thereof, which
+warrant he never purchased {brought}.... Then it was said to him,
+"Apparently, my lord, ye cannot complain justly of the sentence that is
+given against you, seeing with your own mouth ye confess the
+foreknowledge and concealing of the King's murther." ... He answered,
+"That I know to be true indeed, but yet they should have considered the
+danger that the revealing of it would have brought to me at that time;
+for I durst not reveal it for fear of my life. For at that time to whom
+should I have revealed it? To the Queen? She was the doer thereof. I was
+minded to have told it to the King's self, but I durst not for my life,
+for I knew him to be a bairn of such nature, that there was nothing told
+him but he would reveal it to her again." ... Then he said, "After the
+Earl Bothwell was cleansed by an assize, sundry of the nobility and I
+subscrived also a bond with the Earl Bothwell, that if any should lay
+the King's murder to his charge, we should assist him in the contrary.
+And thereafter I subscrived to the Queen's marriage with the Earl
+Bothwell, as sundry others of the nobility did, being charged thereto by
+the Queen's writ and command." Then being inquired in name of the living
+God, that seeing this murther was one of the most filthy acts that ever
+was done in Scotland, and the secrets thereof have not yet been
+declared, who were the chief doers, or whether he was worried, or blown
+in the air, and therefore pressed to declare if he knew any further
+secret thereunto; he answered, "As I shall answer to God, I know no more
+secret in that matter than I have already told."
+
+
+Letter from Mr. Archibald Douglas to the Queen of Scots.
+
+_Robertson's History of Scotland_, App. XIV., from Harl. Lib.
+xxxvii. bk. ix. fol. 126.
+
+... It may please your Majesty to remember in the year of God 1566, the
+said Earl of Morton, with divers other nobility and gentry, were
+declared rebels to your Majesty.... True it is that I was one of that
+number, that heavily offended against your Majesty, and passed into
+France the time of our banishment, at the desire of the rest, to humbly
+pray your brother the most Christian King, to intercede that our
+offences might be pardoned.--Your Majesty's mind so inclined to mercy,
+that, within short space thereafter, I was permitted to repair into
+Scotland, to deal with Earls Murray, Atholl, Bothwell, Argyll, and
+Secretary Lethington, in the name and behalf of the said Earl Morton,
+Lords Ruthven, Lindsay, and remanent accomplices.... At my coming to
+them ... they declared that the marriage betwix you and your husband had
+been the occasion already of great evil in that realm ... they had
+thought it convenient to join themselves in league and band with some
+other noblemen resolved to obey your Majesty as their natural sovereign,
+and have nothing to do with your husband's command whatsoever; if the
+said earl would for himself enter into that band, they could be content
+to humbly request and travel by all means with your Majesty for his
+pardon.... They desired that I should return sufficiently instructed in
+this matter to Stirling, before the baptism of your son, whom God might
+preserve. This message was faithfully delivered by me at Newcastle in
+England, where the said earl then remained, in presence of his friends
+and company, where they all condescended to have no further dealing with
+your husband, and to enter into the said band. With this deliberation, I
+returned to Stirling, where ... your Majesty's gracious pardon was
+granted unto them all.... Immediately after, the said Earl of Morton
+repaired to Whittinghame, where the Earl Bothwell and Secretary
+Lethington came to him; what speech passed there amongst them, as God
+shall be my judge, I knew nothing at that time; but at their departure I
+was requested by the said Earl Morton to accompany the Earl Bothwell and
+Secretary to Edinburgh, and to return with such answer as they should
+obtain of your Majesty, which being given to me by the said persons, as
+God shall be my judge, was no other than these words, "Show to the Earl
+Morton that the Queen will hear no speech of that matter appointed unto
+him." When I craved that the answer might be made more sensible,
+Secretary Lethington said, that the earl would sufficiently understand
+it, albeit few or none at that time understand what passed amongst them.
+It is known to all men, as well by the railing letters passed betwixt
+the said earl and Lethington, when they became in divers factions, as
+also a book set forth by the ministers, wherein they affirm that the
+earl has confessed to them, before his death, that the Earl Bothwell
+came to Whittinghame to propose the calling away of the King your
+husband, to the which proposition the said Earl of Morton affirms that
+he could give no answer unto such time he might know your Majesty's
+mind, which he never received....
+
+
+
+
+SECTION VIII
+
+THE END
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Connecting Note.
+
+ 2. Contemporary Verses on the Babington Conspiracy.
+
+ 3. Queen Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth on hearing the
+ announcement of her sentence.
+
+ 4. Clauses from Queen Mary's Will.
+
+ 5. Appeal for Spiritual Faculties.
+
+ 6. "O Domine Deus, speravi in te."
+
+ 7. Contemporary Official Report of the Execution.
+
+_CONNECTING NOTE_
+
+ Queen Mary's life, after the conclusion of the conference at
+ Westminster, was occupied with plots and negotiations for her
+ escape from captivity. The proposal for her marriage with the Duke
+ of Norfolk was opposed both in Scotland and in England; and an
+ insurrection was raised by the Earls of Northumberland and
+ Westmoreland, which was speedily suppressed (November, 1569). In
+ January of the following year the Earl of Moray was assassinated at
+ Linlithgow, and the Earl of Lennox, Darnley's father, succeeded him
+ as Regent. Maitland of Lethington finally seceded from the "King's
+ party," and allied himself with Kirkaldy of Grange, who held
+ Edinburgh Castle for Mary. The Norfolk conspiracy continued to
+ raise the expectations of the Marians till the capture, in the
+ spring of 1571, of Charles Baillie, who was carrying letters from
+ the papal agent, Rudolfi, for Queen Mary, Norfolk, the Spanish
+ ambassador, and the Bishop of Ross. On the strength of Baillie's
+ disclosures, Norfolk was put to death in June 1572. Elizabeth
+ declined to gratify the English Parliament by executing her
+ prisoner, but attempted to arrange for her delivery to the Earl of
+ Morton, now Regent of Scotland, with a view to his accepting the
+ responsibility for Mary's death. Morton broke off the negotiations
+ as Elizabeth refused to give her open sanction to the deed.
+ Edinburgh Castle surrendered in June 1573, and its fall, and the
+ loss of Lethington and Grange, gave the death-blow to the hopes of
+ the Queen of Scots. She maintained, however, a constant
+ correspondence with Elizabeth and with Spain and Rome, clutching
+ eagerly at any hope of release, however vague. In 1586 she became
+ involved, to what extent is disputed, in what is known as the
+ Babington Conspiracy, which had for its object the assassination of
+ Elizabeth and her ministers, and the restoration of Catholicism
+ throughout Great Britain. Walsingham received information as to the
+ plot, and obtained possession of letters alleged to be written by
+ Mary to Babington. The conspirators were put to death, and Mary was
+ tried by a Commission of Peers in the end of 1586. The following
+ verses, addressed to the conspirators, indicate the common feeling
+ in England at the time. They are quoted from a poem by William
+ Kempe, published in 1587, and entitled "A Dutiful Invective against
+ the moste haynous Treasons of Ballard and Babington ... together
+ with the horrible attempts and actions of the Queen of Scottes....
+ For a New Yeares gift to all loyall English subjects." The author
+ of the verses is not Kemp the player, but a writer of some
+ treatises on Education. _Cf._ "Dict. Nat. Biog."
+
+_A DUTIFUL INVECTIVE_
+
+ The Scottish Queen, with mischief fraught, for to perform the will
+ Of him whose pupil she hath been hath usëd all her skill;
+ By words most fair, and loving terms, and gifts of value great:
+ For to persuade your hollow hearts, your duties to forget,
+ And for to be assistant still, her treacheries to further,
+ Wherein she reckons it no sinne though you commit great murther.
+ Such is her heinous hateful mind, who long hath lived in hope,
+ By such her subtle lawless means (and help of cursëd Pope)
+ Both to deprive our sovereign Queen of her imperial crown,
+ And true religion to repel, God's Gospel to put down.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Wherein you fully did conclude that it could never be,
+ Except you first conspired her death, by secret treachery.
+ And thereupon consulted oft, and sundry ways did seek
+ For to perform this devilish act, which you so well did like.
+ Next unto this your promise was to lend your help and aid,
+ With all the force and power you could, to foes that should invade.
+ And thereby for to set at large that Queen whom I did name,
+ Who always in her treacherous mind, doth nought but mischief frame.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_THE CAUSE OF ALL OUR TROUBLES_
+
+ For plainly hath it fallen out, by sundry proofs most true,
+ She was the only maintainer of all this treacherous crew:
+ For trial whereof we may see, how that our gracious Queen,
+ Both having care the very truth most plainly might be seen,
+ And she with honour might be tried, in that she was a Prince,
+ Did cause the chiefest peers her faults by justice to convince:
+ Who did assemble at her place, by name called Fotheringay,
+ There to examine out the truth, and hear what she could say;
+ And to that end did then direct to them a large commission
+ For to examine every one in whom they found suspicion.
+ Who meeting at that place, it plainly did appear,
+ How that she was the chiefest cause of all our troubles here.
+ And that she by persuasions did seek for to withdraw
+ The subjects' hearts from this our Queen, who erst had lived in awe;
+ And that the treasons named before were all by her consent,
+ And that she author was thereof, and did the same invent,
+ Whereto her answer was so light, and to so small effect,
+ As that the weakness of the same her treasons did detect.
+ And thereupon these peers of State, having a due regard
+ To what she could object thereto, and likewise nothing spared
+ By circumstance to search out truth, did forthwith then pronounce
+ That she was guilty of these crimes, and could not them renounce.
+ Which sentence so by them declared, was by our Queen's consent,
+ Plainly revealed to all estates in court of Parliament;
+ And was by them considered of, who then did all agree
+ To join in suit unto her Grace, the same to ratify.
+
+
+Queen Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+_Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_, vol. ii. p. 200.
+FOTHERINGAY, December 19, 1586.
+
+MADAME,--Having with difficulty obtained leave from those to whom you
+have committed me to open to you all I have on my heart, as much for
+exonerating myself from any ill-will, or desire of committing cruelty, or
+any act of enmity against those with whom I am connected in blood; as
+also, kindly, to communicate to you what I thought would serve you, as
+much for your weal and preservation as for the maintenance of the peace
+and repose of this isle, which can only be injured if you reject my
+advice. You will credit or disbelieve my discourse, as it seems best to
+you.
+
+I am resolved to strengthen myself in Christ Jesus alone, who, to those
+invoking Him with a true heart, never fails in His justice and
+consolation, especially to those who are bereft of all human aid; such
+are under His holy protection: to Him be the glory! He has equalled my
+expectation, having given me heart and strength, _in spe contra spem_,
+to endure the unjust calumnies, accusations, and condemnations (of those
+who have no such jurisdiction over me) with a constant resolution to
+suffer death for upholding the obedience and authority of the
+Apostolical Roman Catholic Church.
+
+Now, since I have been on your part informed of the sentence of your
+last meeting of Parliament, Lord Buckhurst and Beale having admonished
+me to prepare for the end of my long and weary pilgrimage, I beg to
+return you thanks on my part for these happy tidings, and to entreat you
+to vouchsafe to me certain points for the discharge of my conscience.
+But since Sir A. Paulet has informed me (though falsely) that you had
+indulged me by having restored to me my almoner, and the money that they
+had taken from me, and that the remainder would follow; for all this I
+would willingly return you thanks, and supplicate still further as a
+last request, which I have thought for many reasons I ought to ask of
+you alone, that you will accord this ultimate grace, for which I should
+not like to be indebted to any other, since I have no hope of finding
+aught but cruelty from the Puritans, who are at this time, God knows
+wherefore! the first in authority, and the most bitter against me.
+
+I will accuse no one: nay, I pardon with a sincere heart every one, even
+as I desire every one may grant forgiveness to me, God the first. But I
+know that you, more than any one, ought to feel at heart the honour or
+dishonour of your own blood, and that, moreover, of a queen and the
+daughter of a king.
+
+_A LAST REQUEST_
+
+Then, Madame, for the sake of that Jesus to whose name all powers bow, I
+require you to ordain that when my enemies have slaked their black
+thirst for my innocent blood, you will permit my poor desolated servants
+altogether to carry away my corpse, to bury it in holy ground with the
+other queens of France, my predecessors, especially near the late queen,
+my mother; having this in recollection, that in Scotland the bodies of
+the kings, my predecessors, have been outraged, and the churches
+profaned and abolished; and that as I shall suffer in this country, I
+shall not be given place near the kings, your predecessors, who are mine
+as well as yours: for according to our religion, we think much of being
+interred in holy earth. As they tell me that you will in nothing force
+my conscience nor my religion, and have even conceded me a priest,
+refuse me not this my last request, that you will permit free sepulchre
+to this body when the soul is separated, which, when united, could never
+obtain liberty to live in repose, such as you would procure for
+yourself; against which repose--before God I speak--I never aimed a
+blow: but God will let you see the truth of all after my death.
+
+And because I dread the tyranny of those to whose power you have
+abandoned me, I entreat you not to permit that execution be done on me
+without your own knowledge, not for fear of the torment, which I am most
+ready to suffer, but on account of the reports which will be raised
+concerning my death unsuspected, and without other witnesses than those
+who would inflict it, who, I am persuaded, would be of very different
+qualities from these parties whom I require (being my servants) to stay
+spectators, and with witnesses of my end in the faith of our sacrament,
+of my Saviour, and in obedience to His Church. And after all is over,
+that they together may carry away my poor corpse (as secretly as you
+please), and speedily withdraw, without taking with them any of my goods
+except those which in dying I may leave to them, which are little enough
+for their long and good services.
+
+_ELIZABETH'S JEWEL_
+
+One jewel that I received of you I shall return to you with my last
+words, or sooner if you please.
+
+Once more I supplicate you to permit me to send a jewel and a last adieu
+to my son, with my dying benediction, for of my blessing he has been
+deprived since you sent me his refusal to enter into the treaty whence I
+was excluded by his wicked council; this last point I refer to your
+favourable consideration and conscience as the others, but I ask them in
+the name of Jesus Christ, and in respect of your consanguinity, and for
+the sake of King Henry VII., your grandfather and mine, and by the
+honour of the dignity we both hold, and of our sex in common, do I
+implore you to grant these requests.
+
+_MARY'S TREATMENT_
+
+As to the rest, I think you know that in your name they have taken down
+my dais, but afterwards they owned to me that it was not by your
+commandment, but by the intimation of some of your privy council. I
+thank God that this wickedness came not from you, and that it serves
+rather to vent their malice than to afflict me, having made up my mind
+to die. It is on account of this, and some other things, that they
+debarred me from writing to you, and after they had done all in their
+power to degrade me from my rank, they told me "that I was but a mere
+dead woman, incapable of dignity." God be praised for all!
+
+I could wish that all my papers were brought to you without reserve,
+that at last it may be manifest to you that the sole care of your safety
+was not confined to those who are so prompt to persecute me. If you will
+accord this my last request, I would wish that you would write for them,
+otherwise they do with them as they choose. And, moreover, I wish that
+to this, my last request, you will let me know your last reply.
+
+To conclude, I pray God, the just Judge, of His mercy that He will
+enlighten you with His Holy Spirit, and that He will give you His grace
+to die in the perfect charity I am disposed to do, and to pardon all
+those who have caused, or who have co-operated in, my death. Such will
+be my last prayer to my end, which I esteem myself happy will precede
+the persecution which I foresee menaces this isle, where God is no
+longer seriously feared and revered, but vanity and worldly policy rule
+and govern all. Yet will I accuse no one, nor give way to presumption.
+Yet while abandoning this world, and preparing myself for a better, I
+must remind you that one day you will have to answer for your charge,
+and for all those whom you doom, and that I desire that my blood and my
+country may be remembered in that time. For why? From the first days of
+our capacity to comprehend our duties, we ought to bend our minds to
+make the things of this world yield to those of eternity!
+
+From Fotheringay, this 19th December, 1586.
+ Your sister and cousin,
+ Prisoner wrongfully,
+ MARIE ROYNE.
+
+
+The Will of the Queen of Scots.
+
+_Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_, vol. ii. p. 237.
+
+ [The Will contains clauses relative to the payments of her debts,
+ and of legacies to her servants. The selections given are of more
+ general interest.]
+
+In the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, I, Mary,
+by the grace of God, Queen of Scotland and Dowager of France, being on
+the point of death, and not having any means of making my will, have
+myself committed these articles to writing, and I will and desire, that
+they have the same force, as if they were made in due form.
+
+In the first place, I declare that I die in the Catholic, Apostolic, and
+Romish faith. First, I desire that a complete service be performed for
+my soul in the Church of St. Denis in France, and another in St.
+Peter's, at Rheims, where all my servants are to attend, in such manner
+as may be ordered to do by those to whom I have given directions, and
+who are named therein.
+
+Further, that an annual obit be founded for prayers for my soul, in
+perpetuity, in such place, and after such manner, as shall be deemed
+most convenient....
+
+I appoint my cousin, the Duke of Guise, principal executor of my will.
+After him, the Archbishop of Glasgow, the Bishop of Ross, and Monsieur
+de Ruissieu, my chancellor....
+
+I recommend Marie Paiges, my god-daughter, to my cousin, Madame de
+Guise, and beg her to take her into her service, and my aunt de Saint
+Pierre to get Moubray some good situation, or retain her in her service,
+for the honour of God.
+
+Done this day, 7th February 1587.
+
+ MARY, QUEEN.
+
+
+_APPEAL FOR FACULTIES_
+
+Queen Mary's Appeal to the Pope for Spiritual Faculties.
+
+ [The following document is here printed for the first time, so far
+ as is known to the Editor. It is from a MS. at Blairs College, and
+ is published by kind permission of the Right Reverend the Rector,
+ and with the advantage of revision by the Reverend Professor Welsh.
+ It is dated {158-}, and probably belongs to the last year of Queen
+ Mary's life.]
+
+Cum Serenissima Regina Scotiae multis ab hinc annis in Anglorum
+haereticorum custodias sit inclusa atque ob id non possit Catholicae
+Ecclesiae sacramenta suscipere et rebus divinis praesertim vero missae
+sacrificio nisi clam et magno cum periculo interesse, supplex petit a
+Sanctissimo Domino Nostro quam diu in illa custodia retinetur, ut
+sacerdoti catholico suo capellano pro tempore existenti concedatur,
+facultas non modo exercendi omnia munera episcopalia exceptis ordinis et
+confirmationis sacramentis, et Chrysmatis consecratione; sed etiam
+absolvendi ab haeresi, et haereticos poenitentes gremio sanctae matris
+Ecclesiae reconciliandi; quod frequentes ibi se offerant huiusmodi
+occasiones.
+
+Deinde cum in hac rerum calamitate ipsi Reginae opus sit ad sua secreta
+consilia et commercia tractanda et exsequenda, uti opera nonnullorum
+Anglorum, qui nisi profanis haereticorum et schismaticorum precibus et
+communioni intersint, vel a praefectis carceris prohiberentur, ne
+Reginae inservirent, vel non possent ita commode illa consilia et
+commercia juvare; dignetur Sanctitas Sua sacerdoti capellano, quem
+Regina delegerit hanc potestatem illos ab omni censura et poena in tali
+casu absolvendi; et quoties opus fuerit in gratiam Sanctae matris
+Ecclesiæ reducendi; ii tamen, quoad fieri potest, vitare debent impiam
+huiusmodi communionem et rerum sacrarum prophanationem.
+
+Permittat quoque Sanctitas Sua, ut tales etiam ante absolutionem possint
+sine scrupulo tum Reginae tum sacerdotis celebrantis et aliorum qui
+missae intererunt, praesentes adesse in ea missa quae coram Regina,
+durante ejus captivitate celebrabitur.
+
+Petit etiam Regina, ut 25 numero viri catholici, per eam nominandi, quo
+commodius et securius ipsi inserviant, possint sine scrupulo et sine
+periculo et metu censurarum et peccati, hujusmodi precibus et
+communionibus hæreticorum interesse, ita tamen, ut cum illis non
+communicent, ac nefandis illorum actibus ne verbo quidem consentiant.
+
+Concedat quoque sua Beatitudo ipsi Reginæ plenam indulgentiam et
+remissionem omnium peccatorum in forma jubilei, quoties genibus flexis
+orat confessa coram sacra Eucharistia, vel eam suscipit, ac quoties
+patienter fert injuriam ab hæreticis sibi illatam; eam dem quoque
+obtineat indulgentiam in articulo mortis ore dicendo Jesus Maria vel
+idem corde saltem memorando.
+
+Postremo Regina summis precibus Sanctissimum Dominum Nostrum orat, ut
+quem sibi delegerit sacerdotem, possit ab eo in confessione sacramentali
+absolvi a cunctibus casibus etiam Sedi Apostolicæ reservatis, atque in
+bulla coenae Domini contentis.
+
+ [It is not known what reply was sent; but the forthcoming volume of
+ "Vatican Papers," to be edited for the Scottish History Society by
+ Father Pollard, S.J., may throw light on the subject.]
+
+TRANSLATION.
+
+ Since Her Most Serene Majesty, the Queen of Scotland, has been for
+ these many years a prisoner in the hands of the English heretics,
+ and on that account is unable to receive the sacraments of the
+ Catholic Church, or to be present, except secretly and at great
+ risk, at divine service, and especially at the Sacrifice of the
+ Mass, she humbly supplicates of His Holiness that, so long as she
+ is kept in that restraint:
+
+ That to a Catholic priest, her chaplain for the time being, there
+ may be granted the faculty, not only of exercising all the powers
+ of a bishop, except the sacrament of Orders and Confirmation, and
+ the consecration of the Chrism, but also of absolving from heresy
+ and receiving penitent heretics into the bosom of Holy Mother
+ Church. Such opportunities frequently offer themselves.
+
+ Secondly, since, in this sad condition of her affairs, the Queen
+ herself has need, in connexion with her secret counsels and
+ negotiations, of the assistance of some Englishmen, who, unless
+ they attend the blasphemous prayers and communion of the heretics,
+ would be excluded, by her gaolers, from the Queen's presence, or
+ would have difficulty in aiding her counsels and plans, let His
+ Holiness grant to a priest, whom the Queen may choose as chaplain,
+ the power of absolving them from all censure and penalty in such
+ circumstances, and restoring, as often as there is need, to the
+ grace of Holy Mother Church, it being understood that, as far as
+ possible, they shall avoid this impious communion and profanation
+ of Holy Things.
+
+ Let His Holiness also permit that such persons, even before
+ absolution, may without scruple either to the Queen or to the
+ celebrating priest, or to all others who may be present, be present
+ and assist at the Mass which shall be celebrated in presence of the
+ Queen during her captivity.
+
+ The Queen also begs that Catholic men, twenty-five in number,
+ nominated by her, in order that they may serve her more
+ conveniently and safely, may without scruple and without danger or
+ fear of censures and of sin, be present at such prayers and
+ communions of the heretics, it being understood that they shall not
+ communicate with them or give even verbal consent to their
+ nefarious acts.
+
+ Let His Holiness grant also to the Queen herself a plenary
+ indulgence and remission of all her sins, in the form of a jubilee,
+ as often as, having confessed her sins, she may pray on bended
+ knees before the Holy Eucharist, or receive it, and as often as she
+ patiently endures injuries inflicted on her by heretics. May she
+ obtain also the same indulgence at the moment of death by invoking
+ with her lips, Jesu, Maria, or at least meditating on them in her
+ heart.
+
+ Finally the Queen begs His Holiness with many prayers, that
+ whomsoever she shall choose as a priest, she may be by him, in
+ sacramental confession, absolved from all censures, even from those
+ reserved to the Holy Apostolic See, and contained in the Bull
+ "Coena Domini."
+
+
+Illustration: SILVER-GILT HAND-BELL. Height 4-½ inches. (_Used by Queen
+Mary in Captivity._)
+
+
+_"IN THEE HAVE I TRUSTED"_
+
+Poem composed by Queen Mary in view of her Approaching Death.
+
+ O Domine Deus, speravi in te!
+ O care mi Jesu, nunc libera me!
+ In dura catena, in misera poena,
+ Languendo, gemendo, et genu flectendo,
+ Adoro, imploro ut liberes me.
+
+ _Tr. Mr. Swinburne, Mary Stuart_, Act V.
+
+ O Lord my God,
+ I have trusted in thee;
+ O Jesu my dearest one,
+ Now set me free.
+ In prison's oppression,
+ In sorrow's obsession,
+ I weary for thee.
+ With sighing and crying,
+ Bowed down as dying,
+ I adore thee, I implore thee, set me free!
+
+
+_PARTING WITH ROBERT MELVILLE_
+
+1587.--February 8. Narrative of the Execution, sent to the Court.
+
+_Ellis's Letters_, Ser. ii. vol. iii. p. 113, from the
+Lansdowne MS. 51, Art. 46.
+
+First, the said Scottish Queen, being carried by two of Sir Amias
+Paulett's gentlemen, and the Sheriff going before her, came most
+willingly out of her chamber into an entry next the Hall, at which place
+the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of Kent, commissioners for the
+execution, with the two governors of her person, and divers knights and
+gentlemen did meet her, where they found one of the Scottish Queen's
+servants, named Melvin, kneeling on his knees, who uttered these words
+with tears to the Queen of Scots, his mistress, "Madam, it will be the
+sorrowfullest message that ever I carried, when I shall report that my
+Queen and dear mistress is dead." Then the Queen of Scots, shedding
+tears, answered him, "You ought to rejoice rather than weep for that the
+end of Mary Stuart's troubles is now come. Thou knowest, Melvin, that
+all this world is but vanity, and full of troubles and sorrows; carry
+this message from me, and tell my friends that I die a true woman to my
+religion, and like a true Scottish woman and a true Frenchwoman. But God
+forgive them that have long desired my end; and He that is the true
+Judge of all secret thoughts knoweth my mind, how that it ever hath been
+my desire to have Scotland and England united together. Commend me to my
+son, and tell him that I have not done anything that may prejudice his
+kingdom of Scotland; and so, good Melvin, farewell;" and kissing him,
+she bade him pray for her.
+
+_AN ENGLISH NOBLEMAN_
+
+Then she turned to the Lords and told them that she had certain requests
+to make unto them. One was for a sum of money, which she said Sir Amyas
+Paulet knew of, to be paid to one Curle her servant; next, that all her
+poor servants might enjoy that quietly which by her Will and Testament
+she had given unto them; and lastly, that they might be all well
+entreated, and sent home safely and honestly into their countries. "And
+this I do conjure you, my Lords, to do."
+
+Answer was made by Sir Amyas Paulet, "I do well remember the money your
+Grace speaketh of, and your Grace need not to make any doubt of the not
+performance of your requests, for I do surely think they shall be
+granted."
+
+"I have," said she, "one other request to make unto you, my Lords, that
+you will suffer my poor servants to be present about me, at my death,
+that they may report when they come into their countries how I died a
+true woman to my religion."
+
+Then the Earl of Kent, one of the commissioners, answered, "Madam, it
+cannot well be granted, for that it is feared lest some of them would
+with speeches both trouble and grieve your Grace, and disquiet the
+company, of which we have had already some experience, or seek to wipe
+their napkins in some of your blood, which were not convenient." "My
+Lord," said the Queen of Scots, "I will give my word and promise for
+them that they shall not do any such thing as your Lordship has named.
+Alas! poor souls, it would do them good to bid me farewell. And I hope
+your Mistress, being a maiden Queen, in regard of womanhood, will suffer
+me to have some of my own people about me at my death. And I know she
+hath not given you so straight a commission, but that you may grant me
+more than this, if I were a far meaner woman than I am." And then
+(seeming to be grieved) with some tears uttered these words: "You know
+that I am cousin to your Queen, and descended from the blood of Henry
+the Seventh, a married Queen of France, and the anointed Queen of
+Scotland."
+
+"_BESIDE THE BLOCK--ALONE_"
+
+Whereupon, after some consultation, they granted that she might have
+some of her servants according to her Grace's request, and therefore
+desired her to make choice of half-a-dozen of her men and women: who
+presently said that of her men she would have Melvin, her apothecary,
+her surgeon, and one other old man beside; and of her women, those two
+that did use to lie in her chamber.
+
+After this, she being supported by Sir Amias's two gentlemen aforesaid,
+and Melvin carrying up her train, and also accompanied with the Lords,
+Knights, and Gentlemen aforenamed, the Sheriff going before her, she
+passed out of the entry into the Great Hall, with her countenance
+careless, importing thereby rather mirth than mournful cheer, and so she
+willingly stepped up to the scaffold which was prepared for her in the
+Hall, being two feet high and twelve feet broad, with rails round about,
+hung and covered with black, with a low stool, long cushion, and block,
+covered with black also. Then, having the stool brought her, she sat her
+down; by her, on the right hand, sat the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl
+of Kent, and on the left hand stood the Sheriff, and before her the two
+executioners; round about the rails stood Knights, Gentlemen, and
+others.
+
+Then, silence being made, the Queen's Majesty's Commission for the
+execution of the Queen of Scots was openly read by Mr. Beale, clerk of
+the Council; and these words pronounced by the Assembly, "God save the
+Queen." During the reading of which Commission the Queen of Scots was
+silent, listening unto it with as small regard as if it had not
+concerned her at all; and with as cheerful a countenance as if it had
+been a pardon from her Majesty for her life; using as much strangeness
+in word and deed as if she had never known any of the Assembly, or had
+been ignorant of the English language.
+
+_A THEOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY_
+
+Then one Doctor Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough, standing directly before
+her, without the rail, bending his body with great reverence, began to
+utter this exhortation following: "Madam, the Queen's most excellent
+Majesty," &c, and iterating these words three or four times, she told
+him, "Mr. Dean, I am settled in the ancient Catholic Roman religion, and
+mind to spend my blood in defence of it." Then Mr. Dean said: "Madam,
+change your opinion, and repent you of your former wickedness, and
+settle your faith only in Jesus Christ, by Him to be saved." Then she
+answered again and again, "Mr. Dean, trouble not yourself any more, for
+I am settled and resolved in this my religion, and am purposed therein
+to die." Then the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of Kent, perceiving
+her so obstinate, told her that since she would not hear the exhortation
+begun by Mr. Dean, "We will pray for your Grace, that it stand with
+God's will you may have your heart lightened, even at the last hour,
+with the true knowledge of God, and so die therein." Then she answered,
+"If you will pray for me, my Lords, I will thank you; but to join in
+prayer with you I will not, for that you and I are not of one religion."
+
+_THE EARL OF KENT_
+
+Then the Lords called for Mr. Dean, who, kneeling on the scaffold
+stairs, began this prayer, "O most gracious God and merciful Father,"
+&c, all the Assembly, saving the Queen of Scots and her servants, saying
+after him. During the saying of which prayer, the Queen of Scots,
+sitting upon a stool, having about her neck an _Agnus Dei_, in her hand
+a crucifix, at her girdle a pair of beads with a golden cross at the end
+of them, a Latin book in her hand, began with tears and with loud and
+fast voice to pray in Latin; and in the midst of her prayers she slided
+off from her stool, and kneeling, said divers Latin prayers; and after
+the end of Mr. Dean's prayer, she kneeling, prayed in English to this
+effect: "For Christ His afflicted Church, and for an end of their
+troubles; for her son; and for the Queen's Majesty, that she might
+prosper and serve God aright." She confessed that she hoped to be saved
+"by and in the blood of Christ, at the foot of whose Crucifix she would
+shed her blood." Then said the Earl of Kent, "Madam, settle Christ Jesus
+in your heart, and leave those trumperies." Then she little regarding,
+or nothing at all, his good counsel, went forward with her prayers,
+desiring that "God would avert His wrath from this Island, and that He
+would give her grief and forgiveness for her sins." These, with other
+prayers she made in English, saying she forgave her enemies with all her
+heart that had long sought her blood, and desired God to convert them to
+the truth; and in the end of the prayer she desired all saints to make
+intercession for her to Jesus Christ, and so kissing the crucifix, and
+crossing of her also, said these words: "Even as Thy arms, O Jesus, were
+spread here upon the Cross, so receive me into Thy arms of mercy, and
+forgive me all my sins."
+
+_SMILING CHEER_
+
+Her prayer being ended, the executioners, kneeling, desired her Grace to
+forgive them her death; who answered, "I forgive you with all my heart,
+for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles." Then they,
+with her two women, helping of her up, began to disrobe her of her
+apparel; she never changed her countenance, but with smiling cheer she
+uttered these words, "that she never had such grooms to make her
+unready, and that she never put off her clothes before such a company."
+
+Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving her petticoat and
+kirtle, her two women beholding her made great lamentation, and crying
+and crossing themselves prayed in Latin; she, turning herself to them,
+embracing them, said these words in French, "Ne criez vous; j'ay promis
+pour vous;" and so crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her,
+and rejoice and not weep, for that now they should see an end of all
+their mistress's troubles. Then she, with a smiling countenance, turning
+to her men servants, as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a bench nigh
+the scaffold, who sometime weeping, sometime crying out aloud, and
+continually crossing themselves, prayed in Latin, crossing them with her
+hand bade them farewell; and wishing them to pray for her even until the
+last hour.
+
+"_INTO THY HANDS_"
+
+This done, one of the women having a Corpus Christi cloth lapped up
+three-corner ways, kissing it, put it over the Queen of Scots' face, and
+pinned it fast to the caul of her head. Then the two women departed from
+her, and she kneeling down upon the cushion most resolutely, and without
+any token or fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, "In te,
+Domine, confido, non confundar in eternum," &c. {Ps. xxv.}. Then,
+groping for the block, she laid down her head, putting her chin over the
+block with both her hands, which holding there, still had been cut off,
+had they not been espied. Then lying upon the block most quietly, and
+stretching out her arms, cried, "In manus tuas, Domine," &c, three or
+four times. Then she lying very still on the block, one of the
+executioners holding of her slightly with one of his hands, she endured
+two strokes of the other executioner with an axe, she making very small
+noise or none at all, and not stirring any part of her from the place
+where she lay; and so the executioner cut off her head, saving one
+little grisle, which being cut asunder, he lifted up her head to the
+view of all the assembly, and bade "God save the Queen." Then her
+dressing of lawn falling off from her head, it appeared as grey as one
+of threescore and ten years old, polled very short, her face in a moment
+being so much altered from the form she had when she was alive, as few
+could remember her by her dead face. Her lips stirred up and down a
+quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.
+
+Then Mr. Dean said with a loud voice, "So perish all the Queen's
+enemies;" and afterwards the Earl of Kent came to the dead body, and
+standing over it, with a loud voice said, "Such end of all the Queen's
+and the Gospel's enemies."
+
+Illustration: EFFIGY AT WESTMINSTER.
+
+_THE LAST COURTIER_
+
+Then one of the executioners pulling off her garters, espied her little
+dog which was crept under her clothes, which could not be gotten forth
+but by force, yet afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, but
+came and lay between her head and her shoulders, which being imbrued
+with her blood, was carried away and washed, as all things else were
+that had any blood was either burned or clean washed; and the
+executioners sent away with money for their fees, not having any one
+thing that belonged unto her. And so, every man being commanded out of
+the Hall, except the Sheriff and his men, she was carried by them up
+into a great chamber lying ready for the surgeons to embalm her.
+
+ A full account of Queen Mary's last days will be found in "The
+ Tragedy of Fotheringay," by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott. In August
+ 1587, the Queen was buried, with great ceremony, in Peterborough
+ Cathedral, and, in 1612, was reinterred in Westminster Abbey by her
+ son James VI. and I.
+
+
+
+
+ APPENDICES
+
+
+ _CONTENTS_
+
+ (A.) Genealogical Tables.
+
+ (B.) Lord Darnley.
+
+ (C.) Contemporary Writers.
+
+ (D.) Authorities.
+
+ (E.) Controversial Books.
+
+
+
+
+_APPENDIX A._
+
+
+(A.) TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF MARY TO LORD DARNLEY AND TO
+THE DUKE OF CHÂTELHERAULT.
+
+ JAMES II., King of Scotland.
+ |
+ +----------------------+-------------------+
+ | |
+ James III. Mary = James, Lord Hamilton.
+ | |
+ James IV. = Margaret, = Archibald, +-----+-------+
+ | dau. of | Earl of | |
+ | Henry VII. | Angus. | |
+ | of England. | James, Elizabeth, _m._
+ | | 1st Earl Matthew, Earl
+ | | of Arran. of Lennox.
+ James V. = Mary of | | |
+ | Guise. | James, |
+ | | 2nd Earl |
+ | | of Arran |
+ Mary Stuart. | and Duke of John, Earl
+ | Châtelherault. of Lennox.
+ | |
+ +----------------+ |
+ | |
+ Margaret = Matthew, Earl
+ | of Lennox.
+ |
+ Henry, Lord Darnley.
+
+
+TABLE SHOWING THE POSITION OF MARY AND DARNLEY WITH REGARD TO THE
+CROWN OF ENGLAND.
+
+ HENRY VII.
+ |
+ +-------------------+---------+------------+
+ | | |
+ Henry VIII. James IV. = Margaret = Archibald, Mary = Charles, Duke
+ +------+----+ | | Earl of | of Suffolk.
+ | | | | | Angus |
+ Edward VI. | Elizabeth. James V. | +---+-----+
+ | | | | |
+ Mary. | Margaret, _m._ | |
+ Mary. Matthew, Earl | |
+ of Lennox. | |
+ | Frances, Eleanor,
+ | _m._ _m._
+ Henry, Lord Henry, Henry,
+ Darnley. Duke of Earl of
+ Suffolk. Cumberland.
+ | |
+ +-----------------+-----------------+ |
+ | | |
+ Lady Jane Grey. Catherine, _m._ |
+ Edward, Earl of |
+ Hertford. |
+ |
+ +--------------------------+
+ | |
+ Margaret, _m._ Henry, Earl of Derby.
+
+
+
+
+_APPENDIX B._
+
+(B.) LORD DARNLEY.
+
+
+It may be of some interest to collect a few contemporary opinions
+regarding the unfortunate Lord Darnley. The extracts from Sir James
+Melville and Randolph (pp. 46-53, 54-56) sufficiently illustrate
+the personality of Mary, and we need only add Knolly's description
+of the Queen of Scots on her arrival in England (Wright's
+"Elizabeth," vol. i. pp. 280-1). He wrote to Cecil: "This ladie and
+princess is a notable woman. She semeth to regard no ceremonious
+honour beside the acknowledging of her estate regalle. She sheweth
+a disposition to speake much, to be bold, to be pleasant, and to be
+very famylyar. She sheweth a great desire to be avenged of her
+enemies: she sheweth a readiness to expose herself to all perylls
+in hope of victorie; she delyteth much to hear of hardiness and
+valiancye, commending by name all approved hardy men of her
+cuntrye, altho' they be her enemies: and she commendeth no
+cowardice even in her friends. The thing that most she thirsteth
+after is victory, and it semeth to be indifferent to her to have
+her enemies diminish, either by the sword of her friends, or by the
+liberall promises and rewards of her purse, or by division and
+quarrells raised among themselves; so that for victorie's sake,
+payne and perrylls semeth pleasant unto her, and in respect of
+victorie, welthe and all thyngs semeth to her contemptuous and
+vile."
+
+Our best picture of Darnley comes from the pen of the continuator
+of Knox. "He was of a comely stature, and none was like unto him
+within this island; he died under the age of one and twenty years;
+prompt and ready for all games and sports; much given to hawking
+and hunting, and running of horses, and likewise to playing on the
+lute; and also to Venus chamber he was liberal enough; he could
+write and dictate well; but he was somewhat given to wine, and much
+feeding, and likewise to inconstancy; and proud beyond measure, and
+therefore contemned all others; he had learned to dissemble well
+enough, being from his youth misled up in Popery" (Laing's "Knox,"
+vol. ii. p. 551). Incidental references to Darnley's character will
+be found on pp. 47-8, 64-5, 87-8, &c. The author of the "Histoire
+of James the Sext" wrote of him, "He was a comelie Prince, of a
+fayre and large stature of bodie, pleasant in countenance, and
+affable to all men, and devote, weill exercised in martiall
+pastymes upoun horseback as ony Prince of that age, but was sa
+facile as he could conceal no secret, although it might tend to his
+own weill." Of Darnley's literary abilities we possess two
+indications--a letter written to Mary Tudor, and the following
+ballad, both printed in Maidment's "Scottish Songs and Ballads,"
+vol. ii. It may be noted that the figure of the turtle-dove or
+wood-pigeon occurs in the ballad and in one of the "Casket
+Letters."
+
+ Gife langour makis men licht,
+ Or dolour thame decoir,
+ In earth there is no wicht,[98]
+ May me compair in gloir.
+ Gif cairfuill thoftis restoir
+ My havy heart from sorrow
+ I am for evir moir
+ In joy, both evin and morrow.
+
+ Gif plesour be to pance,[99]
+ I playne me nocht opprest,
+ Or absence micht avance,
+ My heart is haill possesst,
+ Gif want of quiet rest
+ From cairis micht me convoy,
+ My mynd is nocht mollest,
+ Bot evir moir in joy.
+
+ Thocht that I pance in paine,
+ In passing to and fro,
+ I laubor all in vane,
+ For so hes mony mo,
+ That hes nocht servit so,
+ In suting of thair sueit,[100]
+ The nar the fyre I go
+ The grittar is my heit.
+
+ The turtour for hir maik,
+ Mair dule may nocht indure
+ Nor I do for hir saik,
+ Evin hir quha hes in cure
+ My hairt, quhilk salbe sure,
+ And service to the deid,
+ Unto that lady pure,
+ The well of woman heid.
+
+ Schaw shedfull to that sueit
+ My pairt so permanent
+ That no mirth quhill[101] we meit,
+ Sall cause me be content;
+ But still my hairt lament,
+ In sorrowfull siching soir,
+ Till tyme sho be present,
+ Fairweill, I say no moir.
+
+_Finis quod King Hary Stewart._
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [98] Man.
+
+ [99] Think.
+
+ [100] Sweet.
+
+ [101] Till.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This lament for Darnley (also printed by Maidment) was doubtless
+used as a political weapon against Queen Mary:--
+
+ To Edinburgh about six hours at morn,
+ As I was passing pansand out the way;
+ Ane bonny boy was sore making his moan,
+ His sorry song was Oche, and Wallaway!
+ That ever I should lyve to see that day,
+ Ane king at eve, with sceptre, sword and crown;
+ At morn but a deformed lump of clay,
+ With traitors strong so cruelly put down!
+
+ Then drew I near some tidings for to speir,
+ And said, My friend, what makis thee sa way.
+ Bloody Bothwell hath brought our king to beir,
+ And flatter and fraud with double Dalilay.
+ At ten houris on Sunday late at een,
+ When Dalila and Bothwell bade good night,
+ Off her finger false she threw ane ring,
+ And said, My Lord, ane token you I plight.
+
+ She did depart then with an untrue train,
+ And then in haste and culverin they let craik,
+ To teach their feiris to know the appoint time,
+ About the kinge's lodging for to clap.
+ To dance that night they said she should not slack,
+ With leggis lycht to hald the wedow walkan;
+ And baid fra bed until she heard the crack,
+ Whilk was a sign that her good lord was slain.
+
+ O ye that to our kirk have done subscryve,
+ These Achans try alsweill traist I may,
+ If ye do not, the time will come, belyve,
+ That God to you will raise some Iosuay;
+ Whilk shall your bairnis gar sing Wallaway,
+ And ye your selvis be put down with shame;
+ Remember on the awesome latter day,
+ When ye reward shall receive for your blame.
+
+ I ken right well ye knaw your duty,
+ Gif ye do not purge you ane and all,
+ Then shall I write in pretty poetry,
+ In Latin laid in style rhetorical;
+ Which through all Europe shall ring like ane bell,
+ In the contempt of your malignity.
+ Fye, flee fra Clynemnestra fell,
+ For she was never like Penelope.
+
+ With Clynemnestra I do not fain to fletch,
+ Who slew her spouse, the great Agamemnon;
+ Or with any that Ninus' wife doth match,
+ Semiramis quha brought her gude lord down.
+ Quha do abstain fra litigation,
+ Or from his paper hald aback the pen?
+ Except he hate our Scottish nation,
+ Or then stand up and traitors deeds commend?
+
+ Now all the woes that Ovid in Ibin,
+ Into his pretty little book did write,
+ And many mo be to our Scottish Queen,
+ For she the cause is of my doleful dyte.
+ Sa mot her heart be fillet full of syte,
+ As Herois was for Leander's death;
+ Herself to slay for woe who thought delyte,
+ For Henry's sake to like our Queen was laith.
+
+ The dolours als that pierced Dido's heart,
+ When King Enee from Carthage took the flight;
+ For the which cause unto a brand she start,
+ And slew herseif, which was a sorry sight.
+ Sa might she die as did Creusa bright,
+ The worthy wife of douty Duke Jason;
+ Wha brint was in ane garment wrought by slight
+ Of Medea through incantation.
+
+ Her laughter light be like to true Thisbe,
+ When Pyramus she found dead at the well,
+ In languor like unto Penelope,
+ For Ulysses who long at Troy did dwell.
+ Her dolesome death be worse than Jezebel,
+ Whom through an window surely men did thraw;
+ Whose blood did lap the cruel hundis fell,
+ And doggis could her wicked bainis gnaw.
+
+ Were I an hound--oh! if she an hare,
+ And I an cat, and she a little mouse,
+ And she a bairn, and I a wild wod bear,
+ I an ferret, and she cuniculus.
+ To her I shall be aye contrarius--
+ When to me Atropos cut the fatal thread,
+ And fell deithis dartys dolorous,
+ Then shall our spirits be at mortal feid.
+
+ My spirit her spirit shall douke in Phlegethon,
+ Into that painful filthy flood of hell,
+ And then in Styx, and Lethe baith anone--
+ And Cerberus that cruel hound sa fell,
+ Sall gar her cry with mony gout and yell,
+ O Wallaway! that ever she was born,
+ Or with treason by ony manner mell,
+ Whilk from all bliss should cause her be forlorn.
+
+
+
+
+(C.) CONTEMPORARY WRITERS.
+
+
+GEORGE BUCHANAN.
+
+The writings of George Buchanan with which we are concerned are his
+"Detection" of Queen Mary, and his "History of Scotland." Buchanan
+was the friend and adviser of Mary's enemies, and his references to
+her are polemical, not historical. His "Detection" is based on the
+"Book of Articles" (_cf._ p. 144), and it is not always consistent
+with the statements in his "History." Sheriff Æneas Mackay admits
+with regard to it that "it must be deemed a calumnious work." The
+reader must decide for himself what credit to attach to statements
+made by Buchanan, and otherwise unattested. He occupies among
+Mary's accusers the position held by Lesley among her friends. His
+title to fame is not confined to the Marian controversy. He was a
+very distinguished humanist, and his writings possess both learning
+and charm. (_Cf._ Mr. Hume Brown's recent volume entitled "George
+Buchanan.")
+
+
+CONAEUS.
+
+George Conn belonged to an Aberdeenshire family of Roman Catholic
+sympathies, and was educated at Douay, Paris, and Rome. He was
+Papal agent accredited to Queen Henrietta Maria from 1636 to 1639.
+He died in 1640. The date of his birth is unknown, and he is not
+quite strictly a contemporary author. But he lived in Paris at a
+time when people must have been alive who could remember Queen
+Mary's residence in France, and his "Life of Mary Stuart,"
+published in 1624, has all the freshness of a contemporary source.
+
+
+LORD HERRIES.
+
+John Maxwell, fourth Lord Herries, was, although a Protestant, a
+staunch supporter of Queen Mary. He opposed the Bothwell marriage,
+but remained faithful after the surrender at Carberry Hill. He
+joined the Queen after her escape from Lochleven, was present at
+the Battle of Langside, and accompanied her in her flight to
+England. In spite of some temporising with her enemies, he was
+selected, along with the Bishop of Ross, to defend her at York and
+Westminster, and he was probably involved in the Norfolk plot. When
+he became convinced of the hopelessness of Mary's cause, he came to
+an arrangement with the victorious party, and took a part in
+politics till his death in 1583. He seems, however, always to have
+been ready to assist the Queen had there been any chance of
+success. His "Memoirs" possess an unusual interest in virtue of his
+intimate knowledge of the secret history of the reign.
+
+
+JOHN KNOX.
+
+The extracts from Knox's "History of the Reformation in Scotland"
+are interesting as bearing the impress of their author's vigorous
+personality. But it must be remembered that, as the leader of the
+Protestant clergy, he was a strong partisan, and his descriptions
+cannot be accepted literally. Different readers will decide
+differently as to the credit to be given to Knox's statements. The
+most valuable edition of Knox is the large one by the late Mr.
+David Laing, which contains much important annotation. The
+concluding portion of the "History" is not from Knox's own pen, but
+is the work of an unknown writer, who is generally described as
+Knox's Continuator.
+
+
+JOHN LESLEY.
+
+The Bishop of Ross was a native of Inverness-shire, and was
+educated at the University of Aberdeen. The first public capacity
+in which he was employed was as one of a deputation of Roman
+Catholic nobles to invite Queen Mary to return to Scotland, after
+the death of Francis II. He became Bishop of Ross in 1566. He
+rendered his chief services to Queen Mary as one of the agents for
+her defence at the Conferences at York and Westminster, and he was
+thereafter involved in most of the schemes for Mary's release. He
+survived the Queen for nine years, and died in 1596 at Guirtenburg,
+near Brussels. He was about seventy years of age.
+
+Lesley's chief work is his "History of Scotland from 1437 to 1561."
+The Scots edition was first published in 1830, but the Latin
+version, which is more complete, appeared during the author's
+lifetime, and was translated into Scots, as early as 1596, by
+Father James Dalrymple of Regensburg. For the period with which we
+are concerned Lesley is a contemporary authority; but he wrote with
+a purpose, and was inclined to exaggeration. His "Defence of Queen
+Mary's Honour" was a reply to Buchanan's "Detection."
+
+
+LINDSAY OF PITSCOTTIE.
+
+Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie was a cadet of the family of Crawford.
+He was born about 1500, and died about 1565, and took no part in
+public affairs. His "History" was not published till 1728. It is a
+work to which we are indebted for much gossip, and it contains many
+humorous anecdotes. The writer was a strong Protestant, and shared
+with many of his contemporaries a fondness for moralising. His book
+is not absolutely reliable by any means; but in the passage quoted
+he appears to best advantage.
+
+
+SIR JAMES MELVILLE.
+
+Sir James Melville had been an attendant on Queen Mary since her
+childhood. In 1549, when he was fourteen years of age and she
+seven, he became her page. After some military, and diplomatic
+service he became one of the gentlemen of the Bed Chamber on the
+Queen's return to Scotland. His two visits to London as ambassador
+from Mary to Elizabeth are recorded in the passage quoted in the
+text. After the fall of the Queen Melville attached himself to the
+ruling party, and was prominent in politics till James's accession
+to the throne of England. Thereafter, he lived quietly at his
+estate of Hallhill, in Fife, where he died in 1617. During his
+retirement he wrote his "Memoirs," which were published by his
+grandson in 1683. His memory was not invariably trustworthy; but
+his fascinating style has made his writing one of the most popular
+chronicles of the time. His picture of the rival queens is one of
+the most characteristic passages in his work (pp. 46-53).
+
+
+CLAUDE NAU.
+
+Claude de la Boisselierre Nau was sent by the Cardinal of Lorraine
+to Queen Mary as a Secretary in 1575. Thenceforward he remained her
+confidential adviser, although his loyalty to his own interests was
+more marked than his devotion to his mistress, and he was generally
+believed to have betrayed her in connection with the Babington
+conspiracy. After her death he was released by Queen Elizabeth, and
+entered the service of Henry IV. of France. The MS. known as "Nau's
+History of Mary Stewart" is in the British Museum, and was printed
+in 1883 by Father Joseph Stevenson, S.J. The evidence on which Mr.
+Stevenson attributes it to Nau is given in his introduction.
+
+
+LORD RUTHVEN.
+
+Patrick, third Lord Ruthven, was one of the Protestant nobles who
+formed the body known as the "Lords of the Congregation" during the
+absence of Queen Mary in France. He was not popular even on his own
+side, for we find mysterious accusations of sorcery and enchantment
+attaching to his name. At the murder of Rizzio he appeared in the
+Queen's room, gaunt and haggard, having risen from a sick bed in
+the neighbouring house. After the murder he fled to England and
+wrote for the benefit of Queen Elizabeth his "Relation" of the
+circumstances. He makes numerous accusations against Mary, which
+have generally been received with suspicion owing to the position
+of the author as an exiled rebel anxious to justify himself before
+a foreign sovereign. He died at Newcastle in June 1566, three
+months after the murder. The "articles" are printed, not only in
+the "Relation," but in the first column of Goodall's _Examination_,
+and the third volume of Keith's "History," while those signed by
+Darnley are copied from the original in the Appendix (p. 641) to
+the Sixth Report of the Historical MSS. Commissioners.
+
+
+DIURNAL OF OCCURRENTS.
+
+The "Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland" was first printed by the
+Bannatyne Club in 1833 (from a MS. then in the possession of Sir
+John Maxwell of Pollock). It deals with the history of Scotland
+from 1513 to 1575. During the period with which we are concerned,
+it is clearly the diary of an Edinburgh citizen, and it is of great
+value, especially in fixing dates. The anonymous diarist was not a
+partisan of the Queen, but his work is more impartial than any
+other of the period. Another contemporary diary, by Robert Birrell,
+is published in Dalyell's "Fragments of Scottish History," 1798.
+
+
+GUDE AND GODLY BALLATES.
+
+The controversy of the sixteenth century gave rise to many
+political songs and ballads, which became known to the Protestant
+party as the "Gude and Godly Ballates." Most of them were aimed
+against Roman Catholicism in general, but some are invectives
+against Queen Mary herself. The specimens given are among the best
+known. They are slightly earlier in date than the arrival of Mary
+in Scotland; but they serve to illustrate the bitterness of the
+struggle.
+
+
+
+
+(D.) AUTHORITIES.
+
+
+The remaining contemporary authorities are to be found in the
+letters of ambassadors, and the other diplomatic correspondence of
+the time. But it must be remembered that a statement can by no
+means be implicitly believed because it appears in such documents.
+The circumstances of the writer, his opportunities of obtaining
+information on the particular topic, his personal prejudices, the
+impression that he wished to convey to his correspondent, must all
+be allowed due weight. The correspondence and other information is
+largely contained in the following books:--
+
+
+(1.) OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.
+
+_Acts of Parliament of Scotland._
+
+_Reports of the Royal Commission upon Historical MSS._
+
+_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland._
+
+_Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland_, preserved in the
+Public Record Office.
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to Foreign Affairs_, 1542-1587.
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs_, preserved in the
+Archives of Simancas.
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs_, preserved in the
+Archives of Venice.
+
+_Calendar of Border Papers._
+
+_The Hamilton Papers._
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_,
+1898.
+
+
+(2.) BOOKS WHICH CONTAIN ORIGINAL LETTERS, &c.
+
+_Fædera, Conventiones, Literæ, &c., inter Reges Angliæ et alios_,
+ed. by Thomas Rymer. London, 1704-1735.
+
+_Queen Elizabeth and her Times_, by Thomas Wright. London, 1838.
+
+_History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland_, by the
+Right Rev. Robert Keith, Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church.
+Edinburgh, 1734 (reprinted by the Spottiswoode Society).
+
+_Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726_, edited by Philip,
+Earl of Hardwicke. London, 1778.
+
+_The Annals of Aboyne_, edited by George, 11th Marquis of Huntly.
+(New Spalding Club.)
+
+_Life of Queen Mary_, by George Chalmers. London, 1818.
+
+_History of Scotland_, by William Robertson, D.D.
+
+_History of Scotland_, by Patrick Fraser Tytler.
+
+_Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots_, edited by Joseph Robertson.
+
+_Examination of the Letters said to have been written by Mary Queen
+of Scots, to James, Earl of Bothwell_, by Walter Goodall, 1744.
+
+_History of Scotland_, by Malcolm Laing.
+
+_Illustrations of British History_, by Edmund Lodge.
+
+_Elizabeth and Mary_, by Fred. Von Raumer.
+
+_Original Letters, Illustrative of British History_, ed. Ellis.
+
+_Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers_, by John Hosack, 1870-74.
+
+_Mary Queen of Scots, from her Birth to her Flight into England_,
+by D. Hay Fleming.
+
+_Recueil des Lettres de Marie Stuart_, ed. Labanoff.
+
+_Letters of Mary Stuart_, ed. Agnes Strickland.
+
+_Cabala, sive Scrinia Sacra._ London, 1691.
+
+_Collections relating to Mary Queen of Scots_, by James Anderson.
+
+_A Lost Chapter in the Life of Mary Stuart_, by John Stuart.
+
+_Queen Mary at Jedburgh_, by John Small.
+
+_Illustrations of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots._ (Maitland
+Club.)
+
+_Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse_,
+edited by Teulet.
+
+_The Tragedy of Fotheringay_, by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott.
+
+These are the main authorities. A complete list of publications
+dealing with the question up to 1700, will be found in "A
+Bibliography of Works relating to Mary Queen of Scots, 1544-1700,"
+by John Scott, C.B. (Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 1896). Very
+full references will be found in Mr. Hay Fleming's notes. The list
+of authorities appended to the articles "Mary Stuart," in the
+_Dictionary of National Biography_, should also be consulted.
+
+
+
+
+(E.) CONTROVERSIAL WORKS.
+
+
+The general historians who deal with the period--Hume, Robertson,
+Tytler, Laing, Froude, and Hill Burton--are usually ranked among
+Queen Mary's opponents. Hume and Froude occupy the most decided
+position. Among other writers who are definitely against the theory
+of Mary's innocence, must be reckoned Mignet ("Life of Mary Queen
+of Scots"), Mr. D. Hay Fleming ("Mary Queen of Scots"), and Mr. T.
+F. Henderson (articles, "Mary Stuart," "Henry Stewart, Lord
+Darnley," "James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell," &c., in the
+_Dictionary of National Biography_). No one can hope to understand
+the present position of the controversy without the writings of Mr.
+Fleming and Mr. Henderson. Among general controversialists on the
+side of Queen Mary, may be mentioned the works already quoted, by
+Walter Goodall, George Chalmers, and John Hosack, William Tytler's
+"Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots" (1790),
+Whitaker's "Mary Queen of Scots Vindicated" (1778), Miss Agnes
+Strickland's "Lives of the Queens of Scotland," Mr. Alex. Walker's
+"Mary, Queen of Scots," Mr. M'Neel-Caird's "Mary Stuart," and Sir
+John Skelton's "Impeachment of Mary Stuart," "Maitland of
+Lethington," and "Life of Mary Stuart." Mr. Swinburne's "Mary Queen
+of Scots" is one of the most attractive works on the subject. The
+reader will recollect that the "false Duessa" in Spenser's "Faerie
+Queen" is the Queen of Scots.
+
+The last few years have seen the publication of many important
+works dealing with the problem of the Casket Letters, _e.g._:--
+
+Bresslau: "Die Kassettenbriefe der Königin Maria Stuart," in the
+_Historisches Taschenbuche_, 1882.
+
+Sepp: _Die Kassettenbriefe_, 1884.
+
+Gerde: "Geschichte der Königin Maria Stuart," 1885.
+
+T. F. Henderson: "Casket Letters, and Mary Queen of Scots." 2nd ed.
+1890.
+
+Philippson: "Histoire du Règne de Marie Stuart," 1891-92.
+
+The English reader will find the material in Mr. T. F. Henderson's
+work ample for his purpose. The preface to Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary
+Queen, of Scots" promises a second volume, which will contain the
+life in captivity, and, of course, deal with the letters. No Marian
+apologist has, as yet, attempted an answer to the more recent
+evidence on the other side, and Hosack's great work is now
+considerably superseded. The foregoing lists are, of course,
+selected. A full Bibliography is a great task, not yet attempted.
+
+THE END
+
+
+Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London
+
+
+ _Published by_ DAVID NUTT, _270-271 Strand, London, and Sold by all
+ Booksellers throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland._
+
+ SCOTTISH VERNACULAR LITERATURE
+
+ A SUCCINCT HISTORY
+
+ By T. F. HENDERSON
+
+ Printed at the Constable Press, 1898
+
+ Crown 8vo, x, 464 pp. Buckram, top gilt, 6s.
+
+ CONTENTS:--The Scottish Vernacular--Minstrelsy and
+ Romance--Historical Poetry--The Scottish Fabliau and the Decay of
+ Romance--The Early Chaucerians--Dunbar and Walter Kennedy--Gavin
+ Douglas and Sir David Lyndsay--Minor and Later Poets of the 16th
+ Century--Anonymous Poetry of the 15th and 16th
+ Centuries--Vernacular Prose--Traditional Ballads and Songs--Before
+ Ramsay--Ramsay to Burns--Burns and afterwards.
+
+ =_Some Press Notices_=
+
+ =Outlook.=--"Truly admirable for its conciseness and adequacy of
+ critical treatment."
+
+ =Literature.=--"A work of great merit and interest, and unique in
+ its field."
+
+ =Scotsman.=--"Will be of great use to those who wish a general
+ guide to Scottish literature in prose, such as there was, as well
+ as in verse."
+
+ =North British Daily Mail.=--"A model of what such a handbook
+ should be--thorough, concise, well balanced."
+
+ =Saturday Review.=--"Excellent in every respect."
+
+ =Morning Post.=--"It is not easy to recall another volume,
+ conceived on this apparently unambitious scale, which is at once so
+ scholarly, so thorough, so agreeable."
+
+ =Glasgow Herald.=--"Deserves a hearty welcome and no
+ stinted=praise."
+
+ =Arbroath Herald.=--"Few readers will fail to appreciate the
+ justice and the suggestive force of his general survey of Scottish
+ literature."
+
+
+
+
+Transcribers Note
+
+Headings printed at the top of pages in the original have been
+converted to sub-headings and placed and the head of the most relevant
+paragraph.
+
+Much of the text being letters and transcripts, inconsistant spellings
+have been retained.
+
+Footnote 64 had no anchor in the text. Since it appears to relate
+to the whole of letter III an anchor has been inserted at to top of the
+letter.
+
+Ligature oe has been represented as [oe].
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587 ***
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert S. Rait
+
+Release Date: November 18, 2011 [EBook #38048]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Susan Skinner, Hazel Batey and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+ This E text uses UTF-8 (unicode) file encoding. If the apostrophes,
+ quotation marks and words with ligature oe {cœur} in this paragraph
+ appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or
+ unavailable fonts. First, make sure that your browser’s “character
+ set†or “file encoding†is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need
+ to change the default font.<br><br>
+<hr style="width: 65%;"><br>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY<br>WRITERS</p><br>
+<p class='center'>NO. II.</p><br>
+
+<h1>Mary Queen of Scots</h1>
+<br>
+
+
+
+<p><b>ENGLISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.</b> Edited
+by Prof. <span class="smcap">F. York Powell</span>. In 16mo volumes, averaging 200
+pages, with illustrations, neatly bound in cloth, cut flush, or cloth,
+uncut edges, comprising extracts from the Chronicles, State Papers,
+and Memoirs of the time, chronologically arranged. With Introductions,
+Notes, Accounts of Authorities, Tables, Maps, Illustrations,
+etc.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><b>Edward III. and his Wars</b> (1327-1360). Edited by <span class="smcap">W. J. Ashley</span>, M.A.
+Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Misrule of Henry III.</b> (1236-1251). Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">W. H.
+Hutton</span>, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>Strongbow's Conquest of Ireland.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">F. P. Barnard</span>, M.A. Cut
+edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>Simon of Montfort and his Cause</b> (1251-1265). Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">W.
+H. Hutton</span>, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Crusade of Richard I.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">T. A. Archer</span>. 396 pp. Cut edges,
+2s.; uncut edges, 2s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>S. Thomas of Canterbury.</b> By Rev. <span class="smcap">W. H. Hutton</span>. 286 pp. Cut edges,
+1s. 6d.; uncut edges, 2s.</p>
+
+<p><b>England under Charles II., from the Restoration to the Treaty of
+Nimwegen.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">W. Taylor</span>. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Wars of the Roses.</b> Edited by Miss <span class="smcap">E. Thompson</span>. 180 pp. 1892. Cut
+edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Jews of Angevin England.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Jacobs</span>. xxix, 425 pp.
+1893. Cut edges, 4s.; uncut edges, 4s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p><b>King Alfred.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">F. York Powell</span>. <i>In the Press.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<p><b>SCOTTISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.</b></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><b>The Days of James IV.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">G. Gregory Smith</span>, M.A. 1891. Cut
+edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p><b>Mary Queen of Scots.</b> Edited by <span class="smcap">R. S. Rait</span>. 1899. Cut edges, 2s.;
+elegant cloth cover, top gilt, edges trimmed, 3s.</p></blockquote>
+<br>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 348px;"><a name="BLAIRS" id="BLAIRS"></a>
+<img src="images/illus_001.jpg" width="348" height="453" alt="" title="">
+<span class="caption">THE BLAIRS PORTRAIT.</span>
+</div>
+<br><p class='padtop smaller center'>SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY<br>WRITERS. No. II.</p>
+<hr style="width: 45%;">
+<h2>Mary</h2>
+<h2>Queen of Scots</h2>
+<p class='larger center'>1542-1587</p>
+
+<p class='padtop center'><i>Extracts from the English, Spanish, and Venetian<br> State Papers,
+ Buchanan, Knox, Lesley, Melville,<br> The "Diurnal of Occurrents," Nau,
+ &amp;c. &amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<p class='padtop smaller center'>ARRANGED AND EDITED BY</p>
+<p class='larger center'>ROBERT S. RAIT</p>
+<p class='smaller center'>M.A. (ABERDON.) EXHIBITIONER OF</p>
+<p class='smaller center'>NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD</p>
+
+
+<p class='padtop center'>LONDON</p>
+<p class='center'>DAVID NUTT, 270-71 STRAND</p>
+<p class='center'>1899</p>
+
+<p class='padtop smaller center'>Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson &amp; Co.</span><br> At the Ballantyne Press
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<br><br>
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>The life of the Queen of Scots presents so many
+different lines of interest, that, in a volume of the
+present size, it is necessary to make and adhere to
+a selection from among the numerous possible varieties
+of treatment. The attention of the reader has,
+therefore, been concentrated upon the six active
+years in Mary's life, from her arrival in Scotland in
+August 1561, to her imprisonment in Lochleven
+Castle in June 1567. Documents bearing on the
+"English Wooing" and the other events of Mary's
+minority and residence in France have, accordingly,
+been omitted, except in so far as they are required
+for an intelligible introduction to the main theme of
+the book. Most of them, indeed, would be more
+relevant to a volume having for its subject the history
+of the Scottish Reformation. It is hoped that such
+extracts as have been chosen will, with the connecting
+notes, be sufficient to indicate the position of affairs
+in 1561. The struggle which had convulsed Scotland
+for twenty years, was, on its theoretical side, a contest
+between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. On
+its practical side, it was a rivalry between two political<span class="pagenum">[Pg vi]</span>
+parties; the one, headed by the Queen-Dowager,
+Mary of Guise, and Cardinal Beaton, aiming at the
+maintenance of the ancient alliance with France;
+and the other, led by the Protestant nobles and the
+reformed clergy, striving towards an understanding
+with England. Before Mary's arrival, the popular,
+or English Party, had made good its position, and
+the understanding between the nobles and Queen
+Elizabeth continued undisturbed. Such wish or power
+as Mary possessed for the re-establishment of a definite
+alliance with France, was lessened by her personal
+dislike to Catharine de Medici, and by her
+position as nearest heir to the English throne.</p>
+
+<p>The Editor's main aim has been to place before the
+reader, as fairly as possible, the evidence for the
+divergent views of Mary's life and character. For
+this purpose, considerable space has been devoted to
+the Conferences at York and Westminster, in 1568
+and 1569, which, although themselves outside the
+period specially chosen, yet refer to the events that
+fall within it. The selection of extracts has also
+been influenced by a desire to give prominence to
+the condition of Scotland at the time, and to the
+religious difficulty associated with the person of John
+Knox; while an attempt has been made to bring into
+relief the personality of the rival queens.</p>
+
+<p>The Editor desires to acknowledge the courtesy of
+the Right Reverend Monsignor Chisholm, Rector of
+Blairs College, Bishop-Designate of Aberdeen, who<span class="pagenum">[Pg vii]</span>
+has sanctioned the reproduction of the Blairs portrait.
+He has also to acknowledge the assistance of Professor
+W. L. Davidson of Aberdeen; Mr. Herbert Fisher,
+Fellow of New College; and the Editor of the series,
+who have read the proof-sheets. Mr. Swinburne's
+translation of Mary's last poem (<a href="#Poem">p. 239</a>) is printed
+by kind permission, and Mr. T. F. Henderson has
+allowed the Editor to use the Documents first printed
+in his "Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots."</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote">R. S. R.</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">New College, Oxford</span>,<br><span class="blockqt">
+<i>February 1899</i>.</span></p><br>
+
+<br>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg ix]</span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2><br>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right">Sect.</td><td align="left"></td><td align="right">Page.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_I">I.</a></td><td align="left">FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_II">II.</a></td><td align="left">FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_III">III.</a></td><td align="left">FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER</td><td align="right">57</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_IV">IV.</a></td><td align="left">MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY</td><td align="right">81</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_V">V.</a></td><td align="left">FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND</td><td align="right">114</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_VI">VI.</a></td><td align="left">THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER</td><td align="right">132</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_VII">VII.</a></td><td align="left">THE DOCUMENTS</td><td align="right">162</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#SECTION_VIII">VIII.</a></td><td align="left">THE END</td><td align="right">225</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left"><a href="#APPENDICES">APPENDICES</a></td><td align="right">249</td></tr>
+</table></div><br>
+<br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg ix]</span></p>
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#BLAIRS">1.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Queen Mary</span> (<i>From the painting preserved in St. Mary's College,</i></td><td align="right"><i>Frontispiece</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#LINLITHGOW">2.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Linlithgow Palace</span></td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#HOLYROOD">3.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Holyrood House</span> (<i>The north-west end of Holyrood, shown in the foreground, contains Queen Mary's rooms.</i>)</td><td align="right">20</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#MONOGRAM">4.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Queen Mary's Signet Ring</span> (<i>Preserved in the British Museum.</i>) <span class="smcap">Facsimile of Queen Mary's Signature and Monogram</span></td><td align="right">83</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#LOCHLEVEN">5.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lochleven Castle</span></td><td align="right">125<br></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#BELL">6.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Handbell used by Queen Mary</span></td><td align="right">238</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#EFFIGY">7.</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Effigy of Queen Mary in Westminster Abbey</span> (<i>Erected by her son, King James, in 1612.</i>)</td><td align="right">246</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<blockquote><i>Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are from photographs by Messrs. Wilson,<br>
+Aberdeen; Nos. 4 and 6 by Messrs. Taunt, Oxford. For full<br>
+information regarding Nos. 4 and 6, see "Catalogue of Antiquities"<br>
+&amp;c., exhibited in the Museum of the Archæological Institute of<br>
+Great Britain and Ireland, 1856, pp. 169-182 (Edin. 1859).</i></blockquote><br>
+<br>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="LINLITHGOW" id="LINLITHGOW"></a>
+<img src="images/illus_002.jpg" width="402" height="229" alt="" title="">
+<span class="caption">LINLITHGOW PALACE, QUEEN MARY'S BIRTHPLACE.</span>
+</div><p><br>
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+
+<h2>Mary Queen of Scots</h2>
+<h2><a name="SECTION_I" id="SECTION_I"></a>SECTION I</h2>
+<h3>FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE</h3><br>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Lindsay">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Lindsay's account of her birth and her father's death.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Education">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Her education and character in France.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Letter of the Privy Council of Scotland.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Conn's List of her accomplishments.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#betrothal">3.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Lesley's account of her Betrothal and Marriage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#death">4.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Lesley's account of the death of Mary of Guise.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Treaty">5.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">The disputed clause in the Treaty of Edinburgh.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#REFORMATION">6.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Act of the Scots Parliament establishing the Reformation.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"><a href="#Francis">7.</a></td><td align="left"><td align="left">Quotations from the English and Venetian diplomatic correspondence narrating</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Death of Francis II., and its effect on Mary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The negotiations between Elizabeth and Mary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The attempt to capture Mary on her way to Leith.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Lindsay" id="Lindsay"></a>The Birth of the Queen.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote">
+<i>Lindsay of Pitscottie: History of Scotland</i>, Ed. of 1778, p. 275.<br></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Mary was born at Linlithgow on December 2nd, 1542. Her father,
+James V., was dying at Falkland, broken-hearted after the defeat at
+Solway Moss. The reference in the following<span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span>
+passage is, of course, to the succession of the House of Stewart
+to the Crown, through Marjory Bruce. King James died on
+December 8th.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>DEATH OF JAMES V.</i></div>
+
+<p>By this the post came to the King out of Linlithgow,
+showing to him good tidings, that the Queen
+was delivered. The King enquired whether it was a
+man-child or a woman. The messenger said: "It is
+a fair daughter." The King answered: "Adieu, farewell;
+it came with a lass and it will pass with a lass."
+And so he recommended himself to the mercy of
+Almighty God, and spake little from that time forth,
+but turned his back unto his lords, and his face unto
+the wall.... In this manner he departed.... He
+turned him upon his back, and looked, and beheld
+all his nobles and lords about him, and gave a little
+smile of laughter, then kissed his hand, and offered
+the same to all his nobles round about him; thereafter
+held up his hands to God, and yielded his spirit
+to God.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>On the death of James V. the Earl of Arran was made Regent, and
+negotiations were commenced by Henry VIII. for the marriage of the
+infant Queen of Scots to his son, afterwards Edward VI. After much
+discussion, a treaty to this effect was concluded in July 1543
+between the Scots and English Commissioners. The relations of the
+two countries, however, almost immediately became strained, and war
+broke out in the end of the year, and in 1547 a treaty of alliance
+was made between Scotland and France against England, the Scots to
+receive French help against the English forces, and to marry their
+Queen to the Dauphin. Mary landed in France in August 1548. The Earl
+of Arran was made Duke of Chatelherault by Henry II., but ceased to
+be Governor of Scotland in April 1554, when the Queen Mother, Mary
+of Guise, became Regent.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE LITTLE QUEEN</i></div>
+
+<h2>1550&mdash;April. Queen Mary's Life in France&mdash;Character of the Queen.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Register of the Privy Council of Scotland.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Item.</i>&mdash;Thereafter the said Master of Erskine shall
+report to the King {of France}, how rejoiced the
+Queen's Grace and my Lord Governor were of the
+news of our Sovereign Lady's welfare, and to hear
+that the King's Highness was so well contented with
+her Grace, and that she was so able to increase in
+virtue, and that the King's Majesty takes such consolation,
+seeing the beginning of her up-bringing to
+have been so good, that he hopes some day to see
+his son the husband of one of the most virtuous
+princes that man can desire: beseeching God of His
+infinite goodness that His Highness may see not only
+the thing that his noble heart desires, but also that
+our Sovereign Lady be after this so endued with the
+graces of God that she may by her birth {offspring}
+make his Highness to be called the grandfather of
+one of the most virtuous princes in the world, and
+king long to reign prosperously over both realms.</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>HER ACCOMPLISHMENTS</i></div>
+
+<h2>Her <a name="Education" id="Education"></a>Education and Accomplishments.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Conaeus.</i> (<i>Jebb: De Vita ac Rebus</i>, vol. ii. p. 15.)</p>
+
+<p>Her main course of study was directed towards
+the attainment of the best European languages. So
+graceful was her French that the judgment of the
+most learned men recognised her command of the
+language; nor did she neglect Spanish or Italian,
+although she aimed rather at an useful knowledge<span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span>
+than at a pretentious fluency. She followed Latin
+more readily than she spoke it. The charm of her
+poetry owed nothing to art. Her penmanship was
+clear, and (what is rare in a woman) swift. Her
+excellence in singing arose from a natural, not an
+acquired, ability to modulate her voice: the instruments
+she played were the cittern, the harp, and the
+harpsichord. Being very agile, she danced admirably
+to a musical accompaniment, yet with beauty
+and comeliness, for the silent and gentle movement
+of her limbs kept time to the harmony of the chords.
+She devoted herself to learning to ride so far as it is
+necessary for travelling or for her favourite exercise
+of hunting, thinking anything further more fitted for
+a man than for a woman.... Several tapestries
+worked by her with wonderful skill are yet to be seen
+in France, dedicated to the altars of God, especially
+in the monastery in which she was nurtured on her
+first arrival in the kingdom.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE "HANDFASTING"</i></div>
+
+<h2>1558.&mdash;April. Mary's <a name="betrothal" id="betrothal"></a>Betrothal and Marriage to the Dauphin.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Lesley's History of Scotland</i> (<i>Bannatyne Club</i>, pp. 264-5).</p>
+
+<p>All things necessary for the marriage of the Queen
+of Scots with the Dauphin being prepared, and the
+whole nobility and estates of the realm being convened
+at Paris, upon the 20th day of April 1558, in the
+great hall of the palace of the Louvre, in presence
+of King Henry of France, of the Queen his wife, and
+a great number of cardinals, dukes, earls, bishops,
+and noblemen, the "fianzellis," otherwise called the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span>
+handfasting {betrothal}, was made with great triumph,
+by the Cardinal of Lorraine, between the excellent
+young Prince Francis, eldest son to the most valiant,
+courageous, and victorious prince, Henry, King of
+France, and Mary, Queen, inheritor of the realm of
+Scotland, one of the fairest, most civil and virtuous
+princesses of the whole world, with great solemnity,
+triumph, and banqueting; and upon the next Sunday,
+being the 24th of April, the marriage was
+solemnised and completed betwixt them by the Cardinal
+of Bourbon, Archbishop of Rouen, in Notre
+Dame Kirk of Paris; where the Bishop of Paris
+made a very learned and eloquent sermon, in presence
+and assistance of the King, Queen, and many prelates,
+noblemen, ladies, and gentlemen of all estates
+and callings, with most excellent triumph, and the
+heralds crying with loud voices three sundry times,
+"Largess"; casting to the people great quantity of
+gold and silver of all kinds and sorts of coin, where
+there was great tumult of people, every one troubling
+and pressing others for greediness to get some part
+of the money. After which there were as great
+solemnities used in the kirk, with as great dignity
+and reverence as was possible, which being done,
+they entered into the bishop's palace, where there
+was a sumptuous and princely dinner prepared for
+the whole company; and after they had dined, there
+was used a princely dancing, called the ball royal,
+to the great comfort and pleasure of all being there
+present; and how soon the ball was ended, they
+passed to the great hall of the palace royal, where
+they supped with so great magnificence, pomp, and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span>
+triumph, that none of the assistance there had ever
+seen the like; and there presently was given to the
+Dauphin the title of King Dauphin, so that he
+and the Queen were called the King and Queen
+Dauphin.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>PROGRESS OF EVENTS</i></div>
+
+<blockquote><p>[In connection with the marriage settlements, an assurance
+was given to the Scots Parliament of the maintenance of its
+liberties, and of the succession of the nearest heir, in case of
+Mary's death without issue. (<i>Acts</i> ii. 508-519.) But, at the
+same time, Mary was induced to sign three documents transferring
+her rights, in case of her decease without issue, to
+the King of France, his heirs and successors. See Labanoff,
+"Lettres, Instructiones et Mémoires de Marie Stuart," vol. i.
+pp. 50-56.]</p>
+
+<p>Events moved rapidly between 1558 and Mary's return to
+Scotland in 1561. In November 1558 Mary Tudor died, and
+Henry II. caused Francis and Mary to assume the arms of
+England. In June 1559 Henry II. died, and Francis II. succeeded.
+Meanwhile, in Scotland, the Reformation was making
+progress. In 1559 the Protestants formed themselves into "the
+Congregation of the Lord," and signed the National Covenant
+to abolish Roman Catholicism. After the death of Henry II.,
+when it seemed probable that the Guises would guide the
+government of Scotland, the discontent broke into open rebellion.
+The insurgents obtained help from Elizabeth, and proposed
+a marriage between the English Queen and the Earl of
+Arran, the heir of the Duke of Chatelherault, who stood next in
+the order of succession to the Scottish throne. The Queen-Dowager
+took refuge in Edinburgh Castle, and had the assistance
+of French troops. The Lords of the Congregation and
+their English allies commenced the siege of Leith, but with
+small success. The illness of Mary of Guise led to the conclusion
+of peace, and to the formulating of the Treaty of Edinburgh,
+which was the cause of a long dispute between Elizabeth and
+Mary Stuart.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span></p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A RECONCILIATION</i></div>
+
+<h2>1560.&mdash;June 11. The <a name="death" id="death"></a>Death of the Queen Regent.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Lesley's History of Scotland, Dalrymple's Translation, Scottish
+Text Society</i>, vol. ii. pp. 439-441.</p>
+
+<p>Now the Queen Regent, almost at an end, through
+force of her sickness, for she was infected with sore
+sickness, commands all the nobility of both the parties
+to be brought before her, who were in Edinburgh.
+And to them she declared and plainly showed the
+necessity of peace and concord between them, how
+great it was. She related the old bond of the perpetual
+friendship that was ever between Scots and
+French, lately confirmed by the matrimony and marriage
+of the Queen's daughter, and how or what way
+they should keep it with all diligence.... She affirms
+it above all things most necessary that they see to it,
+that as soon as the conditions are agreed upon, both
+English and French in haste pass out of Scotland,
+lest that if only the Frenchmen go, the Englishmen
+come in haste in greater companies upon the Scots
+borders, and invade them in earnest. All the gentlemen
+severally she persuades, that before all they
+remember the privilege of their nation and native
+country. When she had said this she burst into a
+torrent of tears. Of those whom she thought she
+had in any way offended she very gently asks pardon.
+And to them by whom in any way she was offended
+she wishes all kindness, gives her blessing, and with
+all her heart her everlasting benison, as we call it.
+To show and plainly declare that what she here said
+was unfeigned, and without all kind of dissimulation,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span>
+she receives all her nobles with all pleasure, with a
+pleasant countenance, and even embraces them with
+the kiss of love. With all the rest she shakes hands,
+... so that there was none of so hard a heart, or
+stout a stomach, or adamant a mind in all that company,
+whom to think of moved not to tears....
+But the next day, which was Monday, she died and
+departed this life.</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE TREATY OF EDINBURGH</i></div>
+
+<h2>1560.&mdash;July. The <a name="Treaty" id="Treaty"></a>Treaty of Edinburgh.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Rymer's FÅ“dera</i>, vol. xv. p. 594.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The Treaty of Edinburgh provided that both the French soldiers who
+had come to help the Queen Regent, and the English soldiers who
+aided the insurgents, should leave the kingdom, and it renounced
+Mary's claim to the throne of England: whether absolutely or only
+with reference to Elizabeth, is a matter of dispute. The clauses to
+which Mary objected are here quoted.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>... It is agreed that the said most Christian
+King and Queen Mary, and each of them, abstain
+henceforth from using the said title and bearing the
+arms of the kingdom of England or of Ireland, and
+that they will forbid and prohibit their subjects, so
+that no one in the kingdom of France and Scotland
+and their provinces, or in any part of them, do in
+any way use the said title or arms, and that they
+will, as far as possible, provide and guard that nobody
+in any way commingle the said arms with the arms
+of the kingdoms of France and Scotland.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 9]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE SCOTTISH <a name="REFORMATION" id="REFORMATION"></a>REFORMATION</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Abolition of Roman Catholicism by the Scottish Parliament.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Acts of Parliament of Scotland</i>, August 24, 1560.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore it is statute and ordained in this present
+Parliament ... that no manner of person or persons
+say mass, nor yet hear mass, nor be present
+thereat, under the pain of confiscation of all their
+goods, moveable and unmoveable, and punishing of
+their bodies at the discretion of the magistrate within
+whose jurisdiction such persons happen to be apprehended,
+for the first fault; Banishment from the
+Realm, for the second fault; and justifying to the
+deed {<i>i.e.</i> capital punishment} for the third fault.
+And ordains all sheriffs, stewards, baillies, and their
+deputies, provosts and baillies of burghs, and other
+judges whatsoever within this realm, to take diligent
+suit and inquisition within their bounds, when any
+such usurped ministry is in use, mass-saying, or they
+that be present at the doing thereof, ratifying and
+approving the same, and take and apprehend them
+to the effect that the pains above written may be
+executed upon them.</p>
+<br>
+
+<h2>December 15. The Death of <a name="Francis" id="Francis"></a>Francis II.</h2>
+
+<p class = "rightnote"><i>Venetian Calendar</i>, vol. vii. December 3, 1560.</p>
+
+<p>Michiel Surian, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st instant I informed your Serenity that
+the king was worse, and this last night I wrote that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span>
+his life was despaired of. He now still continues
+lingering without any other hope than in the mercy
+of God.... The whole Court is now constantly
+engaged at prayers, and processions are being made
+in all the churches of the city.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote">December 6.</p>
+
+<p>It has pleased our Lord God that the most
+Christian King, last night a little before midnight,
+should pass to a better life, and end the agony in
+which he lay from Saturday evening until the day
+of his death.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>A DOLOROUS WIFE</i></div>
+
+<h2>1560.&mdash;December 6. Mary's Devotion to Francis II.</h2>
+
+<p class = "rightnote"><i>Throckmorton to Elizabeth. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth.</i></p>
+
+<p>The 6th of this present, at eleven of the clock
+at night, he departed to God, leaving as heavy and
+dolorous a wife, as of right she had good cause to be,
+who by long watching with him during his sickness,
+and painful diligence about him, and specially by
+the issue thereof, is not in best tune of her body, but
+without danger.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>LA REINE BLANCHE</i></div>
+
+<h2>1560.&mdash;December 31. Proposals for Mary's Return to Scotland, and for a
+Second Marriage.</h2>
+
+<p class = "rightnote"><i>Throckmorton to the Council. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth.</i></p>
+
+<p>Now that death hath thus disposed of the late
+French King, whereby the Scottish Queen is left a
+widow, one of the special things your Lordships have<span class="pagenum">[Pg 11]</span>
+to consider, and to have an eye to, is the marriage of
+that Queen. During her husband's life there was no
+great account made of her, for that being under bond
+of marriage and subjection of her husband (who
+carried the burden and care of all matters) there was
+offered no great occasion to know what was in her.
+But since her husband's death she hath showed (and
+so continueth) that she is both of great wisdom for
+her years, modesty, and also of great judgment in
+the wise handling herself and her matters, which,
+increasing with her years, cannot but turn greatly to
+her commendation, reputation, honour, and great
+benefit of her and her country.... Immediately
+upon her husband's death she changed her lodging,
+withdrew herself from all company, and became so
+solitary and exempt of all worldliness that she doth
+not to this day see daylight, and so will continue out
+forty days.</p>
+<br>
+
+<h2>1561.&mdash;June 13. Mary's Intentions Regarding Religion on her Return.</h2>
+<p class = "rightnote"><i>Throckmorton to the Queen. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth.</i><br></p>
+
+<p>"Well," said she {Mary}, "I will be plain with
+you, and tell you what I would all the world should
+think of me. The religion that I profess I take to
+be most acceptable to God, and, indeed, neither do I
+know, nor desire to know, any other. Constancy
+doth become most folks well, but none better than
+princes and such as hath rule over realms, and especially
+in the matter of religion. I have been brought<span class="pagenum">[Pg 12]</span>
+up in this religion, and who might credit me in anything
+if I should show myself light in this case?"</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>REQUEST FOR A PASSPORT</i></div>
+
+<p class= "rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i>, July 11.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The Queen of Scotland, Queen Dowager of
+France, desires to obtain the following from her
+good sister, the Queen of England, and has charged
+M. D'Oysel to the same effect:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. A passport for her, with a clause that if she
+arrives in any part of England, she may tarry there,
+and purchase provisions and necessaries, and if it
+seems good to her, that she may leave her ships and
+pass by land to Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>2. Another safe conduct for her to pass through
+England to Scotland with her train, and one hundred
+horses, mules, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>3. Another safe conduct, with commission for the
+said M. D'Oysel to go and return through England
+to Scotland.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[D'Oysel had an interview with Elizabeth, who inquired about the
+ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh, and declined to grant the
+safe-conduct "except she (Mary) shall first accord to do those
+things that by her promise, under her hand and seal, she is bound to
+do."&mdash;<i>Foreign Calendar, July 13th, 1561.</i>]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>A WORDY WARFARE</i></div>
+
+<h2>1561.&mdash;July 26. Throckmorton to Queen Elizabeth.</h2>
+
+<p class= "rightnote"><i>Cabala</i>, pp. 345-349.<br></p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>LANGUAGE THAT BECOMETH A QUEEN</i></div>
+
+<p>... The 20th of this present, in the afternoon, I
+had access to the said Queen of Scotland ... the
+said Queen sat down, and made me sit also by her;
+she then commanded all the audience to retire them<span class="pagenum">[Pg 13]</span>
+further off, and said: Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I
+know not well my own infirmity, nor how far I may
+with my passion be transported, but I like not to
+have so many witnesses of my passions, as the
+Queen, your mistress, was content to have when she
+talked with Monsieur d'Oysel. There is nothing
+that doth more grieve me, than that I did so forget
+myself, as to require of the Queen, your mistress,
+that favour which I had no need to ask; I needed
+no more to have made her privy to my journey, than
+she doth me of hers; I may well enough pass home
+into my own realm, I think, without her passport or
+license; for though the late King, your master (said
+she), used all the impeachment he could both to
+stay me and to catch me when I came hither, yet you
+know, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I came hither safely,
+and I may have as good means to help me home
+again as I had to come hither, if I would employ
+my friends.... Let the Queen, your mistress, think
+that it will be thought very strange amongst all princes
+and countries, that she should first animate my subjects
+against me, and now being widow, to impeach
+my going into my own country. I ask her nothing
+but friendship. I do not trouble her State, nor
+practise with her subjects; and yet I know there
+be in her realm that be inclined enough to bear
+offers; I know also they be not of the mind she is
+of, neither in religion or other things. The Queen,
+your mistress, doth say that I am young and do lack
+experience! indeed (quoth she), I confess, I am
+younger than she is, and do want experience. But I
+have age enough and experience to use myself towards<span class="pagenum">[Pg 14]</span>
+my friends and kinsfolks friendly and uprightly; and
+I trust my discretion shall not so fail me, that my
+passion shall move me to use other language of
+her than it becometh of a Queen, and my next kinswoman....
+I answered, madam, I have declared
+unto you my charge commanded by the Queen, my
+mistress, and have no more to say to you on her
+behalf, but to know your answer for the ratification
+of the Treaty. The Queen answered, I have aforetime
+showed you, and do now tell you again, that it
+is not meet to proceed in this matter, without the
+advice of the nobles and states of mine own realm,
+which I can by no means have until I come amongst
+them.... But I pray you, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur
+(quoth she), tell me how vieth this strange affection
+in the Queen, your mistress, towards me? I desire
+to know it, to the intent that I may reform myself if
+I have failed. I answered ... As soon as the
+Queen, my mistress, after the death of her sister,
+came to the crown of England, you bore the arms of
+England diversely quartered with your own, and used
+in your country notoriously the style and title of the
+Queen, my mistress, which was never by you put in
+use in Queen Mary's time.... Monsieur l'Ambassadeur
+(said she), I was then under the commandment
+of King Henry, my father, and of the King, my lord
+and husband; and whatsoever was done then by
+their order and commandments, the same was in like
+manner continued until both their deaths, since which
+time, you know, I neither bore the arms nor used the
+title of England.... It were no great dishonour to
+the Queen my cousin, your mistress, though I, a<span class="pagenum">[Pg 15]</span>
+Queen also, did bear the arms of England; for, I am
+sure, some, inferior to me, and that be not on every
+side so well apparented as I am, do bear the arms of
+England. You cannot deny (quoth she) but that my
+grandmother was the King her father's sister, and
+(I trow) the eldest sister he had. I do assure you,
+Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, and do speak unto you truly
+as I think, I never meant nor thought matter against
+the Queen, my cousin.... And so I took my leave
+of the said Queen for that time.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>TO DIE MIGHT BE BETTER THAN TO LIVE</i></div>
+
+<p>... And to the intent I might better decipher,
+whether the Queen of Scotland did mind to continue
+her voyage, I did, the ... 21st of July ... repair
+to the said Queen of Scotland to take my leave
+of her.... The said Queen made answer, Monsieur
+l'Ambassadeur, if my preparations were not so
+much advanced as they are, peradventure the Queen
+your mistress's unkindness might stay my voyage;
+but now I am determined to adventure the matter,
+whatsoever come of it. I trust (quoth she) the wind
+will be so favourable, as I shall not need to come on
+the coast of England; and if I do, then, Monsieur
+l'Ambassadeur, the Queen your mistress shall have
+me in her hands to do her will of me; and if she be
+so hard-hearted as to desire my end, she may then do
+her pleasure, and make sacrifice of me; peradventure
+that casualty might be better for me than to live; in
+this matter (quoth she) God's will be fulfilled.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 16]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote">"<i>ADIEU, PLAISANT PAYS DE FRANCE</i>"</div>
+
+<h2>1561.&mdash;August 12. The Voyage from France to Scotland.</h2>
+
+<p class= "rightnote"><i>Cecil to the Earl of Sussex. Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 69.<br></p>
+
+<p>The Scottish Queen was the 10th of this month at
+Boulogne, and meaneth to take shipping at Calais.
+Neither those in Scotland nor we here do like her
+going home. The Queen's Majesty hath three ships
+in the north seas to preserve the fishers from pirates.
+I think they will be sorry to see her pass.</p>
+
+<p class= "rightnote"><i>Cecil to Throgmorton</i>, August 26. <i>Hardwicke's State Papers</i>, vol. i. p. 176.</p>
+
+<p>The 19th of this present, in the morning early, she
+{Mary} arrived at Leith with her two galleys, her whole
+train not exceeding sixty persons of meaner sort....
+The Queen's Majesty's ships that were upon the seas
+to cleanse them from pirates saw her and saluted her
+galleys, and staying her ships examined them of
+pirates and dismissed them gently. One Scottish ship
+they detain, as vehemently suspected of piracy.</p>
+
+<p class= "rightnote"><i>From the Charges against the Countess of Lennox in Foreign
+Calendar</i>, 1562. (May 7.)</p>
+
+<p>She loves not the Queen ... hearing that the
+Queen of Scots had passed through the seas, she sat
+down and gave God thanks, declaring to those by
+how he had always preserved that Princess at all
+times, especially now, "for when the Queen's ships
+were almost near taking of the Scottish Queen, there
+fell down a mist from heaven that separated them
+and preserved her."</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 17]</span></p>
+<br>
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="SECTION_II" id="SECTION_II"></a>SECTION II</h2>
+<h3>FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE</h3><br>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Arrival">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox's description of Mary's reception, and his opinion of the Queen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Edinburgh">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Randolph's account of Mary's public entry into Edinburgh.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Illustrations">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Illustrations of the religious difficulty.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Proclamation of the Privy Council.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's account of Mary's first High Mass.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Popular Songs against the Pope.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Treaty_of_Edinburgh">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary on the Treaty of Edinburgh.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Conduct_of_Affairs">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The conduct of affairs at the beginning of the reign.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Cecil's opinion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's impressions of Murray, Lethington, and Knox.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Huntly Rebellion as narrated by Randolph.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">The passing of the sentence on Huntly's embalmed corpse.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Chatelar">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox's account of the Châtelar affair.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Famine">7.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox's account of the famine of 1563.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Parliament">8.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Knox on the opening of Parliament.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#KNOXS_INTERVIEWS">9.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">One of Knox's interviews with the Queen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Second_Marriage">10.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's marriage-troubles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">References Selected from the diplomatic correspondence from March 1561 to March 1564.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Early suspicions of the Darnley marriage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Melville's experiences in London.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"></td><td align="left"> (<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Further diplomatic correspondence.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 18]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>SORROW, DOLOUR, AND DARKNESS</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Queen's <a name="Arrival" id="Arrival"></a>Arrival in Scotland.</h2>
+
+<p class= "rightnote"><i>Laing's Edition of Knox's History of the Reformation in Scotland</i>, vol. i. pp. 267-271.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE FIRST MASS</i></div>
+
+<p>The 19th day of August 1561, betwixt seven and
+eight hours before noon, arrived Mary, Queen of
+Scotland, then widow, with two galleys out of France.
+In her company (besides her gentlewomen, called
+the Maries) were her uncles, the Duc d'Aumale, the
+Grand Prior, the Marquess d'Elbeuf. There accompanied
+her also D'Amville, son to the Constable of
+France, with other gentlemen of inferior condition,
+besides servants and officers. The very face of the
+heaven at the time of her arrival did manifestly speak
+what comfort was brought into this country with her
+(to wit) sorrow, dolour, darkness, and all impiety; for
+in the memory of man that day of the year was never
+seen a more dolorous face of the heaven, than was at
+her arrival, which two days after did so continue: For
+besides the surface wet, and corruption of the air, the
+mist was so thick and dark that scarce might any
+man espy another the length of two pair of butts;
+the sun was not seen to shine two days before nor
+two days after. That forewarning, God gave unto
+us; but alas! the most part were blind.... Fires of
+joy were set forth at night, and a company of most
+honest men with instruments of music, and with
+musicians, gave their salutations at her chamber
+window: The melody (as she alleged) liked her well;
+and she willed the same to be continued some nights
+after with great diligence. The Lords repaired to<span class="pagenum">[Pg 19]</span>
+her from all quarters, and so was nothing understood
+but mirth and quietness, till the next Sunday, which
+was the 24th of August, when preparations began
+to be made for that Idol of the Mass to be said in
+the Chapel; which pierced the hearts of all. The
+Godly began to bolden, and then began openly to
+speak, <i>Shall that Idol be suffered again to take place
+within this Realm? It shall not.</i> The Lord Lindsay
+(then but Master) with the Gentlemen of Fife, and
+others, plainly cried in the close or yard, <i>The idolatrous
+Priests should die the death, according to God's
+Law</i>. One that carried in the candle was evil afraid;
+but then began flesh and blood fully to show itself.
+There durst no Papist, neither yet any that came out
+of France, whisper: But the Lord James, the man
+whom all the Godly did most reverence, took upon
+him to keep the Chapel-door. His best excuse was,
+that he would stop all Scotsmen to enter in to the
+Mass; but it was and is sufficiently known, that the
+door was kept that none should have entry to trouble
+the Priest, who, after the Mass was ended, was committed
+to the protection of the Lord John of Coldingham
+and the Lord Robert of Holyrood House, who
+then were both Protestants, and had communicate
+at the Table of the Lord. Betwixt them both was
+the Priest conveyed to his chamber. And so the
+Godly departed with grief of heart, and after noon
+repaired to the Abbey in great companies, and gave
+plain signification, that they could not abide that
+the land, which God by His power had purged from
+Idolatry, should in their eyes be polluted again.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span></p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A PROUD MIND AND A CRAFTY WIT</i></div>
+
+<h2>Knox's Opinion of the Queen.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 286.</p>
+
+<p>John Knox his own judgment, being by some of
+his familiars demanded what he thought of the
+Queen, said, "If there be not in her a proud mind,
+a crafty wit, and an indurate heart against God and
+His truth, my judgment faileth me."</p>
+
+
+<h2>1561.&mdash;2nd September. The Queen's Public Entry into <a name="Edinburgh" id="Edinburgh"></a>Edinburgh.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 63.</p>
+
+<p>Upon Tuesday last she made her entry. She
+dined in the Castle. The first sight that she saw
+after she came out of the Castle was a boy of six
+years of age, that came as it were from heaven out
+of a round globe, that presented unto her a Bible
+and a Psalter, and the keys of the gates, and spake
+unto her the verses which I send you. Then, for
+the terrible significations of God upon idolatry, there
+were burnt Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, in the time
+of their sacrifice. They were minded to have a priest
+burned at the altar, at the elevation. The Earl of
+Huntly stayed {stopped} that pageant, but hath played
+many as wicked as that since he came hither. He
+bare that day the sword.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The following are the lines to which Randolph referred. As only the
+first stanza has appeared in print before, the verses are given in
+their original form.]</p></blockquote>
+<br>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="HOLYROOD" id="HOLYROOD"></a>
+<img src="images/illus_003.jpg" width="402" height="226" alt="" title="">
+<span class="caption">HOLYROOD.</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>A "NEEDEFULL" GIFT</i></div>
+
+<h2>A Ballad of Welcome.</h2>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Welcome, O Souveraine! Welcome, O natyve Quene!<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Welcome to us your subiects great and small!<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Welcome, I say, even from the verie splene,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">To Edinburgh your syttie principall.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Whereas your people with harts both one and all<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Doth here{in} offer to your excellence<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Two proper volumes<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> in memoriall<br></span>
+<span class="i0">As gyfte most gainand<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> to a godlie prince.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Wherein your Grace may reade to understande<br></span>
+<span class="i2">The perfett waye unto the hevennes hie,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And how to Rule your subiects and your land,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And how your kingdom stablished shalbe,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Judgment and wysdome therein shall ye see.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Here shall you find your God his due commande,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And who the contrarie does wilfullie,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">How them he threatens with his scurge and wand.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Ane gyfte more precious cold<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> we none present<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Nor yet more needefull to your Excellence,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Qwylk<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> is Gode's lawes his words and testament<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Trewlie translate with frutefull diligence,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Qwylk to accepte with humble reverence<span class="pagenum">[Pg 22]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">The Provist present most hartelie you exorte<br></span>
+<span class="i2">With the hole subiects due obedience,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Together with the keyes of their porte.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">In signe that they<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and all that they possess<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Bodie and good shall ever reddie be<br></span>
+<span class="i0">To serve you as their souveraine hie mistress<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Both daye and {night} after thair bound dutie:<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Besechinge<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> your Grace in this necessitie<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Thair {too} shorte tyme and {their} godwill<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> consether<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Accepte their harts and take it pacientlie<br></span>
+<span class="i0">That may be done, seing all is yours together.<br></span>
+</div></div>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A TOLERANT PROCLAMATION</i></div>
+
+<h2><a name="Illustrations" id="Illustrations"></a>Illustrations of the Religious Difficulty&mdash;Proclamation
+regarding Religion.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Register of the Privy Council of Scotland</i>, August 26, 1561.</p>
+
+<p>Forasmuch as the Queen's Majesty has understood
+the great inconveniences that may come through the
+division presently standing in this realm for the difference
+in matters of religion, that her Majesty is
+most desirous to see pacified by a good order, to
+the honour of God and the tranquillity of her realm,
+and means to take the same by the advice of her
+Estates as soon as conveniently may be; and that
+her Majesty's godly resolution therein may be greatly
+hindered in case any tumult or sedition be raised
+among the lieges, if any sudden innovation or alteration
+be pressed or attempted before that the order
+may be established. Therefore ... her Majesty<span class="pagenum">[Pg 23]</span>
+ordains letters to be directed to charge all and
+sundry, lieges, ... that none of them take upon
+hand, privately or openly, to make any alteration or
+innovation of the state of religion, or attempt anything
+against the form which her Majesty found
+public and universally standing at her Majesty's
+arrival in this her realm, under the pain of death,
+... Attour, her Majesty, by the advice of the Lords
+of her Secret Council, commands and charges all her
+lieges, that none of them take upon hand to molest
+or trouble any of her domestic servants or persons
+whomsoever come forth of France, in her Grace's
+company, at this time, in word, deed, or countenance
+... under the said pain of death....</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>AN UNRULY PEOPLE</i></div>
+
+<h2>1561.&mdash;November 1. The Queen's first High Mass.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 83.</p>
+
+<p>Upon All Hallow Day the Queen had a song
+mass. That night one of her priests was well beaten
+for his reward by a servant of the Lord Robert's.
+We look to have it proclaimed again that no man,
+under pain of confiscation of goods and lands here,
+say or come unto her own mass, saving her own
+household, that came out of France....</p>
+
+<p>It is now called in question whether that the
+Princess being an idolater may be obeyed in all
+civil and politic{al} actions. I think marvellously of
+the wisdom of God that gave this unruly, inconstant,
+and cumbersome people no more substance than
+they have, for then would they run wild.</p>
+<br>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 24]</span></p>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE HUNT IS UP</i></div>
+
+<h2>Popular Songs.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The stanzas which follow are selected from the popular songs of the
+period. They date from a year or two before Mary's arrival in
+Scotland, but will serve to illustrate the extreme difficulty
+experienced by a Roman Catholic queen in dealing with such a
+people.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3><i>The Gude and Godly Ballates.</i> Reprint of 1868, p. 153.</h3>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The hunt is up, the hunt is up,<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">It is now perfect day,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Jesus, our King, is gone in hunting,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Who likes to speed, they may.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">A cursed fox lay hid in rocks<br></span>
+<span class="i2">This long and many a day,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Devouring sheep, while he might creep,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">None might him scare away.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">It did him good to lap the blood<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Of young and tender lambs;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">None could he miss, for all was his,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">The young ones with their dams.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The hunter is Christ, that huntis in haste,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">The hounds are Peter and Paul;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">The Pope is the fox, Rome is the rocks,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">That rubs us on the gall.<br></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="greynote"><i>THE POPE, THAT PAGAN FULL OF PRIDE</i></p>
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Pope, that pagan full of pride,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">He has us blinded long;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For where the blind the blind does guide,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">No wonder they go wrong;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 25]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">Like prince and king, he led the ring<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Of all iniquity;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">"Hay trix, tryme go trix,"<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Under the greenwood tree.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">But his abomination<br></span>
+<span class="i2">The Lord has brought to light;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">His Popish pride, and threefold crown,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Almost have lost their might.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">His plack pardons are but lardouns<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Of new found vanity;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">"Hay trix, tryme go trix,"<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Under the greenwood tree.<br></span>
+<span class="u">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Of late I saw these limmers<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> stand<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Like mad men at mischief,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Thinking to get the upper hand,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">They look after relief;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">But all in vain, go tell them plain<br></span>
+<span class="i2">That day will never be;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">"Hay trix, tryme go trix,"<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Under the greenwood tree.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O Jesus! if they thought great glee<br></span>
+<span class="i2">To see God's word down smorit,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i0">The Congregation made to flee,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Hypocrisy restorit;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 26]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">With masses sung, and bellis rung,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">To their idolatry;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Marry, God thank you, we shall gar brank<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> you,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Before that time truly.<br></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND KNOX</i></div>
+
+<h2>The <a name="Conduct_of_Affairs" id="Conduct_of_Affairs"></a>Conduct of Affairs in the Early Years of the
+Reign&mdash;Randolph on Mary's Ministers.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil</i>, October 24, 1561. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. pp. 98-99.</p>
+
+<p>I receive of her Grace at all times very good
+words. I am borne in hand {assured} by such as are
+nearest about her, as the Lord James and the Laird
+of Lethington, that they are meant as they are
+spoken; I see them above all others in credit, and
+find in them no alteration, though there be that
+complain that they yield too much unto her appetite;
+which yet I see not. The Lord James dealeth
+according to his nature, rudely, homely, and bluntly;
+the Laird of Lethington more delicately and finely, yet
+nothing swerveth from the other in mind and effect.
+She is patient to hear, and beareth much. The Earl
+Marischal is wary, but speaketh sometimes to good
+purpose.... Mr. Knox cannot be otherwise persuaded,
+but many men are deceived in this woman;
+he feareth yet that <i>posteriora sunt pejora primis</i>; his
+severity keepeth us in marvellous order. I commend
+better the success of his doings and preachings than
+the manner thereof, tho' I acknowledged his doctrine
+to be sound: His prayer is daily for her&mdash;"That<span class="pagenum">[Pg 27]</span>
+God will turn her obstinate heart against God
+and His truth; or, if the Holy Will be otherwise, to
+strengthen the hearts and hands of His chosen and
+elect, stoutly to withstand the rage of all tyrants," &amp;c.,
+in words terrible enough.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>PROTESTANT RULE</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Cecil to Challoner (English Ambassador in Spain). Foreign
+Calendar</i>, 1562, June 8, 1562.</p>
+
+<p>In Scotland ... the Earl of Huntly is in no
+credit with the Queen. The whole governance rests
+in Lord James, being Earl of Mar, and the Laird of
+Lethington. The others that have credit are the
+Earls Marshal, Argyll, Morton, and Glencairn, all
+Protestants. The Queen quietly tolerates the reformed
+religion throughout the realm, who is thought
+to be no more devout towards Rome than for the
+contentation of her uncles.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Cecil's suspicion was quite unfounded. Throughout her reign Mary
+was always in correspondence with the Pope, to whom she appealed for
+money to help her in her efforts for the restoration of Catholicism
+in Scotland.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<h2>Mary on the <a name="Treaty_of_Edinburgh" id="Treaty_of_Edinburgh"></a>Treaty of Edinburgh.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Queen Mary to Queen Elizabeth</i>, January 5, 1562. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 134.</p>
+
+<p>How prejudicial that Treaty is to such title and
+interest as by birth and natural descent of your own
+lineage may fall to us, by very inspection of the
+Treaty itself ye may easily perceive, and how slenderly
+a matter of so great consequence is wrapped up in
+obscure terms. We know how near we are descended<span class="pagenum">[Pg 28]</span>
+of the blood of England, and what devices have been
+attempted to make us, as it were, a stranger from it.
+We trust, being so near your cousin, ye would be
+loth we should receive so manifest an injury as all
+utterly to be debarred from that title which in possibility
+may fall unto us.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE WAY TO INVERNESS</i></div>
+
+<h2>1562.&mdash;Randolph's Account of the Huntly Rebellion.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Old Aberdeen</i>, August 31, 1562. <i>Foreign
+Calendar</i>, 1562.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen in her progress is come to Old Aberdeen,
+where the university is.... Her journey is
+cumbersome, painful, and marvellous long; the
+weather extreme foul and cold, all victuals marvellous
+dear; and the corn that is, never like to come to
+ripeness.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Spynie, Morayshire</i>, September 18.</p>
+
+<p>Within these eight or ten days the Queen arrived
+at Inverness, the furthest part of her determined
+journey. She has had just cause for misliking the
+Earl of Huntly of long time, whose extortions have
+been so great, and other manifest tokens of disobedience
+such that it was no longer to be borne.
+Intending to reform these, she has found in him
+and his two eldest sons (the Lairds of Gordon and
+Findlater) open disobedience so far that they have
+taken arms and kept houses against her.</p>
+
+<p>The first occasion hereof was this. The Laird of
+Findlater, being commanded to ward in Edinburgh,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 29]</span>
+broke prison; and being afterwards summoned to
+the Assize at Aberdeen, disobeyed also a new command
+from the Queen to enter himself prisoner
+in Stirling Castle. The Queen thinking this to be
+done by the advice of his father, refused to come to
+his house, she being looked and provided for. He,
+unadvisedly conceiving the worst, took the worst way,
+and supported his sons to manifest rebellion. At her
+arrival at Inverness on the 9th, she proposed to lodge
+in the castle, which belongs to her, and the keeping
+only to the Earl of Huntly, being Sheriff by inheritance
+of the whole shire, but was refused entrance,
+and forced to lodge in the town. That night, the
+castle being summoned, answer was given that without
+the Lord Gordon's command it should not be
+delivered.</p>
+
+<p>Next day the country assembled to the assistance
+of the Queen. The Gordons, finding themselves not
+so well served by their friends as they looked for
+(who had above 500 men), rendered the castle, not
+being twelve or fourteen able persons. The captain
+was hanged, and his head set up on the castle, others
+condemned to perpetual prison, and the rest received
+mercy.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen remained there five days, and now
+journeys homewards as far as Spynie, a house of the
+Bishop of Moray.... The Earl of Huntly keeps
+his house, and would have it thought that his disobedience
+came through the evil behaviour of his
+sons. The Queen is highly offended....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S COURAGE</i></div>
+
+<p>In all these broils I assure you I never saw her
+merrier, never dismayed, nor never thought that so<span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span>
+much<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> to be in her that I find. She repented
+nothing, but (when the lords and others at Inverness
+came in the morning from the watch) that she was
+not a man, to know what life it was to lie all night in
+the fields, or to walk on the causeway with a jack and
+knapsack, a Glasgow buckler, and a broad sword.</p>
+
+<p>... His {Huntly's} house is fair, and best furnished
+of any ... in the country; his cheer is marvellous
+great; his mind such as it ought to be towards his
+Sovereign.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The last sentence is <i>à propos</i> of a visit made by Argyll and
+Randolph to Huntly.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE WATER OF SPEY</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Aberdeen</i>, September 24.</p>
+
+<p>When he {Huntly} understood that the Queen had
+caused the captain of the Castle of Inverness to be
+hanged, and committed the others to prison, he
+thought there was no other way with him but to
+execute his former determination or be utterly undone.
+Therefore he assembled such force as he
+could make, and committed them to the care of his
+son, John Gordon, purposing to have met the Queen
+at her return homeward at the water of Spey, a place
+where good advantage might have been had. The
+Queen (being advertised of their purpose), by the
+advice of her Council, assembled, of those they call
+Highlandmen and other, above 2000, and so increased
+as she rode that at the passage of the water
+they were above 3000. As she rode forward diverse<span class="pagenum">[Pg 31]</span>
+reports were brought ... some said that there was
+not a man to be seen, which was nearest the truth,
+for when the night before there were in that wood
+1000 horse and foot, they had all departed, whereof
+the Queen had advertisement before she came to the
+Spey ... what desperate blows would not have been
+given, when every man should have fought in the
+sight of so noble a Queen and so many fair ladies
+... your honour can easily judge.... That
+night (being Sunday) the Queen came to a house of
+the Laird of Banke {Banff?} ... On Tuesday last
+she arrived at Old Aberdeen, preparing herself against
+her entry the next day into the new town, where she
+was honourably received with spectacles, plays, interludes,
+and others as they could best devise.... They
+presented her with a cup of silver, double gilt, well
+wrought, with 500 crowns in it; wine, coals, and wax
+were sent in, as much as will serve her while she
+remains here.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote">"<i>BE BLITHE AND BLISSFUL, ABERDENE</i>"</div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. from Aberdeen</i>, September 30.</p>
+
+<p>Since the Queen's arrival at Aberdeen they have
+consulted how to reform this country. It was thought
+best to begin at the head, and that the Earl of Huntly
+shall either submit himself and deliver up his disobedient
+son, John Gordon, in whose name all these
+pageants have been wrought, or utterly to use all
+force against him for the subverting of his house for
+ever. For this purpose she remains here a good
+space, and has levied 120 arquebusiers, and sent to
+Lothian and Fife for the Master of Lindsay, Grange,
+and Ormiston. Her purpose is to take the two houses
+held against her, for which purpose she has a cannon<span class="pagenum">[Pg 32]</span>
+within sixteen miles all ready, and other pieces there
+are in this town sufficient.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. Maitland of Lethington to Cecil from Aberdeen</i>, October 1.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Huntly will plead not guilty, and
+seems to charge the youth and folly of his children
+with whatever is amiss. If any fault be his, it may
+be thought to have proceeded from too great simplicity
+rather than any craft or malice, especially by
+so many as have had experience of how he has always
+been accustomed to deal.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE SKIRMISH AT CORRICHIE</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen</i>, October 28.</p>
+
+<p>Huntly having assembled 700 persons, marched
+towards Aberdeen to apprehend the Queen and do
+with the rest at his will. She sent forth a sufficient
+number against him before he came to the town, so
+that this day the Earls of Murray, Athol, Morton,
+and 2000 others marched to the place where he was
+encamped, about twelve miles from hence {viz.
+Corrichie}, and environed him, so that after some
+defence he yielded himself, as did John Gordon and
+another son named Adam Gordon, seventeen years
+of age, who are brought into this town alive, but the
+Earl himself, after he was taken, without either blow
+or strike, being set on horseback before him that was
+his taker, suddenly falleth from his horse stark dead,
+without word, that he ever spake, after that he was
+upon horseback.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span></p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen</i>, November 2.</p>
+
+<p>After Huntly was brought into this town it was
+consulted what should be done with his corpse.
+Some thought he should be buried, and nothing else
+done; others that he should be beheaded; the last
+was that his bowels should be taken out and the body
+reserved until Parliament, that there he might be convicted
+of treason, in which mind they remain. John
+Gordon confessed all and lays the fault on his father.
+He is not yet condemned, but doubtless will not
+escape.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>EXECUTION OF SIR JOHN GORDON</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh</i>, November 18. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 175.</p>
+
+<p>After the defeat of the Earl of Huntly consultation
+was had what should become of his body; it was
+resolved that it should be kept till the Parliament,
+that, according unto the order, judgment might be
+given against him in the three estates. His son,
+John Gordon, within three days after was beheaded
+in Aberdeen, and execution done upon certain others
+that were taken at the same time.</p>
+
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Lethington to Cecil from Dundee</i>, November 14. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 182.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry that the soil of my native country did
+ever produce so unnatural a subject as the Earl of
+Huntly hath proved in the end against his sovereign,
+being a princess so gentle and benign, and whose
+behaviour hath been always such towards all her
+subjects, and every one in particular, that wonder is<span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span>
+it that any could be found so ungracious as once to
+think evil against her.... I have heard it whispered
+that in this late storm of yours {Elizabeth's illness} a
+device was intended there to prefer some other in
+the succession to my mistress, which I cannot think
+to be true, seeing none is more worthy for all respects,
+nor hath so good a title. If her religion hath
+moved anything, seeing her behaviour such toward
+these that be of the religion within her own realm,
+yea, and the religion itself, which is a great deal more
+increased since she came home than it was before,
+I see no reason why those that be zealous of religion
+should suspect her.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>A GRUESOME SPECTACLE</i></div>
+
+<h2>1563.&mdash;28th May. The Sentence on the Earl's Body.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Rutland MSS. at Belvoir, quoted in the Marquess of Huntly's Annals of Aboyne</i>, pp. 467-468.</p>
+
+<p>The coffin was set upright, as if the Earl stood
+upon his feet, and upon it a piece of good black
+cloth with his arms fast pinned. His accusation
+being read, his proctor answering for him, as if himself
+had been alive, the inquest was empanelled. The
+verdict was given that he was found guilty, and judgment
+given thereupon as by the law is accustomed.
+Immediately hereupon the good black cloth that
+hung over the coffin was taken away, and in its place
+a worse hanged on, the arms torn in pieces in sight
+of the people, and likewise struck out of the herald's
+book.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 35]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>GENTLE ENTREATMENT OF A STRANGER</i></div>
+
+<h2>1563.&mdash;22nd February. The Death of <a name="Chatelar" id="Chatelar"></a>Châtelar.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. pp. 367-369.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Châtelar, a musician and poet, had been in the suite of d'Amville,
+who accompanied Mary to Scotland. He addressed poems to the Queen,
+who received them graciously, and replied to them. He went home with
+his master, but returned to Scotland in 1562, and became one of the
+Queen's favourite attendants.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Amongst the minions of the court there was one
+named Monsieur Chatelar, a Frenchman, that at that
+time passed all others in credit with the Queen. In
+dancing of the Purpose (so term they that dance,
+in the which man and woman talk secretly ...) in
+this dance, the Queen chose Chatelar, and Chatelar
+took the Queen. Chatelar had the best dress. All
+this winter, Chatelar was so familiar in the Queen's
+cabinet, early and late, that scarcely could any of the
+nobility have access unto her. The Queen would lie
+upon Chatelar's shoulder, and sometimes privily she
+would steal a kiss of his neck. And all this was
+honest enough; for it was the gentle entreatment of
+a stranger. But the familiarity was so great, that
+upon a night, he privily did convoy himself under
+the Queen's bed; but being espied, he was commanded
+away. The bruit {report} arising, the Queen
+called the Earl of Murray, and bursting into a
+womanly affection, charged him, that, as he loved
+her, he should slay Chatelar, and let him never speak
+a word. The other at first made promise so to
+do ... but returned and fell upon his knees before
+the Queen and said: Madam, I beseech your Grace<span class="pagenum">[Pg 36]</span>
+cause not me to take the blood of this man upon
+me; your Grace has entreated him so familiarly
+before, that you have offended all your nobility; and
+now, if he shall be secretly slain at your own commandment,
+what shall the world judge of it? I shall
+bring him to the presence of justice, and let him
+suffer by law according to his deserving. "Oh," said
+the Queen, "you will never let him speak." I shall do
+(said he), madam, what in me lieth to save your honour.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE REWARD OF DANCING</i></div>
+
+<p>Poor Chatelar was brought back from Kinghorn to
+St. Andrews, examined, put to an assize, and so
+beheaded, the 22nd day of February, 1563. He
+begged license to write to France the cause of his
+death, which, said he, in his tongue was, <i>Pour estre
+trouve en lieu trop suspect</i>; that is, Because I was
+found in a place too much suspected. At the place
+of execution, when he saw that there was no remedy
+but death, he made a godly confession, and granted
+that his declining from the truth of God, and following
+of vanity and impiety, was justly recompensed
+upon him. But in the end he concluded, looking
+unto the heavens, with these words, <i>O cruel dame!</i>
+that is, cruel mistress! What that complaint imported,
+lovers may divine. And so received Chatelar
+the reward of his dancing, for he lost his head, that
+his tongue should not utter the secrets of our Queen.
+<i>Deliver us, O Lord, from the rage of such inordinate
+rulers.</i></p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>The <a name="Famine" id="Famine"></a>Famine of 1563.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. pp. 369-70.</p>
+
+<p>The year of God 1563, there was an universal
+dearth in Scotland. But in the northland, where,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span>
+the harvest before, the Queen had travelled, there
+was an extreme famine, in the which many died in
+that country. The dearth was great over all, but
+the famine was principally there. The boll of wheat
+gave six pounds; the boll of bere, six merks and
+a half; the boll of meal, four merks; the boll of
+oats, fifty shillings; an ox to draw in the plough,
+twenty merks; a wether, thirty shillings. And so
+all things appertaining to the sustentation of man,
+in triple and more exceeded their accustomed prices.
+And so did God, according to the threatening of his
+law, punish the idolatry of our wicked Queen, and
+our ingratitude, that suffered her to defile the land
+with that abomination again, that God so potently
+had purged, by the power of his word. For the
+riotous feasting, and excessive banqueting, used in
+Court and country, wheresoever that wicked woman
+repaired, provoked God to strike the staff of bread,
+and to give his malediction upon the fruits of the
+earth. But, O alas! who looked, or yet looks to
+this very cause of all our calamities.</p><br>
+
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>STINKING PRIDE OF WOMEN</i></div>
+
+<h2>1563.&mdash;The Meeting of <a name="Parliament" id="Parliament"></a>Parliament.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. p. 381.</p>
+
+<p>Such stinking pride of women, as was seen at that
+Parliament, was never seen before in Scotland. Three
+sundry days, the Queen rode to the Tolbooth; the
+first day, she made a painted oration, and there
+might have been heard amongst her flatterers, "<i>Vox
+Dianæ</i>, the Voice of a Goddess (for it could not be
+Dei) and not of a woman. God save that sweet<span class="pagenum">[Pg 38]</span>
+face. Was there ever Orator spake so properly and
+so sweetly?"</p>
+
+<p>All things misliking the Preacher, they spake
+boldly against the targetting of their taillies {<i>i.e.</i> the
+adornment of their robes with tassels}, and against
+the rest of their vanity, which they affirmed should
+provoke God's vengeance, not only against these
+foolish women, but against the whole realm....
+Articles were presented, for orders to be taken for
+apparel, and for reformation of other enormities;
+but all was winked at.</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="KNOXS_INTERVIEWS" id="KNOXS_INTERVIEWS"></a>KNOX'S INTERVIEWS WITH THE QUEEN</i></div>
+
+<h2>1563.&mdash;May or June. Knox and the Queen.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. p. 386.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[John Knox had five interviews with the Queen, which are recorded in
+his "History." Soon after Mary's arrival in Scotland, she sent for
+Knox, and they discussed the religious controversy and Knox's "Blast
+against the monstrous Regiment of Women," in which he had inveighed
+against female rule. In the spring of 1562, the Queen sent for Knox,
+who had preached a sermon from the text, "And now, understand, O ye
+kings, and be learned, ye that judge the earth." The Reformer gave a
+<i>résumé</i> of his sermon, and informed the Queen that he considered
+her uncles "enemies unto God," and that "for maintenance of their
+own pomp and worldly glory, they spare not to spill the blood of
+many innocents." The third occasion was about a year later, at
+Lochleven, when the thesis was the rights of subjects to rebel, and
+ended with the threat, "Now, Madam, if ye shall deny your duty unto
+them, who especially crave, that ye punish malefactors, think ye to
+receive full obedience of them? I fear, Madam, ye shall not." The
+malefactors in question were recusant Roman Catholics. "Herewith she
+being somewhat offended, passed to her supper." The interview was
+resumed in the morning, but the conversation was<span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span>
+more amicable, Mary asking Knox's help in reconciling the Earl of
+Argyle to his wife, who was the Queen's half-sister. The fourth
+discussion, quoted below, was <i>à propos</i> of the proposals for Mary's
+marriage, which were the main political theme of the year 1563. Knox
+had denounced any marriage with a Roman Catholic. In December of the
+same year, the Queen and the Reformer met again, Knox undergoing a
+judicial examination on a charge which amounted to incitement to
+rebel. He defended himself by a homily upon "the insatiable cruelty
+of the Papists," and was found innocent by the Council.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Provost of Glencludan, Douglas by surname,
+of Drumlanark, was the man that gave the charge,
+that the said John should present himself before
+the Queen, which he did soon after dinner. The
+Lord Ochiltree, and divers of the faithful, bare him
+company to the Abbey; but none passed in to the
+Queen with him in the cabinet, but John Erskine of
+Dun, then superintendent of Angus and Mearns.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>WOMANLY WEEPING</i></div>
+
+<p>The Queen in a vehement fume began to cry out,
+that never Prince was used as she was. "I have (said
+she) borne with you in all your rigorous manner of
+speaking, both against myself and against my uncles;
+yea, I have sought your favour by all possible means;
+I offered unto you presence and audience, whensoever
+it pleased you to admonish me, and yet I cannot be
+quit of you; I vow to God I shall be once revenged."
+And with these words scarce could Marnoch, her
+secret chamber boy, get napkins to hold her eyes
+dry, for the tears and the howling, besides womanly
+weeping, stayed her speech. The said John did
+patiently abide all the first fume, and at opportunity
+answered, "True it is, Madam, your Grace and I<span class="pagenum">[Pg 40]</span>
+have been at divers controversies, into the which I
+never perceived your Grace to be offended at me;
+but when it shall please God to deliver you from
+that bondage of darkness and error, wherein ye have
+been nourished, for the lack of true Doctrine, your
+Majesty will find the liberty of my tongue nothing
+offensive. Without the Preaching-place (Madam) I
+think few have occasion to be offended at me, and
+there (Madam) I am not master of myself, but must
+obey him who commands me to speak plain, and to
+flatter no flesh upon the face of the earth...."
+"But what have you to do (said she) with my marriage?
+Or, what are you within the Commonwealth?"</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A <a name="MEEK" id="MEEK"></a>MEEK AND GENTLE SPIRIT</i></div>
+
+<p>"A subject born within the same (said he) Madam;
+and albeit I be neither Earl, Lord, nor Baron within
+it, yet hath God made me (how abject that ever I be
+in your eyes) a profitable and useful member within
+the same; yea, Madam, to me it appertaineth no
+less, to forewarn of such things as may hurt it, if I
+foresee them, than it doth to any one of the nobility;
+for both my vocation and conscience craveth plainness
+of me; and therefore (Madam) to yourself I say, that
+which I spake in public, whensoever the nobility of
+this realm shall be content, and consent, that you be
+subject to an unlawful husband, they do as much as
+in them lieth to renounce Christ, to banish the Truth,
+to betray the freedom of this realm, and perchance
+shall in the end do small comfort to yourself."</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>INORDINATE PASSION</i></div>
+
+<p>At these words, howling was heard, and tears
+might have been seen in greater abundance than the
+matter required. John Erskine of Dun, a man of
+meek and gentle spirit, stood beside, and entreated<span class="pagenum">[Pg 41]</span>
+what he could to mitigate her anger, and gave unto
+her many pleasant words, of her beauty, of her excellency;
+and how that all the princes in Europe would
+be glad to seek her favours. But all that was to cast
+oil into the flaming fire. The said John stood still,
+without any alteration of countenance, for a long
+time, while that the Queen gave place to her inordinate
+passion; and in the end he said, "Madam, in
+God's presence I speak, I never delighted in the
+weeping of any of God's creatures; yea, I can
+scarcely well abide the tears of mine own boys,
+whom my own hands correct, much less can I
+rejoice in your Majesty's weeping; But seeing I have
+offered unto you no just occasion to be offended, but
+have spoken the truth, as my vocation craves of me,
+I must sustain your Majesty's tears, rather than I
+dare hurt my conscience, or betray the Commonwealth
+by silence." Herewith was the Queen more
+offended, and commanded the said John to pass
+forth of the cabinet, and to abide further of her
+pleasure in the chamber.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>FY UPON THAT KNAVE, DEATH</i></div>
+
+<p>The Laird of Dun tarried, and Lord John of
+Coldingham came into the cabinet, and so they
+remained with her near the space of one hour. The
+said John stood in the chamber, as one whom men
+had never seen (so were all afraid), except that the
+Lord Ochiltree bare him company; and therefore he
+began to make discourse with the ladies, who were
+there sitting in all their gorgeous apparel; which
+when he espied, he merrily said: "Fair Ladies, how
+pleasant were this life of yours, if it should ever
+abide; and then in the end, that we might pass to<span class="pagenum">[Pg 42]</span>
+Heaven with this gay gear {clothing}! But fy upon
+that knave Death, that will come whether we will or
+not; and when he hath laid on his arrest, then foul
+worms will be busy with this flesh, be it never so fair
+and so tender; and the silly {weak} soul I fear shall
+be so feeble, that it can neither carry with it gold,
+garnishing, targating {tassels}, pearls, nor precious
+stones." And by such means procured he the company
+of women, and so passed the time till that the
+Laird of Dun willed him to depart to his house till
+new advertisement.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen would have had the sentiment of the
+Lords of the Articles if that such manner of speaking
+deserved not punishment. But she was counselled
+to desist; and so that storm quieted in appearance,
+but never in the heart.</p><br>
+
+
+<h2>Mary's <a name="Second_Marriage" id="Second_Marriage"></a>Second Marriage.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The problem of Mary's marriage was one of great difficulty.
+Allusions to it occur in diplomatic correspondence immediately after
+the death of Francis II., and it was constantly in men's minds. The
+Scottish preachers and the Protestant nobles objected to a union
+with a Roman Catholic prince (<i>cf. supra</i>, <a href="#MEEK">p. 40</a>). Catherine de
+Medici, who was at the head of affairs in France, opposed the
+projected match with Don Carlos of Spain (<a href="#Smith">p. 43</a>). Elizabeth of
+England found a difficulty in every proposal, and was especially
+afraid of the union of Scotland with a foreign power. As early as
+the spring of 1561 Throckmorton warned Elizabeth that, if she wished
+to prevent such a union, "she should make a party in Scotland by
+entertaining a good number of the best there, that all Princes,
+perceiving her to have a great party in that realm, would not
+greatly seek upon a country so much at her devotion" (<i>Foreign</i><span class="pagenum">[Pg 43]</span>
+<i>Calendar</i>, March 31, 1561). The following extracts indicate the
+course of the controversy, and aim at presenting a connected survey
+of the negotiations.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>PERFECT NEIGHBOURHOOD</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, December 17, 1561. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 124.</p>
+
+<p>When any purpose falleth in of marriage, she saith
+that she will none other husband but the Queen of
+England. He is right near about her that hath
+oftentimes heard her speak it. I desire that it may
+be in perfect neighbourhood, since it cannot be in
+perfect marriage.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>1563.&mdash;August 20. Instructions for Randolph.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p>
+
+<p>He shall always rest upon this argument, that
+neither Elizabeth nor England ... can think any
+mighty Prince a meet husband for her, to continue
+the amity that now is with this realm.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i><a name="Smith" id="Smith"></a>Smith to the English Privy Council, from Paris</i>, October 13, 1563.
+<i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p>
+
+<p>They {Catherine de Medici and the Constable of
+France} hold King Philip a suspect neighbour. But
+they most mislike the Spanish marriage with the
+Queen of Scots, which they hold to be concluded
+unto by the said Queen, taking it to be prejudicial to
+England and consequently to them.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>DUDLEY OR DARNLEY</i></div>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The anxiety about her marriage was supposed to be the cause of an
+illness from which Mary suffered, in the end of 1563. On December 13
+Randolph wrote to Cecil that she "kept her bed, being somewhat
+diseased of overmuch travail she took a night<span class="pagenum">[Pg 44]</span>
+or two before, dancing to celebrate her nativity. But," he adds,
+"for two months the Queen has been divers times in great
+melancholies. Her grief is marvellous secret. She is not well, and
+weeps when there is little appearance of occasion." Eight days
+later, he mentions that "the Queen's illness daily increaseth. Her
+pain is in her right side.... Some think that the cause of the
+Queen's sickness is that she utterly despairs of the marriage of any
+of those she looked for, as well that neither they abroad are very
+hasty, nor her subjects at home very willing those ways." On the 31st he had an interview with her "in her
+chamber, beside ladies and gentlemen, herself in bed." He told her
+that Elizabeth "could in no point alter her former advice, which was
+that it could not be expedient for her country, nor fit for herself,
+to match in any of those houses, when appearance is that dissension
+may grow, and enmity to be nourished, as before time has been." Mary
+summoned the Earl of Argyll, and told him that Randolph would have
+her marry in England. He asked if "the Queen of England were become
+a man?" "Who is there in that country (said she) to whom he {Argyll}
+would wish her?" He said, "To whom she could like best." "That would
+not please the Duke" {of Châtelherault}, said she. "If it please
+God, and is good for the country," said he, "what reck who were
+displeased?" (<i>Foreign Calendar</i>, December 13, 21, and 31, 1563).
+Leicester was the husband suggested by Queen Elizabeth, and, during
+1564, it became evident that either he or Darnley would be the
+Queen's choice.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>RETURN OF LENNOX</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, March 20, 1564. <i>Foreign
+Calendar.</i></p>
+
+<p>What troubles have risen in this country for religion,
+your Honour knoweth. All things are now
+grown into such a liberty, and her Grace taken unto
+herself such a will to do therein what she list, that of
+late, contrary to her own ordinances, as great numbers
+have repaired to her chapel to hear mass, as<span class="pagenum">[Pg 45]</span>
+sometimes come to the common churches to the
+sermon. To have her mind altered for this freedom,
+that she desireth to have all men live as they like,
+she can hardly be brought, and thinketh it too great
+a subjection for her, being a prince in her own
+country, to have her will broken therein. The subjects
+who desire to live in the true fear and worshipping
+of God, offer rather their lives again to be
+sacrificed, than that they would suffer such abomination,
+yea, almost permit herself to enjoy her mass,
+which is now more plainly and openly spoken against
+by the preachers, than ever was the Pope of Rome....
+Above all the rest, this is it that is feared that
+will be the breach of all good accord and quietness
+of this estate, though the rest be borne with, that is,
+if she match herself with a Papist, by whom she may
+be fortified to her intent.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Kirkaldy of Grange to Randolph, from St. Johnston's</i> {<i>Perth</i>},
+April 30, 1564. <i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. vi. p. 539.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Lennox will obtain license to come
+home and speak with the Queen. Her meaning
+therein is not known, but some suspects she will at
+length be persuaded to favour his son.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The Earl of Lennox had entered into negotiations with Henry VIII.,
+in 1544, to deliver over to England certain Scottish castles, and to
+promote the marriage of Mary to Prince Edward. Sentence of
+forfeiture was passed against him by the Scottish Parliament on 1st
+October 1545. His treachery had received its reward in the shape of
+an alliance with Margaret, daughter of the Earl of Angus and
+Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV. (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Table, App. A.</a>). Their
+eldest son was Lord Darnley.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 46]</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>KNOX SUSPICIOUS</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Knox to Randolph, from Edinburgh</i>, May 3, 1564. <i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. vi., p. 541.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Lennox's servant is familiar in Court,
+and it is supposed that it is not without knowledge,
+yea, and labour, of your Court. Some in the
+country look for the lady {Queen Mary} and the
+young Earl {Darnley} ere it be long. It is whispered
+to me that licence is all ready procured for their
+{Lennox and Darnley's} hithercoming. God's providence
+is inscrutable to man, before the issue of
+such things as are kept close for a season in his
+counsel. But, to be plain with you, that journey
+and progress I like not.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>Queen Elizabeth and Sir <a name="James_Melvill" id="James_Melvill"></a>James Melville.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Sir James Melville was sent as ambassador from the Queen of Scots
+to the Queen of England to advance negotiations for Mary's marriage,
+and to discover, if possible, Elizabeth's real meaning.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="rightnote">September 28, 1564. <i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, pp. 115-128. (<i>Bannatyne Club.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>The next morning Master Lattoun and Master
+Randolph, late agent for the Queen of England in
+Scotland, came to my lodging to convoy me to her
+Majesty, who was, as they said, already in the garden....
+I found her Majesty pacing in an alley.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>YONDER LONG LAD</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MELVILLE'S OPINION OF <a name="DARNLEY1" id="DARNLEY1"></a>DARNLEY</i></div>
+
+<p>... She inquired if the Queen had sent any answer
+anent the proposition of a marriage made to her by
+Master Randolph. I answered, as I was instructed,
+that the Queen thought little or nothing thereof, but<span class="pagenum">[Pg 47]</span>
+looked for the meeting of some Commissioners upon
+the borders, with my Lord of Murray and the secretary,
+Lethington, to confer and treat upon all such
+matters of greatest importance.... So seeing that
+your Majesties cannot so soon find the opportunity
+of meeting, so much desired between yourselves ...
+the Queen, my mistress ... is in hope that your
+Majesty will send my Lord of Bedford and my Lord
+Robert Dudley. She said that it appeared that I
+made but small account of my Lord Robert, seeing that
+I named the Earl of Bedford before him; but, or it
+were long, she should make him a greater earl, and
+that I should see it done before my returning home;
+for she esteemed him as her brother and best friend,
+whom she should have married herself, if ever she
+had been minded to take a husband.... And to
+cause the Queen, my mistress, to think the more of
+him, I was required to stay till I had seen him made
+Earl of Leicester and Baron of Denbigh, with great
+solemnity at Westminster, herself helping to put on
+his ceremonial, he sitting upon his knees before her,
+keeping a great gravity and discreet behaviour. But
+she could not refrain from putting her hand in his
+neck to kittle {tickle} him smilingly, the French
+Ambassador and I standing beside her. Then she
+asked me how I liked of him. I said, as he was a
+worthy subject, he was happy that had encountered
+a princess that could discern and reward good
+service. "Yet," she said, "ye like better of yonder
+long lad," pointing towards my Lord Darnley, who,
+as nearest prince of the blood, bore the sword of
+honour that day before her. My answer again was,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 48]</span>
+that no woman of spirit could make choice of such a
+man, that was liker a woman than a man; for he
+was very lusty, beardless, and lady-faced. I had no
+will that she should think that I liked of him, or had
+any eye or dealing that way: albeit I had a secret
+charge to deal with his mother, my Lady Lennox, to
+purchase leave for him to pass in Scotland, where his
+father was already, that he might see the country and
+convoy the Earl, his father, back again to England.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>YE MAY NOT SUFFER A COMMANDER</i></div>
+
+<p>Now the said Queen was determined to treat with
+the Queen, my sovereign, first anent her marriage
+with the Earl of Leicester, and for that effect promised
+to send commissioners unto the borders. In
+the meantime I was favourably and familiarly used;
+for during nine days that I remained at Court, her
+Majesty pleased to confer with me every day, and
+sometimes thrice upon a day, to wit, afore noon,
+after noon, and after supper. Sometimes she would
+say, that since she could not meet with the Queen,
+her good sister herself, to confer familiarly with her,
+that she should open a good part of her inward mind
+unto me, that I might show it again unto the Queen;
+and said that she was not so offended at the Queen's
+angry letter as for that she seemed to disdain so far
+the marriage with my Lord of Leicester, which she
+had caused Master Randolph propose unto her. I
+said that it might be he had teached something
+thereof to my Lord of Murray and Lethington, but
+that he had not proposed the matter directly unto
+herself; and that as well her Majesty, as they that
+were her most familiar counsellors, could conjecture
+nothing thereupon but delays and drifting of time,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 49]</span>
+anent the declaring of her to be the second person
+{<i>i.e.</i>, the next in succession to the throne of England}
+which would try at the meeting of commissioners
+above specified. She said again that the trial and
+declaration thereof would be hasted forward, according
+to the Queen's good behaviour, and applying to
+her {Elizabeth's} pleasure and advice in her marriage;
+and seeing the matter concerning the said declaration
+was so weighty, she had ordained some of the best
+lawyers in England diligently to search out who had
+the best right, which she would wish should be her
+dear sister rather than any other. I said I was
+assured that her Majesty {Mary} was both out of
+doubt hereof, and would rather she should be declared
+than any other.... She said that she was
+never minded to marry, except she were compelled
+by the Queen, her sister's, hard behaviour towards
+her, in doing by {beyond} her counsel, as said is. I
+said: "Madam, ye need not tell me that; I know
+your stately stomach; ye think if ye were married, ye
+would be but Queen of England, and now ye are
+King and Queen both; ye may not suffer a commander."</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A COURTIER'S REPLIES</i></div>
+
+<p>She appeared to be so affectioned to the Queen
+her good sister, that she had a great desire to see
+her: and because their desired meeting could not
+be hastily brought to pass, she delighted oft to
+look upon her picture, and took me in to her bed
+chamber, and opened a little lettroun {cabinet}
+wherein were divers little pictures wrapped within
+paper, and written upon the paper, their names
+with her own hand. Upon the first that she took<span class="pagenum">[Pg 50]</span>
+up was written, "My lord's picture." I held the
+candle and pressed to see my lord's {Leicester's}
+picture. Albeit she was loth to let me see it, at
+length I by importunity obtained the sight thereof,
+and asked the same to carry home with me unto the
+Queen, which she refused, alleging she had but that
+one of his. I said again, that she had the principal;
+for he was at the furthest part of the chamber speaking
+with the secretary Cecil. Then she took out the
+Queen's picture and kissed it; and I kissed her hand
+for the great love I saw she bore to the Queen....
+... Her {Elizabeth's} hair was redder than yellow,
+curled apparently of nature. Then she entered to
+discern what colour of hair was reported best, and
+inquired whether the Queen's or her's was best, and
+which of them two was fairest. I said, the fairness
+of them both was not their worst faults. But she
+was earnest with me to declare which of them I
+thought fairest. I said, she was the fairest Queen
+in England, and ours the fairest Queen in Scotland.
+Yet she was earnest. I said they were both the
+fairest ladies of their courts, and that the Queen of
+England was whiter, but our Queen very lovesome.
+She inquired which of them was of highest stature.
+I said, our Queen. Then she said the Queen was
+over high, and that herself was neither over high or
+over low. Then she asked what sort of exercises
+she used. I said, that I was dispatched out of Scotland,
+that the Queen was but new come back from
+the highland hunting; and when she had leisure
+from the affairs of her company, she read upon good
+books, the histories of divers countries, and sometimes<span class="pagenum">[Pg 51]</span>
+would play upon lute and virginals. She sperit
+{asked} if she played well. I said, reasonably for a
+Queen.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A CONSEQUENCE OF FRENCH TRAINING</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>NO PLAIN DEALING OR UPRIGHT MEANING</i></div>
+
+<p>The same day after dinner, my Lord of Hunsden
+{Huntingdon} drew me up to a quiet gallery that I
+might hear some music, but he said he durst not
+avow it, where I might hear the Queen play upon
+the virginals. But after I had hearkened a while,
+I took by the tapestry that hung before the door of
+the chamber, and seeing her back was toward the
+door, I entered within the chamber and stood still
+at the door post, and heard her play excellently well;
+but she left off so soon as she turned her about and
+saw me, and came forwards seeming to strike me
+with her left hand, and to think shame; alleging that
+she used not to play before men, but when she was
+solitary her alone, to eschew melancholy; and askit
+how I came there. I said, as I was walking with
+my Lord of Hunsden, as we passed by the chamber
+door, I heard such melody, which ravished and drew
+me within the chamber I wist not how; excusing my
+fault of homeliness, as being brought up in the Court
+of France, and was now willing to suffer what kind
+of punishment would please her lay upon me for my
+offence. Then she sat down low upon a cushion,
+and I upon my knee beside her; but she gave me a
+cushion with her own hand to lay under my knee,
+which I refused, but she compelled me; and called
+for my lady Stafford out of the next chamber, for
+she was alone there. Then she asked whether the
+Queen or she played best. In that I gave her the
+praise.... She inquired at me whether she or the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 52]</span>
+Queen danced best. I said, the Queen danced not
+so high or disposedly as she did. Then again she
+wished that she might see the Queen at some convenient
+place of meeting. I offered to convey her
+secretly in {to} Scotland by post, clothed like a page
+disguised, that she might see the Queen: as King
+James the 5 passed in France disguised, with his
+own ambassador, to see the Duc of Vendome's sister
+that should have been his wife; and how that her
+chamber should be kept, as though she were sick,
+in the meantime, and none to be privy thereto but
+my Lady Stafford, and one of the grooms of her chamber.
+She said, Alas! if she might do it: and seemed
+to like well such kind of language, and used all the
+means she could to cause me persuade the Queen of
+the great love that she bore unto her.... My Lord
+of Leicester began to purge himself of so proud a
+pretence as to marry so great a Queen, esteeming
+himself not worthy to deicht her shone {clean her
+shoes}; alleging the invention of that proposition to
+have proceeded of Master Cecil his secret enemy.
+"For if I should," said he, "have seemed to desire
+that marriage, I should have lost the favour of both
+the Queens," praying me till excuse him unto the
+Queen.... At my homecoming I found the Queen's
+Majesty still in Edinburgh ... she inquired whether
+I thought that Queen meant truly towards her as
+well inwardly in her heart as she appeared to do outwardly
+by her speech. I said, in my judgment, that
+there was neither plain dealing nor upright meaning,
+but great dissimulation, emulation and fear that her
+princely qualities should over soon chase her out,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 53]</span>
+and displace her from the kingdom; as having already
+hindered her {Mary's} marriage with the Archduke
+Charles of Austria, and now offering unto her my
+Lord of Leicester, whom she would be as loth as then
+to want. Then the Queen gave me her hand, that
+she should never marry the new-made earl; albeit
+shortly while after, my Lord of Murray and Bedford
+met beside Berwick to treat upon the marriage with
+Leicester.... The Queen of England began to fear
+and suspect that the said marriage might perchance
+take effect. And therefore my Lord Darnley obtained
+the rather, license to come into Scotland, who was a
+lusty youth, in hope that he should prevail being
+present before Leicester that was absent. Which
+license was obtained of the means of the secretary
+Cecil; not that he was minded that any of the
+marriages should take effect, but with such shifts
+and practices to hold the Queen unmarried so long
+as he could.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE NEW-MADE EARL</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh. Foreign Calendar.</i>
+December 15, 1564.</p>
+
+<p>This parliament, being only assembled for restoring
+Lennox, began upon Monday, and ended the Saturday
+after. The third day the Queen came to the
+house, when she had an oration of her affection
+towards her subjects and the weal of her country,
+which moved her to show her favour towards Lennox,
+to restore him to his country, the rather for the suit
+of the Queen of England, whose desire to her was
+of no small moment, which words were duly rehearsed....</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 54]</span></p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND CECIL</i></div>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The next development in the situation took the form of a
+correspondence between Murray and Lethington, and Cecil, on December
+4, 1564. Randolph wrote to Cecil "that Murray and Lethington had
+concluded that amity with England is fittest," and added, "No man
+will be more acceptable to the people than the Lord Robert. There
+has been more thought of Lord Darnley before his father's coming
+than is at present. The mother more feared a great deal than
+beloved." The two Scottish lords had already written to Cecil, who
+replied on the 16th, informing them that Elizabeth would never
+consent to their request, the establishment of Mary's "title to be
+declared by Parliament in the second place to the Queen," but
+"promising that she will cause inquisition to be made of their
+Sovereign's right; and as far as shall stand with justice and her
+own surety, she will abase such titles as shall be proved unjust and
+prejudicial to her sister's interest;" and giving them warning. "Let
+there not be found any intention to compass ... a kingdom and a
+crown, which, if it be sought for, may be sooner lost than got, and
+not being craved may be as soon offered as reason can require." To
+this Murray and Lethington replied on the 24th, asking what Cecil
+meant by the words "as shall stand with justice and her own surety,"
+for they "never meant anything prejudicial to the surety of Queen
+Elizabeth;" stating that if Elizabeth "will nowise establish the
+succession of her crown," the Leicester project must fall to the
+ground; and urging Cecil to secrecy, for if it were discovered that
+they had "meddled without her Majesty's knowledge, the opening
+thereof" would be the ruin of them both. (Foreign Calendar, 14th,
+16th, and 24th December 1564.) This episode is of importance in
+connection with Mary's subsequent attitude to the Darnley marriage.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>QUEEN MARY'S MERRY CONCEITS</i></div>
+
+<h2>Queen Mary and <a name="Randolph" id="Randolph"></a>Randolph.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Queen Elizabeth, from Edinburgh</i>, February 5, 1565. <i>Chalmers's Queen Mary</i>, vol. ii. pp. 123-127.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote">"<i>IT LIETH IN YOUR MISTRESS'S WILL</i>"</div>
+
+<p>Her grace lodged in a merchant's house; her train
+were very few; and there was small repair from any<span class="pagenum">[Pg 55]</span>
+part. Her will was, that for the time that I did
+tarry, I should dine and sup with her. Your
+Majesty was oftentimes dranken unto, by her, at
+dinners and suppers. Having, in this sort, continued
+with her grace, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday, I
+thought it time to take occasion to utter unto her
+grace, that which last I received in command, from
+your Majesty, by Mr. Secretary's letter, which was to
+know her grace's resolution touching those matters
+propounded, at Berwick, by my Lord of Bedford,
+and me, to my Lord of Murray and Lord of Lethington.
+I had no sooner spoken these words, but
+she saith, "I see now well that you are weary of
+this company and treatment. I sent for you to be
+merry and to see how like a Bourgeois-wife I live,
+with my little troop; and you will interrupt our
+pastime, with your great and grave matters. I pray
+you, Sir, if you be weary here, return home to Edinburgh,
+and keep your gravity and great ambassage
+until the Queen come thither; for I assure you, you
+shall not get her here, nor I know not myself where
+she is become. You see neither cloth of estate, nor
+such appearances, that you may think that there is a
+Queen here; nor I would not that you should think
+that I am she, at St. Andrews, that I was at Edinburgh."
+I said that I was very sorry for that, for
+that at Edinburgh, she said that she did love my
+mistress, the Queen's majesty, better than any other,
+and now I marvelled how her mind was altered. It
+pleased her at this to be very merry, and called me
+by more names than were given me in my christendom.
+At these merry conceits much good sport was<span class="pagenum">[Pg 56]</span>
+made. "But well, Sir," saith she, "that which then
+I spoke in words shall be confirmed in writing....
+You know how willing I am to follow her advice
+... and yet I can find in her no resolution nor
+determination. For nothing, I cannot be bound
+unto her ... and therefore, this I say, and trust me
+I mean it, if your mistress will, as she hath said, use
+me as her natural born sister or daughter, I will take
+myself either as one or the other as she please, and
+will show no less readiness to oblige her, and honour
+her, than my mother, or eldest sister; but, if she will
+repute me always but as her neighbour Queen of
+Scots, how willing soever I be to live in amity and
+to maintain peace, yet she must not look for that at
+my hands, that otherwise I would, or she desireth."
+... I requested her Grace, humbly ... to let her
+mind be known, how well she liked of the suit of my
+Lord Robert, Earl of Leicester, that might be able
+somewhat to say or write touching that matter, unto
+your Majesty. "My mind towards him is such as it
+ought to be of a very noble man, as I hear say by
+very many, and such one as the Queen, your mistress,
+my good sister, doth so well like to be her husband,
+if he were not her subject, ought not to mislike me to
+be mine. Marry, what I shall do, it lieth in your
+mistress's will, who shall wholly guide me and rule
+me." I made myself not well to understand these
+words, because I would have the better hold of them.
+She repeated the self same words again.</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 57]</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="SECTION_III" id="SECTION_III"></a>SECTION III</h2>
+<h3>FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER</h3><br>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Darnley">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Darnley marriage and the Earl of Murray's rebellion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Melville's account of the progress of events from Mary's first meeting with Darnley to Elizabeth's reception of Murray (February to October).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's account of the allegations regarding therival conspiracies.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Proclamation to allay disquiet regarding the Queen's marriage with a Catholic.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Randolph's letter to Leicester describing the marriage, and the relations between the bride and bridegroom.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">Cecil's account of the Murray trouble.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>f</i>)</td><td align="left">The Privy Council warrant against Murray.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>g</i>)</td><td align="left">Knox's account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Relations">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's relations with Darnley and the Rizzio murder.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Diplomatic references to the ill-will between the Queen and her husband, with an incidental account of the Holy League.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Bedford and Randolph's letter to Cecil foretelling the Rizzio plot.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Agreements between Darnley and the conspirators.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's own description of the murder of Rizzio.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 58]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY'S COURTSHIP</i></div>
+
+<h2>1563.&mdash;Feb. 17-Oct. 23. The <a name="Darnley" id="Darnley"></a>Darnley Marriage and the Murray Rebellion.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 134.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[It was now becoming evident that Mary was to marry Lord Darnley.
+Her resolution gave great offence, not only to Queen Elizabeth, but
+to the Earl of Murray, and some other Scottish nobles, who raised a
+rebellion, commonly called the "Run about Chase." The matter is
+somewhat mysterious; there are, as the reader will observe,
+allegations of two conspiracies&mdash;one against Murray by Darnley, and
+another against Mary and Darnley by Murray. The evidence is not
+decisive.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE RUN-ABOUT RAID</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>UNWORTHY TRAITORS</i></div>
+
+<p>I have said already how that my Lord Darnley was
+advised to suit license to come into Scotland, who at
+his first coming found the Queen in the Wemyss,
+making her progress through Fife. Her Majesty
+took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest
+and best proportioned long {tall} man that she had
+seen, for he was of high stature, long and small, even
+and upright; well instructed from his youth in all
+honest and comely exercises. And after he had
+hanted {frequented} a while in Court, he proposed
+marriage to her Majesty; which she took in evil part
+at the first, as she told me that same day herself, and
+how she had refused the ring which he then offered
+unto her, when I took occasion, as I had begun,
+to speak in his favour, that their marriage would put
+out of doubt their title to the succession. I cannot
+tell how he fell in acquaintance with Seigneur David
+{Rizzio}, but he also was his great friend at the
+Queen's hand; so that her Majesty took aye the
+longer the better liking of him, and at length determined<span class="pagenum">[Pg 59]</span>
+to marry him. Which being known unto
+Queen Elizabeth, she sent and charged him to
+return; and also sent her ambassador, Sir Nicholas
+Throgmorton, into Scotland, both to dissuade the
+Queen to marry him, and in case the Queen would
+not follow her advice in her marriage, to persuade
+the lords and so many as were of her religion to withstand
+the said marriage, unless the Lord Darnley
+would promise and subscribe to abide at the religion
+reformed, which he had plainly professed in England.
+The Queen again perceiving the Queen of England's
+earnest opposition to all the marriages that were
+offered unto her, thought not meet to delay any
+longer her marriage. But my Lord Duke of Châtelherault,
+my Lords of Argyll, Murray, Glencairn, Rothes,
+and divers others, lords and barons, withstood the said
+marriage; who after they had made a mind to take
+the Lord Darnley, in the Queen's company, at the
+raid of Beath, and to have sent him into England, as
+they alleged&mdash;I wot not what was in their mind, but
+it was an evil-favoured enterprize, wherein the Queen
+was in great danger other than {that of} keeping or
+heartbreaking; and as they that had failed of their
+foolish enterprize, took on plainly their arms of
+rebellion, her Majesty again convened forces against
+them, and chased them here and there till at length
+they were compelled to flee into England for refuge,
+to her that had promised by her ambassadors to wear
+her crown in their defence, in case they were driven
+to any strait for their opposition unto the said
+marriage. Which was all denied at their coming
+to seek help; and when they sent up my Lord of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_60" id="Pg_60"></a>[Pg 60]</span>
+Murray to that Queen, the rest abiding at Newcastle,
+he could obtain nothing but disdain and scorn; till
+at length he and the Abbot of Kilwinning, his companion
+in that message, were persuaded to come and
+confess unto the Queen upon their knees, and that
+in presence of the ambassadors of France and Spain,
+that her Majesty had never moved them to that
+opposition and resistance against their Queen's
+marriage.... Unto my Lord of Murray and his
+marrow {comrade} she said, "Now you have told the
+truth; for I nor none in my name stirred you up
+against your Queen; for your abominable treason
+might serve for example, to move my own subjects to
+rebel against me. Therefore pack you out of my
+presence; ye are but unworthy traitors."</p><br>
+
+
+<h2>1565.&mdash;April 29. Mary's Festivities.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil. Foreign Calendar</i>, 1565.</p>
+
+<p>Greater triumphs there never were in time of
+Popery than were this Easter at the resurrection and
+at her high mass. Organs were wont to be the
+common music. She wanted now neither trumpet,
+drum, nor fife, bagpipe nor tabor.... Upon Monday
+she and divers of her women apparelled themselves
+like burgesses' wives, went upon their feet up
+and down the town, and of every man they met they
+took some pledge for money towards the banquet; and
+in the lodging where the writer was accustomed to lodge
+was the dinner prepared, at which she was herself, with
+the wonder and gazing of men, women, and children.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This celebration of Easter is important as being a factor in the
+growth of Protestant dislike of the Darnley marriage.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 61]</span></p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>"LESS COMFORT" FOR QUEEN MARY</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh</i>, July 2, 1565 {<i>date of end of letter</i>}. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 300.</p>
+
+<p>I wrote that there was a convention appointed at
+St. Johnstone {Perth} the 22nd of this instant {<i>i.e.</i>
+June}, to which there were specially named these, the
+Duke, Earls Argyll, Murray, Morton, and Glencairn;
+only Morton came; the other some tarried at their
+houses, as the Duke, and Earl of Murray; other as
+Argyll and Glencairn came to Edinburgh the 24th to
+the Convention {General Assembly} of the Protestants
+there. With this her Grace is greatly offended, and
+layeth the whole fault hereof to the Earl of Murray
+and Argyll, which both had come to St. Johnstone,
+but that my Lord of Murray was assuredly advertised
+that it was intended that he should be slain there....
+With my Lord of Murray I have lately spoken;
+he is grieved to see these extreme follies in his
+sovereign; he lamenteth the state of this country
+that tendeth to utter ruin; he feareth that the
+nobility shall be forced to assemble themselves
+together, to do her honour and reverence as they
+are in duty bound, but to provide for the State that
+it do not utterly perish.... The Duke, the Earl of
+Argyll, and he concur in this device; many other are
+like to join with them in the same; what will ensue
+let wise men judge.... The less comfort that this
+Queen be put in, that the Queen's majesty will allow of
+her doings, the sooner shall her Majesty bring that to
+pass here that she most desireth, and more at her
+Majesty's devotion than at this time she hath, there
+were never in Scotland. Some that already have<span class="pagenum">[Pg 62]</span>
+heard of my Ladie's Grace {Lady Lennox's} imprisonment
+like very well thereof, and wish to the
+father and son to keep her company. The question
+hath been asked me. Whether if they were delivered
+us into Berwick, we would receive them? I answered
+that we could nor would not refuse our own, in what
+sort soever they come unto us.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A HASTY RIDE</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh</i>, July 4. <i>Ibid.</i> vol. ii. p. 309.</p>
+
+<p>Upon Saturday her Grace came ... to St. Johnston,
+where word was brought her that the Earl of
+Argyll and Earl of Murray had assembled many of
+their friends and servants, and intended to take her
+and the Lord Darnley riding between that town and
+the Lord of Livingstone's house, and to have carried
+the Queen's Grace to St. Andrews, and the Lord
+Darnley to Castle Campbell, a house of the Earl of
+Argyll.... She took her horse by five of the clock
+in the morning, and rode with great speed, having
+only three women in her train, until she came to the
+Queen's Ferry, passing through a little town called
+Kinross, hard by Lochleven, where my Lord of
+Murray was in a house in the loch with his mother
+and the Laird of Lochleven, his brother, with a small
+number of his servants, having been sick of a flux not
+four days before, intending for all that to have met
+the Queen, and to have convoyed her as far as her
+Grace would give him leave; but hearing that her
+Grace was past that town three or four hours before
+that he looked for her, he remained still and went
+not forth....</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 63]</span></p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A REQUEST FOR MONEY</i></div>
+
+<p>They {the two Earls} think it time to put to that
+remedy they can; they depend greatly upon the
+comfort received from the Queen's majesty our
+sovereign; they know that it as well tendeth to her
+Majesty's surety for that which may ensure as the
+present hurt and danger to themselves. Wherefore,
+having considered her Majesty's friendly and godly
+offer to concur with them, and to assist them, ...
+as from subjects that see how far the Sovereign is led
+by unadvised persons, from her duty to God, and
+care that she ought to have of the weal of her
+country, they most humbly desire the performance of
+her Majesty's promise.... They are loth so far to
+charge her Majesty as to desire any number of men
+to take their part, but that it will only please her
+Majesty to help them with such sums of money as
+for a time may be able to keep themselves together,
+be it that they determine to be wheresoever the
+Queen's self is, or to remain in Edinburgh, where
+they may best put order unto all those grievous
+enormities.... They think that if her Majesty
+would bestow only three thousand pounds sterling
+for this year, except some foreign force shall be
+brought in against them.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Acts of the Privy Council of Scotland</i>, July 12, 1565.</p>
+
+<p>For as much as divers evil disposed persons ...
+wickedly and ungodly have pretended by untrue
+reports ... that her Majesty had begun or intended
+to impede, stay, or molest any of them in using of
+their religion and conscience freely ... ordains letters
+to be direct to officers of the Queen's Sheriff in<span class="pagenum">[Pg 64]</span>
+that part {respect}, charging them to pass to the market
+crosses of all burghs of this realm, and other places
+needful, and there, by open proclamation, make
+publication of this her Majesty's mind and meaning;
+certifying and assuring all her good subjects, that as
+they, nor none of them, have hitherto been molested
+in the quiet using of their religion and conscience, so
+shall they not be unquieted in that behalf in any time
+to come; but behaving themselves honestly as good
+subjects shall find her Majesty their good princess,
+willing to do them justice, and to show them favour
+and clemency, but {without} innovation or alteration
+in any sort.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A ROYAL MARRIAGE</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i><a name="darnley2" id="darnley2"></a>Randolph to Leicester, from Edinburgh</i>, July 31, 1565. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 199.</p>
+
+<p>I doubt not but your Lordship hath heard by
+such information as I have given from hence, what
+the present state of this country is, how this Queen
+is now become a married wife, and her husband, the
+self same day of his marriage, made a king.... So
+many discontented minds, so much misliking of the
+subjects to have these matters, ordered in this sort,
+to be brought to pass, I never heard of any marriage....
+Thus they fear the overthrow of religion, the
+breach of amity with the Queen's Majesty {Elizabeth},
+destruction of as many of the nobility as she hath
+misliking of, or that he to pick a quarrel unto....
+He {Darnley} would now seem to be indifferent to
+both the religions, she to use her mass, and he to
+come sometimes to the preaching.</p>
+
+<p>They were married with all the solemnities of the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 65]</span>
+popish time, saving that he heard not the mass; his
+speech and talk argueth his mind, and yet would he
+fain seem to the world that he were of some religion.
+His words to all men against whom he conceiveth
+any displeasure, how unjust soever it be, so proud
+and spiteful, that rather he seemeth a monarch of the
+world than he that not long since we have seen and
+known the Lord Darnley....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>"GOD SAVE HIS GRACE!"</i></div>
+
+<p>All honour that may be attributed unto any man
+by a wife, he hath it wholly and fully ... all dignities
+that she can indue him with are already given
+and granted. No man pleaseth her that contenteth
+not him, and what may I say more, she hath given
+over unto him her whole will, to be ruled and guided
+as himself best liketh. She can as much prevail with
+him in anything that is against his will, as your Lordship
+may with me to persuade that I should hang
+myself.... Upon Saturday ... at nine hours at
+night, by three heralds at sound of the trumpet he
+was proclaimed king. This was the night before the
+marriage. This day, Monday, at twelve of the clock,
+the Lords, all that were in this town, were present at
+the proclaiming of him again, when no man said so
+much as Amen, saving his father, that cried out aloud,
+"God save his Grace!"</p>
+
+<p>The manner of the marriage was of this sort.
+Upon Sunday, in the morning, between five and
+six, she was conveyed by divers of her nobles to
+the chapel. She had upon her back the great
+mourning gown of black, with the great wide mourning
+hood, not unlike unto that which she wore the
+doleful day of the burial of her husband. She was<span class="pagenum">[Pg 66]</span>
+led unto the Chapel by the Earls Lennox and Athole,
+and there she was left until her husband came, who
+was also conveyed by the same lords. The ministers,
+two priests, did there receive them. The banns are
+asked the third time, and an instrument taken by a
+notary that no man said against them, or alleged any
+cause why the marriage might not proceed. The
+words were spoken, the rings, which were three, the
+middle a rich diamond, were put upon her finger,
+they kneel together, and many prayers said over
+them. She carrieth out the ...<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> and he taketh a
+kiss, and leaveth her there and went to her chamber,
+whither in a space she followeth, and there being
+required, according to the solemnities, to cast off her
+care, and lay aside those sorrowful garments, and
+give herself to a pleasanter life. After some pretty
+refusals, more I believe for manner sake than grief
+of heart, she suffereth them that stood by, every man
+that could approach to take out a pin, and so being
+committed to her ladies changed her garments.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH ASKED TO EXPLAIN</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Cecil to Sir Thomas Smith, from Windsor</i>, August 21, 1565. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 206.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tomworth was sent to the Queen of Scots
+upon this occasion; the Scottish Queen hath sent
+twice hither to require the Queen's Majesty to declare
+for what causes she did mislike of this marriage,
+offering also to satisfy the same. In the meantime
+troubles arise there betwixt her and the Earl of
+Murray and others being friendly to the warm amity
+of the realm, whereunto for sundry respects it seemeth<span class="pagenum">[Pg 67]</span>
+convenient for us to regard. The Duke {of Châtelherault},
+the Earls of Argyll, Murray, and Rothes,
+with sundry Barons, are joined together not to allow
+of the marriage, otherwise than to have the religion
+established by law, but the Queen refuseth in this
+sort; she will not suffer it to have the force of law,
+but of permission to every man to live according to
+his conscience. And herewith she retained a great
+number of Protestants from associating openly with
+the other. She hath sent for the Earl Murray, but
+the mistrust is so far entered on both sides, that I
+think it will fall to an evil end, for she hath put the
+Earl of Murray to the horn {<i>i.e.</i> outlawed} and prohibited
+all persons to aid him. Nevertheless, the
+Duke, the Earls of Argyll and Rothes are together
+with him. We shall hear by Mr. Tomworth what is
+most likely to follow.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE REBELS OUT-LAWED</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Register of the Privy Council</i>, December 1, 1565.</p>
+
+<p>The which day, in presence of the King and
+Queen's Majesties and Lords of Secret Council, compeared
+Master John Spence of Condy, advocate to
+their Highnesses, and exponed how at their Majesties'
+command he had libelled summonses of treason
+against Archibald, Earl of Argyll, James, Earl of
+Murray, Alexander, Earl of Glencairn, Andrew, Earl
+of Rothes, Andrew, Lord Ochiltree, Robert, Lord
+Boyd, and divers others,&mdash;to compear in the next
+Parliament, to begin the fourth day of February next
+to come, to hear them decerned to have incurred the
+crime of <i>lese majestie</i>, and to have lost and forfeited
+life, lands, and goods.... But because there were<span class="pagenum">[Pg 68]</span>
+divers of the said persons outwith the realm ... it
+behoved them be summoned by open proclamation
+at the Market Cross of Edinburgh, and other Crosses
+next adjacent according to the common law; and
+thereupon desired a declaration and determination of
+their Majesties and Lords forsaid. The which being
+reasoned with good deliberation and advisement, their
+Majesties and Lordships find and declare that the
+said persons being summoned in manner above specified,
+the execution is as sufficient in all respects as if
+the same summonses were execute upon them personally
+or at their dwelling-places.</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>GOOD AND COURTEOUS ENTERTAINMENT</i></div>
+
+<h2>Murray's Reception by Elizabeth.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Knox's Continuator</i> (cf. <a href="#JOHN_KNOX">p. 260</a>), <i>Laing's Knox</i>, vol. ii. p. 513</p>
+
+<p>By means of the French Ambassador, called Monsieur
+De Four, his true friend, he {Murray} obtained
+audience. The Queen, with a fair countenance, demanded
+"how he, being a rebel to her Sister of
+Scotland, durst take the boldness upon him to come
+within her realm?" These, and the like words got
+he, instead of the good and courteous entertainment
+expected. Finally, after private discourse, the Ambassador
+being absent, she refused to give the Lords
+any support, denying plainly that ever she had promised
+any such thing as to support them, saying,
+"She never meant any such thing in that way;"
+albeit her greatest familiars knew the contrary. In
+the end the Earl of Murray said to her, "Madam,
+whatsoever thing your Majesty meant in your heart,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 69]</span>
+we are thereof ignorant; but this much we know
+assuredly, that we had lately faithful promises of aid
+and support by your Ambassador and familiar servants,
+in your name; and further, we have your own handwriting,
+confirming the said promises." And afterward
+he took his leave, and came northward from
+London towards Newcastle. After the Earl of Murray
+his departure from the Court the Queen sent them
+some aid, and writ unto the Queen of Scotland in
+their favour, whether she had promised it in private
+to the Earl of Murray, or whether she repented her
+of the harsh reception of the Earl of Murray.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray should be
+compared with that given by Melville (<a href="#Pg_60">p. 60</a>).]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<h2>Mary's <a name="Relations" id="Relations"></a>Relations with her Husband.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, January 16, 1566. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 216.</p>
+
+<p>This court of long time hath been very quiet,
+small resort of any, and many of those that come
+but slenderly welcome for the great and importunate
+suit made by them for my Lord of Murray and the
+rest, who by no means can find any favour at her
+Grace's hands, in so much that Robert Melville hath
+received for resolute answer that let the Queen of
+England do for them what she will, they shall never
+live in Scotland and she together....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MATRIMONIAL MISLIKINGS</i></div>
+
+<p>I cannot tell what mislikings of late there hath
+been between her Grace and her husband; he presses
+earnestly for the matrimonial crown, which she is
+loth hastily to grant, but willing to keep somewhat<span class="pagenum">[Pg 70]</span>
+in store until she know how well he is worthy to
+enjoy such a sovereignty, and therefore it is thought
+that the Parliament for a time shall be deferred, but
+hereof I can write no certainty.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE HOLY LEAGUE</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh</i>, February 7, 1565. <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 219.</p>
+
+<p>There was a bond lately devised in which the late
+Pope, the Emperor, the King of Spain, the Duke of
+Savoy, with divers Princes of Italy and the Queen
+mother {of France} suspected to be of the same confederacy,
+to maintain papistry throughout Christendom.
+This bond was sent out of France by Thornton,
+and is subscribed by this Queen. The copy whereof,
+remaining with her and the principal, to be returned
+very shortly, as I hear, by Mr. Steven Wilson, a fit
+minister for such devilish devices. If the copy hereof
+can be gotten, it shall be sent as conveniently I
+may....</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The bond referred to is the Holy League. Cf. <i>infra.</i>]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In this court divers contentions, quarrels, and
+debates; nothing so much sought as to maintain
+mischief and disorder. David {Rizzio} yet retaineth
+his place, not without heart grief to many that see
+their sovereign guided chiefly by such a fellow.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, February 14, 1566.
+<i>Stevenson's Selections.</i></p>
+
+<p>There is a league concluded between the King of
+Spain, the Duke of Savoy, and divers other Papist
+princes, for the overthrow of religion, as you shall<span class="pagenum">[Pg 71]</span>
+hear more by others, which is come to this Queen's
+hands, but not yet confirmed.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>CECIL INFORMED OF THE RIZZIO PLOT</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, March 6, 1566.
+<i>Tytler's History of Scotland</i>, vol. vii. p. 30.</p>
+
+<p>Somewhat we are sure you have heard of divers
+discord and jars between this Queen and her husband,
+partly for that she hath refused him the crown matrimonial,
+partly for that he hath assured knowledge of
+such, usage of herself as altogether is intolerable to
+be borne, which, if it were not over well known, we
+would both be very loath to think that it could be true.
+To take away this occasion of slander, he is himself
+determined to be at the apprehension and execution
+of him, whom he is able manifestly to charge with
+the crime, and to have done him the most dishonour
+that can be to any man, much more being as he is.
+We need not more plainly to describe the person
+{Rizzio}. You have heard of the man whom we
+mean of.</p>
+
+<p>To come by the other thing which he desireth,
+which is the crown matrimonial, what is devised and
+concluded upon by him and the noblemen, you shall
+see by copies of the conditions between them and
+him, of which Mr. Randolph assureth me to have
+seen the principals, and taken the copies written with
+his own hand.</p>
+
+<p>The time of execution and performance of these
+matters is before the Parliament, as near as it is. To
+this determination of theirs, there are privy in Scotland;
+these&mdash;Argyll, Morton, Boyd, Ruthven, and
+Lethington. In England these&mdash;Murray, Rothes,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 72]</span>
+Grange, myself, and the writer hereof. If persuasions
+to cause the Queen to yield to these matters
+do no good, they purpose to proceed we know not in
+what sort. If she be able to make any power at
+home, she shall be withstood, and herself kept from
+all other counsel than her own nobility. If she seek
+any foreign support, the Queen's Majesty, our
+sovereign, shall be sought, and sued unto to accept
+his and their defence, with offers reasonable to
+her Majesty's contentment.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>OBLIGATIONS OF THE LORDS</i></div>
+
+<h2>Agreement between Darnley and the Earls of Murray, Argyll, Glencairn,
+and Rothes, and Lords Boyd and Ochiltree.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ruthven's Relation</i>, Ed. of 1815.</p>
+<p class="center"><i>Articles to be fulfilled by the lords.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. The said earls, lords, and their complices, shall
+become, and by the tenor hereof become true subjects,
+men and servants to the noble and mighty Prince
+Henry, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, and
+husband to our sovereign lady; that they and all
+others that will do for them shall take a loyal and
+true part with the said noble Prince in all his actions,
+causes, and quarrels, against whomsoever, to the
+uttermost of their power....</p>
+
+<p>2. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall
+... by themselves and others that have voice in
+Parliament, consent, and by these presents do consent
+now as then, and then as now, to grant and
+give the crown matrimonial to the said noble Prince
+for all the days of his life. And if any person or<span class="pagenum">[Pg 73]</span>
+persons withstand or gainsay the same, the said earls,
+lords, and their complices shall take such part as the
+said noble Prince taketh, in whatsoever sort, for the
+obtaining of the said crown against all....</p>
+
+<p>3. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall
+fortify and maintain the said noble Prince in his just
+title to the crown of Scotland, failing of succession of
+our sovereign lady....</p>
+
+<p>4. As to the religion which was established by the
+Queen's Majesty, our sovereign, shortly after her
+arrival in this realm ... they and every one of
+them shall maintain and fortify the same at their
+uttermost powers, by the help, supply, and maintenance
+of the said noble Prince.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;">
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY'S PROMISES</i></div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Articles to be fulfilled by Darnley.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. The said noble Prince shall do his good-will
+to obtain them one remission, if they require the
+same, for all faults and crimes by-past, of whatsoever
+quality or condition they be....</p>
+
+<p>2. We shall not suffer, by our good-wills, the
+foresaid lords and their complices to be called or
+accused in Parliament, nor suffer any forfeiture to be
+laid against them....</p>
+
+<p>3. That the said earls, lords, and their complices,
+returning within the realm of Scotland, we shall
+suffer or permit them to use and enjoy all their lands,
+tacks, steadings, and benefices, that they or any of
+them had before their passage into England....</p>
+
+<p>4. As to the said earls, lords, and their complices'
+religion, we are contented and consent that they use<span class="pagenum">[Pg 74]</span>
+the same, conform to the Queen's Majesty's act
+and proclamation made thereupon, shortly after her
+Highness's return out of France....</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;">
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE BOND FOR THE MURDER</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE WORD OF A PRINCE</i></div>
+
+<h2>Bond for Rizzio's Murder&mdash;Ruthven's Relation.</h2>
+
+<p>Be it kend {known} to all men by these present
+letters: We, Henry, by the grace of God, King of
+Scotland, and husband to the Queen's Majesty, for so
+much we having consideration of the gentle and good
+nature, with many other good qualities in her Majesty,
+we have thought pity, and also think it great conscience
+to us that are her husband, to suffer her to
+be abused or seduced by certain privy persons, wicked
+and ungodly ... especially a stranger Italian called
+Davie ... we have devised to take these privy
+persons, enemies to her Majesty, us, the nobility and
+commonwealth, to punish them according to their
+demerits, and in case of any difficulty, to cut them
+off immediately, and to take and slay them wherever
+it happeneth. And because we cannot accomplish
+the same without the assistance of others, therefore
+have we drawn certain of our nobility, earls, lords,
+barons, freeholders, gentlemen, merchants, and craftsmen,
+to assist us in our enterprise, which cannot be
+finished without great hazard.... We bind and
+oblige us, our heirs and successors, to the said earls,
+lords, barons, gentlemen, freeholders, merchants, and
+craftsmen, their heirs and successors, that we shall
+accept the same feud upon us, and fortify and maintain
+them at the uttermost of our power, and shall be
+friend to their friend, and enemy to their enemies,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 75]</span>
+and shall neither suffer them nor theirs to be molested
+nor troubled in their bodies, lands, goods, nor possessions
+so far as lieth in us. And if any person would
+take any of the said earls, lords, barons, gentlemen,
+freeholders, merchants, or craftsmen, for enterprising
+and assisting with us for the achieving of our purpose,
+because it may chance to be done in presence of the
+Queen's majesty, or within her palace of Holyrood-house,
+we, by the word of a prince, shall accept and
+take the same on us now as then and then as now....
+In witness whereof we have subscribed this with
+our own hand at Edinburgh, the 1st of March 1565.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>A ROYAL SUPPER-PARTY</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE MURDER</i></div>
+
+<h2>1566.&mdash;April 2. Mary's Description of the Murder
+of Rizzio, in a letter to the Archbishop of Glasgow,
+her Ambassador in Paris.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 411.</p>
+
+<p>Most Reverend Father, we greet you well.... It
+is not unknown to you how our Parliament was
+appointed to the 12th of this instant month of March,
+to which these that were our rebels and fugitives in
+England were summoned to have heard themselves
+forfeited. The day thereof approaching, we required
+the King our husband to assist us in passing thereto,
+who, as we are assured, being persuaded by our
+rebels that were fugitive, with the advice and fortification
+of the Earl of Morton, Lords Ruthven and
+Lindsay, their assisters and complices, who were with
+us in company, by their suggestion refused to pass
+with us thereto, as we suppose because of his facility,
+and subtle means of the Lords foresaid, he condescended
+to advance the pretended religion published<span class="pagenum">[Pg 76]</span>
+here, to put the rebels in their rooms and possessions
+which they had of before, and but {without} our knowledge
+grant to them a remit of all their trespasses....
+Upon the 9th day of March instant, we being, at even
+about seven hours, in our cabinet at our supper,
+sociated with our sister the Countess of Argyll, our
+brother the Commendator {lay Abbot} of Holyrood-house,
+Laird of Criech, Arthur Erskine, and certain
+others our domestic servitors, in quiet manner,
+especially by reason of our evil disposition, being
+counselled to sustain ourselves with flesh {in Lent},
+having also then passed almost to the end of seven
+months in our birth; the King our husband came to
+us in our cabinet, placed him beside us at our supper.
+The Earl of Morton and Lord Lindsay, with their
+assisters, clothed in warlike manner, to the number
+of eight score persons or thereby, kept and occupied
+the whole entry to our Palace of Holyrood-house....
+In that meantime, the Lord Ruthven, clothed
+in like manner, with his complices, took entry perforce
+in our cabinet, and there seeing our secretary, David
+Riccio, among others our servants, declared he had
+to speak with him. In this instant we inquired the
+King our husband if he knew anything of that enterprise?
+who denyed the same. Also we commanded
+the Lord Ruthven, under the pain of treason, to
+avoid him forth of our presence, declaring we should
+exhibit the said David before the Lords of Parliament
+to be punished, if in any sort he had offended. Notwithstanding,
+the said Lord Ruthven perforce invaded
+him in our presence (he then for refuge took safe-guard,
+having retired him behind our back), and with<span class="pagenum">[Pg 77]</span>
+his complices cast down our table upon ourself, put
+violent hands in him, struck him over our shoulders
+with whingers {hangers}, one part of them standing
+before our face with bended daggs {pistols}, most
+cruelly took him forth of our cabinet, and at the
+entry of our chamber give him fifty-six strokes with
+whingers and swords, in doing whereof we were not
+only struck with great dread, but also by sundry
+considerations, were most justly induced to take
+extreme fear of our life. After this deed immediately
+the said Lord Ruthven, coming again in our presence,
+declared how they and their complices foresaid were
+highly offended with our proceedings and tyranny,
+which was not to them tolerable; how we were
+abused by the said David whom they had actually
+put to death, namely, in taking his counsel for maintenance
+of the ancient religion, debarring of the
+Lords which were fugitive, and entertaining of amity
+with foreign princes and nations with whom we were
+confederate; putting also upon Council the Lords
+Bothwell and Huntly, who were traitors, and with
+whom he associated himself, that the Lords banished
+in England were the morn to resort toward us, and
+would take plain part with them in our contrary;
+and that the King was willing to remit them their
+offences. We all this time took no less care of ourselves
+than for our Council and nobility, maintainers
+of our authority, being with us in our Palace for the
+time; to wit, the Earls of Huntly, Bothwell, Athole,
+Lords Fleming and Livingstone, Sir James Balfour,
+and certain others our familiar servitors, against whom
+the enterprise was conspired as well as for David;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 78]</span>
+and namely to have hanged the said Sir James in
+cords. Yet, by the providence of God, the Earls of
+Huntly and Bothwell escaped forth of their chambers
+in our Palace at a back window by some cords....
+The Earl of Athole and Sir James Balfour by some
+other means, with the Lords Fleming and Livingstone,
+obtained deliverance of their invasion. The Provost
+and town of Edinburgh having understood this tumult
+in our Palace, caused ring their common bell, came to
+us in great number and desired to have seen our
+presence, intercommuned with us, and to have
+known our welfare; to whom we were not permitted
+to give answer, being extremely threatened by these
+Lords, who in our face declared, if we desired to
+have spoken them, they should cut us in collops, and
+cast us over the wall. So this community being commanded
+by our husband, retired them to quietness.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>TREATMENT OF THE QUEEN</i></div>
+
+<p>All that night we were detained in captivity within
+our chamber, not permitting us to have intercommuned
+scarcely with our servant-women nor domestic
+servitors. Upon the morn hereafter proclamation
+was made in our husband's name, by {without} our
+advice, commanding all Prelates and other Lords
+convened to Parliament to retire themselves of our
+burgh of Edinburgh. That whole day we were kept
+in that firmance {custody}, our familiar servitors and
+guard being debarred from our service, and we
+watched by the committers of these crimes, to whom
+a part of the community of Edinburgh, to the number
+of four score persons, assisted.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Murray that same day at even, accompanied
+with the Earl of Rothes, Pitarrow, Grange,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 79]</span>
+tutor of Pitcur, and others who were with him in
+England, came to them, and seeing our state and
+entertainment, was moved with natural affection
+toward us. Upon the morn he assembled the enterprisers
+of their late crime, and such of our rebels as
+came with him. In their Council they thought it
+most expedient we should be warded in our castle of
+Stirling, there to remain while {till} we had approved
+in Parliament all their wicked enterprises, established
+their religion, and given the King the crown matrimonial
+and the whole government of our realm; or
+else, by all appearance, firmly prepared to have put
+us to death, or detained us in perpetual captivity.
+To avoid them of our Palace, with their guard and
+assisters, the King promised to keep us that night in
+sure guard, and that but {without} compulsion he
+should cause us in Parliament approve all their conspiracies.
+By this means he caused them to retire
+them of our Palace.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY WINS DARNLEY TO HER SIDE</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY PROTESTS INNOCENCE</i></div>
+
+<p>This being granted, ... we declared our state to
+the King our husband, certifying him how miserably
+he would be handled, in case he permitted these
+Lords to prevail in our contrare {against us}, and
+how unacceptable it would be to other Princes, our
+confederates, in case he altered the religion. By this
+persuasion he was induced to condescend to the
+purpose taken by us, and to retire in our company
+to Dunbar, which we did under night, accompanied
+with the captain of our guard, Arthur Erskine, and
+two others only.... Soon after our coming to
+Dunbar, sundry of our nobility, zealous of our weal,
+such as the Earls of Huntly, Bothwell, Marshal,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 80]</span>
+Athole, Caithness; Bishop of St. Andrews, with his
+kin and friends; Lords Hume, Sempill, and infinite
+others assembled to us.... The Earl of Moray
+and Argyll sent diverse messages to procure our
+favour, to whom in likewise, for certain respects, by
+advice of our Nobility and Council being with us, we
+have granted remission, under condition they nowise
+apply themselves to these last conspirators, and
+retire themselves in Argyle during our will....
+We remained in Dunbar five days, and after returned
+to Edinburgh well accompanied with our
+subjects. The last conspirators, with their assisters,
+have removed themselves forth of the same before,
+and being presently fugitive from our laws, we have
+caused by our charges their whole fortunes, strength,
+and houses to be rendered to us; have caused make
+inventory of their goods and gear, and intend further
+to pursue them with all vigour. Whereunto we are
+assured to have the assistance of our husband, who
+hath declared to us, and in presence of the Lords of
+our Privy Council, his innocence of this last conspiracy,
+how he never counselled, commanded, consented,
+assisted, nor approved the same. Thus far
+only he ever saw himself, that at the enticement and
+persuasion of the late conspirators he, without our
+advice or knowledge, consented to the bringing home
+forth of England of the Earls of Moray, Glencairn,
+Rothes, and other persons with whom we were
+offended. This ye will consider by his declaration
+made hereupon, which at his desire hath been published
+at the market crosses of this our Realm ...
+of Edinburgh, the second day of April 1566.</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 81]</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="SECTION_IV" id="SECTION_IV"></a>SECTION IV</h2>
+<h3>MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY</h3><BR>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bedford">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Murray's plea for the Rizzio rebels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#KING">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The relations between Mary and Darnley.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's Will.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Birth of Prince James.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Elizabeth">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary to Elizabeth anent her support of the rebels.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Treatment">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's treatment of Darnley, and Darnley's conduct towards Mary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by M. le Croc, the French Ambassador.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan, with the Alloa story.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Nau's account of the Alloa story, and a letter of Mary's from Alloa.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Hermitage">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Ride to Hermitage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported in the Diurnal of Occurrents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Nau.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Illness">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Queen's illness at Jedburgh.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Craigmillar">7.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Craigmillar Conference.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">In the Protestation of Huntly and Argyll.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#immediately">8.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The events immediately before the Darnley murder.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Letter from Du Croc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Baptism of the Prince.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Restoration of the consistorial jurisdiction.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary on Darnley's conduct.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">Beaton's warning.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Glasgow">9.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The visit to Glasgow and the murder.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 82]</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">As reported by Buchanan in the <i>Detection</i>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">As described by Mary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">As described by Nau.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">As described by Buchanan in his <i>History</i>.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<br>
+
+<h2><a name="KING" id="KING"></a>Relations between Mary and Darnley.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i><a name="Bedford" id="Bedford"></a>Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, March 27,<br>
+1566.&nbsp; <i>Wright's Elizabeth</i>, vol. i. p. 235.</p>
+
+<p>My Lord of Murray by a special servant sent unto
+us desireth your Honour's favour to these noblemen
+{the fugitives}, as his dear friends, and such as for
+his sake hath given this adventure.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote">"<i>TO THE KING WHO GAVE IT ME</i>"</div>
+
+<h2>Bequests to the King.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Robertson's Inventories.</i></p>
+
+<p>Before the birth of her son, Mary made a will, of
+which no copy is extant. But Mr. Joseph Robertson
+found an inventory of her jewels, made at the same
+time, with marginal notes, in the Queen's own handwriting,
+indicating their disposition. There are fifteen
+entries "Au Roy," from which we quote the most
+interesting marginal note:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">It was with this that I was married, to the King, who gave it me.</td><td align="left">A diamond ring enamelled in red.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>There are also bequests to the Crown of Scotland,
+the Earl and Countess of Lennox, and the Earl of
+Murray, also a jewel with the marginal note:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"To Joseph {Riccio}, which his brother gave me."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 83]</span></p>
+<p>At the end of the first section of the inventory,
+there is the following note in Mary's hand:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I wish that these provisions be carried out in
+case that the child does not survive me, but if it live,
+it is to inherit everything. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Marie R.</span>"</p>
+<br>
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 270px;"><a name="MONOGRAM" id="MONOGRAM"></a>
+<img src="images/illus_004.jpg" width="270" height="486" alt="" title="">
+<span class="caption">QUEEN MARY'S SIGNET-RING AND MONOGRAM.</span>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<h2>Mary's Will as described in the "Book of Articles" (cf. <a href="#Articles">p. 144</a>).</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Hosack's Mary</i>, vol. i. p. 525.</p>
+
+<p>This her rooted disdain still continuing a little
+before her deliverance of her birth in May or June
+1566, in making of her latter will and testament,
+she named and appointed Bothwell among others to
+the tutele {guardianship} of her birth {child} and
+issue, and government of the realm in case of her
+decease, and unnaturally excluded the father from all
+kind of cure and regiment over his own child, advancing
+Bothwell above all others to be lieutenant-general....
+She disponit also her whole moveables
+to others beside her husband.</p><br>
+
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>BIRTH OF A PRINCE</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S RECEPTION OF THE NEWS</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Birth of Prince James.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 158.</p>
+
+<p>All this while I lay in the castle of Edinburgh,
+praying night and day for her Majesty's good and
+happy delivery of a fair son. This prayer being
+granted, I was the first that was advertised by the
+Lady Boyne {Mary Beaton, just married to Ogilvie
+of Boyne}, in her Majesty's name to part with diligence,
+the 19th day of June in the year 1566,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 84]</span>
+between ten and eleven hours before noon. It
+struck twelve hours when I took my horse, and was
+at Berwick that same night. The fourth day after,
+I was at London, and met first with my brother,
+who sent and advertised the Secretary Cecil that
+same night of my coming and of the birth of the
+Prince, willing him to keep it up, until my being at
+Court to show it myself unto her Majesty, who was
+for the time at Greenwich, where her Majesty was in
+great merriness and dancing after supper; but so
+soon as the Secretary Cecil rounded the news in her
+ear of the Prince's birth all merriness was laid aside
+for that night, every one that were present marvelling
+what might move so sudden a changement; for the
+Queen sat down with her hand upon her haffet
+{cheek}, and bursting out to some of her ladies, how
+that the Queen of Scotland was lighter of a fair
+son, and that she was but a barren stock.... The
+next morning was appointed unto me to get audience
+... she ... said, that the joyful news of the Queen
+her sister's delivery of a fair son, which I had sent
+unto her by Master Cecil, had recovered her out of
+a heavy sickness which has held her fifteen days.
+Therefore she welcomed me with a merry volt {countenance},
+and thanked me for the diligence I had
+used. All this she said before I had delivered unto
+her my letter of credence. After that she had read
+it, I declared how that the Queen had hasted me
+towards her Majesty, whom she knew of all other
+her friends would be gladdest of the good news of
+her birth, albeit dear bought with the peril of her
+life; for I said that she was so sore handled in the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 85]</span>
+meantime that she wished never to have been married.
+This I said to give her a little scare to marry, by the
+way; for so my brother had informed me, because
+she boasted sometimes to marry the Archduke
+Charles of Austria, when any man pressed her to
+declare a second person {heir}. Then I requested
+her Majesty to be a gossip unto the Queen, for our
+cummer are called gossips in England; which she
+granted gladly to be.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY AND DARNLEY</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Herries's Memoirs</i>, p. 79. (<i>Abbotsford Club.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>About two o'clock in the afternoon the King came
+to visit the Queen, and was desirous to see the child.
+"My Lord," says the Queen, "God has given you
+and me a son, begotten by none but you!" At
+which words the King blushed, and kissed the child.
+Then she took the child in her arms, and discovering
+his face, said, "My Lord, here I protest to God, and
+as I shall answer to Him at the great day of judgment,
+this is your son, and no other man's son!
+And I am desirous that all here, with ladies and
+others, bear witness; for he is so much your own
+son, that I fear it will be the worse for him hereafter!"
+Then she spoke to Sir William Stanley.
+"This," says she, "is the son whom (I hope) shall
+first unite the two kingdoms of Scotland and England!"
+Sir William answered, "Why, Madam?
+Shall he succeed before your Majesty and his father?"
+"Because," says she, "his father has broken to me."
+The King was by and heard all. Says he, "Sweet
+Madam, is this your promise that you made to forgive
+and forget all?" The Queen answered, "I<span class="pagenum">[Pg 86]</span>
+have forgiven all, but will never forget. What if
+Faudonside's pistol had shot, what would have become
+of him and me both? or what estate would you have
+been in? God only knows; but we may suspect."
+"Madam," answered the King, "these things are all
+past." "Then," says the Queen, "let them go."</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>REJOICINGS IN EDINBURGH</i></div>
+
+<h2>Rejoicings in Edinburgh.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Claude Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 27.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately upon the birth of the Prince, all the
+artillery of the castle was discharged, and the lords,
+the nobles, and the people gathered in St. Giles'
+Church to thank God for the honour of having an
+heir to their kingdom. After the birth, certain gentlemen
+were despatched to the King of France, the
+Queen of England, and the Duke of Savoy, to ask
+them to be godfathers and godmothers to the Prince,
+to which they very gladly consented.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH AGAIN QUESTIONED</i></div>
+
+<h2><a name="Elizabeth" id="Elizabeth"></a>Elizabeth and the Rebels.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Mary to Elizabeth</i>, July 1566. <i>Keith's
+History</i>, vol. ii. p. 442.</p>
+
+<p>Right excellent, right high and mighty Princess,
+our dearest sister and cousin, in our most hearty
+manner we commend us unto you: We have understood
+by your declaration made ... to our dearest
+brother the King of France, ... that neither ye had
+aided nor were minded to aid and support our rebels
+against us, which we have always taken to be undoubtedly
+true, ... yet we have certain knowledge<span class="pagenum">[Pg 87]</span>
+that our said rebels were supported with the sum of
+three thousand crowns, sent to the Lady Murray by
+Master Randolph about the middle of August by-past,
+as the man who carried the money has confessed
+in his own presence; which his proceeding as
+we have just occasion to think most strange ... we
+... have taken occasion to send him home to you,
+where his behaviour in this case may be tried, and he
+ordered accordingly at your discretion.</p><br>
+
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>QUEEN MARY'S WISE CONDUCT</i></div>
+
+<h2>Mary's <a name="Treatment" id="Treatment"></a>Treatment of Darnley.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>M. le Croc, French Ambassador in Scotland, to the Archbishop of
+Glasgow, Scottish Ambassador in France, from Jedburgh</i>, October 15, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 448.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen is now returned from Stirling to Edinburgh....
+The King, however, abode at Stirling,
+and he told me there that he had a mind to go
+beyond sea, in a sort of desperation.... Since that
+time the Earl of Lennox his father came to visit him;
+and he has written a letter to the Queen signifying
+that it is not in his power to divert his son from his
+intended voyage, and prays her Majesty to use her
+influence therein. This letter from the Earl of
+Lennox the Queen received on Michaelmas Day in
+the morning; and that same evening the King
+arrived here about ten of the clock.... Early next
+morning the Queen sent for me, and for all the
+Lords and other counsellors. As we were all met
+in their Majesties' presence, the Bishop of Ross by
+the Queen's commandment declared to the Council<span class="pagenum">[Pg 88]</span>
+the King's intention to go beyond sea; for which
+purpose he had a ship lying ready to sail; ... and
+thereafter the Queen prayed the King to declare in
+presence of the Lords and before me the reason of
+his projected departure.... She likewise took him
+by the hand, and besought him for God's sake to
+declare if she had given him any cause for this resolution;
+and entreated he might deal plainly, and not
+spare her. Moreover, all the Lords likewise said to
+him, that if there was any fault on their part, upon
+his declaring it they were ready to perform it. And
+I likewise took the freedom to tell him, that his
+departure must certainly affect either his own or the
+Queen's honour&mdash;that if the Queen had afforded any
+ground for it, his declaring the same would affect her
+Majesty; as, on the other hand, if he should go away
+without giving any cause for it, this thing could not
+at all redound to his praise.... The King at last
+declared that he had no ground at all given him for
+such a deliberation; and thereupon he went out of
+the chamber of presence, saying to the Queen,
+"Adieu, Madam, you shall not see my face for a
+long space." ... I never saw her Majesty so much
+beloved, esteemed, and honoured; nor so great a
+harmony amongst all her subjects, as at present
+is by her wise conduct, for I cannot perceive the
+smallest difference or division.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>SUBSEQUENT ACCUSATIONS</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection.</i></p>
+
+<p>Not long after her deliverance, on a day very early,
+accompanied with very few that were privy of her
+counsel, she went down to the water-side, at the
+place called the New Haven; and while all marvelled<span class="pagenum">[Pg 89]</span>
+whither she went in such haste, she suddenly entered
+into a ship there provided for her; which ship was
+provided by ... Bothwell's servants, and famous
+robbers and pirates. With this train of thieves, all
+honest men wondering at it, she betook herself to
+sea, taking not any other with her, no not of her
+gentlemen, nor necessary attendants for common
+honesty. In Alloa castle, where the ship arrived,
+how she behaved herself, I had rather every man
+should with himself imagine it, than hear me declare
+it. This one thing I dare affirm, that in all her
+words and doings, she never kept any regard, I will
+not say of Queen-like Majesty, but not of matron-like
+modesty.... In the meantime, the King being
+commanded out of sight, and with injuries and
+miseries banished from her, kept himself close, with
+a few of his friends, at Stirling.... Yet his heart,
+obstinately fixed in loving her, could not be restrained,
+but he must needs come back to Edinburgh, on purpose,
+with all kind of serviceable humbleness, to get
+some entry into her former favour, and to recover the
+kind society of marriage. Who once again being
+with most dishonourable disdain excluded, returned
+from whence he came, there to bewail his woeful
+miseries, as in a solitary desert.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 29.</p>
+
+<p>About the beginning of August the Queen crossed
+the sea and went to Alloa, a house belonging to the
+Earl of Mar, where she remained for some days in
+the company of the ladies of her court and the said
+earl.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 90]</span></p>
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN AND A POOR WOMAN</i></div>
+
+<h2>Mary and the Poor.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>The Lennox</i>, vol. ii. p. 429.</p>
+
+<p>Trusty Friend,&mdash;Forasmuch as it is heavily bemoaned
+and piteously complained to us by this poor
+woman, that ye have violently ejected her with a company
+of poor bairns forth of her kindly room, after
+{although} willing to pay your duty thankfully: therefore
+(in respect that if ye be so extreme as to depauperate
+the poor woman and her bairns) we will desire
+you to show some favour and accept them in their
+steading {habitation} as ye have done in times bygone;
+the which we doubt not but ye will do for this our
+request, and as ye shall report our thanks and pleasure
+for the same. At Alloa, the penult of July 1566.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Marie R.</span></p>
+
+<p>To our trusty friend, Robert Murray of Abercairney,
+this be delivered.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>The Ride to <a name="Hermitage" id="Hermitage"></a>Hermitage.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Diurnal of Occurrents.</i></p>
+
+<p>Upon the 7th day of October 1566 years, our
+sovereign lady, accompanied with the nobility of this
+realm, departed of Edinburgh towards Jedburgh, to
+hold a justice eyre there, which was proclaimed to be
+held upon the eighth day of the same month.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the same day, James, Earl Bothwell ...
+being sent by our sovereigns to bring in certain
+thieves and malefactors of Liddesdale to the justice
+eyre ... chanced upon a thief called John Elliot<span class="pagenum">[Pg 91]</span>
+of the Park.... The said earl shot him with a dagg
+{pistol} in the body.... The said John perceiving
+himself shot and the Earl fallen, he went to him
+where he lay, and gave him three wounds, one in the
+body, one in the head, and one in the hand; and my
+lord gave him two strokes with a hanger, ... and
+the said thief departed, and my lord lay in swoon,
+while his servants came and carried him to the
+Hermitage....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>FROM JEDBURGH TO HERMITAGE</i></div>
+
+<p>Upon the fifteenth day of the said month of October,
+our sovereign lady rode from Jedburgh to the
+Hermitage {about 30 miles}, wherein my Lord Bothwell
+was lying in mending of his wound, and spake with
+the same earl, and returned again the same night to
+Jedburgh.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 30.</p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Bothwell was so dangerously wounded
+in the hand that every one thought he would die.
+He thought so himself. Such being the case, her
+Majesty was both solicited and advised to pay him a
+visit at his house, called the Hermitage, in order
+that she might learn from him the state of affairs in
+these districts, of which the said lord was hereditary
+governor. With this object in view, she went very
+speedily, in the company of the Earl of Moray and
+some other lords, in whose presence she conversed
+with Bothwell for some hours, and on the same day
+returned to Jedburgh.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 92]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN'S VERSION</i></div>
+
+<h2>Buchanan on the Ride to Hermitage.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Detection.</i></p>
+
+<p>When the Queen had resolved to set out for Jedburgh
+to hold the Assizes, about the beginning of
+October, Bothwell made an expedition into Liddesdale.
+While he was conducting himself there in a
+manner worthy neither of the place to which he had
+been raised nor of his family and of what might have
+been expected of him, he was wounded by a dying
+robber. He was carried to the castle of Hermitage
+in a condition such as to make his recovery uncertain.
+When this news is carried to the Queen at Borthwick,
+although it was a severe winter, she flies off like a
+mad woman, with enormous journeys first to Melrose
+and then to Jedburgh. Although reliable reports
+about his life had reached that place, her eager mind
+was unable to retain self-control and to prevent her
+from displaying her shameless lust. At an unfavourable
+season, in spite of the danger of the roads and
+of robbers, she threw herself into the expedition with
+such an escort as no one slightly more honourable
+would have dared to entrust with life and fortune.
+Furthermore, when she returned to Jedburgh she
+arranged, with extraordinary zeal and care, for Bothwell's
+being carried thither. After he was brought
+there, their life and conversation was little in accordance
+with the dignity of either of them.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The distance from Borthwick Castle to Jedburgh is about sixty
+miles.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 93]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY PHYSICIAN</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Queen's <a name="Illness" id="Illness"></a>Illness at Jedburgh.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, to the Archbishop of Glasgow.</i> October 27, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. iii. p. 286.</p>
+
+<p>My Lord,&mdash;After most hearty commendations, I
+write upon haste to your Lordship with Saunders
+Bog, who was sent by M. de Croc this last Wednesday
+to advertise of the Queen's Majesty's sickness,
+which at that time was wondrous great; for assuredly
+her Majesty was so handled with great vehemency,
+that all that were with her were desperate of her
+convalescence. Nevertheless, soon after the departing
+of Saunders Bog, her Majesty got some relief, which
+lasted till Thursday at ten hours at even, at which
+time her Majesty swooned again, and failed in her
+sight; her feet and her hands were cold, which
+were handled by extreme rubbing, drawing, and
+other cures, by the space of four hours, that no
+creature could endure greater pain; and through the
+vehemency of this cure her Majesty got some relief,
+till about six hours in the morning on Friday, that
+her Majesty became dead, and all her members cold,
+eyes closed, mouth fast, and feet and arms stiff and
+cold. Nevertheless, Master Nau, who is a perfect
+man of his craft, would not give the matter over in
+that manner, but of new began to draw her knees,
+legs, arms, feet, and the rest, with such vehement
+torments, which lasted the space of three hours, till
+her Majesty recovered again her sight and speech,
+and got a great sweating, which was held the relief
+of the sickness, because it was on the ninth day,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 94]</span>
+which commonly is called the crisis of the sickness,
+and so here thought the cooling of the fever. And
+since then continually, thanks to God, her Majesty
+convalesces better and better.... Always, I assure
+your Lordship, in all this sickness, her Majesty used
+herself marvellous godly and Catholic, and continually
+desired to hear speak of God and godly
+prayers....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S RECOVERY</i></div>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Mr. Small, in his "Queen Mary at Jedburgh" (p. 18), gives the
+following as the opinion of "a distinguished physician" on the
+illness:&mdash;"An attack of hæmatemesis, or effusion of blood into the
+stomach, subsequently discharged by vomiting; presenting also,
+possibly, hysterical complications, the whole induced by
+over-exertion and vexation."]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Marc Antonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassador in France to the
+Signory, from Paris</i>, Nov. 6, 1566. <i>Venetian Calendar.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador from Scotland came to me to-day
+with the good news that his Queen ... is so much
+better that it is hoped and almost believed that she is
+certain to live.</p>
+
+<p>The illness was caused by her dissatisfaction at a
+decision made by the King, her husband, to go to
+a place twenty-five or thirty miles distant without
+assigning any cause for it; which departure so
+afflicted this unfortunate Princess, not so much for
+the love she bears him as from the consequences of
+his absence, which reduced her to the extremity heard
+of by your Serenity.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 95]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN ON CRAIGMILLAR CONFERENCE</i></div>
+
+<h2>1566.&mdash;The <a name="Craigmillar" id="Craigmillar"></a>Craigmillar Conference.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection.</i></p>
+
+<p>About the 5th November she returned from Jedburgh
+to a village called Kelso, and there she received
+letters from the King. When she had read these in
+the presence of the Regent, the Earl of Huntly, and
+the Secretary, with a sad countenance, she said that
+unless by some means she were freed from the King
+her life would not be worth living; and that if it
+could be done in no other way, rather than live in
+such misery, she would take her life with her own
+hand.... When, about the end of November, she
+came to Craigmillar, a castle about two miles from
+Edinburgh, she commenced a similar conversation in
+the presence of the Earl of Moray (afterwards Regent,
+and now himself dead), the Earl of Argyle, and the
+Secretary. She mentioned what seemed to her a
+satisfactory plan. She projected a suit of divorce
+against the King, and doubted not but that it could
+easily be done, since they were in that degree of
+consanguinity which is forbidden by Canon Law for
+the contraction of matrimony, although they had been
+by letters easily exempted from that law. At this
+point some one raised an objection, that, if it were so
+managed, their son would be illegitimate, being born
+out of matrimony, and the more so that neither of
+the parents was ignorant of the causes that rendered
+the marriage null. She considered that reply for a
+little, and recognised its truth. Not daring to enter
+upon a scheme which would thus affect her son, she<span class="pagenum">[Pg 96]</span>
+abandoned her project of a divorce, nor did she ever
+afterwards let slip any opportunity of getting rid of
+the King, as may be readily gathered from what remains
+to tell.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>The Protestation of the Earls of Huntly and Argyll, 1568, Goodall's Examination</i>, vol. ii. pp. 316-321, from Cott. Lib. Calig., vol. i. p. 282.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The following "Protestation" was drawn up by Queen Mary's advisers
+during the Westminster Conference (<i>infra</i>, <a href="#Westminster">pp. 143</a> <i>et seq.</i>), and
+was despatched to Huntly for his own and Argyll's signature. It was,
+however, seized and sent to Cecil, without its having reached its
+destination. It is placed here for the sake of comparison with
+Buchanan's account of the Conference. It may be noted here that in
+another document (Instructions and Articles to be advised on and
+agreed, so far as the Queen's Majesty, our Sovereign, shall think
+expedient, at the meeting of the Lords in England, committed in
+credit by ... her Grace's true faithful subjects&mdash;<i>Goodall</i>, vol.
+ii. p. 354), signed by Lords Huntly, Argyll, Crawford, Eglinton,
+Cassilis, Errol, Ogilvie, Fleming, and many others of Mary's
+supporters, the following sentence refers to this Conference:&mdash;"They
+caused make offers to our said Sovereign Lady, if her Grace would
+give remission to them that were banished at that time, to find
+causes of divorce, either for consanguinity, in respect they alleged
+the dispensation was not published, or else for adultery; or then
+{else} to get him convict of treason, because he consented to her
+Grace's retention in ward; or what other ways to despatch him; which
+altogether her Grace refused, as is manifestly known." The
+"Dispensation" is the Papal Dispensation for the Darnley marriage,
+Mary and Darnley being within the forbidden degrees.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A CONFERENCE OF THE EARLS</i></div>
+
+<p>In the year of God 1566 years, in the month of
+December, or thereby, after her Highness's great and
+extreme sickness, and return from Jedburgh, her<span class="pagenum">[Pg 97]</span>
+Grace being in the castle of Craigmillar, accompanied
+by us above written {<i>i.e.</i> Huntly and Argyll}, and by
+the Earls of Bothwell, Murray, and Secretary Lethington;
+the said Earl of Murray and Lethington
+came into the chamber of us the Earl of Argyll in
+the morning, we being in our bed; who, lamenting
+the banishment of the Earl of Morton, Lords Lindsay
+and Ruthven, with the rest of their faction, said,
+that the occasion of the murder of David, slain by
+them in presence of the Queen's Majesty, was to
+trouble and impesche {prevent} the parliament;
+wherein the Earl of Murray and others were to have
+been forfeited and declared rebels. And seeing that
+the same was chiefly for the welfare of the Earl of
+Murray, it should be esteemed ingratitude if he and
+his friends in reciprocal manner, did not strive all
+that in them lay for relief of the said banished ones;
+wherefor they thought that we, of our part, should
+have been as desirous thereto as they were.</p>
+
+<p>And we agreeing to the same, to do all that was in
+us for their relief, providing that the Queen's Majesty
+should not be offended thereat; on this Lethington
+proposed and said, "That the nearest and best way
+to obtain the said Earl of Morton's pardon, was, to
+promise to the Queen's Majesty to find a means to
+make divorcement between her Grace and the King
+her husband, who had offended her Highness so
+highly in many ways."</p>
+
+<p>And then they send to my Lord of Huntly, praying
+him to come to our chamber.... And thereon we
+four, viz., Earls of Huntly, Argyll, Murray, and
+Secretary Lethington, passed all to the Earl of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 98]</span>
+Bothwell's chamber, to understand his advice on the
+proposals; wherein he gainsaid no more than we.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THEIR PROPOSITION MADE TO THE QUEEN</i></div>
+
+<p>So thereafter we passed altogether to the Queen's
+Grace; where Lethington, after he had remembered
+her Majesty of a great number of grievous and intolerable
+offences, that the King, as he said, ungrateful
+for the honour he had received from her Highness,
+had done to her Grace, and continued every day
+from bad to worse; proposed, "That if it pleased
+her Majesty to pardon the Earl of Morton, Lords
+Ruthven and Lindsay, with their company, they
+should find the means with the rest of the nobility,
+to make divorcement between her Highness and the
+King her husband, which should not need her Grace
+to meddle therewith. To the which, it was necessary
+that her Majesty take heed to come to a decision
+therein, as well for her own relief as for the good
+of the realm; for he troubled her Grace and us all;
+and remaining with her Majesty, would not cease
+till he did her some other evil turn."</p>
+
+<p>After these persuasions and divers others, which
+the said Lethington used, besides those which every
+one of us showed particularly to her Majesty to
+bring her to the said purpose, her Grace answered:
+That under two conditions she might agree to the
+same; the one, that the divorcement were made
+lawfully; the other, that it were not prejudicial to
+her son; otherwise her Highness would rather
+endure all torments, and abide the perils that
+might befall her in her Grace's lifetime. The Earl
+of Bothwell answered, "That he doubted not but
+the divorcement might be made without prejudice<span class="pagenum">[Pg 99]</span>
+of my Lord Prince in any way," alleging the example
+of himself, that he failed not to succeed to his father's
+heritage without any difficulty, albeit there was a
+divorce between him and his mother.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S ANSWER</i></div>
+
+<p>It was also proposed that, after their divorcement,
+the King should be alone in one part of the country,
+and the Queen's Majesty in another, or else that he
+should retire to another realm; and herein her
+Majesty said, "That peradventure he would change
+his course, and that it were better that she herself
+passed into France for a time, waiting till he acknowledged
+his fault." Then Lethington, taking the
+speech, said, "Madam, think you not we are here,
+of the principal members of your Grace's nobility
+and council, and that we shall find the means that
+your Majesty shall be quit of him without prejudice
+of your son. And albeit that my Lord of Murray
+here present be little less scrupulous for a Protestant,
+than your Grace is for a Papist, I am assured he will
+look through his fingers thereto, and will behold
+our doings, saying nothing to the same." The
+Queen's Majesty answered, "I will that ye do nothing
+through which any spot may be laid upon
+my honour or conscience, and therefore I pray you,
+rather let the matter be in the condition that it is,
+abiding till God of His goodness put remedy thereto;
+lest you believing that you are doing me a service,
+may possibly turn to my hurt and displeasure."
+"Madam," said Lethington, "let us guide the matter
+among us, and your Grace shall see nothing but
+good, and approved by Parliament."</p>
+
+<p>So since the murder of the said Henry Stewart<span class="pagenum">[Pg 100]</span>
+followed this, we judge in our consciences, and hold
+for certain and truth, that the said Earl of Murray
+and Secretary Lethington were authors, inventors,
+devisers, counsellors, and sources of the said murder,
+in whatever manner, or by whatsoever persons, the
+same was executed.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN AND DARNLEY</i></div>
+
+<h2>Events <a name="immediately" id="immediately"></a>immediately before the Murder of Darnley.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh.</i> December 2, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 96.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen is for the present at Craigmillar, about
+a league distant from this city. She is in the hands
+of the physicians, and I do assure you is not at all
+well; and do believe the principal part of her disease
+to consist in a deep grief and sorrow. Nor does it
+seem possible to make her forget the same. Still she
+repeats these words: <i>I could wish to be dead</i>. You
+know very well that the injury she has received is
+exceedingly great, and her Majesty will never forget
+it. The King, her husband, came to visit her at
+Jedburgh the very day after Captain Hay went away.
+He remained there but one single night; and yet in
+that short time I had a great deal of conversation
+with him.... I think he intends to go away tomorrow;
+but in any event I'm much assured, as I
+always have been, that he won't be present at the
+baptism. To speak my mind freely to you ...
+I do not expect, upon several accounts, any good
+understanding between them, unless God effectually
+put to His hand. The first is, the King will never
+humble himself as he ought; the other is, the Queen<span class="pagenum">[Pg 101]</span>
+can't perceive any one nobleman speaking with the
+King, but presently she suspects some contrivance
+among them.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY AND THE BAPTISM</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Glasgow.</i> December 26, 1566. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 97.</p>
+
+<p>The baptism of the Prince was performed Tuesday
+last, when he got the name of Charles James. It
+was the Queen's pleasure that he should bear the
+name James, together with that of Charles (the King
+of France's name). Everything at this solemnity
+was done according to the form of the Holy Roman
+Catholic Church. The King (Lord Darnley) had
+still given out that he would depart two days before
+the baptism, but when the time came on he made no
+sign of removing at all, only he still kept close within
+his own apartment. The very day of the baptism he
+sent three several times desiring me either to come
+and see him, or to appoint him an hour that he
+might come to me in my lodgings, so that I found
+myself obliged at last to signify to him that seeing he
+was in no good correspondence with the Queen, I
+had it in charge from the most Christian King to
+have no conference with him.... His bad deportment
+is incurable, nor can there ever be any good
+expected from him.... I can't pretend to foretell
+how all may turn; but I will say that matters can't
+subsist long as they are without being accompanied
+with sundry bad consequences.... The Queen
+behaved herself admirably well all the time of the
+baptism, and showed so much earnestness to entertain
+all the goodly company in the best manner, that this<span class="pagenum">[Pg 102]</span>
+made her forget in a good measure her former ailments.
+But I am of the mind, however, that she will give us
+some trouble as yet; nor can I be brought to think
+otherwise so long as she continues to be so pensive
+and melancholy.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>AN INSULT TO THE ENGLISH</i></div>
+
+<h2>An Incident of the Baptism.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 171.</p>
+
+<p>At the principal banquet there fell out a great flaw
+and grudge among the Englishmen, for a Frenchman
+called Bastien devised a number of men formed like
+satyrs, with long tails and whips in their hands,
+running before the meat, which was brought through
+the great hall upon a trim engine, marching, as it
+appeared, alone, with musicians clothed like maidens,
+playing upon all sorts of instruments and singing of
+music. But the satyrs were not content only to
+clear round, but put their hands behind them to
+their tails, which they wagged with their hands, in
+such sort as the Englishmen supposed it had been
+devised and done in derision of them, daftly
+{foolishly} apprehending that which they should
+not seem to have understood.... So soon as
+they saw the satyrs wagging their tails<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> ... they
+all sat down upon the bare floor behind the back<span class="pagenum">[Pg 103]</span>
+of the board, that they should not see themselves
+scorned, as they thought.</p>
+<br>
+<h2>1566.&mdash;December 23. Restoration of the Consistorial
+Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of St. Andrews.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing</i>, II., 77. <i>from Privy Seal Record</i>, bk. 35, fol. 99.</p>
+
+<p>A letter made restoring and reproving our
+sovereign's well beloved and trusty councillor, John,
+Archbishop of St. Andrews, primate and legate of
+Scotland, to all and sundry his jurisdictions as well
+upon the south as north sides of the Forth within
+the diocese of St. Andrews, which pertained to the
+Archbishopric of the same, to be used by him and
+his commissaries in all time coming in the same
+manner and form of justice as it is now used....
+At Stirling, this xxiii day of December, the year of
+God, 1566 years.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts had been abolished in
+1560. It was the Archbishop who pronounced the sentence of divorce
+between Bothwell and his wife, either in virtue of this general
+warrant, or by means of a special commission to try the case. On the
+one side, this restoration of the Consistorial Court is regarded as
+pointing to Mary's collusion with Bothwell, while controversialists,
+on the other side, would connect it with the proposal, made at
+Craigmillar, of a divorce between Mary and Darnley.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>DARNLEY FALLS ILL</i></div>
+
+<h2>Darnley's Illness.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection.</i></p>
+
+<p>Before he had passed a mile from Stirling all the
+parts of his body were taken with such a sore ache,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 104]</span>
+as it might easily appear that the same proceeded not
+of the force of any sickness, but by plain treachery.
+The token of which treachery, certain black pimples,
+so soon as he was come to Glasgow broke out over
+all his whole body, with so great ache and such pain
+throughout all his limbs, that he lingered out his life
+with very small hope of escape: and yet all this while,
+the Queen would not suffer so much as a physician
+once to come at him.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN v. BEDFORD</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>The Earl of Bedford to Cecil, from Berwick</i>,
+January 9, 1566. <i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p>
+
+<p>The King is now at Glasgow with his father, and
+there lies full of the small-pox, to whom the Queen
+has sent her physician.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh</i>, January 20, 1567.<i> Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 101.</p>
+
+<p>For the King our husband, God knows always our
+part towards him; and his behaviour and thankfulness
+to us is semblablement well known to God and
+the world; specially our own indifferent subjects see
+it, and in their hearts, we doubt not, condemn the
+same. Always we perceive him occupied and busy
+enough to have inquisition of our doings, which, God
+willing, shall aye be such as none shall have occasion
+to be offended with them, or to report of us any way
+but honourably; howsoever he, his father, and their
+fautors speak, which we know want no good will to
+make us have ado, if their power were equivalent to
+their minds.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 105]</span></p>
+
+<p class="greynote"><i>A WARNING TO THE QUEEN</i></p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>The Archbishop of Glasgow to Queen Mary, from Paris</i>,
+January 17, 1567. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 103.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard some murmuring ... that there be
+some surprise to be trafficked in your country, but
+he {the Spanish ambassador} would never let me
+know of any particular, only assured me he had
+written to his master to know if by that way he can
+try any further, and that he was advertised and counselled
+to cause me haste toward you herewith....
+Finally, I would beseech your Majesty right humbly
+to cause the captains of your guard be diligent in
+their office; for notwithstanding that I have no particular
+occasion wherein I desire it, yet can I not be
+out of fear till I hear of your news.... And so I
+pray the eternal Lord to preserve your Majesty from
+all dangers, with long life and good health.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>The Visit to <a name="Glasgow" id="Glasgow"></a>Glasgow and the Murder.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Buchanan's Detection</i> (First Scots translation, in <i>Anderson's Collections</i>, vol. ii. pp. 17-24).</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Buchanan's account of Queen Mary's visit to Glasgow should be
+supplemented by a comparison with Crawford's "Deposition" (<a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">pp.
+208-213</a>), with the Glasgow Letter (<a href="#Letter_II">pp. 167-182</a>), and with the
+passage from Nau's "Memorials" on <a href="#Pg_111">p. 111.</a>]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Herself goes to Glasgow; she pretends the cause
+of her journey to be to see the King alive, whose
+death she had continually gaped for the month before.
+But what was indeed the true cause of that journey,
+every man may plainly perceive by her letters to
+Bothwell. Being now out of care of her son, whom
+she had in her own ward, bending herself to the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 106]</span>
+slaughter of her husband, to Glasgow she goes,
+accompanied with the Hamiltons, and other the
+King's natural enemies.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>KIRK-OF-FIELD</i></div>
+
+<p>Bothwell, as it was between them before accorded,
+provides all things ready that were needful to accomplish
+the heinous act; First of all, a house, not
+commodious for a sick man, nor comely for a King,
+for it was both riven and ruinous, and had stood
+empty without any dweller for divers years before, in
+a place of small resort, between old falling walls of
+two kirks, near a few almshouses for poor beggars.
+And that no commodious means for committing that
+mischief might be wanting, there is a postern door in
+the Town Wall, hard by the house, whereby they
+might easily pass away into the fields. In choosing
+of the place, she would needs have it thought that
+they had respect to the wholesomeness. And to
+avoid suspicion that this was a feigned pretence,
+herself the two nights before the day of the murder,
+lay there in a lower room, under the King's chamber.
+And as she did curiously put off the shows of suspicion
+from herself, so the execution of the slaughter
+she was content to have committed to another.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN GOES TO HOLYROOD</i></div>
+
+<p>About three days before the King was slain, she
+practised to set her brother, Lord Robert, and him
+at deadly feud, making reckoning that it should be
+gain to her, whichsoever of them had perished.
+For matter to ground their dissension, she made
+rehearsal of the speech that the King had had with
+her concerning her brother; and when they both so
+grew in talk, as the one seemed to charge the other
+with the lie, at last they were in a manner come from<span class="pagenum">[Pg 107]</span>
+words to blows. But while they were both laying
+their hands on their weapons, the Queen feigning as
+though she had been perilously afraid of that which
+she earnestly desired, called the Earl of Murray, her
+other brother, to the parting, to this intent, that she
+might either presently bring him in danger to be slain
+himself, or in time to come to bear the blame of such
+mischief as then might have happened....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE MURDER</i></div>
+
+<p>When all things were ready prepared for performing
+this cruel fact ... the Queen, for manners' sake,
+after supper, goes up to the King's lodging. There
+being determined to show him all the tokens of
+reconciled good will, she spent certain hours in his
+company, with countenance and talk much more
+familiar than she had used in six or seven months
+before. At the coming in of Paris, she broke off
+her talk and prepared to depart. This Paris was a
+young man born in France, and had lived certain
+years in the houses of Bothwell and Seton, and afterwards
+with the Queen. Whereas the other keys of
+that lodging were in custody of the King's servants,
+Paris, by feigning certain fond and slender causes,
+had in keeping the keys which Bothwell kept back,
+of the back gate and the postern. He was in special
+trust with Bothwell and the Queen, touching their
+secret affairs. His coming (as it was before agreed
+among them) was a watchword that all was ready
+for the matter. As soon as the Queen saw him, she
+rose up immediately, and feigning another cause to
+depart, she said, "Alas! I have much offended toward
+Sebastian this day, that I came not in a mask
+to his marriage." This Sebastian was an Avernois<span class="pagenum">[Pg 108]</span>
+{Auvergnois}, a man in great favour with the Queen,
+for his cunning in music, and his merry jesting, and
+was married the same day. The King thus left,
+in manner, alone, in a desolate place, the Queen
+departs, accompanied with the Earls of Argyle,
+Huntly, and Cassilis, that attended upon her. After
+that she was come into her chamber, after midnight,
+she was in long talk with Bothwell, none being
+present but the captain of her guard. And when he
+also withdrew himself, Bothwell was there left alone,
+without other company, and shortly after retired into
+his own chamber. He changed his apparel, because
+he would be unknown of such as met him,
+and put on a loose cloak, such as the Swartrytters<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+wear, and so went forward through the watch to
+execute his intended traitorous fact. The whole
+order of the doing thereof may be easily understood
+by their confessions who were put to death for it.</p>
+
+<p>Bothwell, after the deed was ended that he went
+for, returned, and as if he had been ignorant of all
+that was done, he gat him to bed. The Queen, in
+the meantime, in great expectation of the success,
+how finely she played her part (as she thought) it is
+marvell to tell; for she not once stirred at the noise
+of the fall of the house, which shook the whole
+town, nor at the fearful outcries that followed, and
+confused cries of the people (for I think there happened
+her not any new thing unlooked for) till
+Bothwell, feigning himself afraid, rose again out of
+his bed, and came to her with the Earls of Argyle,
+Huntly, and Athole, and with the wives of the Earls<span class="pagenum">[Pg 109]</span>
+of Mar and Athole, and with the Secretary. There,
+while the monstrous chance was in telling, while
+every one wondered at the thing, that the King's
+lodging was even from the very foundation blown up
+in the air, and the King himself slain; in this
+amazedness and confused fear of all sorts of persons,
+only that same heroical heart of the Queen maintained
+itself, so far from casting herself down into
+base lamentations and tears, unbeseeming the royal
+name, blood, and estate, that she matched, or rather
+far surmounted all credit of the constancy of any in
+former times. This also proceeded of the same
+nobility of courage, that she sent out the most part
+of them that were then about her, to inquire out the
+manner of the doing, and commanded the soldiers
+that watched to follow, and she herself settled her to
+rest, with a countenance so quiet, and mind so untroubled,
+that she sweetly slept till the next day at
+noon. But lest she should appear void of all naturalness
+at the death of her husband, by little and little,
+at length she kept her close, and proclaimed a
+mourning not long to endure.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY ON THE MURDER</i></div>
+
+<h2>Mary's Description of the Murder.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Queen Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow</i>, February 11 [10?], 1567. <i>Keith's History</i>, vol. i. p. 101.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A PLOT AGAINST BOTH KING AND QUEEN</i></div>
+
+<p>We have received this morning your letters of the
+27th January by your servant Robert Dury, containing
+in one part such advertisement as we find by
+effect over true. Albeit the success has not altogether
+been such as the authors of that mischievous
+fact had preconceived in their mind, and had put it<span class="pagenum">[Pg 110]</span>
+in execution, if God in His mercy had not preserved
+us and reserved us, as we trust, to the end that we
+may take a rigorous vengeance of that mischievous
+deed, which as it should remain unpunished, we had
+rather lose life and all. The matter is horrible and
+so strange as we believe the like was never heard
+of in any country. This night past, being the 9th
+February, a little after two hours after midnight,
+the house wherein the King was lodged was in an
+instant blown in the air, he lying sleeping in his bed,
+with such a vehemency, that of the whole lodging,
+walls, and other, there is nothing remained, no, not
+a stone above another, but all carried far away or
+dashed in dross to the very ground-stone. It must
+be done by force of powder, and appears to have
+been a mine. By whom it has been done, or in
+what manner, it appears not as yet. We doubt not
+but according to the diligence our Council has begun
+already to use, the certainty of all shall be used
+shortly; and the same being discovered, which we
+wot God will never suffer to lie hid, we hope to
+punish the same with such rigour as shall serve for
+example of this cruelty to all ages to come. Always
+whoever have taken this wicked enterprise in hand,
+we assure ourselves it was dressed as well for us as
+for the King; for we lay the most part of all the
+last week in that same lodging, and were then accompanied
+with the most part of the Lords that are in
+this town that same night at midnight, and of every
+chance tarried not all night, by reason of some mask
+in the Abbey: but we believe it was not chance, but
+God that put it in our head. We despatched the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_111" id="Pg_111"></a>[Pg 111]</span>
+bearer upon the sudden, and therefore write to you
+the more shortly....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>NAU'S ACCOUNT OF THE MURDER</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Nau's Memorials</i>, p. 33.</p>
+
+<p>He {the King} went to Glasgow, where he was
+seized with the small-pox. He sent several times
+for the Queen, who was very ill, having been injured
+by a fall from her horse at Seton. At last she went,
+stayed with him, and attended him on his return to
+Edinburgh.... On his return to Edinburgh, the
+King lodged in a small house outside the town,
+which he had chosen in the report of James Balfour
+and some others. This was against the Queen's
+wishes, who was anxious to take him to Craigmillar,
+for he could not stay in Holyrood Palace lest he
+should give infection to the Prince. On his own
+account, too, he did not wish any one to see him
+in his present condition.... While he was in this
+house, the King was often visited by the Queen, with
+whom he was now perfectly reconciled. He promised
+to give her much information of the utmost importance
+to the life and quiet of both of them.... He
+warned her more particularly to be on her guard
+against Lethington, who, he said, was planning the
+ruin of the one by the means of the other....
+That very night, as her Majesty was about to leave
+the King, she met Paris, Lord Bothwell's <i>valet-de-chambre</i>,
+and noticing that his face was all blackened
+with gunpowder, she exclaimed in the hearing of
+many of the lords, just as she was mounting her
+horse, "Jesu, Paris, how begrimed you are!" At
+this he turned very red.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th of February 1567, about three or<span class="pagenum">[Pg 112]</span>
+four o'clock in the morning, a match was put to the
+train of gunpowder, which had been placed under
+the King's house. It was afterwards made public
+that this had been done by the command and device
+of the Earls of Bothwell and Morton, James Balfour,
+and some others, who always afterwards pretended
+to be most diligent in searching out the murder which
+they themselves had committed. Morton had secretly
+returned from England, to which he had been banished.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE ORIGIN OF THE CRIME</i></div>
+
+<p>This crime was the result of a bond into which
+they had entered. It was written by Alexander
+Hay, at that time one of the clerks of the Council,
+and signed by the Earls of Moray, Huntly, Bothwell,
+and Morton, by Lethington, James Balfour, and
+others, who had combined for this purpose. They
+protested that they were acting for the public good
+of the realm, pretending that they were freeing the
+Queen from the bondage and misery into which she
+had been reduced by the King's behaviour....
+He was but deceiving the Queen, whom they often
+blamed for so faithfully having come to a good
+understanding with her husband; and they told her
+that he was putting a knife not only to their throats
+but to her own.</p>
+
+<p>The King's body was blown into the garden by
+the violence of the explosion, and a poor English
+valet of his, who slept in his room, was there killed....
+Earl Bothwell was much suspected of this
+villainous and detestable murder.... If we may
+judge by the plots, deeds, and contrivances of his
+associates, it would seem that after having used him
+to rid themselves of the King, they designed to make<span class="pagenum">[Pg 113]</span>
+Bothwell their instrument to ruin the Queen, their
+true and lawful sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>Their plan was this, to persuade her to marry
+the Earl of Bothwell, so that they might charge her
+with being in the plot against her late husband, and a
+consenting party to his death. This they did shortly
+after, appealing to the fact that she had married the
+murderer.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>ANOTHER ACCOUNT BY BUCHANAN</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote">Buchanan (<i>Translated from History</i>, xx. 35).</p>
+
+<p>The Archbishop of St. Andrews, who lived nearest,
+willingly undertook the task of killing the King, when
+it was offered to him, both on account of old enmities,
+and in the hope of bringing the succession nearer
+his own family. He chose, accordingly, six or eight
+of the most abandoned of his retainers, and entrusted
+the matter to them, giving them the keys of the
+King's lodging. They entered very quietly into his
+chamber, strangled him as he lay sleeping, and
+carried his body through the postern into a garden
+beside the walls. Then, at a given signal, fire was
+applied to the house.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The question as to the manner of Darnley's death has given rise to
+considerable discussion. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Paris
+(vide <a href="#Hay">pp. 144</a>, <a href="#PARIS">215-218</a>) agree in representing that the King was
+killed by the explosion. On the other hand, Drury, who wrote to
+Cecil on 24th April {Foreign Calendar}, and Count Moretta, the agent
+of the Duke of Savoy, who was in Edinburgh {Labanoff, vii. 108},
+state that he was strangled. The facts that the bodies of Darnley
+and his servant, Taylor, were found together, in the garden, at some
+little distance from the house, without violent injury; that
+Darnley's pelisse and slippers were found beside him; and that the
+other bodies were found among the ruins, must be taken into account
+in forming a judgment on the question.]</p></blockquote><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 114]</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="SECTION_V" id="SECTION_V"></a>SECTION V</h2>
+<h3>FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND</h3><br>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bothwell">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Introductory Note.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bothwell">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary's seizure by Bothwell.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Ainslie Bond.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's description.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">Description in the Diurnal of Occurrents.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Guzman de Silva to Philip II.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Bothwell_Marriage">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Bothwell Marriage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Divorce.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Dukedom of Orkney.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Marriage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">'s demeanour, as described by Du Croc and Drury.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Carberry_Hill">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Carberry Hill.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Lochleven_Castle">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Mary in Lochleven.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Guzman de Silva on the nature of the Rebellion.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Elizabeth's intervention.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">De Silva's conversation with Murray&mdash;the first suggestion of the Casket Letters.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Escape">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The escape from Lochleven.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>LENNOX AND THE QUEEN</i></div>
+
+<h2>1567.&mdash;April 19. Mary's Capture by <a name="Bothwell" id="Bothwell"></a>Bothwell.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The Register of the Privy Council tells that, on February 12th, the
+Queen offered to the first revealer of the crime, "although he be
+one culpable and participant of the said<span class="pagenum">[Pg 115]</span>
+crime," a reward of two thousand pounds and "ane honest yeirlie
+rent." Public opinion pointed to Bothwell as the murderer, and
+anonymous placards appeared in the streets of Edinburgh accusing
+him. Lennox approached the Queen demanding a trial. On March 1st (in
+reply to his letter of February 26th) Mary wrote asking a list of
+names. He sent, on the 17th, the names of Bothwell, Sir James
+Balfour, David Chalmers, John Spens, Francis Bastian, John de
+Bourdeaux, and Joseph Riccio,&mdash;the last four were attendants on the
+Queen. On March 28th the Privy Council fixed the trial for April
+12th. On the 11th, Lennox wrote asking a postponement of the trial
+and the imprisonment of the persons he had named, or whom he might
+suspect. The request was not granted, and the trial took place on
+the 12th. The Earl of Argyll, hereditary Lord-Justice, took his
+place as President of the Court, and the Earl of Caithness was
+Chancellor of the jury. Lennox put forward his demand for a
+postponement, which was refused, Bothwell urging that the Privy
+Council had fixed an early date in accordance with Lennox's own
+request. No witnesses were produced by the prosecution, and Bothwell
+was acquitted. He then challenged to single combat any one who might
+accuse him, and the challenge was not accepted. In the Parliament
+which met on the 16th, various confirmations of grants were
+made&mdash;the Castle of Dunbar to Bothwell, the Earldom of Angus to
+Bothwell's nephew, and various lands to Sir Richard Maitland of
+Lethington. No Parliament had assembled since Mary's marriage to
+Darnley, and, accordingly, the restoration of Murray and Morton to
+their titles and estates was confirmed by statute. Although
+Parliament thus put its seal on Bothwell's acquittal, by securing
+Dunbar to him, the popular impression of his guilt was in no way
+lessened.]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 116]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE AINSLIE BOND</i></div>
+
+<h2>A Bond by a Number of the Nobility to promote Bothwell's Marrying of Queen Mary.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Anderson's Collections</i>, vol. i. pp. 107-112, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. fol. 1.</p>
+
+<p>We undersubscribing, understanding that although
+the noble and mighty Lord James, Earl Bothwell, ...
+being not only bruitit {reported} and calumniated by
+placards, privily affixed on the public places of the
+Kirk of Edinburgh, and otherwise slandered by his
+evil willers, as art and part of the heinous murther
+of the King, ... but also by special letters sent to
+her Highness by the Earl of Lennox, and debated
+{accused} of the same crime ... he by condign
+inquest and assize of certain noblemen his peers and
+other barons of good reputation is found guiltless
+and innocent of the odious crime objected to him
+... and we considering the anciency and nobleness
+of his house, the honourable and good service of his
+predecessors, and specially himself to our Sovereign,
+and for the defence of this her Highness' Realm
+against the enemies thereof, and the amity and
+friendship which so long has preserved betwix his
+House and every one of us.... Therefore obliges
+us, and every one of us, upon our Faith and
+Honours, and Truth in our bodies, as we are noblemen,
+and will answer to God, that in case hereafter
+any manner of person or persons ... shall happen
+to insist farther to the slander and calumniation of
+the said Earl of Bothwell, as participant, act or part,
+of the said heinous murther, ... we ... shall
+take ... plain and upright part with him, to the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 117]</span>
+defence and maintenance of his quarrel.... Moreover,
+weighing and considering the time present, and
+how our Sovereign the Queen's Majesty is now
+destitute of a husband, in the which solitary state
+the Commonwealth of this Realm may not permit
+her Highness to continue and endure; ... and,
+therefore, in case the former affectionate and hearty
+service of the said Earl ... may move her Majesty
+so far to humble herself, as preferring one of her
+native born subjects unto all foreign princes, to take
+to Husband the said Earl, we, and every one of us
+undersubscribing, upon our Honours and Fidelity,
+obliges us, and promises, not only to further, advance,
+and set forward the marriage to be solemnised
+and completed betwix her Highness and the said
+noble Lord ... but in case any would presume
+directly or indirectly, openly, or under whatsoever
+colour or pretence, to hinder, hold back, or disturb
+the said marriage, we shall in that behalf, esteem,
+hold and repute the hinderers, adversaries or disturbers
+thereof as our common enemies and evil
+willers.... In witness of the which we have subscriyved
+these presents, as follows, at Edinburgh, the
+19 Day of April, the year of God, 1567 years.</p>
+
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>SIGNATORIES TO THE BOND</i></div>
+
+<p>The names of such of the nobility as subscribed
+the bond, so far as John Read {a dependent of
+Murray} might remember, of whom I had this copy,
+being in his own hand, being commonly termed in
+Scotland, Ainslie's Supper.</p>
+
+<p>The Earls&mdash;Murray, Huntly, Cassilis, Morton,
+Sutherland, Rothes, Glencairn, Caithness.</p>
+
+<p>Lords&mdash;Boyd, Seton, Sinclair, Semple, Oliphant,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 118]</span>
+Ogilvie, Rosse-Hacat, Carlisle, Herries, Hume, and
+Innermeith.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This note is appended to Cecil's copy of the bond. It should be
+noted that Murray was not in Scotland at the time, and that his name
+does not appear in a copy of the bond in the Scots College at Paris,
+for which we have the authority of Sir James Balfour.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN CAPTURED</i></div>
+
+<h2>1567.&mdash;May. Mary on her Capture. Instructions
+to the Bishop of Dunblane for the French Court.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Keith's History</i>, vol. ii. p. 592.</p>
+
+<p>In our returning he awaited us by the way, accompanied
+with a great force, and led us with all diligence
+to Dunbar.... And when he saw us like to reject
+all his suit and offers, in the end he showed us how
+far he was proceeded with our whole nobility and
+principals of our estates, and what they had promised
+him under their handwrites.... In the end, when
+we saw no esperance to be rid of him, never man in
+Scotland once making an attempt to procure our
+deliverance, ... so ceased he never till by persuasions
+and importune suit, accompanied not the
+less with force, he has finally driven us to end the
+work begun at such time and in such form as he
+thought might best serve his turn, wherein we cannot
+dissemble that he has used us otherwise than we
+would have wished, or yet have deserved at his hand.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland.</i></p>
+
+<p>And upon the twenty-fourth day of April, which
+was Saint Mark's even, our sovereign lady being<span class="pagenum">[Pg 119]</span>
+riding from Stirling, whereto she passed a little of
+before to visit her son, as said is, to Edinburgh,
+James, Earl of Bothwell, accompanied with seven or
+eight hundred men and friends, whom he caused
+believe that he would ride upon the thieves of
+Liddesdale, met our sovereign lady betwix Kirkliston
+and Edinburgh, at a place called the Bridges,
+accompanied with a few number, and there took her
+person to the castle of Dunbar.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>BOTHWELL AND MARY AT DUNBAR</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King, from London.</i>
+May 3, 1567. <i>Spanish State Papers.</i></p>
+
+<p>On arriving six miles from Edinburgh, Bothwell
+met her with four hundred horsemen. As they
+arrived near the Queen with their swords drawn they
+showed an intention of taking her with them, whereupon
+some of those who were with her were about to
+defend her, but the Queen stopped them, saying she
+was ready to go with the Earl of Bothwell wherever
+he wished rather than bloodshed and death should
+result. She was taken to Dunbar, where she arrived
+at midnight, and still remains. Some say she will
+marry him, and they are so informed direct by some
+of the highest men in the country who follow Bothwell.
+They are convinced of this, both because of
+the favour the Queen has shown him, and because he
+has the national forces in his hands. Although the
+Queen sent secretly to the governor of the town of
+Dunbar to sally out with his troops and release her,
+it is believed that the whole thing has been arranged,
+so that if anything comes of the marriage, the Queen
+may make out that she was forced into it.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 120]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>A FATAL MARRIAGE</i></div>
+
+<h2>The <a name="Bothwell_Marriage" id="Bothwell_Marriage"></a>Bothwell Marriage.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland.</i></p>
+
+<p>Upon the third day of May 1567, the sentence
+of divorce was pronounced by the comissaries of
+Edinburgh, decerning and ordaining ... Jean
+Gordon {Countess of Bothwell} to be free to marry
+when she pleased, and the said Earl Bothwell to be
+an adulterer. This divorcement was made to the
+effect that the said Earl should marry the Queen's
+Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p>Upon the twelfth day thairof {of May}, betwix
+seven and eight hours at even, James, Earl Bothwell,
+was made Duke of Orkney and Zetland, with great
+magnificence, ... and there were few or none of
+the nobility thereat.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p>Upon the fifteenth day of May 1567, Mary, by
+the grace of God, Queen of Scots, was married on
+James, Duke of Orkney, Earl Bothwell, ... in the
+palace of Holyrood-house, within the old chapel,
+by Adam, Bishop of Orkney, not with the mass
+but with preaching, at ten hours afore noon. There
+were not many of the nobility of this realm thereat,
+except the Earl Crawford, the Earl Huntly, the Earl
+Sutherland, my Lords Arbroath, Oliphant, Fleming,
+Livingston, Glamis, and Boyd, John, Archbishop of
+St. Andrews, the Bishop of Dunblane, the Bishop of
+Ross, Orkney, with certain other small gentlemen,
+who waited upon the said Duke of Orkney. At this<span class="pagenum">[Pg 121]</span>
+marriage there was neither pleasure nor pastime
+used, as use was wont to be used when princes
+were married.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>NEITHER PLEASURE NOR PASTIME</i></div>
+
+<h2>1567.&mdash;May. Mary's Demeanour.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Du Croc to Catherine de Medici. Von Raumer's Elizabeth and Mary</i>, p. 99.</p>
+
+<p>It {the Bothwell marriage} is too unhappy, and
+begins already to be repented of. On Thursday the
+Queen sent for me, when I perceived something
+strange in the mutual behaviour of her and her
+husband. She attempted to excuse it, and said, "If
+you see me melancholy, it is because I do not choose
+to be cheerful; because I never will be so, and wish
+for nothing but death." Yesterday, when they were
+both in a room, with the Earl d'Aumale, she called
+aloud for a knife to kill herself; the persons in the
+ante-chamber heard it. I believe that if God does
+not support her, she will fall entirely into despair.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Sir William Drury to Cecil, from Berwick</i>, May 25.
+<i>Foreign Calendar.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Queen uses often with the Duke {Bothwell}
+to ride abroad, and they now make outward show of
+great content, but the company at Court increases
+not of one nobleman more than were at the marriage.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid., May 27.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Duke openly uses great reverence to the Queen,
+ordinarily bareheaded, which she seems she would
+have otherwise, and will sometimes take his cap and
+put it on.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 122]</span></p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote">"<i>NO HEARTS TO FIGHT IN THAT QUARREL</i>"</div>
+
+<h2>1567.&mdash;June 15. <a name="Carberry_Hill" id="Carberry_Hill"></a>Carberry Hill.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Melville's Memoirs</i>, p. 181.</p>
+
+<p>All Scotland cried out upon the foul murther of
+the King.... Whereupon the lords that had the
+enterprise in their heads were hasted forward to take
+arms.... The Earl of Bothwell again, having the
+Queen in his company, convened a greater number
+out of the Merse and Lothians, and out of all parts
+where he had means of friendship, at over her
+Majesty's proclamation, which was not well obeyed
+for the time; and so many as came had no hearts to
+fight in that quarrel. Yet the Earl Bothwell marched
+forward out of Dunbar {which was threatened by the
+lords}, taking the Queen with him, towards Edinburgh.
+The lords again, with their companies,
+passed out of Edinburgh upon foot, with a great
+energy and fierceness to fight; both the armies not
+far from Carberry. The Earl Bothwell's men camped
+upon the hill head, in a strength very advantageous;
+the lords camped at the foot of the hill.</p>
+
+<p>Albeit her Majesty was there, I cannot name it to
+be her army, for many of them that were with her
+had opinion that she had intelligence with the lords;
+chiefly such as understood of the Earl Bothwell's
+mishandling of her, and many indignities that he
+had both said and done unto her, since their marriage
+was made. He was so beastly and suspicious,
+that he suffered her not to pass over a day in
+patience, not making her cause to shed abundance
+of salt tears. So part of his own company detested<span class="pagenum">[Pg 123]</span>
+him; other part believed that her Majesty would
+fain have been quit of him, but thought shame to
+be the doer thereof directly herself.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>BOTHWELL'S COWARDICE</i></div>
+
+<p>In the meantime the laird of Grange rode about
+the brae.... When the Queen understood that the
+laird of Grange was chief of that company of horsemen,
+she sent the laird of Ormiston to desire him to
+come and speak with her under surety, which he did,
+after he had sent and obtained leave of the lords.
+As he was speaking with her Majesty, the Earl
+Bothwell had appointed a soldier to shoot him, until
+the Queen gave a cry, and said that he should not
+do her that shame, who had promised that he should
+come and return safely. For he was declaring unto
+the Queen how that all they would honour and serve
+her so that she would abandon the Earl Bothwell,
+who was the murderer of her own husband....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S LAST DAY IN EDINBURGH</i></div>
+
+<p>The Earl Bothwell hearkened, and heard part of
+this language, and offered the singular combat to any
+man that would maintain that he had done it. The
+laird of Grange promised to send him an answer
+shortly thereanent.... He offered himself first....
+The Earl Bothwell answered that he was neither
+lord nor earl, but a baron, and so could not be his
+peer. The like answer he made to Tullibardine.
+Then my Lord Lindsay offered to fight him, which
+he could not plainly refuse, but his heart cooled aye
+the longer the more. Then the Queen sent again
+for the laird of Grange, and said to him, that if the
+lords would do as he had spoken to her, she should
+put away the Earl Bothwell and come unto them.
+Whereupon he asked at them, if he might promise it<span class="pagenum">[Pg 124]</span>
+to her Majesty in their name; which they willed him
+to do.... Her Majesty was that night conveyed to
+Edinburgh, and lodged in the middle of the town, in
+the provost's lodging. As she came through the
+town, the common people cried out against her
+Majesty at the windows and stairs, which it was a
+pity to hear. Her Majesty again cried out, to all
+gentlemen and others that passed up and down the
+causeway, declaring how that she was their native
+princess, and doubted not but all honest subjects
+would respect her as they ought to do, and not suffer
+her to be mishandled. Others again showed their
+malice, in setting up a banner or ensign, whereupon
+the King was painted lying dead under a tree, and
+the young prince sitting upon his knees, praying,
+"Judge, and revenge my cause, O Lord!"<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>That same night it was alleged that her Majesty
+wrote a letter unto the Earl Bothwell.... Upon
+the which letter the lords took occasion to send her
+to Lochleven to be kept, against promise as she
+alleged.</p>
+<br>
+<h2>1567.&mdash;July 12. <a name="Lochleven_Castle" id="Lochleven_Castle"></a>Lochleven Castle.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King. Spanish State Papers.</i></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Mary was a prisoner in Lochleven from 17th June 1567 to 2nd May
+1568. The chief events of her captivity were her compulsory
+abdication on 24th July, the coronation of her infant son on the
+29th of the same month, and the proclamation of the Earl of Murray
+as Regent on August 22nd. Her escape was preceded by at least one
+unsuccessful attempt. Murray visited Mary in Lochleven, and was by
+her asked to undertake the Regency, according to a letter from<span class="pagenum">[Pg 125]</span>
+Throgmorton to Elizabeth, 20th August 1567 (in "Foreign Calendar,"
+and in Keith's "History," vol. ii. p. 737).]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="LOCHLEVEN" id="LOCHLEVEN"></a>
+<img src="images/illus_005.jpg" width="402" height="230" alt="" title="">
+<span class="caption">LOCHLEVEN CASTLE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>... Croc, who was French Ambassador in Scotland,
+has passed here on his way to France, and
+there is nobody now representing his King.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="THE_CASKET_LETTERS" id="THE_CASKET_LETTERS"></a>THE CASKET LETTERS</i></div>
+
+<p>The Ambassador here assures me that the King
+(of France) has in his favour both those who have
+assembled to detain the Queen (of Scots) and those
+who are against them, and has their signatures promising
+to keep up the friendship and alliance that
+the country has had with his predecessors. For this
+reason the King had proceeded in such a way as not
+to lose the support of the one side by taking up the
+cause of the other, but he could not avoid giving his
+aid to the Queen, whose adversaries assert positively
+that she knew she had been concerned in the murder
+of her husband, which was proved by letters under
+her own hand, copies of which were in his possession.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This is the earliest known reference to the Casket Letters.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King, from London</i>, July 26.
+<i>Spanish State Papers.</i></p>
+
+<p>Four days ago the preacher and confessor of the
+Queen of Scotland arrived here. He is a Dominican
+Friar, a Frenchman named Roche Mameret, and was
+at the Council of Trent.... He is much grieved
+at events in Scotland, and the imprisonment of the
+Queen, but more than all at the marriage with Bothwell,
+since he already has a wife.... He assured
+me that those who had risen against the Queen had<span class="pagenum">[Pg 126]</span>
+not been moved by zeal to punish the King's murder,
+as they had been enemies rather than friends of his;
+nor in consequence of the marriage, as they had been
+all in favour of it, and had signed their names to that
+effect without exception, either lay or clerical, apart
+from the Earl of Murray, but their sole object had
+been a religious one, as they thought the Queen, being
+a Catholic, might settle religion in a way not to their
+liking.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S INTERVENTION</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Queen Elizabeth to Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, in Scotland</i>, July 27, 1567. <i>Keith's History</i>, p. 702.</p>
+
+<p>You shall plainly declare unto them {the lords},
+that if they shall determine anything to the deprivation
+of the Queen their sovereign lady of her royal
+estate, we are well assured of our own determination,
+and we have some just and probable cause to think
+the like of other Princes of Christendom, that we
+will make ourselves a plain party against them, for
+example to all posterity.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This intervention by Elizabeth on Mary's behalf was the result of
+reports which reached London that Mary's life was in danger. Her
+death was demanded by certain of the Protestant clergy, and the more
+ardent of their following.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>OPINION OF MARY'S CONFESSOR</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Guzman de Silva to the King, from London</i>,
+August 2. <i>Spanish State Papers.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Earl of Murray went to Scotland on the last
+day of July.... I visited him.... He repeated
+how displeased he was at the action of the lords in
+taking the Queen.... I said that her confessor had
+told me that as regarded the King's murder she had<span class="pagenum">[Pg 127]</span>
+no knowledge whatever of it, and had been greatly
+grieved thereat.... He opened out somewhat,
+saying that my good will towards him prompted him
+to tell me something that he had not even told this
+Queen {Elizabeth}, although she had given him many
+remote hints upon the subject. This was that he
+considered it very difficult to arrange matters, as it
+was certain that the Queen had been cognisant of
+the murder of her husband, and he, Murray, was
+greatly grieved thereat. This had been proved
+beyond doubt by a letter which the Queen had
+written to Bothwell, containing three sheets of
+paper, written with her own hand, and signed by
+her, in which she says in substance that he is not
+to delay putting into execution that which he had
+arranged, because her husband used such fair words
+to deceive her and bring her round that she might
+be moved by them if the other thing were not done
+quickly. She said that she herself would go and
+fetch him, and would stop at a house on the road,
+where she would try to give him a draught, but if
+this could not be done, she would put him in the
+house where the explosion was arranged for the
+night upon which one of her servants was to be
+married. He, Bothwell, was to try to get rid of
+his wife either by putting her away or by poisoning
+her, since he knew that she, the Queen, had risked
+all for him, her honour, her kingdom, her wealth,
+and her God, contenting herself with his person
+alone. Besides this she had done an extraordinary
+and unexampled thing on the night of the murder
+in giving her husband a ring, petting and fondling<span class="pagenum">[Pg 128]</span>
+him after plotting his murder, and this had been the
+worst thing in connection with it. Murray said he
+had heard about the letter from a man who had read
+it, and the rest was notorious.... He says he will
+do his best for her. I am more inclined to believe
+that he will do it for himself if he finds a chance, as
+he is a Scotchman, and a heretic....</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>END OF MARY'S FIRST IMPRISONMENT</i></div>
+
+<h2>The <a name="Escape" id="Escape"></a>Escape from Lochleven.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Giovanni Correr, Venetian Ambassador in France to the Signory,
+from Paris</i>, May 26, 1568.&nbsp; <i>Venetian Calendar.</i></p>
+
+<div class="greynote">"<i>A LOYAL HOST A ROYAL BANNER BORE</i>"</div>
+
+<p>Guard was continually kept at the castle day and
+night, except during supper, at which time the gate
+was locked with a key, every one going to supper,
+and the key was always placed on the table where
+the Governor took his meals, and before him. The
+Governor is the uterine brother of the Earl of Murray,
+Regent of Scotland, the Queen's illegitimate brother,
+and her mortal enemy. The Queen, having attempted
+to descend from a window unsuccessfully, contrived
+that a page of the Governor's, whom she had persuaded
+to this effect, when carrying a dish, in the
+evening of the second of May, to the table of his
+master with a napkin before him, should place the
+napkin on the key, and in removing the napkin take
+up the key with it and carry it away unperceived by
+any one. Having done so, the page then went
+directly to the Queen and told her all was ready;
+and she, having in the meanwhile been attired by
+the elder of the two maids who waited upon her,
+took with her by the hand the younger maid, a girl<span class="pagenum">[Pg 129]</span>
+ten years old, and with the page went quietly to the
+door, and he having opened it, the Queen went out
+with him and the younger girl and locked the
+gate outside with the same key, without which
+it could not be opened from within. They then
+got into a little boat which was kept for the
+service of the castle, and displaying a white veil
+of the Queen's with a red tassel, she made the
+concerted signal to those who awaited her that
+she was approaching.... The horsemen ...
+came immediately to the lake and received the
+Queen with infinite joy, and having placed her on
+horseback, with the page and the girl, they conveyed
+her to the sea coast, at a distance of five
+miles from thence, because to proceed by land to the
+place which had been designated appeared manifestly
+too dangerous. All having embarked, the Queen
+was conducted to Niddry, a place belonging to Lord
+Seton, and from thence to Hamilton, a castle of
+the Duke of Châtelherault, where his brother, the
+Archbishop of St. Andrews, with other principal
+personages of those parts, acknowledged her as
+Queen....</p>
+
+<p>All Scotland is in motion, some declaring for
+the Queen, and some against her and for the Earl
+of Murray.... With regard to her flight, it is
+judged here, by those who know the site, and how
+strictly she was guarded, that her escape was most
+miraculous, most especially having been contrived
+by two lads under ten years of age, who could not
+be presupposed to have the requisite judgment
+and secrecy.</p>
+
+<p>To the greater satisfaction with the result may<span class="pagenum">[Pg 130]</span>
+be added that the inmates of Lochleven Castle
+perceived the flight; but being shut up within it,
+and thus made prisoners, they had to take patience,
+and to witness the Queen's escape, while they remained
+at the windows of the castle.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE DISASTER AT LANGSIDE</i></div>
+
+<p>But now, if the current report be true, the Queen
+of Scotland, following the course of her fickle fortune,
+gives news of her troops having been routed
+near Glasgow, all her chief adherents being killed
+or made prisoners.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i> June 6.</p>
+
+<p>The news of the defeat of the troops of the Queen
+of Scotland was true. She had assembled about
+eight thousand men, who had flocked to her from
+divers parts, and for greater security she wished to
+shut herself up in Dumbarton, which is a very strong
+castle, but she could not get there without crossing
+the Clyde, over which there is but one bridge near
+Glasgow, and that was already occupied by the
+enemy. It was therefore determined to cross the
+river where it flows into the sea, a number of boats
+being sent to the spot for that purpose. The
+Regent, aware of this, went in pursuit with four
+thousand men; whereupon the Queen appointed
+as her Lieutenant-General the Earl of Argyle, who
+had just joined her, and who is her brother-in-law
+through his wife, Queen Mary's natural sister, and
+he with six thousand men gave Murray battle.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY SEEKS ENGLISH PROTECTION</i></div>
+
+<p>The contest lasted for three-quarters of an hour,
+when the Queen's troops were worsted, but only
+one hundred and fifty of her followers were killed,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 131]</span>
+for the Regent exerted himself extremely to prevent
+his troops shedding blood. The prisoners exceeded
+three hundred, including many noblemen, amongst
+whom, moreover, is that Lord Seton who was the
+chief instrument and leader in effecting the Queen's
+escape. Finding herself defeated, the Queen set out
+for England, accompanied by a son of the Duke
+of Châtelherault, by Lord Fleming, by the Earl of
+Maxwell, and some twenty-five other attendants,
+and she travelled a distance of one hundred and
+twenty-five miles without any rest. She stopped
+at a place called Workington, which is four miles
+within the English border. She did not discover
+herself, but was recognised by a Scotsman, who
+informed the warden of the castle, and the latter
+went immediately to receive her, with great marks
+of respect, and posted guards on all sides to prevent
+pursuit by the enemy.</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 132]</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="SECTION_VI" id="SECTION_VI"></a>SECTION VI</h2>
+<h3>THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER</h3><br>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#York">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Conference at York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Letter of Murray to Queen Elizabeth.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The formal complaints and replies.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">The account of the private interview, with the "abstract of matters" there shown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">Sussex's opinion of the evidence.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Westminster">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Conference at Westminster.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's Instructions.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">Murray's "Eik" or additional charge.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The answer of Mary's Commissioners to the "Eik."</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>d</i>)</td><td align="left">Elizabeth's reply to (<i>a</i>).</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>e</i>)</td><td align="left">The Privy Council and suggestions for a compromise.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>f</i>)</td><td align="left">Proofs produced at Westminster&mdash;the account of the production.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>g</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's own answer to the "Eik," and her request to see the originals, with Elizabeth's reply.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>h</i>)</td><td align="left">Mary's request for copies, with Elizabeth's reply.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>i</i>)</td><td align="left">Dissolution of the Conference by Elizabeth.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY IN ENGLAND</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Conference at <a name="York" id="York"></a>York.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[On Mary's arrival in England, Queen Elizabeth declined to meet her,
+till she should be cleared from the suspicion of complicity in the
+Darnley murder. Mary promptly accused<span class="pagenum">[Pg 133]</span>
+Maitland and Morton of a share in the crime, and accepted
+Elizabeth's proposal to have the case tried at a Conference at York.
+The Queen of England appointed as Commissioners, the Duke of
+Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir Ralph Sadler. The Scottish
+Queen was represented by Lords Boyd, Herries, and Livingstone, the
+Abbot of Kilwinning, Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar, Sir James
+Cockburn of Skirving, and John Lesley, the Bishop of Ross. The Earl
+of Murray, the Earl of Morton, the Bishop of Orkney (Adam Bothwell),
+the Abbot of Dunfermline, and Lord Lindsay appeared in the name of
+the young James VI., along with Maitland of Lethington, George
+Buchanan, James Macgill, and Henry Balnaves, as assistants.</p>
+
+<p>Many points of procedure and various formal questions occupied much
+of the time of the Conferences. The extracts which follow have been
+chosen out of regard to their bearing on the problem of Mary's guilt
+or innocence, and especial care has been taken to include references
+to the Casket Letters. The letters themselves, and the depositions
+which were produced before the Commissioners, will be found, by
+themselves, after the account of the Conferences.</p>
+
+<p>The Conference met at York on October 8, and as Mary was, formally,
+the plaintiff, her complaint against the Lords was first received.
+Thereafter, Murray's reply and a rejoinder from Mary's
+representatives were put on record. This was all the formal business
+essential for our purpose. But, on October 11th, Elizabeth's
+Commissioners received a private visit from Maitland, Buchanan,
+Macgill, and Balnaves, who put before them, secretly, certain
+documents to prove Mary's guilt. It will be seen from the letter of
+the Commissioners to Elizabeth, and the quotations from the
+"abstract of matters ... chosen by the Scots," that these documents
+consisted of:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. A bond signed by the Lords, agreeing to Bothwell's marriage with
+the Queen.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Queen's warrant for the signature of the above-mentioned
+bond.</p>
+
+<p>3. Two contracts of marriage. (See <a href="#The_Contracts">pp. 201-203</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>4. Two letters arranging for the seizure of the Queen by Bothwell<span class="pagenum">[Pg 134]</span>
+(<i>i.e.</i> two of Letters, <a href="#Letter_VI">vi.</a>, <a href="#Letter_VII">vii.</a>, and <a href="#Letter_VIII">viii.</a>, see pp. 190-194).</p>
+
+<p>5. A letter arranging a duel between Darnley and the Lord Robert.</p>
+
+<p>6. The two Glasgow Letters (<a href="#Letter_I">i.</a> and <a href="#Letter_II">ii.</a>, see pp. 165-182).</p>
+
+<p>7. The Love Sonnets (<a href="#Sonnets">pp. 195-201</a>).</p>
+
+<p>8. The Letter in which the Jason and Medea comparison occurs.
+(<a href="#Letter_IV">Letter iv.</a>, see pp. 185-189.)</p>
+
+<p>This list should be compared with the recital of the productions at
+Westminster (<a href="#Westminster">pp. 143</a> <i>et seq.</i>). Maitland informed Queen Mary of
+this secret visit, and she complained to Queen Elizabeth, who
+summoned all the Commissioners to London, on the ground of greater
+convenience.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY AND HIS PROOFS</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Letter of the Earl of Murray, with information for the Queen of England</i>, June 22, 1568. <i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 75, <i>from the</i> <i>Paper Office</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It may be that such letters as we have of the
+Queen, our Sovereign Lord's mother, that sufficiently,
+in our opinion, prove her consenting to the murther
+of the King her lawful husband, shall be called in
+doubt ... therefore, since our servant, Mr. John
+Wood, has the copies of the same letters translated
+in our language, we would earnestly desire that the
+said copies may be considered by the judges that
+shall have the examination and commission of the
+matter, that they may resolve us thus far, in case the
+principal agree with the copy, that then we prove the
+case indeed; for when we have manifested and
+shown all, and yet shall have no assurances that
+what we send shall satisfy for probation, for what
+purpose shall we either accuse or seek to prove,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 135]</span>
+when we are not assured what to prove, or when we
+have proved, what shall succeed?</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY ASSERTS FORGERY</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;September 9. Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 337, from <i>Queen Mary's Register</i> in Cotton Library.</p>
+
+<p>In case they allege they have any writings of mine,
+which may infer presumption against me in that case,
+ye shall desire the principals to be produced, and
+that I myself may have inspection thereof, and make
+answer thereto. For ye shall affirm, in my name, I
+never wrote anything concerning that matter to any
+creature; and if any writings be, they are false and
+feigned, forged and invented by themselves, only to
+my dishonour and slander. And there are divers in
+Scotland, both men and women, that can counterfeit
+my handwriting, and write the like manner of writing
+which I use, as well as myself, and principally such
+as are in company with themselves. And I doubt
+not, if I had remained in my own realm, but I
+should have gotten knowledge of the inventors and
+writers of such writings ere now, to the declaration
+of my innocency, and confusion of their falsity.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>October 8. Complaint of the Queen of Scots against the Earl of Murray.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 128, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 197.</p>
+
+<p>That James, Earl of Morton, John, Earl of Mar,
+Alexander, Earl of Glencairn, the Lords Howe,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 136]</span>
+Lindsay, Ruthven, Sempill, Cathcart, Ochiltree, with
+others their assisters, assembled in arms a great part
+of the Queen's grace's subjects, declared by their
+proclamations it was for her Grace's relief, beset the
+road in her passage betwixt her Grace's castles of
+Dunbar and Edinburgh, there took her most noble
+person, committed her in ward in her own place of
+Lochleven, ... passed to the castle of Stirling, and
+made there fashion of crowning of her son the
+Prince....</p>
+
+<p>James, Earl of Murray, took upon him the name
+of the Regent, ... intromitted with the whole
+strengths, munitions, jewels, and patrimony of the
+crown, as well property as casualty....</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY'S APOLOGY FOR THE REVOLUTION</i></div>
+
+<h2>October 10. The Answer of the Earl of Murray.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 144, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 202.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>ACCUSATIONS AGAINST MARY</i></div>
+
+<p>It is notorious to all men, how umquhile {the
+late} King Henry, father to our sovereign Lord,
+was horribly murdered in his bed. James, sometime
+Earl of Bothwell, being well known to be the chief
+author thereof, entered into so great credit and
+authority with the Queen, then our sovereign, that,
+within three months after the murder of her husband,
+the said Earl ... accomplished a pretended marriage
+betwix him and the Queen, which strange and
+hasty proceeding of that godless and ambitious man,
+... with the ignominy spoken among all nations of
+that murther, as though all the nobility had been
+alike culpable thereof, so moved the hearts of a good<span class="pagenum">[Pg 137]</span>
+number of them, that they thought nothing more
+godly ... than by punishing of the said Earl, chief
+author of the murther, to relieve others causelessly
+calumniated thereof, to put the Queen to freedom,
+forth of the bondage of that tyrant.... {From the
+Queen, after Carberry Hill}, no other answer could
+be obtained, but vigorous menacing, on the one part,
+avowing to be revenged on all them that had shown
+themselves in that cause, and on the other part,
+offering to leave and give over the realm and all, so
+she might be suffered to possess the murtherer of her
+husband, which her inflexible mind, and extremity of
+necessity compelled them to sequestrate her person
+for a season.... During the which time, she finding
+herself by long, irksome, and tedious travail,
+taken by her in the government of the realm and
+lieges thereof ... vexed and wearied ... and for
+other considerations moving her at the time, therefore
+demitted and renounced the office of government of
+the realm and lieges thereof ... and constituted
+me, the said Earl of Murray, I being then absent
+furth of the realm, and without my knowledge,
+Regent to his Grace, the realm, and lieges....</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S REPLY</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;October 16. Queen Mary's Commissioners' Rejoinder to Murray's Reply.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 162, from <i>Queen Mary's Register</i> in Cott. Lib. Titus, C. 12.</p>
+
+<p>If he {Bothwell} was the principal author of the
+murder, the same was never known nor manifested
+to her Highness, but the contrary did well appear<span class="pagenum">[Pg 138]</span>
+to her Grace, by reason the said Earl of Bothwell
+being suspected, indited, and orderly summoned by
+the laws of that realm, was acquitted by an assize of
+his Peers, and the same ratified and confirmed by
+authority of Parliament, by the greatest part of the
+nobility ... who also consented and solicited our
+said Sovereign to accomplish the said marriage with
+him as the man most fit in all the realm of Scotland
+... and they nor none of them ... came to her
+Highness ... to find fault with the said Earl concerning
+the murder foresaid, or yet in any ways
+seemed to grudge or disallow the said marriage....
+And at the presenting of the said writings of demission
+of her crown to her Majesty by the Lord Lindsay,
+he menaced her Grace, that if she would not
+subscribe, he had command to put her presently in
+the Tower, and would do the same, and counselled
+her to fulfil their desire or worse would shortly follow;
+which her Highness subscribed with many tears,
+never looking what was contained in the writings,
+declaring plainly thereafter, if ever her Grace came
+to liberty, she would never abide thereat, because it
+was against her Majesty's will.... If her Grace
+had willingly demitted the same, as her Highness
+did not, her Highness could not have nominated the
+said Earl of Murray Regent, for there were others
+to have been preferred to him.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>1568.&mdash;<a name="October_11" id="October_11"></a>October 11. Letter to Queen Elizabeth from
+her Commissioners at York.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This letter is printed in the Appendix to vol. ii. of Hosack's
+"Mary Queen of Scots, and her Accusers," from Cott. MS. Cal. c. i.
+fol. 198. The words or letters within brackets, {}, have been<span class="pagenum">[Pg 139]</span>
+burnt, the margin being singed. "The words printed in italics," says
+Mr. Hosack, "are very carefully erased with the pen, and, in some
+instances, are disguised with head and tail loops, to prevent their
+being read, the alterations being written between the lines."
+Without the alterations, the letter is printed in Goodall, vol. ii.
+p. 139, and elsewhere.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE PROOFS ARE SHOWN PRIVATELY</i></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE COMMISSIONERS' LETTER</i></div>
+
+<p>And so they {Moray and his colleagues} sent
+unto us the Lord of Lethington, James Macgill, Mr.
+George Buchanan, and one other being a Lord of
+the Session, which in private and secret conference
+with us, not as Commissioners, as they protested,
+but for our better instruction, afte{r} declaration of
+such circumstances as led and induced them to vehement
+presumptio{n} to judge her guilty of the said
+murder, shewed unto us a copy of a bond bear{ing}
+date the 19th of April 1567, to the which the most
+part of the Lords and coun{cil} of Scotland have put
+to their hands; and, as they say, more for fear, than
+any liking they had of the same. Which bond contained
+two special points, the one {a} declaration of
+Bothwell's purgation of the murder of the Lord
+Darnley ... and the othe{r} a general consent to
+his marriage with the Queen.... And yet, in proof
+that they did it not willingly, they procured a warrant,
+which was now shewed unto us, bearing date
+the 19th {of} April, signed with the Queen's hand,
+whereby she gave them licence to agree to the same....
+There was also a contract shewed unto us,
+signed with the Queen's hand, and also with Bothwell's,
+bearing date the fifth of April.... There
+was also a contract shewed unto us, of the Queen's
+own hand, of the marriage to be had between her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_140" id="Pg_140"></a>[Pg 140]</span>
+and Bothwell, bearing no date, which had not <i>verba
+de præsenti</i>, as the other had, bearing date the 5th
+of April. It appeared also unto us by two letters of
+her own hand, that it was by her own practice and
+consent that Bothwell should take her and carry her
+to Dunbar.... After the device of the murder was
+determined, as it seemed by the sequel, they inferred
+upon a letter of her own hand, that there was another
+mean of a more cleanly conveyance devised to kill
+the King; for there was a quarrel made betwixt him
+and the Lord Robert of Holyrood-house, by carrying
+of false tales betwixt them, the Queen being the
+instrument, as they said, to bring it to pass....
+Afterwards they shewed unto us one horrible and
+long letter of her own hand, as they say, containing
+foul matter, and abominable to be either thought of,
+or to be written by a Prince, with divers fond ballads,
+and other writings before specified, were closed in a
+little coffer of silver and gilt heretofore given by her
+to Bothwell.... And these men here do constantly
+affirm the said letters and other writings, which they
+produce of her own hand, to be of her own hand in
+deed; and do offer to swear and take their oath
+thereupon, <i>as in deed</i> the matter contained in them
+being such as could hardly be invented or devised
+by any other than by herself; for that the discourse
+of some things which were unknown to any other,
+than to herself, and Bothwell, <i>doth the rather persuade
+us to believe that they be in deed of her own handwriting</i>.
+And as it is hard to counterfeit so many,
+<i>and so long letters</i>, so the matter of them, and the
+manner how these men came by them, is such, as it<span class="pagenum">[Pg 141]</span>
+seemeth that God (in whose sight murder and bloodshed
+of the innocent is abominable) would not permit
+the same to be hid or concealed. In a paper here
+inclosed we have noted to your Majesty the chief
+and special points of the said letters, written (as they
+say) with her own hand, to the intent it may please
+your Majesty to consider of them, and so to judge
+whether the same be sufficient to convince her of
+the detestable crime of the murder of her husband;
+which in our opinions and consciences, if the said
+letters be written with her own hand,
+<i>as we believe they be</i>,<span class="combination">
+<span class="moustache">{</span>
+<span class="above"> is very hard to be avoided.</span>
+<span class="belowlong"> <i>is plain and manifest</i>....</span></span>
+</p>
+<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">T. Norfolk.</span>
+<br><span class="smcap">T. Sussex.</span>
+<br><span class="smcap">R. Sadler.</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>Abstract of Matters showed to the Queen's Majesty's Commissioners by the
+Scots, sent the 11th of October.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, pp. 148-153.</p>
+
+<p>... She wrote to Bothwell, that according to her
+commission, she would bring the man with her;
+praying him to work wisely, or else the whole burden
+would lie on her shoulders; and specially to make
+good watch, that the bird escaped not out of the
+cage. {<a href="#Letter_IV">Letter iv.</a>, see pp. 185-189.}</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>QUOTATIONS FROM THE LETTERS</i></div>
+
+<h2>Notes drawn forth of the Queen's Letters sent to
+the Earl Bothwell.</h2>
+
+<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... We are coupled with twa fals
+racis; the devill syndere us, and God mot knit us<span class="pagenum">[Pg 142]</span>
+togidder for ever for the maist faithful cupple that
+ever he unitit. This is my faith, I will die in it.</p>
+
+<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... Wareit {cursed} mocht this
+pokishe man be, that causes me haif sa meikill pane,
+for without hym I wald haif ane far mair plesant
+subject to discourse upoun. He is not oer meikle
+spilt, bot he has gottin verray mekill; he has almaist
+slane me with his braith; it is war nor your unclis,
+and zeit {yet} I cum na neirar bot sat in ane cheir at
+the bedfute, and he beand {being} at the uther end
+thairof.</p>
+
+<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... Send me advertisement quhat I
+sall do, and quhatsumever sall cum thairof I sall
+obey you; advys to with yourself. Yf ye can fynd
+out any mair secreit inventioun be medecein, and
+the baith in Craigmillar.</p>
+
+<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... "For certaintie he suspectis that
+thing ye know, and of his lyif: bot as to the last,
+how sone I speak twa or thrie guid wordis unto hym,
+he rejois and is out of doubt."</p>
+
+<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... Sie not his quhas fenzeit tearis
+suld not be sa mekill praysit, nor estemyt, as the
+trew and faythfull travaillis quhilk I sustene to merit
+hir place, for obteyning of quhilk, againis my naturall.
+I betray thame that may impesche me. God forgive
+me, and God gif you, my onlie luif, the hope and
+prosperitie that your humble and faythfull luif desyris
+unto yow, quha hoipis schortlie to be ane uther thing
+unto yow. {<a href="#Letter_II">Letter, ii.</a> pp. 167-182.}</p>
+
+<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... As to me, howbeit I heir no
+farther newes from yow. According to my commission,
+I bring the man with me to Craigmillar upon<span class="pagenum">[Pg 143]</span>
+Munday, quhair he will be all Wednisday. {<a href="#Letter_I">Letter i</a>.,
+pp. 165-6.}</p>
+
+<p>... <i>Item.</i> ... In ane uther lettre, "I pray you,
+according to your promeis, to discharge your hart to
+me, utherwayis I will think that my malheure, and
+the guid composing of thame, that hes not the third
+part of the faythfull and willing obedience unto yow
+that I beyre, has wyne, againis my will, that advantage
+over me quhilk the secund luif of Jason wan;
+not that I wolde compair yow to ane soe unhappie as
+he was, nor yit myself to ane soe unpetifull a woman
+as she...." {<a href="#Letter_IV">Letter iv.</a>, p. 185.}</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>COMMISSION REMOVED TO WESTMINSTER</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Conference at <a name="Westminster" id="Westminster"></a>Westminster.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[At the beginning of the Westminster Conference, Mary found herself
+"ever straiter and straiter kept from liberty," and demanded to be
+allowed to appear in person. Her request and Elizabeth's reply will
+be found on <a href="#MARYS_REQUEST">pp. 145</a>, <a href="#The_Answer">148</a>. On the 26th November, Murray made his
+"eik" or additional charge. For the relevant portions of this
+document, and of the reply of Mary's Commissioners, see <a href="#Eik">pp. 146-7</a>.
+On December 6th, Mary's representatives protested that they would
+withdraw from the Conference if their mistress's demand were not
+granted. Cecil declined, on a formal point, to receive the protest.
+On the 6th, 7th, and 8th, Murray produced his proofs. On the 9th,
+the protest was accepted, and Mary's Commissioners withdrew. After
+their retirement further evidence was received. It may be of use to
+enumerate the documents produced at Westminster:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>PRODUCTIONS AT WESTMINSTER</i></div>
+
+<p>The Book of Articles.</p>
+
+<p>Acts of Parliament ratifying the proceedings of the insurgent Lords.</p>
+
+<p>Two contracts of marriage, and record of Bothwell's trial and
+divorce.</p>
+
+<p>Five of the six letters produced at York, three additional letters,
+and the sonnets (<a href="#Sonnets">pp. 162-201</a>).</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 144]</span>
+Recognition of the Regent's Government by Huntly, Argyll, and
+Herries (<a href="#Pg_154">pp. 154-5</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Depositions and confessions of <a name="Hay" id="Hay"></a>Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, Dalgleish,
+Nelson, and Crawford.</p>
+
+<p>Murray's "Journal or Diary of Events."</p>
+
+<p>The Book of <a name="Articles" id="Articles"></a>Articles is a document of considerable length. It is a
+summary of the charges against the Queen of Scots, but contains no
+important charge which is not to be found elsewhere. The reader is
+already in possession of its essential allegations. It formed the
+material for Buchanan's "Detectio," with which it is, at times,
+almost identical. It is printed, from the Hopetoun MS., in Hosack's
+"Mary," I. App. B. For the depositions of <a href="#Nelson">Nelson</a> and <a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">Crawford</a>, see
+pp. 207-213. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, and Dalgleish
+do not directly accuse the Queen of the murder, beyond stating that
+the powder was placed in her room, and they have therefore been
+omitted. The question of the position of the powder is discussed in
+Hosack, vol. i. pp. 247-8, and the reader is referred to the
+authorities there quoted, and to Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary Queen of
+Scots," pp. 435-6 (<i>cf.</i> also <a href="#confession">pp. 219-220</a>). The confession of
+Hepburn (English edition of Buchanan's "Detection") contains the
+following sentence:&mdash;"He said, let no man do evil for counsel of
+great men ... for surely I thought that night that the deed was
+done, that although knowledge should be gotten, no man durst have
+said it was evil done, seeing the handwriting and acknowledging the
+Queen's mind thereto." No question was put to Dalgleish regarding
+the casket found in his possession.</p>
+
+<p>A quotation from Murray's "Diary," so far as it bears on the murder,
+will be found on <a href="#Murrays_Journal">pp. 213-215.</a>]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>The Earl of Sussex to Sir William Cecil</i>, October 22, 1568. <i>Lodge: Illustrations of British History.</i></p>
+
+<p>This matter must at length take end, either by
+finding the Scotch Queen guilty of the crimes that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 145]</span>
+are objected against her, or by some manner of
+composition with a show of saving her honour. The
+first, I think, will hardly be attempted, for two causes,
+the one, for that if her adverse party accuse her of
+the murder by producing of her letters, she will deny
+them, and accuse the most of them of manifest consent
+to the murder, hardly to be denied; so as, upon
+the trial on both sides, her proofs will judicially fall
+best out, as it is thought. The other, for that their
+young King is of tender and weak years and state of
+body; and if God should call him, and their Queen
+were judicially defaced ... Hamilton, upon his death,
+should succeed; which Murray's faction utterly detest.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="MARYS_REQUEST" id="MARYS_REQUEST"></a>MARY'S REQUEST</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;November 22. Mary to her Commissioners.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 185, <i>from Queen Mary's Register</i>, Cott. Lib., Titius C. 12.</p>
+
+<p>Ye shall afore our sister, her nobility, and the
+whole ambassadors of strange countries, desire, in
+our name, that we may be licensed to come in proper
+person afore them all, to answer to that which may
+or can be proposed and alleged against us by the
+calumnies of our rebels, since they have free access
+to accuse us.... And now the said Earl of Murray
+being permitted to come into her presence, which if
+the like be not granted us, as is reasonable, and yet
+our sister will condemn us in our absence, not having
+place to answer for ourselves, as justice requires; in
+consideration of the premisses ye shall break off your
+conference, and proceed no further therein, but take
+your leave and come away.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 146]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE REGENT'S "EIK"</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;November 26. Murray's "<a name="Eik" id="Eik"></a>Eik" or Additional Charge.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 206, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 230.</p>
+
+<p>Whereas in our former answer, upon good respects
+mentioned in our protestation, we kept back the
+chiefest causes and grounds, whereupon our actions
+and whole proceedings were founded, wherewithal
+seeing our adversaries will not content themselves;
+but by their obstinate and earnest pressing we are
+compelled, for justifying of our cause, to manifest
+the naked truth. It is certain, and we boldly and
+constantly affirm, that as James, sometime Earl of
+Bothwell, was the chief executor of the horrible and
+unworthy murder, perpetrated in the person of umquhile
+King Henry of good memory, father to our
+sovereign Lord, and the Queen's lawful husband, so
+was she of the foreknowledge, counsel, device, persuader
+and commander of the said murder to be
+done, maintainer and fortifier of the executors thereof,
+by impeding and stopping of the inquisition and
+punishment due for the same, according to the laws
+of the realm, and, consequently, by marriage with the
+said James, sometime Earl Bothwell, delated and
+universally esteemed chief author of the above-named
+murder. Where through they began to use and exercise
+an uncouth and cruel tyranny in the whole state
+of the commonwealth, and with the first (as well
+appeared by their proceedings) intended to cause the
+innocent Prince, now our Sovereign Lord, shortly<span class="pagenum">[Pg 147]</span>
+follow his father, and so to transfer the crown from
+the right line to a bloody murderer and godless
+tyrant. In which respect the estates of the realm of
+Scotland finding her unworthy to reign, decreed
+her demission of the Crown, with the coronation of
+our sovereign Lord, and establishing of the regiment
+of that realm, in the person of me, the Earl of
+Murray....</p>
+
+<p class="blockqtrt">James, Regent.
+<br><span class="smcap">Patrick, L. Lindsay.</span>
+<br><span class="smcap">Morton.</span>
+<br><span class="smcap">Ad. Orkad.</span>
+<br><span class="smcap">Dunfermline.</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>ANSWER TO THE "EIK"</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;December 1. <a name="The_Answer" id="The_Answer"></a>The Answer of Queen Mary's Commissioners to the "Eik."</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 213, <i>from Queen Mary's Register</i>.</p>
+
+<p>My Lords,&mdash;We are heartily sorry to hear that
+our countrymen should intend to colour their most
+unjust, ingrate, and shameful doings.... Her
+Highness made the greatest of them of mean men, if
+they had used their own calling, Earls and Lords,
+and now, without any evil deserving on her Grace's
+part to any of them in deed or word, to be thuswise
+recompensed with calumnious and false invented
+bruits {rumours}, slandered in so great a matter, to
+her reproach, whereof they themselves, that now pretend
+herewith to excuse their own treasons, were the
+first inventors, writers with their own hands of that
+devilish band, the conspiracy of the slaughter of that
+innocent young gentleman, Henry Stewart, late
+spouse till our sovereign, and presented to their wicked<span class="pagenum">[Pg 148]</span>
+confederate, James, Earl Bothwell, as was made
+manifest before ten thousand people at the execution
+of certain the principal offenders at Edinburgh....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY AND ELIZABETH</i></div>
+
+<p>The Queen's Highness, our and their native sovereign,
+... gave them in her youth ... the twa
+part (two-thirds) of the patrimony pertaining to the
+Crown of Scotland, and seeing that her successors,
+Kings of that realm, might not maintain their estate
+upon the third part ... for their evil deservings
+and most proud contemption ... caused her use
+the privilege of the laws always granted to the Kings
+of that realm before, and make revocation before
+her full age of xxv. years, ... so that it was not the
+punishment of that slaughter that moved them to
+this proud rebellion, but the usurping of their
+Sovereign's supreme authority, and to possess themselves
+with her great riches....</p>
+
+<p>... Our desire is most earnestly that it should be
+the Queen's Majesty's pleasure that our Sovereign
+may be admitted to come into the presence of the
+Queen's Highness of this realm, her whole nobility,
+and also in presence of the ambassadors of foreign
+countries, for more true declaration of her innocency.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2>1568.&mdash;December 4. Elizabeth's Answer.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 222, <i>from Queen Mary's Register</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I think it very reasonable that she should be heard
+in her own cause, being so weighty; but to determine
+whom before, when and what, any time before I
+understand how they will verify their allegation, I
+am not as yet resolved.</p><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 149]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE PRIVY COUNCIL</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;Dec. 4. Proceedings of the Privy Council.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 223, <i>from the Journal of the
+Privy Council of England</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Die Sabbati, 4 Decembris 1568, Hora prima post meridiem.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Present.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Queen's Majesty.</span></p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">The Lord Keeper {Sir Nicholas Bacon}.</td><td align="left">Earl Leicester.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Duke of Norfolk.</td><td align="left">Lord Admiral {Lord Clinton}.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Marquis {of Northampton}.</td><td align="left">Lord Chamberlain {Lord Howard of Effingham}.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Lord Steward {Pembroke}.</td><td align="left">Sir William Cecil.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Earl Essex.</td><td align="left">Sir Ralph Sadler.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Earl Bedford.</td><td align="left">Sir Walt. Mildmay.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>The said Bishop {of Ross} and his colleagues,
+before they came to the Court, sent a message to
+the Earl of Leicester and Sir William Cecil, requiring
+to speak with them two apart.... And thereupon
+the said Commissioners came into the Earl of
+Leicester's chamber, where the said Bishop in the name
+of the rest said ... That although the Earl of Murray
+and his complices had delivered in writing a grievous
+accusation against the Queen, their Sovereign, and
+that they were prohibited to make any further answer
+to any such matter, but only to desire the Queen of
+Scots might come in person to the presence of the
+Queen's Majesty to make any further answer to any
+such matter; yet they having considered with themselves
+their mistress's intention to have been always
+from the beginning, that these causes should be<span class="pagenum">[Pg 150]</span>
+ended by the Queen's Majesty by some such good
+appointment betwix her and her subjects, as might
+be for her Grace's honour and the common weal of
+the country, with surety also to the Earl of Murray,
+and his party ... thought good to declare thus
+much to the said Earl and Sir William Cecil....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>COUNCIL PROCEEDINGS</i></div>
+
+<p>After the said Bishop had reiterated the said
+motion, as above is mentioned, the Queen's Majesty
+said: "... Trusting and wishing that the Queen,
+her sister, should be found innocent, ... she
+thought it better for her sister's honour and declaration
+to the world of her innocency, to have the Earl
+of Murray and his complices charged and reproved
+for this their so audacious defaming of the Queen,
+their sovereign, and to receive that which was due for
+their punishment, than to have it ended by appointment,
+except it might be thought that they should
+be able to show some apparent just causes of such
+an attempt, whereof her Majesty would be sorry to
+hear. And as for the Queen of Scots coming in
+person to her Majesty to make answer hereunto, the
+same being of no small moment to her honour, but
+rather likely to touch her in reputation, in that it
+might be thought the accusation so probable, as it
+not to be improved {disproved} by any other, but
+that she should be forced to come herself, being a
+Queen, in person to answer for herself, her Majesty
+said she would not have the Queen's honour and
+estate in that matter endangered without this their
+accusation might first appear to have more likelihood
+of just cause than she did find therein....</p>
+
+<p>Hereunto the Queen of Scots' Commissioners said<span class="pagenum">[Pg 151]</span>
+that this last motion for an appointment came not
+from the Queen since the accusation given in by the
+Earl of Murray, and so also the Queen's Majesty
+assented thereto, but of their own consideration."</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>PRODUCTION OF THE PROOFS</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;Dec. 6. Proofs produced at Westminster.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote">l. ii. p. 231, <i>from the Journal of the Commissioners</i>.</p>
+
+<p>... They {Murray and others} would show
+unto her Majesty's Commissioners a collection made
+in writing of the presumptions and circumstances,
+by the which it should evidently appear that as the
+Earl Bothwell was the chief murtherer of the King,
+so was the Queen a deviser and maintainer thereof;
+the which writing followeth thus. Articles containing
+certain conjectures, &amp;c. {the Book of Articles. See
+<i>supra</i>, <a href="#Articles">p. 144</a>}.</p>
+
+<p>After the reading hereof they also said that according
+to the truth contained in the same, the three
+estates of Parliament, called by the King, now
+present, their whole actions and proceedings from
+the murther of the late King were ratified and
+approved to be lawful....</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Hosack I., App. C., from State Papers</i> (<i>Mary, Queen of Scots</i>),
+1568, vol. ii. p. 61, December 7, 1568.</p>
+
+<p>... The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners having
+heard the foresaid Book of Articles read unto them
+... entered into a new hearing of the Book of
+Articles, whereof having heard three of the chapters
+or heads, the Earl of Murray and his colleagues,
+according to the appointment, came to the said<span class="pagenum">[Pg 152]</span>
+Commissioners and said: 'They trusted that, after
+the reading of the Book of Articles, and specially
+upon the sight of the Act of Parliament, wherein the
+whole cause wherewith their adversaries did charge
+them, were found, declared, and concluded to be
+lawful; their Lordships would be satisfied to think
+them clear and void of such crime as her Majesty
+did charge them withal.... They required to know
+whether their Lordships were not now satisfied with
+such things as they had seen, and if they were not,
+and that it would please them to show if in any part
+of these Articles exhibited they conceived any doubt,
+or would have any other proof, which they trusted,
+needed not.... {The Commissioners declined to
+give any opinion on this point.}</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE CASKET</i></div>
+
+<p>And so they produced a small gilded coffer of not
+fully one foot long, being garnished in many places
+with the Roman letter F set under a Royal Crown,
+wherein were certain letters and writings, and as they
+said and affirmed to have been written with the Queen
+of Scots' own hand, to the Earl Bothwell, which
+coffer, as they said, being left in the Castle of Edinburgh
+by the said Earl Bothwell before his flying
+away, was sent for by one George Dalgleish, his
+servant, who was taken by the Earl of Morton, who
+also thereto sitting presently as one of the Commissioners
+avowed upon his oath the same to be true, and
+the writings to be the very same without any manner
+of change, and before they would exhibit the sight of
+these letters they exhibited {the two marriage contracts}....
+After this the said Earl and his
+colleagues offered to show certain proofs, not<span class="pagenum">[Pg 153]</span>
+only of the Queen's hate towards the King, her
+husband, but also of unordinate love towards Bothwell,
+for which purpose they produced a letter written
+in French and in Roman hand, which they averred
+to be a letter of the said Queen's own hand to Bothwell
+when she was at Glasgow with her husband, at
+the time she went to bring him to Edinburgh, the
+tenour of which letter hereafter followeth: Il semble
+que avecques ure absence, &amp;c. {<a href="#Letter_I">Letter i.</a> p. 165.}</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>ITS CONTENTS</i></div>
+
+<p>After this they produced for the same purpose one
+other long letter written also with the like hand, and
+in French, ... the tenour of all which letter followeth
+hereafter: Estant party du lieu, &amp;c. {<a href="#Letter_II">Letter ii.</a> p. 167.}</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 235, <i>from the Journal of the
+Commissioners</i>, December 8.</p>
+
+<p>They produced seven several writings written in
+French in the like Roman hand, as others her letters
+which were shewed yesternight and avowed by them
+to be written by the said Queen, which seven writings,
+being copied, were read in French, and a due collation
+made thereof as near as could be by reading and
+inspection, and made to accord with the originals,
+which the said Earl of Murray required to be redelivered,
+and did thereupon deliver the copies being
+collationed, the tenour of all which seven writings
+hereafter follow in order, the first being in manner of
+a sonnet,</p>
+
+<p class="center">"O Dieux, ayez de moy," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This is the first line of the first of the collection of sonnets,
+which will be found <a href="#Sonnets">on pp. 195-201</a>. The other six "writings" are
+Letters iii.-viii., on <a href="#Letter_III">pp. 162-195.</a>]</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_154" id="Pg_154"></a>[Pg 154]</span></p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>DEPOSITIONS</i></div>
+
+<p>After this they did produce and show three several
+writings in English, subscribed and signed by Sir
+John Bellenden, Knight, Justice-Clerk in Scotland,
+whereof the first contained two several examinations,
+the first of John Hay, the younger of Talla, the 13th
+of September, anno 1567, the second of John Hepburn,
+called John of Bolton, being examined upon
+the murder of the King, the 8th of December 1567.
+The third writing containeth the examination of one
+George Dalgleish, the 26th of June in the same year,
+1567. All which writings ... were delivered to
+the said Commissioners, the true tenour whereof
+hereafter followeth, <i>Apud Edinburgh</i>, 13 die mensis
+Septembris.</p>
+
+<p>After this they produced and showed forth in
+writing, subscribed likewise by the said Justice-Clerk,
+a copy of the process, verdict, and judgment against
+the foresaid John Hepburn, John Hay, William
+Powrie, and George Dalgleish, as culpable of the
+murder of the said King, which being read, was also
+delivered, and the tenours thereof hereafter followeth,
+<i>Curia justiciariae S. D. N. regis</i>, &amp;c. After this they
+produced and shewed forth a writing in a long paper,
+being, as they said, the judgment and condemnation
+by Parliament of the Earl Bothwell, James Ormiston,
+Robert Ormiston, Patrick Wilson, and Paris, a Frenchman,
+Sym, Armstrong, and William Murray, as guilty
+sundry ways of treason for the murder of the King.
+The tenour whereof thus followeth: <i>In the Parliament
+holden at Edinburgh, the 20th day of December</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After this they produced and showed a writing
+signed by Mr. James Macgill, Clerk of the register,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 155]</span>
+containing a request, by way of protestation, by the
+Earls of Huntly and Argyle, and the Lord Herries,
+by the which they require to have no fault imputed
+unto them for not doing their duty since the 10th of
+June 1567, until the 29th of December then following,
+for the which, by order of Parliament, they were
+acquitted....</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE FINDING OF THE CASKET</i></div>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 239, from <i>Journal of the Commissioners</i>,
+Cott. Lib. Calig., c. i. p. 252, Dec. 9, 1568.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners being occupied
+in perusing and reading certain letters and
+sonnets written in French, being duly translated into
+English, and other writings also exhibited yesterday
+to them by the Earl of Murray and his colleagues....
+After this the Earl of Murray and his colleagues
+came ... and first the Earl Morton said, that where
+heretofore he had declared by speech, the manner
+how he came to the little gilt coffer with the letters,
+sonnets, and contracts of marriage therein found, and
+heretofore exhibited: he had caused the same to be
+put in writing, which also he produced subscribed
+with his hand, and desired to have it read: which
+being done, he avowed upon his honour, and the
+oath which he already took, the same to be true, the
+tenor whereof followeth, <i>The true declaration and report</i>,
+&amp;c. (see <a href="#Mortons_Declaration">p. 203</a>).</p>
+
+<p>After this the Earl of Murray required that one
+Thomas Nelson, late servitor to the King that was
+murdered ... might be heard upon his oath to
+report his knowledge therein, who, being produced,
+did present a writing in form of answer of himself to<span class="pagenum">[Pg 156]</span>
+an examination, which being read unto him, he did
+by a corporal oath affirm the same to be true ...
+(see <a href="#Nelson">p. 207</a>) ...</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>CRAWFORD'S EVIDENCE</i></div>
+
+<p>The like request was made that one Thomas Crawford,
+a gentleman of the Earl of Lennox, might be
+also heard upon his oath, who was, as they said, the
+same party of whom mention is made in a long letter
+written in French, and exhibited the 7th of this
+month.... Whereupon the said Thomas Crawford
+... did present a writing, which he said he caused
+to be made according to the truth of his knowledge,
+which being read he affirmed upon his corporal oath
+there taken to be true, the tenour whereof hereafter
+followeth. The words betwixt the Queen, &amp;c....
+The said Crawford said ... that he ... was secretly
+informed by the King of all things which had passed
+betwixt the said Queen and the King, to the intent
+he should report the same to the Earl of Lennox his
+master ... and that he did, immediately at the same
+time, write the same word by word as near as he
+possibly could carry the same away ... (see
+<a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">p. 208</a>).</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Journal of the Privy Council of Hampton Court</i>,
+December 14, 1568. <i>Goodall</i>, ii. 254.</p>
+
+<p>There were produced sundry letters written in French,
+supposed to be written by the Queen of Scots' own
+hand, were then also presently produced and perused;
+and being read were duly conferred and compared,
+for the manner of writing and fashion of orthography,
+with sundry other letters long since heretofore written,
+and sent by the Queen of Scots to the Queen's<span class="pagenum">[Pg 157]</span>
+Majesty. {The attestation of Morton and the depositions
+were then read.} ... And forasmuch as the
+night approached, it was thought good to defer the
+further declaration of the rest until the next day
+following.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i>, December 15.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The Book of Articles, depositions, and contracts were produced,
+along with Acts of the Scottish Parliament.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>And it is to be noted, that, at the time of the
+producing, shewing, and reading of all these foresaid
+writings, there was no special choice nor regard had
+to the order of the producing thereof, but the whole
+writings lying all together upon the Council table, the
+same were one after another showed rather by hap, as
+the same did lie upon the table, than with any choice
+made, as by the natures thereof, if time had so served,
+might have been.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S PERSONAL ANSWER</i></div>
+
+<h2>1568.&mdash;December 19. Queen Mary's own Answer to the "Eik."</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Mary to her Commissioners. Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 288,
+from Cott. Lib. Calig., b. ix. p. 287.</p>
+
+<p>We have received the eik given in by the Earl
+of Murray and his complices. And where they have
+said thereintill, or at any time, that we knew, counselled,
+devised, persuaded, or commended the murther
+of our husband, they have falsely, traitorously, and
+meschantlie lied; imputing unto us the crime whereof
+they themselves are authors, inventors, doers, and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 158]</span>
+some of them proper executors. And where they
+allege we stopped inquisition, and due punishment
+to be made on the said murther; and siclike {similarly}
+of the sequel of the marriage with the Earl
+Bothwell; it is sufficiently answered in the reply
+given in at York to their two points.... And where
+they charge us with unnatural kindness towards our
+son, alleging we intended to have caused him follow
+his father hastily: Howbeit the natural love the
+mother bears to her only bairn is sufficient to confound
+them, and misteris {requires} no other answer.
+Yet, considering their proceedings by-past, who did
+wrong him in our womb, intending to have slain him
+and us both, there is none of good judgment but
+they may easily perceive their hypocrisy, how they
+would fortify themselves in our son's name, till their
+tyranny were better established.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>DEMAND TO SEE ELIZABETH</i></div>
+
+<p>And to the effect our good sister may understand
+we are not willing to let their false invented allegations
+pass over with silence, adhering to your former protestations,
+ye shall desire the inspection and doubles
+of all that they have produced against us; and that
+we may see the alleged principal {original} writings,
+if they have any, produced; and with God's grace we
+shall make our answer thereto, that our innocence
+shall be known to our good sister, and to all other
+Princes; and similarly shall charge them as authors,
+inventors, and doers of the said crime they would
+impute to us, and prove the same sufficiently, so that
+we may have our good sister's presence, as our adversaries
+have had, and reasonable space and time to
+get such verification as appertains thereto. And<span class="pagenum">[Pg 159]</span>
+protest that we may add thereto as time place and
+need shall require.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[In accordance with these instructions, Mary's Commissioners made
+the request before Elizabeth and her Council on 25th December, and
+received the following reply:&mdash;]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Which desire her Majesty thought very reasonable,
+and declared her to be very glad that her good sister
+would make answer in that manner for defence of
+her honour. And to the effect her Majesty might
+be the better advised upon their desires, and give
+answer thereto, desired an extract of the said writing
+to be given to her Highness. (Goodall, p. 282, from
+"Queen Mary's Register," as before.)</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>HAMPTON COURT</i></div>
+
+<h2>1569.&mdash;January 7. Proceedings at Hampton Court.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 297, from <i>Queen Mary's Register</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The which day the said Bishop of Ross, Lord
+Herries, and Abbot of Kilwinning, passed to the
+presence of the Queen's Majesty of England, her
+Highness's council being also present, and declared,
+that they had presently received writings from the
+Queen's Majesty of Scotland, their sovereign, by the
+which they were of new commanded to signify unto
+her Majesty, that she would answer to the calumnious
+accusation of her subjects, and also would
+accuse them as principal authors, inventors, and
+executors of that deid for the which she was falsely
+accused by them, conform to the writings presented
+of before in her name, and therefore desired the
+writings produced by her inobedient subjects, or, at<span class="pagenum">[Pg 160]</span>
+the least, the copies thereof, to be delivered unto
+thame, that their mistress might fully answer thereto
+as was desired.</p>
+
+<p>And the Queen's Majesty of England took to be
+advised therewith, and promised to give answer
+within two or three days.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S DECISION</i></div>
+
+<h2>1569.&mdash;January 10. At Hampton Court.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ibid.</i> (p. 305).</p>
+
+<p>The which day the said Earl of Murray, and his
+complices, came before the Queen's Majesty of England,
+where Sir William Cecil, secretary, at the
+Queen's Majesty's command, and her Highness's
+council, gave them such answer in effect as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Whereas the Earl of Murray, and his adherents,
+come into this realm, at the desire of the Queen's
+Majesty of England, to answer to such things as the
+Queen their sovereign objected against them, and
+their allegiances; for so much as there has been
+nothing deduced against them, as yet, that may
+impair their honour or allegiances; and, on the
+other part, there had been nothing sufficiently produced
+nor shown by them against the Queen, their
+sovereign, whereby the Queen of England should
+conceive or take any evil opinion of the Queen, her
+good sister, for anything yet seen; and there being
+alleged by the Earl of Murray the unquiet state and
+disorder of the realm of Scotland, now in his absence,
+her Majesty thinketh meet not to restrain any
+farther the said Earl and his adherents' liberty; but
+suffer him and them, at their pleasure to depart,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 161]</span>
+relinquishing them in the same estate in the which
+they were of before their coming within this realm, till
+she hear farther of their Queen of Scotland's answer,
+to such things as have been alleged against her.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S PROTEST</i></div>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Next day, Mary's Commissioners protested and again demanded "copies
+of the pretended writings given in." On the 13th they repeated their
+demand, and received a promise "that she {Elizabeth} will not refuse
+unto the Queen, her good sister, to give the doubles of all that was
+produced." (Goodall.) The copies not being forthcoming, Mary applied
+to the French ambassador, La Mothe Fénélon, for help. Elizabeth
+promised that they should be produced immediately, but, when Fénélon
+again approached her on the subject, he was informed that Mary had,
+in a letter, accused the English Queen of partiality. (Fénélon, i.
+133 and 162.) The matter was forgotten in the negotiations for
+Mary's marriage with the Duke of Norfolk, and in the conspiracy
+which followed.]</p></blockquote><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 162]</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="SECTION_VII" id="SECTION_VII"></a>SECTION VII</h2>
+<h3>THE DOCUMENTS</h3><br>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#CASKET">1.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Contents of the Casket.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>a</i>)</td><td align="left">The Letters.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>b</i>)</td><td align="left">The Sonnets.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">(<i>c</i>)</td><td align="left">The Contracts of Marriage.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Nelson">2.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Deposition of Thomas Nelson.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Crawfords_Deposition">3.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Deposition of Thomas Crawford.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Murrays_Journal">4.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Murray's Journal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#PARIS">5.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Depositions of Paris.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Ormiston">6.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Confession of Ormiston.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Morton">7.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">The Confession of the Earl of Morton.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Douglas">8.</a></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Letter from Mr. Archibald Douglas to the Queen of Scots.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE CASKET LETTERS</i></div>
+
+<h2>THE <a name="CASKET" id="CASKET"></a>CASKET LETTERS.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The following eight letters are the principal contents of the
+famous Silver Casket (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#THE_CASKET_LETTERS">pp. 125</a> and <a href="#SECTION_VI">132-161</a>). A long and bitter
+controversy has been waged in connection with the question of their
+authenticity. Every recorded production of them has been the subject
+of debate. Their discovery is related on <a href="#Mortons_Declaration">pp. 203-207</a>. Their
+appearance at York is described in the letter to Queen Elizabeth on
+<a href="#October_11">pp. 138-143</a>. It is evident that, at York, they were produced in
+Scots, and there has been considerable controversy as to whether
+they were there stated to be originals or translations. At
+Westminster, they were shown to the Commissioners in French. Within
+a few years after the Westminster Conference, we lose all trace of
+the original documents. Translations<span class="pagenum">[Pg 163]</span>
+of them into Scots, English, and Latin and French versions, which we
+now know (at least in the case of some of the Letters) not to have
+been those produced at Westminster, were published soon after the
+Conference closed. In 1571, Latin translations of Nos. I., II., and
+IV. were printed in the Latin edition of Buchanan's "Detectio," and,
+in the same year, a Scots translation was published in London,
+containing the sonnets in French and Scots (reprinted in Anderson's
+"Collections," Vol. II.). Prefixed to each of the Scots versions was
+the first sentence of each letter, in French (<i>see</i> <a href="#French">pp. 194-5</a>). In
+1572 another Scots version was published at St. Andrews, and, in
+1573, a French translation of the "Detectio" appeared, with the
+imprimatur "Edinburgh." To it, French versions of all the letters,
+except No. III., were appended, with a version of the sonnets,
+varying considerably from that in the Scots "Detection." Research
+has revealed the existence of English translations of Nos. I. and
+II. and French versions of Nos. III. and V. in the Record Office;
+and of English translations and French versions of Nos. IV. and VI.
+at Hatfield. All these various versions will be found printed, in
+careful and scholarly fashion, in Appendix C. of Mr. T. F.
+Henderson's "Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots."</p>
+
+<p>The method adopted in the present work has been to print the Scots
+version of all the letters, with a glossary of unusual words. It is
+the only complete version, and the published French and Latin
+letters are probably derived from it. Variations both in these and
+in such English and French versions of the letters as are at
+Hatfield or the Record Office, are indicated in notes appended to
+each letter. Care should be taken to distinguish between these
+Hatfield or Record Office French versions and the "Published
+French," <i>i.e.</i> the French of the edition of 1573.</p>
+
+<p>References to the literature of the question will be found in an
+Appendix. For the guidance of the reader, it may be added that one
+section of the discussion turns upon the question whether French
+originals of Nos. I., II., VII., and VIII. ever existed; and the
+Scots and English have been carefully<span class="pagenum">[Pg 164]</span>
+examined to discover if they bear traces of derivation from a French
+source.</p>
+
+<p>Of the other contents of the Casket, the Sonnets, and the important
+clauses of the marriage contracts will be found immediately after
+the letters.]</p>
+
+<p>The following Scots words, which appear frequently in the text of
+the letters, may be unknown to English readers:&mdash;</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="blockqtin">Abaschit = surprised.<br>
+Aganis = against.<br>
+Allanerly = only.<br>
+Awin = own.<br>
+Beseik = beseech.<br>
+Chereis = cherish.<br>
+Conqueis = conquest.<br>
+Cordounis = cords.<br>
+Dreddouris = fears.<br>
+Eir = ear.<br>
+Eis = ease.<br>
+Fane = anxious (wald verray fane, wished very much).<br>
+Fascherie, fascheous = trouble, troublesome.<br>
+Fenze, fenzeingly = feign, feigningly.<br>
+Fulische = foolish.<br>
+Gangand = going.<br>
+Gar = force, compel.<br>
+Gude = good.<br>
+Haillely = wholly.<br>
+Impesche = hinder, prevent.<br>
+Incontinent = immediately.<br>
+Inlack = fail.<br>
+Inragis = becomes angry.<br>
+Irkit = tired, wearied.<br>
+Irksome = troublesome, disagreeable.<br>
+Journey = day's work.<br>
+Luif, luifar = love, lover.<br>
+Mekle, meikle = much.<br>
+Playn, plenzeit = complain, complained.<br>
+Quha = who.<br>
+Quhair = where.<br>
+Quhen = when.<br>
+Quhilk = which.<br>
+Quhill = while, till.<br>
+Regiment = rule.<br>
+Schaw = show.<br>
+Schort = short.<br>
+Schuillis = schools.<br>
+Seik = sick.<br>
+Sic, siclyke = such, similarly.<br>
+Sone = son.<br>
+Speik = speak.<br>
+Suld = should.<br>
+Travell = take pains, try.<br>
+Thristit = nudged.<br>
+Tuichit = touched.<br>
+Tyne = lose.<br>
+Unsay = contradict.<br>
+Wald = would.<br>
+Waryit = cured.<br>
+Wod = mad, angry.<br>
+Ze, zow = ye, you.<br>
+Zisternicht = yesternight.<br>
+Zit = yet.<br></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 165]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Letter_I" id="Letter_I"></a>Letter I.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 1, <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>It appeiris, that with zour absence thair is alswa
+joynit forzetfulnes, seand yat at zour departing ze
+promysit to mak me advertisement of zour newis
+from tyme to tyme. The waitting upon yame zisterday
+causit me to be almaist in sic joy as I will be at
+zour returning, quhilk ze have delayit langer than
+zour promeis was.</p>
+
+<p>As to me, howbeit I have na farther newis from
+zow according to my commission, I bring the man
+with me to Craigmillar upon Monounday, quhair he
+will be all Wednisday; and I will gang to Edinburgh
+to draw blude of me, gif in the meane tyme
+I get na newis in ye contrary fra zow.</p>
+
+<p>He is mair gay than ever ze saw him; he puttis
+me in remembrance of all thingis yat may mak me
+beleve he luifis me. Summa, ye will say yat he
+makis lufe to me; of ye quhilk I tak sa greit pleasure,
+yat I enter never where he is, bot incontinent
+I tak ye seiknes of my sair syde, I am sa troubillit
+with it. Gif Paris bringis me that quhilk I send
+him for, I traist it sall amend me.</p>
+
+<p>I pray zow, advertise me of zour newis at lenth,
+and quhat I sall do in cace ze be not returnit quhen
+I am cum thair; for, in cace ze wirk not wysely, I
+se that the haill burding of this will fall upon my
+schoulderis. Provide for all thing, and discourse
+upon it first with zourself. I send this be Betoun,
+quha gais to ane day of law of the Laird of Balfouris.</p>
+
+<p>I will say na farther, saifing that I pray zow to send<span class="pagenum">[Pg 166]</span>
+me gude newis of zour voyage. From Glasgow this
+Setterday in the morning.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>There are no important variations in the published Latin and
+French translations.</p>
+
+<p>An English version of Letter I., preserved in the Record
+Office (State Papers relating to Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii.
+p. 66), quoted by Mr. Henderson in his "Casket Letters,"
+pp. 124-5:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>It seemyth that with your absence forgetfulness is joynid consydering
+that at your departure you promised me to send me
+newes from you. Nevertheless I can learn none. And yet did
+I yesterday looke for that that shuld make me meryer than I
+shall be. I think you doo the lyke for your return, prolonging
+it more than you have promised.</p>
+
+<p>As for me, if I hear no other matter of you, according to my
+commission, I bring the man Monday to Craigmillar, where he
+shall be upon Wednisday. And I go to Edinborough to be lett
+blud, if I hear no word to the contrary.</p>
+
+<p>He is the meryest that ever you sawe and doth remember
+unto me all that he can, to make me believe that he loveth me.
+To conclude, you wold say that he maketh love to me, wherein
+I take so much pleasure, that I have never com in there, but
+the payne of my syde doth take me. I have it sore to-day. If
+Paris doth bring back unto me that for which I have sent, it
+suld much amend me.</p>
+
+<p>I pray you, send me word from you at large, and what I shall
+doo if you be not returned, when I shall be there. For if you
+be not wyse I see assuredly all the whole burden falling upon
+my shoulders. Provide for all and consyder well first of all. I
+send this present to Ledington to be delivered to you by Beton,
+who goeth to one day a law of Lord Balfour. I will say no
+more unto you, but that I pray God send me goode newes of
+your voyage.</p>
+
+<p>From Glasco this Saturday morning.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 167]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Letter_II" id="Letter_II"></a>Letter II.</h2>
+
+<p>Being departit from the place where I left my
+hart, it is esie to be judgeit quhat was my countenance,
+seing that<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> I was evin als mekle as ane body
+without ane hart; quhilk was the occasioun that
+quhile dennertyme I held purpois to na body: nor
+zit durst ony present themselves unto me, judging
+yat it was not gude sa to do.</p>
+
+<p>Four myle or I came to the towne, ane gentilman
+of the Erle of Lennox came and maid his commendatiounis
+unto me; and excusit him that he came not
+to meit me, be ressoun he durst not interpryse the
+same, becaus of the rude wordis that I had spoken
+to Cuninghame; and he desyrit that he suld come to
+the inquisition of ye matter yat I suspectit him of.
+This last speiking was of his awin heid, without ony
+commissioun.</p>
+
+<p>I answerit to him, that thair was na receipt culd
+serve aganis feir; and that he wald not be affrayit, in
+case he wer not culpabill; and that I answerit
+bot rudely to the doutis yat were in his letteris.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+Summa, I maid him hald his toung. The rest were
+lang to wryte. Schir James Hammiltoun met me,
+quha schawit, that the uther tyme quhen he hard of
+my cumming, he departit away, and send Howstoun,
+to schaw him, that he wald never have belevit that
+he wald persewit him, nor yit accompanyit him with
+the Hammiltounis. He answerit, that he was only
+cum bot to see me, and yat he wald nouther accompany
+Stewart nor Hammiltoun, bot be my commandement.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 168]</span>
+He desyrit<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> that he wald cum and speik with
+him. He refusit it.</p>
+
+<p>The Laird of Lusse,<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Howstoun, and Caldwellis
+sone, with xl hors or thair about, came and met me.
+The Laird of Lusse said, he was chargeit to ane day
+of law be the King's father, quhilk suld be this day,
+aganis his awin handwrit, quhilk he has; and zit
+notwithstanding, knawing of my cumming, it is delayit.
+He was inquyrit to come to him, whilk he
+refusit, and sweiris that he will indure nothing of
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Never ane of that towne came to speik to me,
+quhilk causis me think that thay ar his; and nevertheless
+he speikis gude, at the leist his sone. I se<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>
+na uther gentilman but thay of my company.</p>
+
+<p>The King send for Joachim zisternicht,<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> and askit
+at him, quhy I lodgeit not besyde him, and that he
+wald ryse the soner gif that wer; and quhairfoir<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> I
+come, gif it was for gude appointment? and gif ye
+wer thair in particular? and gif I had maid my estait,
+gif I had takin Paris<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a><a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and Gilbert to wryte to me?
+and yat I wald send Joseph away. I am abaschit
+[<i>i.e.</i> I wonder] quha hes schawin him sa far; zea, he
+spak evin of ye marriage of Bastiane.</p>
+
+<p>I inquyrit him of his letteris, quhairintil he plenzeit
+{complained} of the crueltie of sum; answerit, that
+he was astonischit,<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> and that he was sa glaid to se me,
+that he belevit to die for glaidness. He fand greit
+fault that I was pensive.</p>
+
+<p>I departit to supper. This beirer will tell zow of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 169]</span>
+my arryving. He prayit me to returne; the quhilk
+I did. He declairit unto me his seiknes, and that he
+wald mak na testament, but only leif all thing to me;
+and that I was the caus of his maladie, becaus of the
+regrait that he had that I was sa strange unto him.
+And thus he said: Ze ask me quhat I mene be the
+crueltie contenit in my letter? It is of zow alone
+that will not accept my offeris and repentance. I
+confes that I have failit, but not into that quhilk I
+ever denyit, and sicklyke hes failit to {too} sindrie of
+your subjectis, quhilk ze have forgevin.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>I am zoung.</p>
+
+<p>Ye will say that ze have forgevin me oft tymes, and
+zit yat I returne to my faultis. May not ane man of my
+age, for lacke of counsell, fall twyse or thryse, or
+inlacke {fail} of his promeis, and at last<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> repent
+himself and be chastisit be experience? Gif I may
+obtene pardoun, I protest I sall never mak fault
+agane. And I crave na uther thing bot yat we may
+be at bed and buird togidder as husband and wyfe;
+and gif ze wil not consent heirunto I sall never ryse
+out of yis bed. I pray zow, tell me zour resolution.
+God knawis I am punischit for making my God of
+zow, and for having na uther thocht bot on zow;
+and gif at ony tyme I offend zow, ze ar the caus,
+becaus quhen ony offendis me, gif, for my refuge, I
+micht playne unto zow, I wald speik it unto na uther
+body; bot quhen I heir ony thing, not being familiar
+with zow, necessitie constrains me to keip it in my
+breist, and yat causes me to tyne {lose} my wit for
+verray anger.</p>
+
+<p>I answerit ay unto him, bot that wald be ovir lang<span class="pagenum">[Pg 170]</span>
+to wryte at lenth. I askit quhy he wald pas away in
+ye Inglis schip. He denyis it, and sweirs theirunto;
+bot he grantis that he spak with the men. Efter this
+I inquirit him of the inquisition of Hiegate. He
+denyit the same quhill I schew him the verray wordis
+was spokin. At quhilk tyme he said that Mynto
+had advertisit him, that it was said that sum of the
+counsell had brocht an letter to me to be subscrivit
+to put him in presoun, and to slay him gif he maid
+resistence. And he askit the same at Mynto himself,
+quha answerit that he belevit ye same to be trew.
+The morne I will speik to him upon this point. As
+to the rest of Willie Hiegait's,<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> he confessit it, bot
+it was the morne efter my cumming or {till} he
+did it.</p>
+
+<p>He wald verray fane that I suld ludge in his
+ludgeing. I refusit it, and said to him that he behovit
+to be purgeit, and that culd not be done heir.
+He said to me, I heir say ze have brocht ane lyter
+{litter, couch} with zow; bot I had rather have
+passit {travelled} with zow. I trow<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> he belevit that
+I wald have send him away presoner. I answerit
+that I wald tak him with me to Craigmillar, quhais
+the mediciner and I micht help him, and not be far
+from my sone. He answerit that he was reddy when
+I pleisit, sa I wald assure him of his requeist.</p>
+
+<p>He desyris na body to se him. He is angrie quhen
+I speik of Walcar, and sayis, that he sall pluk the eiris
+out of his heid, and that he leis {lies}. For I inquyrit
+him upon that, and yat he was angrie with
+sum of the Lordis, and wald threittin thame. He<span class="pagenum">[Pg 171]</span>
+denyis that,<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> and sayis he luifis {loves} thame all,
+and prayis me to give traist to nathing aganis him.
+As to me he wald rather give his lyfe or he did ony
+displesure to me.</p>
+
+<p>And efter yis he schew me of sa mony lytil
+flattereis, sa cauldly and sa wysely, that ze will
+abasche {marvel} thairat. I had almaist forzet that
+he said he could not dout of me in yis purpois of
+Hiegait's; for he wald never belief yat I, quha was
+his proper flesche, wald do him ony evill; alsweill it
+was schawin that I refusit to subscrive the same.<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>
+But as to ony utheris that wald persew him, at least
+he wald sell his lyfe deir eneuch; but he suspectit
+na body, nor yit wald not, but wald lufe all yat I
+lufit.</p>
+
+<p>He wald not let me depart from him, bot desyrit
+yat I suld walk {watch} with him. I make it seme
+that I beleive that all is trew, and takis heid thairto,
+and excusit my self for this nicht that I culd not
+walk. He sayis, that he sleipis not weil. Ze saw
+him never better, nor speik mair humbler. And gif
+I had not ane prufe of his hart of waxe, and yat
+myne were not of ane dyamont quhairintill na schot
+can mak brek, bot that quhilk cummis furth your hand,
+I wald have almaist had pietie of him. But feir not,
+the place<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> sall hald unto the deith. Remember, in
+recompense thairof, that ze suffer not zouris to be
+wyn {won} be that fals race<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> that will travell na les
+with zow for the same.</p>
+
+<p>I beleve thay have bene at schuillis togidder. He
+has ever the teir in his eye; he salutis every body, zea
+unto the leist, and makis pieteous caressing unto<span class="pagenum">[Pg 172]</span>
+thame to mak thame have pietie on him. This day
+his father bled at the mouth and nose; ges quhat
+presage that is. I have not zit sene him, he keipis
+his chamber. The King desyris that I suld give
+him meit with my awin handis; but gif {give} na
+mair traist quhair ze ar than I sall do heir.</p>
+
+<p>This is my first journay {day's work.} I sall end
+ye same ye morne. I wryte all thingis, howbeit thay
+be of lytill wecht, to the end that ze may tak the best
+of all to judge upon. I am in doing of ane work heir
+that I hait greitly.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> Have ye not desyre to lauch to
+see me lie sa weill, at ye leist to dissembill sa weill, and
+to tell him treuth betwix handis {<i>i.e.</i> occasionally.}
+He schawit me almaist all yat is in the name of the
+Bischop and Sudderland, and zit I have never twichit
+ane word of that ze schawit me; but allanerly {only}
+be force, flattering, and to pray him to assure
+himself of me. And be pleinzing on the Bischop
+I have drawin it all out of him.<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Ze have hard the
+rest.</p>
+
+<p>We are couplit<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> with twa fals races; the devil
+sinder us and God knit us togidder for ever, for the
+maist faithfull coupill that ever He unitit. This is
+my faith; I will die in it.</p>
+
+<p>Excuse I wryte evill, ze may ges ye half of it; bot
+I cannot mend it, becaus I am not weil at eis; and
+zit verray glaid to wryte unto zow quhen the rest are
+sleipand, sen {since} I cannot sleip as they do and as
+I wald desyre, that is, in your armes, my deir lufe,
+quhome I pray God to preserve from all evill, and
+send yow repois; I am gang and to seik myne till
+ye morne, quhen I sall end my Bybill; bot I am<span class="pagenum">[Pg 173]</span>
+faschit {troubled} that it stoppis me to wryte newis
+of myself unto zow, becaus it is sa lang. Advertise
+me quhat ye have deliberat to do in the mater ze
+know upon this point to ye end, that we may understand
+utheris {each other} weill, that nathing may
+thairthrow be spilt.</p>
+
+<p>I am irkit {weary}<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> and ganging to sleip, and zit I
+ceis not to scrible all this paper in sa mekle as restis
+thairof. Waryit mot this pockische man be that
+causes me haif sa mekle pane, for without him I suld
+have an far plesander subject to discourse upon. He
+is not over mekle deformit,<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> zit he hes ressavit verray
+mekle. He hes almaist slane me with his braith; it
+is worse than your uncle's;<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> and zit I cum na neirer
+unto him, bot in ane chyre<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> at the bed feit, and he
+being at the uther end thairof.</p>
+
+<p>The message of the father in the gait {way}.</p>
+
+<p>The purpois {talk}<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> of Schir James Hamiltoun.</p>
+
+<p>Of that the Laird of Lusse schawit me of the delay.</p>
+
+<p>Of the demandis that he askit at Joachim.</p>
+
+<p>Of my estait.</p>
+
+<p>Of my company.</p>
+
+<p>Of the occasioun of my cumming;</p>
+
+<p>And of Joseph.</p>
+
+<p><i>Item.</i> The purpois that he and I had togidder.</p>
+
+<p>Of the desyre that he has to pleis me, and of his repentance.</p>
+
+<p>Of the interpretatioun of his letter.</p>
+
+<p>Of Willie Hiegaite's mater {business}, of his departing.</p>
+
+<p>Of Monsiure de Levingstoun.</p>
+
+<p>I had almaist forzet, that Monsiure de Levingstoun
+said in the Lady Reres eir at supper he said to me, quhen I was lenand<span class="pagenum">[Pg 174]</span>
+upon him warming me at the fyre. Ze have
+<span class="combination"><span class="moustache">{</span> <span class="above">fair</span> <span class="below">&nbsp;sair</span> <span class="moustache">}</span></span>
+going to se seik folk,<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> zit ze cannot be sa welcum to
+thame as ze left sum body this day in regrait, that
+will never be blyth quhill he se zow agane. I askit
+at him quha that was. With that he thristit my
+body, and said, that sum<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> of his folkis had sene zow
+in fascherie; ze may ges at the rest.</p>
+
+<p>I wrocht this day quhill {till} it was twa houris
+upon this bracelet, for to put the key of it within the
+lock thairof, quhilk is couplit underneth with twa
+cordounis. I have had sa lytill tyme that it is evill
+maid; bot I sall mak ane fairer in the meane tyme.
+Tak heid that nane that is heir se it, for all the warld
+will knaw it, becaus for haist it was made in yair
+presence.</p>
+
+<p>I am now passand to my fascheous {hateful} purpois.<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
+Ze gar (force) me dissemble sa far that I
+haif horring thairat; and ye caus me do almaist the
+office of a traitores. Remember how gif {if} it wer
+not to obey zow, I had rather be deid or I did it;<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>
+my hart bleidis at it. Summa, he will not cum with
+me, except upon conditioun that I will promeis to
+him, that I sall be at bed and buird with him as of
+befoir, and that I will leif him na ofter:<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> And doing
+this upon my word, he will do all thingis that I pleis,
+and cum with me. Bot he has prayit me to remane
+upon him quhil uther morne<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> {till tomorrow}.</p>
+
+<p>He spak verray bravely<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> at ye beginning, as yis<span class="pagenum">[Pg 175]</span>
+beirer will schaw zow, upon the purpois of the Inglismen,
+and of his departing; Bot in ye end he returnit
+agane to his humilitie.</p>
+
+<p>He schawit, amangis uther purposis, yat he knew
+weill aneuch that my brother had schawin me yat
+thing, quhilk he had spokin in striviling, of the
+quhilk he denyis ye ane half, and above all, yat ever
+he came in his chalmer. For to mak him traist me,
+it behovit me to fenze {feign} in sum thingis with
+him; thairfoir, quhen he requeistit me to promeis
+unto him, that quhen he was haill we suld have baith
+ane bed;<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> I said to him fenzeingly, and making me
+to beleve his promisis, that gif he changeit not purpois
+betwix yis and {by} that tyme, I wald be content
+thairwith; bot in the meane tyme I bad him tak
+heid that he leit na body wit thairof, becaus, to speik
+amangis our selvis, the Lordis culd not be offendit,
+nor will evill thairfoir: Bot<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> thay wald feir in respect
+of the boisting he maid of thame, that gif ever we
+aggreit togidder, he suld mak thame knaw the lytill
+compt thay tuke of him; and that he counsallit me
+not to purchas sum of thame by him. Thay for this
+caus wald be in jelosy, gif at anis, without thair
+knawledge, I suld brek the play set up in contrair in
+thair presence.</p>
+
+<p>He said, verray joyfully, And think zow thay will
+esteme zow the mair of that? Bot I am verray glaid
+that ze speik to me of the Lordis, for I beleve at this
+tyme ze desyre that we suld leif togidder in quyetnes:
+For gif it wer utherwyse, greiter inconvenience micht
+come to us baith than we ar war of;<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> bot now I
+will do quhatever ze will do, and will lufe all that ze<span class="pagenum">[Pg 176]</span>
+lufe; and desyris zow to make thame lufe in lyk
+maner; For, sen thay seik not my lyf, I lufe thame
+all equallie. Upon yis point this beirer will schaw
+zow mony small thingis. Becaus I have over mekle
+to wryte, and it is lait: I give traist unto him upon
+zour word. Summa, he will ga upon my word to all
+places.</p>
+
+<p>Alace! I never dissavit {deceived} ony body: Bot
+I remit me altogidder to zour will. Send me advertisement
+quhat I sall do, and quhatsaever thing sall
+cum thairof, I sall obey zow. Advise to with zourself,
+gif ze can find out ony mair secreit inventioun
+by medicine; for he suld tak medicine and the bath
+at Cragmillar. He may not cum furth of the hous
+this lang tyme.</p>
+
+<p>Summa, be all that I can leirne, he is in greit suspicioun,
+and zit notwithstanding, he gevis credit to
+my word; bot zit not sa far that he will schaw ony
+thing to me; bot nevertheles, I sall draw it out of
+him, gif ze will that I avow all unto him. Bot I will
+never rejoyce to dissaive ony body that traistis in me:
+Zit notwithstanding ze may command me in all thingis.
+Have na evill opinioun of me for that caus, be ressoun
+ze are the occasion of it zourself; becaus, for my
+awin particular revenge, I wald not do it to him.</p>
+
+<p>He gevis me sum chekis<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> of yat quhilk I feir, zea,
+evin in the quick. He sayis this far, yat his faultis
+wer publeist; bot yair is that committis faultis, that
+belevis thay will never be spokin of; and zit thay
+will speik of greit and small. As towart the Lady
+Reres, he said, I pray God that scho may serve zow
+for your honour; and said, it is thocht, and he<span class="pagenum">[Pg 177]</span>
+belevis it to be trew, that I have not the power of
+myself into myself, and that becaus of the refuse I
+maid of his offeris. Summa,<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> for certanetie he suspectis
+of the thing ze knaw, and of his lyf. Bot as
+to the last, how sone that I spak twa or thre gude
+wordis unto him, he rejoysis, and is out of dout.<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>I saw him not this evening for to end zour bracelet,
+to the quhilk I can get na lokkis. It is ready to
+thame: and zit I feir that it will bring sum malheus,
+and may be sene gif ze chance to be hurt. Advertise
+me gif ze will have it, and gif ze will have mair silver,
+and quhen I sall returne, and how far I mey speik.<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+He inragis when he heiris of Lethingtoun, or of zow
+or of my brother. Of zour brother he speikis nathing.
+He speikis of the Erle of Argyle. I am in feir quhen
+I heir him speik; for he assuris himself yat he hes
+not an evill opinioun of him. He speikis nathing of
+thame that is out, nouther gude nor evill, bot fleis
+that point. His father keipis his chalmer; I have
+not sene him.</p>
+
+<p>All the Hammiltounis ar heir, that accompanyis
+me verray honorabilly. All the freindis of the uther
+convoyis me quhen I gang to se him. He desyris
+me to cum and se him ryse the morne betyme. For
+to mak schort, this beirer will tell zow the rest. And
+gif I leirne onything heir, I will make zow memoriall
+at evin. He will tell zow the occasioun of my
+remaning. Burne this letter, for it is ovir dangerous,
+and nathing weill said in it; for I am thinkand upon
+nathing bot fascherie. Gif<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> ze be in Edinburgh at
+the ressait of it, send me word sone.</p>
+
+<p>Be not<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> offendit, for I gif not ovir greit credite.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 178]</span>
+Now seing to obey zow, my deir lufe, I spair nouther
+honour, conscience, hasard, nor greitnes quhatsumevir;
+tak it, I pray zow, in gude part, not efter the
+interpretatioun of zour fals gude-brother, to quhome,
+I pray zow, gif na credite aganis the maist faithful
+luifer that ever ze had, or ever sall have.</p>
+
+<p>Se not hir, quhais fenzeit teiris suld not be sa
+meckle praisit nor estemit, as the trew and faithful
+travellis quhilk I sustene for to merite his place. For
+obtening of the quhilk agains my natural, I betrayis
+thame that may impesche me. God forgive me, and
+God give zow, my only lufe, the hap and prosperitie
+quhilk zour humble and faithful lufe desyris unto zow,
+quha hopis to be schortly ane uther thing to zow for
+the reward of my irksome travellis.</p>
+
+<p>It is lait; I desyre never to ceis fra wryting unto
+zow; zit now, after the kissing of zour handis,
+I will end my letter. Excuse my evill wryting,
+and reid it twyse over. Excuse that thing that is
+scriblit, for I had na paper zisterday quhen I wrait
+that of ye memoriall. Remember upon zour lufe,
+and wryte unto hir, and that verray oft. Lufe me as
+I sall do zow.</p>
+
+<p>Remember zow of the purpois<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> of the Lady Reres</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Of the Inglismen<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Of his mother.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the Erle of Argyle.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the Erle of Bothwell.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Of the ludgeing in Edinburgh.<br></span>
+</div></div>
+<blockquote><p>[The memoranda in the middle of the letter constitute the "thing
+that is scriblit," for which pardon is asked in the last<span class="pagenum">[Pg 179]</span>
+sentence. The concluding words, from "Remember" to "Edinburgh," are
+instructions for the bearer.]</p></blockquote>
+<span class="pagenum">[Pg 182]</span>
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Letter_III" id="Letter_III"></a>Letter III.<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></h2>
+
+<p>My Lord, gif the displesure of zour absence, of
+zour forzetfulnes, ye feir of danger sa promisit be
+everie ane to zour sa luifit persone, may gif me consolatioun,
+I leif it to zow to juge, seing the unhap
+that my cruell lot and continuall misadventure hes
+hitherto promysit me, following ye misfortunes and
+feiris as weill of lait, as of ane lang tyme by-past, the
+quhilk ye do knaw. Bot for all that, I will in na
+wise accuse zow, nouther of zour lytill cair, and leist
+of all of zour promeis brokin, or of ye cauldnes of
+zour wryting, sen I am ellis sa far maid zouris, yat
+yat quhilk pleisis zow is acceptabill to me; and my<span class="pagenum">[Pg 183]</span>
+thochtis ar as willingly subdewit unto zouris, that I
+suppois yat all that cummis of zow proceidis not be ony
+of the causis forsaid, bot rather for sic {such} as be just
+and ressonabill, and sic as I desyre myself. Quhilk
+is the fynal order that ze promysit to tak for the
+suretie and honorabil service of ye only uphald of
+my lyfe. For quhilk alone I will preserve the same,
+and without the quhilk I desyre not bot suddane
+deith, and to testifie unto zow how lawly I submit
+me under zour commandementis, I have send zow,
+in signe of homage, be Paris, the ornament of the
+heid, quhilk is the chief gude of the uther memberis,
+inferring thairby that, be ye seising {placing} of zow in
+the possessioune of the spoile of that quhilk is principall,
+the remnant cannot be bot subject unto zow,
+and with consenting of the hart. In place thairof, sen
+I have ellis left it unto zow, I send unto zow ane sepulture
+of hard stane, collourit with blak, sawin with
+teiris and bones. The stane I compair to my hart,
+that as it is carvit in ane sure sepulture or harbor of
+zour commandementis, and above all, of zour name
+and memorie that ar thairin inclosit, as is my heart
+in this ring, never to cum furth, quhill deith grant
+unto yow to ane trophee of victorie of my banes, as
+the ring is fullit, in signe that yow haif maid ane full
+conqueis of me, of myne hart, and unto yat my banes
+be left unto yow in remembrance of your victorie
+and my acceptabill lufe and willing, for to be better
+bestowit than I merite. The ameling that is about
+is blak, quhilk signifyis the steidfastness of hir that
+sendis the same. The teiris are without number, sa
+ar the dreddowris to displeis yow, the teiris of your<span class="pagenum">[Pg 184]</span>
+absence, the disdane that I cannot be in outward
+effect youris, as I am without fenzeitnes of hart and
+spreit, and of gude ressoun, thocht my meritis wer
+mekle greiter then of the maist profite that ever was,
+and sic as I desyre to be, and sall tak pane in conditiounis
+to imitate, for to be bestowit worthylie under
+your regiment. My only wealth ressaif thairfoir in
+als gude part ye same, as I have ressavit your marriage
+with extreme joy, the quhilk sall not part furth of my
+bosum, quhill yat marriage of our bodyis be maid in
+publict, as signe of all that I outher hope or desyris
+of blis in yis warld. Zit my hart feiring to displeis
+you as mekle in the reiding heirof, as I delite me in
+ye writing, I will mak end, efter that I have kissit
+zour handis with als greit affectioun as, I pray God
+(O ye only uphald of my lyfe) to gif yow lang and
+blissit lyfe, and to me zour gude favour, as the only
+gude yat I desyre, and to ye quhilk I pretend. I have
+schawin unto this beirer that quhilk I have leirnit, to
+quhome I remit me, knawand the credite that ze gaif
+him, as scho dois that will be for ever unto zow
+humbill and obedient lauchfull wyfe, that for ever
+dedicates unto zow hir hart, hir body, without ony
+change, as unto him that I have maid possessour of my
+hart, of quhilk ze may hald zow assurit, yat unto ye
+deith sall na wayis be changeit, for evill nor gude sall
+never mak me go from it.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The original French version of this letter is in the Record
+Office (State Papers, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 66). It is
+printed by Mr. Henderson, and by Hosack. No Latin or
+French version of it was printed in the <i>Detectio</i>.</p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Letter_IV" id="Letter_IV"></a>Letter IV.</h2>
+
+<p>I have walkit laiter thair up then I wald have done,
+gif it had not bene to draw sumthing out of him,
+quhilk this beirer will schaw zow; quhilk is the fairest
+commodity {<i>i.e.</i> the most suitable opportunity} that
+can be offerit to excuse zour affairis. I have promysit
+to bring him the morne. Put ordour to it, gif ze
+find it gude.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Schir, I have brokin my promeis; becaus ze
+commandit me nouther to wryte nor send unto zow
+Zit I have not done this to offend zow, and gif ze
+knew the feir yat I have presently, ze wald not have
+sa mony contrary suspiciounis in your thocht; quhilk
+notwithstanding I treit and chereis, as proceeding
+from the thing in the warld that I maist desyre, and
+seikis fastest to haif, quhilk is zour gude grace; of
+the quhilk my behaviour sall assure me. As to me:
+I sall never dispair of it, and prayis zow, according
+to zour promeis, to discharge zour hart unto me,
+Utherwayis<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> I will think that my malhure, and the
+gude handling of hir that has not ye third part of the
+faithfull nor willing obedience unto zow that I beir,
+hes wyn, aganis my will, yat advantage over me,
+quhilk the second lufe of Jason wan; not that I will
+compair zow unto ane sa unhappy as he was, nor zit<span class="pagenum">[Pg 186]</span>
+myself to ane sa unpietifull ane woman as scho.
+Howbeit, ze caus me to be sumthing lyk unto hir in
+onything that tuichis zow, or yat may preserve and
+keip zow unto hir, to quhome only ze appertene; gif
+it be sa that I may appropriate that quhilk is wyn
+throch faithfull, zea only, lufiing of zow, as I do, and
+sall do all the dayis of my lyfe, for pane or evill that
+can cum thairof. In recompense of the quhilk, and
+of all the evillis quhilk ze have bene caus of to me,
+remember zow upon the place heir besyde.</p>
+
+<p>I craif with that ze keip promeis to me the morne;
+but that we may meit togidder, and that ye gif na
+faith to suspiciounis without the certanetie of thame.
+And I craif na uther thing at God, but that ze may
+knaw that thing that is in my hart quhilk is zouris;
+and that he may preserve zow from all evill, at the leist
+sa lang as I have lyfe, quhilk I repute not precious
+unto me, except in sa far as it and I baith ar
+aggreabill unto zow. I am going to bed, and will
+bid zow gude nicht. Advertise me tymely in the
+morning how ze have fairin; for I will be in pane
+unto I get worde. Mak gude watch,<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> gif the burd
+eschaip out of the caige, or without hir mate. As ye
+turtur I sall remane alone for to lament the absence,
+how schort yat sa ever it be. This letter will do
+with ane gude hart, that thing quhilk I cannot do
+myself, gif it be not that I have feir that ze ar in
+sleiping, I durst not wryte this befoir Joseph, Bastiane,
+and Joachim, that did bot depart even quhen I
+began to wryte.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A French version of this letter is in the possession of the
+Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield (<i>cf.</i> Calendar of Hatfield MSS.,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 187]</span>
+I. 376-7) and has been printed by Mr. Henderson. ("Casket
+Letters," pp. 159-162.) It is here given in full, and the variations
+in the published Latin and French versions, and in the
+English translation at Halfield are indicated in the notes.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>J'ay veillé plus tard la hault que je n'eusse fait si
+ce neust esté pour tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira
+que je treuve la plus belle commoditee pour excuser
+vostre affaire que se pourroit presenter. Je luy ay
+promise de le luy mener demain si vous le trouves
+bon mettes y ordre. Or monsieur j'ay ja rompu ma
+promesse. Car vous ne mavyes comande de vous
+envoier ni escrire si ne le fais pour vous offencer et
+si vous scavyes la craint que j'en ay vous nauries tant
+des subçons contrairs que toutesfois je cheris comme
+procedant de la chose du mond que je desire et
+cherche le plus c'est votre bonne grace de laquelle
+mes deportemens m'asseureront et je n'en disesperay
+jamais tant que selon vostre promesse vous m'en
+dischargeres vostre cœur aultrement<a name="F65b" id="F65b"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65b]</a> je penserais que
+mon malheur et le bien composer de cœux qui n'ont
+le troisiesme partie de la fidelité ni voluntair obéissance
+que je vous porte auront gaigné sur moy
+l'avantage de la seconde amye de Jason. Non que
+je vous compare a un si malheureus ni moy a une
+si impitoiable. Combien que vous men fassies un
+peu resentir en chose qui vous touschat ou pour vous
+preserver et garder a celle a qui seulle vous aparteines
+si lon se peult approprier ce que lon acquiert par
+bien et loyalment voire uniquement aymer comme je
+fais et fairay toute ma vie pour pein ou mal que m'en
+puisse avenir. En recompence de quoy et des tous
+les maulx dont vous maves este cause, souvenes vous<span class="pagenum">[Pg 188]</span>
+du lieu icy pres. Je ne demande que vous me tennes
+promesse de main mais que nous truvions et que
+nadjousties foy au subçons quaures sans nous en certifier,
+et je ne demande a Dieu si non que coignoissies
+tout ce que je ay au cœur qui est vostre et quil vous
+preserve de tout mal au moyns durant ma vie qui ne
+me sera chère qu'autant qu'elle et moy vous serons
+agreables. Je m'en vois coucher et vous donner le
+bon soir mandes moy demain comme vous seres
+porté a bon heur. Car j'enseray en pein et faites bon
+guet<a name="F66b" id="F66b"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66b]</a> si l'oseau sortira de sa cagé ou sens son per
+comme la tourtre demeurera seulle a se lamenter de
+l'absence pour court quelle soit-ce que je ne puis
+faire ma lettre de bon cœur {fera} si ce nestoit qui je
+{qy} peur que soyes endormy. Car je nay ose escrire
+devant Joseph et Bastienne et Joachim qui ne sont
+que partis quand J'ay commence.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 189]</span></p>
+<br>
+<h2>Letter V.</h2>
+
+<p>My hart, alace! must the foly of ane woman
+quhais unthankfulness toward me ze do sufficiently
+knaw, be occasioun of displesure unto zow, considering
+yat I culd not have remeidit thairunto
+without knawing it? And sen that I persavit it,
+I culd not tell it zow, for that<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="FNanchor">[67]</a> I knew not how to
+uther thing will I tak upon me to do ony thing
+without knawledge of zour will, quhilk I beseik zow
+let me understand; for I will follow it all my lyfe
+mair willingly than zow sall declair it to me; and
+gif ze do not send me word this nicht quhat ze will
+that I sall do, I will red myself of it, and hesard<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="FNanchor">[68]</a>
+to caus it to be interprysit and takin in hand, quhilk
+micht be hurtfull to that quhairunto baith we do
+tend. And quhen scho sall be maryit, I beseik zow<span class="pagenum">[Pg 190]</span>
+give me ane, or ellis I will tak sic as sall content zow
+for their conditiounis; bot as for thair toungis or
+faithfulness towart zow I will not answer. I beseik
+zow yat ane opinioun of uther persoun be not hurtfull
+in zour mynde to my constancie, Mistrust me; bot
+quhen I will put zow out of dout and cleir myselfe,
+refuse it not, my deir lufe, and suffer me to make
+zow sum prufe be my obedince, my faithfulness, constancie,
+and voluntarie subjectioun, quhilk I tak for
+the plesandest gude that I micht ressaif, gif ze will
+accept it; and mak na ceremonie at it, for ze culd
+do me na greiter outrage nor give mair mortall grief.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[There is a French version of this letter in the Record Office
+(<i>State Papers</i>, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 63). It has been
+printed by Malcolm Laing (vol. iv. p. 202), Hosack (vol. i. p. 230),
+and Mr. Henderson (p. 165). The following variations are taken from
+the Record Office version. The other published French version
+follows the Scots, as also does the Latin.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Letter_VI" id="Letter_VI"></a>Letter VI.</h2>
+
+<p>Alace! my Lord, quhy is zour traist put in ane
+persoun sa unworthie, to mistraist that quhilk is
+haillely zouris? I am wod {wild}. Ze had promysit<span class="pagenum">[Pg 191]</span>
+me that ze wald send me word every day quhat I
+suld do. Ye haif done nathing yairof. I advertisit
+yow weill to tak heid of zour fals brother-in-law
+{Huntly}. He come to me, and without schawing
+me ony thing from zow, tald me that ze had willit him
+to wryte to zow that that I suld say, and quhair and
+quhen ze suld cum to me, and that that ze suld do
+tuiching him; and thairupon hes preichit<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> unto me
+yat it was ane fulische interpryse, and that with myne
+honour I culd never marry zow, seing that being
+maryit ze did cary me away, and yat his folkis wad
+not suffer it, and that the Lordis wald unsay yameselvis,
+and wald deny that thay had said. To be schort,
+he is all contrarie. I tald him that seeing I was
+cum sa far, gif ze did not withdraw zour self of zour
+self, that na perswasioun, nor deith itself suld mak
+me fail of my promeis. As tuiching the place ze are
+too negligent, pardoun me, to remit zour self thairof
+unto me. Cheis it zour self, and send me word of it.
+And in the meane tyme I am seik; I will differ
+{defer} as tuiching the mater it is to lait. It was not
+lang of me yat ze have not thocht thairupon in time.
+And gif ze had not mair changeit zour mynd sen myne
+absence, then I have; ye suld not be now to ask sic
+resolving. Weill, thair wantis nathing of my part;
+and seing that zour negligence dois put us baith in
+the danger of ane fals brother, gif it succeedet not
+weill I will never ryse agane. I send this beirer
+unto zow, for I dar not traist zour brother with thir
+letteris, nor with the diligence. He sall tell zow in
+quhat stait I am, and judge ze quhat amendment yir
+new ceremonies<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="FNanchor">[70]</a> have brocht unto me. I wald I<span class="pagenum">[Pg 192]</span>
+wer deid, for I se all gais ill. Ze promysit uther
+maner of mater of zour foirseing, bot absence hes
+power over zow, quha haif twa stringis to zour bow.
+Dispatch the answer that I faill not, and put na traist
+in your brother for this interpryse, for he hes tald it,
+and is also all aganis it. God give zow gude nicht.</p>
+
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Letter_VII" id="Letter_VII"></a>Letter VII.</h2>
+
+<p>Of the place and ye tyme,<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> remit my self to zour
+brother and to zow. I will follow him, and will faill
+in nathing of my part. He finds mony difficulteis;
+I think he dois advertise zow thairof, and quhat he
+desyris for the handling of himself. As for the
+handling of myself, I hard it anis weill devysit.<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p>
+
+<p>Methinkis that zour services, and the lang amitie,
+having ye gude will of ye Lordis, do weill deserve ane
+pardoun, gif above the dewtie of ane subject yow<span class="pagenum">[Pg 193]</span>
+advance yourself, not to constrane me,<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> bot to assure
+yourself of sic place neir unto me, that uther admonitiounis
+or forane {foreign} perswasiounis may not let
+{hinder} me from consenting to that, that ye hope
+your service sall mak yow ane day to attene; and to
+be schort, to mak yourself sure of the Lordis and fre
+to mary; and that ye are constranit for your suretie,
+and to be abill to serve me faithfully, to use ane
+humbil requeist, joynit to ane importune actioun.</p>
+
+<p>And to be schort, excuse yourself, and perswade
+thame the maist ye can, yat ye ar constranit to mak
+persute aganis zour enemies. Ze sall say aneuch,
+gif the mater or ground do lyke yow, and mony fair
+wordis to Lethingtoun. Gif ye lyke not the deid,
+send me word, and leif not the blame of all unto me.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[Of this letter there is no version in the Record Office, the only
+other version being the published French translation].</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<h2><a name="Letter_VIII" id="Letter_VIII"></a>Letter VIII.</h2>
+
+<p>My Lord, sen my letter written, zour brother in
+law yat was, come to me verray sad, and hes askit me
+my counsel, quhat he suld do efter to morne, becaus
+thair be mony folkis heir, and among utheris the Erle
+of Sudderland, quha wald rather die, considdering
+the gude thay have sa laitlie ressavit of me, than
+suffer me to be caryit away, thay conducting me;
+and that he feirit thair suld sum troubil happin of it:<span class="pagenum">[Pg 194]</span>
+of the uther syde, that it suld be said that he wer
+unthankfull to have betrayit me. I tald him, that he
+suld have resolvit with zow upon all that, and that
+he suld avoyde, gif he culd, thay that were maist
+mistraistit.</p>
+
+<p>He has resolvit to wryte thairof to zow be my
+opinioun; for he has abaschit me to se him sa
+unresolvit at the neid. I assure myself he will play
+the part of an honest man. Bot I have thocht gude
+to advertise zow of the feir he hes yat he suld be
+charget and accusit of tressoun to ye end yat, without
+mistraisting him, ze may be the mair circumspect,
+and that ze may have ye mair power. For
+we had zisterday mair then iii. c. hors of his and
+of Levingstoun's. For the honour of God, be accompanyit
+rather with mair then les; for that is
+the principal of my cair.</p>
+
+<p>I go to wryte my dispatche, and pray God to send
+us ane happy enterview schortly. I wryte in haist,
+to the end ye may be advysit in tyme.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[There are no important variants in the only other version of this
+letter&mdash;the published French translation.]</p>
+
+<p>The following are the <a name="French" id="French"></a>French versions of the first sentence of each
+letter, printed in the Scots translation, published in London in
+1572 (p. 163).</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter I.</i> Il semble qu' avecques vostre abscence soit joynt le
+oubly, <a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>ceu qu'au partir vous me promistes de vos nouvelles. Et
+toutes foys je n'en puis apprendre, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter II.</i> Estant party du lieu ou je avois laissé mon cœur il
+se peult aysément juger quelle estoit ma contenance, veu ce qui
+peult un corps sans cœur, qui à esté cause que jusques à la
+Disnée je n'ay pas tenu grand propos, aussi personne ne s'est voulu
+advancer jugeant bien qu'il n'y faisoit bon, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter III.</i> Monsieur, si l'ennury de vostre absence, celuy de<span class="pagenum">[Pg 195]</span>
+vostre oubly, la crainte du danger, tant provué<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> d'un chacun à
+vostre tant aymée personne, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter IV.</i> J'ay veillé plus tard la haut que je n'eusse fait, si
+ce n'eust esté pour tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira, que je trouve
+la plus belle commodité pour excuser vostre affaire qui ce purroit
+présenter, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter V.</i> Mon cœur, helas! fault il que la follie d'une femme,
+dont vous cognoissez assez l'ingratitude vers moy, soit cause de
+vous donner desplaisir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter VI.</i> Monsieur, helas! pourquoy est vostre fiance mise en
+personne si indigne, pour soupconner ce qui est entierement vostre.
+J'enrage, vous m'aviez promis, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter VII.</i> Du lieu et l'heure<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> je m'en rapporte à vostre frere
+et à vous. Je le suivray, et ne fauldray en rien de ma part. Il
+trouve beaucoup de difficultez, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letter VIII.</i> Monsieur, de puis ma lettre escrite vostre beau frere
+qui fust, est venu à moy fort triste, et m'a demandé mon conseil de
+ce qu'il feroit apres demain, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The slight variations in the other French versions are noted above.
+There are no Record Office or Hatfield versions of I., II., VII.,
+and VIII., and there is no "Published French" version of III.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<h2>The Love <a name="Sonnets" id="Sonnets"></a>Sonnets.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Henderson's Casket Letters.</i></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The "divers fond ballads" referred to in the letter of
+Elizabeth's Commissioners of October 11th, 1568, consist of
+the following "sonnets" in French.</p>
+
+<p>The sonnets are printed from the English edition of Buchanan's
+<i>Detection</i> (1571). The lines in italics are translated from the
+Scots by Professor York Powell.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">1. O Dieux ayez de moy compassion,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et m'enseignez quelle preuue certain{e}<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Ie puis donner qui ne luy semble vain{e}<br></span>
+<span class="i0">De mon amour &amp; ferme affection.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Las n'est il pas ia en possession<span class="pagenum">[Pg 196]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Du corps, du coeur qui ne refuse paine<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Ny deshonneur, en<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> la vie incertaine,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Offense de parentz, ne pire affliction?<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour luy {tous mes} amis estime moins que rien,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et d{e mes} ennemis ie veux esperer bien.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">I'ay hazardé {pour luy} &amp; nom &amp; conscience:<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ie veux pour luy au monde renoncer:<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ie veux mourir pour le fair'<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> auancer.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Que reste il plus pour prouuer ma constance?<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">2. Entre ses mains &amp; en son plein pouuoir,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Je metz mon filz, mon honneur, &amp; ma vie,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Mon pais, mes<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> subjectz, mon ame assubiectie<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Est tout à luy, &amp; n'ay autre voulloir<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour mon obiect, que sans le deceuoir<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Suiure ie veux, malgré toute l'enuie<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Qu'issir en peult, car ie n'ay autre envie<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Que de ma foy, luy faire apperceuoir<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Que pour tempeste ou bonnace qui face<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Iamais ne veux changer demeure ou place.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Brief ie feray de ma foy telle preuue,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Qu'il cognoistra sans faulte<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> ma constance,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Non par mes pleurs ou fainte obeyssance,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Come autres font,<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> mais par diuers espreuue.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">3. Elle pour son honneur vous doibt obeyssance<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Moy vous obeyssant i'en puis receuoir blasme<br></span>
+<span class="i2">N'estât, à mon regret, comme elle vostre femme.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et si n'aura pourtant en ce point preeminence<span class="pagenum">[Pg 197]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour son propre profit<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> elle vse de coustance,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Car ce n'est peu d'honneur d'estre de voz biens dame<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et moy pour vous aymer i'en puis receuoir blasme<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et ne luy veux ceder en toute l'obseruance:<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Elle de vostre mal n'à l'apprehension<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Moy ie n'ay nul repos tant ie crains l'apparence:<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Par l'aduis des parentz, elle eut vostre accointance<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Moy malgré tous les miens vous porte affection<br></span>
+<span class="i0">{<i>Et neanmoins, mon cœur, vous doubtez ma constance</i>}<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et de sa loyauté prenez ferme asseurance.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">4. Par vous mon coeur &amp; par vostre alliance<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Elle à remis sa maison en honneur<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Elle à jouy par vous de<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> la grandeur<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Dont tous les siens n'ayent nul asseurance<br></span>
+<span class="i0">De vous, mon bien, elle à eu l'ac coinstance,<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et à gaigné pour vn temps vostre coeur,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Par vous elle à eu plaisir en bon heur,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et par vous a<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> honneur &amp; reuerence,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et n'a perdu sinon la jouyssance<br></span>
+<span class="i2">D'vn fascheux sot qu'elle aymoit cherement,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Ie ne la playns d'aymer donc ardamment,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Celuy qui n'à en sens, ny en vaillance,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">En beauté, en bonté, ny en constance<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Point de seçond. Ie vis en ceste foy.<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a><br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">5. Quant vous l'amiez, elle vsoit de froideur.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 198]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Sy vous souffriez pour s'amour passion<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Qui vient d'aymer de trop d'affection,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Son doy monstroit, a tristesse de coeur<br></span>
+<span class="i0">N'ayant plaisir de vostre grand ardeur.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">En ses habitz, monstroit sans fiction<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Qu'elle n'auoit paour qu'imperfection<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Peust l'effacer hors de ce loyal coeur.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">De vostre mort ie ne vis la peaur<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i0">Que meritoit tel mary &amp; seigneur.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Somme, de vous elle à eu tout son bien<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et na prisé ne iamais estimé<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Vn si grand heur sinon puis qu'il n'est sien<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et maintenant dit l'auoir tant aymé.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">6. Et maintenant elle commence à voir<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Qu'elle estoit bien de mauuais iugement<br></span>
+<span class="i2">De n'estimer l'amour d'vn tel amant<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et voudrait bien mon amy deceuoir,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Par les escriptz tout fardez de scauoir<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Qui pourtant n'est en son esprit croissant<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Ains emprunté de quelque autheur luissant<br></span>
+<span class="i0">A faint tresbien vn ennoy<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> sans l'avoir<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et toutesfois ses parolles fardeez,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Ses pleurs, ses plaincts remplis de fictions.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et ses hautz cris &amp; lamentations<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ont tant gaigné que par vous sont gardéez<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Ses lettres {escriptes} ausquellez vous donnez foy<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et si l'aymez &amp; croyez plus que moy.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">7. Vous la croyez las trop ie l'apperçoy<span class="pagenum">[Pg 199]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et vous doutez de ma ferme constance,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">O mon seul bien &amp; mon seul esperance,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et ne vous puis ie asseurer de ma foy<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vous m'estimez plus legier que le noy,<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et si n'auez en moy nul' asseurance,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et soupçonnez mon coeur sans apparence,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vous deffiant à trop grand tort de moy.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vous ignorez l'amour que ie vous porte<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vous soupçonnez qu'autre amour me trâsporte,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Vous estimez mes parolles du vent,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vous depeignez de cire mon las coeur<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Vous me pensez femme sans iugement,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et tout sela augmente mon ardeur.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">8. Mon amour croist &amp; plus en plus croistra<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Tant que je viure &amp;<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> tiendray à grandeur,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Tant seulement d'auoir part en ce coeur<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vers qui en fin mon amour paroistra<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Sy tres à clair que iamais n'en doutra,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">{<i>Pur luy je lutterai contre malheur</i>}<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Pour luy ie veux recercher la grandeur,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et feray tant qu'en vray cognoistera,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Que ie n'ay bien, heur, ne contentement,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Qu'a l'obeyr &amp; servir loyaument.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Pour luy iattendz toute bonne fortune,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour luy ie veux garder sainté &amp; vie<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour luy vertu de suyure i'ay enuie<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et sans changer me trouvera tout vne.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">9. Pour luy aussi ie jette mainte larme.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 200]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i2">Premier quand il se fist de ce corps {posses}seur,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Duquel alors il n'auoit pas le coeur.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Puis me donna vn autre dur alarme<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Quand il versa de son sang mainte dragme<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Dont de grief il me vint telle<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> doleur,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">M'en pensay<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> oster la vie en frayeur<br></span>
+<span class="i0">De perdre la{s} le seul rempar qui m'arme.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour luy depuis iay mesprise l'honneur<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ce qui nous peult seul pouruoir de bonheur.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Pour luy hazarde grandeur &amp; conscience.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Pour luy {tous mes} i'ay quité parentz, &amp; amis,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et tous autres respectz sont apart mis.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Brief de vous seul ie cherche l'alliance.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">10. De vous, ie dis, seul soustein de ma vie<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Tant seulement ie cerche m'asseurer,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et si ose de moy tant presumer<br></span>
+<span class="i0">De vous gaigner maugré toute l'enuie.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Car c'est le seul desir de vostre {chere} amie,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">De vous seruir &amp; loyaument aymer,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Et tous malheurs moins que riens estimer,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">{Et} vostre volonté de mon mie{ux} suivie,<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vous cognoistrez avecque obeyssance<br></span>
+<span class="i0">De mon {loyal} deuoir n'omettant la sciance<br></span>
+<span class="i2">A quoy ie estudiray pour {tousiours} vous complaire<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Sans aymer rien que vous, soubz {la} suiection.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 201]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">De qui ie veux sans nulle fiction<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Vivre &amp; mourir &amp; à ce j'obtempere.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">11. Mon coeur, mon sang, mon ame, &amp; mon soucy,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">{Las,} vous m'auez promis qu'aurons ce plaisir<br></span>
+<span class="i2">De deuiser auecques vous à loysir,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Toute la nuict, ou ie languis icy<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ayant le coeur d'extreme paour transy,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Pour voir absent le but de mon desir<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Crainte d'oublir vn coup me vient {a} saisir:<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Et l'autre fois ie crains que rendurcie<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Soit contre moy vostre amiable coeur<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Par quelque dit d'un meschant rapporteur.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Un autre fois ie crains quelque auenture<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Qui par chemin detourne mon amant,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Par vn fascheux &amp; nouueau accident.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Dieu detourne tout malheureux augure.<br></span>
+<span class="u">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">12. Ne vous voyant selon qu'auez promis<br></span>
+<span class="i2">I'ay mis la main au papier pour escrire<br></span>
+<span class="i2">D'vn different que ié voulu transcrire,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ie ne scay pas quel sera vostre aduis<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Mais ie scay bien qué mieux aymer scaura<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Vous diriez bien que plus y gaignera.<br></span>
+<span class="u">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+</div></div><br>
+
+<h2><a name="The_Contracts" id="The_Contracts"></a>The Contracts of Marriage.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 54, from Cot. Lib. Calig., C. i.</p>
+
+<p>At Seton, the 5th day of April, the year of God,
+1567, the right excellent, right high and mighty<span class="pagenum">[Pg 202]</span>
+Princess, Mary, by the grace of God, Queen of Scots,
+... in the presence of the Eternal God, faithfully,
+and on the word of a Prince, by these presents, takes
+the said James, Earl Bothwell, as her lawful husband,
+and promises and obliges her Highness, that how
+soon the process of divorce, intended betwixt the
+said Earl Bothwell and Dame Jane Gordon, now his
+pretended spouse, be ended by the order of the laws,
+her Majesty shall, God willing, thereafter shortly marry
+and take the said Earl to her husband....
+He presently takes her Majesty as his lawful spouse,
+in the presence of God, and promises and obliges
+him ... that in all diligence possible, he shall prosecute
+and set forward the said process of divorce
+already begun and intended betwix him and the
+said Dame Gordon, his pretended spouse....</p>
+
+<p class="blockqtrt"><span class="smcap">Marie, R.</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">James, Earl Bothwell.</span></p>
+
+<p>Here note, that this contract was made the v of
+April, within viii weeks after the murder of the King,
+which was slain the x of February before; also it
+was made vii days before Bothwell was acquitted, by
+corrupt judgment, of the said murder. Also it
+appears by the words of the contract itself, that it
+was made before sentence of divorce betwixt Bothwell
+and his former wife, and also in very truth was made
+before any suit of divorce intended or begun between
+him and his former wife, though some words in this
+contract seem to say otherwise, which is thus proved;
+for this contract is dated the v of April, and it
+plainly appears by the judicial acts, ... wherein is<span class="pagenum">[Pg 203]</span>
+contained the whole process of the divorce between
+the said Earl and Dame Jane Gordon his wife, that
+the one of the same processes was intended and
+begun the xxvi day of April, and the other the xxvii.&mdash;Buchanan's
+"Detection."</p>
+
+<p>Nous Marie, par la grace de Dieu, Royne d'Ecosse,
+douaryere de France, &amp;c., promettous fidellement et
+de bonne foy, et sans contraynte, à Jaques Hepburn,
+Comte de Boduel, de n'avoir jamais autre espoulx et
+mary que luy, et de le prendre pour tel toute et quant
+fois qu'il m'en requerira, quoy que parents, amys ou
+autres, y soient contrayres. Et puis que Dieu a pris
+mon feu mary Henry Stuart dit Darnley et que par
+ce moien je sois libre, n'estant sous obeissance de
+pere, ni de mere, des mayntenant je proteste que, lui
+estant en mesme liberté, je seray preste, et d'accomplir
+les ceremonies requises an mariage; que je lui
+promets devant Dieu, que j'en prantz a tesmoignasge,
+et la presente, signee de ma mayn: ecrit ce&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Marie, R.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[This contract merely promises to marry Bothwell, without
+constraint, and refers to the writer's freedom from the necessity of
+any one's permission, since Darnley's death. It contains no
+reference to the divorce.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MORTON'S DECLARATION</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Discovery of the Letters&mdash;1. The Earl of <a name="Mortons_Declaration" id="Mortons_Declaration"></a>Morton's Declaration.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Henderson's Casket Letters</i>, pp. 113-116, from fol. 216,
+Add. MSS. 32,091, Brit. Mus.</p>
+
+<p>The trew declaration and report of me, James,
+Earl of Morton, how a certain silver box overgilt<span class="pagenum">[Pg 204]</span>
+containing diverse missive writings, sonnets, contracts,
+and obligations for marriage betwix the Queen mother
+to our sovereign lord, and James sometime Earl
+Bothwell, was found and used.</p>
+
+<p>Upon Thursday the xix of June, 1567, I dined at
+Edinburgh, the Laird of Lethington, secretary, with
+me. At time of my dinner a certain man came to
+me, and in secret manner showed me that three servants
+of the Earl Bothwell, viz. Mr. Thomas Hepburn,
+parson of Auldhamesokkes, John Cockburn, brother
+to the laird of Skirling, and George Dalgleish were
+come to the town, and passed into the castle. Upon
+which advertisement I on the sudden sent my cousin
+Mr. Archibald Douglas and Robert Douglas, his
+brother, and James Johnston of Westerrall, with
+others my servants, to the number of xvi or thereby,
+toward the castle to make search for the said persons,
+and, if possible were, to apprehend them. According
+to which my direction, my servants passed, and
+at the first missing the forenamed three persons for
+that they were departed forth of the castle before
+their coming, my men then parting into several companies
+upon knowledge that the others whom they
+sought were separated, Mr. Archibald Douglas sought
+for Mr. Thomas Hepburn and found him not, but got
+his horse, James Johnston sought for John Cockburn
+and apprehended him, Robert Douglas seeking for
+George Dalgleish. After he had almost given over
+his search and inquisition a good fellow understanding
+his purpose came to him offering for a mean piece
+of money to reveal where George Dalgleish was. The<span class="pagenum">[Pg 205]</span>
+said Robert satisfying him that gave the intelligence
+for his pains, passed to the Potterrow beside Edinburgh,
+and there apprehended the said George, with
+divers evidences and letters in parchment, viz. Earl
+Bothwell's infeftments of Liddesdale, of the Lordship
+of Dunbar and of Orkney and Shetland, and divers
+others, which all with the said George himself, the
+said Robert brought and presented to me. And the
+said George being examined of the cause of his direction
+to the castle of Edinburgh, and which letters
+and evidents he brought forth of the same, alleged
+he was sent only to visit {examine} the Lord Bothwell,
+his master's clothing, and he had not more letters
+nor evidents than these which were apprehended with
+him. But his report being found suspicious and his
+gesture and behaviour ministering cause of mistrust
+seeing the gravity of the action that was in hand, it
+was resolved by common assent of the noblemen
+convened, that the said George Dalgleish should be
+surely kept that night, and upon the morn should be
+had to the Tolbooth of Edinburgh and there be put
+in the iron and torments for furthering of the declaration
+of the truth, wherein being set, upon Friday the
+xx day of the said month of June before any rigorous
+demeaning of his person, fearing the pain, and moved
+of conscience, he called for my cousin Mr. Archibald
+Douglas, who coming, the said George desired that
+Robert Douglas should be sent with him, and he
+should show and bring to light that which he had.
+So being taken forth from the irons, he passed with
+the said Robert to the Potterrow, and there, under
+the sceit {seat} of a bed took forth the said silver<span class="pagenum">[Pg 206]</span>
+box, which he had brought forth of the castle the
+day before, locked, and brought the same to me at
+viii hours at night, and because it was late I kept it
+all that night. Upon the morn, viz., Saturday, the
+xxi of June, in presence of the Earls of Atholl, Mar,
+Glencairn, myself, the Lords Home, Sempill, Sanquhar,
+the Master of Graham, and the Secretary,
+and Laird of Tullibardine, Comptroller, and the said
+Mr. Archibald Douglas, the said box was broken
+open because we wanted the key, and the letters
+within contained sighted {<i>i.e.</i> examined} and immediately
+thereafter delivered again into my hand and
+custody. Since which time, I have observed and
+kept the same box, and all letters, missives, contracts,
+sonnets, and divers writings contained therein fairly
+without alteration changing adding or diminishing
+of anything found or received in the said box. This
+I testify and declare to be undoubted truth.</p>
+
+<p>This is the copy of that which was given to Mr.
+Secretary Cecil upon Thursday the 8th of December
+1568.</p>
+
+<p>This is the true copy of the declaration made and
+presented by the Earl of Morton to the Commissioners
+and Council of England sitting in Westminster
+for the time, upon Thursday being the 29 of December
+1568.</p>
+
+<p>Subscribed with his hand thus, <span class="smcap">Morton</span>.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>BUCHANAN'S DESCRIPTION</i></div>
+
+<h2>2. Buchanan's Account.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Translated from the History</i>, book xviii. c. 51.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that, about the same time, Bothwell
+sent one of his confidential servants to the castle of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 207]</span>
+Edinburgh, to bring to him the silver casket, covered
+with inscriptions, which had once belonged to the
+French king, Francis. In it were letters of the
+Queen, almost all written with her own hand, in
+which both the King's murder and the whole sequel
+were plainly discernible; and in almost every letter
+there was an injunction to burn it. But Bothwell,
+who knew the Queen's inconstancy, of which he had
+recently seen many instances, preserved the letters,
+so that, in any disagreement, he might use their
+testimony, and prove himself not the author of the
+crime, but only an accomplice. This casket Sir
+Robert Balfour gave to Bothwell's servant to take
+away; but first he told the leaders of the opposite
+party what had been sent, and the agent and the
+destination.... It was captured....</p><br>
+
+
+<h2>The Deposition of Thomas <a name="Nelson" id="Nelson"></a>Nelson.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Goodall</i>, vol. ii. p. 243, from Cott. Lib. Calig. i. 165.</p>
+
+<p>... She {the Queen} caused take down the said
+new black bed {in Darnley's room}, saying it would
+be soiled with the bath, and in the place thereof set
+up an old purple bed, ... and the said keys that
+were delivered into the hands of Archibald Beton
+remained still in the hands of him, and others that
+awaited upon the Queen, and never were delivered
+again to the King's servants; for she set up a green
+bed for herself in the said low chamber, wherein she
+lay the said two nights, and promised also to have
+bidden {remained} there upon the Sunday at night.
+But after she had tarried long and entertained the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 208]</span>
+King very familiarly, she took purpose (as it had
+been on the sudden), and departed as she spake to
+give the masque to Bastien who that night was
+married {to} her servant, namely the said Archibald
+Beton and one Paris, Frenchman, having the
+keys of her chamber, wherein her bed stood in, as
+also of the passage that passed toward the garden....
+The Queen being departed toward Holyrood-house,
+the King within the space of one hour passed
+to bed, and in the chamber with him lay umquhill
+{<i>i.e.</i> the late} William Taylor. The deponent and
+Edward Symonds lay in the little gallery, that went
+direct to the south out of the King's chamber, ...
+and beside them lay William Taylor's boy, who never
+knew of anything till the house wherein they lay was
+falling about them....</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>CRAWFORD'S DEPOSITION</i></div>
+
+<h2>Thomas <a name="Crawfords_Deposition" id="Crawfords_Deposition"></a>Crawford's Deposition.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[With regard to the deposition of Crawford, see <a href="#Hay">p. 144</a>; the wording
+of the account of the conversation between Mary and Darnley should
+be carefully compared with that of the second Casket Letter.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Hosack's Mary.</i> Appendix L.</p>
+
+<p>First I made my Lord {Lennox} my master's
+humble commendations unto her Majesty with the
+excuse that he came not to meet her, praying her
+grace not to think that it was either for proudness or
+yet for not knowing his duty towards her Highness,
+but only for want of health at the present, and also
+that he would not presume to come in her presence
+until he knew farther her mind because of the sharp
+words that she had spoken of him to Robert Cuningham,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 209]</span>
+his servant, in Stirling, whereby he thought he
+was in her Majesty's displeasure. Notwithstanding,
+he has sent his servants and friends to wait upon
+her Majesty. She answered that there was no receipt
+against fear. I answered that my Lord had no fear
+for anything he knew in himself, but only of the
+cold and unkind words she had spoken to his servant.
+She answered and said that he would not be afraid
+in case he were not culpable. I answered that I
+knew so far of his Lordship that he desired nothing
+more than that the secrets of every creature's heart
+were written in their face. She asked if I had any
+farther commission. I answered no. Then she commanded
+me to hold my peace.</p>
+
+<p>The words that I remember were betwixt the King
+and the Queen in Glasgow when she took him away
+to Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p>The King for that my Lord his father was then
+absent and sick, by reason whereof he could not
+speak with him himself, called me unto him, and these
+words that had then passed betwixt him and the
+Queen, he gave me in remembrance to report unto
+the said my Lord his father.</p>
+
+<p>After their meeting and short speaking together
+she asked him of his letters, wherein he complained
+of the cruelty of some. He answered that he complained
+not without cause, and as he believed, she
+would grant herself, when she was well advised. She
+asked him of his sickness, he answered that she was
+the cause thereof, and moreover he said, ye asked me
+what I meant by the cruelty specified in my letters,
+that proceedeth of you only, that will not accept my<span class="pagenum">[Pg 210]</span>
+offers and repentance. I confess that I have failed
+in some things, and yet greater faults have been
+made to you sundry times, which ye have forgiven.
+I am but young, and ye will say ye have forgiven me
+divers times. May not a man of my age for lack of
+counsel, of which I am very destitute, fall twice or
+thrice, and yet repent and be chastised by experience.
+If I have made any fail that ye but think a fail, howsoever
+it be, I crave your pardon, and protest that I
+shall never fail again. I desire no other thing but
+that we may be together as husband and wife. And
+if ye will not consent hereto, I desire never to rise
+forth of this bed. Therefore I pray you give me an
+answer hereunto. God knoweth how I am punished
+for making my god of you, and for having no other
+thought but on you. And if any time I offend you,
+ye are the cause, for that when any offendeth me, if
+for my refuge I might open my mind to you, I would
+speak to no other, but when any thing is spoken to
+me, and ye and I not being as husband and wife
+ought to be, necessity compelleth me to keep it in
+my breast, and bringeth me in such melancholy as ye
+see me in. She answered that it seemed him she
+was sorry for his sickness, and she would find remedy
+therefor, so soon as she might.</p>
+
+<p>She asked him why he would have passed away in
+the English ship. He answered that he had spoken with
+the Englishman, but not of mind to go away with him.
+And if he had, it had not been without cause, considering
+how he was used. For he had neither to sustain
+himself nor his servants, and needed not make further
+rehearsal thereof, seeing she knew it as well as he.</p>
+
+<p>Then she asked him of the purpose of Highgate.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 211]</span>
+He answered that it was told him. She required
+how and by whom it was told him. He answered
+that the Lord of Minto told him that a letter was
+presented to her in Craigmillar, made by her own
+device, and subscribed by certain others who desired
+her to subscribe the same, which she refused to do.
+And he said that he would never think that she who
+was his own proper flesh, would do him any hurt, and
+if any other would do it, they should buy it dear,
+unless they took him sleeping, albeit he suspected
+none, so he desired her effectuously to bear him
+company. For she ever found some ado to draw
+herself from him to her own lodging, and would
+never abide with him past two hours at once.</p>
+
+<p>She was very pensive, whereat he found fault. He
+said to her that he was advertised she had brought a
+litter with her. She answered that because she
+understood he was not able to ride on horseback, she
+brought a litter that he might be carried more softly.
+He answered that it was not meet for a sick man to
+travel, that could not sit on horseback, and especially
+in so cold weather. She answered that she would
+take him to Craigmillar, where she might be with him,
+and not far from her son. He answered that upon
+condition he would go with her, which was that he
+and she might be together at bed and board as
+husband and wife, and that she should leave him no
+more. And if she would promise him that, upon
+her word, he would go with her when she was pleased,
+without respect of any danger either of sickness
+wherein he was, or otherwise. But if she would not condescend
+thereto, he would not go with her in any wise.</p>
+
+<p>She answered that her coming was only to that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 212]</span>
+effect, and if she had not been minded thereto, she
+had not come so far to fetch him, and so she granted
+his desire, and promised him that it should be as he
+had spoken, and thereupon gave him her hand, and
+faith of her body, that she would love him, and use
+him as her husband, notwithstanding before they
+could come together, he must be purged and cleansed
+of his sickness, which she trusted would be shortly,
+for she minded to give him the bath at Craigmillar.</p>
+
+<p>Then he said he would do whatsoever she would
+have him do, and would love all that she loved. She
+required of him in especial, whom he loved of the
+nobility, and whom he hated. He answered that
+he hated no man, and loved all alike. She asked
+him how he liked the Lady Reres, and if he were
+angry with her. He answered that he had little
+mind of such as she was, and wished of God she
+might serve her to her honour. Then she desired
+him to keep to himself the promise betwixt him and
+her, and to open it to nobody. For peradventure
+the Lords would not think well of their sudden
+agreement, considering he and they were at some
+words before. He answered that he knew no cause
+why they should mislike of it, and desired her that
+she would not move any of them against him even as
+he would stir none against her, and that they would
+work both in one mind, otherwise it might turn to
+great inconvenience to them both. She answered
+that she never sought any way by him, but he was in
+fault himself. He answered again that his faults were
+published, and that there were that made greater<span class="pagenum">[Pg 213]</span>
+faults than ever he made that believed were unknown,
+and yet they would speak of great and small.</p>
+
+<p>Farther, the King asked me at that present time
+what I thought of his voyage. I answered that I
+liked it not, because she took him to Craigmillar.
+For if she had desired him with herself, or to have
+had his company, she would have taken him to his
+own house in Edinburgh, where she might more
+easily visit him than to travel two miles out of town
+to a gentleman's house. Therefore my opinion was
+that she took him away more like a prisoner than
+her husband.</p>
+
+<p>He answered that he thought little else himself,
+and feared himself indeed save the confidence he had
+in her promise only; notwithstanding he would go
+with her, and put himself in her hands, though she
+should cut his throat, and besought God to be judge
+unto them both.</p>
+
+<p><i>Endorsed&mdash;Thomas Crawford's Deposit.</i></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MURRAY'S JOURNAL</i></div>
+
+<h2><a name="Murrays_Journal" id="Murrays_Journal"></a>Murray's Journal.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>From a copy marked by Cecil</i>, Cot. Lib. Calig., B. ix. fol. 247,
+quoted by Goodall, vol. ii. p. 247.</p>
+
+<p><i>January 21, 1566.</i>&mdash;The Queen took her journey
+toward Glasgow, and was accompanied with the Earls
+of Huntly and Bothwell to the Kalendar, my Lord
+Livingstone's place.</p>
+
+<p><i>23.</i>&mdash;The Queen came to Glasgow, and on the
+road met her, Thomas Crawford, from the Earl of
+Lennox, and Sir James Hamilton, with the rest mentioned
+in her letter. Earl Huntly and Bothwell<span class="pagenum">[Pg 214]</span>
+returned that same night to Edinburgh, and Bothwell
+lay in the town.</p>
+
+<p><i>24.</i>&mdash;The Queen remained at Glasgow, like as she
+did the 25th and the 26th, and had the conference
+with the King whereof she writes; and in this time
+wrote her bill and other letters to Bothwell. And
+Bothwell this 24th day was found very timeous weseing
+{inspecting} the King's lodging that was in preparing
+for him, and the same night took journey
+towards Liddesdale.</p>
+
+<p><i>27.</i>&mdash;The Queen (conform to her commission as
+she writes) brought the King from Glasgow to the
+Kalendar towards Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p><i>28.</i>&mdash;The Queen brought the King to Linlithgow,
+and there remained all morn, while she got word of
+my Lord Bothwell his returning towards Edinburgh,
+by Hob Ormiston, one of the murderers. The same
+day the Earl Bothwell came back from Liddesdale
+towards Edinburgh.</p>
+
+<p><i>29.</i>&mdash;She remained all day in Linlithgow with the
+King, and wrote from thence to Bothwell.</p>
+
+<p><i>30.</i>&mdash;The Queen brought the King to Edinburgh,
+and put him in his lodging, where he ended; and
+Bothwell keeping tryst met her upon the way.</p>
+
+<p><i>February 5.</i>&mdash;She lodged all night under the King,
+in the chamber wherein the powder was laid thereafter,
+and whereof Paris, her chamber child, received the key.</p>
+
+<p><i>7.</i>&mdash;She lodged and lay all night again in the foresaid
+chamber, and from thence wrote that same night
+the letter concerning the purpose of the Abbot of
+Holyrood-house (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#Pg_140">p. 140</a>).</p>
+
+<p><i>8.</i>&mdash;She confronted the King and my Lord of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 215]</span>
+Holyrood-house, conform to her letter written the
+night before.</p>
+
+<p><i>9.</i>&mdash;She and Bothwell supped at the banquet with
+the Bishop of the Isles, and after passed up accompanied
+with Argyll, Huntly, and Bothwell, to the
+King's chamber, and there they remained cherishing
+him, till Bothwell and his complices put all things to
+order, and Paris, her chamber child, received in her
+chamber the powder, and came up again and gave
+the sign, and they departed to Bastian's banquet and
+masque, about eleven hours, and thereafter they both
+returned to the Abbey, and talked till twelve hours
+and after.</p>
+
+<p><i>10.</i>&mdash;Betwix two and three of the clock, the King
+was blown in the air by the powder.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>DEPOSITIONS OF <a name="PARIS" id="PARIS"></a>PARIS</i></div>
+
+<h2>The Depositions of Paris.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>The depositions of Paris were not produced at Westminster.
+They were taken, in the early autumn of 1569, in connection
+with the charges against Lethington (who had by this time,
+with Kirkcaldy of Grange, joined the Queen's party). "Paris"
+was the nickname of Nicholas Hubert, a French attendant of
+Bothwell, who, shortly before the murder, attached himself to
+the Queen's service. He was known to be concerned in the
+murder, but succeeded in escaping from the country. He took
+refuge in Denmark, and was delivered up on Murray's request.
+Queen Elizabeth wrote to the Regent asking him to delay the
+execution of Paris, and Murray replied: "The said Paris
+arrived at Leith about the middle of June last {1569}, I at
+that time being in the north parts of this realm far distant,
+whereupon it followed that, at my returning, after diligent and
+circumspect examination of him, and long time spent in that
+behalf, upon the xvi day of August by-past, he suffered death
+by order of law, so that before the receipt of your Highness<span class="pagenum">[Pg 216]</span>
+letter by the space of 7 or 8 days he was execute." {Laing,
+vol. i. p. 295, from the Paper Office.} The letter is undated.
+But Professor Schiern, of Copenhagen, sent Mr. Hosack a copy
+of a document from the Danish archives, containing a receipt
+for the delivery of "two men, William Murray, and Paris, a
+Frenchman," accused of Darnley's murder. The receipt is
+dated 30th October 1568, and is given by Captain Clark, on
+behalf of the Scottish Government. (Hosack, vol. i. pp. 250-251.)
+There is a copy of the depositions in the Cotton Library, bearing
+the following note: "This is the true copy of the declaration
+and deposition of the said Nicholas Hubert or Paris, whereof
+the principal {original} is marked every leaf with his own hand....
+Ita est Alexander Hay, scriba secreti consilii S.D.N.
+Regis, ac Notarius Publicus." But the originals, sent to London
+in October 1569, and preserved in the Record Office, bear that
+they were taken "in presence of Mr. George Buchanan, Master
+of St. Leonard's College in St. Andrews; Mr. John Wood,
+Senator of the College of Justice; and Robert Ramsay, writer
+of this declaration, servant to my lord regent's grace." {Hosack,
+vol. i. p. 256.} The documents were first published in Anderson's
+"Collection" (1725), not in Buchanan's "Detection,"
+along with the depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Dalgleish.</p>
+
+<p>The first deposition of Paris is a Confession, in French, made
+at St. Andrews on 9th August 1569, "without any constraint or
+interrogations." It states that, on the Wednesday or Thursday
+before the murder, Bothwell told Paris of the plot, and requested
+his aid. "What do you think?" said he.... "My Lord,"
+said I, "I have served you these five or six years in all your
+great troubles ... now, my Lord, by the grace of God, you are
+free of all these difficulties ... if you undertake this great
+matter you will be in worse case than before." Bothwell then
+assured him that Lethington was the moving spirit, and that
+Argyll, Huntly, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay were in league
+with him. Paris then asked, "My Lord, I pray you tell me of
+one whom you have not named; I well know that he is loved
+in this country of the common people." ... "Who is that?"
+said he. "It is, my Lord," said I, "my Lord the Earl of<span class="pagenum">[Pg 217]</span>
+Murray; I pray tell me what part he will take." To which he
+replied, "He will not meddle with it." "My Lord," said I, "he
+is wise." Then the Lord Bothwell turned his head to me ...
+and said, "My Lord of Murray, my Lord of Murray, he will
+neither help nor hinder; but it is all one." ... On the Saturday
+before the murder, Margaret Carwood, one of the Queen's
+attendants, told "Paris to go to Kirk-of-Field for the coverlet of
+the mattress in the Queen's room," which he did.... When he
+heard of Murray's leaving Edinburgh on Sunday morning to
+see his mother, he remarked that he did it to be out of the way
+when the wicked deed should take place, and so to dissociate
+himself from it. On Sunday evening Mary supped with Argyll,
+and seeing Paris, "as she washed her hands after supper, she
+asked me if I had removed the coverlet of the bed in her room
+in the King's lodging." These are the main points of interest
+in the first document signed by Paris. {Laing, vol. ii. p. 296.}</p>
+
+<p>The second deposition consists of answers to interrogations,
+and is dated at St. Andrews on August 10th, 1569. It makes a
+number of allegations against the Queen, with which the reader
+is already familiar. As it is a long document, we can quote
+only the most important sentences. "Interrogated when first
+he entered into credit with the Queen, he replied that it was
+when the Queen was at Callander on her way to Glasgow,
+when she gave him a purse with three or four hundred crowns
+to take to the Earl of Bothwell, who, after having received the
+said purse on the road between Callander and Glasgow, told him
+to go with the Queen and remain with her, and to attend well
+to what she did, saying that the Queen would give him letters to
+carry to him. When the Queen reached Glasgow, she said to
+him, 'I will send you to Edinburgh,' ... and after he had
+remained two days with the said lady, she wrote the letters and
+gave them him, saying, 'You will tell the Earl of Bothwell,
+by word of mouth, to take to the Laird of Lethington the letters
+addressed to him.' Bothwell and Lethington were to consult
+as to whether Darnley should go to Craigmillar or to Kirk-of-Field,
+and Paris was to report their decision to Mary. Further,
+he was to 'say to Bothwell, that the King wished to kiss her,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 218]</span>
+but that she would not, for fear of his malady.' Paris carried
+out his commission, and returned with the message that Kirk-of-Field
+was considered most suitable. On the way from Glasgow
+to Edinburgh the Queen received a letter from Bothwell
+and sent one to him, and also gave Paris a bracelet to take to
+him. At Kirk-of-Field, where the Queen's room was immediately
+underneath that of the King, Bothwell told him that
+he must not place the Queen's bed in the corner of the room
+under the corner containing the King's bed, because he wished
+to place the powder there. This order was reiterated by the
+Queen, when she observed that it was being disregarded....
+Paris said to the Queen, 'Madam, the Earl of Bothwell has
+commanded me to take the keys of your chamber, because he
+wishes to do something, that is, to place there the powder for
+the explosion to blow the King in the air.' That night she
+wrote letters to Bothwell...." The only other circumstance
+of importance affecting the Queen is a statement that Paris
+carried correspondence relating to Mary's seizure by Bothwell.</p></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>ORMISTON'S CONFESSION</i></div>
+
+<h2>1573.&mdash;December 13. Confession of the Laird of <a name="Ormiston" id="Ormiston"></a>Ormiston.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>"The Laird of Black Ormiston" was put to death on 13th
+December 1573, under the government of the Regent Morton,
+for his share in the murder of Darnley. His confession was
+made to "John Brand, minister at Holyrood-house," on the
+day of his execution.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing's Scotland</i>, vol. ii. p. 319, from State Trials,
+vol. i. p. 944.</p>
+
+<p>As I shall answer unto God, with whom I hope
+this night to sup, I shall declare unto you the whole,
+from the beginning unto the end, of my part. First,
+I confess that the Earl Bothwell showed that same
+wicked deed unto me in his own chamber in the
+Abbey on Friday before the deed was done, and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 219]</span>
+required me to take part with him therein.... The
+said earl said unto me, "Tush, Ormiston, ye need
+not take fear for this, for the whole lords have concluded
+this same long since in Craigmillar, all that
+were there with the Queen, and none dare find fault
+with it when it shall be done." ... Who {Bothwell}
+let me see a contract subscribed by four or five handwrites,
+which he affirmed to me was the subscription
+of the Earl of Huntly, Argyll, the Secretary Maitland,
+and Sir James Balfour, and alleged that many more
+promised, who would assist him if he were put at:
+and thereafter read the said contract, which, as I
+remember, contained these words in effect: "That
+for as much it was thought expedient and most profitable
+for the common wealth, by the whole nobility
+and lords undersubscribed, that such a young fool and
+proud tyrant should not reign nor bear rule over them;
+and that for divers causes therefore, that they all had
+concluded that he should be put off by one way or
+other, and whosoever should take the deed in hand
+they should defend and fortify it as themselves, for it
+should be every one of their own reckoned and held
+done by themselves." Which writing, as the said earl
+shewed unto me, was devised by Sir James Balfour,
+subscribed by them all a quarter of a year before the
+deed was done.</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MORTON'S CONFESSION</i></div>
+
+<h2><a name="confession" id="confession"></a>1581.&mdash;June 2. The Confession of the Earl of <a name="Morton" id="Morton"></a>Morton.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The Earl of Morton having made during his tenure of the government
+many enemies, was driven from power and accused of complicity in the
+murder of Darnley. The indictment<span class="pagenum">[Pg 220]</span>
+("Arnot's Criminal Trials," p. 388, quoted by Laing, vol. ii, p.
+350) mentions as his accomplices "James, some time Earl Bothwell;
+James Ormiston, some time of that ilk; Robert <i>alias</i> Hob Ormiston,
+his father's brother; John Hay, some time of Talla, younger; John
+Hepburn, called John of Bolton; and divers others," and says that
+the murderers "two hours after midnight ... came to the lodging ...
+and there ... most vilely, unmercifully, and treasonably slew and
+murdered him ... burnt his whole lodging foresaid, and raised the
+same in the air by force of gunpowder, which a little before was
+placed ... by him and his foresaids under the ground, and angular
+stones, and within the vaults, in low and secret parts thereof." The
+Earl was found guilty, on the 1st of June, of "art, part,
+foreknowledge, and concealing of the treasonable and unnatural
+murder foresaid," and was executed next day. A few hours before his
+death he made a confession to three of the ministers of Edinburgh,
+part of which is here quoted.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Laing</i>, vol. ii. p. 354.</p>
+
+<p>Being required what was his part or knowledge
+in the King's murther, he answered with this attestation.
+As I shall answer to my Lord God, I shall
+declare truly all my knowledge in that matter, the
+sum whereof is this: After my returning out of England,
+where I was banished for Davie's slaughter, I
+came out of Wedderburn to Whittinghame {Castle},
+where the Earl Bothwell and I met together in the
+yard of Whittinghame, where, after long communing,
+the Earl Bothwell proposed to me the King's murther,
+requiring what would be my part therein, seeing it
+was the Queen's mind that the King should be taken
+away, because, as he said, she blamed the King more
+of Davie's slaughter than me. My answer to the
+Earl Bothwell was this, that I would not in any way<span class="pagenum">[Pg 221]</span>
+meddle with that matter.... The Earl Bothwell
+... thereafter earnestly proposed the same matter
+again to me, persuading me thereto, because so was
+the Queen's mind, and she would have it to be done.
+Unto this my answer was, I desired the Earl Bothwell
+to bring me the Queen's handwrit of this matter for
+a warrant; other ways I would not meddle thereof,
+which warrant he never purchased {brought}....
+Then it was said to him, "Apparently, my lord, ye
+cannot complain justly of the sentence that is given
+against you, seeing with your own mouth ye confess
+the foreknowledge and concealing of the King's
+murther." ... He answered, "That I know to be
+true indeed, but yet they should have considered the
+danger that the revealing of it would have brought to
+me at that time; for I durst not reveal it for fear of
+my life. For at that time to whom should I have
+revealed it? To the Queen? She was the doer
+thereof. I was minded to have told it to the King's
+self, but I durst not for my life, for I knew him to
+be a bairn of such nature, that there was nothing
+told him but he would reveal it to her again." ...
+Then he said, "After the Earl Bothwell was cleansed
+by an assize, sundry of the nobility and I subscrived
+also a bond with the Earl Bothwell, that if any should
+lay the King's murder to his charge, we should assist
+him in the contrary. And thereafter I subscrived to
+the Queen's marriage with the Earl Bothwell, as sundry
+others of the nobility did, being charged thereto by
+the Queen's writ and command." Then being inquired
+in name of the living God, that seeing this murther
+was one of the most filthy acts that ever was done in<span class="pagenum">[Pg 222]</span>
+Scotland, and the secrets thereof have not yet been
+declared, who were the chief doers, or whether he
+was worried, or blown in the air, and therefore pressed
+to declare if he knew any further secret thereunto;
+he answered, "As I shall answer to God, I know no
+more secret in that matter than I have already
+told."</p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS'S LETTER</i></div>
+
+<h2>Letter from Mr. Archibald <a name="Douglas" id="Douglas"></a>Douglas to the Queen of Scots.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Robertson's History of Scotland</i>, App. XIV., from Harl. Lib.
+xxxvii. bk. ix. fol. 126.</p>
+
+<p>... It may please your Majesty to remember in
+the year of God 1566, the said Earl of Morton, with
+divers other nobility and gentry, were declared rebels
+to your Majesty.... True it is that I was one of
+that number, that heavily offended against your
+Majesty, and passed into France the time of our
+banishment, at the desire of the rest, to humbly pray
+your brother the most Christian King, to intercede
+that our offences might be pardoned.&mdash;Your Majesty's
+mind so inclined to mercy, that, within short space
+thereafter, I was permitted to repair into Scotland,
+to deal with Earls Murray, Atholl, Bothwell, Argyll,
+and Secretary Lethington, in the name and behalf of
+the said Earl Morton, Lords Ruthven, Lindsay, and
+remanent accomplices.... At my coming to them ...
+they declared that the marriage betwix you and your
+husband had been the occasion already of great evil
+in that realm ... they had thought it convenient
+to join themselves in league and band with some<span class="pagenum">[Pg 223]</span>
+other noblemen resolved to obey your Majesty as
+their natural sovereign, and have nothing to do with
+your husband's command whatsoever; if the said
+earl would for himself enter into that band, they
+could be content to humbly request and travel by
+all means with your Majesty for his pardon....
+They desired that I should return sufficiently instructed
+in this matter to Stirling, before the baptism of your
+son, whom God might preserve. This message was
+faithfully delivered by me at Newcastle in England,
+where the said earl then remained, in presence of his
+friends and company, where they all condescended
+to have no further dealing with your husband, and to
+enter into the said band. With this deliberation, I
+returned to Stirling, where ... your Majesty's
+gracious pardon was granted unto them all....
+Immediately after, the said Earl of Morton repaired
+to Whittinghame, where the Earl Bothwell and Secretary
+Lethington came to him; what speech passed
+there amongst them, as God shall be my judge, I
+knew nothing at that time; but at their departure
+I was requested by the said Earl Morton to accompany
+the Earl Bothwell and Secretary to Edinburgh,
+and to return with such answer as they should obtain
+of your Majesty, which being given to me by the said
+persons, as God shall be my judge, was no other
+than these words, "Show to the Earl Morton that
+the Queen will hear no speech of that matter
+appointed unto him." When I craved that the
+answer might be made more sensible, Secretary
+Lethington said, that the earl would sufficiently
+understand it, albeit few or none at that time understand<span class="pagenum">[Pg 224]</span>
+what passed amongst them. It is known to
+all men, as well by the railing letters passed betwixt
+the said earl and Lethington, when they became in
+divers factions, as also a book set forth by the ministers,
+wherein they affirm that the earl has confessed
+to them, before his death, that the Earl Bothwell
+came to Whittinghame to propose the calling away
+of the King your husband, to the which proposition
+the said Earl of Morton affirms that he could give no
+answer unto such time he might know your Majesty's
+mind, which he never received....</p><br><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 225]</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="SECTION_VIII" id="SECTION_VIII"></a>SECTION VIII</h2>
+<h3>THE END</h3><br>
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2><br>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#CONNECTING">1.</a></td><td align="left"> Connecting Note.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#INVECTIVE">2.</a></td><td align="left"> Contemporary Verses on the Babington Conspiracy.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Marys_Letter">3.</a></td><td align="left"> Queen Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth on hearing the announcement of her sentence.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Will">4.</a></td><td align="left"> Clauses from Queen Mary's Will.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Spiritual">5.</a></td><td align="left"> Appeal for Spiritual Faculties.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Poem">6.</a></td><td align="left"> "O Domine Deus, speravi in te."</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Execution">7.</a></td><td align="left"> Contemporary Official Report of the Execution.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="CONNECTING" id="CONNECTING"></a>CONNECTING NOTE</i></div>
+
+<blockquote><p>Queen Mary's life, after the conclusion of the conference at
+Westminster, was occupied with plots and negotiations for her
+escape from captivity. The proposal for her marriage with the
+Duke of Norfolk was opposed both in Scotland and in England;
+and an insurrection was raised by the Earls of Northumberland
+and Westmoreland, which was speedily suppressed (November,
+1569). In January of the following year the Earl of Moray was
+assassinated at Linlithgow, and the Earl of Lennox, Darnley's
+father, succeeded him as Regent. Maitland of Lethington
+finally seceded from the "King's party," and allied himself with
+Kirkaldy of Grange, who held Edinburgh Castle for Mary. The
+Norfolk conspiracy continued to raise the expectations of the
+Marians till the capture, in the spring of 1571, of Charles Baillie,
+who was carrying letters from the papal agent, Rudolfi, for
+Queen Mary, Norfolk, the Spanish ambassador, and the Bishop
+of Ross. On the strength of Baillie's disclosures, Norfolk was
+put to death in June 1572. Elizabeth declined to gratify the<span class="pagenum">[Pg 226]</span>
+English Parliament by executing her prisoner, but attempted to
+arrange for her delivery to the Earl of Morton, now Regent of
+Scotland, with a view to his accepting the responsibility for
+Mary's death. Morton broke off the negotiations as Elizabeth
+refused to give her open sanction to the deed. Edinburgh
+Castle surrendered in June 1573, and its fall, and the loss of
+Lethington and Grange, gave the death-blow to the hopes of the
+Queen of Scots. She maintained, however, a constant correspondence
+with Elizabeth and with Spain and Rome, clutching
+eagerly at any hope of release, however vague. In 1586 she
+became involved, to what extent is disputed, in what is known
+as the Babington Conspiracy, which had for its object the assassination
+of Elizabeth and her ministers, and the restoration of
+Catholicism throughout Great Britain. Walsingham received
+information as to the plot, and obtained possession of letters
+alleged to be written by Mary to Babington. The conspirators
+were put to death, and Mary was tried by a Commission of
+Peers in the end of 1586. The following verses, addressed to
+the conspirators, indicate the common feeling in England at the
+time. They are quoted from a poem by William Kempe, published
+in 1587, and entitled "A Dutiful Invective against the
+moste haynous Treasons of Ballard and Babington ... together
+with the horrible attempts and actions of the Queen of Scottes....
+For a New Yeares gift to all loyall English subjects." The
+author of the verses is not Kemp the player, but a writer of
+some treatises on Education. <i>Cf.</i> "Dict. Nat. Biog."</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A DUTIFUL <a name="INVECTIVE" id="INVECTIVE"></a>INVECTIVE</i></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Scottish Queen, with mischief fraught, for to perform the will<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Of him whose pupil she hath been hath usëd all her skill;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">By words most fair, and loving terms, and gifts of value great:<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For to persuade your hollow hearts, your duties to forget,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 227]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">And for to be assistant still, her treacheries to further,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Wherein she reckons it no sinne though you commit great murther.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Such is her heinous hateful mind, who long hath lived in hope,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">By such her subtle lawless means (and help of cursëd Pope)<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Both to deprive our sovereign Queen of her imperial crown,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And true religion to repel, God's Gospel to put down.<br></span>
+</div></div>
+<hr style="width: 45%;">
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Wherein you fully did conclude that it could never be,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Except you first conspired her death, by secret treachery.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And thereupon consulted oft, and sundry ways did seek<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For to perform this devilish act, which you so well did like.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Next unto this your promise was to lend your help and aid,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">With all the force and power you could, to foes that should invade.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And thereby for to set at large that Queen whom I did name,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Who always in her treacherous mind, doth nought but mischief frame.<br></span>
+</div></div>
+<hr style="width: 45%;">
+<span class="pagenum">[Pg 228]</span>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE CAUSE OF ALL OUR TROUBLES</i></div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For plainly hath it fallen out, by sundry proofs most true,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">She was the only maintainer of all this treacherous crew:<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For trial whereof we may see, how that our gracious Queen,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Both having care the very truth most plainly might be seen,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And she with honour might be tried, in that she was a Prince,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Did cause the chiefest peers her faults by justice to convince:<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Who did assemble at her place, by name called Fotheringay,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">There to examine out the truth, and hear what she could say;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And to that end did then direct to them a large commission<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For to examine every one in whom they found suspicion.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Who meeting at that place, it plainly did appear,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">How that she was the chiefest cause of all our troubles here.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And that she by persuasions did seek for to withdraw<br></span>
+<span class="i0">The subjects' hearts from this our Queen, who erst had lived in awe;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And that the treasons named before were all by her consent,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And that she author was thereof, and did the same invent,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Whereto her answer was so light, and to so small effect,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 229]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">As that the weakness of the same her treasons did detect.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And thereupon these peers of State, having a due regard<br></span>
+<span class="i0">To what she could object thereto, and likewise nothing spared<br></span>
+<span class="i0">By circumstance to search out truth, did forthwith then pronounce<br></span>
+<span class="i0">That she was guilty of these crimes, and could not them renounce.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Which sentence so by them declared, was by our Queen's consent,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Plainly revealed to all estates in court of Parliament;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And was by them considered of, who then did all agree<br></span>
+<span class="i0">To join in suit unto her Grace, the same to ratify.<br></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S LETTER TO ELIZABETH</i></div>
+
+<h2>Queen <a name="Marys_Letter" id="Marys_Letter"></a>Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots</i>, vol. ii. p. 200.
+<span class="smcap">Fotheringay</span>, December 19, 1586.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Madame</span>,&mdash;Having with difficulty obtained leave
+from those to whom you have committed me to open
+to you all I have on my heart, as much for exonerating
+myself from any illwill, or desire of committing
+cruelty, or any act of enmity against those with whom
+I am connected in blood; as also, kindly, to communicate
+to you what I thought would serve you, as<span class="pagenum">[Pg 230]</span>
+much for your weal and preservation as for the
+maintenance of the peace and repose of this isle,
+which can only be injured if you reject my advice.
+You will credit or disbelieve my discourse, as it
+seems best to you.</p>
+
+<p>I am resolved to strengthen myself in Christ Jesus
+alone, who, to those invoking Him with a true heart,
+never fails in His justice and consolation, especially to
+those who are bereft of all human aid; such are
+under His holy protection: to Him be the glory!
+He has equalled my expectation, having given me
+heart and strength, <i>in spe contra spem</i>, to endure the
+unjust calumnies, accusations, and condemnations (of
+those who have no such jurisdiction over me) with a
+constant resolution to suffer death for upholding the
+obedience and authority of the Apostolical Roman
+Catholic Church.</p>
+
+<p>Now, since I have been on your part informed of
+the sentence of your last meeting of Parliament, Lord
+Buckhurst and Beale having admonished me to prepare
+for the end of my long and weary pilgrimage, I
+beg to return you thanks on my part for these happy
+tidings, and to entreat you to vouchsafe to me certain
+points for the discharge of my conscience. But
+since Sir A. Paulet has informed me (though falsely)
+that you had indulged me by having restored to me
+my almoner, and the money that they had taken
+from me, and that the remainder would follow; for
+all this I would willingly return you thanks, and
+supplicate still further as a last request, which I have
+thought for many reasons I ought to ask of you
+alone, that you will accord this ultimate grace, for<span class="pagenum">[Pg 231]</span>
+which I should not like to be indebted to any other,
+since I have no hope of finding aught but cruelty
+from the Puritans, who are at this time, God knows
+wherefore! the first in authority, and the most bitter
+against me.</p>
+
+<p>I will accuse no one: nay, I pardon with a sincere
+heart every one, even as I desire every one may grant
+forgiveness to me, God the first. But I know that
+you, more than any one, ought to feel at heart the
+honour or dishonour of your own blood, and that,
+moreover, of a queen and the daughter of a king.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A LAST REQUEST</i></div>
+
+<p>Then, Madame, for the sake of that Jesus to whose
+name all powers bow, I require you to ordain that
+when my enemies have slaked their black thirst for
+my innocent blood, you will permit my poor desolated
+servants altogether to carry away my corpse, to bury
+it in holy ground with the other queens of France,
+my predecessors, especially near the late queen, my
+mother; having this in recollection, that in Scotland
+the bodies of the kings, my predecessors, have been
+outraged, and the churches profaned and abolished;
+and that as I shall suffer in this country, I shall not
+be given place near the kings, your predecessors,
+who are mine as well as yours: for according to our
+religion, we think much of being interred in holy
+earth. As they tell me that you will in nothing force
+my conscience nor my religion, and have even conceded
+me a priest, refuse me not this my last request,
+that you will permit free sepulchre to this body when
+the soul is separated, which, when united, could never
+obtain liberty to live in repose, such as you would
+procure for yourself; against which repose&mdash;before<span class="pagenum">[Pg 232]</span>
+God I speak&mdash;I never aimed a blow: but God will
+let you see the truth of all after my death.</p>
+
+<p>And because I dread the tyranny of those to whose
+power you have abandoned me, I entreat you not to
+permit that execution be done on me without your
+own knowledge, not for fear of the torment, which I
+am most ready to suffer, but on account of the reports
+which will be raised concerning my death unsuspected,
+and without other witnesses than those who
+would inflict it, who, I am persuaded, would be of
+very different qualities from these parties whom I
+require (being my servants) to stay spectators, and
+with witnesses of my end in the faith of our sacrament,
+of my Saviour, and in obedience to His Church.
+And after all is over, that they together may carry
+away my poor corpse (as secretly as you please), and
+speedily withdraw, without taking with them any of
+my goods except those which in dying I may leave to
+them, which are little enough for their long and good
+services.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>ELIZABETH'S JEWEL</i></div>
+
+<p>One jewel that I received of you I shall return to
+you with my last words, or sooner if you please.</p>
+
+<p>Once more I supplicate you to permit me to send
+a jewel and a last adieu to my son, with my dying
+benediction, for of my blessing he has been deprived
+since you sent me his refusal to enter into the treaty
+whence I was excluded by his wicked council; this
+last point I refer to your favourable consideration and
+conscience as the others, but I ask them in the name
+of Jesus Christ, and in respect of your consanguinity,
+and for the sake of King Henry VII., your grandfather
+and mine, and by the honour of the dignity we both<span class="pagenum">[Pg 233]</span>
+hold, and of our sex in common, do I implore you to
+grant these requests.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>MARY'S TREATMENT</i></div>
+
+<p>As to the rest, I think you know that in your name
+they have taken down my dais, but afterwards they
+owned to me that it was not by your commandment,
+but by the intimation of some of your privy council.
+I thank God that this wickedness came not from you,
+and that it serves rather to vent their malice than to
+afflict me, having made up my mind to die. It is on
+account of this, and some other things, that they
+debarred me from writing to you, and after they had
+done all in their power to degrade me from my rank,
+they told me "that I was but a mere dead woman,
+incapable of dignity." God be praised for all!</p>
+
+<p>I could wish that all my papers were brought to
+you without reserve, that at last it may be manifest
+to you that the sole care of your safety was not confined
+to those who are so prompt to persecute me.
+If you will accord this my last request, I would wish
+that you would write for them, otherwise they do with
+them as they choose. And, moreover, I wish that to
+this, my last request, you will let me know your last
+reply.</p>
+
+<p>To conclude, I pray God, the just Judge, of His
+mercy that He will enlighten you with His Holy Spirit,
+and that He will give you His grace to die in the
+perfect charity I am disposed to do, and to pardon
+all those who have caused, or who have co-operated
+in, my death. Such will be my last prayer to my
+end, which I esteem myself happy will precede the
+persecution which I foresee menaces this isle, where
+God is no longer seriously feared and revered, but<span class="pagenum">[Pg 234]</span>
+vanity and worldly policy rule and govern all. Yet
+will I accuse no one, nor give way to presumption.
+Yet while abandoning this world, and preparing myself
+for a better, I must remind you that one day you
+will have to answer for your charge, and for all those
+whom you doom, and that I desire that my blood
+and my country may be remembered in that time.
+For why? From the first days of our capacity to
+comprehend our duties, we ought to bend our minds
+to make the things of this world yield to those of
+eternity!</p>
+
+<p class='center'>From Fotheringay, this 19th December, 1586.<br>
+Your sister and cousin,</p>
+<p class="blockqtrt">Prisoner wrongfully,</p>
+<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Marie Royne</span>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE QUEEN'S WILL</i></div>
+
+<h2>The <a name="Will" id="Will"></a>Will of the Queen of Scots.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots</i>, vol. ii. p. 237.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The Will contains clauses relative to the payments of her debts,
+and of legacies to her servants. The selections given are of more
+general interest.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the
+Holy Ghost, I, Mary, by the grace of God, Queen of
+Scotland and Dowager of France, being on the point
+of death, and not having any means of making my
+will, have myself committed these articles to writing,
+and I will and desire, that they have the same force,
+as if they were made in due form.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, I declare that I die in the
+Catholic, Apostolic, and Romish faith. First, I desire<span class="pagenum">[Pg 235]</span>
+that a complete service be performed for my soul in
+the Church of St. Denis in France, and another in
+St. Peter's, at Rheims, where all my servants are to
+attend, in such manner as may be ordered to do by
+those to whom I have given directions, and who are
+named therein.</p>
+
+<p>Further, that an annual obit be founded for prayers
+for my soul, in perpetuity, in such place, and after such
+manner, as shall be deemed most convenient....</p>
+
+<p>I appoint my cousin, the Duke of Guise, principal
+executor of my will. After him, the Archbishop of
+Glasgow, the Bishop of Ross, and Monsieur de
+Ruissieu, my chancellor....</p>
+
+<p>I recommend Marie Paiges, my god-daughter, to
+my cousin, Madame de Guise, and beg her to take
+her into her service, and my aunt de Saint Pierre to
+get Moubray some good situation, or retain her in
+her service, for the honour of God.</p>
+
+<p>Done this day, 7th February 1587.</p>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><span class="smcap">Mary, Queen.</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>APPEAL FOR FACULTIES</i></div>
+
+<h2>Queen Mary's Appeal to the Pope for <a name="Spiritual" id="Spiritual"></a>Spiritual Faculties.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The following document is here printed for the first time, so far
+as is known to the Editor. It is from a MS. at Blairs College, and
+is published by kind permission of the Right Reverend the Rector,
+and with the advantage of revision by the Reverend Professor Welsh.
+It is dated {158-}, and probably belongs to the last year of Queen
+Mary's life.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Cum Serenissima Regina Scotiae multis ab hinc
+annis in Anglorum haereticorum custodias sit inclusa
+atque ob id non possit Catholicae Ecclesiae sacramenta<span class="pagenum">[Pg 236]</span>
+suscipere et rebus divinis praesertim vero missae
+sacrificio nisi clam et magno cum periculo interesse,
+supplex petit a Sanctissimo Domino Nostro quam diu
+in illa custodia retinetur, ut sacerdoti catholico suo
+capellano pro tempore existenti concedatur, facultas
+non modo exercendi omnia munera episcopalia exceptis
+ordinis et confirmationis sacramentis, et Chrysmatis
+consecratione; sed etiam absolvendi ab haeresi,
+et haereticos poenitentes gremio sanctae matris
+Ecclesiae reconciliandi; quod frequentes ibi se offerant
+huiusmodi occasiones.</p>
+
+<p>Deinde cum in hac rerum calamitate ipsi Reginae
+opus sit ad sua secreta consilia et commercia tractanda
+et exsequenda, uti opera nonnullorum Anglorum,
+qui nisi profanis haereticorum et schismaticorum
+precibus et communioni intersint, vel a praefectis
+carceris prohiberentur, ne Reginae inservirent, vel
+non possent ita commode illa consilia et commercia
+juvare; dignetur Sanctitas Sua sacerdoti capellano,
+quem Regina delegerit hanc potestatem illos ab omni
+censura et poena in tali casu absolvendi; et quoties
+opus fuerit in gratiam Sanctae matris Ecclesiæ reducendi;
+ii tamen, quoad fieri potest, vitare debent
+impiam huiusmodi communionem et rerum sacrarum
+prophanationem.</p>
+
+<p>Permittat quoque Sanctitas Sua, ut tales etiam ante
+absolutionem possint sine scrupulo tum Reginae tum
+sacerdotis celebrantis et aliorum qui missae intererunt,
+praesentes adesse in ea missa quae coram Regina,
+durante ejus captivitate celebrabitur.</p>
+
+<p>Petit etiam Regina, ut 25 numero viri catholici,
+per eam nominandi, quo commodius et securius ipsi<span class="pagenum">[Pg 237]</span>
+inserviant, possint sine scrupulo et sine periculo et
+metu censurarum et peccati, hujusmodi precibus et
+communionibus hæreticorum interesse, ita tamen, ut
+cum illis non communicent, ac nefandis illorum actibus
+ne verbo quidem consentiant.</p>
+
+<p>Concedat quoque sua Beatitudo ipsi Reginæ plenam
+indulgentiam et remissionem omnium peccatorum in
+forma jubilei, quoties genibus flexis orat confessa
+coram sacra Eucharistia, vel eam suscipit, ac quoties
+patienter fert injuriam ab hæreticis sibi illatam; eam
+dem quoque obtineat indulgentiam in articulo mortis
+ore dicendo Jesus Maria vel idem corde saltem
+memorando.</p>
+
+<p>Postremo Regina summis precibus Sanctissimum
+Dominum Nostrum orat, ut quem sibi delegerit
+sacerdotem, possit ab eo in confessione sacramentali
+absolvi a cunctibus casibus etiam Sedi Apostolicæ
+reservatis, atque in bulla coenae Domini contentis.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>[It is not known what reply was sent; but the forthcoming volume of
+"Vatican Papers," to be edited for the Scottish History Society by
+Father Pollard, S.J., may throw light on the subject.]</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Translation.</span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Since Her Most Serene Majesty, the Queen of Scotland, has
+been for these many years a prisoner in the hands of the
+English heretics, and on that account is unable to receive the
+sacraments of the Catholic Church, or to be present, except
+secretly and at great risk, at divine service, and especially at
+the Sacrifice of the Mass, she humbly supplicates of His Holiness
+that, so long as she is kept in that restraint:</p>
+
+<p>That to a Catholic priest, her chaplain for the time being,
+there may be granted the faculty, not only of exercising all the
+powers of a bishop, except the sacrament of Orders and<span class="pagenum">[Pg 238]</span>
+Confirmation, and the consecration of the Chrism, but also of
+absolving from heresy and receiving penitent heretics into the
+bosom of Holy Mother Church. Such opportunities frequently
+offer themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Secondly, since, in this sad condition of her affairs, the
+Queen herself has need, in connexion with her secret counsels
+and negotiations, of the assistance of some Englishmen, who,
+unless they attend the blasphemous prayers and communion
+of the heretics, would be excluded, by her gaolers, from the
+Queen's presence, or would have difficulty in aiding her counsels
+and plans, let His Holiness grant to a priest, whom the Queen
+may choose as chaplain, the power of absolving them from all
+censure and penalty in such circumstances, and restoring, as
+often as there is need, to the grace of Holy Mother Church, it
+being understood that, as far as possible, they shall avoid this
+impious communion and profanation of Holy Things.</p>
+
+<p>Let His Holiness also permit that such persons, even before
+absolution, may without scruple either to the Queen or to the
+celebrating priest, or to all others who may be present, be
+present and assist at the Mass which shall be celebrated in
+presence of the Queen during her captivity.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen also begs that Catholic men, twenty-five in
+number, nominated by her, in order that they may serve her
+more conveniently and safely, may without scruple and without
+danger or fear of censures and of sin, be present at such prayers
+and communions of the heretics, it being understood that they
+shall not communicate with them or give even verbal consent to
+their nefarious acts.</p>
+
+<p>Let His Holiness grant also to the Queen herself a plenary
+indulgence and remission of all her sins, in the form of a jubilee,
+as often as, having confessed her sins, she may pray on bended
+knees before the Holy Eucharist, or receive it, and as often as
+she patiently endures injuries inflicted on her by heretics. May
+she obtain also the same indulgence at the moment of death by
+invoking with her lips, Jesu, Maria, or at least meditating on
+them in her heart.</p>
+
+<p>Finally the Queen begs His Holiness with many prayers, that
+whomsoever she shall choose as a priest, she may be by him, in
+sacramental confession, absolved from all censures, even from
+those reserved to the Holy Apostolic See, and contained in the
+Bull "Coena Domini."</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 282px;"><a name="BELL" id="BELL"></a>
+<img src="images/illus_006.jpg" width="282" height="486" alt="" title="">
+<span class="caption">SILVER-GILT HAND-BELL. Height 4-½ inches. (Used by
+Queen Mary in Captivity.)</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 239]</span></p>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>"IN THEE HAVE I TRUSTED"</i></div>
+
+<h2><a name="Poem" id="Poem"></a>Poem composed by Queen Mary in view of her Approaching Death.</h2>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O Domine Deus, speravi in te!<br></span>
+<span class="i0">O care mi Jesu, nunc libera me!<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In dura catena, in misera poena,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Languendo, gemendo, et genu flectendo,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Adoro, imploro ut liberes me.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4"><i>Tr. Mr. Swinburne, Mary Stuart</i>, Act V.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">O Lord my God,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">I have trusted in thee;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">O Jesu my dearest one,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Now set me free.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In prison's oppression,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In sorrow's obsession,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">I weary for thee.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">With sighing and crying,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Bowed down as dying,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">I adore thee, I implore thee, set me free!<br></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i>PARTING WITH ROBERT MELVILLE</i></div>
+
+<h2>1587.&mdash;February 8. Narrative of the <a name="Execution" id="Execution"></a>Execution, sent to the Court.</h2>
+
+<p class="rightnote"><i>Ellis's Letters</i>, Ser. ii. vol. iii. p. 113, from the
+Lansdowne MS. 51, Art. 46.</p>
+
+<p>First, the said Scottish Queen, being carried by
+two of Sir Amias Paulett's gentlemen, and the Sheriff<span class="pagenum">[Pg 240]</span>
+going before her, came most willingly out of her
+chamber into an entry next the Hall, at which place
+the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of Kent, commissioners
+for the execution, with the two governors
+of her person, and divers knights and gentlemen did
+meet her, where they found one of the Scottish
+Queen's servants, named Melvin, kneeling on his
+knees, who uttered these words with tears to the
+Queen of Scots, his mistress, "Madam, it will be
+the sorrowfullest message that ever I carried, when I
+shall report that my Queen and dear mistress is
+dead." Then the Queen of Scots, shedding tears,
+answered him, "You ought to rejoice rather than
+weep for that the end of Mary Stuart's troubles is
+now come. Thou knowest, Melvin, that all this world
+is but vanity, and full of troubles and sorrows; carry
+this message from me, and tell my friends that I die
+a true woman to my religion, and like a true Scottish
+woman and a true Frenchwoman. But God forgive
+them that have long desired my end; and He that
+is the true Judge of all secret thoughts knoweth my
+mind, how that it ever hath been my desire to have
+Scotland and England united together. Commend
+me to my son, and tell him that I have not done
+anything that may prejudice his kingdom of Scotland;
+and so, good Melvin, farewell;" and kissing him, she
+bade him pray for her.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>AN ENGLISH NOBLEMAN</i></div>
+
+<p>Then she turned to the Lords and told them that
+she had certain requests to make unto them. One
+was for a sum of money, which she said Sir Amyas
+Paulet knew of, to be paid to one Curle her servant;
+next, that all her poor servants might enjoy that<span class="pagenum">[Pg 241]</span>
+quietly which by her Will and Testament she had
+given unto them; and lastly, that they might be all
+well entreated, and sent home safely and honestly
+into their countries. "And this I do conjure you,
+my Lords, to do."</p>
+
+<p>Answer was made by Sir Amyas Paulet, "I do
+well remember the money your Grace speaketh of,
+and your Grace need not to make any doubt of the
+not performance of your requests, for I do surely
+think they shall be granted."</p>
+
+<p>"I have," said she, "one other request to make
+unto you, my Lords, that you will suffer my poor
+servants to be present about me, at my death, that
+they may report when they come into their countries
+how I died a true woman to my religion."</p>
+
+<p>Then the Earl of Kent, one of the commissioners,
+answered, "Madam, it cannot well be granted, for
+that it is feared lest some of them would with speeches
+both trouble and grieve your Grace, and disquiet the
+company, of which we have had already some experience,
+or seek to wipe their napkins in some of your
+blood, which were not convenient." "My Lord,"
+said the Queen of Scots, "I will give my word and
+promise for them that they shall not do any such
+thing as your Lordship has named. Alas! poor
+souls, it would do them good to bid me farewell.
+And I hope your Mistress, being a maiden Queen,
+in regard of womanhood, will suffer me to have some
+of my own people about me at my death. And I
+know she hath not given you so straight a commission,
+but that you may grant me more than this, if I
+were a far meaner woman than I am." And then<span class="pagenum">[Pg 242]</span>
+(seeming to be grieved) with some tears uttered these
+words: "You know that I am cousin to your Queen,
+and descended from the blood of Henry the Seventh,
+a married Queen of France, and the anointed Queen
+of Scotland."</p>
+
+<div class="greynote">"<i>BESIDE THE BLOCK&mdash;ALONE</i>"</div>
+
+<p>Whereupon, after some consultation, they granted
+that she might have some of her servants according
+to her Grace's request, and therefore desired her to
+make choice of half-a-dozen of her men and women:
+who presently said that of her men she would have
+Melvin, her apothecary, her surgeon, and one other
+old man beside; and of her women, those two that
+did use to lie in her chamber.</p>
+
+<p>After this, she being supported by Sir Amias's two
+gentlemen aforesaid, and Melvin carrying up her
+train, and also accompanied with the Lords, Knights,
+and Gentlemen aforenamed, the Sheriff going before
+her, she passed out of the entry into the Great Hall,
+with her countenance careless, importing thereby
+rather mirth than mournful cheer, and so she willingly
+stepped up to the scaffold which was prepared
+for her in the Hall, being two feet high and twelve
+feet broad, with rails round about, hung and covered
+with black, with a low stool, long cushion, and block,
+covered with black also. Then, having the stool
+brought her, she sat her down; by her, on the right
+hand, sat the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of
+Kent, and on the left hand stood the Sheriff, and
+before her the two executioners; round about the
+rails stood Knights, Gentlemen, and others.</p>
+
+<p>Then, silence being made, the Queen's Majesty's
+Commission for the execution of the Queen of Scots<span class="pagenum">[Pg 243]</span>
+was openly read by Mr. Beale, clerk of the Council;
+and these words pronounced by the Assembly, "God
+save the Queen." During the reading of which Commission
+the Queen of Scots was silent, listening unto
+it with as small regard as if it had not concerned her
+at all; and with as cheerful a countenance as if it
+had been a pardon from her Majesty for her life;
+using as much strangeness in word and deed as if
+she had never known any of the Assembly, or had
+been ignorant of the English language.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>A THEOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY</i></div>
+
+<p>Then one Doctor Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough,
+standing directly before her, without the rail, bending
+his body with great reverence, began to utter this
+exhortation following: "Madam, the Queen's most
+excellent Majesty," &amp;c., and iterating these words
+three or four times, she told him, "Mr. Dean, I am
+settled in the ancient Catholic Roman religion, and
+mind to spend my blood in defence of it." Then
+Mr. Dean said: "Madam, change your opinion, and
+repent you of your former wickedness, and settle
+your faith only in Jesus Christ, by Him to be saved."
+Then she answered again and again, "Mr. Dean,
+trouble not yourself any more, for I am settled and
+resolved in this my religion, and am purposed therein
+to die." Then the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl
+of Kent, perceiving her so obstinate, told her that
+since she would not hear the exhortation begun by
+Mr. Dean, "We will pray for your Grace, that it
+stand with God's will you may have your heart
+lightened, even at the last hour, with the true knowledge
+of God, and so die therein." Then she
+answered, "If you will pray for me, my Lords, I will<span class="pagenum">[Pg 244]</span>
+thank you; but to join in prayer with you I will not,
+for that you and I are not of one religion."</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE EARL OF KENT</i></div>
+
+<p>Then the Lords called for Mr. Dean, who, kneeling
+on the scaffold stairs, began this prayer, "O most
+gracious God and merciful Father," &amp;c., all the
+Assembly, saving the Queen of Scots and her servants,
+saying after him. During the saying of which
+prayer, the Queen of Scots, sitting upon a stool,
+having about her neck an <i>Agnus Dei</i>, in her hand a
+crucifix, at her girdle a pair of beads with a golden
+cross at the end of them, a Latin book in her hand,
+began with tears and with loud and fast voice to pray
+in Latin; and in the midst of her prayers she slided
+off from her stool, and kneeling, said divers Latin
+prayers; and after the end of Mr. Dean's prayer, she
+kneeling, prayed in English to this effect: "For
+Christ His afflicted Church, and for an end of their
+troubles; for her son; and for the Queen's Majesty,
+that she might prosper and serve God aright." She
+confessed that she hoped to be saved "by and in
+the blood of Christ, at the foot of whose Crucifix she
+would shed her blood." Then said the Earl of Kent,
+"Madam, settle Christ Jesus in your heart, and leave
+those trumperies." Then she little regarding, or
+nothing at all, his good counsel, went forward with
+her prayers, desiring that "God would avert His
+wrath from this Island, and that He would give her
+grief and forgiveness for her sins." These, with
+other prayers she made in English, saying she forgave
+her enemies with all her heart that had long sought
+her blood, and desired God to convert them to the
+truth; and in the end of the prayer she desired all<span class="pagenum">[Pg 245]</span>
+saints to make intercession for her to Jesus Christ,
+and so kissing the crucifix, and crossing of her also,
+said these words: "Even as Thy arms, O Jesus, were
+spread here upon the Cross, so receive me into Thy
+arms of mercy, and forgive me all my sins."</p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>SMILING CHEER</i></div>
+
+<p>Her prayer being ended, the executioners, kneeling,
+desired her Grace to forgive them her death; who
+answered, "I forgive you with all my heart, for now,
+I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles."
+Then they, with her two women, helping of her up,
+began to disrobe her of her apparel; she never changed
+her countenance, but with smiling cheer she uttered
+these words, "that she never had such grooms to
+make her unready, and that she never put off her
+clothes before such a company."</p>
+
+<p>Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving
+her petticoat and kirtle, her two women beholding
+her made great lamentation, and crying and crossing
+themselves prayed in Latin; she, turning herself to
+them, embracing them, said these words in French,
+"Ne criez vous; j'ay promis pour vous;" and so
+crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her,
+and rejoice and not weep, for that now they should
+see an end of all their mistress's troubles. Then
+she, with a smiling countenance, turning to her men
+servants, as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a
+bench nigh the scaffold, who sometime weeping,
+sometime crying out aloud, and continually crossing
+themselves, prayed in Latin, crossing them with her
+hand bade them farewell; and wishing them to pray
+for her even until the last hour.</p>
+
+<div class="greynote">"<i>INTO THY HANDS</i>"</div>
+
+<p>This done, one of the women having a Corpus<span class="pagenum">[Pg 246]</span>
+Christi cloth lapped up three-corner ways, kissing it,
+put it over the Queen of Scots' face, and pinned it
+fast to the caul of her head. Then the two women
+departed from her, and she kneeling down upon the
+cushion most resolutely, and without any token or
+fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin,
+"In te, Domine, confido, non confundar in eternum,"
+&amp;c. {Ps. xxv.}. Then, groping for the block, she
+laid down her head, putting her chin over the block
+with both her hands, which holding there, still had
+been cut off, had they not been espied. Then lying
+upon the block most quietly, and stretching out her
+arms, cried, "In manus tuas, Domine," &amp;c., three or
+four times. Then she lying very still on the block,
+one of the executioners holding of her slightly with
+one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the
+other executioner with an axe, she making very
+small noise or none at all, and not stirring any part
+of her from the place where she lay; and so the
+executioner cut off her head, saving one little grisle,
+which being cut asunder, he lifted up her head to
+the view of all the assembly, and bade "God save
+the Queen." Then her dressing of lawn falling off
+from her head, it appeared as grey as one of threescore
+and ten years old, polled very short, her face in a
+moment being so much altered from the form she
+had when she was alive, as few could remember her
+by her dead face. Her lips stirred up and down a
+quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.</p>
+
+<p>Then Mr. Dean said with a loud voice, "So perish
+all the Queen's enemies;" and afterwards the Earl
+of Kent came to the dead body, and standing over
+it, with a loud voice said, "Such end of all the
+Queen's and the Gospel's enemies."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 402px;"><a name="EFFIGY" id="EFFIGY"></a>
+<img src="images/illus_007.jpg" width="402" height="229" alt="" title="">
+<span class="caption">EFFIGY AT WESTMINSTER.</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 247]</span></p>
+
+<div class="greynote"><i>THE LAST COURTIER</i></div>
+
+<p>Then one of the executioners pulling off her garters,
+espied her little dog which was crept under her clothes,
+which could not be gotten forth but by force, yet
+afterward would not depart from the dead corpse,
+but came and lay between her head and her shoulders,
+which being imbrued with her blood, was carried
+away and washed, as all things else were that had
+any blood was either burned or clean washed; and
+the executioners sent away with money for their fees,
+not having any one thing that belonged unto her.
+And so, every man being commanded out of the
+Hall, except the Sheriff and his men, she was carried
+by them up into a great chamber lying ready for the
+surgeons to embalm her.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A full account of Queen Mary's last days will be found in
+"The Tragedy of Fotheringay," by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott.
+In August 1587, the Queen was buried, with great ceremony,
+in Peterborough Cathedral, and, in 1612, was reinterred
+in Westminster Abbey by her son James VI. and I.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 249]</span></blockquote>
+
+<br>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<h2><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES</h2>
+
+<h2><i>CONTENTS</i></h2>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_A">A.</a>)</td><td align="left">Genealogical Tables.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_B">B.</a>)</td><td align="left">Lord Darnley.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_C">C.</a>)</td><td align="left">Contemporary Writers.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_D">D.</a>)</td><td align="left">Authorities.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">(<a href="#APPENDIX_E">E.</a>)</td><td align="left">Controversial Books.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 250]</span></p><div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A"></a>APPENDIX A.</i></div>
+
+
+<h2>(A.) TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF MARY TO LORD DARNLEY AND TO THE DUKE OF CHÂTELHERAULT.</h2>
+<pre>
+ JAMES II., King of Scotland.
+ |
+ +----------------------+-------------------+
+ | |
+ James III. Mary = James, Lord Hamilton.
+ | |
+ James IV. = Margaret, = Archibald, +-----+-------+
+ | dau. of | Earl of | |
+ | Henry VII. | Angus. | |
+ | of England. | James, Elizabeth, _m._
+ | | 1st Earl Matthew, Earl
+ | | of Arran. of Lennox.
+ James V. = Mary of | | |
+ | Guise. | James, |
+ | | 2nd Earl |
+ | | of Arran |
+ Mary Stuart. | and Duke of John, Earl
+ | Châtelherault. of Lennox.
+ | |
+ +----------------+ |
+ | |
+ Margaret = Matthew, Earl
+ | of Lennox.
+ |
+ Henry, Lord Darnley.
+</pre>
+<br>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 251]</span></p><h2>TABLE SHOWING THE POSITION OF MARY AND DARNLEY WITH REGARD TO THE
+CROWN OF ENGLAND.</h2>
+<pre>
+
+ HENRY VII.
+ |
+ +-------------------+---------+------------+
+ | | |
+ Henry VIII. James IV. = Margaret = Archibald, Mary = Charles, Duke
+ +------+----+ | | Earl of | of Suffolk.
+ | | | | | Angus |
+ Edward VI. | Elizabeth. James V. | +---+-----+
+ | | | | |
+ Mary. | Margaret, _m._ | |
+ Mary. Matthew, Earl | |
+ of Lennox. | |
+ | Frances, Eleanor,
+ | _m._ _m._
+ Henry, Lord Henry, Henry,
+ Darnley. Duke of Earl of
+ Suffolk. Cumberland.
+ | |
+ +-----------------+-----------------+ |
+ | | |
+ Lady Jane Grey. Catherine, _m._ |
+ Edward, Earl of |
+ Hertford. |
+ |
+ +--------------------------+
+ | |
+ Margaret, _m._ Henry, Earl of Derby.
+
+
+</pre>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 252]</span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<br>
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a>APPENDIX B.</i></div>
+<h2>(B.) LORD DARNLEY.</h2>
+
+
+<p>It may be of some interest to collect a few contemporary
+opinions regarding the unfortunate Lord
+Darnley. The extracts from Sir James Melville and
+Randolph (<a href="#James_Melvill">pp. 46-53</a>, <a href="#Randolph">54-56</a>) sufficiently illustrate the
+personality of Mary, and we need only add Knolly's
+description of the Queen of Scots on her arrival in
+England (Wright's "Elizabeth," vol. i. pp. 280-1).
+He wrote to Cecil: "This ladie and princess is a notable
+woman. She semeth to regard no ceremonious
+honour beside the acknowledging of her estate regalle.
+She sheweth a disposition to speake much, to be bold,
+to be pleasant, and to be very famylyar. She sheweth
+a great desire to be avenged of her enemies: she
+sheweth a readiness to expose herself to all perylls in
+hope of victorie; she delyteth much to hear of hardiness
+and valiancye, commending by name all approved
+hardy men of her cuntrye, altho' they be her enemies:
+and she commendeth no cowardice even in her friends.
+The thing that most she thirsteth after is victory, and
+it semeth to be indifferent to her to have her enemies
+diminish, either by the sword of her friends, or by
+the liberall promises and rewards of her purse, or by
+division and quarrells raised among themselves; so
+that for victorie's sake, payne and perrylls semeth
+pleasant unto her, and in respect of victorie, welthe
+and all thyngs semeth to her contemptuous and vile."</p>
+
+<p>Our best picture of Darnley comes from the pen
+of the continuator of Knox. "He was of a comely
+stature, and none was like unto him within this island;<span class="pagenum">[Pg 253]</span>
+he died under the age of one and twenty years;
+prompt and ready for all games and sports; much
+given to hawking and hunting, and running of horses,
+and likewise to playing on the lute; and also to
+Venus chamber he was liberal enough; he could write
+and dictate well; but he was somewhat given to wine,
+and much feeding, and likewise to inconstancy; and
+proud beyond measure, and therefore contemned all
+others; he had learned to dissemble well enough, being
+from his youth misled up in Popery" (Laing's "Knox,"
+vol. ii. p. 551). Incidental references to Darnley's
+character will be found on <a href="#DARNLEY1">pp. 47-8</a>, <a href="#darnley2">64-5</a>, <a href="#Treatment">87-8</a>, &amp;c.
+The author of the "Histoire of James the Sext"
+wrote of him, "He was a comelie Prince, of a fayre
+and large stature of bodie, pleasant in countenance,
+and affable to all men, and devote, weill exercised in
+martiall pastymes upoun horseback as ony Prince of
+that age, but was sa facile as he could conceal no
+secret, although it might tend to his own weill." Of
+Darnley's literary abilities we possess two indications&mdash;a
+letter written to Mary Tudor, and the following
+ballad, both printed in Maidment's "Scottish Songs
+and Ballads," vol. ii. It may be noted that the figure
+of the turtle-dove or wood-pigeon occurs in the ballad
+and in one of the "Casket Letters."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Gife langour makis men licht,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Or dolour thame decoir,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In earth there is no wicht,<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">May me compair in gloir.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Gif cairfuill thoftis restoir<span class="pagenum">[Pg 254]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">My havy heart from sorrow<br></span>
+<span class="i2">I am for evir moir<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In joy, both evin and morrow.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Gif plesour be to pance,<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">I playne me nocht opprest,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Or absence micht avance,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">My heart is haill possesst,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Gif want of quiet rest<br></span>
+<span class="i0">From cairis micht me convoy,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">My mynd is nocht mollest,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Bot evir moir in joy.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Thocht that I pance in paine,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">In passing to and fro,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">I laubor all in vane,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">For so hes mony mo,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">That hes nocht servit so,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In suting of thair sueit,<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a><br></span>
+<span class="i2">The nar the fyre I go<br></span>
+<span class="i0">The grittar is my heit.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The turtour for hir maik,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Mair dule may nocht indure<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Nor I do for hir saik,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Evin hir quha hes in cure<br></span>
+<span class="i2">My hairt, quhilk salbe sure,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And service to the deid,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Unto that lady pure,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">The well of woman heid.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Schaw shedfull to that sueit<span class="pagenum">[Pg 255]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i2">My pairt so permanent<br></span>
+<span class="i0">That no mirth quhill<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> we meit,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Sall cause me be content;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">But still my hairt lament,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In sorrowfull siching soir,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Till tyme sho be present,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Fairweill, I say no moir.<br></span>
+<span class="i4"><i>Finis quod King Hary Stewart.</i><br></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This lament for Darnley (also printed by Maidment)
+was doubtless used as a political weapon against
+Queen Mary:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">To Edinburgh about six hours at morn,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">As I was passing pansand out the way;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ane bonny boy was sore making his moan,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">His sorry song was Oche, and Wallaway!<br></span>
+<span class="i2">That ever I should lyve to see that day,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Ane king at eve, with sceptre, sword and crown;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">At morn but a deformed lump of clay,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">With traitors strong so cruelly put down!<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Then drew I near some tidings for to speir,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And said, My friend, what makis thee sa way.<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Bloody Bothwell hath brought our king to beir,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And flatter and fraud with double Dalilay.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">At ten houris on Sunday late at een,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">When Dalila and Bothwell bade good night,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Off her finger false she threw ane ring,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And said, My Lord, ane token you I plight.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">She did depart then with an untrue train,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 256]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i2">And then in haste and culverin they let craik,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">To teach their feiris to know the appoint time,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">About the kinge's lodging for to clap.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">To dance that night they said she should not slack,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">With leggis lycht to hald the wedow walkan;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And baid fra bed until she heard the crack,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Whilk was a sign that her good lord was slain.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">O ye that to our kirk have done subscryve,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">These Achans try alsweill traist I may,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">If ye do not, the time will come, belyve,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">That God to you will raise some Iosuay;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Whilk shall your bairnis gar sing Wallaway,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And ye your selvis be put down with shame;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Remember on the awesome latter day,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">When ye reward shall receive for your blame.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">I ken right well ye knaw your duty,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Gif ye do not purge you ane and all,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Then shall I write in pretty poetry,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">In Latin laid in style rhetorical;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Which through all Europe shall ring like ane bell,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In the contempt of your malignity.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Fye, flee fra Clynemnestra fell,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For she was never like Penelope.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">With Clynemnestra I do not fain to fletch,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Who slew her spouse, the great Agamemnon;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Or with any that Ninus' wife doth match,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Semiramis quha brought her gude lord down.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Quha do abstain fra litigation,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 257]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i0">Or from his paper hald aback the pen?<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Except he hate our Scottish nation,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Or then stand up and traitors deeds commend?<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Now all the woes that Ovid in Ibin,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Into his pretty little book did write,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And many mo be to our Scottish Queen,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">For she the cause is of my doleful dyte.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Sa mot her heart be fillet full of syte,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">As Herois was for Leander's death;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Herself to slay for woe who thought delyte,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For Henry's sake to like our Queen was laith.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The dolours als that pierced Dido's heart,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">When King Enee from Carthage took the flight;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">For the which cause unto a brand she start,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And slew herseif, which was a sorry sight.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Sa might she die as did Creusa bright,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">The worthy wife of douty Duke Jason;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Wha brint was in ane garment wrought by slight<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Of Medea through incantation.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Her laughter light be like to true Thisbe,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">When Pyramus she found dead at the well,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">In languor like unto Penelope,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">For Ulysses who long at Troy did dwell.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Her dolesome death be worse than Jezebel,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Whom through an window surely men did thraw;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Whose blood did lap the cruel hundis fell,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And doggis could her wicked bainis gnaw.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Were I an hound&mdash;oh! if she an hare,<span class="pagenum">[Pg 258]</span><br></span>
+<span class="i2">And I an cat, and she a little mouse,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And she a bairn, and I a wild wod bear,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">I an ferret, and she cuniculus.<br></span>
+<span class="i2">To her I shall be aye contrarius&mdash;<br></span>
+<span class="i0">When to me Atropos cut the fatal thread,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And fell deithis dartys dolorous,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Then shall our spirits be at mortal feid.<br></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">My spirit her spirit shall douke in Phlegethon,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Into that painful filthy flood of hell,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">And then in Styx, and Lethe baith anone&mdash;<br></span>
+<span class="i2">And Cerberus that cruel hound sa fell,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Sall gar her cry with mony gout and yell,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">O Wallaway! that ever she was born,<br></span>
+<span class="i2">Or with treason by ony manner mell,<br></span>
+<span class="i0">Whilk from all bliss should cause her be forlorn.<br></span>
+</div></div><br>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_C" id="APPENDIX_C"></a>APPENDIX C.</i></div>
+
+<h2>(C.) CONTEMPORARY WRITERS.</h2>
+
+<h3>GEORGE BUCHANAN.</h3>
+
+<p>The writings of George Buchanan with which we are concerned
+are his "Detection" of Queen Mary, and his "History
+of Scotland." Buchanan was the friend and adviser of Mary's
+enemies, and his references to her are polemical, not historical.
+His "Detection" is based on the "Book of Articles" (<i>cf.</i> <a href="#Articles">p. 144</a>),
+and it is not always consistent with the statements in his
+"History." Sheriff Æneas Mackay admits with regard to it
+that "it must be deemed a calumnious work." The reader must
+decide for himself what credit to attach to statements made
+by Buchanan, and otherwise unattested. He occupies among
+Mary's accusers the position held by Lesley among her friends.
+His title to fame is not confined to the Marian controversy. He<span class="pagenum">[Pg 259]</span>
+was a very distinguished humanist, and his writings possess both
+learning and charm. (<i>Cf.</i> Mr. Hume Brown's recent volume
+entitled "George Buchanan.")</p>
+
+<h3>CONAEUS.</h3>
+
+<p>George Conn belonged to an Aberdeenshire family of Roman
+Catholic sympathies, and was educated at Douay, Paris, and
+Rome. He was Papal agent accredited to Queen Henrietta
+Maria from 1636 to 1639. He died in 1640. The date of his
+birth is unknown, and he is not quite strictly a contemporary
+author. But he lived in Paris at a time when people must have
+been alive who could remember Queen Mary's residence in
+France, and his "Life of Mary Stuart," published in 1624, has
+all the freshness of a contemporary source.</p>
+
+<h3>LORD HERRIES.</h3>
+
+<p>John Maxwell, fourth Lord Herries, was, although a Protestant,
+a staunch supporter of Queen Mary. He opposed the
+Bothwell marriage, but remained faithful after the surrender at
+Carberry Hill. He joined the Queen after her escape from
+Lochleven, was present at the Battle of Langside, and accompanied
+her in her flight to England. In spite of some temporising
+with her enemies, he was selected, along with the
+Bishop of Ross, to defend her at York and Westminster, and he
+was probably involved in the Norfolk plot. When he became
+convinced of the hopelessness of Mary's cause, he came to an
+arrangement with the victorious party, and took a part in politics
+till his death in 1583. He seems, however, always to have
+been ready to assist the Queen had there been any chance of
+success. His "Memoirs" possess an unusual interest in virtue
+of his intimate knowledge of the secret history of the reign.</p>
+
+<h3><a name="JOHN_KNOX" id="JOHN_KNOX"></a>JOHN KNOX.</h3>
+
+<p>The extracts from Knox's "History of the Reformation in
+Scotland" are interesting as bearing the impress of their<span class="pagenum">[Pg 260]</span>
+author's vigorous personality. But it must be remembered
+that, as the leader of the Protestant clergy, he was a strong
+partisan, and his descriptions cannot be accepted literally.
+Different readers will decide differently as to the credit to be
+given to Knox's statements. The most valuable edition of
+Knox is the large one by the late Mr. David Laing, which
+contains much important annotation. The concluding portion
+of the "History" is not from Knox's own pen, but is the work of
+an unknown writer, who is generally described as Knox's Continuator.</p>
+
+<h3>JOHN LESLEY.</h3>
+
+<p>The Bishop of Ross was a native of Inverness-shire, and was
+educated at the University of Aberdeen. The first public
+capacity in which he was employed was as one of a deputation
+of Roman Catholic nobles to invite Queen Mary to return to
+Scotland, after the death of Francis II. He became Bishop of
+Ross in 1566. He rendered his chief services to Queen Mary
+as one of the agents for her defence at the Conferences at York
+and Westminster, and he was thereafter involved in most of the
+schemes for Mary's release. He survived the Queen for nine
+years, and died in 1596 at Guirtenburg, near Brussels. He was
+about seventy years of age.</p>
+
+<p>Lesley's chief work is his "History of Scotland from 1437 to
+1561." The Scots edition was first published in 1830, but the
+Latin version, which is more complete, appeared during the
+author's lifetime, and was translated into Scots, as early as 1596,
+by Father James Dalrymple of Regensburg. For the period with
+which we are concerned Lesley is a contemporary authority;
+but he wrote with a purpose, and was inclined to exaggeration.
+His "Defence of Queen Mary's Honour" was a reply to
+Buchanan's "Detection."</p>
+
+<h3>LINDSAY OF PITSCOTTIE.</h3>
+
+<p>Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie was a cadet of the family of
+Crawford. He was born about 1500, and died about 1565, and
+took no part in public affairs. His "History" was not published<span class="pagenum">[Pg 261]</span>
+till 1728. It is a work to which we are indebted for
+much gossip, and it contains many humorous anecdotes. The
+writer was a strong Protestant, and shared with many of his
+contemporaries a fondness for moralising. His book is not
+absolutely reliable by any means; but in the passage quoted
+he appears to best advantage.</p>
+
+<h3>SIR JAMES MELVILLE.</h3>
+
+<p>Sir James Melville had been an attendant on Queen Mary
+since her childhood. In 1549, when he was fourteen years
+of age and she seven, he became her page. After some
+military, and diplomatic service he became one of the gentlemen
+of the Bed Chamber on the Queen's return to Scotland.
+His two visits to London as ambassador from Mary to Elizabeth
+are recorded in the passage quoted in the text. After
+the fall of the Queen Melville attached himself to the ruling
+party, and was prominent in politics till James's accession to
+the throne of England. Thereafter, he lived quietly at his
+estate of Hallhill, in Fife, where he died in 1617. During
+his retirement he wrote his "Memoirs," which were published
+by his grandson in 1683. His memory was not invariably
+trustworthy; but his fascinating style has made his writing
+one of the most popular chronicles of the time. His picture
+of the rival queens is one of the most characteristic passages
+in his work (<a href="#James_Melvill">pp. 46-53</a>).</p>
+
+<h3>CLAUDE NAU.</h3>
+
+<p>Claude de la Boisselierre Nau was sent by the Cardinal of
+Lorraine to Queen Mary as a Secretary in 1575. Thenceforward
+he remained her confidential adviser, although his
+loyalty to his own interests was more marked than his devotion
+to his mistress, and he was generally believed to have
+betrayed her in connection with the Babington conspiracy.
+After her death he was released by Queen Elizabeth, and
+entered the service of Henry IV. of France. The MS.
+known as "Nau's History of Mary Stewart" is in the British<span class="pagenum">[Pg 262]</span>
+Museum, and was printed in 1883 by Father Joseph Stevenson,
+S.J. The evidence on which Mr. Stevenson attributes
+it to Nau is given in his introduction.</p>
+
+<h3>LORD RUTHVEN.</h3>
+
+<p>Patrick, third Lord Ruthven, was one of the Protestant
+nobles who formed the body known as the "Lords of the
+Congregation" during the absence of Queen Mary in France.
+He was not popular even on his own side, for we find mysterious
+accusations of sorcery and enchantment attaching to his name.
+At the murder of Rizzio he appeared in the Queen's room,
+gaunt and haggard, having risen from a sick bed in the neighbouring
+house. After the murder he fled to England and
+wrote for the benefit of Queen Elizabeth his "Relation" of
+the circumstances. He makes numerous accusations against
+Mary, which have generally been received with suspicion
+owing to the position of the author as an exiled rebel anxious
+to justify himself before a foreign sovereign. He died at
+Newcastle in June 1566, three months after the murder. The
+"articles" are printed, not only in the "Relation," but in the
+first column of Goodall's <i>Examination</i>, and the third volume
+of Keith's "History," while those signed by Darnley are
+copied from the original in the Appendix (p. 641) to the Sixth
+Report of the Historical MSS. Commissioners.</p>
+
+<h3>DIURNAL OF OCCURRENTS.</h3>
+
+<p>The "Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland" was first printed
+by the Bannatyne Club in 1833 (from a MS. then in the
+possession of Sir John Maxwell of Pollock). It deals with the
+history of Scotland from 1513 to 1575. During the period
+with which we are concerned, it is clearly the diary of an
+Edinburgh citizen, and it is of great value, especially in fixing
+dates. The anonymous diarist was not a partisan of the Queen,
+but his work is more impartial than any other of the period.
+Another contemporary diary, by Robert Birrell, is published in
+Dalyell's "Fragments of Scottish History," 1798.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 263]</span></p>
+<h3>GUDE AND GODLY BALLATES.</h3>
+
+<p>The controversy of the sixteenth century gave rise to many
+political songs and ballads, which became known to the Protestant
+party as the "Gude and Godly Ballates." Most of
+them were aimed against Roman Catholicism in general, but
+some are invectives against Queen Mary herself. The specimens
+given are among the best known. They are slightly earlier in
+date than the arrival of Mary in Scotland; but they serve to
+illustrate the bitterness of the struggle.</p><br>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_D" id="APPENDIX_D"></a>APPENDIX D.</i></div>
+
+<h2>(D.) AUTHORITIES.</h2>
+<br>
+
+<p>The remaining contemporary authorities are to be found in
+the letters of ambassadors, and the other diplomatic correspondence
+of the time. But it must be remembered that a
+statement can by no means be implicitly believed because it
+appears in such documents. The circumstances of the writer,
+his opportunities of obtaining information on the particular
+topic, his personal prejudices, the impression that he wished
+to convey to his correspondent, must all be allowed due weight.
+The correspondence and other information is largely contained
+in the following books:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<h3>(1.) OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Acts of Parliament of Scotland.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Reports of the Royal Commission upon Historical MSS.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Register of the Privy Council of Scotland.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland</i>, preserved in the
+Public Record Office.</p>
+
+<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to Foreign Affairs</i>, 1542-1587.</p>
+
+<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs</i>, preserved in the
+Archives of Simancas.</p>
+
+<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs</i>, preserved in the
+Archives of Venice.</p>
+
+<p><i>Calendar of Border Papers.</i><span class="pagenum">[Pg 264]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>The Hamilton Papers.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Calendar of Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of
+Scots</i>, 1898.</p>
+
+
+<h3>(2.) BOOKS WHICH CONTAIN ORIGINAL LETTERS, &amp;c.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Fædera, Conventiones, Literæ, &amp;c., inter Reges Angliæ et alios</i>,
+ed. by Thomas Rymer. London, 1704-1735.</p>
+
+<p><i>Queen Elizabeth and her Times</i>, by Thomas Wright. London,
+1838.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland</i>, by the
+Right Rev. Robert Keith, Primus of the Scottish Episcopal
+Church. Edinburgh, 1734 (reprinted by the Spottiswoode
+Society).</p>
+
+<p><i>Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726</i>, edited by Philip,
+Earl of Hardwicke. London, 1778.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Annals of Aboyne</i>, edited by George, 11th Marquis of
+Huntly. (New Spalding Club.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Life of Queen Mary</i>, by George Chalmers. London, 1818.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of Scotland</i>, by William Robertson, D.D.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of Scotland</i>, by Patrick Fraser Tytler.</p>
+
+<p><i>Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots</i>, edited by Joseph Robertson.</p>
+
+<p><i>Examination of the Letters said to have been written by Mary
+Queen of Scots, to James, Earl of Bothwell</i>, by Walter
+Goodall, 1744.</p>
+
+<p><i>History of Scotland</i>, by Malcolm Laing.</p>
+
+<p><i>Illustrations of British History</i>, by Edmund Lodge.</p>
+
+<p><i>Elizabeth and Mary</i>, by Fred. Von Raumer.</p>
+
+<p><i>Original Letters, Illustrative of British History</i>, ed. Ellis.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers</i>, by John Hosack,
+1870-74.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mary Queen of Scots, from her Birth to her Flight into England</i>,
+by D. Hay Fleming.</p>
+
+<p><i>Recueil des Lettres de Marie Stuart</i>, ed. Labanoff.</p>
+
+<p><i>Letters of Mary Stuart</i>, ed. Agnes Strickland.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cabala, sive Scrinia Sacra.</i> London, 1691.<span class="pagenum">[Pg 265]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Collections relating to Mary Queen of Scots</i>, by James Anderson.</p>
+
+<p><i>A Lost Chapter in the Life of Mary Stuart</i>, by John Stuart.</p>
+
+<p><i>Queen Mary at Jedburgh</i>, by John Small.</p>
+
+<p><i>Illustrations of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots.</i> (Maitland
+Club.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse</i>,
+edited by Teulet.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Tragedy of Fotheringay</i>, by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott.</p>
+
+<p>These are the main authorities. A complete list of publications
+dealing with the question up to 1700, will be found in
+"A Bibliography of Works relating to Mary Queen of Scots,
+1544-1700," by John Scott, C.B. (Edinburgh Bibliographical
+Society, 1896). Very full references will be found in Mr. Hay
+Fleming's notes. The list of authorities appended to the articles
+"Mary Stuart," in the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>,
+should also be consulted.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;"><br>
+<div class="greynote"><i><a name="APPENDIX_E" id="APPENDIX_E"></a>APPENDIX E.</i></div>
+
+<h2>(E.) CONTROVERSIAL WORKS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The general historians who deal with the period&mdash;Hume,
+Robertson, Tytler, Laing, Froude, and Hill Burton&mdash;are usually
+ranked among Queen Mary's opponents. Hume and Froude
+occupy the most decided position. Among other writers who
+are definitely against the theory of Mary's innocence, must be
+reckoned Mignet ("Life of Mary Queen of Scots"), Mr. D.
+Hay Fleming ("Mary Queen of Scots"), and Mr. T. F.
+Henderson (articles, "Mary Stuart," "Henry Stewart, Lord
+Darnley," "James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell," &amp;c., in the
+<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>). No one can hope to
+understand the present position of the controversy without the
+writings of Mr. Fleming and Mr. Henderson. Among general
+controversialists on the side of Queen Mary, may be mentioned
+the works already quoted, by Walter Goodall, George Chalmers,
+and John Hosack, William Tytler's "Inquiry into the Evidence
+against Mary Queen of Scots" (1790), Whitaker's "Mary Queen<span class="pagenum">[Pg 266]</span>
+of Scots Vindicated" (1778), Miss Agnes Strickland's "Lives
+of the Queens of Scotland," Mr. Alex. Walker's "Mary, Queen
+of Scots," Mr. M'Neel-Caird's "Mary Stuart," and Sir John
+Skelton's "Impeachment of Mary Stuart," "Maitland of Lethington,"
+and "Life of Mary Stuart." Mr. Swinburne's "Mary
+Queen of Scots" is one of the most attractive works on the
+subject. The reader will recollect that the "false Duessa" in
+Spenser's "Faerie Queen" is the Queen of Scots.</p>
+
+<p>The last few years have seen the publication of many important
+works dealing with the problem of the Casket Letters, <i>e.g.</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Bresslau: "Die Kassettenbriefe der Königin Maria Stuart,"
+in the <i>Historisches Taschenbuche</i>, 1882.</p>
+
+<p>Sepp: <i>Die Kassettenbriefe</i>, 1884.</p>
+
+<p>Gerde: "Geschichte der Königin Maria Stuart," 1885.</p>
+
+<p>T. F. Henderson: "Casket Letters, and Mary Queen of
+Scots." 2nd ed. 1890.</p>
+
+<p>Philippson: "Histoire du Règne de Marie Stuart," 1891-92.</p>
+
+<p>The English reader will find the material in Mr. T. F.
+Henderson's work ample for his purpose. The preface to
+Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary Queen, of Scots" promises a second
+volume, which will contain the life in captivity, and, of course,
+deal with the letters. No Marian apologist has, as yet, attempted
+an answer to the more recent evidence on the other side, and
+Hosack's great work is now considerably superseded. The
+foregoing lists are, of course, selected. A full Bibliography
+is a great task, not yet attempted.</p><br>
+
+<h3>THE END</h3><br>
+
+<h3>Footnotes</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Spleen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The volumes were a Bible and a Psalter "coverit with
+fine purpour velvet." <i>Cf.</i> the <i>Diurnal of Occurrents</i>, September
+2, 1561, which gives some additional details, and mentions that the
+child "delivered also to her hieness three writings, the tenour
+whereof is uncertain."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Gainful.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Could.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Which.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> MS. to them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Beseeching.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Goodwill.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Consider.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>Original reads</i>, With huntis up.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Lumps.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Worthless persons.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Smothered.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Put the barnacles on you, as on a restive horse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> So the "Calendar," but Chalmers, in quoting, reads, probably
+correctly, "stomach."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Word illegible.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> It was a mediæval superstition, especially in France, that the
+English possessed tails, which had been affixed to their persons as a
+punishment for their ill-treatment of a saint; the names of St.
+Augustine and St. Thomas of Canterbury were used indifferently in this
+connection. <i>Cf.</i> Mr. George Neilson's "Caudatus Anglicus: A Mediæval
+Slander."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> German. Black Riders, or heavy cavalry.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Ps. xliii. 1.</p></div>
+
+<p><i>E.</i> = <i>English</i>; <i>F.</i>= <i>Published French</i>; <i>L.</i> = <i>Latin</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Considering what the body may without heart, which was cause
+... that till dinner I had used little talk." So also French, but Latin
+as in Scots.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "letters," " ... as though there had been a meaning
+to pursue him."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> Omit "He desired ... refusit it."</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "The Lord Luse, Houstoun, and the son of Caldwell, and about
+forty horse came to meet me, and he told me that he was sent to one day
+o' law from the father, which should be this day," &amp;c. <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as
+in Scots.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "I see ... company."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "yesternight;" <i>L.</i> "heri;" <i>F.</i> "hier."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>E.</i> ... "Whether it were for any good appointment that he came,
+and whether I had not taken Paris and Gilbert to write, and that I sent
+Joseph."
+</p><p>
+<i>L.</i> "Item cur venisrem? an reconciliationis causa? ac nominatim, an tu
+hic esses? An familiæ catalogum fecissem? An Paridem et Gilbertum
+acceptissem, qui mihi scriberent? an Josephum dimissura essem?"
+</p><p>
+<i>F.</i> "Item pour quoy j'estoye venue, et si c'estoit pour faire une
+reconciliation; si vous estiez icy; et si j'avoye faict quelque rolle de
+mes domestiques; si j'avois prins Paris et Gilbert, afin qu'ils
+m'escrivissent; et si je ne vouloye pas licentier Joseph."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Scots has a marginal note, "This berer will tell you sumwhat
+upon this," which appears in the English text and is omitted in the other
+versions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> This berer will tell you somewhat upon this. [Marginal note in
+original.]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He said that he did dream, and that he was so glad to see me
+that he thought he should die&mdash;indeed, that he had found fault with me."
+<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "You have well pardoned them." <i>F.</i> and <i>L.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "And at the last repent, and rebuke himself by his
+repentance." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "The rest, as Will Hiegate hath confessed; but it was the next
+day that he came hither." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>E.</i> omits "I trow ... Presoner."</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He denyeth it, and saith that he had already prayed them to
+think no such matter of him." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "And indeed it was said that I refused to have him let blood."
+<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>L.</i> "Praesidium." <i>F.</i> "Forteresse."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "By that false race that would do no less to yourself." <i>L.</i>
+"A gentle illa perfida, quae non minore contentione te cum de hoc ipso
+aget." <i>F.</i> "Par ceste nation infidele, qui avec non moindre
+opiniastreté debatra le mesme avec vous."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "greitly"&mdash;"but I had begun it this morning."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "all out of him"&mdash;"I have known what I would. I
+have taken the worms out of his nose."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "We are tied to with two false races. The good yure {goujere}
+untye us from them. God forgive me, and God knit us together forever."
+<i>L.</i> "Diabolus nos sejungat, ac nos conjugat Deus in perpetuum," &amp;c.
+<i>F.</i>, "Le diable nous vueille separer, et que Dieu nous conjoingne à
+jamais," &amp;c.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "I am weary, and am asleep." <i>L.</i> "Ego nudata sum, ac dormitum
+eo." <i>F.</i>, "Je suis toute nuë, et m'en vay coucher." [The Latin and
+French translation mistook "irkit" for "nakit."]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He is not much the worse, but he is ill arrayed." <i>L.</i> "Non
+magnopere deformatus est, multum tamen accepit." <i>F.</i> "Il n'a pas esté
+beaucoup rende diforme, toutesfois il en a pris beaucoup."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>L.</i> "Propinqui." <i>F.</i> "Parent."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "By his bolster, and he lieth at the further side of the bed."
+<i>L.</i> "Ad pedes ejus." <i>F.</i> "A ses pieds."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "The talk of Sir James Hamilton of the ambassador." <i>L.</i> and
+<i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i>
+</p><p>
+<i>E.</i> "Lord of Lusse." <i>L.</i> "Lussae Comarchus." <i>F.</i> "Le prevost de
+Lusse."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "You may well go and see sick folk." <i>L.</i> "Bella
+huiusmodi hominum visitatio." <i>F.</i> "Voyla une belle visitation
+de telles gens." [<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> translators confusing <i>sik</i> (sick)
+and <i>sik</i> (such).]</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "And said, 'One of his folk that hath left you this
+day.'" <i>L.</i> "Respondit, unus eorum qui te reliquerunt."
+<i>F.</i> "Respondit, c'est l'un de ceux qui vous ont laissée."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "To my tedious talk." <i>L.</i> "Ad institutum meum odiosum." <i>F.</i>
+"À ma deliberation odieuse."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "or I did." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "No more." <i>L.</i> "Ne
+saepius." <i>Fr.</i> "Ne ... si souvent."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Till after tomorrow." <i>L.</i> "In diem perendinum." <i>F.</i> "Encor
+deux jours."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "More pleasantly." <i>L.</i> "Valde ferociter." <i>F.</i> "Fort
+asprement."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Make but one bed." <i>L.</i> "Communem fore lectum." <i>F.</i> "Ne
+faisions plus qu'un lict."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "But did fear lest, considering the
+threatening which he made in case we did agree together, he would make
+them feel the small account they have made of him, and that he would
+persuade me to pursue some of them." <i>L.</i> "Sed in timore futuros quod
+comitatus fuisset, si aliquando inter nos concordes essemus, se daturum
+operam ut intelligerent quam parvi eum aestimâssent; item quod mihi
+consuluisset ne gratiam quorundam seorsum a se expeterem." <i>F.</i> "Ains
+seroient en crainte de ce qu'il m'auroit suivy. Et si nous pouvions
+estre d'acord ensemble, qu'il pourroit donner ordre, qu'ils entendroient
+combien peu ils l'avoient estimé. Item de ce qu'il m'avoit conseillé,
+que je ne recerchasse la bonne grace d'aucuns sans luy."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "Than you think." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He giveth me certain charges (and these strong) of that
+I fear even to say that his faults be published; but there be that
+commit some secret faults, and fear not to have them spoken of so
+lowdely, and that there is speech of greate and small." <i>L.</i>
+"Interim me attingit in loco suspecto; idque ad vivum hactenus
+proloquutus est, sua crimina esse palam; sed sunt qui majora committant,
+et opinantur ea silentio tegi; et tamen homines de magnis juxta et
+parvis loquuntur." <i>F.</i>
+"Cependant il m'a donné attainte du lieu suspect, et a jusques
+icy discouru bien au vif, que ces fautes sont congreües; mais
+qu'il y en a qui en commettent de plus grandes, encores qu'ils
+estiment qu'elles soient cachées par silence; et toutesfois que
+les hommes parlent des grands aussi bien des petits."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "To conclude, for assurety he mistrusteth her of that that ye
+know, and for his life." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "He was very merry and glad." <i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Adds after "speak"&mdash;"Now, as far as I perceive.
+</p><p><br>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">{J'ay bien la vogue avec vous<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>} Guess you whether I shall not</span><br>
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">{I may do much without you.&nbsp; &nbsp; } be suspected."</span><br>
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>E.</i> "For I think upon nothing but grief if you be at Edinburgh."
+<i>L.</i> and <i>F.</i> as in <i>S.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits "Be not ... credit."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>E.</i> Omits from "Remember you" to the end.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>F.</i> Mais pour tout cela Je me vous accuserai ni de peu de
+souvenance ni de peu de soigne et moins encore de vostre<span class="pagenum">[Pg 185]</span>
+promesse violee que ce qu'il vous plaist mest agreable et sont
+mes penses tant volonterement, aux vostres asubjectes que je
+veulx presupposer que tout ce que vient de vous procede non
+par aucune des causes susdictes ains pour telles qui son justes et
+raisoinables et telles que je desie moy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> This is a comment in the margin, perhaps a quotation from the
+French version shown to the Commissioners. According to Mr. T. F.
+Henderson, it is in Cecil's handwriting. ("The Casket Letters and Mary
+Queen of Scots," p. 78.)</p></div>
+
+<p><i>P. F.</i> = Published French; <i>L.</i>= Latin.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a>
+<a href="#F65b"><span class="labelb">[65b]</span></a>
+<a href="#F65c"><span class="labelc">[65c]</span></a>
+<span style="margin-left: 20%;"><i>P. F.</i></span> "Autrement j'estimeray que cela se faict par mon malheureux
+destin, et par la faveur des astres envers celles, qui toutesfois n'ont
+une tierce partie de loyauté, et volonté que j'ay de vous obëir; si
+elles, comme si j'estoye une second amye de Jason, malgré moy, occupent
+le premier lieu de faveur; ce que je ne dy, pour vous a comparer a cet
+homme en l'infelicité qu'il avoit, ny moy avec une femme toute esloignée
+de misericorde, comme estoit celle-la," &amp;c. <i>L.</i> "Alioqui suspicabor
+fieri malo meo fato, et siderum favore erga illas (quae nec tertiam
+habent partem fidelitatis, et voluntatis tibi obsequendi, quam ego
+habeo) ut ipsae, velut secunda Jasonis amica, me invitâ, priorem apud te
+locum gratiae occupaverint; nec hoc eo dico, quo te cum homine, eâ quâ
+ille erat infelicitate, comparem, nec me cum muliere tam aliena a
+misericordia quam illa erat."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a>
+<a href="#F66b"><span class="labelb">[66b]</span></a>
+<a href="#F66c"><span class="labelc">[66c]</span></a>
+<span style="margin-left: 20%;"><i>P. F.</i></span> has no sentence corresponding to "mak gude
+watch," and proceeds, "Comme l'oyseau eschappé de la cage,
+ou la tourtre qui est sans compagne, ainsi je demeureray seule,
+pour pleurer votre absence, quelque brieve qu'elle puisse estre."
+<i>L.</i> also has no expression for "mak gude watch," but reads,
+"Si avis evaserit e cavea autsine compare, velut turtur, ego remanebo
+sola ut lamenter absentiam tuam quamlibet brevem."
+</p><p>
+The English translation at Hatfield follows the Hatfield
+French version closely. The two most important passages run
+thus: "Otherwise,<a name="F65c" id="F65c"></a><a href="#Footnote_65">[65c]</a> I wold think that my yll luck, and the
+fayre behavior of those that have not the thirde parte of the
+faythfulness and voluntary obedience that I beare unto you,
+shall have wonne the advantage over me of the second Loover
+of Jason.... Send me<a name="F66c" id="F66c"></a><a href="#Footnote_66">[66c]</a> word tomorrow early in the morning
+how you have don for I shall think long. And watche well if the
+byrde shall fly out of his cage or without his mate, as the turtle
+shall remayne alone to lament and morne for absence how short
+soever it be."</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Je ne vous lay peu dire pour sçavoir comment je me
+gouvernerois." (I could not tell you, in order to know how to govern
+myself.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Et si vous ne me mondes ce soir ce que volles que jeu faisse
+je m en deferay au hazard de la fayre entreprandre ce qui pourroit nuire
+a ce a quoy nous tandons tous deux {and if you do not send me word this
+night what you will that I shall do, I will rid myself of it at the
+hazard of making her undertake that which might be hurtful to that
+whereunto we both do tend (Laing)} et quant ella sera mariee je vous
+suplie donnes qune opinion sur aultrui ne nuise en votre endroit a ma
+constance."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>F.</i> in Record Office, "M'a preschè que c'estoit une folle
+entreprise, et qu'avecques mon honneur Je ne vous pourries Jamaiis
+espouser, veu qu'estant marié vous m'amenies et que ses gens ne
+l'endureroient pas et que les seigneurs se dediroient" <i>P. F.</i> "Il me
+remonstra, que c'estoit une folle entreprise, et que pour mon honneur,
+Je ne vous pourvoye prendre à mary, puis que vous estiez marié, ny aller
+avec vous, et que ses gens mesmes ne le souffriroient pas voire que les
+Seigneurs contrediroyent á ce que en seroit proposé." <i>E.</i> at Hatfield,
+"And thereupon hath preached unto me that it was a foolish entreprise,
+and that with mine honour I could never marry you, seeing that being
+married you did carry me away. And that his folk would not suffer it,
+and that the Lords would unsay themselves, and would deny that they had
+said."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>F.</i> in Record Office, "Ce incertains nouvelles." <i>P. F.</i> "Ces
+nouvelles ceremonies." <i>E.</i> at Hatfield, "These new ceremonies."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Homme."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>F.</i> "Quant à jouer le mien, je sçay com me jè m'y dois gouverner,
+mà souvenant de la façon que les choses ont esté delibereés."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>F.</i> Adds "et tenir captive."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a><i>P. F.</i> "veu."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a><i>Record Office F.</i> "promis."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a><i>P. F.</i> "homme."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a>Ny?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a>Rochelle text has "affection" wrongly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a>Buchanan, "luy" only. Rochelle text, "lui le fair."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a>Read "Mon pis subject"?</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a>Buch., "fainte."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a>Buch., "ont fait."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a>Buch., "Pour son profit elle."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a>Scots translation, "And not the less, my heart, ye doubt
+of my constance."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a>Buch., "vous la."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a>Buch., "la constance."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a>Buch. inserts "receu."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a>Text of sextain corrupt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a>Omitted in Rochelle version as corrupt.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a>Buch., "envoy."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a>Buch., "mestimez legier que le voy."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a>Buch., "viuray, &amp;".</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a>Scots&mdash;"For him I will stryve aganis wan-weird."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a>Rochelle version to read "luy tout."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a>Buch., "lesser."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a>Buch., "Que m'en pensa ... &amp; frayeur."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a>Rochelle text, "et vostre ... de la mienne suivi," and later
+version "la mien suivre."</p></div><br>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a>Man.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a>Think.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a>Sweet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a>Till.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<br>
+<p class="center">
+Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson &amp; Co.</span> Edinburgh &amp; London<br>
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+
+
+<p Class='padtop center'><i>Published by</i> <span class="smcap">David Nutt</span>, <i>270-271 Strand, London,
+and Sold by all Booksellers throughout
+Scotland, England, and Ireland.</i></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;">
+<p class='larger center'>SCOTTISH VERNACULAR LITERATURE</p>
+
+<p class='smaller center'><span class="smcap">A Succinct History</span> </p>
+<p class='larger center'>By T. F. HENDERSON</p>
+
+<p class='smaller center'>Printed at the Constable Press, 1898</p>
+
+<p class='smaller center'>Crown 8vo, x, 464 pp. Buckram, top gilt, 6s.</p>
+<hr style="width: 45%;">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Contents</span>:&mdash;The Scottish Vernacular&mdash;Minstrelsy and
+Romance&mdash;Historical Poetry&mdash;The Scottish Fabliau and the
+Decay of Romance&mdash;The Early Chaucerians&mdash;Dunbar and
+Walter Kennedy&mdash;Gavin Douglas and Sir David Lyndsay&mdash;Minor
+and Later Poets of the 16th Century&mdash;Anonymous Poetry
+of the 15th and 16th Centuries&mdash;Vernacular Prose&mdash;Traditional
+Ballads and Songs&mdash;Before Ramsay&mdash;Ramsay to Burns&mdash;Burns
+and afterwards.</p>
+
+<h3><i>Some Press Notices</i></h3>
+
+<p><b>Outlook.</b>&mdash;"Truly admirable for its conciseness and adequacy of
+critical treatment."</p>
+
+<p><b>Literature.</b>&mdash;"A work of great merit and interest, and unique in
+its field."</p>
+
+<p><b>Scotsman.</b>&mdash;"Will be of great use to those who wish a general
+guide to Scottish literature in prose, such as there was, as well as
+in verse."</p>
+
+<p><b>North British Daily Mail.</b>&mdash;"A model of what such a handbook
+should be&mdash;thorough, concise, well balanced."</p>
+
+<p><b>Saturday Review.</b>&mdash;"Excellent in every respect."</p>
+
+<p><b>Morning Post.</b>&mdash;"It is not easy to recall another volume, conceived
+on this apparently unambitious scale, which is at once so
+scholarly, so thorough, so agreeable."</p>
+
+<p><b>Glasgow Herald.&mdash;"Deserves a hearty welcome and no stinted</b>praise."</p>
+
+<p><b>Arbroath Herald.</b>&mdash;"Few readers will fail to appreciate the justice
+and the suggestive force of his general survey of Scottish literature."</p>
+<br>
+<h3>Transcribers Note</h3>
+<p>Headings printed at the top of pages in the original have been
+converted to sub-headings and placed and the head of the most relevant
+paragraph - see grey shaded sub-headings</p>
+
+<p>Much of the text being letters and transcripts, inconsistant spellings
+have been retained</p>
+
+<p>Footnote 64 had no anchor in the text. Since it appears to relate
+to the whole of letter III an anchor has been inserted at to top of the
+letter.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Robert S. Rait
+
+Release Date: November 18, 2011 [EBook #38048]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Susan Skinner, Hazel Batey and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY WRITERS
+
+ NO. II.
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots
+
+
+ =ENGLISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.= Edited by Prof. F. YORK
+ POWELL. In 16mo volumes, averaging 200 pages, with illustrations, neatly
+ bound in cloth, cut flush, or cloth, uncut edges, comprising extracts
+ from the Chronicles, State Papers, and Memoirs of the time,
+ chronologically arranged. With Introductions, Notes, Accounts of
+ Authorities, Tables, Maps, Illustrations, etc.
+
+ =Edward III. and his Wars= (1327-1360). Edited by W. J. ASHLEY,
+ M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =The Misrule of Henry III.= (1236-1251). Edited by the Rev. W. H.
+ HUTTON, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =Strongbow's Conquest of Ireland.= Edited by F. P. BARNARD, M.A.
+ Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =Simon of Montfort and his Cause= (1251-1265). Edited by the Rev.
+ W. H. HUTTON, M.A. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =The Crusade of Richard I.= Edited by T. A. ARCHER. 396 pp. Cut
+ edges, 2s.; uncut edges, 2s. 6d.
+
+ =S. Thomas of Canterbury.= By Rev. W. H. HUTTON. 286 pp. Cut edges,
+ 1s. 6d.; uncut edges, 2s.
+
+ =England under Charles II., from the Restoration to the Treaty of
+ Nimwegen.= Edited by W. TAYLOR. Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s.
+ 6d.
+
+ =The Wars of the Roses.= Edited by Miss E. THOMPSON. 180 pp. 1892.
+ Cut edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =The Jews of Angevin England.= Edited by J. JACOBS. xxix, 425 pp.
+ 1893. Cut edges, 4s.; uncut edges, 4s. 6d.
+
+ =King Alfred.= Edited by F. YORK POWELL. _In the Press._
+
+ =SCOTTISH HISTORY from Contemporary Writers.=
+
+ =The Days of James IV.= Edited by G. GREGORY SMITH, M.A. 1891. Cut
+ edges, 1s.; uncut edges, 1s. 6d.
+
+ =Mary Queen of Scots.= Edited by R. S. RAIT. 1899. Cut edges, 2s.;
+ elegant cloth cover, top gilt, edges trimmed, 3s.
+
+
+Illustration: THE BLAIRS PORTRAIT.
+
+
+
+
+ SCOTTISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY WRITERS.
+
+ No. II.
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587
+
+ _Extracts from the English, Spanish, and Venetian State Papers,
+ Buchanan, Knox, Lesley, Melville, The "Diurnal of Occurrents," Nau,
+ &c. &c._
+
+ ARRANGED AND EDITED BY
+
+ ROBERT S. RAIT
+
+ M.A. (ABERDON.) EXHIBITIONER OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD
+
+
+ LONDON
+ DAVID NUTT, 270-71 STRAND
+ 1899
+
+ Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
+ At the Ballantyne Press
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The life of the Queen of Scots presents so many different lines of
+interest, that, in a volume of the present size, it is necessary to
+make and adhere to a selection from among the numerous possible
+varieties of treatment. The attention of the reader has, therefore,
+been concentrated upon the six active years in Mary's life, from her
+arrival in Scotland in August 1561, to her imprisonment in Lochleven
+Castle in June 1567. Documents bearing on the "English Wooing" and
+the other events of Mary's minority and residence in France have,
+accordingly, been omitted, except in so far as they are required for
+an intelligible introduction to the main theme of the book. Most of
+them, indeed, would be more relevant to a volume having for its
+subject the history of the Scottish Reformation. It is hoped that
+such extracts as have been chosen will, with the connecting notes,
+be sufficient to indicate the position of affairs in 1561. The
+struggle which had convulsed Scotland for twenty years, was, on its
+theoretical side, a contest between Roman Catholicism and
+Protestantism. On its practical side, it was a rivalry between two
+political parties; the one, headed by the Queen-Dowager, Mary of
+Guise, and Cardinal Beaton, aiming at the maintenance of the ancient
+alliance with France; and the other, led by the Protestant nobles
+and the reformed clergy, striving towards an understanding with
+England. Before Mary's arrival, the popular, or English Party, had
+made good its position, and the understanding between the nobles and
+Queen Elizabeth continued undisturbed. Such wish or power as Mary
+possessed for the re-establishment of a definite alliance with
+France, was lessened by her personal dislike to Catharine de Medici,
+and by her position as nearest heir to the English throne.
+
+The Editor's main aim has been to place before the reader, as fairly
+as possible, the evidence for the divergent views of Mary's life and
+character. For this purpose, considerable space has been devoted to
+the Conferences at York and Westminster, in 1568 and 1569, which,
+although themselves outside the period specially chosen, yet refer
+to the events that fall within it. The selection of extracts has
+also been influenced by a desire to give prominence to the condition
+of Scotland at the time, and to the religious difficulty associated
+with the person of John Knox; while an attempt has been made to
+bring into relief the personality of the rival queens.
+
+The Editor desires to acknowledge the courtesy of the Right Reverend
+Monsignor Chisholm, Rector of Blairs College, Bishop-Designate of
+Aberdeen, who has sanctioned the reproduction of the Blairs
+portrait. He has also to acknowledge the assistance of Professor W.
+L. Davidson of Aberdeen; Mr. Herbert Fisher, Fellow of New College;
+and the Editor of the series, who have read the proof-sheets. Mr.
+Swinburne's translation of Mary's last poem (p. 239) is printed by
+kind permission, and Mr. T. F. Henderson has allowed the Editor to
+use the Documents first printed in his "Casket Letters and Mary
+Queen of Scots."
+
+ R. S. R.
+
+NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD,
+_February 1899_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ SECT. PAGE
+
+ I. FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE 1
+
+ II. FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE 17
+
+ III. FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER 57
+
+ IV. MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY 81
+
+ V. FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND 114
+
+ VI. THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER 132
+
+ VII. THE DOCUMENTS 162
+
+ VIII. THE END 225
+
+ APPENDICES 249
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ 1. QUEEN MARY _Frontispiece_
+ (_From the painting preserved in St. Mary's College,
+ Blairs, Aberdeen._)
+
+ 2. LINLITHGOW PALACE 1
+
+ 3. HOLYROOD HOUSE 20
+ (_The north-west end of Holyrood, shown in the
+ foreground, contains Queen Mary's rooms._)
+
+ 4. QUEEN MARY'S SIGNET RING 83
+ (_Preserved in the British Museum._)
+
+ FACSIMILE OF QUEEN MARY'S SIGNATURE AND MONOGRAM 83
+
+ 5. LOCHLEVEN CASTLE 125
+
+ 6. HAND-BELL USED BY QUEEN MARY 238
+
+ 7. EFFIGY OF QUEEN MARY IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY 246
+ (_Erected by her son, King James, in 1612._)
+
+
+ _Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are from photographs by Messrs. Wilson,
+ Aberdeen; Nos. 4 and 6 by Messrs. Taunt, Oxford. For full
+ information regarding Nos. 4 and 6, see "Catalogue of Antiquities"
+ &c., exhibited in the Museum of the Archaeological Institute of
+ Great Britain and Ireland, 1856, pp. 169-182 (Edin. 1859)._
+
+
+Illustration: LINLITHGOW PALACE, QUEEN MARY'S BIRTHPLACE.
+
+
+
+
+Mary Queen of Scots
+
+SECTION I
+
+FROM MARY'S BIRTH TO HER RETURN TO SCOTLAND FROM FRANCE
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Lindsay's account of her birth and her father's death.
+
+ 2. Her education and character in France.
+ (_a_) Letter of the Privy Council of Scotland.
+ (_b_) Conn's List of her accomplishments.
+
+ 3. Lesley's account of her Betrothal and Marriage.
+
+ 4. Lesley's account of the death of Mary of Guise.
+
+ 5. The disputed clause in the Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+ 6. Act of the Scots Parliament establishing the Reformation.
+
+ 7. Quotations from the English and Venetian diplomatic correspondence
+ narrating
+ (_a_) The Death of Francis II., and its effect on Mary.
+ (_b_) The negotiations between Elizabeth and Mary.
+ (_c_) The attempt to capture Mary on her way to Leith.
+
+
+The Birth of the Queen.
+
+_Lindsay of Pitscottie: History of Scotland_, Ed. of 1778, p. 275.
+
+ [Mary was born at Linlithgow on December 2nd, 1542. Her father,
+ James V., was dying at Falkland, broken-hearted after the defeat at
+ Solway Moss. The reference in the following passage is, of course,
+ to the succession of the House of Stewart to the Crown, through
+ Marjory Bruce. King James died on December 8th.]
+
+_DEATH OF JAMES V._
+
+By this the post came to the King out of Linlithgow, showing to him good
+tidings, that the Queen was delivered. The King enquired whether it was
+a man-child or a woman. The messenger said: "It is a fair daughter." The
+King answered: "Adieu, farewell; it came with a lass and it will pass
+with a lass." And so he recommended himself to the mercy of Almighty
+God, and spake little from that time forth, but turned his back unto his
+lords, and his face unto the wall.... In this manner he departed.... He
+turned him upon his back, and looked, and beheld all his nobles and
+lords about him, and gave a little smile of laughter, then kissed his
+hand, and offered the same to all his nobles round about him; thereafter
+held up his hands to God, and yielded his spirit to God.
+
+ On the death of James V. the Earl of Arran was made Regent, and
+ negotiations were commenced by Henry VIII. for the marriage of the
+ infant Queen of Scots to his son, afterwards Edward VI. After much
+ discussion, a treaty to this effect was concluded in July 1543
+ between the Scots and English Commissioners. The relations of the
+ two countries, however, almost immediately became strained, and war
+ broke out in the end of the year, and in 1547 a treaty of alliance
+ was made between Scotland and France against England, the Scots to
+ receive French help against the English forces, and to marry their
+ Queen to the Dauphin. Mary landed in France in August 1548. The
+ Earl of Arran was made Duke of Chatelherault by Henry II., but
+ ceased to be Governor of Scotland in April 1554, when the Queen
+ Mother, Mary of Guise, became Regent.
+
+
+_THE LITTLE QUEEN_
+
+1550--April. Queen Mary's Life in France--Character of the Queen.
+
+_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland._
+
+_Item._--Thereafter the said Master of Erskine shall report to the King
+{of France}, how rejoiced the Queen's Grace and my Lord Governor were of
+the news of our Sovereign Lady's welfare, and to hear that the King's
+Highness was so well contented with her Grace, and that she was so able
+to increase in virtue, and that the King's Majesty takes such
+consolation, seeing the beginning of her up-bringing to have been so
+good, that he hopes some day to see his son the husband of one of the
+most virtuous princes that man can desire: beseeching God of His
+infinite goodness that His Highness may see not only the thing that his
+noble heart desires, but also that our Sovereign Lady be after this so
+endued with the graces of God that she may by her birth {offspring} make
+his Highness to be called the grandfather of one of the most virtuous
+princes in the world, and king long to reign prosperously over both
+realms.
+
+
+_HER ACCOMPLISHMENTS_
+
+Her Education and Accomplishments.
+
+_Conaeus._ (_Jebb: De Vita ac Rebus_, vol. ii. p. 15.)
+
+Her main course of study was directed towards the attainment of the best
+European languages. So graceful was her French that the judgment of the
+most learned men recognised her command of the language; nor did she
+neglect Spanish or Italian, although she aimed rather at an useful
+knowledge than at a pretentious fluency. She followed Latin more readily
+than she spoke it. The charm of her poetry owed nothing to art. Her
+penmanship was clear, and (what is rare in a woman) swift. Her
+excellence in singing arose from a natural, not an acquired, ability to
+modulate her voice: the instruments she played were the cittern, the
+harp, and the harpsichord. Being very agile, she danced admirably to a
+musical accompaniment, yet with beauty and comeliness, for the silent
+and gentle movement of her limbs kept time to the harmony of the chords.
+She devoted herself to learning to ride so far as it is necessary for
+travelling or for her favourite exercise of hunting, thinking anything
+further more fitted for a man than for a woman.... Several tapestries
+worked by her with wonderful skill are yet to be seen in France,
+dedicated to the altars of God, especially in the monastery in which she
+was nurtured on her first arrival in the kingdom.
+
+
+_THE "HANDFASTING"_
+
+1558.--April. Mary's Betrothal and Marriage to the Dauphin.
+
+_Lesley's History of Scotland_ (_Bannatyne Club_, pp. 264-5).
+
+All things necessary for the marriage of the Queen of Scots with the
+Dauphin being prepared, and the whole nobility and estates of the realm
+being convened at Paris, upon the 20th day of April 1558, in the great
+hall of the palace of the Louvre, in presence of King Henry of France,
+of the Queen his wife, and a great number of cardinals, dukes, earls,
+bishops, and noblemen, the "fianzellis," otherwise called the
+handfasting {betrothal}, was made with great triumph, by the Cardinal of
+Lorraine, between the excellent young Prince Francis, eldest son to the
+most valiant, courageous, and victorious prince, Henry, King of France,
+and Mary, Queen, inheritor of the realm of Scotland, one of the fairest,
+most civil and virtuous princesses of the whole world, with great
+solemnity, triumph, and banqueting; and upon the next Sunday, being the
+24th of April, the marriage was solemnised and completed betwixt them by
+the Cardinal of Bourbon, Archbishop of Rouen, in Notre Dame Kirk of
+Paris; where the Bishop of Paris made a very learned and eloquent
+sermon, in presence and assistance of the King, Queen, and many
+prelates, noblemen, ladies, and gentlemen of all estates and callings,
+with most excellent triumph, and the heralds crying with loud voices
+three sundry times, "Largess"; casting to the people great quantity of
+gold and silver of all kinds and sorts of coin, where there was great
+tumult of people, every one troubling and pressing others for greediness
+to get some part of the money. After which there were as great
+solemnities used in the kirk, with as great dignity and reverence as was
+possible, which being done, they entered into the bishop's palace, where
+there was a sumptuous and princely dinner prepared for the whole
+company; and after they had dined, there was used a princely dancing,
+called the ball royal, to the great comfort and pleasure of all being
+there present; and how soon the ball was ended, they passed to the great
+hall of the palace royal, where they supped with so great magnificence,
+pomp, and triumph, that none of the assistance there had ever seen the
+like; and there presently was given to the Dauphin the title of King
+Dauphin, so that he and the Queen were called the King and Queen
+Dauphin.
+
+_PROGRESS OF EVENTS_
+
+ [In connection with the marriage settlements, an assurance was
+ given to the Scots Parliament of the maintenance of its liberties,
+ and of the succession of the nearest heir, in case of Mary's death
+ without issue. (_Acts_ ii. 508-519.) But, at the same time, Mary
+ was induced to sign three documents transferring her rights, in
+ case of her decease without issue, to the King of France, his heirs
+ and successors. See Labanoff, "Lettres, Instructiones et Memoires
+ de Marie Stuart," vol. i. pp. 50-56.]
+
+ Events moved rapidly between 1558 and Mary's return to Scotland in
+ 1561. In November 1558 Mary Tudor died, and Henry II. caused
+ Francis and Mary to assume the arms of England. In June 1559 Henry
+ II. died, and Francis II. succeeded. Meanwhile, in Scotland, the
+ Reformation was making progress. In 1559 the Protestants formed
+ themselves into "the Congregation of the Lord," and signed the
+ National Covenant to abolish Roman Catholicism. After the death of
+ Henry II., when it seemed probable that the Guises would guide the
+ government of Scotland, the discontent broke into open rebellion.
+ The insurgents obtained help from Elizabeth, and proposed a
+ marriage between the English Queen and the Earl of Arran, the heir
+ of the Duke of Chatelherault, who stood next in the order of
+ succession to the Scottish throne. The Queen-Dowager took refuge in
+ Edinburgh Castle, and had the assistance of French troops. The
+ Lords of the Congregation and their English allies commenced the
+ siege of Leith, but with small success. The illness of Mary of
+ Guise led to the conclusion of peace, and to the formulating of the
+ Treaty of Edinburgh, which was the cause of a long dispute between
+ Elizabeth and Mary Stuart.
+
+
+_A RECONCILIATION_
+
+1560.--June 11. The Death of the Queen Regent.
+
+_Lesley's History of Scotland, Dalrymple's Translation, Scottish
+Text Society_, vol. ii. pp. 439-441.
+
+Now the Queen Regent, almost at an end, through force of her sickness,
+for she was infected with sore sickness, commands all the nobility of
+both the parties to be brought before her, who were in Edinburgh. And to
+them she declared and plainly showed the necessity of peace and concord
+between them, how great it was. She related the old bond of the
+perpetual friendship that was ever between Scots and French, lately
+confirmed by the matrimony and marriage of the Queen's daughter, and how
+or what way they should keep it with all diligence.... She affirms it
+above all things most necessary that they see to it, that as soon as the
+conditions are agreed upon, both English and French in haste pass out of
+Scotland, lest that if only the Frenchmen go, the Englishmen come in
+haste in greater companies upon the Scots borders, and invade them in
+earnest. All the gentlemen severally she persuades, that before all they
+remember the privilege of their nation and native country. When she had
+said this she burst into a torrent of tears. Of those whom she thought
+she had in any way offended she very gently asks pardon. And to them by
+whom in any way she was offended she wishes all kindness, gives her
+blessing, and with all her heart her everlasting benison, as we call it.
+To show and plainly declare that what she here said was unfeigned, and
+without all kind of dissimulation, she receives all her nobles with all
+pleasure, with a pleasant countenance, and even embraces them with the
+kiss of love. With all the rest she shakes hands, ... so that there was
+none of so hard a heart, or stout a stomach, or adamant a mind in all
+that company, whom to think of moved not to tears.... But the next day,
+which was Monday, she died and departed this life.
+
+
+1560.--July. The Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+_Rymer's F[oe]dera_, vol. xv. p. 594.
+
+ [The Treaty of Edinburgh provided that both the French soldiers who
+ had come to help the Queen Regent, and the English soldiers who
+ aided the insurgents, should leave the kingdom, and it renounced
+ Mary's claim to the throne of England: whether absolutely or only
+ with reference to Elizabeth, is a matter of dispute. The clauses to
+ which Mary objected are here quoted.]
+
+... It is agreed that the said most Christian King and Queen Mary, and
+each of them, abstain henceforth from using the said title and bearing
+the arms of the kingdom of England or of Ireland, and that they will
+forbid and prohibit their subjects, so that no one in the kingdom of
+France and Scotland and their provinces, or in any part of them, do in
+any way use the said title or arms, and that they will, as far as
+possible, provide and guard that nobody in any way commingle the said
+arms with the arms of the kingdoms of France and Scotland.
+
+
+_THE SCOTTISH REFORMATION_
+
+The Abolition of Roman Catholicism by the Scottish Parliament.
+
+_Acts of Parliament of Scotland_, August 24, 1560.
+
+Therefore it is statute and ordained in this present Parliament ... that
+no manner of person or persons say mass, nor yet hear mass, nor be
+present thereat, under the pain of confiscation of all their goods,
+moveable and unmoveable, and punishing of their bodies at the discretion
+of the magistrate within whose jurisdiction such persons happen to be
+apprehended, for the first fault; Banishment from the Realm, for the
+second fault; and justifying to the deed {_i.e._ capital punishment} for
+the third fault. And ordains all sheriffs, stewards, baillies, and their
+deputies, provosts and baillies of burghs, and other judges whatsoever
+within this realm, to take diligent suit and inquisition within their
+bounds, when any such usurped ministry is in use, mass-saying, or they
+that be present at the doing thereof, ratifying and approving the same,
+and take and apprehend them to the effect that the pains above written
+may be executed upon them.
+
+
+December 15. The Death of Francis II.
+
+_Venetian Calendar_, vol. vii. December 3, 1560.
+
+Michiel Surian, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.
+
+On the 1st instant I informed your Serenity that the king was worse, and
+this last night I wrote that his life was despaired of. He now still
+continues lingering without any other hope than in the mercy of God....
+The whole Court is now constantly engaged at prayers, and processions
+are being made in all the churches of the city.
+
+December 6.
+
+It has pleased our Lord God that the most Christian King, last night a
+little before midnight, should pass to a better life, and end the agony
+in which he lay from Saturday evening until the day of his death.
+
+
+_A DOLOROUS WIFE_
+
+1560.--December 6. Mary's Devotion to Francis II.
+
+_Throckmorton to Elizabeth. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth._
+
+The 6th of this present, at eleven of the clock at night, he departed to
+God, leaving as heavy and dolorous a wife, as of right she had good
+cause to be, who by long watching with him during his sickness, and
+painful diligence about him, and specially by the issue thereof, is not
+in best tune of her body, but without danger.
+
+
+_LA REINE BLANCHE_
+
+1560.--December 31. Proposals for Mary's Return to Scotland, and for a
+Second Marriage.
+
+_Throckmorton to the Council. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth._
+
+Now that death hath thus disposed of the late French King, whereby the
+Scottish Queen is left a widow, one of the special things your Lordships
+have to consider, and to have an eye to, is the marriage of that Queen.
+During her husband's life there was no great account made of her, for
+that being under bond of marriage and subjection of her husband (who
+carried the burden and care of all matters) there was offered no great
+occasion to know what was in her. But since her husband's death she hath
+showed (and so continueth) that she is both of great wisdom for her
+years, modesty, and also of great judgment in the wise handling herself
+and her matters, which, increasing with her years, cannot but turn
+greatly to her commendation, reputation, honour, and great benefit of
+her and her country.... Immediately upon her husband's death she changed
+her lodging, withdrew herself from all company, and became so solitary
+and exempt of all worldliness that she doth not to this day see
+daylight, and so will continue out forty days.
+
+
+1561.--June 13. Mary's Intentions Regarding Religion on her Return.
+
+_Throckmorton to the Queen. Foreign Calendar, Elizabeth._
+
+"Well," said she {Mary}, "I will be plain with you, and tell you what I
+would all the world should think of me. The religion that I profess I
+take to be most acceptable to God, and, indeed, neither do I know, nor
+desire to know, any other. Constancy doth become most folks well, but
+none better than princes and such as hath rule over realms, and
+especially in the matter of religion. I have been brought up in this
+religion, and who might credit me in anything if I should show myself
+light in this case?"
+
+_REQUEST FOR A PASSPORT_
+
+_Ibid._, July 11.
+
+The Queen of Scotland, Queen Dowager of France, desires to obtain the
+following from her good sister, the Queen of England, and has charged M.
+D'Oysel to the same effect:--
+
+1. A passport for her, with a clause that if she arrives in any part of
+England, she may tarry there, and purchase provisions and necessaries,
+and if it seems good to her, that she may leave her ships and pass by
+land to Scotland.
+
+2. Another safe conduct for her to pass through England to Scotland with
+her train, and one hundred horses, mules, &c.
+
+3. Another safe conduct, with commission for the said M. D'Oysel to go
+and return through England to Scotland.
+
+ [D'Oysel had an interview with Elizabeth, who inquired about the
+ ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh, and declined to grant the
+ safe-conduct "except she (Mary) shall first accord to do those
+ things that by her promise, under her hand and seal, she is bound
+ to do."--_Foreign Calendar, July 13th, 1561._]
+
+
+_A WORDY WARFARE_
+
+1561.--July 26. Throckmorton to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+_Cabala_, pp. 345-349.
+
+_LANGUAGE THAT BECOMETH A QUEEN_
+
+... The 20th of this present, in the afternoon, I had access to the said
+Queen of Scotland ... the said Queen sat down, and made me sit also by
+her; she then commanded all the audience to retire them further off, and
+said: Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I know not well my own infirmity, nor how
+far I may with my passion be transported, but I like not to have so many
+witnesses of my passions, as the Queen, your mistress, was content to
+have when she talked with Monsieur d'Oysel. There is nothing that doth
+more grieve me, than that I did so forget myself, as to require of the
+Queen, your mistress, that favour which I had no need to ask; I needed
+no more to have made her privy to my journey, than she doth me of hers;
+I may well enough pass home into my own realm, I think, without her
+passport or license; for though the late King, your master (said she),
+used all the impeachment he could both to stay me and to catch me when I
+came hither, yet you know, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, I came hither safely,
+and I may have as good means to help me home again as I had to come
+hither, if I would employ my friends.... Let the Queen, your mistress,
+think that it will be thought very strange amongst all princes and
+countries, that she should first animate my subjects against me, and now
+being widow, to impeach my going into my own country. I ask her nothing
+but friendship. I do not trouble her State, nor practise with her
+subjects; and yet I know there be in her realm that be inclined enough
+to bear offers; I know also they be not of the mind she is of, neither
+in religion or other things. The Queen, your mistress, doth say that I
+am young and do lack experience! indeed (quoth she), I confess, I am
+younger than she is, and do want experience. But I have age enough and
+experience to use myself towards my friends and kinsfolks friendly and
+uprightly; and I trust my discretion shall not so fail me, that my
+passion shall move me to use other language of her than it becometh of a
+Queen, and my next kinswoman.... I answered, madam, I have declared unto
+you my charge commanded by the Queen, my mistress, and have no more to
+say to you on her behalf, but to know your answer for the ratification
+of the Treaty. The Queen answered, I have aforetime showed you, and do
+now tell you again, that it is not meet to proceed in this matter,
+without the advice of the nobles and states of mine own realm, which I
+can by no means have until I come amongst them.... But I pray you,
+Monsieur l'Ambassadeur (quoth she), tell me how vieth this strange
+affection in the Queen, your mistress, towards me? I desire to know it,
+to the intent that I may reform myself if I have failed. I answered ...
+As soon as the Queen, my mistress, after the death of her sister, came
+to the crown of England, you bore the arms of England diversely
+quartered with your own, and used in your country notoriously the style
+and title of the Queen, my mistress, which was never by you put in use
+in Queen Mary's time.... Monsieur l'Ambassadeur (said she), I was then
+under the commandment of King Henry, my father, and of the King, my lord
+and husband; and whatsoever was done then by their order and
+commandments, the same was in like manner continued until both their
+deaths, since which time, you know, I neither bore the arms nor used the
+title of England.... It were no great dishonour to the Queen my cousin,
+your mistress, though I, a Queen also, did bear the arms of England;
+for, I am sure, some, inferior to me, and that be not on every side so
+well apparented as I am, do bear the arms of England. You cannot deny
+(quoth she) but that my grandmother was the King her father's sister,
+and (I trow) the eldest sister he had. I do assure you, Monsieur
+l'Ambassadeur, and do speak unto you truly as I think, I never meant nor
+thought matter against the Queen, my cousin.... And so I took my leave
+of the said Queen for that time.
+
+_TO DIE MIGHT BE BETTER THAN TO LIVE_
+
+... And to the intent I might better decipher, whether the Queen of
+Scotland did mind to continue her voyage, I did, the ... 21st of July
+... repair to the said Queen of Scotland to take my leave of her.... The
+said Queen made answer, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, if my preparations were
+not so much advanced as they are, peradventure the Queen your mistress's
+unkindness might stay my voyage; but now I am determined to adventure
+the matter, whatsoever come of it. I trust (quoth she) the wind will be
+so favourable, as I shall not need to come on the coast of England; and
+if I do, then, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur, the Queen your mistress shall
+have me in her hands to do her will of me; and if she be so hard-hearted
+as to desire my end, she may then do her pleasure, and make sacrifice of
+me; peradventure that casualty might be better for me than to live; in
+this matter (quoth she) God's will be fulfilled.
+
+
+"_ADIEU, PLAISANT PAYS DE FRANCE_"
+
+1561.--August 12. The Voyage from France to Scotland.
+
+_Cecil to the Earl of Sussex. Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 69.
+
+The Scottish Queen was the 10th of this month at Boulogne, and meaneth
+to take shipping at Calais. Neither those in Scotland nor we here do
+like her going home. The Queen's Majesty hath three ships in the north
+seas to preserve the fishers from pirates. I think they will be sorry to
+see her pass.
+
+_Cecil to Throgmorton_, August 26. _Hardwicke's State Papers_, vol.
+i. p. 176.
+
+The 19th of this present, in the morning early, she {Mary} arrived at
+Leith with her two galleys, her whole train not exceeding sixty persons
+of meaner sort.... The Queen's Majesty's ships that were upon the seas
+to cleanse them from pirates saw her and saluted her galleys, and
+staying her ships examined them of pirates and dismissed them gently.
+One Scottish ship they detain, as vehemently suspected of piracy.
+
+_From the Charges against the Countess of Lennox in Foreign
+Calendar_, 1562. (May 7.)
+
+She loves not the Queen ... hearing that the Queen of Scots had passed
+through the seas, she sat down and gave God thanks, declaring to those
+by how he had always preserved that Princess at all times, especially
+now, "for when the Queen's ships were almost near taking of the Scottish
+Queen, there fell down a mist from heaven that separated them and
+preserved her."
+
+
+
+
+SECTION II
+
+FROM MARY'S ARRIVAL IN SCOTLAND TO THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Knox's description of Mary's reception, and his opinion of the Queen.
+
+ 2. Randolph's account of Mary's public entry into Edinburgh.
+
+ 3. Illustrations of the religious difficulty.
+ (_a_) Proclamation of the Privy Council.
+ (_b_) Randolph's account of Mary's first High Mass.
+ (_c_) Popular Songs against the Pope.
+
+ 4. Mary on the Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+ 5. The conduct of affairs at the beginning of the reign.
+ (_a_) Cecil's opinion.
+ (_b_) Randolph's impressions of Murray, Lethington,
+ and Knox.
+ (_c_) The Huntly Rebellion as narrated by Randolph.
+ (_d_) The passing of the sentence on Huntly's embalmed
+ corpse.
+
+ 6. Knox's account of the Chatelar affair.
+
+ 7. Knox's account of the famine of 1563.
+
+ 8. Knox on the opening of Parliament.
+
+ 9. One of Knox's interviews with the Queen.
+
+ 10. Mary's marriage-troubles.
+ (_a_) References Selected from the diplomatic correspondence
+ from March 1561 to March 1564.
+ (_b_) Early suspicions of the Darnley marriage.
+ (_c_) Melville's experiences in London.
+ (_d_) Further diplomatic correspondence.
+
+
+_SORROW, DOLOUR, AND DARKNESS_
+
+The Queen's Arrival in Scotland.
+
+_Laing's Edition of Knox's History of the Reformation in Scotland_,
+vol. i. pp. 267-271.
+
+_THE FIRST MASS_
+
+The 19th day of August 1561, betwixt seven and eight hours before noon,
+arrived Mary, Queen of Scotland, then widow, with two galleys out of
+France. In her company (besides her gentlewomen, called the Maries) were
+her uncles, the Duc d'Aumale, the Grand Prior, the Marquess d'Elbeuf.
+There accompanied her also D'Amville, son to the Constable of France,
+with other gentlemen of inferior condition, besides servants and
+officers. The very face of the heaven at the time of her arrival did
+manifestly speak what comfort was brought into this country with her (to
+wit) sorrow, dolour, darkness, and all impiety; for in the memory of man
+that day of the year was never seen a more dolorous face of the heaven,
+than was at her arrival, which two days after did so continue: For
+besides the surface wet, and corruption of the air, the mist was so
+thick and dark that scarce might any man espy another the length of two
+pair of butts; the sun was not seen to shine two days before nor two
+days after. That forewarning, God gave unto us; but alas! the most part
+were blind.... Fires of joy were set forth at night, and a company of
+most honest men with instruments of music, and with musicians, gave
+their salutations at her chamber window: The melody (as she alleged)
+liked her well; and she willed the same to be continued some nights
+after with great diligence. The Lords repaired to her from all quarters,
+and so was nothing understood but mirth and quietness, till the next
+Sunday, which was the 24th of August, when preparations began to be made
+for that Idol of the Mass to be said in the Chapel; which pierced the
+hearts of all. The Godly began to bolden, and then began openly to
+speak, _Shall that Idol be suffered again to take place within this
+Realm? It shall not._ The Lord Lindsay (then but Master) with the
+Gentlemen of Fife, and others, plainly cried in the close or yard, _The
+idolatrous Priests should die the death, according to God's Law_. One
+that carried in the candle was evil afraid; but then began flesh and
+blood fully to show itself. There durst no Papist, neither yet any that
+came out of France, whisper: But the Lord James, the man whom all the
+Godly did most reverence, took upon him to keep the Chapel-door. His
+best excuse was, that he would stop all Scotsmen to enter in to the
+Mass; but it was and is sufficiently known, that the door was kept that
+none should have entry to trouble the Priest, who, after the Mass was
+ended, was committed to the protection of the Lord John of Coldingham
+and the Lord Robert of Holyrood House, who then were both Protestants,
+and had communicate at the Table of the Lord. Betwixt them both was the
+Priest conveyed to his chamber. And so the Godly departed with grief of
+heart, and after noon repaired to the Abbey in great companies, and gave
+plain signification, that they could not abide that the land, which God
+by His power had purged from Idolatry, should in their eyes be polluted
+again.
+
+
+_A PROUD MIND AND A CRAFTY WIT_
+
+Knox's Opinion of the Queen.
+
+_Ibid._, p. 286.
+
+John Knox his own judgment, being by some of his familiars demanded what
+he thought of the Queen, said, "If there be not in her a proud mind, a
+crafty wit, and an indurate heart against God and His truth, my judgment
+faileth me."
+
+
+1561.--2nd September. The Queen's Public Entry into Edinburgh.
+
+_Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 63.
+
+Upon Tuesday last she made her entry. She dined in the Castle. The first
+sight that she saw after she came out of the Castle was a boy of six
+years of age, that came as it were from heaven out of a round globe,
+that presented unto her a Bible and a Psalter, and the keys of the
+gates, and spake unto her the verses which I send you. Then, for the
+terrible significations of God upon idolatry, there were burnt Korah,
+Dathan, and Abiram, in the time of their sacrifice. They were minded to
+have a priest burned at the altar, at the elevation. The Earl of Huntly
+stayed {stopped} that pageant, but hath played many as wicked as that
+since he came hither. He bare that day the sword.
+
+ [The following are the lines to which Randolph referred. As only
+ the first stanza has appeared in print before, the verses are given
+ in their original form.]
+
+
+Illustration: HOLYROOD.
+
+
+_A "NEEDEFULL" GIFT_
+
+A Ballad of Welcome.
+
+ Welcome, O Souveraine! Welcome, O natyve Quene!
+ Welcome to us your subiects great and small!
+ Welcome, I say, even from the verie splene,[1]
+ To Edinburgh your syttie principall.
+ Whereas your people with harts both one and all
+ Doth here{in} offer to your excellence
+ Two proper volumes[2] in memoriall
+ As gyfte most gainand[3] to a godlie prince.
+
+ Wherein your Grace may reade to understande
+ The perfett waye unto the hevennes hie,
+ And how to Rule your subiects and your land,
+ And how your kingdom stablished shalbe,
+ Judgment and wysdome therein shall ye see.
+ Here shall you find your God his due commande,
+ And who the contrarie does wilfullie,
+ How them he threatens with his scurge and wand.
+
+ Ane gyfte more precious cold[4] we none present
+ Nor yet more needefull to your Excellence,
+ Qwylk[5] is Gode's lawes his words and testament
+ Trewlie translate with frutefull diligence,
+ Qwylk to accepte with humble reverence
+ The Provist present most hartelie you exorte
+ With the hole subiects due obedience,
+ Together with the keyes of their porte.
+
+ In signe that they[6] and all that they possess
+ Bodie and good shall ever reddie be
+ To serve you as their souveraine hie mistress
+ Both daye and {night} after thair bound dutie:
+ Besechinge[7] your Grace in this necessitie
+ Thair {too} shorte tyme and {their} godwill[8] consether[9]
+ Accepte their harts and take it pacientlie
+ That may be done, seing all is yours together.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [1] Spleen.
+
+ [2] The volumes were a Bible and a Psalter "coverit with fine
+ purpour velvet." _Cf._ the _Diurnal of Occurrents_, September 2,
+ 1561, which gives some additional details, and mentions that the
+ child "delivered also to her hieness three writings, the tenour
+ whereof is uncertain."
+
+ [3] Gainful.
+
+ [4] Could.
+
+ [5] Which.
+
+ [6] MS. to them.
+
+ [7] Beseeching.
+
+ [8] Goodwill.
+
+ [9] Consider.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+_A TOLERANT PROCLAMATION_
+
+Illustrations of the Religious Difficulty--Proclamation regarding
+Religion.
+
+_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_, August 26, 1561.
+
+Forasmuch as the Queen's Majesty has understood the great inconveniences
+that may come through the division presently standing in this realm for
+the difference in matters of religion, that her Majesty is most desirous
+to see pacified by a good order, to the honour of God and the
+tranquillity of her realm, and means to take the same by the advice of
+her Estates as soon as conveniently may be; and that her Majesty's godly
+resolution therein may be greatly hindered in case any tumult or
+sedition be raised among the lieges, if any sudden innovation or
+alteration be pressed or attempted before that the order may be
+established. Therefore ... her Majesty ordains letters to be directed to
+charge all and sundry, lieges, ... that none of them take upon hand,
+privately or openly, to make any alteration or innovation of the state
+of religion, or attempt anything against the form which her Majesty
+found public and universally standing at her Majesty's arrival in this
+her realm, under the pain of death, ... Attour, her Majesty, by the
+advice of the Lords of her Secret Council, commands and charges all her
+lieges, that none of them take upon hand to molest or trouble any of her
+domestic servants or persons whomsoever come forth of France, in her
+Grace's company, at this time, in word, deed, or countenance ... under
+the said pain of death....
+
+
+_AN UNRULY PEOPLE_
+
+1561.--November 1. The Queen's first High Mass.
+
+_Thomas Randolph to Cecil. Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 83.
+
+Upon All Hallow Day the Queen had a song mass. That night one of her
+priests was well beaten for his reward by a servant of the Lord
+Robert's. We look to have it proclaimed again that no man, under pain of
+confiscation of goods and lands here, say or come unto her own mass,
+saving her own household, that came out of France....
+
+It is now called in question whether that the Princess being an idolater
+may be obeyed in all civil and politic{al} actions. I think marvellously
+of the wisdom of God that gave this unruly, inconstant, and cumbersome
+people no more substance than they have, for then would they run wild.
+
+
+_THE HUNT IS UP_
+
+Popular Songs.
+
+ [The stanzas which follow are selected from the popular songs of
+ the period. They date from a year or two before Mary's arrival in
+ Scotland, but will serve to illustrate the extreme difficulty
+ experienced by a Roman Catholic queen in dealing with such a
+ people.]
+
+_The Gude and Godly Ballates._ Reprint of 1868, p. 153.
+
+ The hunt is up, the hunt is up,[10]
+ It is now perfect day,
+ Jesus, our King, is gone in hunting,
+ Who likes to speed, they may.
+
+ A cursed fox lay hid in rocks
+ This long and many a day,
+ Devouring sheep, while he might creep,
+ None might him scare away.
+
+ It did him good to lap the blood
+ Of young and tender lambs;
+ None could he miss, for all was his,
+ The young ones with their dams.
+
+ The hunter is Christ, that huntis in haste,
+ The hounds are Peter and Paul;
+ The Pope is the fox, Rome is the rocks,
+ That rubs us on the gall.
+
+_THE POPE, THAT PAGAN FULL OF PRIDE_
+
+ _Ibid._
+
+ The Pope, that pagan full of pride,
+ He has us blinded long;
+ For where the blind the blind does guide,
+ No wonder they go wrong;
+ Like prince and king, he led the ring
+ Of all iniquity;
+ "Hay trix, tryme go trix,"
+ Under the greenwood tree.
+
+ But his abomination
+ The Lord has brought to light;
+ His Popish pride, and threefold crown,
+ Almost have lost their might.
+ His plack pardons are but lardouns[11]
+ Of new found vanity;
+ "Hay trix, tryme go trix,"
+ Under the greenwood tree.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Of late I saw these limmers[12] stand
+ Like mad men at mischief,
+ Thinking to get the upper hand,
+ They look after relief;
+ But all in vain, go tell them plain
+ That day will never be;
+ "Hay trix, tryme go trix,"
+ Under the greenwood tree.
+
+ O Jesus! if they thought great glee
+ To see God's word down smorit,[13]
+ The Congregation made to flee,
+ Hypocrisy restorit;
+ With masses sung, and bellis rung,
+ To their idolatry;
+ Marry, God thank you, we shall gar brank[14] you,
+ Before that time truly.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+ [10] _Original reads_, With huntis up.
+
+ [11] Lumps.
+
+ [12] Worthless persons.
+
+ [13] Smothered.
+
+ [14] Put the barnacles on you, as on a restive horse.
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+_MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND KNOX_
+
+The Conduct of Affairs in the Early Years of the Reign--Randolph on
+Mary's Ministers.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil_, October 24, 1561. _Keith's History_, vol. i.
+pp. 98-99.
+
+I receive of her Grace at all times very good words. I am borne in hand
+{assured} by such as are nearest about her, as the Lord James and the
+Laird of Lethington, that they are meant as they are spoken; I see them
+above all others in credit, and find in them no alteration, though there
+be that complain that they yield too much unto her appetite; which yet I
+see not. The Lord James dealeth according to his nature, rudely, homely,
+and bluntly; the Laird of Lethington more delicately and finely, yet
+nothing swerveth from the other in mind and effect. She is patient to
+hear, and beareth much. The Earl Marischal is wary, but speaketh
+sometimes to good purpose.... Mr. Knox cannot be otherwise persuaded,
+but many men are deceived in this woman; he feareth yet that _posteriora
+sunt pejora primis_; his severity keepeth us in marvellous order. I
+commend better the success of his doings and preachings than the manner
+thereof, tho' I acknowledged his doctrine to be sound: His prayer is
+daily for her--"That God will turn her obstinate heart against God and
+His truth; or, if the Holy Will be otherwise, to strengthen the hearts
+and hands of His chosen and elect, stoutly to withstand the rage of all
+tyrants," &c., in words terrible enough.
+
+_PROTESTANT RULE_
+
+_Cecil to Challoner (English Ambassador in Spain). Foreign
+Calendar_, 1562, June 8, 1562.
+
+In Scotland ... the Earl of Huntly is in no credit with the Queen. The
+whole governance rests in Lord James, being Earl of Mar, and the Laird
+of Lethington. The others that have credit are the Earls Marshal,
+Argyll, Morton, and Glencairn, all Protestants. The Queen quietly
+tolerates the reformed religion throughout the realm, who is thought to
+be no more devout towards Rome than for the contentation of her uncles.
+
+ [Cecil's suspicion was quite unfounded. Throughout her reign Mary
+ was always in correspondence with the Pope, to whom she appealed
+ for money to help her in her efforts for the restoration of
+ Catholicism in Scotland.]
+
+
+Mary on the Treaty of Edinburgh.
+
+_Queen Mary to Queen Elizabeth_, January 5, 1562. _Keith's History_,
+vol. ii. p. 134.
+
+How prejudicial that Treaty is to such title and interest as by birth
+and natural descent of your own lineage may fall to us, by very
+inspection of the Treaty itself ye may easily perceive, and how
+slenderly a matter of so great consequence is wrapped up in obscure
+terms. We know how near we are descended of the blood of England, and
+what devices have been attempted to make us, as it were, a stranger from
+it. We trust, being so near your cousin, ye would be loth we should
+receive so manifest an injury as all utterly to be debarred from that
+title which in possibility may fall unto us.
+
+
+_THE WAY TO INVERNESS_
+
+1562.--Randolph's Account of the Huntly Rebellion.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Old Aberdeen_, August 31, 1562. _Foreign
+Calendar_, 1562.
+
+The Queen in her progress is come to Old Aberdeen, where the university
+is.... Her journey is cumbersome, painful, and marvellous long; the
+weather extreme foul and cold, all victuals marvellous dear; and the
+corn that is, never like to come to ripeness.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Spynie, Morayshire_, September 18.
+
+Within these eight or ten days the Queen arrived at Inverness, the
+furthest part of her determined journey. She has had just cause for
+misliking the Earl of Huntly of long time, whose extortions have been so
+great, and other manifest tokens of disobedience such that it was no
+longer to be borne. Intending to reform these, she has found in him and
+his two eldest sons (the Lairds of Gordon and Findlater) open
+disobedience so far that they have taken arms and kept houses against
+her.
+
+The first occasion hereof was this. The Laird of Findlater, being
+commanded to ward in Edinburgh, broke prison; and being afterwards
+summoned to the Assize at Aberdeen, disobeyed also a new command from
+the Queen to enter himself prisoner in Stirling Castle. The Queen
+thinking this to be done by the advice of his father, refused to come to
+his house, she being looked and provided for. He, unadvisedly conceiving
+the worst, took the worst way, and supported his sons to manifest
+rebellion. At her arrival at Inverness on the 9th, she proposed to lodge
+in the castle, which belongs to her, and the keeping only to the Earl of
+Huntly, being Sheriff by inheritance of the whole shire, but was refused
+entrance, and forced to lodge in the town. That night, the castle being
+summoned, answer was given that without the Lord Gordon's command it
+should not be delivered.
+
+Next day the country assembled to the assistance of the Queen. The
+Gordons, finding themselves not so well served by their friends as they
+looked for (who had above 500 men), rendered the castle, not being
+twelve or fourteen able persons. The captain was hanged, and his head
+set up on the castle, others condemned to perpetual prison, and the rest
+received mercy.
+
+The Queen remained there five days, and now journeys homewards as far as
+Spynie, a house of the Bishop of Moray.... The Earl of Huntly keeps his
+house, and would have it thought that his disobedience came through the
+evil behaviour of his sons. The Queen is highly offended....
+
+_THE QUEEN'S COURAGE_
+
+In all these broils I assure you I never saw her merrier, never
+dismayed, nor never thought that so much[15] to be in her that I find.
+She repented nothing, but (when the lords and others at Inverness came
+in the morning from the watch) that she was not a man, to know what life
+it was to lie all night in the fields, or to walk on the causeway with a
+jack and knapsack, a Glasgow buckler, and a broad sword.
+
+... His {Huntly's} house is fair, and best furnished of any ... in the
+country; his cheer is marvellous great; his mind such as it ought to be
+towards his Sovereign.
+
+ [The last sentence is _a propos_ of a visit made by Argyll and
+ Randolph to Huntly.]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [15] So the "Calendar," but Chalmers, in quoting, reads, probably
+ correctly, "stomach."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_THE WATER OF SPEY_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Aberdeen_, September 24.
+
+When he {Huntly} understood that the Queen had caused the captain of the
+Castle of Inverness to be hanged, and committed the others to prison, he
+thought there was no other way with him but to execute his former
+determination or be utterly undone. Therefore he assembled such force as
+he could make, and committed them to the care of his son, John Gordon,
+purposing to have met the Queen at her return homeward at the water of
+Spey, a place where good advantage might have been had. The Queen (being
+advertised of their purpose), by the advice of her Council, assembled,
+of those they call Highlandmen and other, above 2000, and so increased
+as she rode that at the passage of the water they were above 3000. As
+she rode forward diverse reports were brought ... some said that there
+was not a man to be seen, which was nearest the truth, for when the
+night before there were in that wood 1000 horse and foot, they had all
+departed, whereof the Queen had advertisement before she came to the
+Spey ... what desperate blows would not have been given, when every man
+should have fought in the sight of so noble a Queen and so many fair
+ladies ... your honour can easily judge.... That night (being Sunday)
+the Queen came to a house of the Laird of Banke {Banff?} ... On Tuesday
+last she arrived at Old Aberdeen, preparing herself against her entry
+the next day into the new town, where she was honourably received with
+spectacles, plays, interludes, and others as they could best devise....
+They presented her with a cup of silver, double gilt, well wrought, with
+500 crowns in it; wine, coals, and wax were sent in, as much as will
+serve her while she remains here.
+
+"_BE BLITHE AND BLISSFUL, ABERDENE_"
+
+_Ibid. from Aberdeen_, September 30.
+
+Since the Queen's arrival at Aberdeen they have consulted how to reform
+this country. It was thought best to begin at the head, and that the
+Earl of Huntly shall either submit himself and deliver up his
+disobedient son, John Gordon, in whose name all these pageants have been
+wrought, or utterly to use all force against him for the subverting of
+his house for ever. For this purpose she remains here a good space, and
+has levied 120 arquebusiers, and sent to Lothian and Fife for the Master
+of Lindsay, Grange, and Ormiston. Her purpose is to take the two houses
+held against her, for which purpose she has a cannon within sixteen
+miles all ready, and other pieces there are in this town sufficient.
+
+_Ibid. Maitland of Lethington to Cecil from Aberdeen_, October 1.
+
+The Earl of Huntly will plead not guilty, and seems to charge the youth
+and folly of his children with whatever is amiss. If any fault be his,
+it may be thought to have proceeded from too great simplicity rather
+than any craft or malice, especially by so many as have had experience
+of how he has always been accustomed to deal.
+
+_THE SKIRMISH AT CORRICHIE_
+
+_Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen_, October 28.
+
+Huntly having assembled 700 persons, marched towards Aberdeen to
+apprehend the Queen and do with the rest at his will. She sent forth a
+sufficient number against him before he came to the town, so that this
+day the Earls of Murray, Athol, Morton, and 2000 others marched to the
+place where he was encamped, about twelve miles from hence {viz.
+Corrichie}, and environed him, so that after some defence he yielded
+himself, as did John Gordon and another son named Adam Gordon, seventeen
+years of age, who are brought into this town alive, but the Earl
+himself, after he was taken, without either blow or strike, being set on
+horseback before him that was his taker, suddenly falleth from his horse
+stark dead, without word, that he ever spake, after that he was upon
+horseback.
+
+_Ibid. Randolph to Cecil from Aberdeen_, November 2.
+
+After Huntly was brought into this town it was consulted what should be
+done with his corpse. Some thought he should be buried, and nothing else
+done; others that he should be beheaded; the last was that his bowels
+should be taken out and the body reserved until Parliament, that there
+he might be convicted of treason, in which mind they remain. John Gordon
+confessed all and lays the fault on his father. He is not yet condemned,
+but doubtless will not escape.
+
+_EXECUTION OF SIR JOHN GORDON_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh_, November 18. _Keith's History_,
+vol. ii. p. 175.
+
+After the defeat of the Earl of Huntly consultation was had what should
+become of his body; it was resolved that it should be kept till the
+Parliament, that, according unto the order, judgment might be given
+against him in the three estates. His son, John Gordon, within three
+days after was beheaded in Aberdeen, and execution done upon certain
+others that were taken at the same time.
+
+
+_Lethington to Cecil from Dundee_, November 14. _Keith's History_,
+vol. ii. p. 182.
+
+I am sorry that the soil of my native country did ever produce so
+unnatural a subject as the Earl of Huntly hath proved in the end against
+his sovereign, being a princess so gentle and benign, and whose
+behaviour hath been always such towards all her subjects, and every one
+in particular, that wonder is it that any could be found so ungracious
+as once to think evil against her.... I have heard it whispered that in
+this late storm of yours {Elizabeth's illness} a device was intended
+there to prefer some other in the succession to my mistress, which I
+cannot think to be true, seeing none is more worthy for all respects,
+nor hath so good a title. If her religion hath moved anything, seeing
+her behaviour such toward these that be of the religion within her own
+realm, yea, and the religion itself, which is a great deal more
+increased since she came home than it was before, I see no reason why
+those that be zealous of religion should suspect her.
+
+
+_A GRUESOME SPECTACLE_
+
+1563.--28th May. The Sentence on the Earl's Body.
+
+_Rutland MSS. at Belvoir, quoted in the Marquess of Huntly's Annals
+of Aboyne_, pp. 467-468.
+
+The coffin was set upright, as if the Earl stood upon his feet, and upon
+it a piece of good black cloth with his arms fast pinned. His accusation
+being read, his proctor answering for him, as if himself had been alive,
+the inquest was empanelled. The verdict was given that he was found
+guilty, and judgment given thereupon as by the law is accustomed.
+Immediately hereupon the good black cloth that hung over the coffin was
+taken away, and in its place a worse hanged on, the arms torn in pieces
+in sight of the people, and likewise struck out of the herald's book.
+
+
+_GENTLE ENTREATMENT OF A STRANGER_
+
+1563.--22nd February. The Death of Chatelar.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. pp. 367-369.
+
+ [Chatelar, a musician and poet, had been in the suite of d'Amville,
+ who accompanied Mary to Scotland. He addressed poems to the Queen,
+ who received them graciously, and replied to them. He went home
+ with his master, but returned to Scotland in 1562, and became one
+ of the Queen's favourite attendants.]
+
+Amongst the minions of the court there was one named Monsieur Chatelar,
+a Frenchman, that at that time passed all others in credit with the
+Queen. In dancing of the Purpose (so term they that dance, in the which
+man and woman talk secretly ...) in this dance, the Queen chose
+Chatelar, and Chatelar took the Queen. Chatelar had the best dress. All
+this winter, Chatelar was so familiar in the Queen's cabinet, early and
+late, that scarcely could any of the nobility have access unto her. The
+Queen would lie upon Chatelar's shoulder, and sometimes privily she
+would steal a kiss of his neck. And all this was honest enough; for it
+was the gentle entreatment of a stranger. But the familiarity was so
+great, that upon a night, he privily did convoy himself under the
+Queen's bed; but being espied, he was commanded away. The bruit {report}
+arising, the Queen called the Earl of Murray, and bursting into a
+womanly affection, charged him, that, as he loved her, he should slay
+Chatelar, and let him never speak a word. The other at first made
+promise so to do ... but returned and fell upon his knees before the
+Queen and said: Madam, I beseech your Grace cause not me to take the
+blood of this man upon me; your Grace has entreated him so familiarly
+before, that you have offended all your nobility; and now, if he shall
+be secretly slain at your own commandment, what shall the world judge of
+it? I shall bring him to the presence of justice, and let him suffer by
+law according to his deserving. "Oh," said the Queen, "you will never
+let him speak." I shall do (said he), madam, what in me lieth to save
+your honour.
+
+_THE REWARD OF DANCING_
+
+Poor Chatelar was brought back from Kinghorn to St. Andrews, examined,
+put to an assize, and so beheaded, the 22nd day of February, 1563. He
+begged license to write to France the cause of his death, which, said
+he, in his tongue was, _Pour estre trouve en lieu trop suspect_; that
+is, Because I was found in a place too much suspected. At the place of
+execution, when he saw that there was no remedy but death, he made a
+godly confession, and granted that his declining from the truth of God,
+and following of vanity and impiety, was justly recompensed upon him.
+But in the end he concluded, looking unto the heavens, with these words,
+_O cruel dame!_ that is, cruel mistress! What that complaint imported,
+lovers may divine. And so received Chatelar the reward of his dancing,
+for he lost his head, that his tongue should not utter the secrets of
+our Queen. _Deliver us, O Lord, from the rage of such inordinate
+rulers._
+
+
+The Famine of 1563.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. pp. 369-70.
+
+The year of God 1563, there was an universal dearth in Scotland. But in
+the northland, where, the harvest before, the Queen had travelled, there
+was an extreme famine, in the which many died in that country. The
+dearth was great over all, but the famine was principally there. The
+boll of wheat gave six pounds; the boll of bere, six merks and a half;
+the boll of meal, four merks; the boll of oats, fifty shillings; an ox
+to draw in the plough, twenty merks; a wether, thirty shillings. And so
+all things appertaining to the sustentation of man, in triple and more
+exceeded their accustomed prices. And so did God, according to the
+threatening of his law, punish the idolatry of our wicked Queen, and our
+ingratitude, that suffered her to defile the land with that abomination
+again, that God so potently had purged, by the power of his word. For
+the riotous feasting, and excessive banqueting, used in Court and
+country, wheresoever that wicked woman repaired, provoked God to strike
+the staff of bread, and to give his malediction upon the fruits of the
+earth. But, O alas! who looked, or yet looks to this very cause of all
+our calamities.
+
+
+_STINKING PRIDE OF WOMEN_
+
+1563.--The Meeting of Parliament.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. p. 381.
+
+Such stinking pride of women, as was seen at that Parliament, was never
+seen before in Scotland. Three sundry days, the Queen rode to the
+Tolbooth; the first day, she made a painted oration, and there might
+have been heard amongst her flatterers, "_Vox Dianae_, the Voice of a
+Goddess (for it could not be Dei) and not of a woman. God save that
+sweet face. Was there ever Orator spake so properly and so sweetly?"
+
+All things misliking the Preacher, they spake boldly against the
+targetting of their taillies {_i.e._ the adornment of their robes with
+tassels}, and against the rest of their vanity, which they affirmed
+should provoke God's vengeance, not only against these foolish women,
+but against the whole realm.... Articles were presented, for orders to
+be taken for apparel, and for reformation of other enormities; but all
+was winked at.
+
+
+_KNOX'S INTERVIEWS WITH THE QUEEN_
+
+1563.--May or June. Knox and the Queen.
+
+_Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. p. 386.
+
+ [John Knox had five interviews with the Queen, which are recorded
+ in his "History." Soon after Mary's arrival in Scotland, she sent
+ for Knox, and they discussed the religious controversy and Knox's
+ "Blast against the monstrous Regiment of Women," in which he had
+ inveighed against female rule. In the spring of 1562, the Queen
+ sent for Knox, who had preached a sermon from the text, "And now,
+ understand, O ye kings, and be learned, ye that judge the earth."
+ The Reformer gave a _resume_ of his sermon, and informed the Queen
+ that he considered her uncles "enemies unto God," and that "for
+ maintenance of their own pomp and worldly glory, they spare not to
+ spill the blood of many innocents." The third occasion was about a
+ year later, at Lochleven, when the thesis was the rights of
+ subjects to rebel, and ended with the threat, "Now, Madam, if ye
+ shall deny your duty unto them, who especially crave, that ye
+ punish malefactors, think ye to receive full obedience of them? I
+ fear, Madam, ye shall not." The malefactors in question were
+ recusant Roman Catholics. "Herewith she being somewhat offended,
+ passed to her supper." The interview was resumed in the morning,
+ but the conversation was more amicable, Mary asking Knox's help in
+ reconciling the Earl of Argyle to his wife, who was the Queen's
+ half-sister. The fourth discussion, quoted below, was _a propos_ of
+ the proposals for Mary's marriage, which were the main political
+ theme of the year 1563. Knox had denounced any marriage with a
+ Roman Catholic. In December of the same year, the Queen and the
+ Reformer met again, Knox undergoing a judicial examination on a
+ charge which amounted to incitement to rebel. He defended himself
+ by a homily upon "the insatiable cruelty of the Papists," and was
+ found innocent by the Council.]
+
+The Provost of Glencludan, Douglas by surname, of Drumlanark, was the
+man that gave the charge, that the said John should present himself
+before the Queen, which he did soon after dinner. The Lord Ochiltree,
+and divers of the faithful, bare him company to the Abbey; but none
+passed in to the Queen with him in the cabinet, but John Erskine of Dun,
+then superintendent of Angus and Mearns.
+
+_WOMANLY WEEPING_
+
+The Queen in a vehement fume began to cry out, that never Prince was
+used as she was. "I have (said she) borne with you in all your rigorous
+manner of speaking, both against myself and against my uncles; yea, I
+have sought your favour by all possible means; I offered unto you
+presence and audience, whensoever it pleased you to admonish me, and yet
+I cannot be quit of you; I vow to God I shall be once revenged." And
+with these words scarce could Marnoch, her secret chamber boy, get
+napkins to hold her eyes dry, for the tears and the howling, besides
+womanly weeping, stayed her speech. The said John did patiently abide
+all the first fume, and at opportunity answered, "True it is, Madam,
+your Grace and I have been at divers controversies, into the which I
+never perceived your Grace to be offended at me; but when it shall
+please God to deliver you from that bondage of darkness and error,
+wherein ye have been nourished, for the lack of true Doctrine, your
+Majesty will find the liberty of my tongue nothing offensive. Without
+the Preaching-place (Madam) I think few have occasion to be offended at
+me, and there (Madam) I am not master of myself, but must obey him who
+commands me to speak plain, and to flatter no flesh upon the face of the
+earth...." "But what have you to do (said she) with my marriage? Or,
+what are you within the Commonwealth?"
+
+_A MEEK AND GENTLE SPIRIT_
+
+"A subject born within the same (said he) Madam; and albeit I be neither
+Earl, Lord, nor Baron within it, yet hath God made me (how abject that
+ever I be in your eyes) a profitable and useful member within the same;
+yea, Madam, to me it appertaineth no less, to forewarn of such things as
+may hurt it, if I foresee them, than it doth to any one of the nobility;
+for both my vocation and conscience craveth plainness of me; and
+therefore (Madam) to yourself I say, that which I spake in public,
+whensoever the nobility of this realm shall be content, and consent,
+that you be subject to an unlawful husband, they do as much as in them
+lieth to renounce Christ, to banish the Truth, to betray the freedom of
+this realm, and perchance shall in the end do small comfort to
+yourself."
+
+_INORDINATE PASSION_
+
+At these words, howling was heard, and tears might have been seen in
+greater abundance than the matter required. John Erskine of Dun, a man
+of meek and gentle spirit, stood beside, and entreated what he could to
+mitigate her anger, and gave unto her many pleasant words, of her
+beauty, of her excellency; and how that all the princes in Europe would
+be glad to seek her favours. But all that was to cast oil into the
+flaming fire. The said John stood still, without any alteration of
+countenance, for a long time, while that the Queen gave place to her
+inordinate passion; and in the end he said, "Madam, in God's presence I
+speak, I never delighted in the weeping of any of God's creatures; yea,
+I can scarcely well abide the tears of mine own boys, whom my own hands
+correct, much less can I rejoice in your Majesty's weeping; But seeing I
+have offered unto you no just occasion to be offended, but have spoken
+the truth, as my vocation craves of me, I must sustain your Majesty's
+tears, rather than I dare hurt my conscience, or betray the Commonwealth
+by silence." Herewith was the Queen more offended, and commanded the
+said John to pass forth of the cabinet, and to abide further of her
+pleasure in the chamber.
+
+_FY UPON THAT KNAVE, DEATH_
+
+The Laird of Dun tarried, and Lord John of Coldingham came into the
+cabinet, and so they remained with her near the space of one hour. The
+said John stood in the chamber, as one whom men had never seen (so were
+all afraid), except that the Lord Ochiltree bare him company; and
+therefore he began to make discourse with the ladies, who were there
+sitting in all their gorgeous apparel; which when he espied, he merrily
+said: "Fair Ladies, how pleasant were this life of yours, if it should
+ever abide; and then in the end, that we might pass to Heaven with this
+gay gear {clothing}! But fy upon that knave Death, that will come
+whether we will or not; and when he hath laid on his arrest, then foul
+worms will be busy with this flesh, be it never so fair and so tender;
+and the silly {weak} soul I fear shall be so feeble, that it can neither
+carry with it gold, garnishing, targating {tassels}, pearls, nor
+precious stones." And by such means procured he the company of women,
+and so passed the time till that the Laird of Dun willed him to depart
+to his house till new advertisement.
+
+The Queen would have had the sentiment of the Lords of the Articles if
+that such manner of speaking deserved not punishment. But she was
+counselled to desist; and so that storm quieted in appearance, but never
+in the heart.
+
+
+Mary's Second Marriage.
+
+ [The problem of Mary's marriage was one of great difficulty.
+ Allusions to it occur in diplomatic correspondence immediately
+ after the death of Francis II., and it was constantly in men's
+ minds. The Scottish preachers and the Protestant nobles objected to
+ a union with a Roman Catholic prince (_cf. supra_, p. 40).
+ Catherine de Medici, who was at the head of affairs in France,
+ opposed the projected match with Don Carlos of Spain (p. 43).
+ Elizabeth of England found a difficulty in every proposal, and was
+ especially afraid of the union of Scotland with a foreign power. As
+ early as the spring of 1561 Throckmorton warned Elizabeth that, if
+ she wished to prevent such a union, "she should make a party in
+ Scotland by entertaining a good number of the best there, that all
+ Princes, perceiving her to have a great party in that realm, would
+ not greatly seek upon a country so much at her devotion" (_Foreign_
+ _Calendar_, March 31, 1561). The following extracts indicate the
+ course of the controversy, and aim at presenting a connected survey
+ of the negotiations.]
+
+_PERFECT NEIGHBOURHOOD_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, December 17, 1561. _Keith's
+History_, vol. ii. p. 124.
+
+When any purpose falleth in of marriage, she saith that she will none
+other husband but the Queen of England. He is right near about her that
+hath oftentimes heard her speak it. I desire that it may be in perfect
+neighbourhood, since it cannot be in perfect marriage.
+
+
+1563.--August 20. Instructions for Randolph.
+
+_Foreign Calendar._
+
+He shall always rest upon this argument, that neither Elizabeth nor
+England ... can think any mighty Prince a meet husband for her, to
+continue the amity that now is with this realm.
+
+_Smith to the English Privy Council, from Paris_, October 13, 1563.
+_Foreign Calendar._
+
+They {Catherine de Medici and the Constable of France} hold King Philip
+a suspect neighbour. But they most mislike the Spanish marriage with the
+Queen of Scots, which they hold to be concluded unto by the said Queen,
+taking it to be prejudicial to England and consequently to them.
+
+_DUDLEY OR DARNLEY_
+
+ [The anxiety about her marriage was supposed to be the cause of an
+ illness from which Mary suffered, in the end of 1563. On December
+ 13 Randolph wrote to Cecil that she "kept her bed, being somewhat
+ diseased of overmuch travail she took a night or two before,
+ dancing to celebrate her nativity. But," he adds, "for two months
+ the Queen has been divers times in great melancholies. Her grief is
+ marvellous secret. She is not well, and weeps when there is little
+ appearance of occasion." Eight days later, he mentions that "the
+ Queen's illness daily increaseth. Her pain is in her right side....
+ Some think that the cause of the Queen's sickness is that she
+ utterly despairs of the marriage of any of those she looked for, as
+ well that neither they abroad are very hasty, nor her subjects at
+ home very willing those ways." On the 31st he had an interview with
+ her "in her chamber, beside ladies and gentlemen, herself in bed."
+ He told her that Elizabeth "could in no point alter her former
+ advice, which was that it could not be expedient for her country,
+ nor fit for herself, to match in any of those houses, when
+ appearance is that dissension may grow, and enmity to be nourished,
+ as before time has been." Mary summoned the Earl of Argyll, and
+ told him that Randolph would have her marry in England. He asked if
+ "the Queen of England were become a man?" "Who is there in that
+ country (said she) to whom he {Argyll} would wish her?" He said,
+ "To whom she could like best." "That would not please the Duke" {of
+ Chatelherault}, said she. "If it please God, and is good for the
+ country," said he, "what reck who were displeased?" (_Foreign
+ Calendar_, December 13, 21, and 31, 1563). Leicester was the
+ husband suggested by Queen Elizabeth, and, during 1564, it became
+ evident that either he or Darnley would be the Queen's choice.]
+
+_RETURN OF LENNOX_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, March 20, 1564. _Foreign
+Calendar._
+
+What troubles have risen in this country for religion, your Honour
+knoweth. All things are now grown into such a liberty, and her Grace
+taken unto herself such a will to do therein what she list, that of
+late, contrary to her own ordinances, as great numbers have repaired to
+her chapel to hear mass, as sometimes come to the common churches to the
+sermon. To have her mind altered for this freedom, that she desireth to
+have all men live as they like, she can hardly be brought, and thinketh
+it too great a subjection for her, being a prince in her own country, to
+have her will broken therein. The subjects who desire to live in the
+true fear and worshipping of God, offer rather their lives again to be
+sacrificed, than that they would suffer such abomination, yea, almost
+permit herself to enjoy her mass, which is now more plainly and openly
+spoken against by the preachers, than ever was the Pope of Rome....
+Above all the rest, this is it that is feared that will be the breach of
+all good accord and quietness of this estate, though the rest be borne
+with, that is, if she match herself with a Papist, by whom she may be
+fortified to her intent.
+
+_Kirkaldy of Grange to Randolph, from St. Johnston's_ {_Perth_},
+April 30, 1564. _Laing's Knox_, vol. vi. p. 539.
+
+The Earl of Lennox will obtain license to come home and speak with the
+Queen. Her meaning therein is not known, but some suspects she will at
+length be persuaded to favour his son.
+
+ [The Earl of Lennox had entered into negotiations with Henry VIII.,
+ in 1544, to deliver over to England certain Scottish castles, and
+ to promote the marriage of Mary to Prince Edward. Sentence of
+ forfeiture was passed against him by the Scottish Parliament on 1st
+ October 1545. His treachery had received its reward in the shape of
+ an alliance with Margaret, daughter of the Earl of Angus and
+ Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV. (_cf._ Table, App. A.). Their
+ eldest son was Lord Darnley.]
+
+
+_KNOX SUSPICIOUS_
+
+_Knox to Randolph, from Edinburgh_, May 3, 1564. _Laing's Knox_,
+vol. vi., p. 541.
+
+The Earl of Lennox's servant is familiar in Court, and it is supposed
+that it is not without knowledge, yea, and labour, of your Court. Some
+in the country look for the lady {Queen Mary} and the young Earl
+{Darnley} ere it be long. It is whispered to me that licence is all
+ready procured for their {Lennox and Darnley's} hithercoming. God's
+providence is inscrutable to man, before the issue of such things as are
+kept close for a season in his counsel. But, to be plain with you, that
+journey and progress I like not.
+
+
+Queen Elizabeth and Sir James Melville.
+
+ [Sir James Melville was sent as ambassador from the Queen of Scots
+ to the Queen of England to advance negotiations for Mary's
+ marriage, and to discover, if possible, Elizabeth's real meaning.]
+
+September 28, 1564. _Melville's Memoirs_, pp. 115-128.
+(_Bannatyne Club._)
+
+The next morning Master Lattoun and Master Randolph, late agent for the
+Queen of England in Scotland, came to my lodging to convoy me to her
+Majesty, who was, as they said, already in the garden.... I found her
+Majesty pacing in an alley.
+
+_YONDER LONG LAD_
+
+_MELVILLE'S OPINION OF DARNLEY_
+
+... She inquired if the Queen had sent any answer anent the proposition
+of a marriage made to her by Master Randolph. I answered, as I was
+instructed, that the Queen thought little or nothing thereof, but looked
+for the meeting of some Commissioners upon the borders, with my Lord of
+Murray and the secretary, Lethington, to confer and treat upon all such
+matters of greatest importance.... So seeing that your Majesties cannot
+so soon find the opportunity of meeting, so much desired between
+yourselves ... the Queen, my mistress ... is in hope that your Majesty
+will send my Lord of Bedford and my Lord Robert Dudley. She said that it
+appeared that I made but small account of my Lord Robert, seeing that I
+named the Earl of Bedford before him; but, or it were long, she should
+make him a greater earl, and that I should see it done before my
+returning home; for she esteemed him as her brother and best friend,
+whom she should have married herself, if ever she had been minded to
+take a husband.... And to cause the Queen, my mistress, to think the
+more of him, I was required to stay till I had seen him made Earl of
+Leicester and Baron of Denbigh, with great solemnity at Westminster,
+herself helping to put on his ceremonial, he sitting upon his knees
+before her, keeping a great gravity and discreet behaviour. But she
+could not refrain from putting her hand in his neck to kittle {tickle}
+him smilingly, the French Ambassador and I standing beside her. Then she
+asked me how I liked of him. I said, as he was a worthy subject, he was
+happy that had encountered a princess that could discern and reward good
+service. "Yet," she said, "ye like better of yonder long lad," pointing
+towards my Lord Darnley, who, as nearest prince of the blood, bore the
+sword of honour that day before her. My answer again was, that no woman
+of spirit could make choice of such a man, that was liker a woman than a
+man; for he was very lusty, beardless, and lady-faced. I had no will
+that she should think that I liked of him, or had any eye or dealing
+that way: albeit I had a secret charge to deal with his mother, my Lady
+Lennox, to purchase leave for him to pass in Scotland, where his father
+was already, that he might see the country and convoy the Earl, his
+father, back again to England.
+
+_YE MAY NOT SUFFER A COMMANDER_
+
+Now the said Queen was determined to treat with the Queen, my sovereign,
+first anent her marriage with the Earl of Leicester, and for that effect
+promised to send commissioners unto the borders. In the meantime I was
+favourably and familiarly used; for during nine days that I remained at
+Court, her Majesty pleased to confer with me every day, and sometimes
+thrice upon a day, to wit, afore noon, after noon, and after supper.
+Sometimes she would say, that since she could not meet with the Queen,
+her good sister herself, to confer familiarly with her, that she should
+open a good part of her inward mind unto me, that I might show it again
+unto the Queen; and said that she was not so offended at the Queen's
+angry letter as for that she seemed to disdain so far the marriage with
+my Lord of Leicester, which she had caused Master Randolph propose unto
+her. I said that it might be he had teached something thereof to my Lord
+of Murray and Lethington, but that he had not proposed the matter
+directly unto herself; and that as well her Majesty, as they that were
+her most familiar counsellors, could conjecture nothing thereupon but
+delays and drifting of time, anent the declaring of her to be the second
+person {_i.e._, the next in succession to the throne of England} which
+would try at the meeting of commissioners above specified. She said
+again that the trial and declaration thereof would be hasted forward,
+according to the Queen's good behaviour, and applying to her
+{Elizabeth's} pleasure and advice in her marriage; and seeing the matter
+concerning the said declaration was so weighty, she had ordained some of
+the best lawyers in England diligently to search out who had the best
+right, which she would wish should be her dear sister rather than any
+other. I said I was assured that her Majesty {Mary} was both out of
+doubt hereof, and would rather she should be declared than any other....
+She said that she was never minded to marry, except she were compelled
+by the Queen, her sister's, hard behaviour towards her, in doing by
+{beyond} her counsel, as said is. I said: "Madam, ye need not tell me
+that; I know your stately stomach; ye think if ye were married, ye would
+be but Queen of England, and now ye are King and Queen both; ye may not
+suffer a commander."
+
+_A COURTIER'S REPLIES_
+
+She appeared to be so affectioned to the Queen her good sister, that she
+had a great desire to see her: and because their desired meeting could
+not be hastily brought to pass, she delighted oft to look upon her
+picture, and took me in to her bed chamber, and opened a little lettroun
+{cabinet} wherein were divers little pictures wrapped within paper, and
+written upon the paper, their names with her own hand. Upon the first
+that she took up was written, "My lord's picture." I held the candle and
+pressed to see my lord's {Leicester's} picture. Albeit she was loth to
+let me see it, at length I by importunity obtained the sight thereof,
+and asked the same to carry home with me unto the Queen, which she
+refused, alleging she had but that one of his. I said again, that she
+had the principal; for he was at the furthest part of the chamber
+speaking with the secretary Cecil. Then she took out the Queen's picture
+and kissed it; and I kissed her hand for the great love I saw she bore
+to the Queen.... ... Her {Elizabeth's} hair was redder than yellow,
+curled apparently of nature. Then she entered to discern what colour of
+hair was reported best, and inquired whether the Queen's or her's was
+best, and which of them two was fairest. I said, the fairness of them
+both was not their worst faults. But she was earnest with me to declare
+which of them I thought fairest. I said, she was the fairest Queen in
+England, and ours the fairest Queen in Scotland. Yet she was earnest. I
+said they were both the fairest ladies of their courts, and that the
+Queen of England was whiter, but our Queen very lovesome. She inquired
+which of them was of highest stature. I said, our Queen. Then she said
+the Queen was over high, and that herself was neither over high or over
+low. Then she asked what sort of exercises she used. I said, that I was
+dispatched out of Scotland, that the Queen was but new come back from
+the highland hunting; and when she had leisure from the affairs of her
+company, she read upon good books, the histories of divers countries,
+and sometimes would play upon lute and virginals. She sperit {asked} if
+she played well. I said, reasonably for a Queen.
+
+_A CONSEQUENCE OF FRENCH TRAINING_
+
+_NO PLAIN DEALING OR UPRIGHT MEANING_
+
+The same day after dinner, my Lord of Hunsden {Huntingdon} drew me up to
+a quiet gallery that I might hear some music, but he said he durst not
+avow it, where I might hear the Queen play upon the virginals. But after
+I had hearkened a while, I took by the tapestry that hung before the
+door of the chamber, and seeing her back was toward the door, I entered
+within the chamber and stood still at the door post, and heard her play
+excellently well; but she left off so soon as she turned her about and
+saw me, and came forwards seeming to strike me with her left hand, and
+to think shame; alleging that she used not to play before men, but when
+she was solitary her alone, to eschew melancholy; and askit how I came
+there. I said, as I was walking with my Lord of Hunsden, as we passed by
+the chamber door, I heard such melody, which ravished and drew me within
+the chamber I wist not how; excusing my fault of homeliness, as being
+brought up in the Court of France, and was now willing to suffer what
+kind of punishment would please her lay upon me for my offence. Then she
+sat down low upon a cushion, and I upon my knee beside her; but she gave
+me a cushion with her own hand to lay under my knee, which I refused,
+but she compelled me; and called for my lady Stafford out of the next
+chamber, for she was alone there. Then she asked whether the Queen or
+she played best. In that I gave her the praise.... She inquired at me
+whether she or the Queen danced best. I said, the Queen danced not so
+high or disposedly as she did. Then again she wished that she might see
+the Queen at some convenient place of meeting. I offered to convey her
+secretly in {to} Scotland by post, clothed like a page disguised, that
+she might see the Queen: as King James the 5 passed in France disguised,
+with his own ambassador, to see the Duc of Vendome's sister that should
+have been his wife; and how that her chamber should be kept, as though
+she were sick, in the meantime, and none to be privy thereto but my Lady
+Stafford, and one of the grooms of her chamber. She said, Alas! if she
+might do it: and seemed to like well such kind of language, and used all
+the means she could to cause me persuade the Queen of the great love
+that she bore unto her.... My Lord of Leicester began to purge himself
+of so proud a pretence as to marry so great a Queen, esteeming himself
+not worthy to deicht her shone {clean her shoes}; alleging the invention
+of that proposition to have proceeded of Master Cecil his secret enemy.
+"For if I should," said he, "have seemed to desire that marriage, I
+should have lost the favour of both the Queens," praying me till excuse
+him unto the Queen.... At my homecoming I found the Queen's Majesty
+still in Edinburgh ... she inquired whether I thought that Queen meant
+truly towards her as well inwardly in her heart as she appeared to do
+outwardly by her speech. I said, in my judgment, that there was neither
+plain dealing nor upright meaning, but great dissimulation, emulation
+and fear that her princely qualities should over soon chase her out, and
+displace her from the kingdom; as having already hindered her {Mary's}
+marriage with the Archduke Charles of Austria, and now offering unto her
+my Lord of Leicester, whom she would be as loth as then to want. Then
+the Queen gave me her hand, that she should never marry the new-made
+earl; albeit shortly while after, my Lord of Murray and Bedford met
+beside Berwick to treat upon the marriage with Leicester.... The Queen
+of England began to fear and suspect that the said marriage might
+perchance take effect. And therefore my Lord Darnley obtained the
+rather, license to come into Scotland, who was a lusty youth, in hope
+that he should prevail being present before Leicester that was absent.
+Which license was obtained of the means of the secretary Cecil; not that
+he was minded that any of the marriages should take effect, but with
+such shifts and practices to hold the Queen unmarried so long as he
+could.
+
+_THE NEW-MADE EARL_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh. Foreign Calendar._ December 15, 1564.
+
+This parliament, being only assembled for restoring Lennox, began upon
+Monday, and ended the Saturday after. The third day the Queen came to
+the house, when she had an oration of her affection towards her subjects
+and the weal of her country, which moved her to show her favour towards
+Lennox, to restore him to his country, the rather for the suit of the
+Queen of England, whose desire to her was of no small moment, which
+words were duly rehearsed....
+
+_MURRAY, LETHINGTON, AND CECIL_
+
+ [The next development in the situation took the form of a
+ correspondence between Murray and Lethington, and Cecil, on
+ December 4, 1564. Randolph wrote to Cecil "that Murray and
+ Lethington had concluded that amity with England is fittest," and
+ added, "No man will be more acceptable to the people than the Lord
+ Robert. There has been more thought of Lord Darnley before his
+ father's coming than is at present. The mother more feared a great
+ deal than beloved." The two Scottish lords had already written to
+ Cecil, who replied on the 16th, informing them that Elizabeth would
+ never consent to their request, the establishment of Mary's "title
+ to be declared by Parliament in the second place to the Queen," but
+ "promising that she will cause inquisition to be made of their
+ Sovereign's right; and as far as shall stand with justice and her
+ own surety, she will abase such titles as shall be proved unjust
+ and prejudicial to her sister's interest;" and giving them warning.
+ "Let there not be found any intention to compass ... a kingdom and
+ a crown, which, if it be sought for, may be sooner lost than got,
+ and not being craved may be as soon offered as reason can require."
+ To this Murray and Lethington replied on the 24th, asking what
+ Cecil meant by the words "as shall stand with justice and her own
+ surety," for they "never meant anything prejudicial to the surety
+ of Queen Elizabeth;" stating that if Elizabeth "will nowise
+ establish the succession of her crown," the Leicester project must
+ fall to the ground; and urging Cecil to secrecy, for if it were
+ discovered that they had "meddled without her Majesty's knowledge,
+ the opening thereof" would be the ruin of them both. (Foreign
+ Calendar, 14th, 16th, and 24th December 1564.) This episode is of
+ importance in connection with Mary's subsequent attitude to the
+ Darnley marriage.]
+
+
+_QUEEN MARY'S MERRY CONCEITS_
+
+Queen Mary and Randolph.
+
+_Randolph to Queen Elizabeth, from Edinburgh_, February 5, 1565.
+_Chalmers's Queen Mary_, vol. ii. pp. 123-127.
+
+"_IT LIETH IN YOUR MISTRESS'S WILL_"
+
+Her grace lodged in a merchant's house; her train were very few; and
+there was small repair from any part. Her will was, that for the time
+that I did tarry, I should dine and sup with her. Your Majesty was
+oftentimes dranken unto, by her, at dinners and suppers. Having, in this
+sort, continued with her grace, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday, I thought
+it time to take occasion to utter unto her grace, that which last I
+received in command, from your Majesty, by Mr. Secretary's letter, which
+was to know her grace's resolution touching those matters propounded, at
+Berwick, by my Lord of Bedford, and me, to my Lord of Murray and Lord of
+Lethington. I had no sooner spoken these words, but she saith, "I see
+now well that you are weary of this company and treatment. I sent for
+you to be merry and to see how like a Bourgeois-wife I live, with my
+little troop; and you will interrupt our pastime, with your great and
+grave matters. I pray you, Sir, if you be weary here, return home to
+Edinburgh, and keep your gravity and great ambassage until the Queen
+come thither; for I assure you, you shall not get her here, nor I know
+not myself where she is become. You see neither cloth of estate, nor
+such appearances, that you may think that there is a Queen here; nor I
+would not that you should think that I am she, at St. Andrews, that I
+was at Edinburgh." I said that I was very sorry for that, for that at
+Edinburgh, she said that she did love my mistress, the Queen's majesty,
+better than any other, and now I marvelled how her mind was altered. It
+pleased her at this to be very merry, and called me by more names than
+were given me in my christendom. At these merry conceits much good sport
+was made. "But well, Sir," saith she, "that which then I spoke in words
+shall be confirmed in writing.... You know how willing I am to follow
+her advice ... and yet I can find in her no resolution nor
+determination. For nothing, I cannot be bound unto her ... and
+therefore, this I say, and trust me I mean it, if your mistress will, as
+she hath said, use me as her natural born sister or daughter, I will
+take myself either as one or the other as she please, and will show no
+less readiness to oblige her, and honour her, than my mother, or eldest
+sister; but, if she will repute me always but as her neighbour Queen of
+Scots, how willing soever I be to live in amity and to maintain peace,
+yet she must not look for that at my hands, that otherwise I would, or
+she desireth." ... I requested her Grace, humbly ... to let her mind be
+known, how well she liked of the suit of my Lord Robert, Earl of
+Leicester, that might be able somewhat to say or write touching that
+matter, unto your Majesty. "My mind towards him is such as it ought to
+be of a very noble man, as I hear say by very many, and such one as the
+Queen, your mistress, my good sister, doth so well like to be her
+husband, if he were not her subject, ought not to mislike me to be mine.
+Marry, what I shall do, it lieth in your mistress's will, who shall
+wholly guide me and rule me." I made myself not well to understand these
+words, because I would have the better hold of them. She repeated the
+self same words again.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION III
+
+FROM THE DARNLEY MARRIAGE TO THE RIZZIO MURDER
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. The Darnley marriage and the Earl of Murray's rebellion.
+
+ (_a_) Melville's account of the progress of events from Mary's
+ first meeting with Darnley to Elizabeth's reception of Murray
+ (February to October).
+
+ (_b_) Randolph's account of the allegations regarding the rival
+ conspiracies.
+
+ (_c_) The Proclamation to allay disquiet regarding the Queen's
+ marriage with a Catholic.
+
+ (_d_) Randolph's letter to Leicester describing the marriage, and
+ the relations between the bride and bridegroom.
+
+ (_e_) Cecil's account of the Murray trouble.
+
+ (_f_) The Privy Council warrant against Murray.
+
+ (_g_) Knox's account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray.
+
+ 2. Mary's relations with Darnley and the Rizzio murder.
+
+ (_a_) Diplomatic references to the ill-will between the Queen and
+ her husband, with an incidental account of the Holy League.
+
+ (_b_) Bedford and Randolph's letter to Cecil foretelling the Rizzio
+ plot.
+
+ (_c_) Agreements between Darnley and the conspirators.
+
+ (_d_) Mary's own description of the murder of Rizzio.
+
+
+_DARNLEY'S COURTSHIP_
+
+1563.--Feb. 17-Oct. 23. The Darnley Marriage and the Murray Rebellion.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 134.
+
+ [It was now becoming evident that Mary was to marry Lord Darnley.
+ Her resolution gave great offence, not only to Queen Elizabeth, but
+ to the Earl of Murray, and some other Scottish nobles, who raised a
+ rebellion, commonly called the "Run about Chase." The matter is
+ somewhat mysterious; there are, as the reader will observe,
+ allegations of two conspiracies--one against Murray by Darnley, and
+ another against Mary and Darnley by Murray. The evidence is not
+ decisive.]
+
+_THE RUN-ABOUT RAID_
+
+_UNWORTHY TRAITORS_
+
+I have said already how that my Lord Darnley was advised to suit license
+to come into Scotland, who at his first coming found the Queen in the
+Wemyss, making her progress through Fife. Her Majesty took well with
+him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long {tall}
+man that she had seen, for he was of high stature, long and small, even
+and upright; well instructed from his youth in all honest and comely
+exercises. And after he had hanted {frequented} a while in Court, he
+proposed marriage to her Majesty; which she took in evil part at the
+first, as she told me that same day herself, and how she had refused the
+ring which he then offered unto her, when I took occasion, as I had
+begun, to speak in his favour, that their marriage would put out of
+doubt their title to the succession. I cannot tell how he fell in
+acquaintance with Seigneur David {Rizzio}, but he also was his great
+friend at the Queen's hand; so that her Majesty took aye the longer the
+better liking of him, and at length determined to marry him. Which being
+known unto Queen Elizabeth, she sent and charged him to return; and also
+sent her ambassador, Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, into Scotland, both to
+dissuade the Queen to marry him, and in case the Queen would not follow
+her advice in her marriage, to persuade the lords and so many as were of
+her religion to withstand the said marriage, unless the Lord Darnley
+would promise and subscribe to abide at the religion reformed, which he
+had plainly professed in England. The Queen again perceiving the Queen
+of England's earnest opposition to all the marriages that were offered
+unto her, thought not meet to delay any longer her marriage. But my Lord
+Duke of Chatelherault, my Lords of Argyll, Murray, Glencairn, Rothes,
+and divers others, lords and barons, withstood the said marriage; who
+after they had made a mind to take the Lord Darnley, in the Queen's
+company, at the raid of Beath, and to have sent him into England, as
+they alleged--I wot not what was in their mind, but it was an
+evil-favoured enterprize, wherein the Queen was in great danger other
+than {that of} keeping or heartbreaking; and as they that had failed of
+their foolish enterprize, took on plainly their arms of rebellion, her
+Majesty again convened forces against them, and chased them here and
+there till at length they were compelled to flee into England for
+refuge, to her that had promised by her ambassadors to wear her crown in
+their defence, in case they were driven to any strait for their
+opposition unto the said marriage. Which was all denied at their coming
+to seek help; and when they sent up my Lord of Murray to that Queen, the
+rest abiding at Newcastle, he could obtain nothing but disdain and
+scorn; till at length he and the Abbot of Kilwinning, his companion in
+that message, were persuaded to come and confess unto the Queen upon
+their knees, and that in presence of the ambassadors of France and
+Spain, that her Majesty had never moved them to that opposition and
+resistance against their Queen's marriage.... Unto my Lord of Murray and
+his marrow {comrade} she said, "Now you have told the truth; for I nor
+none in my name stirred you up against your Queen; for your abominable
+treason might serve for example, to move my own subjects to rebel
+against me. Therefore pack you out of my presence; ye are but unworthy
+traitors."
+
+
+1565.--April 29. Mary's Festivities.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil. Foreign Calendar_, 1565.
+
+Greater triumphs there never were in time of Popery than were this
+Easter at the resurrection and at her high mass. Organs were wont to be
+the common music. She wanted now neither trumpet, drum, nor fife,
+bagpipe nor tabor.... Upon Monday she and divers of her women apparelled
+themselves like burgesses' wives, went upon their feet up and down the
+town, and of every man they met they took some pledge for money towards
+the banquet; and in the lodging where the writer was accustomed to lodge
+was the dinner prepared, at which she was herself, with the wonder and
+gazing of men, women, and children.
+
+ [This celebration of Easter is important as being a factor in the
+ growth of Protestant dislike of the Darnley marriage.]
+
+_"LESS COMFORT" FOR QUEEN MARY_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh_, July 2, 1565 {_date of
+end of letter_}. _Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 300.
+
+I wrote that there was a convention appointed at St. Johnstone {Perth}
+the 22nd of this instant {_i.e._ June}, to which there were specially
+named these, the Duke, Earls Argyll, Murray, Morton, and Glencairn; only
+Morton came; the other some tarried at their houses, as the Duke, and
+Earl of Murray; other as Argyll and Glencairn came to Edinburgh the 24th
+to the Convention {General Assembly} of the Protestants there. With this
+her Grace is greatly offended, and layeth the whole fault hereof to the
+Earl of Murray and Argyll, which both had come to St. Johnstone, but
+that my Lord of Murray was assuredly advertised that it was intended
+that he should be slain there.... With my Lord of Murray I have lately
+spoken; he is grieved to see these extreme follies in his sovereign; he
+lamenteth the state of this country that tendeth to utter ruin; he
+feareth that the nobility shall be forced to assemble themselves
+together, to do her honour and reverence as they are in duty bound, but
+to provide for the State that it do not utterly perish.... The Duke, the
+Earl of Argyll, and he concur in this device; many other are like to
+join with them in the same; what will ensue let wise men judge.... The
+less comfort that this Queen be put in, that the Queen's majesty will
+allow of her doings, the sooner shall her Majesty bring that to pass
+here that she most desireth, and more at her Majesty's devotion than at
+this time she hath, there were never in Scotland. Some that already have
+heard of my Ladie's Grace {Lady Lennox's} imprisonment like very well
+thereof, and wish to the father and son to keep her company. The
+question hath been asked me. Whether if they were delivered us into
+Berwick, we would receive them? I answered that we could nor would not
+refuse our own, in what sort soever they come unto us.
+
+_A HASTY RIDE_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil from Edinburgh_, July 4. _Ibid._ vol. ii. p. 309.
+
+Upon Saturday her Grace came ... to St. Johnston, where word was brought
+her that the Earl of Argyll and Earl of Murray had assembled many of
+their friends and servants, and intended to take her and the Lord
+Darnley riding between that town and the Lord of Livingstone's house,
+and to have carried the Queen's Grace to St. Andrews, and the Lord
+Darnley to Castle Campbell, a house of the Earl of Argyll.... She took
+her horse by five of the clock in the morning, and rode with great
+speed, having only three women in her train, until she came to the
+Queen's Ferry, passing through a little town called Kinross, hard by
+Lochleven, where my Lord of Murray was in a house in the loch with his
+mother and the Laird of Lochleven, his brother, with a small number of
+his servants, having been sick of a flux not four days before, intending
+for all that to have met the Queen, and to have convoyed her as far as
+her Grace would give him leave; but hearing that her Grace was past that
+town three or four hours before that he looked for her, he remained
+still and went not forth....
+
+_A REQUEST FOR MONEY_
+
+They {the two Earls} think it time to put to that remedy they can; they
+depend greatly upon the comfort received from the Queen's majesty our
+sovereign; they know that it as well tendeth to her Majesty's surety for
+that which may ensure as the present hurt and danger to themselves.
+Wherefore, having considered her Majesty's friendly and godly offer to
+concur with them, and to assist them, ... as from subjects that see how
+far the Sovereign is led by unadvised persons, from her duty to God, and
+care that she ought to have of the weal of her country, they most humbly
+desire the performance of her Majesty's promise.... They are loth so far
+to charge her Majesty as to desire any number of men to take their part,
+but that it will only please her Majesty to help them with such sums of
+money as for a time may be able to keep themselves together, be it that
+they determine to be wheresoever the Queen's self is, or to remain in
+Edinburgh, where they may best put order unto all those grievous
+enormities.... They think that if her Majesty would bestow only three
+thousand pounds sterling for this year, except some foreign force shall
+be brought in against them.
+
+_Acts of the Privy Council of Scotland_, July 12, 1565.
+
+For as much as divers evil disposed persons ... wickedly and ungodly
+have pretended by untrue reports ... that her Majesty had begun or
+intended to impede, stay, or molest any of them in using of their
+religion and conscience freely ... ordains letters to be direct to
+officers of the Queen's Sheriff in that part {respect}, charging them to
+pass to the market crosses of all burghs of this realm, and other places
+needful, and there, by open proclamation, make publication of this her
+Majesty's mind and meaning; certifying and assuring all her good
+subjects, that as they, nor none of them, have hitherto been molested in
+the quiet using of their religion and conscience, so shall they not be
+unquieted in that behalf in any time to come; but behaving themselves
+honestly as good subjects shall find her Majesty their good princess,
+willing to do them justice, and to show them favour and clemency, but
+{without} innovation or alteration in any sort.
+
+_A ROYAL MARRIAGE_
+
+_Randolph to Leicester, from Edinburgh_, July 31, 1565.
+_Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 199.
+
+I doubt not but your Lordship hath heard by such information as I have
+given from hence, what the present state of this country is, how this
+Queen is now become a married wife, and her husband, the self same day
+of his marriage, made a king.... So many discontented minds, so much
+misliking of the subjects to have these matters, ordered in this sort,
+to be brought to pass, I never heard of any marriage.... Thus they fear
+the overthrow of religion, the breach of amity with the Queen's Majesty
+{Elizabeth}, destruction of as many of the nobility as she hath
+misliking of, or that he to pick a quarrel unto.... He {Darnley} would
+now seem to be indifferent to both the religions, she to use her mass,
+and he to come sometimes to the preaching.
+
+They were married with all the solemnities of the popish time, saving
+that he heard not the mass; his speech and talk argueth his mind, and
+yet would he fain seem to the world that he were of some religion. His
+words to all men against whom he conceiveth any displeasure, how unjust
+soever it be, so proud and spiteful, that rather he seemeth a monarch of
+the world than he that not long since we have seen and known the Lord
+Darnley....
+
+_"GOD SAVE HIS GRACE!"_
+
+All honour that may be attributed unto any man by a wife, he hath it
+wholly and fully ... all dignities that she can indue him with are
+already given and granted. No man pleaseth her that contenteth not him,
+and what may I say more, she hath given over unto him her whole will, to
+be ruled and guided as himself best liketh. She can as much prevail with
+him in anything that is against his will, as your Lordship may with me
+to persuade that I should hang myself.... Upon Saturday ... at nine
+hours at night, by three heralds at sound of the trumpet he was
+proclaimed king. This was the night before the marriage. This day,
+Monday, at twelve of the clock, the Lords, all that were in this town,
+were present at the proclaiming of him again, when no man said so much
+as Amen, saving his father, that cried out aloud, "God save his Grace!"
+
+The manner of the marriage was of this sort. Upon Sunday, in the
+morning, between five and six, she was conveyed by divers of her nobles
+to the chapel. She had upon her back the great mourning gown of black,
+with the great wide mourning hood, not unlike unto that which she wore
+the doleful day of the burial of her husband. She was led unto the
+Chapel by the Earls Lennox and Athole, and there she was left until her
+husband came, who was also conveyed by the same lords. The ministers,
+two priests, did there receive them. The banns are asked the third time,
+and an instrument taken by a notary that no man said against them, or
+alleged any cause why the marriage might not proceed. The words were
+spoken, the rings, which were three, the middle a rich diamond, were put
+upon her finger, they kneel together, and many prayers said over them.
+She carrieth out the ...[16] and he taketh a kiss, and leaveth her there
+and went to her chamber, whither in a space she followeth, and there
+being required, according to the solemnities, to cast off her care, and
+lay aside those sorrowful garments, and give herself to a pleasanter
+life. After some pretty refusals, more I believe for manner sake than
+grief of heart, she suffereth them that stood by, every man that could
+approach to take out a pin, and so being committed to her ladies changed
+her garments.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [16] Word illegible.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_ELIZABETH ASKED TO EXPLAIN_
+
+_Cecil to Sir Thomas Smith, from Windsor_, August 21,
+1565. _Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 206.
+
+Mr. Tomworth was sent to the Queen of Scots upon this occasion; the
+Scottish Queen hath sent twice hither to require the Queen's Majesty to
+declare for what causes she did mislike of this marriage, offering also
+to satisfy the same. In the meantime troubles arise there betwixt her
+and the Earl of Murray and others being friendly to the warm amity of
+the realm, whereunto for sundry respects it seemeth convenient for us to
+regard. The Duke {of Chatelherault}, the Earls of Argyll, Murray, and
+Rothes, with sundry Barons, are joined together not to allow of the
+marriage, otherwise than to have the religion established by law, but
+the Queen refuseth in this sort; she will not suffer it to have the
+force of law, but of permission to every man to live according to his
+conscience. And herewith she retained a great number of Protestants from
+associating openly with the other. She hath sent for the Earl Murray,
+but the mistrust is so far entered on both sides, that I think it will
+fall to an evil end, for she hath put the Earl of Murray to the horn
+{_i.e._ outlawed} and prohibited all persons to aid him. Nevertheless,
+the Duke, the Earls of Argyll and Rothes are together with him. We shall
+hear by Mr. Tomworth what is most likely to follow.
+
+_THE REBELS OUT-LAWED_
+
+_Register of the Privy Council_, December 1, 1565.
+
+The which day, in presence of the King and Queen's Majesties and Lords
+of Secret Council, compeared Master John Spence of Condy, advocate to
+their Highnesses, and exponed how at their Majesties' command he had
+libelled summonses of treason against Archibald, Earl of Argyll, James,
+Earl of Murray, Alexander, Earl of Glencairn, Andrew, Earl of Rothes,
+Andrew, Lord Ochiltree, Robert, Lord Boyd, and divers others,--to
+compear in the next Parliament, to begin the fourth day of February next
+to come, to hear them decerned to have incurred the crime of _lese
+majestie_, and to have lost and forfeited life, lands, and goods.... But
+because there were divers of the said persons outwith the realm ... it
+behoved them be summoned by open proclamation at the Market Cross of
+Edinburgh, and other Crosses next adjacent according to the common law;
+and thereupon desired a declaration and determination of their Majesties
+and Lords forsaid. The which being reasoned with good deliberation and
+advisement, their Majesties and Lordships find and declare that the said
+persons being summoned in manner above specified, the execution is as
+sufficient in all respects as if the same summonses were execute upon
+them personally or at their dwelling-places.
+
+
+_GOOD AND COURTEOUS ENTERTAINMENT_
+
+Murray's Reception by Elizabeth.
+
+_Knox's Continuator_ (cf. p. 260), _Laing's Knox_, vol. ii. p. 513.
+
+By means of the French Ambassador, called Monsieur De Four, his true
+friend, he {Murray} obtained audience. The Queen, with a fair
+countenance, demanded "how he, being a rebel to her Sister of Scotland,
+durst take the boldness upon him to come within her realm?" These, and
+the like words got he, instead of the good and courteous entertainment
+expected. Finally, after private discourse, the Ambassador being absent,
+she refused to give the Lords any support, denying plainly that ever she
+had promised any such thing as to support them, saying, "She never meant
+any such thing in that way;" albeit her greatest familiars knew the
+contrary. In the end the Earl of Murray said to her, "Madam, whatsoever
+thing your Majesty meant in your heart, we are thereof ignorant; but
+this much we know assuredly, that we had lately faithful promises of aid
+and support by your Ambassador and familiar servants, in your name; and
+further, we have your own handwriting, confirming the said promises."
+And afterward he took his leave, and came northward from London towards
+Newcastle. After the Earl of Murray his departure from the Court the
+Queen sent them some aid, and writ unto the Queen of Scotland in their
+favour, whether she had promised it in private to the Earl of Murray, or
+whether she repented her of the harsh reception of the Earl of Murray.
+
+ [This account of Elizabeth's interview with Murray should be
+ compared with that given by Melville (p. 60).]
+
+
+Mary's Relations with her Husband.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, January 16, 1566.
+_Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 216.
+
+This court of long time hath been very quiet, small resort of any, and
+many of those that come but slenderly welcome for the great and
+importunate suit made by them for my Lord of Murray and the rest, who by
+no means can find any favour at her Grace's hands, in so much that
+Robert Melville hath received for resolute answer that let the Queen of
+England do for them what she will, they shall never live in Scotland and
+she together....
+
+_MATRIMONIAL MISLIKINGS_
+
+I cannot tell what mislikings of late there hath been between her Grace
+and her husband; he presses earnestly for the matrimonial crown, which
+she is loth hastily to grant, but willing to keep somewhat in store
+until she know how well he is worthy to enjoy such a sovereignty, and
+therefore it is thought that the Parliament for a time shall be
+deferred, but hereof I can write no certainty.
+
+_THE HOLY LEAGUE_
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Edinburgh_, February 7, 1565.
+_Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 219.
+
+There was a bond lately devised in which the late Pope, the Emperor, the
+King of Spain, the Duke of Savoy, with divers Princes of Italy and the
+Queen mother {of France} suspected to be of the same confederacy, to
+maintain papistry throughout Christendom. This bond was sent out of
+France by Thornton, and is subscribed by this Queen. The copy whereof,
+remaining with her and the principal, to be returned very shortly, as I
+hear, by Mr. Steven Wilson, a fit minister for such devilish devices. If
+the copy hereof can be gotten, it shall be sent as conveniently I
+may....
+
+ [The bond referred to is the Holy League. Cf. _infra._]
+
+In this court divers contentions, quarrels, and debates; nothing so much
+sought as to maintain mischief and disorder. David {Rizzio} yet
+retaineth his place, not without heart grief to many that see their
+sovereign guided chiefly by such a fellow.
+
+_Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick_, February 14, 1566.
+_Stevenson's Selections._
+
+There is a league concluded between the King of Spain, the Duke of
+Savoy, and divers other Papist princes, for the overthrow of religion,
+as you shall hear more by others, which is come to this Queen's hands,
+but not yet confirmed.
+
+_CECIL INFORMED OF THE RIZZIO PLOT_
+
+_Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick_, March 6, 1566.
+_Tytler's History of Scotland_, vol. vii. p. 30.
+
+Somewhat we are sure you have heard of divers discord and jars between
+this Queen and her husband, partly for that she hath refused him the
+crown matrimonial, partly for that he hath assured knowledge of such,
+usage of herself as altogether is intolerable to be borne, which, if it
+were not over well known, we would both be very loath to think that it
+could be true. To take away this occasion of slander, he is himself
+determined to be at the apprehension and execution of him, whom he is
+able manifestly to charge with the crime, and to have done him the most
+dishonour that can be to any man, much more being as he is. We need not
+more plainly to describe the person {Rizzio}. You have heard of the man
+whom we mean of.
+
+To come by the other thing which he desireth, which is the crown
+matrimonial, what is devised and concluded upon by him and the noblemen,
+you shall see by copies of the conditions between them and him, of which
+Mr. Randolph assureth me to have seen the principals, and taken the
+copies written with his own hand.
+
+The time of execution and performance of these matters is before the
+Parliament, as near as it is. To this determination of theirs, there are
+privy in Scotland; these--Argyll, Morton, Boyd, Ruthven, and Lethington.
+In England these--Murray, Rothes, Grange, myself, and the writer hereof.
+If persuasions to cause the Queen to yield to these matters do no good,
+they purpose to proceed we know not in what sort. If she be able to make
+any power at home, she shall be withstood, and herself kept from all
+other counsel than her own nobility. If she seek any foreign support,
+the Queen's Majesty, our sovereign, shall be sought, and sued unto to
+accept his and their defence, with offers reasonable to her Majesty's
+contentment.
+
+
+_OBLIGATIONS OF THE LORDS_
+
+Agreement between Darnley and the Earls of Murray, Argyll, Glencairn,
+and Rothes, and Lords Boyd and Ochiltree.
+
+_Ruthven's Relation_, Ed. of 1815.
+
+_Articles to be fulfilled by the lords._
+
+1. The said earls, lords, and their complices, shall become, and by the
+tenor hereof become true subjects, men and servants to the noble and
+mighty Prince Henry, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, and husband
+to our sovereign lady; that they and all others that will do for them
+shall take a loyal and true part with the said noble Prince in all his
+actions, causes, and quarrels, against whomsoever, to the uttermost of
+their power....
+
+2. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall ... by themselves
+and others that have voice in Parliament, consent, and by these presents
+do consent now as then, and then as now, to grant and give the crown
+matrimonial to the said noble Prince for all the days of his life. And
+if any person or persons withstand or gainsay the same, the said earls,
+lords, and their complices shall take such part as the said noble Prince
+taketh, in whatsoever sort, for the obtaining of the said crown against
+all....
+
+3. The said earls, lords, and their complices shall fortify and maintain
+the said noble Prince in his just title to the crown of Scotland,
+failing of succession of our sovereign lady....
+
+4. As to the religion which was established by the Queen's Majesty, our
+sovereign, shortly after her arrival in this realm ... they and every
+one of them shall maintain and fortify the same at their uttermost
+powers, by the help, supply, and maintenance of the said noble Prince.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_DARNLEY'S PROMISES_
+
+_Articles to be fulfilled by Darnley._
+
+1. The said noble Prince shall do his good-will to obtain them one
+remission, if they require the same, for all faults and crimes by-past,
+of whatsoever quality or condition they be....
+
+2. We shall not suffer, by our good-wills, the foresaid lords and their
+complices to be called or accused in Parliament, nor suffer any
+forfeiture to be laid against them....
+
+3. That the said earls, lords, and their complices, returning within the
+realm of Scotland, we shall suffer or permit them to use and enjoy all
+their lands, tacks, steadings, and benefices, that they or any of them
+had before their passage into England....
+
+4. As to the said earls, lords, and their complices' religion, we are
+contented and consent that they use the same, conform to the Queen's
+Majesty's act and proclamation made thereupon, shortly after her
+Highness's return out of France....
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+_THE BOND FOR THE MURDER_
+
+_THE WORD OF A PRINCE_
+
+Bond for Rizzio's Murder--Ruthven's Relation.
+
+Be it kend {known} to all men by these present letters: We, Henry, by
+the grace of God, King of Scotland, and husband to the Queen's Majesty,
+for so much we having consideration of the gentle and good nature, with
+many other good qualities in her Majesty, we have thought pity, and also
+think it great conscience to us that are her husband, to suffer her to
+be abused or seduced by certain privy persons, wicked and ungodly ...
+especially a stranger Italian called Davie ... we have devised to take
+these privy persons, enemies to her Majesty, us, the nobility and
+commonwealth, to punish them according to their demerits, and in case of
+any difficulty, to cut them off immediately, and to take and slay them
+wherever it happeneth. And because we cannot accomplish the same without
+the assistance of others, therefore have we drawn certain of our
+nobility, earls, lords, barons, freeholders, gentlemen, merchants, and
+craftsmen, to assist us in our enterprise, which cannot be finished
+without great hazard.... We bind and oblige us, our heirs and
+successors, to the said earls, lords, barons, gentlemen, freeholders,
+merchants, and craftsmen, their heirs and successors, that we shall
+accept the same feud upon us, and fortify and maintain them at the
+uttermost of our power, and shall be friend to their friend, and enemy
+to their enemies, and shall neither suffer them nor theirs to be
+molested nor troubled in their bodies, lands, goods, nor possessions so
+far as lieth in us. And if any person would take any of the said earls,
+lords, barons, gentlemen, freeholders, merchants, or craftsmen, for
+enterprising and assisting with us for the achieving of our purpose,
+because it may chance to be done in presence of the Queen's majesty, or
+within her palace of Holyrood-house, we, by the word of a prince, shall
+accept and take the same on us now as then and then as now.... In
+witness whereof we have subscribed this with our own hand at Edinburgh,
+the 1st of March 1565.
+
+
+_A ROYAL SUPPER-PARTY_
+
+_THE MURDER_
+
+1566.--April 2. Mary's Description of the Murder of Rizzio, in a letter
+to the Archbishop of Glasgow, her Ambassador in Paris.
+
+_Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 411.
+
+Most Reverend Father, we greet you well.... It is not unknown to you how
+our Parliament was appointed to the 12th of this instant month of March,
+to which these that were our rebels and fugitives in England were
+summoned to have heard themselves forfeited. The day thereof
+approaching, we required the King our husband to assist us in passing
+thereto, who, as we are assured, being persuaded by our rebels that were
+fugitive, with the advice and fortification of the Earl of Morton, Lords
+Ruthven and Lindsay, their assisters and complices, who were with us in
+company, by their suggestion refused to pass with us thereto, as we
+suppose because of his facility, and subtle means of the Lords foresaid,
+he condescended to advance the pretended religion published here, to put
+the rebels in their rooms and possessions which they had of before, and
+but {without} our knowledge grant to them a remit of all their
+trespasses.... Upon the 9th day of March instant, we being, at even
+about seven hours, in our cabinet at our supper, sociated with our
+sister the Countess of Argyll, our brother the Commendator {lay Abbot}
+of Holyrood-house, Laird of Criech, Arthur Erskine, and certain others
+our domestic servitors, in quiet manner, especially by reason of our
+evil disposition, being counselled to sustain ourselves with flesh {in
+Lent}, having also then passed almost to the end of seven months in our
+birth; the King our husband came to us in our cabinet, placed him beside
+us at our supper. The Earl of Morton and Lord Lindsay, with their
+assisters, clothed in warlike manner, to the number of eight score
+persons or thereby, kept and occupied the whole entry to our Palace of
+Holyrood-house.... In that meantime, the Lord Ruthven, clothed in like
+manner, with his complices, took entry perforce in our cabinet, and
+there seeing our secretary, David Riccio, among others our servants,
+declared he had to speak with him. In this instant we inquired the King
+our husband if he knew anything of that enterprise? who denyed the same.
+Also we commanded the Lord Ruthven, under the pain of treason, to avoid
+him forth of our presence, declaring we should exhibit the said David
+before the Lords of Parliament to be punished, if in any sort he had
+offended. Notwithstanding, the said Lord Ruthven perforce invaded him in
+our presence (he then for refuge took safe-guard, having retired him
+behind our back), and with his complices cast down our table upon
+ourself, put violent hands in him, struck him over our shoulders with
+whingers {hangers}, one part of them standing before our face with
+bended daggs {pistols}, most cruelly took him forth of our cabinet, and
+at the entry of our chamber give him fifty-six strokes with whingers and
+swords, in doing whereof we were not only struck with great dread, but
+also by sundry considerations, were most justly induced to take extreme
+fear of our life. After this deed immediately the said Lord Ruthven,
+coming again in our presence, declared how they and their complices
+foresaid were highly offended with our proceedings and tyranny, which
+was not to them tolerable; how we were abused by the said David whom
+they had actually put to death, namely, in taking his counsel for
+maintenance of the ancient religion, debarring of the Lords which were
+fugitive, and entertaining of amity with foreign princes and nations
+with whom we were confederate; putting also upon Council the Lords
+Bothwell and Huntly, who were traitors, and with whom he associated
+himself, that the Lords banished in England were the morn to resort
+toward us, and would take plain part with them in our contrary; and that
+the King was willing to remit them their offences. We all this time took
+no less care of ourselves than for our Council and nobility, maintainers
+of our authority, being with us in our Palace for the time; to wit, the
+Earls of Huntly, Bothwell, Athole, Lords Fleming and Livingstone, Sir
+James Balfour, and certain others our familiar servitors, against whom
+the enterprise was conspired as well as for David; and namely to have
+hanged the said Sir James in cords. Yet, by the providence of God, the
+Earls of Huntly and Bothwell escaped forth of their chambers in our
+Palace at a back window by some cords.... The Earl of Athole and Sir
+James Balfour by some other means, with the Lords Fleming and
+Livingstone, obtained deliverance of their invasion. The Provost and
+town of Edinburgh having understood this tumult in our Palace, caused
+ring their common bell, came to us in great number and desired to have
+seen our presence, intercommuned with us, and to have known our welfare;
+to whom we were not permitted to give answer, being extremely threatened
+by these Lords, who in our face declared, if we desired to have spoken
+them, they should cut us in collops, and cast us over the wall. So this
+community being commanded by our husband, retired them to quietness.
+
+_TREATMENT OF THE QUEEN_
+
+All that night we were detained in captivity within our chamber, not
+permitting us to have intercommuned scarcely with our servant-women nor
+domestic servitors. Upon the morn hereafter proclamation was made in our
+husband's name, by {without} our advice, commanding all Prelates and
+other Lords convened to Parliament to retire themselves of our burgh of
+Edinburgh. That whole day we were kept in that firmance {custody}, our
+familiar servitors and guard being debarred from our service, and we
+watched by the committers of these crimes, to whom a part of the
+community of Edinburgh, to the number of four score persons, assisted.
+
+The Earl of Murray that same day at even, accompanied with the Earl of
+Rothes, Pitarrow, Grange, tutor of Pitcur, and others who were with him
+in England, came to them, and seeing our state and entertainment, was
+moved with natural affection toward us. Upon the morn he assembled the
+enterprisers of their late crime, and such of our rebels as came with
+him. In their Council they thought it most expedient we should be warded
+in our castle of Stirling, there to remain while {till} we had approved
+in Parliament all their wicked enterprises, established their religion,
+and given the King the crown matrimonial and the whole government of our
+realm; or else, by all appearance, firmly prepared to have put us to
+death, or detained us in perpetual captivity. To avoid them of our
+Palace, with their guard and assisters, the King promised to keep us
+that night in sure guard, and that but {without} compulsion he should
+cause us in Parliament approve all their conspiracies. By this means he
+caused them to retire them of our Palace.
+
+_MARY WINS DARNLEY TO HER SIDE_
+
+_DARNLEY PROTESTS INNOCENCE_
+
+This being granted, ... we declared our state to the King our husband,
+certifying him how miserably he would be handled, in case he permitted
+these Lords to prevail in our contrare {against us}, and how
+unacceptable it would be to other Princes, our confederates, in case he
+altered the religion. By this persuasion he was induced to condescend to
+the purpose taken by us, and to retire in our company to Dunbar, which
+we did under night, accompanied with the captain of our guard, Arthur
+Erskine, and two others only.... Soon after our coming to Dunbar, sundry
+of our nobility, zealous of our weal, such as the Earls of Huntly,
+Bothwell, Marshal, Athole, Caithness; Bishop of St. Andrews, with his
+kin and friends; Lords Hume, Sempill, and infinite others assembled to
+us.... The Earl of Moray and Argyll sent diverse messages to procure our
+favour, to whom in likewise, for certain respects, by advice of our
+Nobility and Council being with us, we have granted remission, under
+condition they nowise apply themselves to these last conspirators, and
+retire themselves in Argyle during our will.... We remained in Dunbar
+five days, and after returned to Edinburgh well accompanied with our
+subjects. The last conspirators, with their assisters, have removed
+themselves forth of the same before, and being presently fugitive from
+our laws, we have caused by our charges their whole fortunes, strength,
+and houses to be rendered to us; have caused make inventory of their
+goods and gear, and intend further to pursue them with all vigour.
+Whereunto we are assured to have the assistance of our husband, who hath
+declared to us, and in presence of the Lords of our Privy Council, his
+innocence of this last conspiracy, how he never counselled, commanded,
+consented, assisted, nor approved the same. Thus far only he ever saw
+himself, that at the enticement and persuasion of the late conspirators
+he, without our advice or knowledge, consented to the bringing home
+forth of England of the Earls of Moray, Glencairn, Rothes, and other
+persons with whom we were offended. This ye will consider by his
+declaration made hereupon, which at his desire hath been published at
+the market crosses of this our Realm ... of Edinburgh, the second day of
+April 1566.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION IV
+
+MURDER OF RIZZIO TO MURDER OF DARNLEY
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Murray's plea for the Rizzio rebels.
+
+ 2. The relations between Mary and Darnley.
+ (_a_) Mary's Will.
+ (_b_) The Birth of Prince James.
+
+ 3. Mary to Elizabeth anent her support of the rebels.
+
+ 4. Mary's treatment of Darnley, and Darnley's conduct towards Mary.
+ (_a_) As reported by M. le Croc, the French Ambassador.
+ (_b_) As reported by Buchanan, with the Alloa story.
+ (_c_) Nau's account of the Alloa story, and a letter of
+ Mary's from Alloa.
+
+ 5. The Ride to Hermitage.
+ (_a_) As reported in the Diurnal of Occurrents.
+ (_b_) As reported by Nau.
+ (_c_) As reported by Buchanan.
+
+ 6. The Queen's illness at Jedburgh.
+
+ 7. The Craigmillar Conference.
+ (_a_) As reported by Buchanan.
+ (_b_) In the Protestation of Huntly and Argyll.
+
+ 8. The events immediately before the Darnley murder.
+ (_a_) Letter from Du Croc.
+ (_b_) The Baptism of the Prince.
+ (_c_) Restoration of the consistorial jurisdiction.
+ (_d_) Mary on Darnley's conduct.
+ (_e_) Beaton's warning.
+
+ 9. The visit to Glasgow and the murder.
+ (_a_) As reported by Buchanan in the _Detection_.
+ (_b_) As described by Mary.
+ (_c_) As described by Nau.
+ (_d_) As described by Buchanan in his _History_.
+
+
+Relations between Mary and Darnley.
+
+_Bedford and Randolph to Cecil, from Berwick_, March 27,
+1566. _Wright's Elizabeth_, vol. i. p. 235.
+
+My Lord of Murray by a special servant sent unto us desireth your
+Honour's favour to these noblemen {the fugitives}, as his dear friends,
+and such as for his sake hath given this adventure.
+
+
+"_TO THE KING WHO GAVE IT ME_"
+
+Bequests to the King.
+
+_Robertson's Inventories._
+
+Before the birth of her son, Mary made a will, of which no copy is
+extant. But Mr. Joseph Robertson found an inventory of her jewels, made
+at the same time, with marginal notes, in the Queen's own handwriting,
+indicating their disposition. There are fifteen entries "Au Roy," from
+which we quote the most interesting marginal note:--
+
+ It was with this that I was
+ married, to the King, who A diamond ring enamelled
+ gave it me. in red.
+
+There are also bequests to the Crown of Scotland, the Earl and Countess
+of Lennox, and the Earl of Murray, also a jewel with the marginal
+note:--
+
+"To Joseph {Riccio}, which his brother gave me."
+
+At the end of the first section of the inventory, there is the following
+note in Mary's hand:--
+
+"I wish that these provisions be carried out in case that the child does
+not survive me, but if it live, it is to inherit everything. MARIE R."
+
+
+Illustration: QUEEN MARY'S SIGNET-RING AND MONOGRAM.
+
+
+Mary's Will as described in the "Book of Articles" (cf. p. 144).
+
+_Hosack's Mary_, vol. i. p. 525.
+
+This her rooted disdain still continuing a little before her deliverance
+of her birth in May or June 1566, in making of her latter will and
+testament, she named and appointed Bothwell among others to the tutele
+{guardianship} of her birth {child} and issue, and government of the
+realm in case of her decease, and unnaturally excluded the father from
+all kind of cure and regiment over his own child, advancing Bothwell
+above all others to be lieutenant-general.... She disponit also her
+whole moveables to others beside her husband.
+
+
+_ELIZABETH'S RECEPTION OF THE NEWS_
+
+The Birth of Prince James.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 158.
+
+All this while I lay in the castle of Edinburgh, praying night and day
+for her Majesty's good and happy delivery of a fair son. This prayer
+being granted, I was the first that was advertised by the Lady Boyne
+{Mary Beaton, just married to Ogilvie of Boyne}, in her Majesty's name
+to part with diligence, the 19th day of June in the year 1566, between
+ten and eleven hours before noon. It struck twelve hours when I took my
+horse, and was at Berwick that same night. The fourth day after, I was
+at London, and met first with my brother, who sent and advertised the
+Secretary Cecil that same night of my coming and of the birth of the
+Prince, willing him to keep it up, until my being at Court to show it
+myself unto her Majesty, who was for the time at Greenwich, where her
+Majesty was in great merriness and dancing after supper; but so soon as
+the Secretary Cecil rounded the news in her ear of the Prince's birth
+all merriness was laid aside for that night, every one that were present
+marvelling what might move so sudden a changement; for the Queen sat
+down with her hand upon her haffet {cheek}, and bursting out to some of
+her ladies, how that the Queen of Scotland was lighter of a fair son,
+and that she was but a barren stock.... The next morning was appointed
+unto me to get audience ... she ... said, that the joyful news of the
+Queen her sister's delivery of a fair son, which I had sent unto her by
+Master Cecil, had recovered her out of a heavy sickness which has held
+her fifteen days. Therefore she welcomed me with a merry volt
+{countenance}, and thanked me for the diligence I had used. All this she
+said before I had delivered unto her my letter of credence. After that
+she had read it, I declared how that the Queen had hasted me towards her
+Majesty, whom she knew of all other her friends would be gladdest of the
+good news of her birth, albeit dear bought with the peril of her life;
+for I said that she was so sore handled in the meantime that she wished
+never to have been married. This I said to give her a little scare to
+marry, by the way; for so my brother had informed me, because she
+boasted sometimes to marry the Archduke Charles of Austria, when any man
+pressed her to declare a second person {heir}. Then I requested her
+Majesty to be a gossip unto the Queen, for our cummer are called gossips
+in England; which she granted gladly to be.
+
+_MARY AND DARNLEY_
+
+_Herries's Memoirs_, p. 79. (_Abbotsford Club._)
+
+About two o'clock in the afternoon the King came to visit the Queen, and
+was desirous to see the child. "My Lord," says the Queen, "God has given
+you and me a son, begotten by none but you!" At which words the King
+blushed, and kissed the child. Then she took the child in her arms, and
+discovering his face, said, "My Lord, here I protest to God, and as I
+shall answer to Him at the great day of judgment, this is your son, and
+no other man's son! And I am desirous that all here, with ladies and
+others, bear witness; for he is so much your own son, that I fear it
+will be the worse for him hereafter!" Then she spoke to Sir William
+Stanley. "This," says she, "is the son whom (I hope) shall first unite
+the two kingdoms of Scotland and England!" Sir William answered, "Why,
+Madam? Shall he succeed before your Majesty and his father?" "Because,"
+says she, "his father has broken to me." The King was by and heard all.
+Says he, "Sweet Madam, is this your promise that you made to forgive and
+forget all?" The Queen answered, "I have forgiven all, but will never
+forget. What if Faudonside's pistol had shot, what would have become of
+him and me both? or what estate would you have been in? God only knows;
+but we may suspect." "Madam," answered the King, "these things are all
+past." "Then," says the Queen, "let them go."
+
+
+Rejoicings in Edinburgh.
+
+_Claude Nau's Memorials_, p. 27.
+
+Immediately upon the birth of the Prince, all the artillery of the
+castle was discharged, and the lords, the nobles, and the people
+gathered in St. Giles' Church to thank God for the honour of having an
+heir to their kingdom. After the birth, certain gentlemen were
+despatched to the King of France, the Queen of England, and the Duke of
+Savoy, to ask them to be godfathers and godmothers to the Prince, to
+which they very gladly consented.
+
+
+_ELIZABETH AGAIN QUESTIONED_
+
+Elizabeth and the Rebels.
+
+_Mary to Elizabeth_, July 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 442.
+
+Right excellent, right high and mighty Princess, our dearest sister and
+cousin, in our most hearty manner we commend us unto you: We have
+understood by your declaration made ... to our dearest brother the King
+of France, ... that neither ye had aided nor were minded to aid and
+support our rebels against us, which we have always taken to be
+undoubtedly true, ... yet we have certain knowledge that our said rebels
+were supported with the sum of three thousand crowns, sent to the Lady
+Murray by Master Randolph about the middle of August by-past, as the man
+who carried the money has confessed in his own presence; which his
+proceeding as we have just occasion to think most strange ... we ...
+have taken occasion to send him home to you, where his behaviour in this
+case may be tried, and he ordered accordingly at your discretion.
+
+
+_QUEEN MARY'S WISE CONDUCT_
+
+Mary's Treatment of Darnley.
+
+_M. le Croc, French Ambassador in Scotland, to the Archbishop of
+Glasgow, Scottish Ambassador in France, from Jedburgh_, October 15,
+1566. _Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 448.
+
+The Queen is now returned from Stirling to Edinburgh.... The King,
+however, abode at Stirling, and he told me there that he had a mind to
+go beyond sea, in a sort of desperation.... Since that time the Earl of
+Lennox his father came to visit him; and he has written a letter to the
+Queen signifying that it is not in his power to divert his son from his
+intended voyage, and prays her Majesty to use her influence therein.
+This letter from the Earl of Lennox the Queen received on Michaelmas Day
+in the morning; and that same evening the King arrived here about ten of
+the clock.... Early next morning the Queen sent for me, and for all the
+Lords and other counsellors. As we were all met in their Majesties'
+presence, the Bishop of Ross by the Queen's commandment declared to the
+Council the King's intention to go beyond sea; for which purpose he had
+a ship lying ready to sail; ... and thereafter the Queen prayed the King
+to declare in presence of the Lords and before me the reason of his
+projected departure.... She likewise took him by the hand, and besought
+him for God's sake to declare if she had given him any cause for this
+resolution; and entreated he might deal plainly, and not spare her.
+Moreover, all the Lords likewise said to him, that if there was any
+fault on their part, upon his declaring it they were ready to perform
+it. And I likewise took the freedom to tell him, that his departure must
+certainly affect either his own or the Queen's honour--that if the Queen
+had afforded any ground for it, his declaring the same would affect her
+Majesty; as, on the other hand, if he should go away without giving any
+cause for it, this thing could not at all redound to his praise.... The
+King at last declared that he had no ground at all given him for such a
+deliberation; and thereupon he went out of the chamber of presence,
+saying to the Queen, "Adieu, Madam, you shall not see my face for a long
+space." ... I never saw her Majesty so much beloved, esteemed, and
+honoured; nor so great a harmony amongst all her subjects, as at present
+is by her wise conduct, for I cannot perceive the smallest difference or
+division.
+
+_SUBSEQUENT ACCUSATIONS_
+
+_Buchanan's Detection._
+
+Not long after her deliverance, on a day very early, accompanied with
+very few that were privy of her counsel, she went down to the
+water-side, at the place called the New Haven; and while all marvelled
+whither she went in such haste, she suddenly entered into a ship there
+provided for her; which ship was provided by ... Bothwell's servants,
+and famous robbers and pirates. With this train of thieves, all honest
+men wondering at it, she betook herself to sea, taking not any other
+with her, no not of her gentlemen, nor necessary attendants for common
+honesty. In Alloa castle, where the ship arrived, how she behaved
+herself, I had rather every man should with himself imagine it, than
+hear me declare it. This one thing I dare affirm, that in all her words
+and doings, she never kept any regard, I will not say of Queen-like
+Majesty, but not of matron-like modesty.... In the meantime, the King
+being commanded out of sight, and with injuries and miseries banished
+from her, kept himself close, with a few of his friends, at Stirling....
+Yet his heart, obstinately fixed in loving her, could not be restrained,
+but he must needs come back to Edinburgh, on purpose, with all kind of
+serviceable humbleness, to get some entry into her former favour, and to
+recover the kind society of marriage. Who once again being with most
+dishonourable disdain excluded, returned from whence he came, there to
+bewail his woeful miseries, as in a solitary desert.
+
+_Nau's Memorials_, p. 29.
+
+About the beginning of August the Queen crossed the sea and went to
+Alloa, a house belonging to the Earl of Mar, where she remained for some
+days in the company of the ladies of her court and the said earl.
+
+
+_THE QUEEN AND A POOR WOMAN_
+
+Mary and the Poor.
+
+_The Lennox_, vol. ii. p. 429.
+
+Trusty Friend,--Forasmuch as it is heavily bemoaned and piteously
+complained to us by this poor woman, that ye have violently ejected her
+with a company of poor bairns forth of her kindly room, after {although}
+willing to pay your duty thankfully: therefore (in respect that if ye be
+so extreme as to depauperate the poor woman and her bairns) we will
+desire you to show some favour and accept them in their steading
+{habitation} as ye have done in times bygone; the which we doubt not but
+ye will do for this our request, and as ye shall report our thanks and
+pleasure for the same. At Alloa, the penult of July 1566.
+
+ MARIE R.
+
+To our trusty friend, Robert Murray of Abercairney, this be delivered.
+
+
+The Ride to Hermitage.
+
+_Diurnal of Occurrents._
+
+Upon the 7th day of October 1566 years, our sovereign lady, accompanied
+with the nobility of this realm, departed of Edinburgh towards Jedburgh,
+to hold a justice eyre there, which was proclaimed to be held upon the
+eighth day of the same month.
+
+Upon the same day, James, Earl Bothwell ... being sent by our sovereigns
+to bring in certain thieves and malefactors of Liddesdale to the justice
+eyre ... chanced upon a thief called John Elliot of the Park.... The
+said earl shot him with a dagg {pistol} in the body.... The said John
+perceiving himself shot and the Earl fallen, he went to him where he
+lay, and gave him three wounds, one in the body, one in the head, and
+one in the hand; and my lord gave him two strokes with a hanger, ... and
+the said thief departed, and my lord lay in swoon, while his servants
+came and carried him to the Hermitage....
+
+_FROM JEDBURGH TO HERMITAGE_
+
+Upon the fifteenth day of the said month of October, our sovereign lady
+rode from Jedburgh to the Hermitage {about 30 miles}, wherein my Lord
+Bothwell was lying in mending of his wound, and spake with the same
+earl, and returned again the same night to Jedburgh.
+
+_Nau's Memorials_, p. 30.
+
+The Earl of Bothwell was so dangerously wounded in the hand that every
+one thought he would die. He thought so himself. Such being the case,
+her Majesty was both solicited and advised to pay him a visit at his
+house, called the Hermitage, in order that she might learn from him the
+state of affairs in these districts, of which the said lord was
+hereditary governor. With this object in view, she went very speedily,
+in the company of the Earl of Moray and some other lords, in whose
+presence she conversed with Bothwell for some hours, and on the same day
+returned to Jedburgh.
+
+
+_BUCHANAN'S VERSION_
+
+Buchanan on the Ride to Hermitage.
+
+_Detection._
+
+When the Queen had resolved to set out for Jedburgh to hold the Assizes,
+about the beginning of October, Bothwell made an expedition into
+Liddesdale. While he was conducting himself there in a manner worthy
+neither of the place to which he had been raised nor of his family and
+of what might have been expected of him, he was wounded by a dying
+robber. He was carried to the castle of Hermitage in a condition such as
+to make his recovery uncertain. When this news is carried to the Queen
+at Borthwick, although it was a severe winter, she flies off like a mad
+woman, with enormous journeys first to Melrose and then to Jedburgh.
+Although reliable reports about his life had reached that place, her
+eager mind was unable to retain self-control and to prevent her from
+displaying her shameless lust. At an unfavourable season, in spite of
+the danger of the roads and of robbers, she threw herself into the
+expedition with such an escort as no one slightly more honourable would
+have dared to entrust with life and fortune. Furthermore, when she
+returned to Jedburgh she arranged, with extraordinary zeal and care, for
+Bothwell's being carried thither. After he was brought there, their life
+and conversation was little in accordance with the dignity of either of
+them.
+
+ [The distance from Borthwick Castle to Jedburgh is about sixty
+ miles.]
+
+
+_A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY PHYSICIAN_
+
+The Queen's Illness at Jedburgh.
+
+_John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, to the Archbishop of Glasgow._
+October 27, 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. iii. p. 286.
+
+My Lord,--After most hearty commendations, I write upon haste to your
+Lordship with Saunders Bog, who was sent by M. de Croc this last
+Wednesday to advertise of the Queen's Majesty's sickness, which at that
+time was wondrous great; for assuredly her Majesty was so handled with
+great vehemency, that all that were with her were desperate of her
+convalescence. Nevertheless, soon after the departing of Saunders Bog,
+her Majesty got some relief, which lasted till Thursday at ten hours at
+even, at which time her Majesty swooned again, and failed in her sight;
+her feet and her hands were cold, which were handled by extreme rubbing,
+drawing, and other cures, by the space of four hours, that no creature
+could endure greater pain; and through the vehemency of this cure her
+Majesty got some relief, till about six hours in the morning on Friday,
+that her Majesty became dead, and all her members cold, eyes closed,
+mouth fast, and feet and arms stiff and cold. Nevertheless, Master Nau,
+who is a perfect man of his craft, would not give the matter over in
+that manner, but of new began to draw her knees, legs, arms, feet, and
+the rest, with such vehement torments, which lasted the space of three
+hours, till her Majesty recovered again her sight and speech, and got a
+great sweating, which was held the relief of the sickness, because it
+was on the ninth day, which commonly is called the crisis of the
+sickness, and so here thought the cooling of the fever. And since then
+continually, thanks to God, her Majesty convalesces better and
+better.... Always, I assure your Lordship, in all this sickness, her
+Majesty used herself marvellous godly and Catholic, and continually
+desired to hear speak of God and godly prayers....
+
+_THE QUEEN'S RECOVERY_
+
+ [Mr. Small, in his "Queen Mary at Jedburgh" (p. 18), gives the
+ following as the opinion of "a distinguished physician" on the
+ illness:--"An attack of haematemesis, or effusion of blood into the
+ stomach, subsequently discharged by vomiting; presenting also,
+ possibly, hysterical complications, the whole induced by
+ over-exertion and vexation."]
+
+_Marc Antonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassador in France to the
+Signory, from Paris_, Nov. 6, 1566. _Venetian Calendar._
+
+The Ambassador from Scotland came to me to-day with the good news that
+his Queen ... is so much better that it is hoped and almost believed
+that she is certain to live.
+
+The illness was caused by her dissatisfaction at a decision made by the
+King, her husband, to go to a place twenty-five or thirty miles distant
+without assigning any cause for it; which departure so afflicted this
+unfortunate Princess, not so much for the love she bears him as from the
+consequences of his absence, which reduced her to the extremity heard of
+by your Serenity.
+
+
+_BUCHANAN ON CRAIGMILLAR CONFERENCE_
+
+1566.--The Craigmillar Conference.
+
+_Buchanan's Detection._
+
+About the 5th November she returned from Jedburgh to a village called
+Kelso, and there she received letters from the King. When she had read
+these in the presence of the Regent, the Earl of Huntly, and the
+Secretary, with a sad countenance, she said that unless by some means
+she were freed from the King her life would not be worth living; and
+that if it could be done in no other way, rather than live in such
+misery, she would take her life with her own hand.... When, about the
+end of November, she came to Craigmillar, a castle about two miles from
+Edinburgh, she commenced a similar conversation in the presence of the
+Earl of Moray (afterwards Regent, and now himself dead), the Earl of
+Argyle, and the Secretary. She mentioned what seemed to her a
+satisfactory plan. She projected a suit of divorce against the King, and
+doubted not but that it could easily be done, since they were in that
+degree of consanguinity which is forbidden by Canon Law for the
+contraction of matrimony, although they had been by letters easily
+exempted from that law. At this point some one raised an objection,
+that, if it were so managed, their son would be illegitimate, being born
+out of matrimony, and the more so that neither of the parents was
+ignorant of the causes that rendered the marriage null. She considered
+that reply for a little, and recognised its truth. Not daring to enter
+upon a scheme which would thus affect her son, she abandoned her project
+of a divorce, nor did she ever afterwards let slip any opportunity of
+getting rid of the King, as may be readily gathered from what remains to
+tell.
+
+_The Protestation of the Earls of Huntly and Argyll, 1568, Goodall's
+Examination_, vol. ii. pp. 316-321, from Cott. Lib. Calig.,
+vol. i. p. 282.
+
+ [The following "Protestation" was drawn up by Queen Mary's advisers
+ during the Westminster Conference (_infra_, pp. 143 _et seq._), and
+ was despatched to Huntly for his own and Argyll's signature. It
+ was, however, seized and sent to Cecil, without its having reached
+ its destination. It is placed here for the sake of comparison with
+ Buchanan's account of the Conference. It may be noted here that in
+ another document (Instructions and Articles to be advised on and
+ agreed, so far as the Queen's Majesty, our Sovereign, shall think
+ expedient, at the meeting of the Lords in England, committed in
+ credit by ... her Grace's true faithful subjects--_Goodall_, vol.
+ ii. p. 354), signed by Lords Huntly, Argyll, Crawford, Eglinton,
+ Cassilis, Errol, Ogilvie, Fleming, and many others of Mary's
+ supporters, the following sentence refers to this
+ Conference:--"They caused make offers to our said Sovereign Lady,
+ if her Grace would give remission to them that were banished at
+ that time, to find causes of divorce, either for consanguinity, in
+ respect they alleged the dispensation was not published, or else
+ for adultery; or then {else} to get him convict of treason, because
+ he consented to her Grace's retention in ward; or what other ways
+ to despatch him; which altogether her Grace refused, as is
+ manifestly known." The "Dispensation" is the Papal Dispensation for
+ the Darnley marriage, Mary and Darnley being within the forbidden
+ degrees.]
+
+_A CONFERENCE OF THE EARLS_
+
+In the year of God 1566 years, in the month of December, or thereby,
+after her Highness's great and extreme sickness, and return from
+Jedburgh, her Grace being in the castle of Craigmillar, accompanied by
+us above written {_i.e._ Huntly and Argyll}, and by the Earls of
+Bothwell, Murray, and Secretary Lethington; the said Earl of Murray and
+Lethington came into the chamber of us the Earl of Argyll in the
+morning, we being in our bed; who, lamenting the banishment of the Earl
+of Morton, Lords Lindsay and Ruthven, with the rest of their faction,
+said, that the occasion of the murder of David, slain by them in
+presence of the Queen's Majesty, was to trouble and impesche {prevent}
+the parliament; wherein the Earl of Murray and others were to have been
+forfeited and declared rebels. And seeing that the same was chiefly for
+the welfare of the Earl of Murray, it should be esteemed ingratitude if
+he and his friends in reciprocal manner, did not strive all that in them
+lay for relief of the said banished ones; wherefor they thought that we,
+of our part, should have been as desirous thereto as they were.
+
+And we agreeing to the same, to do all that was in us for their relief,
+providing that the Queen's Majesty should not be offended thereat; on
+this Lethington proposed and said, "That the nearest and best way to
+obtain the said Earl of Morton's pardon, was, to promise to the Queen's
+Majesty to find a means to make divorcement between her Grace and the
+King her husband, who had offended her Highness so highly in many ways."
+
+And then they send to my Lord of Huntly, praying him to come to our
+chamber.... And thereon we four, viz., Earls of Huntly, Argyll, Murray,
+and Secretary Lethington, passed all to the Earl of Bothwell's chamber,
+to understand his advice on the proposals; wherein he gainsaid no more
+than we.
+
+_THEIR PROPOSITION MADE TO THE QUEEN_
+
+So thereafter we passed altogether to the Queen's Grace; where
+Lethington, after he had remembered her Majesty of a great number of
+grievous and intolerable offences, that the King, as he said, ungrateful
+for the honour he had received from her Highness, had done to her Grace,
+and continued every day from bad to worse; proposed, "That if it pleased
+her Majesty to pardon the Earl of Morton, Lords Ruthven and Lindsay,
+with their company, they should find the means with the rest of the
+nobility, to make divorcement between her Highness and the King her
+husband, which should not need her Grace to meddle therewith. To the
+which, it was necessary that her Majesty take heed to come to a decision
+therein, as well for her own relief as for the good of the realm; for he
+troubled her Grace and us all; and remaining with her Majesty, would not
+cease till he did her some other evil turn."
+
+After these persuasions and divers others, which the said Lethington
+used, besides those which every one of us showed particularly to her
+Majesty to bring her to the said purpose, her Grace answered: That under
+two conditions she might agree to the same; the one, that the
+divorcement were made lawfully; the other, that it were not prejudicial
+to her son; otherwise her Highness would rather endure all torments, and
+abide the perils that might befall her in her Grace's lifetime. The Earl
+of Bothwell answered, "That he doubted not but the divorcement might be
+made without prejudice of my Lord Prince in any way," alleging the
+example of himself, that he failed not to succeed to his father's
+heritage without any difficulty, albeit there was a divorce between him
+and his mother.
+
+_THE QUEEN'S ANSWER_
+
+It was also proposed that, after their divorcement, the King should be
+alone in one part of the country, and the Queen's Majesty in another, or
+else that he should retire to another realm; and herein her Majesty
+said, "That peradventure he would change his course, and that it were
+better that she herself passed into France for a time, waiting till he
+acknowledged his fault." Then Lethington, taking the speech, said,
+"Madam, think you not we are here, of the principal members of your
+Grace's nobility and council, and that we shall find the means that your
+Majesty shall be quit of him without prejudice of your son. And albeit
+that my Lord of Murray here present be little less scrupulous for a
+Protestant, than your Grace is for a Papist, I am assured he will look
+through his fingers thereto, and will behold our doings, saying nothing
+to the same." The Queen's Majesty answered, "I will that ye do nothing
+through which any spot may be laid upon my honour or conscience, and
+therefore I pray you, rather let the matter be in the condition that it
+is, abiding till God of His goodness put remedy thereto; lest you
+believing that you are doing me a service, may possibly turn to my hurt
+and displeasure." "Madam," said Lethington, "let us guide the matter
+among us, and your Grace shall see nothing but good, and approved by
+Parliament."
+
+So since the murder of the said Henry Stewart followed this, we judge in
+our consciences, and hold for certain and truth, that the said Earl of
+Murray and Secretary Lethington were authors, inventors, devisers,
+counsellors, and sources of the said murder, in whatever manner, or by
+whatsoever persons, the same was executed.
+
+
+_THE QUEEN AND DARNLEY_
+
+Events immediately before the Murder of Darnley.
+
+_M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh._
+December 2, 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 96.
+
+The Queen is for the present at Craigmillar, about a league distant from
+this city. She is in the hands of the physicians, and I do assure you is
+not at all well; and do believe the principal part of her disease to
+consist in a deep grief and sorrow. Nor does it seem possible to make
+her forget the same. Still she repeats these words: _I could wish to be
+dead_. You know very well that the injury she has received is
+exceedingly great, and her Majesty will never forget it. The King, her
+husband, came to visit her at Jedburgh the very day after Captain Hay
+went away. He remained there but one single night; and yet in that short
+time I had a great deal of conversation with him.... I think he intends
+to go away tomorrow; but in any event I'm much assured, as I always have
+been, that he won't be present at the baptism. To speak my mind freely
+to you ... I do not expect, upon several accounts, any good
+understanding between them, unless God effectually put to His hand. The
+first is, the King will never humble himself as he ought; the other is,
+the Queen can't perceive any one nobleman speaking with the King, but
+presently she suspects some contrivance among them.
+
+_DARNLEY AND THE BAPTISM_
+
+_M. le Croc to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Glasgow._
+December 26, 1566. _Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 97.
+
+The baptism of the Prince was performed Tuesday last, when he got the
+name of Charles James. It was the Queen's pleasure that he should bear
+the name James, together with that of Charles (the King of France's
+name). Everything at this solemnity was done according to the form of
+the Holy Roman Catholic Church. The King (Lord Darnley) had still given
+out that he would depart two days before the baptism, but when the time
+came on he made no sign of removing at all, only he still kept close
+within his own apartment. The very day of the baptism he sent three
+several times desiring me either to come and see him, or to appoint him
+an hour that he might come to me in my lodgings, so that I found myself
+obliged at last to signify to him that seeing he was in no good
+correspondence with the Queen, I had it in charge from the most
+Christian King to have no conference with him.... His bad deportment is
+incurable, nor can there ever be any good expected from him.... I can't
+pretend to foretell how all may turn; but I will say that matters can't
+subsist long as they are without being accompanied with sundry bad
+consequences.... The Queen behaved herself admirably well all the time
+of the baptism, and showed so much earnestness to entertain all the
+goodly company in the best manner, that this made her forget in a good
+measure her former ailments. But I am of the mind, however, that she
+will give us some trouble as yet; nor can I be brought to think
+otherwise so long as she continues to be so pensive and melancholy.
+
+
+_AN INSULT TO THE ENGLISH_
+
+An Incident of the Baptism.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 171.
+
+At the principal banquet there fell out a great flaw and grudge among
+the Englishmen, for a Frenchman called Bastien devised a number of men
+formed like satyrs, with long tails and whips in their hands, running
+before the meat, which was brought through the great hall upon a trim
+engine, marching, as it appeared, alone, with musicians clothed like
+maidens, playing upon all sorts of instruments and singing of music. But
+the satyrs were not content only to clear round, but put their hands
+behind them to their tails, which they wagged with their hands, in such
+sort as the Englishmen supposed it had been devised and done in derision
+of them, daftly {foolishly} apprehending that which they should not seem
+to have understood.... So soon as they saw the satyrs wagging their
+tails[17] ... they all sat down upon the bare floor behind the back of
+the board, that they should not see themselves scorned, as they thought.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [17] It was a mediaeval superstition, especially in France, that the
+ English possessed tails, which had been affixed to their persons as
+ a punishment for their ill-treatment of a saint; the names of St.
+ Augustine and St. Thomas of Canterbury were used indifferently in
+ this connection. _Cf._ Mr. George Neilson's "Caudatus Anglicus: A
+ Mediaeval Slander."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+1566.--December 23. Restoration of the Consistorial Jurisdiction of the
+Archbishop of St. Andrews.
+
+_Laing_, II., 77. _from Privy Seal Record_, bk. 35, fol. 99.
+
+A letter made restoring and reproving our sovereign's well beloved and
+trusty councillor, John, Archbishop of St. Andrews, primate and legate
+of Scotland, to all and sundry his jurisdictions as well upon the south
+as north sides of the Forth within the diocese of St. Andrews, which
+pertained to the Archbishopric of the same, to be used by him and his
+commissaries in all time coming in the same manner and form of justice
+as it is now used.... At Stirling, this xxiii day of December, the year
+of God, 1566 years.
+
+ [The jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts had been abolished
+ in 1560. It was the Archbishop who pronounced the sentence of
+ divorce between Bothwell and his wife, either in virtue of this
+ general warrant, or by means of a special commission to try the
+ case. On the one side, this restoration of the Consistorial Court
+ is regarded as pointing to Mary's collusion with Bothwell, while
+ controversialists, on the other side, would connect it with the
+ proposal, made at Craigmillar, of a divorce between Mary and
+ Darnley.]
+
+
+_DARNLEY FALLS ILL_
+
+Darnley's Illness.
+
+_Buchanan's Detection._
+
+Before he had passed a mile from Stirling all the parts of his body were
+taken with such a sore ache, as it might easily appear that the same
+proceeded not of the force of any sickness, but by plain treachery. The
+token of which treachery, certain black pimples, so soon as he was come
+to Glasgow broke out over all his whole body, with so great ache and
+such pain throughout all his limbs, that he lingered out his life with
+very small hope of escape: and yet all this while, the Queen would not
+suffer so much as a physician once to come at him.
+
+_BUCHANAN v. BEDFORD_
+
+_The Earl of Bedford to Cecil, from Berwick_,
+January 9, 1566. _Foreign Calendar._
+
+The King is now at Glasgow with his father, and there lies full of the
+small-pox, to whom the Queen has sent her physician.
+
+_Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow, from Edinburgh_,
+January 20, 1567._ Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 101.
+
+For the King our husband, God knows always our part towards him; and his
+behaviour and thankfulness to us is semblablement well known to God and
+the world; specially our own indifferent subjects see it, and in their
+hearts, we doubt not, condemn the same. Always we perceive him occupied
+and busy enough to have inquisition of our doings, which, God willing,
+shall aye be such as none shall have occasion to be offended with them,
+or to report of us any way but honourably; howsoever he, his father, and
+their fautors speak, which we know want no good will to make us have
+ado, if their power were equivalent to their minds.
+
+_A WARNING TO THE QUEEN_
+
+_The Archbishop of Glasgow to Queen Mary, from Paris_, January 17, 1567.
+_Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 103.
+
+I have heard some murmuring ... that there be some surprise to be
+trafficked in your country, but he {the Spanish ambassador} would never
+let me know of any particular, only assured me he had written to his
+master to know if by that way he can try any further, and that he was
+advertised and counselled to cause me haste toward you herewith....
+Finally, I would beseech your Majesty right humbly to cause the captains
+of your guard be diligent in their office; for notwithstanding that I
+have no particular occasion wherein I desire it, yet can I not be out of
+fear till I hear of your news.... And so I pray the eternal Lord to
+preserve your Majesty from all dangers, with long life and good health.
+
+
+The Visit to Glasgow and the Murder.
+
+_Buchanan's Detection_ (First Scots translation, in
+_Anderson's Collections_, vol. ii. pp. 17-24).
+
+ [Buchanan's account of Queen Mary's visit to Glasgow should be
+ supplemented by a comparison with Crawford's "Deposition" (pp.
+ 208-213), with the Glasgow Letter (pp. 167-182), and with the
+ passage from Nau's "Memorials" on p. 111.]
+
+Herself goes to Glasgow; she pretends the cause of her journey to be to
+see the King alive, whose death she had continually gaped for the month
+before. But what was indeed the true cause of that journey, every man
+may plainly perceive by her letters to Bothwell. Being now out of care
+of her son, whom she had in her own ward, bending herself to the
+slaughter of her husband, to Glasgow she goes, accompanied with the
+Hamiltons, and other the King's natural enemies.
+
+_KIRK-OF-FIELD_
+
+Bothwell, as it was between them before accorded, provides all things
+ready that were needful to accomplish the heinous act; First of all, a
+house, not commodious for a sick man, nor comely for a King, for it was
+both riven and ruinous, and had stood empty without any dweller for
+divers years before, in a place of small resort, between old falling
+walls of two kirks, near a few almshouses for poor beggars. And that no
+commodious means for committing that mischief might be wanting, there is
+a postern door in the Town Wall, hard by the house, whereby they might
+easily pass away into the fields. In choosing of the place, she would
+needs have it thought that they had respect to the wholesomeness. And to
+avoid suspicion that this was a feigned pretence, herself the two nights
+before the day of the murder, lay there in a lower room, under the
+King's chamber. And as she did curiously put off the shows of suspicion
+from herself, so the execution of the slaughter she was content to have
+committed to another.
+
+_THE QUEEN GOES TO HOLYROOD_
+
+About three days before the King was slain, she practised to set her
+brother, Lord Robert, and him at deadly feud, making reckoning that it
+should be gain to her, whichsoever of them had perished. For matter to
+ground their dissension, she made rehearsal of the speech that the King
+had had with her concerning her brother; and when they both so grew in
+talk, as the one seemed to charge the other with the lie, at last they
+were in a manner come from words to blows. But while they were both
+laying their hands on their weapons, the Queen feigning as though she
+had been perilously afraid of that which she earnestly desired, called
+the Earl of Murray, her other brother, to the parting, to this intent,
+that she might either presently bring him in danger to be slain himself,
+or in time to come to bear the blame of such mischief as then might have
+happened....
+
+_THE MURDER_
+
+When all things were ready prepared for performing this cruel fact ...
+the Queen, for manners' sake, after supper, goes up to the King's
+lodging. There being determined to show him all the tokens of reconciled
+good will, she spent certain hours in his company, with countenance and
+talk much more familiar than she had used in six or seven months before.
+At the coming in of Paris, she broke off her talk and prepared to
+depart. This Paris was a young man born in France, and had lived certain
+years in the houses of Bothwell and Seton, and afterwards with the
+Queen. Whereas the other keys of that lodging were in custody of the
+King's servants, Paris, by feigning certain fond and slender causes, had
+in keeping the keys which Bothwell kept back, of the back gate and the
+postern. He was in special trust with Bothwell and the Queen, touching
+their secret affairs. His coming (as it was before agreed among them)
+was a watchword that all was ready for the matter. As soon as the Queen
+saw him, she rose up immediately, and feigning another cause to depart,
+she said, "Alas! I have much offended toward Sebastian this day, that I
+came not in a mask to his marriage." This Sebastian was an Avernois
+{Auvergnois}, a man in great favour with the Queen, for his cunning in
+music, and his merry jesting, and was married the same day. The King
+thus left, in manner, alone, in a desolate place, the Queen departs,
+accompanied with the Earls of Argyle, Huntly, and Cassilis, that
+attended upon her. After that she was come into her chamber, after
+midnight, she was in long talk with Bothwell, none being present but the
+captain of her guard. And when he also withdrew himself, Bothwell was
+there left alone, without other company, and shortly after retired into
+his own chamber. He changed his apparel, because he would be unknown of
+such as met him, and put on a loose cloak, such as the Swartrytters[18]
+wear, and so went forward through the watch to execute his intended
+traitorous fact. The whole order of the doing thereof may be easily
+understood by their confessions who were put to death for it.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [18] German. Black Riders, or heavy cavalry.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Bothwell, after the deed was ended that he went for, returned, and as if
+he had been ignorant of all that was done, he gat him to bed. The Queen,
+in the meantime, in great expectation of the success, how finely she
+played her part (as she thought) it is marvell to tell; for she not once
+stirred at the noise of the fall of the house, which shook the whole
+town, nor at the fearful outcries that followed, and confused cries of
+the people (for I think there happened her not any new thing unlooked
+for) till Bothwell, feigning himself afraid, rose again out of his bed,
+and came to her with the Earls of Argyle, Huntly, and Athole, and with
+the wives of the Earls of Mar and Athole, and with the Secretary. There,
+while the monstrous chance was in telling, while every one wondered at
+the thing, that the King's lodging was even from the very foundation
+blown up in the air, and the King himself slain; in this amazedness and
+confused fear of all sorts of persons, only that same heroical heart of
+the Queen maintained itself, so far from casting herself down into base
+lamentations and tears, unbeseeming the royal name, blood, and estate,
+that she matched, or rather far surmounted all credit of the constancy
+of any in former times. This also proceeded of the same nobility of
+courage, that she sent out the most part of them that were then about
+her, to inquire out the manner of the doing, and commanded the soldiers
+that watched to follow, and she herself settled her to rest, with a
+countenance so quiet, and mind so untroubled, that she sweetly slept
+till the next day at noon. But lest she should appear void of all
+naturalness at the death of her husband, by little and little, at length
+she kept her close, and proclaimed a mourning not long to endure.
+
+
+_MARY ON THE MURDER_
+
+Mary's Description of the Murder.
+
+_Queen Mary to the Archbishop of Glasgow_, February 11 [10?], 1567.
+_Keith's History_, vol. i. p. 101.
+
+_A PLOT AGAINST BOTH KING AND QUEEN_
+
+We have received this morning your letters of the 27th January by your
+servant Robert Dury, containing in one part such advertisement as we
+find by effect over true. Albeit the success has not altogether been
+such as the authors of that mischievous fact had preconceived in their
+mind, and had put it in execution, if God in His mercy had not preserved
+us and reserved us, as we trust, to the end that we may take a rigorous
+vengeance of that mischievous deed, which as it should remain
+unpunished, we had rather lose life and all. The matter is horrible and
+so strange as we believe the like was never heard of in any country.
+This night past, being the 9th February, a little after two hours after
+midnight, the house wherein the King was lodged was in an instant blown
+in the air, he lying sleeping in his bed, with such a vehemency, that of
+the whole lodging, walls, and other, there is nothing remained, no, not
+a stone above another, but all carried far away or dashed in dross to
+the very ground-stone. It must be done by force of powder, and appears
+to have been a mine. By whom it has been done, or in what manner, it
+appears not as yet. We doubt not but according to the diligence our
+Council has begun already to use, the certainty of all shall be used
+shortly; and the same being discovered, which we wot God will never
+suffer to lie hid, we hope to punish the same with such rigour as shall
+serve for example of this cruelty to all ages to come. Always whoever
+have taken this wicked enterprise in hand, we assure ourselves it was
+dressed as well for us as for the King; for we lay the most part of all
+the last week in that same lodging, and were then accompanied with the
+most part of the Lords that are in this town that same night at
+midnight, and of every chance tarried not all night, by reason of some
+mask in the Abbey: but we believe it was not chance, but God that put it
+in our head. We despatched the bearer upon the sudden, and therefore
+write to you the more shortly....
+
+_NAU'S ACCOUNT OF THE MURDER_
+
+_Nau's Memorials_, p. 33.
+
+He {the King} went to Glasgow, where he was seized with the small-pox.
+He sent several times for the Queen, who was very ill, having been
+injured by a fall from her horse at Seton. At last she went, stayed with
+him, and attended him on his return to Edinburgh.... On his return to
+Edinburgh, the King lodged in a small house outside the town, which he
+had chosen in the report of James Balfour and some others. This was
+against the Queen's wishes, who was anxious to take him to Craigmillar,
+for he could not stay in Holyrood Palace lest he should give infection
+to the Prince. On his own account, too, he did not wish any one to see
+him in his present condition.... While he was in this house, the King
+was often visited by the Queen, with whom he was now perfectly
+reconciled. He promised to give her much information of the utmost
+importance to the life and quiet of both of them.... He warned her more
+particularly to be on her guard against Lethington, who, he said, was
+planning the ruin of the one by the means of the other.... That very
+night, as her Majesty was about to leave the King, she met Paris, Lord
+Bothwell's _valet-de-chambre_, and noticing that his face was all
+blackened with gunpowder, she exclaimed in the hearing of many of the
+lords, just as she was mounting her horse, "Jesu, Paris, how begrimed
+you are!" At this he turned very red.
+
+On the 10th of February 1567, about three or four o'clock in the
+morning, a match was put to the train of gunpowder, which had been
+placed under the King's house. It was afterwards made public that this
+had been done by the command and device of the Earls of Bothwell and
+Morton, James Balfour, and some others, who always afterwards pretended
+to be most diligent in searching out the murder which they themselves
+had committed. Morton had secretly returned from England, to which he
+had been banished.
+
+_THE ORIGIN OF THE CRIME_
+
+This crime was the result of a bond into which they had entered. It was
+written by Alexander Hay, at that time one of the clerks of the Council,
+and signed by the Earls of Moray, Huntly, Bothwell, and Morton, by
+Lethington, James Balfour, and others, who had combined for this
+purpose. They protested that they were acting for the public good of the
+realm, pretending that they were freeing the Queen from the bondage and
+misery into which she had been reduced by the King's behaviour.... He
+was but deceiving the Queen, whom they often blamed for so faithfully
+having come to a good understanding with her husband; and they told her
+that he was putting a knife not only to their throats but to her own.
+
+The King's body was blown into the garden by the violence of the
+explosion, and a poor English valet of his, who slept in his room, was
+there killed.... Earl Bothwell was much suspected of this villainous and
+detestable murder.... If we may judge by the plots, deeds, and
+contrivances of his associates, it would seem that after having used him
+to rid themselves of the King, they designed to make Bothwell their
+instrument to ruin the Queen, their true and lawful sovereign.
+
+Their plan was this, to persuade her to marry the Earl of Bothwell, so
+that they might charge her with being in the plot against her late
+husband, and a consenting party to his death. This they did shortly
+after, appealing to the fact that she had married the murderer.
+
+_ANOTHER ACCOUNT BY BUCHANAN_
+
+Buchanan (_Translated from History_, xx. 35).
+
+The Archbishop of St. Andrews, who lived nearest, willingly undertook
+the task of killing the King, when it was offered to him, both on
+account of old enmities, and in the hope of bringing the succession
+nearer his own family. He chose, accordingly, six or eight of the most
+abandoned of his retainers, and entrusted the matter to them, giving
+them the keys of the King's lodging. They entered very quietly into his
+chamber, strangled him as he lay sleeping, and carried his body through
+the postern into a garden beside the walls. Then, at a given signal,
+fire was applied to the house.
+
+ [The question as to the manner of Darnley's death has given rise to
+ considerable discussion. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Paris
+ (vide pp. 144, 215-218) agree in representing that the King was
+ killed by the explosion. On the other hand, Drury, who wrote to
+ Cecil on 24th April {Foreign Calendar}, and Count Moretta, the
+ agent of the Duke of Savoy, who was in Edinburgh {Labanoff, vii.
+ 108}, state that he was strangled. The facts that the bodies of
+ Darnley and his servant, Taylor, were found together, in the
+ garden, at some little distance from the house, without violent
+ injury; that Darnley's pelisse and slippers were found beside him;
+ and that the other bodies were found among the ruins, must be taken
+ into account in forming a judgment on the question.]
+
+
+
+
+SECTION V
+
+FROM THE MURDER OF DARNLEY TO THE FLIGHT INTO ENGLAND
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Introductory Note.
+
+ 2. Mary's seizure by Bothwell.
+ (_a_) The Ainslie Bond.
+ (_b_) Mary's description.
+ (_c_) Description in the Diurnal of Occurrents.
+ (_d_) Guzman de Silva to Philip II.
+
+ 3. The Bothwell Marriage.
+ (_a_) The Divorce.
+ (_b_) The Dukedom of Orkney.
+ (_c_) The Marriage.
+ (_d_) Mary's demeanour, as described by Du Croc and Drury.
+
+ 4. Carberry Hill.
+
+ 5. Mary in Lochleven.
+ (_a_) Guzman de Silva on the nature of the Rebellion.
+ (_b_) Elizabeth's intervention.
+ (_c_) De Silva's conversation with Murray--the first suggestion
+ of the Casket Letters.
+
+ 6. The escape from Lochleven.
+
+
+_LENNOX AND THE QUEEN_
+
+1567.--April 19. Mary's Capture by Bothwell.
+
+ [The Register of the Privy Council tells that, on February 12th,
+ the Queen offered to the first revealer of the crime, "although he
+ be one culpable and participant of the said crime," a reward of two
+ thousand pounds and "ane honest yeirlie rent." Public opinion
+ pointed to Bothwell as the murderer, and anonymous placards
+ appeared in the streets of Edinburgh accusing him. Lennox
+ approached the Queen demanding a trial. On March 1st (in reply to
+ his letter of February 26th) Mary wrote asking a list of names. He
+ sent, on the 17th, the names of Bothwell, Sir James Balfour, David
+ Chalmers, John Spens, Francis Bastian, John de Bourdeaux, and
+ Joseph Riccio,--the last four were attendants on the Queen. On
+ March 28th the Privy Council fixed the trial for April 12th. On the
+ 11th, Lennox wrote asking a postponement of the trial and the
+ imprisonment of the persons he had named, or whom he might suspect.
+ The request was not granted, and the trial took place on the 12th.
+ The Earl of Argyll, hereditary Lord-Justice, took his place as
+ President of the Court, and the Earl of Caithness was Chancellor of
+ the jury. Lennox put forward his demand for a postponement, which
+ was refused, Bothwell urging that the Privy Council had fixed an
+ early date in accordance with Lennox's own request. No witnesses
+ were produced by the prosecution, and Bothwell was acquitted. He
+ then challenged to single combat any one who might accuse him, and
+ the challenge was not accepted. In the Parliament which met on the
+ 16th, various confirmations of grants were made--the Castle of
+ Dunbar to Bothwell, the Earldom of Angus to Bothwell's nephew, and
+ various lands to Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington. No Parliament
+ had assembled since Mary's marriage to Darnley, and, accordingly,
+ the restoration of Murray and Morton to their titles and estates
+ was confirmed by statute. Although Parliament thus put its seal on
+ Bothwell's acquittal, by securing Dunbar to him, the popular
+ impression of his guilt was in no way lessened.]
+
+
+_THE AINSLIE BOND_
+
+A Bond by a Number of the Nobility to promote Bothwell's Marrying of
+Queen Mary.
+
+_Anderson's Collections_, vol. i. pp. 107-112, from
+Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. fol. 1.
+
+We undersubscribing, understanding that although the noble and mighty
+Lord James, Earl Bothwell, ... being not only bruitit {reported} and
+calumniated by placards, privily affixed on the public places of the
+Kirk of Edinburgh, and otherwise slandered by his evil willers, as art
+and part of the heinous murther of the King, ... but also by special
+letters sent to her Highness by the Earl of Lennox, and debated
+{accused} of the same crime ... he by condign inquest and assize of
+certain noblemen his peers and other barons of good reputation is found
+guiltless and innocent of the odious crime objected to him ... and we
+considering the anciency and nobleness of his house, the honourable and
+good service of his predecessors, and specially himself to our
+Sovereign, and for the defence of this her Highness' Realm against the
+enemies thereof, and the amity and friendship which so long has
+preserved betwix his House and every one of us.... Therefore obliges us,
+and every one of us, upon our Faith and Honours, and Truth in our
+bodies, as we are noblemen, and will answer to God, that in case
+hereafter any manner of person or persons ... shall happen to insist
+farther to the slander and calumniation of the said Earl of Bothwell, as
+participant, act or part, of the said heinous murther, ... we ... shall
+take ... plain and upright part with him, to the defence and maintenance
+of his quarrel.... Moreover, weighing and considering the time present,
+and how our Sovereign the Queen's Majesty is now destitute of a husband,
+in the which solitary state the Commonwealth of this Realm may not
+permit her Highness to continue and endure; ... and, therefore, in case
+the former affectionate and hearty service of the said Earl ... may move
+her Majesty so far to humble herself, as preferring one of her native
+born subjects unto all foreign princes, to take to Husband the said
+Earl, we, and every one of us undersubscribing, upon our Honours and
+Fidelity, obliges us, and promises, not only to further, advance, and
+set forward the marriage to be solemnised and completed betwix her
+Highness and the said noble Lord ... but in case any would presume
+directly or indirectly, openly, or under whatsoever colour or pretence,
+to hinder, hold back, or disturb the said marriage, we shall in that
+behalf, esteem, hold and repute the hinderers, adversaries or disturbers
+thereof as our common enemies and evil willers.... In witness of the
+which we have subscriyved these presents, as follows, at Edinburgh, the
+19 Day of April, the year of God, 1567 years.
+
+_SIGNATORIES TO THE BOND_
+
+The names of such of the nobility as subscribed the bond, so far as John
+Read {a dependent of Murray} might remember, of whom I had this copy,
+being in his own hand, being commonly termed in Scotland, Ainslie's
+Supper.
+
+The Earls--Murray, Huntly, Cassilis, Morton, Sutherland, Rothes,
+Glencairn, Caithness.
+
+Lords--Boyd, Seton, Sinclair, Semple, Oliphant, Ogilvie, Rosse-Hacat,
+Carlisle, Herries, Hume, and Innermeith.
+
+ [This note is appended to Cecil's copy of the bond. It should be
+ noted that Murray was not in Scotland at the time, and that his
+ name does not appear in a copy of the bond in the Scots College at
+ Paris, for which we have the authority of Sir James Balfour.]
+
+
+_THE QUEEN CAPTURED_
+
+1567.--May. Mary on her Capture. Instructions to the Bishop of Dunblane
+for the French Court.
+
+_Keith's History_, vol. ii. p. 592.
+
+In our returning he awaited us by the way, accompanied with a great
+force, and led us with all diligence to Dunbar.... And when he saw us
+like to reject all his suit and offers, in the end he showed us how far
+he was proceeded with our whole nobility and principals of our estates,
+and what they had promised him under their handwrites.... In the end,
+when we saw no esperance to be rid of him, never man in Scotland once
+making an attempt to procure our deliverance, ... so ceased he never
+till by persuasions and importune suit, accompanied not the less with
+force, he has finally driven us to end the work begun at such time and
+in such form as he thought might best serve his turn, wherein we cannot
+dissemble that he has used us otherwise than we would have wished, or
+yet have deserved at his hand.
+
+_Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland._
+
+And upon the twenty-fourth day of April, which was Saint Mark's even,
+our sovereign lady being riding from Stirling, whereto she passed a
+little of before to visit her son, as said is, to Edinburgh, James, Earl
+of Bothwell, accompanied with seven or eight hundred men and friends,
+whom he caused believe that he would ride upon the thieves of
+Liddesdale, met our sovereign lady betwix Kirkliston and Edinburgh, at a
+place called the Bridges, accompanied with a few number, and there took
+her person to the castle of Dunbar.
+
+_BOTHWELL AND MARY AT DUNBAR_
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King, from London._ May 3, 1567.
+_Spanish State Papers._
+
+On arriving six miles from Edinburgh, Bothwell met her with four hundred
+horsemen. As they arrived near the Queen with their swords drawn they
+showed an intention of taking her with them, whereupon some of those who
+were with her were about to defend her, but the Queen stopped them,
+saying she was ready to go with the Earl of Bothwell wherever he wished
+rather than bloodshed and death should result. She was taken to Dunbar,
+where she arrived at midnight, and still remains. Some say she will
+marry him, and they are so informed direct by some of the highest men in
+the country who follow Bothwell. They are convinced of this, both
+because of the favour the Queen has shown him, and because he has the
+national forces in his hands. Although the Queen sent secretly to the
+governor of the town of Dunbar to sally out with his troops and release
+her, it is believed that the whole thing has been arranged, so that if
+anything comes of the marriage, the Queen may make out that she was
+forced into it.
+
+
+_A FATAL MARRIAGE_
+
+The Bothwell Marriage.
+
+_Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland._
+
+Upon the third day of May 1567, the sentence of divorce was pronounced
+by the comissaries of Edinburgh, decerning and ordaining ... Jean Gordon
+{Countess of Bothwell} to be free to marry when she pleased, and the
+said Earl Bothwell to be an adulterer. This divorcement was made to the
+effect that the said Earl should marry the Queen's Majesty.
+
+_Ibid._
+
+Upon the twelfth day thairof {of May}, betwix seven and eight hours at
+even, James, Earl Bothwell, was made Duke of Orkney and Zetland, with
+great magnificence, ... and there were few or none of the nobility
+thereat.
+
+_Ibid._
+
+Upon the fifteenth day of May 1567, Mary, by the grace of God, Queen of
+Scots, was married on James, Duke of Orkney, Earl Bothwell, ... in the
+palace of Holyrood-house, within the old chapel, by Adam, Bishop of
+Orkney, not with the mass but with preaching, at ten hours afore noon.
+There were not many of the nobility of this realm thereat, except the
+Earl Crawford, the Earl Huntly, the Earl Sutherland, my Lords Arbroath,
+Oliphant, Fleming, Livingston, Glamis, and Boyd, John, Archbishop of St.
+Andrews, the Bishop of Dunblane, the Bishop of Ross, Orkney, with
+certain other small gentlemen, who waited upon the said Duke of Orkney.
+At this marriage there was neither pleasure nor pastime used, as use was
+wont to be used when princes were married.
+
+
+_NEITHER PLEASURE NOR PASTIME_
+
+1567.--May. Mary's Demeanour.
+
+_Du Croc to Catherine de Medici. Von Raumer's
+Elizabeth and Mary_, p. 99.
+
+It {the Bothwell marriage} is too unhappy, and begins already to be
+repented of. On Thursday the Queen sent for me, when I perceived
+something strange in the mutual behaviour of her and her husband. She
+attempted to excuse it, and said, "If you see me melancholy, it is
+because I do not choose to be cheerful; because I never will be so, and
+wish for nothing but death." Yesterday, when they were both in a room,
+with the Earl d'Aumale, she called aloud for a knife to kill herself;
+the persons in the ante-chamber heard it. I believe that if God does not
+support her, she will fall entirely into despair.
+
+_Sir William Drury to Cecil, from Berwick_, May 25. _Foreign Calendar._
+
+The Queen uses often with the Duke {Bothwell} to ride abroad, and they
+now make outward show of great content, but the company at Court
+increases not of one nobleman more than were at the marriage.
+
+_Ibid., May 27._
+
+The Duke openly uses great reverence to the Queen, ordinarily
+bareheaded, which she seems she would have otherwise, and will sometimes
+take his cap and put it on.
+
+
+"_NO HEARTS TO FIGHT IN THAT QUARREL_"
+
+1567.--June 15. Carberry Hill.
+
+_Melville's Memoirs_, p. 181.
+
+All Scotland cried out upon the foul murther of the King.... Whereupon
+the lords that had the enterprise in their heads were hasted forward to
+take arms.... The Earl of Bothwell again, having the Queen in his
+company, convened a greater number out of the Merse and Lothians, and
+out of all parts where he had means of friendship, at over her Majesty's
+proclamation, which was not well obeyed for the time; and so many as
+came had no hearts to fight in that quarrel. Yet the Earl Bothwell
+marched forward out of Dunbar {which was threatened by the lords},
+taking the Queen with him, towards Edinburgh. The lords again, with
+their companies, passed out of Edinburgh upon foot, with a great energy
+and fierceness to fight; both the armies not far from Carberry. The Earl
+Bothwell's men camped upon the hill head, in a strength very
+advantageous; the lords camped at the foot of the hill.
+
+Albeit her Majesty was there, I cannot name it to be her army, for many
+of them that were with her had opinion that she had intelligence with
+the lords; chiefly such as understood of the Earl Bothwell's mishandling
+of her, and many indignities that he had both said and done unto her,
+since their marriage was made. He was so beastly and suspicious, that he
+suffered her not to pass over a day in patience, not making her cause to
+shed abundance of salt tears. So part of his own company detested him;
+other part believed that her Majesty would fain have been quit of him,
+but thought shame to be the doer thereof directly herself.
+
+_BOTHWELL'S COWARDICE_
+
+In the meantime the laird of Grange rode about the brae.... When the
+Queen understood that the laird of Grange was chief of that company of
+horsemen, she sent the laird of Ormiston to desire him to come and speak
+with her under surety, which he did, after he had sent and obtained
+leave of the lords. As he was speaking with her Majesty, the Earl
+Bothwell had appointed a soldier to shoot him, until the Queen gave a
+cry, and said that he should not do her that shame, who had promised
+that he should come and return safely. For he was declaring unto the
+Queen how that all they would honour and serve her so that she would
+abandon the Earl Bothwell, who was the murderer of her own husband....
+
+_MARY'S LAST DAY IN EDINBURGH_
+
+The Earl Bothwell hearkened, and heard part of this language, and
+offered the singular combat to any man that would maintain that he had
+done it. The laird of Grange promised to send him an answer shortly
+thereanent.... He offered himself first.... The Earl Bothwell answered
+that he was neither lord nor earl, but a baron, and so could not be his
+peer. The like answer he made to Tullibardine. Then my Lord Lindsay
+offered to fight him, which he could not plainly refuse, but his heart
+cooled aye the longer the more. Then the Queen sent again for the laird
+of Grange, and said to him, that if the lords would do as he had spoken
+to her, she should put away the Earl Bothwell and come unto them.
+Whereupon he asked at them, if he might promise it to her Majesty in
+their name; which they willed him to do.... Her Majesty was that night
+conveyed to Edinburgh, and lodged in the middle of the town, in the
+provost's lodging. As she came through the town, the common people cried
+out against her Majesty at the windows and stairs, which it was a pity
+to hear. Her Majesty again cried out, to all gentlemen and others that
+passed up and down the causeway, declaring how that she was their native
+princess, and doubted not but all honest subjects would respect her as
+they ought to do, and not suffer her to be mishandled. Others again
+showed their malice, in setting up a banner or ensign, whereupon the
+King was painted lying dead under a tree, and the young prince sitting
+upon his knees, praying, "Judge, and revenge my cause, O Lord!"[19]
+
+That same night it was alleged that her Majesty wrote a letter unto the
+Earl Bothwell.... Upon the which letter the lords took occasion to send
+her to Lochleven to be kept, against promise as she alleged.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [19] Ps. xliii. 1.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+1567.--July 12. Lochleven Castle.
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King. Spanish State Papers._
+
+ [Mary was a prisoner in Lochleven from 17th June 1567 to 2nd May
+ 1568. The chief events of her captivity were her compulsory
+ abdication on 24th July, the coronation of her infant son on the
+ 29th of the same month, and the proclamation of the Earl of Murray
+ as Regent on August 22nd. Her escape was preceded by at least one
+ unsuccessful attempt. Murray visited Mary in Lochleven, and was by
+ her asked to undertake the Regency, according to a letter from
+ Throgmorton to Elizabeth, 20th August 1567 (in "Foreign Calendar,"
+ and in Keith's "History," vol. ii. p. 737).]
+
+Illustration: LOCHLEVEN CASTLE.
+
+... Croc, who was French Ambassador in Scotland, has passed here on his
+way to France, and there is nobody now representing his King.
+
+_THE CASKET LETTERS_
+
+The Ambassador here assures me that the King (of France) has in his
+favour both those who have assembled to detain the Queen (of Scots) and
+those who are against them, and has their signatures promising to keep
+up the friendship and alliance that the country has had with his
+predecessors. For this reason the King had proceeded in such a way as
+not to lose the support of the one side by taking up the cause of the
+other, but he could not avoid giving his aid to the Queen, whose
+adversaries assert positively that she knew she had been concerned in
+the murder of her husband, which was proved by letters under her own
+hand, copies of which were in his possession.
+
+ [This is the earliest known reference to the Casket Letters.]
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King, from London_, July 26.
+_Spanish State Papers._
+
+Four days ago the preacher and confessor of the Queen of Scotland
+arrived here. He is a Dominican Friar, a Frenchman named Roche Mameret,
+and was at the Council of Trent.... He is much grieved at events in
+Scotland, and the imprisonment of the Queen, but more than all at the
+marriage with Bothwell, since he already has a wife.... He assured me
+that those who had risen against the Queen had not been moved by zeal to
+punish the King's murder, as they had been enemies rather than friends
+of his; nor in consequence of the marriage, as they had been all in
+favour of it, and had signed their names to that effect without
+exception, either lay or clerical, apart from the Earl of Murray, but
+their sole object had been a religious one, as they thought the Queen,
+being a Catholic, might settle religion in a way not to their liking.
+
+_ELIZABETH'S INTERVENTION_
+
+_Queen Elizabeth to Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, in Scotland_,
+July 27, 1567. _Keith's History_, p. 702.
+
+You shall plainly declare unto them {the lords}, that if they shall
+determine anything to the deprivation of the Queen their sovereign lady
+of her royal estate, we are well assured of our own determination, and
+we have some just and probable cause to think the like of other Princes
+of Christendom, that we will make ourselves a plain party against them,
+for example to all posterity.
+
+ [This intervention by Elizabeth on Mary's behalf was the result of
+ reports which reached London that Mary's life was in danger. Her
+ death was demanded by certain of the Protestant clergy, and the
+ more ardent of their following.]
+
+_OPINION OF MARY'S CONFESSOR_
+
+_Guzman de Silva to the King, from London_, August 2.
+_Spanish State Papers._
+
+The Earl of Murray went to Scotland on the last day of July.... I
+visited him.... He repeated how displeased he was at the action of the
+lords in taking the Queen.... I said that her confessor had told me that
+as regarded the King's murder she had no knowledge whatever of it, and
+had been greatly grieved thereat.... He opened out somewhat, saying that
+my good will towards him prompted him to tell me something that he had
+not even told this Queen {Elizabeth}, although she had given him many
+remote hints upon the subject. This was that he considered it very
+difficult to arrange matters, as it was certain that the Queen had been
+cognisant of the murder of her husband, and he, Murray, was greatly
+grieved thereat. This had been proved beyond doubt by a letter which the
+Queen had written to Bothwell, containing three sheets of paper, written
+with her own hand, and signed by her, in which she says in substance
+that he is not to delay putting into execution that which he had
+arranged, because her husband used such fair words to deceive her and
+bring her round that she might be moved by them if the other thing were
+not done quickly. She said that she herself would go and fetch him, and
+would stop at a house on the road, where she would try to give him a
+draught, but if this could not be done, she would put him in the house
+where the explosion was arranged for the night upon which one of her
+servants was to be married. He, Bothwell, was to try to get rid of his
+wife either by putting her away or by poisoning her, since he knew that
+she, the Queen, had risked all for him, her honour, her kingdom, her
+wealth, and her God, contenting herself with his person alone. Besides
+this she had done an extraordinary and unexampled thing on the night of
+the murder in giving her husband a ring, petting and fondling him after
+plotting his murder, and this had been the worst thing in connection
+with it. Murray said he had heard about the letter from a man who had
+read it, and the rest was notorious.... He says he will do his best for
+her. I am more inclined to believe that he will do it for himself if he
+finds a chance, as he is a Scotchman, and a heretic....
+
+
+_END OF MARY'S FIRST IMPRISONMENT_
+
+The Escape from Lochleven.
+
+_Giovanni Correr, Venetian Ambassador in France to the Signory,
+from Paris_, May 26, 1568. _Venetian Calendar._
+
+"_A LOYAL HOST A ROYAL BANNER BORE_"
+
+Guard was continually kept at the castle day and night, except during
+supper, at which time the gate was locked with a key, every one going to
+supper, and the key was always placed on the table where the Governor
+took his meals, and before him. The Governor is the uterine brother of
+the Earl of Murray, Regent of Scotland, the Queen's illegitimate
+brother, and her mortal enemy. The Queen, having attempted to descend
+from a window unsuccessfully, contrived that a page of the Governor's,
+whom she had persuaded to this effect, when carrying a dish, in the
+evening of the second of May, to the table of his master with a napkin
+before him, should place the napkin on the key, and in removing the
+napkin take up the key with it and carry it away unperceived by any one.
+Having done so, the page then went directly to the Queen and told her
+all was ready; and she, having in the meanwhile been attired by the
+elder of the two maids who waited upon her, took with her by the hand
+the younger maid, a girl ten years old, and with the page went quietly
+to the door, and he having opened it, the Queen went out with him and
+the younger girl and locked the gate outside with the same key, without
+which it could not be opened from within. They then got into a little
+boat which was kept for the service of the castle, and displaying a
+white veil of the Queen's with a red tassel, she made the concerted
+signal to those who awaited her that she was approaching.... The
+horsemen ... came immediately to the lake and received the Queen with
+infinite joy, and having placed her on horseback, with the page and the
+girl, they conveyed her to the sea coast, at a distance of five miles
+from thence, because to proceed by land to the place which had been
+designated appeared manifestly too dangerous. All having embarked, the
+Queen was conducted to Niddry, a place belonging to Lord Seton, and from
+thence to Hamilton, a castle of the Duke of Chatelherault, where his
+brother, the Archbishop of St. Andrews, with other principal personages
+of those parts, acknowledged her as Queen....
+
+All Scotland is in motion, some declaring for the Queen, and some
+against her and for the Earl of Murray.... With regard to her flight, it
+is judged here, by those who know the site, and how strictly she was
+guarded, that her escape was most miraculous, most especially having
+been contrived by two lads under ten years of age, who could not be
+presupposed to have the requisite judgment and secrecy.
+
+To the greater satisfaction with the result may be added that the
+inmates of Lochleven Castle perceived the flight; but being shut up
+within it, and thus made prisoners, they had to take patience, and to
+witness the Queen's escape, while they remained at the windows of the
+castle.
+
+_THE DISASTER AT LANGSIDE_
+
+But now, if the current report be true, the Queen of Scotland, following
+the course of her fickle fortune, gives news of her troops having been
+routed near Glasgow, all her chief adherents being killed or made
+prisoners.
+
+_Ibid._ June 6.
+
+The news of the defeat of the troops of the Queen of Scotland was true.
+She had assembled about eight thousand men, who had flocked to her from
+divers parts, and for greater security she wished to shut herself up in
+Dumbarton, which is a very strong castle, but she could not get there
+without crossing the Clyde, over which there is but one bridge near
+Glasgow, and that was already occupied by the enemy. It was therefore
+determined to cross the river where it flows into the sea, a number of
+boats being sent to the spot for that purpose. The Regent, aware of
+this, went in pursuit with four thousand men; whereupon the Queen
+appointed as her Lieutenant-General the Earl of Argyle, who had just
+joined her, and who is her brother-in-law through his wife, Queen Mary's
+natural sister, and he with six thousand men gave Murray battle.
+
+_MARY SEEKS ENGLISH PROTECTION_
+
+The contest lasted for three-quarters of an hour, when the Queen's
+troops were worsted, but only one hundred and fifty of her followers
+were killed, for the Regent exerted himself extremely to prevent his
+troops shedding blood. The prisoners exceeded three hundred, including
+many noblemen, amongst whom, moreover, is that Lord Seton who was the
+chief instrument and leader in effecting the Queen's escape. Finding
+herself defeated, the Queen set out for England, accompanied by a son of
+the Duke of Chatelherault, by Lord Fleming, by the Earl of Maxwell, and
+some twenty-five other attendants, and she travelled a distance of one
+hundred and twenty-five miles without any rest. She stopped at a place
+called Workington, which is four miles within the English border. She
+did not discover herself, but was recognised by a Scotsman, who informed
+the warden of the castle, and the latter went immediately to receive
+her, with great marks of respect, and posted guards on all sides to
+prevent pursuit by the enemy.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION VI
+
+THE CONFERENCES AT YORK AND WESTMINSTER
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. The Conference at York.
+ (_a_) Letter of Murray to Queen Elizabeth.
+ (_b_) Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.
+ (_c_) The formal complaints and replies.
+ (_d_) The account of the private interview, with the "abstract of
+ matters" there shown.
+ (_e_) Sussex's opinion of the evidence.
+
+ 2. The Conference at Westminster.
+ (_a_) Mary's Instructions.
+ (_b_) Murray's "Eik" or additional charge.
+ (_c_) The answer of Mary's Commissioners to the "Eik."
+ (_d_) Elizabeth's reply to (_a_).
+ (_e_) The Privy Council and suggestions for a compromise.
+ (_f_) Proofs produced at Westminster--the account of the production.
+ (_g_) Mary's own answer to the "Eik," and her request to see the
+ originals, with Elizabeth's reply.
+ (_h_) Mary's request for copies, with Elizabeth's reply.
+ (_i_) Dissolution of the Conference by Elizabeth.
+
+
+_MARY IN ENGLAND_
+
+The Conference at York.
+
+ [On Mary's arrival in England, Queen Elizabeth declined to meet
+ her, till she should be cleared from the suspicion of complicity in
+ the Darnley murder. Mary promptly accused Maitland and Morton of a
+ share in the crime, and accepted Elizabeth's proposal to have the
+ case tried at a Conference at York. The Queen of England appointed
+ as Commissioners, the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Sussex, and Sir
+ Ralph Sadler. The Scottish Queen was represented by Lords Boyd,
+ Herries, and Livingstone, the Abbot of Kilwinning, Sir John Gordon
+ of Lochinvar, Sir James Cockburn of Skirving, and John Lesley, the
+ Bishop of Ross. The Earl of Murray, the Earl of Morton, the Bishop
+ of Orkney (Adam Bothwell), the Abbot of Dunfermline, and Lord
+ Lindsay appeared in the name of the young James VI., along with
+ Maitland of Lethington, George Buchanan, James Macgill, and Henry
+ Balnaves, as assistants.
+
+ Many points of procedure and various formal questions occupied much
+ of the time of the Conferences. The extracts which follow have been
+ chosen out of regard to their bearing on the problem of Mary's
+ guilt or innocence, and especial care has been taken to include
+ references to the Casket Letters. The letters themselves, and the
+ depositions which were produced before the Commissioners, will be
+ found, by themselves, after the account of the Conferences.
+
+ The Conference met at York on October 8, and as Mary was, formally,
+ the plaintiff, her complaint against the Lords was first received.
+ Thereafter, Murray's reply and a rejoinder from Mary's
+ representatives were put on record. This was all the formal
+ business essential for our purpose. But, on October 11th,
+ Elizabeth's Commissioners received a private visit from Maitland,
+ Buchanan, Macgill, and Balnaves, who put before them, secretly,
+ certain documents to prove Mary's guilt. It will be seen from the
+ letter of the Commissioners to Elizabeth, and the quotations from
+ the "abstract of matters ... chosen by the Scots," that these
+ documents consisted of:--
+
+ 1. A bond signed by the Lords, agreeing to Bothwell's marriage with
+ the Queen.
+
+ 2. The Queen's warrant for the signature of the above-mentioned
+ bond.
+
+ 3. Two contracts of marriage. (See pp. 201-203.)
+
+ 4. Two letters arranging for the seizure of the Queen by Bothwell
+ (_i.e._ two of Letters, vi., vii., and viii., see pp. 190-194).
+
+ 5. A letter arranging a duel between Darnley and the Lord Robert.
+
+ 6. The two Glasgow Letters (i. and ii., see pp. 165-182).
+
+ 7. The Love Sonnets (pp. 195-201).
+
+ 8. The Letter in which the Jason and Medea comparison occurs.
+ (Letter iv., see pp. 185-189.)
+
+ This list should be compared with the recital of the productions at
+ Westminster (pp. 143 _et seq._). Maitland informed Queen Mary of
+ this secret visit, and she complained to Queen Elizabeth, who
+ summoned all the Commissioners to London, on the ground of greater
+ convenience.]
+
+_MURRAY AND HIS PROOFS_
+
+_Letter of the Earl of Murray, with information for the Queen
+of England_, June 22, 1568. _Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 75, _from the
+Paper Office_.
+
+It may be that such letters as we have of the Queen, our Sovereign
+Lord's mother, that sufficiently, in our opinion, prove her consenting
+to the murther of the King her lawful husband, shall be called in doubt
+... therefore, since our servant, Mr. John Wood, has the copies of the
+same letters translated in our language, we would earnestly desire that
+the said copies may be considered by the judges that shall have the
+examination and commission of the matter, that they may resolve us thus
+far, in case the principal agree with the copy, that then we prove the
+case indeed; for when we have manifested and shown all, and yet shall
+have no assurances that what we send shall satisfy for probation, for
+what purpose shall we either accuse or seek to prove, when we are not
+assured what to prove, or when we have proved, what shall succeed?
+
+
+_MARY ASSERTS FORGERY_
+
+1568.--September 9. Mary's Instructions to her Commissioners.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 337, from _Queen Mary's Register_ in Cotton
+Library.
+
+In case they allege they have any writings of mine, which may infer
+presumption against me in that case, ye shall desire the principals to
+be produced, and that I myself may have inspection thereof, and make
+answer thereto. For ye shall affirm, in my name, I never wrote anything
+concerning that matter to any creature; and if any writings be, they are
+false and feigned, forged and invented by themselves, only to my
+dishonour and slander. And there are divers in Scotland, both men and
+women, that can counterfeit my handwriting, and write the like manner of
+writing which I use, as well as myself, and principally such as are in
+company with themselves. And I doubt not, if I had remained in my own
+realm, but I should have gotten knowledge of the inventors and writers
+of such writings ere now, to the declaration of my innocency, and
+confusion of their falsity.
+
+
+October 8. Complaint of the Queen of Scots against the Earl of Murray.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 128, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 197.
+
+That James, Earl of Morton, John, Earl of Mar, Alexander, Earl of
+Glencairn, the Lords Howe, Lindsay, Ruthven, Sempill, Cathcart,
+Ochiltree, with others their assisters, assembled in arms a great part
+of the Queen's grace's subjects, declared by their proclamations it was
+for her Grace's relief, beset the road in her passage betwixt her
+Grace's castles of Dunbar and Edinburgh, there took her most noble
+person, committed her in ward in her own place of Lochleven, ... passed
+to the castle of Stirling, and made there fashion of crowning of her son
+the Prince....
+
+James, Earl of Murray, took upon him the name of the Regent, ...
+intromitted with the whole strengths, munitions, jewels, and patrimony
+of the crown, as well property as casualty....
+
+
+_MURRAY'S APOLOGY FOR THE REVOLUTION_
+
+October 10. The Answer of the Earl of Murray.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 144, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 202.
+
+_ACCUSATIONS AGAINST MARY_
+
+It is notorious to all men, how umquhile {the late} King Henry, father
+to our sovereign Lord, was horribly murdered in his bed. James, sometime
+Earl of Bothwell, being well known to be the chief author thereof,
+entered into so great credit and authority with the Queen, then our
+sovereign, that, within three months after the murder of her husband,
+the said Earl ... accomplished a pretended marriage betwix him and the
+Queen, which strange and hasty proceeding of that godless and ambitious
+man, ... with the ignominy spoken among all nations of that murther, as
+though all the nobility had been alike culpable thereof, so moved the
+hearts of a good number of them, that they thought nothing more godly
+... than by punishing of the said Earl, chief author of the murther, to
+relieve others causelessly calumniated thereof, to put the Queen to
+freedom, forth of the bondage of that tyrant.... {From the Queen, after
+Carberry Hill}, no other answer could be obtained, but vigorous
+menacing, on the one part, avowing to be revenged on all them that had
+shown themselves in that cause, and on the other part, offering to leave
+and give over the realm and all, so she might be suffered to possess the
+murtherer of her husband, which her inflexible mind, and extremity of
+necessity compelled them to sequestrate her person for a season....
+During the which time, she finding herself by long, irksome, and tedious
+travail, taken by her in the government of the realm and lieges thereof
+... vexed and wearied ... and for other considerations moving her at the
+time, therefore demitted and renounced the office of government of the
+realm and lieges thereof ... and constituted me, the said Earl of
+Murray, I being then absent furth of the realm, and without my
+knowledge, Regent to his Grace, the realm, and lieges....
+
+
+_MARY'S REPLY_
+
+1568.--October 16. Queen Mary's Commissioners' Rejoinder to Murray's
+Reply.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 162, from _Queen Mary's Register_
+in Cott. Lib. Titus, C. 12.
+
+If he {Bothwell} was the principal author of the murder, the same was
+never known nor manifested to her Highness, but the contrary did well
+appear to her Grace, by reason the said Earl of Bothwell being
+suspected, indited, and orderly summoned by the laws of that realm, was
+acquitted by an assize of his Peers, and the same ratified and confirmed
+by authority of Parliament, by the greatest part of the nobility ... who
+also consented and solicited our said Sovereign to accomplish the said
+marriage with him as the man most fit in all the realm of Scotland ...
+and they nor none of them ... came to her Highness ... to find fault
+with the said Earl concerning the murder foresaid, or yet in any ways
+seemed to grudge or disallow the said marriage.... And at the presenting
+of the said writings of demission of her crown to her Majesty by the
+Lord Lindsay, he menaced her Grace, that if she would not subscribe, he
+had command to put her presently in the Tower, and would do the same,
+and counselled her to fulfil their desire or worse would shortly follow;
+which her Highness subscribed with many tears, never looking what was
+contained in the writings, declaring plainly thereafter, if ever her
+Grace came to liberty, she would never abide thereat, because it was
+against her Majesty's will.... If her Grace had willingly demitted the
+same, as her Highness did not, her Highness could not have nominated the
+said Earl of Murray Regent, for there were others to have been preferred
+to him.
+
+
+1568.--October 11. Letter to Queen Elizabeth from her Commissioners at
+York.
+
+ [This letter is printed in the Appendix to vol. ii. of Hosack's
+ "Mary Queen of Scots, and her Accusers," from Cott. MS. Cal. c. i.
+ fol. 198. The words or letters within brackets, {}, have been
+ burnt, the margin being singed. "The words printed in italics,"
+ says Mr. Hosack, "are very carefully erased with the pen, and, in
+ some instances, are disguised with head and tail loops, to prevent
+ their being read, the alterations being written between the lines."
+ Without the alterations, the letter is printed in Goodall, vol. ii.
+ p. 139, and elsewhere.]
+
+_THE PROOFS ARE SHOWN PRIVATELY_
+
+_THE COMMISSIONERS' LETTER_
+
+And so they {Moray and his colleagues} sent unto us the Lord of
+Lethington, James Macgill, Mr. George Buchanan, and one other being a
+Lord of the Session, which in private and secret conference with us, not
+as Commissioners, as they protested, but for our better instruction,
+afte{r} declaration of such circumstances as led and induced them to
+vehement presumptio{n} to judge her guilty of the said murder, shewed
+unto us a copy of a bond bear{ing} date the 19th of April 1567, to the
+which the most part of the Lords and coun{cil} of Scotland have put to
+their hands; and, as they say, more for fear, than any liking they had
+of the same. Which bond contained two special points, the one {a}
+declaration of Bothwell's purgation of the murder of the Lord Darnley
+... and the othe{r} a general consent to his marriage with the Queen....
+And yet, in proof that they did it not willingly, they procured a
+warrant, which was now shewed unto us, bearing date the 19th {of} April,
+signed with the Queen's hand, whereby she gave them licence to agree to
+the same.... There was also a contract shewed unto us, signed with the
+Queen's hand, and also with Bothwell's, bearing date the fifth of
+April.... There was also a contract shewed unto us, of the Queen's own
+hand, of the marriage to be had between her and Bothwell, bearing no
+date, which had not _verba de praesenti_, as the other had, bearing date
+the 5th of April. It appeared also unto us by two letters of her own
+hand, that it was by her own practice and consent that Bothwell should
+take her and carry her to Dunbar.... After the device of the murder was
+determined, as it seemed by the sequel, they inferred upon a letter of
+her own hand, that there was another mean of a more cleanly conveyance
+devised to kill the King; for there was a quarrel made betwixt him and
+the Lord Robert of Holyrood-house, by carrying of false tales betwixt
+them, the Queen being the instrument, as they said, to bring it to
+pass.... Afterwards they shewed unto us one horrible and long letter of
+her own hand, as they say, containing foul matter, and abominable to be
+either thought of, or to be written by a Prince, with divers fond
+ballads, and other writings before specified, were closed in a little
+coffer of silver and gilt heretofore given by her to Bothwell.... And
+these men here do constantly affirm the said letters and other writings,
+which they produce of her own hand, to be of her own hand in deed; and
+do offer to swear and take their oath thereupon, _as in deed_ the matter
+contained in them being such as could hardly be invented or devised by
+any other than by herself; for that the discourse of some things which
+were unknown to any other, than to herself, and Bothwell, _doth the
+rather persuade us to believe that they be in deed of her own
+handwriting_. And as it is hard to counterfeit so many, _and so long
+letters_, so the matter of them, and the manner how these men came by
+them, is such, as it seemeth that God (in whose sight murder and
+bloodshed of the innocent is abominable) would not permit the same to be
+hid or concealed. In a paper here inclosed we have noted to your Majesty
+the chief and special points of the said letters, written (as they say)
+with her own hand, to the intent it may please your Majesty to consider
+of them, and so to judge whether the same be sufficient to convince her
+of the detestable crime of the murder of her husband; which in our
+opinions and consciences, if the said letters be written with her own
+hand, _as we believe_
+
+ _they be_, {is very hard to be avoided.
+ {_is plain and manifest_....
+
+ T. NORFOLK.
+ T. SUSSEX.
+ R. SADLER.
+
+
+Abstract of Matters showed to the Queen's Majesty's Commissioners by the
+Scots, sent the 11th of October.
+
+_Goodall_, pp. 148-153.
+
+... She wrote to Bothwell, that according to her commission, she would
+bring the man with her; praying him to work wisely, or else the whole
+burden would lie on her shoulders; and specially to make good watch,
+that the bird escaped not out of the cage. {Letter iv., see pp.
+185-189.}
+
+
+_QUOTATIONS FROM THE LETTERS_
+
+Notes drawn forth of the Queen's Letters sent to the Earl Bothwell.
+
+... _Item._ ... We are coupled with twa fals racis; the devill syndere
+us, and God mot knit us togidder for ever for the maist faithful cupple
+that ever he unitit. This is my faith, I will die in it.
+
+... _Item._ ... Wareit {cursed} mocht this pokishe man be, that causes
+me haif sa meikill pane, for without hym I wald haif ane far mair
+plesant subject to discourse upoun. He is not oer meikle spilt, bot he
+has gottin verray mekill; he has almaist slane me with his braith; it is
+war nor your unclis, and zeit {yet} I cum na neirar bot sat in ane cheir
+at the bedfute, and he beand {being} at the uther end thairof.
+
+... _Item._ ... Send me advertisement quhat I sall do, and quhatsumever
+sall cum thairof I sall obey you; advys to with yourself. Yf ye can fynd
+out any mair secreit inventioun be medecein, and the baith in
+Craigmillar.
+
+... _Item._ ... "For certaintie he suspectis that thing ye know, and of
+his lyif: bot as to the last, how sone I speak twa or thrie guid wordis
+unto hym, he rejois and is out of doubt."
+
+... _Item._ ... Sie not his quhas fenzeit tearis suld not be sa mekill
+praysit, nor estemyt, as the trew and faythfull travaillis quhilk I
+sustene to merit hir place, for obteyning of quhilk, againis my
+naturall. I betray thame that may impesche me. God forgive me, and God
+gif you, my onlie luif, the hope and prosperitie that your humble and
+faythfull luif desyris unto yow, quha hoipis schortlie to be ane uther
+thing unto yow. {Letter, ii. pp. 167-182.}
+
+... _Item._ ... As to me, howbeit I heir no farther newes from yow.
+According to my commission, I bring the man with me to Craigmillar upon
+Munday, quhair he will be all Wednisday. {Letter i., pp. 165-6.}
+
+... _Item._ ... In ane uther lettre, "I pray you, according to your
+promeis, to discharge your hart to me, utherwayis I will think that my
+malheure, and the guid composing of thame, that hes not the third part
+of the faythfull and willing obedience unto yow that I beyre, has wyne,
+againis my will, that advantage over me quhilk the secund luif of Jason
+wan; not that I wolde compair yow to ane soe unhappie as he was, nor yit
+myself to ane soe unpetifull a woman as she...." {Letter iv., p. 185.}
+
+
+_COMMISSION REMOVED TO WESTMINSTER_
+
+The Conference at Westminster.
+
+ [At the beginning of the Westminster Conference, Mary found herself
+ "ever straiter and straiter kept from liberty," and demanded to be
+ allowed to appear in person. Her request and Elizabeth's reply will
+ be found on pp. 145, 148. On the 26th November, Murray made his
+ "eik" or additional charge. For the relevant portions of this
+ document, and of the reply of Mary's Commissioners, see pp. 146-7.
+ On December 6th, Mary's representatives protested that they would
+ withdraw from the Conference if their mistress's demand were not
+ granted. Cecil declined, on a formal point, to receive the protest.
+ On the 6th, 7th, and 8th, Murray produced his proofs. On the 9th,
+ the protest was accepted, and Mary's Commissioners withdrew. After
+ their retirement further evidence was received. It may be of use to
+ enumerate the documents produced at Westminster:--
+
+ _PRODUCTIONS AT WESTMINSTER_
+
+ The Book of Articles.
+
+ Acts of Parliament ratifying the proceedings of the insurgent
+ Lords.
+
+ Two contracts of marriage, and record of Bothwell's trial and
+ divorce.
+
+ Five of the six letters produced at York, three additional letters,
+ and the sonnets (pp. 162-201).
+
+ Recognition of the Regent's Government by Huntly, Argyll, and
+ Herries (pp. 154-5).
+
+ Depositions and confessions of Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, Dalgleish,
+ Nelson, and Crawford.
+
+ Murray's "Journal or Diary of Events."
+
+ The Book of Articles is a document of considerable length. It is a
+ summary of the charges against the Queen of Scots, but contains no
+ important charge which is not to be found elsewhere. The reader is
+ already in possession of its essential allegations. It formed the
+ material for Buchanan's "Detectio," with which it is, at times,
+ almost identical. It is printed, from the Hopetoun MS., in Hosack's
+ "Mary," I. App. B. For the depositions of Nelson and Crawford, see
+ pp. 207-213. The depositions of Hay, Hepburn, Powrie, and Dalgleish
+ do not directly accuse the Queen of the murder, beyond stating that
+ the powder was placed in her room, and they have therefore been
+ omitted. The question of the position of the powder is discussed in
+ Hosack, vol. i. pp. 247-8, and the reader is referred to the
+ authorities there quoted, and to Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary Queen of
+ Scots," pp. 435-6 (_cf._ also pp. 219-220). The confession of
+ Hepburn (English edition of Buchanan's "Detection") contains the
+ following sentence:--"He said, let no man do evil for counsel of
+ great men ... for surely I thought that night that the deed was
+ done, that although knowledge should be gotten, no man durst have
+ said it was evil done, seeing the handwriting and acknowledging the
+ Queen's mind thereto." No question was put to Dalgleish regarding
+ the casket found in his possession.
+
+ A quotation from Murray's "Diary," so far as it bears on the
+ murder, will be found on pp. 213-215.]
+
+_The Earl of Sussex to Sir William Cecil_, October 22, 1568.
+_Lodge: Illustrations of British History._
+
+This matter must at length take end, either by finding the Scotch Queen
+guilty of the crimes that are objected against her, or by some manner of
+composition with a show of saving her honour. The first, I think, will
+hardly be attempted, for two causes, the one, for that if her adverse
+party accuse her of the murder by producing of her letters, she will
+deny them, and accuse the most of them of manifest consent to the
+murder, hardly to be denied; so as, upon the trial on both sides, her
+proofs will judicially fall best out, as it is thought. The other, for
+that their young King is of tender and weak years and state of body; and
+if God should call him, and their Queen were judicially defaced ...
+Hamilton, upon his death, should succeed; which Murray's faction utterly
+detest.
+
+
+_MARY'S REQUEST_
+
+1568.--November 22. Mary to her Commissioners.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 185, _from Queen Mary's Register_,
+Cott. Lib., Titius C. 12.
+
+Ye shall afore our sister, her nobility, and the whole ambassadors of
+strange countries, desire, in our name, that we may be licensed to come
+in proper person afore them all, to answer to that which may or can be
+proposed and alleged against us by the calumnies of our rebels, since
+they have free access to accuse us.... And now the said Earl of Murray
+being permitted to come into her presence, which if the like be not
+granted us, as is reasonable, and yet our sister will condemn us in our
+absence, not having place to answer for ourselves, as justice requires;
+in consideration of the premisses ye shall break off your conference,
+and proceed no further therein, but take your leave and come away.
+
+
+_THE REGENT'S "EIK"_
+
+1568.--November 26. Murray's "Eik" or Additional Charge.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 206, from Cott. Lib. Calig., C. i. 230.
+
+Whereas in our former answer, upon good respects mentioned in our
+protestation, we kept back the chiefest causes and grounds, whereupon
+our actions and whole proceedings were founded, wherewithal seeing our
+adversaries will not content themselves; but by their obstinate and
+earnest pressing we are compelled, for justifying of our cause, to
+manifest the naked truth. It is certain, and we boldly and constantly
+affirm, that as James, sometime Earl of Bothwell, was the chief executor
+of the horrible and unworthy murder, perpetrated in the person of
+umquhile King Henry of good memory, father to our sovereign Lord, and
+the Queen's lawful husband, so was she of the foreknowledge, counsel,
+device, persuader and commander of the said murder to be done,
+maintainer and fortifier of the executors thereof, by impeding and
+stopping of the inquisition and punishment due for the same, according
+to the laws of the realm, and, consequently, by marriage with the said
+James, sometime Earl Bothwell, delated and universally esteemed chief
+author of the above-named murder. Where through they began to use and
+exercise an uncouth and cruel tyranny in the whole state of the
+commonwealth, and with the first (as well appeared by their proceedings)
+intended to cause the innocent Prince, now our Sovereign Lord, shortly
+follow his father, and so to transfer the crown from the right line to a
+bloody murderer and godless tyrant. In which respect the estates of the
+realm of Scotland finding her unworthy to reign, decreed her demission
+of the Crown, with the coronation of our sovereign Lord, and
+establishing of the regiment of that realm, in the person of me, the
+Earl of Murray....
+
+ JAMES, REGENT.
+ PATRICK, L. LINDSAY.
+ MORTON.
+ AD. ORKAD.
+ DUNFERMLINE.
+
+
+_ANSWER TO THE "EIK"_
+
+1568.--December 1. The Answer of Queen Mary's Commissioners to the
+"Eik."
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 213, _from Queen Mary's Register_.
+
+My Lords,--We are heartily sorry to hear that our countrymen should
+intend to colour their most unjust, ingrate, and shameful doings.... Her
+Highness made the greatest of them of mean men, if they had used their
+own calling, Earls and Lords, and now, without any evil deserving on her
+Grace's part to any of them in deed or word, to be thuswise recompensed
+with calumnious and false invented bruits {rumours}, slandered in so
+great a matter, to her reproach, whereof they themselves, that now
+pretend herewith to excuse their own treasons, were the first inventors,
+writers with their own hands of that devilish band, the conspiracy of
+the slaughter of that innocent young gentleman, Henry Stewart, late
+spouse till our sovereign, and presented to their wicked confederate,
+James, Earl Bothwell, as was made manifest before ten thousand people at
+the execution of certain the principal offenders at Edinburgh....
+
+_MARY AND ELIZABETH_
+
+The Queen's Highness, our and their native sovereign, ... gave them in
+her youth ... the twa part (two-thirds) of the patrimony pertaining to
+the Crown of Scotland, and seeing that her successors, Kings of that
+realm, might not maintain their estate upon the third part ... for their
+evil deservings and most proud contemption ... caused her use the
+privilege of the laws always granted to the Kings of that realm before,
+and make revocation before her full age of xxv. years, ... so that it
+was not the punishment of that slaughter that moved them to this proud
+rebellion, but the usurping of their Sovereign's supreme authority, and
+to possess themselves with her great riches....
+
+... Our desire is most earnestly that it should be the Queen's Majesty's
+pleasure that our Sovereign may be admitted to come into the presence of
+the Queen's Highness of this realm, her whole nobility, and also in
+presence of the ambassadors of foreign countries, for more true
+declaration of her innocency.
+
+
+1568.--December 4. Elizabeth's Answer.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 222, _from Queen Mary's Register_.
+
+I think it very reasonable that she should be heard in her own cause,
+being so weighty; but to determine whom before, when and what, any time
+before I understand how they will verify their allegation, I am not as
+yet resolved.
+
+
+_THE PRIVY COUNCIL_
+
+1568.--Dec. 4. Proceedings of the Privy Council.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 223, _from the Journal of the
+Privy Council of England_.
+
+Die Sabbati, 4 Decembris 1568, Hora prima post meridiem.
+
+_Present._
+
+ THE QUEEN'S MAJESTY.
+
+ The Lord Keeper {Sir Nicholas Bacon}.
+ Duke of Norfolk.
+ Marquis {of Northampton}.
+ Lord Steward {Pembroke}.
+ Earl Essex.
+ Earl Bedford.
+ Earl Leicester.
+ Lord Admiral {Lord Clinton}.
+ Lord Chamberlain {Lord Howard of Effingham}.
+ Sir William Cecil.
+ Sir Ralph Sadler.
+ Sir Walt. Mildmay.
+
+The said Bishop {of Ross} and his colleagues, before they came to the
+Court, sent a message to the Earl of Leicester and Sir William Cecil,
+requiring to speak with them two apart.... And thereupon the said
+Commissioners came into the Earl of Leicester's chamber, where the said
+Bishop in the name of the rest said ... That although the Earl of Murray
+and his complices had delivered in writing a grievous accusation against
+the Queen, their Sovereign, and that they were prohibited to make any
+further answer to any such matter, but only to desire the Queen of Scots
+might come in person to the presence of the Queen's Majesty to make any
+further answer to any such matter; yet they having considered with
+themselves their mistress's intention to have been always from the
+beginning, that these causes should be ended by the Queen's Majesty by
+some such good appointment betwix her and her subjects, as might be for
+her Grace's honour and the common weal of the country, with surety also
+to the Earl of Murray, and his party ... thought good to declare thus
+much to the said Earl and Sir William Cecil....
+
+_COUNCIL PROCEEDINGS_
+
+After the said Bishop had reiterated the said motion, as above is
+mentioned, the Queen's Majesty said: "... Trusting and wishing that the
+Queen, her sister, should be found innocent, ... she thought it better
+for her sister's honour and declaration to the world of her innocency,
+to have the Earl of Murray and his complices charged and reproved for
+this their so audacious defaming of the Queen, their sovereign, and to
+receive that which was due for their punishment, than to have it ended
+by appointment, except it might be thought that they should be able to
+show some apparent just causes of such an attempt, whereof her Majesty
+would be sorry to hear. And as for the Queen of Scots coming in person
+to her Majesty to make answer hereunto, the same being of no small
+moment to her honour, but rather likely to touch her in reputation, in
+that it might be thought the accusation so probable, as it not to be
+improved {disproved} by any other, but that she should be forced to come
+herself, being a Queen, in person to answer for herself, her Majesty
+said she would not have the Queen's honour and estate in that matter
+endangered without this their accusation might first appear to have more
+likelihood of just cause than she did find therein....
+
+Hereunto the Queen of Scots' Commissioners said that this last motion
+for an appointment came not from the Queen since the accusation given in
+by the Earl of Murray, and so also the Queen's Majesty assented thereto,
+but of their own consideration."
+
+
+_PRODUCTION OF THE PROOFS_
+
+1568.--Dec. 6. Proofs produced at Westminster.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 231, _from the Journal of the Commissioners_.
+
+... They {Murray and others} would show unto her Majesty's Commissioners
+a collection made in writing of the presumptions and circumstances, by
+the which it should evidently appear that as the Earl Bothwell was the
+chief murtherer of the King, so was the Queen a deviser and maintainer
+thereof; the which writing followeth thus. Articles containing certain
+conjectures, &c. {the Book of Articles. See _supra_, p. 144}.
+
+After the reading hereof they also said that according to the truth
+contained in the same, the three estates of Parliament, called by the
+King, now present, their whole actions and proceedings from the murther
+of the late King were ratified and approved to be lawful....
+
+_Hosack I., App. C., from State Papers_ (_Mary, Queen of Scots_),
+1568, vol. ii. p. 61, December 7, 1568.
+
+... The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners having heard the foresaid Book
+of Articles read unto them ... entered into a new hearing of the Book of
+Articles, whereof having heard three of the chapters or heads, the Earl
+of Murray and his colleagues, according to the appointment, came to the
+said Commissioners and said: 'They trusted that, after the reading of
+the Book of Articles, and specially upon the sight of the Act of
+Parliament, wherein the whole cause wherewith their adversaries did
+charge them, were found, declared, and concluded to be lawful; their
+Lordships would be satisfied to think them clear and void of such crime
+as her Majesty did charge them withal.... They required to know whether
+their Lordships were not now satisfied with such things as they had
+seen, and if they were not, and that it would please them to show if in
+any part of these Articles exhibited they conceived any doubt, or would
+have any other proof, which they trusted, needed not.... {The
+Commissioners declined to give any opinion on this point.}
+
+_THE CASKET_
+
+And so they produced a small gilded coffer of not fully one foot long,
+being garnished in many places with the Roman letter F set under a Royal
+Crown, wherein were certain letters and writings, and as they said and
+affirmed to have been written with the Queen of Scots' own hand, to the
+Earl Bothwell, which coffer, as they said, being left in the Castle of
+Edinburgh by the said Earl Bothwell before his flying away, was sent for
+by one George Dalgleish, his servant, who was taken by the Earl of
+Morton, who also thereto sitting presently as one of the Commissioners
+avowed upon his oath the same to be true, and the writings to be the
+very same without any manner of change, and before they would exhibit
+the sight of these letters they exhibited {the two marriage
+contracts}.... After this the said Earl and his colleagues offered to
+show certain proofs, not only of the Queen's hate towards the King, her
+husband, but also of unordinate love towards Bothwell, for which purpose
+they produced a letter written in French and in Roman hand, which they
+averred to be a letter of the said Queen's own hand to Bothwell when she
+was at Glasgow with her husband, at the time she went to bring him to
+Edinburgh, the tenour of which letter hereafter followeth: Il semble que
+avecques ure absence, &c. {Letter i. p. 165.}
+
+_ITS CONTENTS_
+
+After this they produced for the same purpose one other long letter
+written also with the like hand, and in French, ... the tenour of all
+which letter followeth hereafter: Estant party du lieu, &c. {Letter ii.
+p. 167.}
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 235, _from the Journal of the Commissioners_,
+December 8.
+
+They produced seven several writings written in French in the like Roman
+hand, as others her letters which were shewed yesternight and avowed by
+them to be written by the said Queen, which seven writings, being
+copied, were read in French, and a due collation made thereof as near as
+could be by reading and inspection, and made to accord with the
+originals, which the said Earl of Murray required to be redelivered, and
+did thereupon deliver the copies being collationed, the tenour of all
+which seven writings hereafter follow in order, the first being in
+manner of a sonnet,
+
+ "O Dieux, ayez de moy," &c.
+
+ [This is the first line of the first of the collection of sonnets,
+ which will be found on pp. 195-201. The other six "writings" are
+ Letters iii.-viii., on pp. 162-195.]
+
+_DEPOSITIONS_
+
+After this they did produce and show three several writings in English,
+subscribed and signed by Sir John Bellenden, Knight, Justice-Clerk in
+Scotland, whereof the first contained two several examinations, the
+first of John Hay, the younger of Talla, the 13th of September, anno
+1567, the second of John Hepburn, called John of Bolton, being examined
+upon the murder of the King, the 8th of December 1567. The third writing
+containeth the examination of one George Dalgleish, the 26th of June in
+the same year, 1567. All which writings ... were delivered to the said
+Commissioners, the true tenour whereof hereafter followeth, _Apud
+Edinburgh_, 13 die mensis Septembris.
+
+After this they produced and showed forth in writing, subscribed
+likewise by the said Justice-Clerk, a copy of the process, verdict, and
+judgment against the foresaid John Hepburn, John Hay, William Powrie,
+and George Dalgleish, as culpable of the murder of the said King, which
+being read, was also delivered, and the tenours thereof hereafter
+followeth, _Curia justiciariae S. D. N. regis_, &c. After this they
+produced and shewed forth a writing in a long paper, being, as they
+said, the judgment and condemnation by Parliament of the Earl Bothwell,
+James Ormiston, Robert Ormiston, Patrick Wilson, and Paris, a Frenchman,
+Sym, Armstrong, and William Murray, as guilty sundry ways of treason for
+the murder of the King. The tenour whereof thus followeth: _In the
+Parliament holden at Edinburgh, the 20th day of December_.
+
+After this they produced and showed a writing signed by Mr. James
+Macgill, Clerk of the register, containing a request, by way of
+protestation, by the Earls of Huntly and Argyle, and the Lord Herries,
+by the which they require to have no fault imputed unto them for not
+doing their duty since the 10th of June 1567, until the 29th of December
+then following, for the which, by order of Parliament, they were
+acquitted....
+
+_THE FINDING OF THE CASKET_
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 239, from _Journal of the Commissioners_,
+Cott. Lib. Calig., c. i. p. 252, Dec. 9, 1568.
+
+The Queen's Majesty's Commissioners being occupied in perusing and
+reading certain letters and sonnets written in French, being duly
+translated into English, and other writings also exhibited yesterday to
+them by the Earl of Murray and his colleagues.... After this the Earl of
+Murray and his colleagues came ... and first the Earl Morton said, that
+where heretofore he had declared by speech, the manner how he came to
+the little gilt coffer with the letters, sonnets, and contracts of
+marriage therein found, and heretofore exhibited: he had caused the same
+to be put in writing, which also he produced subscribed with his hand,
+and desired to have it read: which being done, he avowed upon his
+honour, and the oath which he already took, the same to be true, the
+tenor whereof followeth, _The true declaration and report_, &c. (see p.
+203).
+
+After this the Earl of Murray required that one Thomas Nelson, late
+servitor to the King that was murdered ... might be heard upon his oath
+to report his knowledge therein, who, being produced, did present a
+writing in form of answer of himself to an examination, which being read
+unto him, he did by a corporal oath affirm the same to be true ... (see
+p. 207) ...
+
+_CRAWFORD'S EVIDENCE_
+
+The like request was made that one Thomas Crawford, a gentleman of the
+Earl of Lennox, might be also heard upon his oath, who was, as they
+said, the same party of whom mention is made in a long letter written in
+French, and exhibited the 7th of this month.... Whereupon the said
+Thomas Crawford ... did present a writing, which he said he caused to be
+made according to the truth of his knowledge, which being read he
+affirmed upon his corporal oath there taken to be true, the tenour
+whereof hereafter followeth. The words betwixt the Queen, &c.... The
+said Crawford said ... that he ... was secretly informed by the King of
+all things which had passed betwixt the said Queen and the King, to the
+intent he should report the same to the Earl of Lennox his master ...
+and that he did, immediately at the same time, write the same word by
+word as near as he possibly could carry the same away ... (see p. 208).
+
+_Journal of the Privy Council of Hampton Court_,
+December 14, 1568. _Goodall_, ii. 254.
+
+There were produced sundry letters written in French, supposed to be
+written by the Queen of Scots' own hand, were then also presently
+produced and perused; and being read were duly conferred and compared,
+for the manner of writing and fashion of orthography, with sundry other
+letters long since heretofore written, and sent by the Queen of Scots to
+the Queen's Majesty. {The attestation of Morton and the depositions were
+then read.} ... And forasmuch as the night approached, it was thought
+good to defer the further declaration of the rest until the next day
+following.
+
+_Ibid._, December 15.
+
+ [The Book of Articles, depositions, and contracts were produced,
+ along with Acts of the Scottish Parliament.]
+
+And it is to be noted, that, at the time of the producing, shewing, and
+reading of all these foresaid writings, there was no special choice nor
+regard had to the order of the producing thereof, but the whole writings
+lying all together upon the Council table, the same were one after
+another showed rather by hap, as the same did lie upon the table, than
+with any choice made, as by the natures thereof, if time had so served,
+might have been.
+
+
+_MARY'S PERSONAL ANSWER_
+
+1568.--December 19. Queen Mary's own Answer to the "Eik."
+
+_Mary to her Commissioners. Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 288,
+from Cott. Lib. Calig., b. ix. p. 287.
+
+We have received the eik given in by the Earl of Murray and his
+complices. And where they have said thereintill, or at any time, that we
+knew, counselled, devised, persuaded, or commended the murther of our
+husband, they have falsely, traitorously, and meschantlie lied; imputing
+unto us the crime whereof they themselves are authors, inventors, doers,
+and some of them proper executors. And where they allege we stopped
+inquisition, and due punishment to be made on the said murther; and
+siclike {similarly} of the sequel of the marriage with the Earl
+Bothwell; it is sufficiently answered in the reply given in at York to
+their two points.... And where they charge us with unnatural kindness
+towards our son, alleging we intended to have caused him follow his
+father hastily: Howbeit the natural love the mother bears to her only
+bairn is sufficient to confound them, and misteris {requires} no other
+answer. Yet, considering their proceedings by-past, who did wrong him in
+our womb, intending to have slain him and us both, there is none of good
+judgment but they may easily perceive their hypocrisy, how they would
+fortify themselves in our son's name, till their tyranny were better
+established.
+
+_DEMAND TO SEE ELIZABETH_
+
+And to the effect our good sister may understand we are not willing to
+let their false invented allegations pass over with silence, adhering to
+your former protestations, ye shall desire the inspection and doubles of
+all that they have produced against us; and that we may see the alleged
+principal {original} writings, if they have any, produced; and with
+God's grace we shall make our answer thereto, that our innocence shall
+be known to our good sister, and to all other Princes; and similarly
+shall charge them as authors, inventors, and doers of the said crime
+they would impute to us, and prove the same sufficiently, so that we may
+have our good sister's presence, as our adversaries have had, and
+reasonable space and time to get such verification as appertains
+thereto. And protest that we may add thereto as time place and need
+shall require.
+
+ [In accordance with these instructions, Mary's Commissioners made
+ the request before Elizabeth and her Council on 25th December, and
+ received the following reply:--]
+
+Which desire her Majesty thought very reasonable, and declared her to be
+very glad that her good sister would make answer in that manner for
+defence of her honour. And to the effect her Majesty might be the better
+advised upon their desires, and give answer thereto, desired an extract
+of the said writing to be given to her Highness. (Goodall, p. 282, from
+"Queen Mary's Register," as before.)
+
+
+_HAMPTON COURT_
+
+1569.--January 7. Proceedings at Hampton Court.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 297, from _Queen Mary's Register_.
+
+The which day the said Bishop of Ross, Lord Herries, and Abbot of
+Kilwinning, passed to the presence of the Queen's Majesty of England,
+her Highness's council being also present, and declared, that they had
+presently received writings from the Queen's Majesty of Scotland, their
+sovereign, by the which they were of new commanded to signify unto her
+Majesty, that she would answer to the calumnious accusation of her
+subjects, and also would accuse them as principal authors, inventors,
+and executors of that deid for the which she was falsely accused by
+them, conform to the writings presented of before in her name, and
+therefore desired the writings produced by her inobedient subjects, or,
+at the least, the copies thereof, to be delivered unto thame, that their
+mistress might fully answer thereto as was desired.
+
+And the Queen's Majesty of England took to be advised therewith, and
+promised to give answer within two or three days.
+
+
+_ELIZABETH'S DECISION_
+
+1569.--January 10. At Hampton Court.
+
+_Ibid._ (p. 305).
+
+The which day the said Earl of Murray, and his complices, came before
+the Queen's Majesty of England, where Sir William Cecil, secretary, at
+the Queen's Majesty's command, and her Highness's council, gave them
+such answer in effect as follows:--
+
+Whereas the Earl of Murray, and his adherents, come into this realm, at
+the desire of the Queen's Majesty of England, to answer to such things
+as the Queen their sovereign objected against them, and their
+allegiances; for so much as there has been nothing deduced against them,
+as yet, that may impair their honour or allegiances; and, on the other
+part, there had been nothing sufficiently produced nor shown by them
+against the Queen, their sovereign, whereby the Queen of England should
+conceive or take any evil opinion of the Queen, her good sister, for
+anything yet seen; and there being alleged by the Earl of Murray the
+unquiet state and disorder of the realm of Scotland, now in his absence,
+her Majesty thinketh meet not to restrain any farther the said Earl and
+his adherents' liberty; but suffer him and them, at their pleasure to
+depart, relinquishing them in the same estate in the which they were of
+before their coming within this realm, till she hear farther of their
+Queen of Scotland's answer, to such things as have been alleged against
+her.
+
+_MARY'S PROTEST_
+
+ [Next day, Mary's Commissioners protested and again demanded
+ "copies of the pretended writings given in." On the 13th they
+ repeated their demand, and received a promise "that she {Elizabeth}
+ will not refuse unto the Queen, her good sister, to give the
+ doubles of all that was produced." (Goodall.) The copies not being
+ forthcoming, Mary applied to the French ambassador, La Mothe
+ Fenelon, for help. Elizabeth promised that they should be produced
+ immediately, but, when Fenelon again approached her on the subject,
+ he was informed that Mary had, in a letter, accused the English
+ Queen of partiality. (Fenelon, i. 133 and 162.) The matter was
+ forgotten in the negotiations for Mary's marriage with the Duke of
+ Norfolk, and in the conspiracy which followed.]
+
+
+
+
+SECTION VII
+
+THE DOCUMENTS
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. The Contents of the Casket.
+ (_a_) The Letters.
+ (_b_) The Sonnets.
+ (_c_) The Contracts of Marriage.
+
+ 2. The Deposition of Thomas Nelson.
+
+ 3. The Deposition of Thomas Crawford.
+
+ 4. Murray's Journal.
+
+ 5. The Depositions of Paris.
+
+ 6. The Confession of Ormiston.
+
+ 7. The Confession of the Earl of Morton.
+
+ 8. Letter from Mr. Archibald Douglas to the Queen of Scots.
+
+
+THE CASKET LETTERS.
+
+ [The following eight letters are the principal contents of the
+ famous Silver Casket (_cf._ pp. 125 and 132-161). A long and bitter
+ controversy has been waged in connection with the question of their
+ authenticity. Every recorded production of them has been the
+ subject of debate. Their discovery is related on pp. 203-207. Their
+ appearance at York is described in the letter to Queen Elizabeth on
+ pp. 138-143. It is evident that, at York, they were produced in
+ Scots, and there has been considerable controversy as to whether
+ they were there stated to be originals or translations. At
+ Westminster, they were shown to the Commissioners in French. Within
+ a few years after the Westminster Conference, we lose all trace of
+ the original documents. Translations of them into Scots, English,
+ and Latin and French versions, which we now know (at least in the
+ case of some of the Letters) not to have been those produced at
+ Westminster, were published soon after the Conference closed. In
+ 1571, Latin translations of Nos. I., II., and IV. were printed in
+ the Latin edition of Buchanan's "Detectio," and, in the same year,
+ a Scots translation was published in London, containing the sonnets
+ in French and Scots (reprinted in Anderson's "Collections," Vol.
+ II.). Prefixed to each of the Scots versions was the first sentence
+ of each letter, in French (_see_ pp. 194-5). In 1572 another Scots
+ version was published at St. Andrews, and, in 1573, a French
+ translation of the "Detectio" appeared, with the imprimatur
+ "Edinburgh." To it, French versions of all the letters, except No.
+ III., were appended, with a version of the sonnets, varying
+ considerably from that in the Scots "Detection." Research has
+ revealed the existence of English translations of Nos. I. and II.
+ and French versions of Nos. III. and V. in the Record Office; and
+ of English translations and French versions of Nos. IV. and VI. at
+ Hatfield. All these various versions will be found printed, in
+ careful and scholarly fashion, in Appendix C. of Mr. T. F.
+ Henderson's "Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots."
+
+ The method adopted in the present work has been to print the Scots
+ version of all the letters, with a glossary of unusual words. It is
+ the only complete version, and the published French and Latin
+ letters are probably derived from it. Variations both in these and
+ in such English and French versions of the letters as are at
+ Hatfield or the Record Office, are indicated in notes appended to
+ each letter. Care should be taken to distinguish between these
+ Hatfield or Record Office French versions and the "Published
+ French," _i.e._ the French of the edition of 1573.
+
+ References to the literature of the question will be found in an
+ Appendix. For the guidance of the reader, it may be added that one
+ section of the discussion turns upon the question whether French
+ originals of Nos. I., II., VII., and VIII. ever existed; and the
+ Scots and English have been carefully examined to discover if they
+ bear traces of derivation from a French source.
+
+ Of the other contents of the Casket, the Sonnets, and the important
+ clauses of the marriage contracts will be found immediately after
+ the letters.]
+
+ The following Scots words, which appear frequently in the text of
+ the letters, may be unknown to English readers:--
+
+ Abaschit = surprised.
+ Aganis = against.
+ Allanerly = only.
+ Awin = own.
+ Beseik = beseech.
+ Chereis = cherish.
+ Conqueis = conquest.
+ Cordounis = cords.
+ Dreddouris = fears.
+ Eir = ear.
+ Eis = ease.
+ Fane = anxious (wald verray fane, wished very much).
+ Fascherie, fascheous = trouble, troublesome.
+ Fenze, fenzeingly = feign, feigningly.
+ Fulische = foolish.
+ Gangand = going.
+ Gar = force, compel.
+ Gude = good.
+ Haillely = wholly.
+ Impesche = hinder, prevent.
+ Incontinent = immediately.
+ Inlack = fail.
+ Inragis = becomes angry.
+ Irkit = tired, wearied.
+ Irksome = troublesome, disagreeable.
+ Journey = day's work.
+ Luif, luifar = love, lover.
+ Mekle, meikle = much.
+ Playn, plenzeit = complain, complained.
+ Quha = who.
+ Quhair = where.
+ Quhen = when.
+ Quhilk = which.
+ Quhill = while, till.
+ Regiment = rule.
+ Schaw = show.
+ Schort = short.
+ Schuillis = schools.
+ Seik = sick.
+ Sic, siclyke = such, similarly.
+ Sone = son.
+ Speik = speak.
+ Suld = should.
+ Travell = take pains, try.
+ Thristit = nudged.
+ Tuichit = touched.
+ Tyne = lose.
+ Unsay = contradict.
+ Wald = would.
+ Waryit = cured.
+ Wod = mad, angry.
+ Ze, zow = ye, you.
+ Zisternicht = yesternight.
+ Zit = yet.
+
+
+Letter I.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 1, _et seq._
+
+It appeiris, that with zour absence thair is alswa joynit forzetfulnes,
+seand yat at zour departing ze promysit to mak me advertisement of zour
+newis from tyme to tyme. The waitting upon yame zisterday causit me to
+be almaist in sic joy as I will be at zour returning, quhilk ze have
+delayit langer than zour promeis was.
+
+As to me, howbeit I have na farther newis from zow according to my
+commission, I bring the man with me to Craigmillar upon Monounday,
+quhair he will be all Wednisday; and I will gang to Edinburgh to draw
+blude of me, gif in the meane tyme I get na newis in ye contrary fra
+zow.
+
+He is mair gay than ever ze saw him; he puttis me in remembrance of all
+thingis yat may mak me beleve he luifis me. Summa, ye will say yat he
+makis lufe to me; of ye quhilk I tak sa greit pleasure, yat I enter
+never where he is, bot incontinent I tak ye seiknes of my sair syde, I
+am sa troubillit with it. Gif Paris bringis me that quhilk I send him
+for, I traist it sall amend me.
+
+I pray zow, advertise me of zour newis at lenth, and quhat I sall do in
+cace ze be not returnit quhen I am cum thair; for, in cace ze wirk not
+wysely, I se that the haill burding of this will fall upon my
+schoulderis. Provide for all thing, and discourse upon it first with
+zourself. I send this be Betoun, quha gais to ane day of law of the
+Laird of Balfouris.
+
+I will say na farther, saifing that I pray zow to send me gude newis of
+zour voyage. From Glasgow this Setterday in the morning.
+
+ There are no important variations in the published Latin and French
+ translations.
+
+ An English version of Letter I., preserved in the Record Office
+ (State Papers relating to Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 66),
+ quoted by Mr. Henderson in his "Casket Letters," pp. 124-5:--
+
+ It seemyth that with your absence forgetfulness is joynid
+ consydering that at your departure you promised me to send me newes
+ from you. Nevertheless I can learn none. And yet did I yesterday
+ looke for that that shuld make me meryer than I shall be. I think
+ you doo the lyke for your return, prolonging it more than you have
+ promised.
+
+ As for me, if I hear no other matter of you, according to my
+ commission, I bring the man Monday to Craigmillar, where he shall
+ be upon Wednisday. And I go to Edinborough to be lett blud, if I
+ hear no word to the contrary.
+
+ He is the meryest that ever you sawe and doth remember unto me all
+ that he can, to make me believe that he loveth me. To conclude, you
+ wold say that he maketh love to me, wherein I take so much
+ pleasure, that I have never com in there, but the payne of my syde
+ doth take me. I have it sore to-day. If Paris doth bring back unto
+ me that for which I have sent, it suld much amend me.
+
+ I pray you, send me word from you at large, and what I shall doo if
+ you be not returned, when I shall be there. For if you be not wyse
+ I see assuredly all the whole burden falling upon my shoulders.
+ Provide for all and consyder well first of all. I send this present
+ to Ledington to be delivered to you by Beton, who goeth to one day
+ a law of Lord Balfour. I will say no more unto you, but that I pray
+ God send me goode newes of your voyage.
+
+ From Glasco this Saturday morning.
+
+
+Letter II.
+
+Being departit from the place where I left my hart, it is esie to be
+judgeit quhat was my countenance, seing that[20] I was evin als mekle as
+ane body without ane hart; quhilk was the occasioun that quhile
+dennertyme I held purpois to na body: nor zit durst ony present
+themselves unto me, judging yat it was not gude sa to do.
+
+Four myle or I came to the towne, ane gentilman of the Erle of Lennox
+came and maid his commendatiounis unto me; and excusit him that he came
+not to meit me, be ressoun he durst not interpryse the same, becaus of
+the rude wordis that I had spoken to Cuninghame; and he desyrit that he
+suld come to the inquisition of ye matter yat I suspectit him of. This
+last speiking was of his awin heid, without ony commissioun.
+
+I answerit to him, that thair was na receipt culd serve aganis feir; and
+that he wald not be affrayit, in case he wer not culpabill; and that I
+answerit bot rudely to the doutis yat were in his letteris.[21] Summa, I
+maid him hald his toung. The rest were lang to wryte. Schir James
+Hammiltoun met me, quha schawit, that the uther tyme quhen he hard of my
+cumming, he departit away, and send Howstoun, to schaw him, that he wald
+never have belevit that he wald persewit him, nor yit accompanyit him
+with the Hammiltounis. He answerit, that he was only cum bot to see me,
+and yat he wald nouther accompany Stewart nor Hammiltoun, bot be my
+commandement. He desyrit[22] that he wald cum and speik with him. He
+refusit it.
+
+The Laird of Lusse,[23] Howstoun, and Caldwellis sone, with xl hors or
+thair about, came and met me. The Laird of Lusse said, he was chargeit
+to ane day of law be the King's father, quhilk suld be this day, aganis
+his awin handwrit, quhilk he has; and zit notwithstanding, knawing of my
+cumming, it is delayit. He was inquyrit to come to him, whilk he
+refusit, and sweiris that he will indure nothing of him.
+
+Never ane of that towne came to speik to me, quhilk causis me think that
+thay ar his; and nevertheless he speikis gude, at the leist his sone. I
+se[24] na uther gentilman but thay of my company.
+
+The King send for Joachim zisternicht,[25] and askit at him, quhy I
+lodgeit not besyde him, and that he wald ryse the soner gif that wer;
+and quhairfoir[26] I come, gif it was for gude appointment? and gif ye
+wer thair in particular? and gif I had maid my estait, gif I had takin
+Paris[27][28] and Gilbert to wryte to me? and yat I wald send Joseph away.
+I am abaschit [_i.e._ I wonder] quha hes schawin him sa far; zea, he
+spak evin of ye marriage of Bastiane.
+
+I inquyrit him of his letteris, quhairintil he plenzeit {complained} of
+the crueltie of sum; answerit, that he was astonischit,[29] and that he
+was sa glaid to se me, that he belevit to die for glaidness. He fand
+greit fault that I was pensive.
+
+I departit to supper. This beirer will tell zow of my arryving. He
+prayit me to returne; the quhilk I did. He declairit unto me his
+seiknes, and that he wald mak na testament, but only leif all thing to
+me; and that I was the caus of his maladie, becaus of the regrait that
+he had that I was sa strange unto him. And thus he said: Ze ask me quhat
+I mene be the crueltie contenit in my letter? It is of zow alone that
+will not accept my offeris and repentance. I confes that I have failit,
+but not into that quhilk I ever denyit, and sicklyke hes failit to {too}
+sindrie of your subjectis, quhilk ze have forgevin.[30]
+
+I am zoung.
+
+Ye will say that ze have forgevin me oft tymes, and zit yat I returne to
+my faultis. May not ane man of my age, for lacke of counsell, fall twyse
+or thryse, or inlacke {fail} of his promeis, and at last[31] repent
+himself and be chastisit be experience? Gif I may obtene pardoun, I
+protest I sall never mak fault agane. And I crave na uther thing bot yat
+we may be at bed and buird togidder as husband and wyfe; and gif ze wil
+not consent heirunto I sall never ryse out of yis bed. I pray zow, tell
+me zour resolution. God knawis I am punischit for making my God of zow,
+and for having na uther thocht bot on zow; and gif at ony tyme I offend
+zow, ze ar the caus, becaus quhen ony offendis me, gif, for my refuge, I
+micht playne unto zow, I wald speik it unto na uther body; bot quhen I
+heir ony thing, not being familiar with zow, necessitie constrains me to
+keip it in my breist, and yat causes me to tyne {lose} my wit for verray
+anger.
+
+I answerit ay unto him, bot that wald be ovir lang to wryte at lenth. I
+askit quhy he wald pas away in ye Inglis schip. He denyis it, and sweirs
+theirunto; bot he grantis that he spak with the men. Efter this I
+inquirit him of the inquisition of Hiegate. He denyit the same quhill I
+schew him the verray wordis was spokin. At quhilk tyme he said that
+Mynto had advertisit him, that it was said that sum of the counsell had
+brocht an letter to me to be subscrivit to put him in presoun, and to
+slay him gif he maid resistence. And he askit the same at Mynto himself,
+quha answerit that he belevit ye same to be trew. The morne I will speik
+to him upon this point. As to the rest of Willie Hiegait's,[32] he
+confessit it, bot it was the morne efter my cumming or {till} he did it.
+
+He wald verray fane that I suld ludge in his ludgeing. I refusit it, and
+said to him that he behovit to be purgeit, and that culd not be done
+heir. He said to me, I heir say ze have brocht ane lyter {litter, couch}
+with zow; bot I had rather have passit {travelled} with zow. I trow[33]
+he belevit that I wald have send him away presoner. I answerit that I
+wald tak him with me to Craigmillar, quhais the mediciner and I micht
+help him, and not be far from my sone. He answerit that he was reddy
+when I pleisit, sa I wald assure him of his requeist.
+
+He desyris na body to se him. He is angrie quhen I speik of Walcar, and
+sayis, that he sall pluk the eiris out of his heid, and that he leis
+{lies}. For I inquyrit him upon that, and yat he was angrie with sum of
+the Lordis, and wald threittin thame. He denyis that,[34] and sayis he
+luifis {loves} thame all, and prayis me to give traist to nathing aganis
+him. As to me he wald rather give his lyfe or he did ony displesure to
+me.
+
+And efter yis he schew me of sa mony lytil flattereis, sa cauldly and sa
+wysely, that ze will abasche {marvel} thairat. I had almaist forzet that
+he said he could not dout of me in yis purpois of Hiegait's; for he wald
+never belief yat I, quha was his proper flesche, wald do him ony evill;
+alsweill it was schawin that I refusit to subscrive the same.[35] But as
+to ony utheris that wald persew him, at least he wald sell his lyfe deir
+eneuch; but he suspectit na body, nor yit wald not, but wald lufe all
+yat I lufit.
+
+He wald not let me depart from him, bot desyrit yat I suld walk {watch}
+with him. I make it seme that I beleive that all is trew, and takis heid
+thairto, and excusit my self for this nicht that I culd not walk. He
+sayis, that he sleipis not weil. Ze saw him never better, nor speik mair
+humbler. And gif I had not ane prufe of his hart of waxe, and yat myne
+were not of ane dyamont quhairintill na schot can mak brek, bot that
+quhilk cummis furth your hand, I wald have almaist had pietie of him.
+But feir not, the place[36] sall hald unto the deith. Remember, in
+recompense thairof, that ze suffer not zouris to be wyn {won} be that
+fals race[37] that will travell na les with zow for the same.
+
+I beleve thay have bene at schuillis togidder. He has ever the teir in
+his eye; he salutis every body, zea unto the leist, and makis pieteous
+caressing unto thame to mak thame have pietie on him. This day his
+father bled at the mouth and nose; ges quhat presage that is. I have not
+zit sene him, he keipis his chamber. The King desyris that I suld give
+him meit with my awin handis; but gif {give} na mair traist quhair ze ar
+than I sall do heir.
+
+This is my first journay {day's work.} I sall end ye same ye morne. I
+wryte all thingis, howbeit thay be of lytill wecht, to the end that ze
+may tak the best of all to judge upon. I am in doing of ane work heir
+that I hait greitly.[38] Have ye not desyre to lauch to see me lie sa
+weill, at ye leist to dissembill sa weill, and to tell him treuth betwix
+handis {_i.e._ occasionally.} He schawit me almaist all yat is in the
+name of the Bischop and Sudderland, and zit I have never twichit ane
+word of that ze schawit me; but allanerly {only} be force, flattering,
+and to pray him to assure himself of me. And be pleinzing on the Bischop
+I have drawin it all out of him.[39] Ze have hard the rest.
+
+We are couplit[40] with twa fals races; the devil sinder us and God knit
+us togidder for ever, for the maist faithfull coupill that ever He
+unitit. This is my faith; I will die in it.
+
+Excuse I wryte evill, ze may ges ye half of it; bot I cannot mend it,
+becaus I am not weil at eis; and zit verray glaid to wryte unto zow
+quhen the rest are sleipand, sen {since} I cannot sleip as they do and
+as I wald desyre, that is, in your armes, my deir lufe, quhome I pray
+God to preserve from all evill, and send yow repois; I am gang and to
+seik myne till ye morne, quhen I sall end my Bybill; bot I am faschit
+{troubled} that it stoppis me to wryte newis of myself unto zow, becaus
+it is sa lang. Advertise me quhat ye have deliberat to do in the mater
+ze know upon this point to ye end, that we may understand utheris {each
+other} weill, that nathing may thairthrow be spilt.
+
+I am irkit {weary}[41] and ganging to sleip, and zit I ceis not to
+scrible all this paper in sa mekle as restis thairof. Waryit mot this
+pockische man be that causes me haif sa mekle pane, for without him I
+suld have an far plesander subject to discourse upon. He is not over
+mekle deformit,[42] zit he hes ressavit verray mekle. He hes almaist
+slane me with his braith; it is worse than your uncle's;[43] and zit I
+cum na neirer unto him, bot in ane chyre[44] at the bed feit, and he
+being at the uther end thairof.
+
+The message of the father in the gait {way}.
+
+The purpois {talk}[45] of Schir James Hamiltoun.
+
+Of that the Laird of Lusse schawit me of the delay.
+
+Of the demandis that he askit at Joachim.
+
+Of my estait.
+
+Of my company.
+
+Of the occasioun of my cumming;
+
+And of Joseph.
+
+_Item._ The purpois that he and I had togidder.
+
+Of the desyre that he has to pleis me, and of his repentance.
+
+Of the interpretatioun of his letter.
+
+Of Willie Hiegaite's mater {business}, of his departing.
+
+Of Monsiure de Levingstoun.
+
+I had almaist forzet, that Monsiure de Levingstoun said in the Lady
+Reres eir at supper, that he wald drink to ye folk yat I wist of, gif I
+wald pledge thame. And efter supper he said to me, quhen I was lenand
+
+ upon him warming me at the fyre. Ze have {fair}
+ {sair}
+
+going to se seik folk,[46] zit ze cannot be sa welcum to thame as ze
+left sum body this day in regrait, that will never be blyth quhill he se
+zow agane. I askit at him quha that was. With that he thristit my body,
+and said, that sum[47] of his folkis had sene zow in fascherie; ze may
+ges at the rest.
+
+I wrocht this day quhill {till} it was twa houris upon this bracelet,
+for to put the key of it within the lock thairof, quhilk is couplit
+underneth with twa cordounis. I have had sa lytill tyme that it is evill
+maid; bot I sall mak ane fairer in the meane tyme. Tak heid that nane
+that is heir se it, for all the warld will knaw it, becaus for haist it
+was made in yair presence.
+
+I am now passand to my fascheous {hateful} purpois.[48] Ze gar (force)
+me dissemble sa far that I haif horring thairat; and ye caus me do
+almaist the office of a traitores. Remember how gif {if} it wer not to
+obey zow, I had rather be deid or I did it;[49] my hart bleidis at it.
+Summa, he will not cum with me, except upon conditioun that I will
+promeis to him, that I sall be at bed and buird with him as of befoir,
+and that I will leif him na ofter:[50] And doing this upon my word, he
+will do all thingis that I pleis, and cum with me. Bot he has prayit me
+to remane upon him quhil uther morne[51] {till tomorrow}.
+
+He spak verray bravely[52] at ye beginning, as yis beirer will schaw
+zow, upon the purpois of the Inglismen, and of his departing; Bot in ye
+end he returnit agane to his humilitie.
+
+He schawit, amangis uther purposis, yat he knew weill aneuch that my
+brother had schawin me yat thing, quhilk he had spokin in striviling, of
+the quhilk he denyis ye ane half, and above all, yat ever he came in his
+chalmer. For to mak him traist me, it behovit me to fenze {feign} in sum
+thingis with him; thairfoir, quhen he requeistit me to promeis unto him,
+that quhen he was haill we suld have baith ane bed;[53] I said to him
+fenzeingly, and making me to beleve his promisis, that gif he changeit
+not purpois betwix yis and {by} that tyme, I wald be content thairwith;
+bot in the meane tyme I bad him tak heid that he leit na body wit
+thairof, becaus, to speik amangis our selvis, the Lordis culd not be
+offendit, nor will evill thairfoir: Bot[54] thay wald feir in respect of
+the boisting he maid of thame, that gif ever we aggreit togidder, he
+suld mak thame knaw the lytill compt thay tuke of him; and that he
+counsallit me not to purchas sum of thame by him. Thay for this caus
+wald be in jelosy, gif at anis, without thair knawledge, I suld brek the
+play set up in contrair in thair presence.
+
+He said, verray joyfully, And think zow thay will esteme zow the mair of
+that? Bot I am verray glaid that ze speik to me of the Lordis, for I
+beleve at this tyme ze desyre that we suld leif togidder in quyetnes:
+For gif it wer utherwyse, greiter inconvenience micht come to us baith
+than we ar war of;[55] bot now I will do quhatever ze will do, and will
+lufe all that ze lufe; and desyris zow to make thame lufe in lyk maner;
+For, sen thay seik not my lyf, I lufe thame all equallie. Upon yis point
+this beirer will schaw zow mony small thingis. Becaus I have over mekle
+to wryte, and it is lait: I give traist unto him upon zour word. Summa,
+he will ga upon my word to all places.
+
+Alace! I never dissavit {deceived} ony body: Bot I remit me altogidder
+to zour will. Send me advertisement quhat I sall do, and quhatsaever
+thing sall cum thairof, I sall obey zow. Advise to with zourself, gif ze
+can find out ony mair secreit inventioun by medicine; for he suld tak
+medicine and the bath at Cragmillar. He may not cum furth of the hous
+this lang tyme.
+
+Summa, be all that I can leirne, he is in greit suspicioun, and zit
+notwithstanding, he gevis credit to my word; bot zit not sa far that he
+will schaw ony thing to me; bot nevertheles, I sall draw it out of him,
+gif ze will that I avow all unto him. Bot I will never rejoyce to
+dissaive ony body that traistis in me: Zit notwithstanding ze may
+command me in all thingis. Have na evill opinioun of me for that caus,
+be ressoun ze are the occasion of it zourself; becaus, for my awin
+particular revenge, I wald not do it to him.
+
+He gevis me sum chekis[56] of yat quhilk I feir, zea, evin in the quick.
+He sayis this far, yat his faultis wer publeist; bot yair is that
+committis faultis, that belevis thay will never be spokin of; and zit
+thay will speik of greit and small. As towart the Lady Reres, he said, I
+pray God that scho may serve zow for your honour; and said, it is
+thocht, and he belevis it to be trew, that I have not the power of
+myself into myself, and that becaus of the refuse I maid of his offeris.
+Summa,[57] for certanetie he suspectis of the thing ze knaw, and of his
+lyf. Bot as to the last, how sone that I spak twa or thre gude wordis
+unto him, he rejoysis, and is out of dout.[58]
+
+I saw him not this evening for to end zour bracelet, to the quhilk I can
+get na lokkis. It is ready to thame: and zit I feir that it will bring
+sum malheus, and may be sene gif ze chance to be hurt. Advertise me gif
+ze will have it, and gif ze will have mair silver, and quhen I sall
+returne, and how far I mey speik.[59] He inragis when he heiris of
+Lethingtoun, or of zow or of my brother. Of zour brother he speikis
+nathing. He speikis of the Erle of Argyle. I am in feir quhen I heir him
+speik; for he assuris himself yat he hes not an evill opinioun of him.
+He speikis nathing of thame that is out, nouther gude nor evill, bot
+fleis that point. His father keipis his chalmer; I have not sene him.
+
+All the Hammiltounis ar heir, that accompanyis me verray honorabilly.
+All the freindis of the uther convoyis me quhen I gang to se him. He
+desyris me to cum and se him ryse the morne betyme. For to mak schort,
+this beirer will tell zow the rest. And gif I leirne onything heir, I
+will make zow memoriall at evin. He will tell zow the occasioun of my
+remaning. Burne this letter, for it is ovir dangerous, and nathing weill
+said in it; for I am thinkand upon nathing bot fascherie. Gif[60] ze be
+in Edinburgh at the ressait of it, send me word sone.
+
+Be not[61] offendit, for I gif not ovir greit credite. Now seing to obey
+zow, my deir lufe, I spair nouther honour, conscience, hasard, nor
+greitnes quhatsumevir; tak it, I pray zow, in gude part, not efter the
+interpretatioun of zour fals gude-brother, to quhome, I pray zow, gif na
+credite aganis the maist faithful luifer that ever ze had, or ever sall
+have.
+
+Se not hir, quhais fenzeit teiris suld not be sa meckle praisit nor
+estemit, as the trew and faithful travellis quhilk I sustene for to
+merite his place. For obtening of the quhilk agains my natural, I
+betrayis thame that may impesche me. God forgive me, and God give zow,
+my only lufe, the hap and prosperitie quhilk zour humble and faithful
+lufe desyris unto zow, quha hopis to be schortly ane uther thing to zow
+for the reward of my irksome travellis.
+
+It is lait; I desyre never to ceis fra wryting unto zow; zit now, after
+the kissing of zour handis, I will end my letter. Excuse my evill
+wryting, and reid it twyse over. Excuse that thing that is scriblit, for
+I had na paper zisterday quhen I wrait that of ye memoriall. Remember
+upon zour lufe, and wryte unto hir, and that verray oft. Lufe me as I
+sall do zow.
+
+Remember zow of the purpois[62] of the Lady Reres
+
+ Of the Inglismen
+ Of his mother.
+ Of the Erle of Argyle.
+ Of the Erle of Bothwell.
+ Of the ludgeing in Edinburgh.
+
+ [The memoranda in the middle of the letter constitute the "thing
+ that is scriblit," for which pardon is asked in the last sentence.
+ The concluding words, from "Remember" to "Edinburgh," are
+ instructions for the bearer.]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ _E._ = _English_; _F._= _Published French_; _L._ = _Latin_.
+
+ [20] _E._ "Considering what the body may without heart, which was
+ cause ... that till dinner I had used little talk." So also French,
+ but Latin as in Scots.
+
+ [21] _E._ Adds after "letters," " ... as though there had been a
+ meaning to pursue him."
+
+ [22] _L._ and _F._ Omit "He desired ... refusit it."
+
+ [23] _E._ "The Lord Luse, Houstoun, and the son of Caldwell, and about
+ forty horse came to meet me, and he told me that he was sent to one
+ day o' law from the father, which should be this day," &c. _L._ and
+ _F._ as in Scots.
+
+ [24] _E._ Omits "I see ... company."
+
+ [25] _E._ Omits "yesternight;" _L._ "heri;" _F._ "hier."
+
+ [26] _E._ ... "Whether it were for any good appointment that he came,
+ and whether I had not taken Paris and Gilbert to write, and that I
+ sent Joseph."
+
+ _L._ "Item cur venisrem? an reconciliationis causa? ac nominatim, an
+ tu hic esses? An familiae catalogum fecissem? An Paridem et Gilbertum
+ acceptissem, qui mihi scriberent? an Josephum dimissura essem?"
+
+ _F._ "Item pour quoy j'estoye venue, et si c'estoit pour faire une
+ reconciliation; si vous estiez icy; et si j'avoye faict quelque
+ rolle de mes domestiques; si j'avois prins Paris et Gilbert, afin
+ qu'ils m'escrivissent; et si je ne vouloye pas licentier Joseph."
+
+ [27] Scots has a marginal note, "This berer will tell you sumwhat upon
+ this," which appears in the English text and is omitted in the other
+ versions.
+
+ [28] This berer will tell you somewhat upon this. [Marginal note in
+ original.]
+
+ [29] _E._ "He said that he did dream, and that he was so glad to see
+ me that he thought he should die--indeed, that he had found fault
+ with me." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [30] _E._ "You have well pardoned them." _F._ and _L._ as in _S._
+
+ [31] _E._ "And at the last repent, and rebuke himself by his
+ repentance." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [32] _E._ "The rest, as Will Hiegate hath confessed; but it was the
+ next day that he came hither." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [33] _E._ omits "I trow ... Presoner."
+
+ [34] _E._ "He denyeth it, and saith that he had already prayed them
+ to think no such matter of him." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [35] _E._ "And indeed it was said that I refused to have him let
+ blood." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [36] _L._ "Praesidium." _F._ "Forteresse."
+
+ [37] _E._ "By that false race that would do no less to yourself."
+ _L._ "A gentle illa perfida, quae non minore contentione te cum de
+ hoc ipso aget." _F._ "Par ceste nation infidele, qui avec non
+ moindre opiniastrete debatra le mesme avec vous."
+
+ [38] _E._ Adds after "greitly"--"but I had begun it this morning."
+
+ [39] _E._ Adds after "all out of him"--"I have known what I would. I
+ have taken the worms out of his nose."
+
+ [40] _E._ "We are tied to with two false races. The good yure {goujere}
+ untye us from them. God forgive me, and God knit us together
+ forever." _L._ "Diabolus nos sejungat, ac nos conjugat Deus in
+ perpetuum," &c. _F._, "Le diable nous vueille separer, et que Dieu
+ nous conjoingne a jamais," &c.
+
+ [41] _E._ "I am weary, and am asleep." _L._ "Ego nudata sum, ac
+ dormitum eo." _F._, "Je suis toute nue, et m'en vay coucher." [The
+ Latin and French translation mistook "irkit" for "nakit."]
+
+ [42] _E._ "He is not much the worse, but he is ill arrayed." _L._
+ "Non magnopere deformatus est, multum tamen accepit." _F._ "Il n'a
+ pas este beaucoup rende diforme, toutesfois il en a pris beaucoup."
+
+ [43] _L._ "Propinqui." _F._ "Parent."
+
+ [44] _E._ "By his bolster, and he lieth at the further side of the
+ bed." _L._ "Ad pedes ejus." _F._ "A ses pieds."
+
+ [45] _E._ "The talk of Sir James Hamilton of the ambassador." _L._
+ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ _E._ "Lord of Lusse." _L._ "Lussae Comarchus." _F._ "Le prevost de
+ Lusse."
+
+ [46] _E._ "You may well go and see sick folk." _L._ "Bella huiusmodi
+ hominum visitatio." _F._ "Voyla une belle visitation de telles
+ gens." [_L._ and _F._ translators confusing _sik_ (sick) and _sik_
+ (such).]
+
+ [47] _E._ "And said, 'One of his folk that hath left you this day.'"
+ _L._ "Respondit, unus eorum qui te reliquerunt." _F._ "Respondit,
+ c'est l'un de ceux qui vous ont laissee."
+
+ [48] _E._ "To my tedious talk." _L._ "Ad institutum meum odiosum."
+ _F._ "A ma deliberation odieuse."
+
+ [49] _E._ Omits "or I did." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [50] _E._ "No more." _L._ "Ne saepius." _Fr._ "Ne ... si souvent."
+
+ [51] _E._ "Till after tomorrow." _L._ "In diem perendinum." _F._
+ "Encor deux jours."
+
+ [52] _E._ "More pleasantly." _L._ "Valde ferociter." _F._ "Fort
+ asprement."
+
+ [53] _E._ "Make but one bed." _L._ "Communem fore lectum." _F._ "Ne
+ faisions plus qu'un lict."
+
+ [54] _F._ "But did fear lest, considering the threatening which he
+ made in case we did agree together, he would make them feel the
+ small account they have made of him, and that he would persuade me
+ to pursue some of them." _L._ "Sed in timore futuros quod comitatus
+ fuisset, si aliquando inter nos concordes essemus, se daturum operam
+ ut intelligerent quam parvi eum aestimassent; item quod mihi
+ consuluisset ne gratiam quorundam seorsum a se expeterem." _F._
+ "Ains seroient en crainte de ce qu'il m'auroit suivy. Et si nous
+ pouvions estre d'acord ensemble, qu'il pourroit donner ordre, qu'ils
+ entendroient combien peu ils l'avoient estime. Item de ce qu'il
+ m'avoit conseille, que je ne recerchasse la bonne grace d'aucuns
+ sans luy."
+
+ [55] _E._ "Than you think." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [56] _E._ "He giveth me certain charges (and these strong) of that
+ I fear even to say that his faults be published; but there be
+ that commit some secret faults, and fear not to have them spoken of
+ so lowdely, and that there is speech of greate and small." _L._
+ "Interim me attingit in loco suspecto; idque ad vivum hactenus
+ proloquutus est, sua crimina esse palam; sed sunt qui majora
+ committant, et opinantur ea silentio tegi; et tamen homines de
+ magnis juxta et parvis loquuntur." _F._ "Cependant il m'a donne
+ attainte du lieu suspect, et a jusques icy discouru bien au vif, que
+ ces fautes sont congreuees; mais qu'il y en a qui en commettent de
+ plus grandes, encores qu'ils estiment qu'elles soient cachees par
+ silence; et toutesfois que les hommes parlent des grands aussi bien
+ des petits."
+
+ [57] _E._ "To conclude, for assurety he mistrusteth her of that that
+ ye know, and for his life." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [58] _E._ "He was very merry and glad." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [59] _E._ Adds after "speak"--"Now, as far as I perceive.
+
+ {J'ay bien la vogue avec vous[63]} Guess you whether I shall not
+ {I may do much without you. } be suspected."
+
+ [60] _E._ "For I think upon nothing but grief if you be at
+ Edinburgh." _L._ and _F._ as in _S._
+
+ [61] _E._ Omits "Be not ... credit."
+
+ [62] _E._ Omits from "Remember you" to the end.
+
+ [63] This is a comment in the margin, perhaps a quotation from the
+ French version shown to the Commissioners. According to Mr. T. F.
+ Henderson, it is in Cecil's handwriting. ("The Casket Letters and
+ Mary Queen of Scots," p. 78.)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter III.[64]
+
+My Lord, gif the displesure of zour absence, of zour forzetfulnes, ye
+feir of danger sa promisit be everie ane to zour sa luifit persone, may
+gif me consolatioun, I leif it to zow to juge, seing the unhap that my
+cruell lot and continuall misadventure hes hitherto promysit me,
+following ye misfortunes and feiris as weill of lait, as of ane lang
+tyme by-past, the quhilk ye do knaw. Bot for all that, I will in na wise
+accuse zow, nouther of zour lytill cair, and leist of all of zour
+promeis brokin, or of ye cauldnes of zour wryting, sen I am ellis sa far
+maid zouris, yat yat quhilk pleisis zow is acceptabill to me; and my
+thochtis ar as willingly subdewit unto zouris, that I suppois yat all
+that cummis of zow proceidis not be ony of the causis forsaid, bot
+rather for sic {such} as be just and ressonabill, and sic as I desyre
+myself. Quhilk is the fynal order that ze promysit to tak for the
+suretie and honorabil service of ye only uphald of my lyfe. For quhilk
+alone I will preserve the same, and without the quhilk I desyre not bot
+suddane deith, and to testifie unto zow how lawly I submit me under zour
+commandementis, I have send zow, in signe of homage, be Paris, the
+ornament of the heid, quhilk is the chief gude of the uther memberis,
+inferring thairby that, be ye seising {placing} of zow in the
+possessioune of the spoile of that quhilk is principall, the remnant
+cannot be bot subject unto zow, and with consenting of the hart. In
+place thairof, sen I have ellis left it unto zow, I send unto zow ane
+sepulture of hard stane, collourit with blak, sawin with teiris and
+bones. The stane I compair to my hart, that as it is carvit in ane sure
+sepulture or harbor of zour commandementis, and above all, of zour name
+and memorie that ar thairin inclosit, as is my heart in this ring, never
+to cum furth, quhill deith grant unto yow to ane trophee of victorie of
+my banes, as the ring is fullit, in signe that yow haif maid ane full
+conqueis of me, of myne hart, and unto yat my banes be left unto yow in
+remembrance of your victorie and my acceptabill lufe and willing, for to
+be better bestowit than I merite. The ameling that is about is blak,
+quhilk signifyis the steidfastness of hir that sendis the same. The
+teiris are without number, sa ar the dreddowris to displeis yow, the
+teiris of your absence, the disdane that I cannot be in outward effect
+youris, as I am without fenzeitnes of hart and spreit, and of gude
+ressoun, thocht my meritis wer mekle greiter then of the maist profite
+that ever was, and sic as I desyre to be, and sall tak pane in
+conditiounis to imitate, for to be bestowit worthylie under your
+regiment. My only wealth ressaif thairfoir in als gude part ye same, as
+I have ressavit your marriage with extreme joy, the quhilk sall not part
+furth of my bosum, quhill yat marriage of our bodyis be maid in publict,
+as signe of all that I outher hope or desyris of blis in yis warld. Zit
+my hart feiring to displeis you as mekle in the reiding heirof, as I
+delite me in ye writing, I will mak end, efter that I have kissit zour
+handis with als greit affectioun as, I pray God (O ye only uphald of my
+lyfe) to gif yow lang and blissit lyfe, and to me zour gude favour, as
+the only gude yat I desyre, and to ye quhilk I pretend. I have schawin
+unto this beirer that quhilk I have leirnit, to quhome I remit me,
+knawand the credite that ze gaif him, as scho dois that will be for ever
+unto zow humbill and obedient lauchfull wyfe, that for ever dedicates
+unto zow hir hart, hir body, without ony change, as unto him that I have
+maid possessour of my hart, of quhilk ze may hald zow assurit, yat unto
+ye deith sall na wayis be changeit, for evill nor gude sall never mak me
+go from it.
+
+ The original French version of this letter is in the Record Office
+ (State Papers, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 66). It is printed
+ by Mr. Henderson, and by Hosack. No Latin or French version of it
+ was printed in the _Detectio_.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [64] _F._ Mais pour tout cela Je me vous accuserai ni de peu de
+ souvenance ni de peu de soigne et moins encore de vostre promesse
+ violee que ce qu'il vous plaist mest agreable et sont mes penses
+ tant volonterement, aux vostres asubjectes que je veulx presupposer
+ que tout ce que vient de vous procede non par aucune des causes
+ susdictes ains pour telles qui son justes et raisoinables et telles
+ que je desie moy.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter IV.
+
+I have walkit laiter thair up then I wald have done, gif it had not bene
+to draw sumthing out of him, quhilk this beirer will schaw zow; quhilk
+is the fairest commodity {_i.e._ the most suitable opportunity} that can
+be offerit to excuse zour affairis. I have promysit to bring him the
+morne. Put ordour to it, gif ze find it gude.
+
+Now, Schir, I have brokin my promeis; becaus ze commandit me nouther to
+wryte nor send unto zow Zit I have not done this to offend zow, and gif
+ze knew the feir yat I have presently, ze wald not have sa mony contrary
+suspiciounis in your thocht; quhilk notwithstanding I treit and chereis,
+as proceeding from the thing in the warld that I maist desyre, and
+seikis fastest to haif, quhilk is zour gude grace; of the quhilk my
+behaviour sall assure me. As to me: I sall never dispair of it, and
+prayis zow, according to zour promeis, to discharge zour hart unto me,
+Utherwayis[65] I will think that my malhure, and the gude handling of hir
+that has not ye third part of the faithfull nor willing obedience unto
+zow that I beir, hes wyn, aganis my will, yat advantage over me, quhilk
+the second lufe of Jason wan; not that I will compair zow unto ane sa
+unhappy as he was, nor zit myself to ane sa unpietifull ane woman as
+scho. Howbeit, ze caus me to be sumthing lyk unto hir in onything that
+tuichis zow, or yat may preserve and keip zow unto hir, to quhome only
+ze appertene; gif it be sa that I may appropriate that quhilk is wyn
+throch faithfull, zea only, lufiing of zow, as I do, and sall do all the
+dayis of my lyfe, for pane or evill that can cum thairof. In recompense
+of the quhilk, and of all the evillis quhilk ze have bene caus of to me,
+remember zow upon the place heir besyde.
+
+I craif with that ze keip promeis to me the morne; but that we may meit
+togidder, and that ye gif na faith to suspiciounis without the
+certanetie of thame. And I craif na uther thing at God, but that ze may
+knaw that thing that is in my hart quhilk is zouris; and that he may
+preserve zow from all evill, at the leist sa lang as I have lyfe, quhilk
+I repute not precious unto me, except in sa far as it and I baith ar
+aggreabill unto zow. I am going to bed, and will bid zow gude nicht.
+Advertise me tymely in the morning how ze have fairin; for I will be in
+pane unto I get worde. Mak gude watch,[66] gif the burd eschaip out of
+the caige, or without hir mate. As ye turtur I sall remane alone for to
+lament the absence, how schort yat sa ever it be. This letter will do
+with ane gude hart, that thing quhilk I cannot do myself, gif it be not
+that I have feir that ze ar in sleiping, I durst not wryte this befoir
+Joseph, Bastiane, and Joachim, that did bot depart even quhen I began to
+wryte.
+
+ A French version of this letter is in the possession of the Marquis
+ of Salisbury at Hatfield (_cf._ Calendar of Hatfield MSS., I.
+ 376-7) and has been printed by Mr. Henderson. ("Casket Letters,"
+ pp. 159-162.) It is here given in full, and the variations in the
+ published Latin and French versions, and in the English translation
+ at Halfield are indicated in the notes.
+
+J'ay veille plus tard la hault que je n'eusse fait si ce neust este pour
+tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira que je treuve la plus belle commoditee
+pour excuser vostre affaire que se pourroit presenter. Je luy ay promise
+de le luy mener demain si vous le trouves bon mettes y ordre. Or
+monsieur j'ay ja rompu ma promesse. Car vous ne mavyes comande de vous
+envoier ni escrire si ne le fais pour vous offencer et si vous scavyes
+la craint que j'en ay vous nauries tant des subcons contrairs que
+toutesfois je cheris comme procedant de la chose du mond que je desire
+et cherche le plus c'est votre bonne grace de laquelle mes deportemens
+m'asseureront et je n'en disesperay jamais tant que selon vostre
+promesse vous m'en dischargeres vostre c[oe]ur aultrement[65b] je penserais
+que mon malheur et le bien composer de c[oe]ux qui n'ont le troisiesme
+partie de la fidelite ni voluntair obeissance que je vous porte auront
+gaigne sur moy l'avantage de la seconde amye de Jason. Non que je vous
+compare a un si malheureus ni moy a une si impitoiable. Combien que vous
+men fassies un peu resentir en chose qui vous touschat ou pour vous
+preserver et garder a celle a qui seulle vous aparteines si lon se peult
+approprier ce que lon acquiert par bien et loyalment voire uniquement
+aymer comme je fais et fairay toute ma vie pour pein ou mal que m'en
+puisse avenir. En recompence de quoy et des tous les maulx dont vous
+maves este cause, souvenes vous du lieu icy pres. Je ne demande que vous
+me tennes promesse de main mais que nous truvions et que nadjousties foy
+au subcons quaures sans nous en certifier, et je ne demande a Dieu si
+non que coignoissies tout ce que je ay au c[oe]ur qui est vostre et quil
+vous preserve de tout mal au moyns durant ma vie qui ne me sera chere
+qu'autant qu'elle et moy vous serons agreables. Je m'en vois coucher et
+vous donner le bon soir mandes moy demain comme vous seres porte a bon
+heur. Car j'enseray en pein et faites bon guet[66b] si l'oseau sortira de
+sa cage ou sens son per comme la tourtre demeurera seulle a se lamenter
+de l'absence pour court quelle soit-ce que je ne puis faire ma lettre de
+bon c[oe]ur {fera} si ce nestoit qui je {qy} peur que soyes endormy. Car je
+nay ose escrire devant Joseph et Bastienne et Joachim qui ne sont que
+partis quand J'ay commence.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ _P. F._ = Published French; _L._= Latin.
+
+ [65][65b][65c] _P. F._ "Autrement j'estimeray que cela se faict par mon
+ malheureux destin, et par la faveur des astres envers celles, qui
+ toutesfois n'ont une tierce partie de loyaute, et volonte que j'ay
+ de vous obeir; si elles, comme si j'estoye une second amye de Jason,
+ malgre moy, occupent le premier lieu de faveur; ce que je ne dy,
+ pour vous a comparer a cet homme en l'infelicite qu'il avoit, ny moy
+ avec une femme toute esloignee de misericorde, comme estoit
+ celle-la," &c. _L._ "Alioqui suspicabor fieri malo meo fato, et
+ siderum favore erga illas (quae nec tertiam habent partem
+ fidelitatis, et voluntatis tibi obsequendi, quam ego habeo) ut
+ ipsae, velut secunda Jasonis amica, me invita, priorem apud te locum
+ gratiae occupaverint; nec hoc eo dico, quo te cum homine, ea qua
+ ille erat infelicitate, comparem, nec me cum muliere tam aliena a
+ misericordia quam illa erat."
+
+ [66][66b][66c] _P. F._ has no sentence corresponding to "mak gude watch," and
+ proceeds, "Comme l'oyseau eschappe de la cage, ou la tourtre qui est
+ sans compagne, ainsi je demeureray seule, pour pleurer votre
+ absence, quelque brieve qu'elle puisse estre." _L._ also has no
+ expression for "mak gude watch," but reads, "Si avis evaserit e
+ cavea autsine compare, velut turtur, ego remanebo sola ut lamenter
+ absentiam tuam quamlibet brevem."
+
+ The English translation at Hatfield follows the Hatfield French
+ version closely. The two most important passages run thus:
+ "Otherwise,[65c] I wold think that my yll luck, and the fayre behavior
+ of those that have not the thirde parte of the faythfulness and
+ voluntary obedience that I beare unto you, shall have wonne the
+ advantage over me of the second Loover of Jason.... Send me[66c] word
+ tomorrow early in the morning how you have don for I shall think
+ long. And watche well if the byrde shall fly out of his cage or
+ without his mate, as the turtle shall remayne alone to lament and
+ morne for absence how short soever it be."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter V.
+
+My hart, alace! must the foly of ane woman quhais unthankfulness toward
+me ze do sufficiently knaw, be occasioun of displesure unto zow,
+considering yat I culd not have remeidit thairunto without knawing it?
+And sen that I persavit it, I culd not tell it zow, for that[67] I knew
+not how to governe myself thairin: for nouther in that nor in any uther
+thing will I tak upon me to do ony thing without knawledge of zour will,
+quhilk I beseik zow let me understand; for I will follow it all my lyfe
+mair willingly than zow sall declair it to me; and gif ze do not send me
+word this nicht quhat ze will that I sall do, I will red myself of it,
+and hesard[68] to caus it to be interprysit and takin in hand, quhilk
+micht be hurtfull to that quhairunto baith we do tend. And quhen scho
+sall be maryit, I beseik zow give me ane, or ellis I will tak sic as
+sall content zow for their conditiounis; bot as for thair toungis or
+faithfulness towart zow I will not answer. I beseik zow yat ane opinioun
+of uther persoun be not hurtfull in zour mynde to my constancie,
+Mistrust me; bot quhen I will put zow out of dout and cleir myselfe,
+refuse it not, my deir lufe, and suffer me to make zow sum prufe be my
+obedince, my faithfulness, constancie, and voluntarie subjectioun,
+quhilk I tak for the plesandest gude that I micht ressaif, gif ze will
+accept it; and mak na ceremonie at it, for ze culd do me na greiter
+outrage nor give mair mortall grief.
+
+ [There is a French version of this letter in the Record Office
+ (_State Papers_, Mary Queen of Scots, vol. ii. p. 63). It has been
+ printed by Malcolm Laing (vol. iv. p. 202), Hosack (vol. i. p.
+ 230), and Mr. Henderson (p. 165). The following variations are
+ taken from the Record Office version. The other published French
+ version follows the Scots, as also does the Latin.]
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [67] _F._ "Je ne vous lay peu dire pour scavoir comment je me
+ gouvernerois." (I could not tell you, in order to know how to govern
+ myself.)
+
+ [68] _F._ "Et si vous ne me mondes ce soir ce que volles que jeu
+ faisse je m en deferay au hazard de la fayre entreprandre ce qui
+ pourroit nuire a ce a quoy nous tandons tous deux {and if you do not
+ send me word this night what you will that I shall do, I will rid
+ myself of it at the hazard of making her undertake that which might
+ be hurtful to that whereunto we both do tend (Laing)} et quant ella
+ sera mariee je vous suplie donnes qune opinion sur aultrui ne nuise
+ en votre endroit a ma constance."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter VI.
+
+Alace! my Lord, quhy is zour traist put in ane persoun sa unworthie, to
+mistraist that quhilk is haillely zouris? I am wod {wild}. Ze had
+promysit me that ze wald send me word every day quhat I suld do. Ye haif
+done nathing yairof. I advertisit yow weill to tak heid of zour fals
+brother-in-law {Huntly}. He come to me, and without schawing me ony
+thing from zow, tald me that ze had willit him to wryte to zow that that
+I suld say, and quhair and quhen ze suld cum to me, and that that ze
+suld do tuiching him; and thairupon hes preichit[69] unto me yat it was
+ane fulische interpryse, and that with myne honour I culd never marry
+zow, seing that being maryit ze did cary me away, and yat his folkis wad
+not suffer it, and that the Lordis wald unsay yameselvis, and wald deny
+that thay had said. To be schort, he is all contrarie. I tald him that
+seeing I was cum sa far, gif ze did not withdraw zour self of zour self,
+that na perswasioun, nor deith itself suld mak me fail of my promeis. As
+tuiching the place ze are too negligent, pardoun me, to remit zour self
+thairof unto me. Cheis it zour self, and send me word of it. And in the
+meane tyme I am seik; I will differ {defer} as tuiching the mater it is
+to lait. It was not lang of me yat ze have not thocht thairupon in time.
+And gif ze had not mair changeit zour mynd sen myne absence, then I
+have; ye suld not be now to ask sic resolving. Weill, thair wantis
+nathing of my part; and seing that zour negligence dois put us baith in
+the danger of ane fals brother, gif it succeedet not weill I will never
+ryse agane. I send this beirer unto zow, for I dar not traist zour
+brother with thir letteris, nor with the diligence. He sall tell zow in
+quhat stait I am, and judge ze quhat amendment yir new ceremonies[70]
+have brocht unto me. I wald I wer deid, for I se all gais ill. Ze
+promysit uther maner of mater of zour foirseing, bot absence hes power
+over zow, quha haif twa stringis to zour bow. Dispatch the answer that I
+faill not, and put na traist in your brother for this interpryse, for he
+hes tald it, and is also all aganis it. God give zow gude nicht.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [69] _F._ in Record Office, "M'a presche que c'estoit une folle
+ entreprise, et qu'avecques mon honneur Je ne vous pourries Jamaiis
+ espouser, veu qu'estant marie vous m'amenies et que ses gens ne
+ l'endureroient pas et que les seigneurs se dediroient" _P. F._ "Il
+ me remonstra, que c'estoit une folle entreprise, et que pour mon
+ honneur, Je ne vous pourvoye prendre a mary, puis que vous estiez
+ marie, ny aller avec vous, et que ses gens mesmes ne le
+ souffriroient pas voire que les Seigneurs contrediroyent a ce que en
+ seroit propose." _E._ at Hatfield, "And thereupon hath preached unto
+ me that it was a foolish entreprise, and that with mine honour I
+ could never marry you, seeing that being married you did carry me
+ away. And that his folk would not suffer it, and that the Lords
+ would unsay themselves, and would deny that they had said."
+
+ [70] _F._ in Record Office, "Ce incertains nouvelles." _P. F._ "Ces
+ nouvelles ceremonies." _E._ at Hatfield, "These new ceremonies."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter VII.
+
+Of the place and ye tyme,[71] remit my self to zour brother and to zow.
+I will follow him, and will faill in nathing of my part. He finds mony
+difficulteis; I think he dois advertise zow thairof, and quhat he
+desyris for the handling of himself. As for the handling of myself, I
+hard it anis weill devysit.[72]
+
+Methinkis that zour services, and the lang amitie, having ye gude will
+of ye Lordis, do weill deserve ane pardoun, gif above the dewtie of ane
+subject yow advance yourself, not to constrane me,[73] bot to assure
+yourself of sic place neir unto me, that uther admonitiounis or forane
+{foreign} perswasiounis may not let {hinder} me from consenting to that,
+that ye hope your service sall mak yow ane day to attene; and to be
+schort, to mak yourself sure of the Lordis and fre to mary; and that ye
+are constranit for your suretie, and to be abill to serve me faithfully,
+to use ane humbil requeist, joynit to ane importune actioun.
+
+And to be schort, excuse yourself, and perswade thame the maist ye can,
+yat ye ar constranit to mak persute aganis zour enemies. Ze sall say
+aneuch, gif the mater or ground do lyke yow, and mony fair wordis to
+Lethingtoun. Gif ye lyke not the deid, send me word, and leif not the
+blame of all unto me.
+
+ [Of this letter there is no version in the Record Office, the only
+ other version being the published French translation].
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [71] _F._ "Homme."
+
+ [72] _F._ "Quant a jouer le mien, je scay com me je m'y dois
+ gouverner, ma souvenant de la facon que les choses ont este
+ deliberees."
+
+ [73] _F._ Adds "et tenir captive."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+Letter VIII.
+
+My Lord, sen my letter written, zour brother in law yat was, come to me
+verray sad, and hes askit me my counsel, quhat he suld do efter to
+morne, becaus thair be mony folkis heir, and among utheris the Erle of
+Sudderland, quha wald rather die, considdering the gude thay have sa
+laitlie ressavit of me, than suffer me to be caryit away, thay
+conducting me; and that he feirit thair suld sum troubil happin of it:
+of the uther syde, that it suld be said that he wer unthankfull to have
+betrayit me. I tald him, that he suld have resolvit with zow upon all
+that, and that he suld avoyde, gif he culd, thay that were maist
+mistraistit.
+
+He has resolvit to wryte thairof to zow be my opinioun; for he has
+abaschit me to se him sa unresolvit at the neid. I assure myself he will
+play the part of an honest man. Bot I have thocht gude to advertise zow
+of the feir he hes yat he suld be charget and accusit of tressoun to ye
+end yat, without mistraisting him, ze may be the mair circumspect, and
+that ze may have ye mair power. For we had zisterday mair then iii. c.
+hors of his and of Levingstoun's. For the honour of God, be accompanyit
+rather with mair then les; for that is the principal of my cair.
+
+I go to wryte my dispatche, and pray God to send us ane happy enterview
+schortly. I wryte in haist, to the end ye may be advysit in tyme.
+
+ [There are no important variants in the only other version of this
+ letter--the published French translation.]
+
+ The following are the French versions of the first sentence of each
+ letter, printed in the Scots translation, published in London in
+ 1572 (p. 163).
+
+ _Letter I._ Il semble qu' avecques vostre abscence soit joynt le
+ oubly, [74]ceu qu'au partir vous me promistes de vos nouvelles. Et
+ toutes foys je n'en puis apprendre, &c.
+
+ _Letter II._ Estant party du lieu ou je avois laisse mon c[oe]ur il se
+ peult aysement juger quelle estoit ma contenance, veu ce qui peult
+ un corps sans c[oe]ur, qui a este cause que jusques a la Disnee je
+ n'ay pas tenu grand propos, aussi personne ne s'est voulu advancer
+ jugeant bien qu'il n'y faisoit bon, &c.
+
+ _Letter III._ Monsieur, si l'ennury de vostre absence, celuy de
+ vostre oubly, la crainte du danger, tant provue[75] d'un chacun a
+ vostre tant aymee personne, &c.
+
+ _Letter IV._ J'ay veille plus tard la haut que je n'eusse fait, si
+ ce n'eust este pour tirer ce que ce porteur vous dira, que je
+ trouve la plus belle commodite pour excuser vostre affaire qui ce
+ purroit presenter, &c.
+
+ _Letter V._ Mon c[oe]ur, helas! fault il que la follie d'une femme,
+ dont vous cognoissez assez l'ingratitude vers moy, soit cause de
+ vous donner desplaisir, &c.
+
+ _Letter VI._ Monsieur, helas! pourquoy est vostre fiance mise en
+ personne si indigne, pour soupconner ce qui est entierement vostre.
+ J'enrage, vous m'aviez promis, &c.
+
+ _Letter VII._ Du lieu et l'heure[76] je m'en rapporte a vostre
+ frere et a vous. Je le suivray, et ne fauldray en rien de ma part.
+ Il trouve beaucoup de difficultez, &c.
+
+ _Letter VIII._ Monsieur, de puis ma lettre escrite vostre beau
+ frere qui fust, est venu a moy fort triste, et m'a demande mon
+ conseil de ce qu'il feroit apres demain, &c.
+
+ The slight variations in the other French versions are noted above.
+ There are no Record Office or Hatfield versions of I., II., VII.,
+ and VIII., and there is no "Published French" version of III.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [74] _P. F._ "veu."
+
+ [75] _Record Office F._ "promis."
+
+ [76] _P. F._ "homme."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+The Love Sonnets.
+
+_Henderson's Casket Letters._
+
+ The "divers fond ballads" referred to in the letter of Elizabeth's
+ Commissioners of October 11th, 1568, consist of the following
+ "sonnets" in French.
+
+ The sonnets are printed from the English edition of Buchanan's
+ _Detection_ (1571). The lines in italics are translated from the
+ Scots by Professor York Powell.
+
+ 1. O Dieux ayez de moy compassion,
+ Et m'enseignez quelle preuue certain{e}
+ Ie puis donner qui ne luy semble vain{e}
+ De mon amour & ferme affection.
+ Las n'est il pas ia en possession
+ Du corps, du coeur qui ne refuse paine
+ Ny deshonneur, en[77] la vie incertaine,
+ Offense de parentz, ne pire affliction?[78]
+ Pour luy {tous mes} amis estime moins que rien,
+ Et d{e mes} ennemis ie veux esperer bien.
+ I'ay hazarde {pour luy} & nom & conscience:
+ Ie veux pour luy au monde renoncer:
+ Ie veux mourir pour le fair'[79] auancer.
+ Que reste il plus pour prouuer ma constance?
+
+ 2. Entre ses mains & en son plein pouuoir,
+ Je metz mon filz, mon honneur, & ma vie,
+ Mon pais, mes[80] subjectz, mon ame assubiectie
+ Est tout a luy, & n'ay autre voulloir
+ Pour mon obiect, que sans le deceuoir
+ Suiure ie veux, malgre toute l'enuie
+ Qu'issir en peult, car ie n'ay autre envie
+ Que de ma foy, luy faire apperceuoir
+ Que pour tempeste ou bonnace qui face
+ Iamais ne veux changer demeure ou place.
+ Brief ie feray de ma foy telle preuue,
+ Qu'il cognoistra sans faulte[81] ma constance,
+ Non par mes pleurs ou fainte obeyssance,
+ Come autres font,[82] mais par diuers espreuue.
+
+ 3. Elle pour son honneur vous doibt obeyssance
+ Moy vous obeyssant i'en puis receuoir blasme
+ N'estat, a mon regret, comme elle vostre femme.
+ Et si n'aura pourtant en ce point preeminence
+ Pour son propre profit[83] elle vse de coustance,
+ Car ce n'est peu d'honneur d'estre de voz biens dame
+ Et moy pour vous aymer i'en puis receuoir blasme
+ Et ne luy veux ceder en toute l'obseruance:
+ Elle de vostre mal n'a l'apprehension
+ Moy ie n'ay nul repos tant ie crains l'apparence:
+ Par l'aduis des parentz, elle eut vostre accointance
+ Moy malgre tous les miens vous porte affection
+ {_Et neanmoins, mon c[oe]ur, vous doubtez ma constance_}[84]
+ Et de sa loyaute prenez ferme asseurance.
+
+ 4. Par vous mon coeur & par vostre alliance
+ Elle a remis sa maison en honneur
+ Elle a jouy par vous de[85] la grandeur
+ Dont tous les siens n'ayent nul asseurance
+ De vous, mon bien, elle a eu l'ac coinstance,[86]
+ Et a gaigne pour vn temps vostre coeur,
+ Par vous elle a eu plaisir en bon heur,
+ Et par vous a[87] honneur & reuerence,
+ Et n'a perdu sinon la jouyssance
+ D'vn fascheux sot qu'elle aymoit cherement,
+ Ie ne la playns d'aymer donc ardamment,
+ Celuy qui n'a en sens, ny en vaillance,
+ En beaute, en bonte, ny en constance
+ Point de second. Ie vis en ceste foy.[88]
+
+ 5. Quant vous l'amiez, elle vsoit de froideur.
+ Sy vous souffriez pour s'amour passion
+ Qui vient d'aymer de trop d'affection,
+ Son doy monstroit, a tristesse de coeur
+ N'ayant plaisir de vostre grand ardeur.
+ En ses habitz, monstroit sans fiction
+ Qu'elle n'auoit paour qu'imperfection
+ Peust l'effacer hors de ce loyal coeur.
+ De vostre mort ie ne vis la peaur[89]
+ Que meritoit tel mary & seigneur.
+ Somme, de vous elle a eu tout son bien
+ Et na prise ne iamais estime
+ Vn si grand heur sinon puis qu'il n'est sien
+ Et maintenant dit l'auoir tant ayme.
+
+ 6. Et maintenant elle commence a voir
+ Qu'elle estoit bien de mauuais iugement
+ De n'estimer l'amour d'vn tel amant
+ Et voudrait bien mon amy deceuoir,
+ Par les escriptz tout fardez de scauoir
+ Qui pourtant n'est en son esprit croissant
+ Ains emprunte de quelque autheur luissant
+ A faint tresbien vn ennoy[90] sans l'avoir
+ Et toutesfois ses parolles fardeez,
+ Ses pleurs, ses plaincts remplis de fictions.
+ Et ses hautz cris & lamentations
+ Ont tant gaigne que par vous sont gardeez
+ Ses lettres {escriptes} ausquellez vous donnez foy
+ Et si l'aymez & croyez plus que moy.
+
+ 7. Vous la croyez las trop ie l'appercoy
+ Et vous doutez de ma ferme constance,
+ O mon seul bien & mon seul esperance,
+ Et ne vous puis ie asseurer de ma foy
+ Vous m'estimez plus legier que le noy,[91]
+ Et si n'auez en moy nul' asseurance,
+ Et soupconnez mon coeur sans apparence,
+ Vous deffiant a trop grand tort de moy.
+ Vous ignorez l'amour que ie vous porte
+ Vous soupconnez qu'autre amour me trasporte,
+ Vous estimez mes parolles du vent,
+ Vous depeignez de cire mon las coeur
+ Vous me pensez femme sans iugement,
+ Et tout sela augmente mon ardeur.
+
+ 8. Mon amour croist & plus en plus croistra
+ Tant que je viure &[92] tiendray a grandeur,
+ Tant seulement d'auoir part en ce coeur
+ Vers qui en fin mon amour paroistra
+ Sy tres a clair que iamais n'en doutra,
+ {_Pur luy je lutterai contre malheur_}[93]
+ Pour luy ie veux recercher la grandeur,
+ Et feray tant qu'en vray cognoistera,
+ Que ie n'ay bien, heur, ne contentement,
+ Qu'a l'obeyr & servir loyaument.
+ Pour luy iattendz toute bonne fortune,
+ Pour luy ie veux garder sainte & vie
+ Pour luy vertu de suyure i'ay enuie[94]
+ Et sans changer me trouvera tout vne.
+
+ 9. Pour luy aussi ie jette mainte larme.
+ Premier quand il se fist de ce corps {posses}seur,
+ Duquel alors il n'auoit pas le coeur.
+ Puis me donna vn autre dur alarme
+ Quand il versa de son sang mainte dragme
+ Dont de grief il me vint telle[95] doleur,
+ M'en pensay[96] oster la vie en frayeur
+ De perdre la{s} le seul rempar qui m'arme.
+ Pour luy depuis iay mesprise l'honneur
+ Ce qui nous peult seul pouruoir de bonheur.
+ Pour luy hazarde grandeur & conscience.
+ Pour luy {tous mes} i'ay quite parentz, & amis,
+ Et tous autres respectz sont apart mis.
+ Brief de vous seul ie cherche l'alliance.
+
+ 10. De vous, ie dis, seul soustein de ma vie
+ Tant seulement ie cerche m'asseurer,
+ Et si ose de moy tant presumer
+ De vous gaigner maugre toute l'enuie.
+ Car c'est le seul desir de vostre {chere} amie,
+ De vous seruir & loyaument aymer,
+ Et tous malheurs moins que riens estimer,
+ {Et} vostre volonte de mon mie{ux} suivie,[97]
+ Vous cognoistrez avecque obeyssance
+ De mon {loyal} deuoir n'omettant la sciance
+ A quoy ie estudiray pour {tousiours} vous complaire
+ Sans aymer rien que vous, soubz {la} suiection.
+ De qui ie veux sans nulle fiction
+ Vivre & mourir & a ce j'obtempere.
+
+ 11. Mon coeur, mon sang, mon ame, & mon soucy,
+ {Las,} vous m'auez promis qu'aurons ce plaisir
+ De deuiser auecques vous a loysir,
+ Toute la nuict, ou ie languis icy
+ Ayant le coeur d'extreme paour transy,
+ Pour voir absent le but de mon desir
+ Crainte d'oublir vn coup me vient {a} saisir:
+ Et l'autre fois ie crains que rendurcie
+ Soit contre moy vostre amiable coeur
+ Par quelque dit d'un meschant rapporteur.
+ Un autre fois ie crains quelque auenture
+ Qui par chemin detourne mon amant,
+ Par vn fascheux & nouueau accident.
+ Dieu detourne tout malheureux augure.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ 12. Ne vous voyant selon qu'auez promis
+ I'ay mis la main au papier pour escrire
+ D'vn different que ie voulu transcrire,
+ Ie ne scay pas quel sera vostre aduis
+ Mais ie scay bien que mieux aymer scaura
+ Vous diriez bien que plus y gaignera.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [77] Ny?
+
+ [78] Rochelle text has "affection" wrongly.
+
+ [79] Buchanan, "luy" only. Rochelle text, "lui le fair."
+
+ [80] Read "Mon pis subject"?
+
+ [81] Buch., "fainte."
+
+ [82] Buch., "ont fait."
+
+ [83] Buch., "Pour son profit elle."
+
+ [84] Scots translation, "And not the less, my heart, ye doubt of my
+ constance."
+
+ [85] Buch., "vous la."
+
+ [86] Buch., "la constance."
+
+ [87] Buch. inserts "receu."
+
+ [88] Text of sextain corrupt.
+
+ [89] Omitted in Rochelle version as corrupt.
+
+ [90] Buch., "envoy."
+
+ [91] Buch., "mestimez legier que le voy."
+
+ [92] Buch., "viuray, &".
+
+ [93] Scots--"For him I will stryve aganis wan-weird."
+
+ [94] Rochelle version to read "luy tout."
+
+ [95] Buch., "lesser."
+
+ [96] Buch., "Que m'en pensa ... & frayeur."
+
+ [97] Rochelle text, "et vostre ... de la mienne suivi," and later
+ version "la mien suivre."
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+The Contracts of Marriage.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 54, from Cot. Lib. Calig., C. i.
+
+At Seton, the 5th day of April, the year of God, 1567, the right
+excellent, right high and mighty Princess, Mary, by the grace of God,
+Queen of Scots, ... in the presence of the Eternal God, faithfully, and
+on the word of a Prince, by these presents, takes the said James, Earl
+Bothwell, as her lawful husband, and promises and obliges her Highness,
+that how soon the process of divorce, intended betwixt the said Earl
+Bothwell and Dame Jane Gordon, now his pretended spouse, be ended by the
+order of the laws, her Majesty shall, God willing, thereafter shortly
+marry and take the said Earl to her husband.... He presently takes her
+Majesty as his lawful spouse, in the presence of God, and promises and
+obliges him ... that in all diligence possible, he shall prosecute and
+set forward the said process of divorce already begun and intended
+betwix him and the said Dame Gordon, his pretended spouse....
+
+ MARIE, R.
+ JAMES, EARL BOTHWELL.
+
+Here note, that this contract was made the v of April, within viii weeks
+after the murder of the King, which was slain the x of February before;
+also it was made vii days before Bothwell was acquitted, by corrupt
+judgment, of the said murder. Also it appears by the words of the
+contract itself, that it was made before sentence of divorce betwixt
+Bothwell and his former wife, and also in very truth was made before any
+suit of divorce intended or begun between him and his former wife,
+though some words in this contract seem to say otherwise, which is thus
+proved; for this contract is dated the v of April, and it plainly
+appears by the judicial acts, ... wherein is contained the whole process
+of the divorce between the said Earl and Dame Jane Gordon his wife, that
+the one of the same processes was intended and begun the xxvi day of
+April, and the other the xxvii.--Buchanan's "Detection."
+
+Nous Marie, par la grace de Dieu, Royne d'Ecosse, douaryere de France,
+&c, promettous fidellement et de bonne foy, et sans contraynte, a Jaques
+Hepburn, Comte de Boduel, de n'avoir jamais autre espoulx et mary que
+luy, et de le prendre pour tel toute et quant fois qu'il m'en requerira,
+quoy que parents, amys ou autres, y soient contrayres. Et puis que Dieu
+a pris mon feu mary Henry Stuart dit Darnley et que par ce moien je sois
+libre, n'estant sous obeissance de pere, ni de mere, des mayntenant je
+proteste que, lui estant en mesme liberte, je seray preste, et
+d'accomplir les ceremonies requises an mariage; que je lui promets
+devant Dieu, que j'en prantz a tesmoignasge, et la presente, signee de
+ma mayn: ecrit ce--
+
+ MARIE, R.
+
+ [This contract merely promises to marry Bothwell, without
+ constraint, and refers to the writer's freedom from the necessity
+ of any one's permission, since Darnley's death. It contains no
+ reference to the divorce.]
+
+
+_MORTON'S DECLARATION_
+
+The Discovery of the Letters--1. The Earl of Morton's Declaration.
+
+_Henderson's Casket Letters_, pp. 113-116, from fol. 216,
+Add. MSS. 32,091, Brit. Mus.
+
+The trew declaration and report of me, James, Earl of Morton, how a
+certain silver box overgilt containing diverse missive writings,
+sonnets, contracts, and obligations for marriage betwix the Queen mother
+to our sovereign lord, and James sometime Earl Bothwell, was found and
+used.
+
+Upon Thursday the xix of June, 1567, I dined at Edinburgh, the Laird of
+Lethington, secretary, with me. At time of my dinner a certain man came
+to me, and in secret manner showed me that three servants of the Earl
+Bothwell, viz. Mr. Thomas Hepburn, parson of Auldhamesokkes, John
+Cockburn, brother to the laird of Skirling, and George Dalgleish were
+come to the town, and passed into the castle. Upon which advertisement I
+on the sudden sent my cousin Mr. Archibald Douglas and Robert Douglas,
+his brother, and James Johnston of Westerrall, with others my servants,
+to the number of xvi or thereby, toward the castle to make search for
+the said persons, and, if possible were, to apprehend them. According to
+which my direction, my servants passed, and at the first missing the
+forenamed three persons for that they were departed forth of the castle
+before their coming, my men then parting into several companies upon
+knowledge that the others whom they sought were separated, Mr. Archibald
+Douglas sought for Mr. Thomas Hepburn and found him not, but got his
+horse, James Johnston sought for John Cockburn and apprehended him,
+Robert Douglas seeking for George Dalgleish. After he had almost given
+over his search and inquisition a good fellow understanding his purpose
+came to him offering for a mean piece of money to reveal where George
+Dalgleish was. The said Robert satisfying him that gave the intelligence
+for his pains, passed to the Potterrow beside Edinburgh, and there
+apprehended the said George, with divers evidences and letters in
+parchment, viz. Earl Bothwell's infeftments of Liddesdale, of the
+Lordship of Dunbar and of Orkney and Shetland, and divers others, which
+all with the said George himself, the said Robert brought and presented
+to me. And the said George being examined of the cause of his direction
+to the castle of Edinburgh, and which letters and evidents he brought
+forth of the same, alleged he was sent only to visit {examine} the Lord
+Bothwell, his master's clothing, and he had not more letters nor
+evidents than these which were apprehended with him. But his report
+being found suspicious and his gesture and behaviour ministering cause
+of mistrust seeing the gravity of the action that was in hand, it was
+resolved by common assent of the noblemen convened, that the said George
+Dalgleish should be surely kept that night, and upon the morn should be
+had to the Tolbooth of Edinburgh and there be put in the iron and
+torments for furthering of the declaration of the truth, wherein being
+set, upon Friday the xx day of the said month of June before any
+rigorous demeaning of his person, fearing the pain, and moved of
+conscience, he called for my cousin Mr. Archibald Douglas, who coming,
+the said George desired that Robert Douglas should be sent with him, and
+he should show and bring to light that which he had. So being taken
+forth from the irons, he passed with the said Robert to the Potterrow,
+and there, under the sceit {seat} of a bed took forth the said silver
+box, which he had brought forth of the castle the day before, locked,
+and brought the same to me at viii hours at night, and because it was
+late I kept it all that night. Upon the morn, viz., Saturday, the xxi of
+June, in presence of the Earls of Atholl, Mar, Glencairn, myself, the
+Lords Home, Sempill, Sanquhar, the Master of Graham, and the Secretary,
+and Laird of Tullibardine, Comptroller, and the said Mr. Archibald
+Douglas, the said box was broken open because we wanted the key, and the
+letters within contained sighted {_i.e._ examined} and immediately
+thereafter delivered again into my hand and custody. Since which time, I
+have observed and kept the same box, and all letters, missives,
+contracts, sonnets, and divers writings contained therein fairly without
+alteration changing adding or diminishing of anything found or received
+in the said box. This I testify and declare to be undoubted truth.
+
+This is the copy of that which was given to Mr. Secretary Cecil upon
+Thursday the 8th of December 1568.
+
+This is the true copy of the declaration made and presented by the Earl
+of Morton to the Commissioners and Council of England sitting in
+Westminster for the time, upon Thursday being the 29 of December 1568.
+
+Subscribed with his hand thus, MORTON.
+
+
+2. Buchanan's Account.
+
+_Translated from the History_, book xviii. c. 51.
+
+It happened that, about the same time, Bothwell sent one of his
+confidential servants to the castle of Edinburgh, to bring to him the
+silver casket, covered with inscriptions, which had once belonged to the
+French king, Francis. In it were letters of the Queen, almost all
+written with her own hand, in which both the King's murder and the whole
+sequel were plainly discernible; and in almost every letter there was an
+injunction to burn it. But Bothwell, who knew the Queen's inconstancy,
+of which he had recently seen many instances, preserved the letters, so
+that, in any disagreement, he might use their testimony, and prove
+himself not the author of the crime, but only an accomplice. This casket
+Sir Robert Balfour gave to Bothwell's servant to take away; but first he
+told the leaders of the opposite party what had been sent, and the agent
+and the destination.... It was captured....
+
+
+The Deposition of Thomas Nelson.
+
+_Goodall_, vol. ii. p. 243, from Cott. Lib. Calig. i. 165.
+
+... She {the Queen} caused take down the said new black bed {in
+Darnley's room}, saying it would be soiled with the bath, and in the
+place thereof set up an old purple bed, ... and the said keys that were
+delivered into the hands of Archibald Beton remained still in the hands
+of him, and others that awaited upon the Queen, and never were delivered
+again to the King's servants; for she set up a green bed for herself in
+the said low chamber, wherein she lay the said two nights, and promised
+also to have bidden {remained} there upon the Sunday at night. But after
+she had tarried long and entertained the King very familiarly, she took
+purpose (as it had been on the sudden), and departed as she spake to
+give the masque to Bastien who that night was married {to} her servant,
+namely the said Archibald Beton and one Paris, Frenchman, having the
+keys of her chamber, wherein her bed stood in, as also of the passage
+that passed toward the garden.... The Queen being departed toward
+Holyrood-house, the King within the space of one hour passed to bed, and
+in the chamber with him lay umquhill {_i.e._ the late} William Taylor.
+The deponent and Edward Symonds lay in the little gallery, that went
+direct to the south out of the King's chamber, ... and beside them lay
+William Taylor's boy, who never knew of anything till the house wherein
+they lay was falling about them....
+
+
+Thomas Crawford's Deposition.
+
+ [With regard to the deposition of Crawford, see p. 144; the wording
+ of the account of the conversation between Mary and Darnley should
+ be carefully compared with that of the second Casket Letter.]
+
+_Hosack's Mary._ Appendix L.
+
+First I made my Lord {Lennox} my master's humble commendations unto her
+Majesty with the excuse that he came not to meet her, praying her grace
+not to think that it was either for proudness or yet for not knowing his
+duty towards her Highness, but only for want of health at the present,
+and also that he would not presume to come in her presence until he knew
+farther her mind because of the sharp words that she had spoken of him
+to Robert Cuningham, his servant, in Stirling, whereby he thought he was
+in her Majesty's displeasure. Notwithstanding, he has sent his servants
+and friends to wait upon her Majesty. She answered that there was no
+receipt against fear. I answered that my Lord had no fear for anything
+he knew in himself, but only of the cold and unkind words she had spoken
+to his servant. She answered and said that he would not be afraid in
+case he were not culpable. I answered that I knew so far of his Lordship
+that he desired nothing more than that the secrets of every creature's
+heart were written in their face. She asked if I had any farther
+commission. I answered no. Then she commanded me to hold my peace.
+
+The words that I remember were betwixt the King and the Queen in Glasgow
+when she took him away to Edinburgh.
+
+The King for that my Lord his father was then absent and sick, by reason
+whereof he could not speak with him himself, called me unto him, and
+these words that had then passed betwixt him and the Queen, he gave me
+in remembrance to report unto the said my Lord his father.
+
+After their meeting and short speaking together she asked him of his
+letters, wherein he complained of the cruelty of some. He answered that
+he complained not without cause, and as he believed, she would grant
+herself, when she was well advised. She asked him of his sickness, he
+answered that she was the cause thereof, and moreover he said, ye asked
+me what I meant by the cruelty specified in my letters, that proceedeth
+of you only, that will not accept my offers and repentance. I confess
+that I have failed in some things, and yet greater faults have been made
+to you sundry times, which ye have forgiven. I am but young, and ye will
+say ye have forgiven me divers times. May not a man of my age for lack
+of counsel, of which I am very destitute, fall twice or thrice, and yet
+repent and be chastised by experience. If I have made any fail that ye
+but think a fail, howsoever it be, I crave your pardon, and protest that
+I shall never fail again. I desire no other thing but that we may be
+together as husband and wife. And if ye will not consent hereto, I
+desire never to rise forth of this bed. Therefore I pray you give me an
+answer hereunto. God knoweth how I am punished for making my god of you,
+and for having no other thought but on you. And if any time I offend
+you, ye are the cause, for that when any offendeth me, if for my refuge
+I might open my mind to you, I would speak to no other, but when any
+thing is spoken to me, and ye and I not being as husband and wife ought
+to be, necessity compelleth me to keep it in my breast, and bringeth me
+in such melancholy as ye see me in. She answered that it seemed him she
+was sorry for his sickness, and she would find remedy therefor, so soon
+as she might.
+
+She asked him why he would have passed away in the English ship. He
+answered that he had spoken with the Englishman, but not of mind to go
+away with him. And if he had, it had not been without cause, considering
+how he was used. For he had neither to sustain himself nor his servants,
+and needed not make further rehearsal thereof, seeing she knew it as
+well as he.
+
+Then she asked him of the purpose of Highgate. He answered that it was
+told him. She required how and by whom it was told him. He answered that
+the Lord of Minto told him that a letter was presented to her in
+Craigmillar, made by her own device, and subscribed by certain others
+who desired her to subscribe the same, which she refused to do. And he
+said that he would never think that she who was his own proper flesh,
+would do him any hurt, and if any other would do it, they should buy it
+dear, unless they took him sleeping, albeit he suspected none, so he
+desired her effectuously to bear him company. For she ever found some
+ado to draw herself from him to her own lodging, and would never abide
+with him past two hours at once.
+
+She was very pensive, whereat he found fault. He said to her that he was
+advertised she had brought a litter with her. She answered that because
+she understood he was not able to ride on horseback, she brought a
+litter that he might be carried more softly. He answered that it was not
+meet for a sick man to travel, that could not sit on horseback, and
+especially in so cold weather. She answered that she would take him to
+Craigmillar, where she might be with him, and not far from her son. He
+answered that upon condition he would go with her, which was that he and
+she might be together at bed and board as husband and wife, and that she
+should leave him no more. And if she would promise him that, upon her
+word, he would go with her when she was pleased, without respect of any
+danger either of sickness wherein he was, or otherwise. But if she would
+not condescend thereto, he would not go with her in any wise.
+
+She answered that her coming was only to that effect, and if she had not
+been minded thereto, she had not come so far to fetch him, and so she
+granted his desire, and promised him that it should be as he had spoken,
+and thereupon gave him her hand, and faith of her body, that she would
+love him, and use him as her husband, notwithstanding before they could
+come together, he must be purged and cleansed of his sickness, which she
+trusted would be shortly, for she minded to give him the bath at
+Craigmillar.
+
+Then he said he would do whatsoever she would have him do, and would
+love all that she loved. She required of him in especial, whom he loved
+of the nobility, and whom he hated. He answered that he hated no man,
+and loved all alike. She asked him how he liked the Lady Reres, and if
+he were angry with her. He answered that he had little mind of such as
+she was, and wished of God she might serve her to her honour. Then she
+desired him to keep to himself the promise betwixt him and her, and to
+open it to nobody. For peradventure the Lords would not think well of
+their sudden agreement, considering he and they were at some words
+before. He answered that he knew no cause why they should mislike of it,
+and desired her that she would not move any of them against him even as
+he would stir none against her, and that they would work both in one
+mind, otherwise it might turn to great inconvenience to them both. She
+answered that she never sought any way by him, but he was in fault
+himself. He answered again that his faults were published, and that
+there were that made greater faults than ever he made that believed were
+unknown, and yet they would speak of great and small.
+
+Farther, the King asked me at that present time what I thought of his
+voyage. I answered that I liked it not, because she took him to
+Craigmillar. For if she had desired him with herself, or to have had his
+company, she would have taken him to his own house in Edinburgh, where
+she might more easily visit him than to travel two miles out of town to
+a gentleman's house. Therefore my opinion was that she took him away
+more like a prisoner than her husband.
+
+He answered that he thought little else himself, and feared himself
+indeed save the confidence he had in her promise only; notwithstanding
+he would go with her, and put himself in her hands, though she should
+cut his throat, and besought God to be judge unto them both.
+
+_Endorsed--Thomas Crawford's Deposit._
+
+
+Murray's Journal.
+
+_From a copy marked by Cecil_, Cot. Lib. Calig., B. ix. fol. 247,
+quoted by Goodall, vol. ii. p. 247.
+
+_January 21, 1566._--The Queen took her journey toward Glasgow, and was
+accompanied with the Earls of Huntly and Bothwell to the Kalendar, my
+Lord Livingstone's place.
+
+_23._--The Queen came to Glasgow, and on the road met her, Thomas
+Crawford, from the Earl of Lennox, and Sir James Hamilton, with the rest
+mentioned in her letter. Earl Huntly and Bothwell returned that same
+night to Edinburgh, and Bothwell lay in the town.
+
+_24._--The Queen remained at Glasgow, like as she did the 25th and the
+26th, and had the conference with the King whereof she writes; and in
+this time wrote her bill and other letters to Bothwell. And Bothwell
+this 24th day was found very timeous weseing {inspecting} the King's
+lodging that was in preparing for him, and the same night took journey
+towards Liddesdale.
+
+_27._--The Queen (conform to her commission as she writes) brought the
+King from Glasgow to the Kalendar towards Edinburgh.
+
+_28._--The Queen brought the King to Linlithgow, and there remained all
+morn, while she got word of my Lord Bothwell his returning towards
+Edinburgh, by Hob Ormiston, one of the murderers. The same day the Earl
+Bothwell came back from Liddesdale towards Edinburgh.
+
+_29._--She remained all day in Linlithgow with the King, and wrote from
+thence to Bothwell.
+
+_30._--The Queen brought the King to Edinburgh, and put him in his
+lodging, where he ended; and Bothwell keeping tryst met her upon the
+way.
+
+_February 5._--She lodged all night under the King, in the chamber
+wherein the powder was laid thereafter, and whereof Paris, her chamber
+child, received the key.
+
+_7._--She lodged and lay all night again in the foresaid chamber, and
+from thence wrote that same night the letter concerning the purpose of
+the Abbot of Holyrood-house (_cf._ p. 140).
+
+_8._--She confronted the King and my Lord of Holyrood-house, conform to
+her letter written the night before.
+
+_9._--She and Bothwell supped at the banquet with the Bishop of the
+Isles, and after passed up accompanied with Argyll, Huntly, and
+Bothwell, to the King's chamber, and there they remained cherishing him,
+till Bothwell and his complices put all things to order, and Paris, her
+chamber child, received in her chamber the powder, and came up again and
+gave the sign, and they departed to Bastian's banquet and masque, about
+eleven hours, and thereafter they both returned to the Abbey, and talked
+till twelve hours and after.
+
+_10._--Betwix two and three of the clock, the King was blown in the air
+by the powder.
+
+
+The Depositions of Paris.
+
+ The depositions of Paris were not produced at Westminster. They were
+ taken, in the early autumn of 1569, in connection with the charges
+ against Lethington (who had by this time, with Kirkcaldy of Grange,
+ joined the Queen's party). "Paris" was the nickname of Nicholas
+ Hubert, a French attendant of Bothwell, who, shortly before the
+ murder, attached himself to the Queen's service. He was known to be
+ concerned in the murder, but succeeded in escaping from the country.
+ He took refuge in Denmark, and was delivered up on Murray's request.
+ Queen Elizabeth wrote to the Regent asking him to delay the
+ execution of Paris, and Murray replied: "The said Paris arrived at
+ Leith about the middle of June last {1569}, I at that time being in
+ the north parts of this realm far distant, whereupon it followed
+ that, at my returning, after diligent and circumspect examination of
+ him, and long time spent in that behalf, upon the xvi day of August
+ by-past, he suffered death by order of law, so that before the
+ receipt of your Highness letter by the space of 7 or 8 days he was
+ execute." {Laing, vol. i. p. 295, from the Paper Office.} The letter
+ is undated. But Professor Schiern, of Copenhagen, sent Mr. Hosack a
+ copy of a document from the Danish archives, containing a receipt
+ for the delivery of "two men, William Murray, and Paris, a
+ Frenchman," accused of Darnley's murder. The receipt is dated 30th
+ October 1568, and is given by Captain Clark, on behalf of the
+ Scottish Government. (Hosack, vol. i. pp. 250-251.) There is a copy
+ of the depositions in the Cotton Library, bearing the following
+ note: "This is the true copy of the declaration and deposition of
+ the said Nicholas Hubert or Paris, whereof the principal {original}
+ is marked every leaf with his own hand.... Ita est Alexander Hay,
+ scriba secreti consilii S.D.N. Regis, ac Notarius Publicus." But the
+ originals, sent to London in October 1569, and preserved in the
+ Record Office, bear that they were taken "in presence of Mr. George
+ Buchanan, Master of St. Leonard's College in St. Andrews; Mr. John
+ Wood, Senator of the College of Justice; and Robert Ramsay, writer
+ of this declaration, servant to my lord regent's grace." {Hosack,
+ vol. i. p. 256.} The documents were first published in Anderson's
+ "Collection" (1725), not in Buchanan's "Detection," along with the
+ depositions of Hay, Hepburn, and Dalgleish.
+
+ The first deposition of Paris is a Confession, in French, made at
+ St. Andrews on 9th August 1569, "without any constraint or
+ interrogations." It states that, on the Wednesday or Thursday before
+ the murder, Bothwell told Paris of the plot, and requested his aid.
+ "What do you think?" said he.... "My Lord," said I, "I have served
+ you these five or six years in all your great troubles ... now, my
+ Lord, by the grace of God, you are free of all these difficulties
+ ... if you undertake this great matter you will be in worse case
+ than before." Bothwell then assured him that Lethington was the
+ moving spirit, and that Argyll, Huntly, Morton, Ruthven, and Lindsay
+ were in league with him. Paris then asked, "My Lord, I pray you tell
+ me of one whom you have not named; I well know that he is loved in
+ this country of the common people." ... "Who is that?" said he. "It
+ is, my Lord," said I, "my Lord the Earl of Murray; I pray tell me
+ what part he will take." To which he replied, "He will not meddle
+ with it." "My Lord," said I, "he is wise." Then the Lord Bothwell
+ turned his head to me ... and said, "My Lord of Murray, my Lord of
+ Murray, he will neither help nor hinder; but it is all one." ... On
+ the Saturday before the murder, Margaret Carwood, one of the Queen's
+ attendants, told "Paris to go to Kirk-of-Field for the coverlet of
+ the mattress in the Queen's room," which he did.... When he heard of
+ Murray's leaving Edinburgh on Sunday morning to see his mother, he
+ remarked that he did it to be out of the way when the wicked deed
+ should take place, and so to dissociate himself from it. On Sunday
+ evening Mary supped with Argyll, and seeing Paris, "as she washed
+ her hands after supper, she asked me if I had removed the coverlet
+ of the bed in her room in the King's lodging." These are the main
+ points of interest in the first document signed by Paris. {Laing,
+ vol. ii. p. 296.}
+
+ The second deposition consists of answers to interrogations, and is
+ dated at St. Andrews on August 10th, 1569. It makes a number of
+ allegations against the Queen, with which the reader is already
+ familiar. As it is a long document, we can quote only the most
+ important sentences. "Interrogated when first he entered into credit
+ with the Queen, he replied that it was when the Queen was at
+ Callander on her way to Glasgow, when she gave him a purse with
+ three or four hundred crowns to take to the Earl of Bothwell, who,
+ after having received the said purse on the road between Callander
+ and Glasgow, told him to go with the Queen and remain with her, and
+ to attend well to what she did, saying that the Queen would give him
+ letters to carry to him. When the Queen reached Glasgow, she said to
+ him, 'I will send you to Edinburgh,' ... and after he had remained
+ two days with the said lady, she wrote the letters and gave them
+ him, saying, 'You will tell the Earl of Bothwell, by word of mouth,
+ to take to the Laird of Lethington the letters addressed to him.'
+ Bothwell and Lethington were to consult as to whether Darnley should
+ go to Craigmillar or to Kirk-of-Field, and Paris was to report their
+ decision to Mary. Further, he was to 'say to Bothwell, that the King
+ wished to kiss her, but that she would not, for fear of his malady.'
+ Paris carried out his commission, and returned with the message that
+ Kirk-of-Field was considered most suitable. On the way from Glasgow
+ to Edinburgh the Queen received a letter from Bothwell and sent one
+ to him, and also gave Paris a bracelet to take to him. At
+ Kirk-of-Field, where the Queen's room was immediately underneath
+ that of the King, Bothwell told him that he must not place the
+ Queen's bed in the corner of the room under the corner containing
+ the King's bed, because he wished to place the powder there. This
+ order was reiterated by the Queen, when she observed that it was
+ being disregarded.... Paris said to the Queen, 'Madam, the Earl of
+ Bothwell has commanded me to take the keys of your chamber, because
+ he wishes to do something, that is, to place there the powder for
+ the explosion to blow the King in the air.' That night she wrote
+ letters to Bothwell...." The only other circumstance of importance
+ affecting the Queen is a statement that Paris carried correspondence
+ relating to Mary's seizure by Bothwell.
+
+
+1573.--December 13. Confession of the Laird of Ormiston.
+
+ "The Laird of Black Ormiston" was put to death on 13th December
+ 1573, under the government of the Regent Morton, for his share in
+ the murder of Darnley. His confession was made to "John Brand,
+ minister at Holyrood-house," on the day of his execution.
+
+
+_Laing's Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 319, from State Trials, vol. i. p. 944.
+
+As I shall answer unto God, with whom I hope this night to sup, I shall
+declare unto you the whole, from the beginning unto the end, of my part.
+First, I confess that the Earl Bothwell showed that same wicked deed
+unto me in his own chamber in the Abbey on Friday before the deed was
+done, and required me to take part with him therein.... The said earl
+said unto me, "Tush, Ormiston, ye need not take fear for this, for the
+whole lords have concluded this same long since in Craigmillar, all that
+were there with the Queen, and none dare find fault with it when it
+shall be done." ... Who {Bothwell} let me see a contract subscribed by
+four or five handwrites, which he affirmed to me was the subscription of
+the Earl of Huntly, Argyll, the Secretary Maitland, and Sir James
+Balfour, and alleged that many more promised, who would assist him if he
+were put at: and thereafter read the said contract, which, as I
+remember, contained these words in effect: "That for as much it was
+thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth, by the
+whole nobility and lords undersubscribed, that such a young fool and
+proud tyrant should not reign nor bear rule over them; and that for
+divers causes therefore, that they all had concluded that he should be
+put off by one way or other, and whosoever should take the deed in hand
+they should defend and fortify it as themselves, for it should be every
+one of their own reckoned and held done by themselves." Which writing,
+as the said earl shewed unto me, was devised by Sir James Balfour,
+subscribed by them all a quarter of a year before the deed was done.
+
+
+1581.--June 2. The Confession of the Earl of Morton.
+
+ [The Earl of Morton having made during his tenure of the government
+ many enemies, was driven from power and accused of complicity in
+ the murder of Darnley. The indictment ("Arnot's Criminal Trials,"
+ p. 388, quoted by Laing, vol. ii, p. 350) mentions as his
+ accomplices "James, some time Earl Bothwell; James Ormiston, some
+ time of that ilk; Robert _alias_ Hob Ormiston, his father's
+ brother; John Hay, some time of Talla, younger; John Hepburn,
+ called John of Bolton; and divers others," and says that the
+ murderers "two hours after midnight ... came to the lodging ... and
+ there ... most vilely, unmercifully, and treasonably slew and
+ murdered him ... burnt his whole lodging foresaid, and raised the
+ same in the air by force of gunpowder, which a little before was
+ placed ... by him and his foresaids under the ground, and angular
+ stones, and within the vaults, in low and secret parts thereof."
+ The Earl was found guilty, on the 1st of June, of "art, part,
+ foreknowledge, and concealing of the treasonable and unnatural
+ murder foresaid," and was executed next day. A few hours before his
+ death he made a confession to three of the ministers of Edinburgh,
+ part of which is here quoted.]
+
+_Laing_, vol. ii. p. 354.
+
+Being required what was his part or knowledge in the King's murther, he
+answered with this attestation. As I shall answer to my Lord God, I
+shall declare truly all my knowledge in that matter, the sum whereof is
+this: After my returning out of England, where I was banished for
+Davie's slaughter, I came out of Wedderburn to Whittinghame {Castle},
+where the Earl Bothwell and I met together in the yard of Whittinghame,
+where, after long communing, the Earl Bothwell proposed to me the King's
+murther, requiring what would be my part therein, seeing it was the
+Queen's mind that the King should be taken away, because, as he said,
+she blamed the King more of Davie's slaughter than me. My answer to the
+Earl Bothwell was this, that I would not in any way meddle with that
+matter.... The Earl Bothwell ... thereafter earnestly proposed the same
+matter again to me, persuading me thereto, because so was the Queen's
+mind, and she would have it to be done. Unto this my answer was, I
+desired the Earl Bothwell to bring me the Queen's handwrit of this
+matter for a warrant; other ways I would not meddle thereof, which
+warrant he never purchased {brought}.... Then it was said to him,
+"Apparently, my lord, ye cannot complain justly of the sentence that is
+given against you, seeing with your own mouth ye confess the
+foreknowledge and concealing of the King's murther." ... He answered,
+"That I know to be true indeed, but yet they should have considered the
+danger that the revealing of it would have brought to me at that time;
+for I durst not reveal it for fear of my life. For at that time to whom
+should I have revealed it? To the Queen? She was the doer thereof. I was
+minded to have told it to the King's self, but I durst not for my life,
+for I knew him to be a bairn of such nature, that there was nothing told
+him but he would reveal it to her again." ... Then he said, "After the
+Earl Bothwell was cleansed by an assize, sundry of the nobility and I
+subscrived also a bond with the Earl Bothwell, that if any should lay
+the King's murder to his charge, we should assist him in the contrary.
+And thereafter I subscrived to the Queen's marriage with the Earl
+Bothwell, as sundry others of the nobility did, being charged thereto by
+the Queen's writ and command." Then being inquired in name of the living
+God, that seeing this murther was one of the most filthy acts that ever
+was done in Scotland, and the secrets thereof have not yet been
+declared, who were the chief doers, or whether he was worried, or blown
+in the air, and therefore pressed to declare if he knew any further
+secret thereunto; he answered, "As I shall answer to God, I know no more
+secret in that matter than I have already told."
+
+
+Letter from Mr. Archibald Douglas to the Queen of Scots.
+
+_Robertson's History of Scotland_, App. XIV., from Harl. Lib.
+xxxvii. bk. ix. fol. 126.
+
+... It may please your Majesty to remember in the year of God 1566, the
+said Earl of Morton, with divers other nobility and gentry, were
+declared rebels to your Majesty.... True it is that I was one of that
+number, that heavily offended against your Majesty, and passed into
+France the time of our banishment, at the desire of the rest, to humbly
+pray your brother the most Christian King, to intercede that our
+offences might be pardoned.--Your Majesty's mind so inclined to mercy,
+that, within short space thereafter, I was permitted to repair into
+Scotland, to deal with Earls Murray, Atholl, Bothwell, Argyll, and
+Secretary Lethington, in the name and behalf of the said Earl Morton,
+Lords Ruthven, Lindsay, and remanent accomplices.... At my coming to
+them ... they declared that the marriage betwix you and your husband had
+been the occasion already of great evil in that realm ... they had
+thought it convenient to join themselves in league and band with some
+other noblemen resolved to obey your Majesty as their natural sovereign,
+and have nothing to do with your husband's command whatsoever; if the
+said earl would for himself enter into that band, they could be content
+to humbly request and travel by all means with your Majesty for his
+pardon.... They desired that I should return sufficiently instructed in
+this matter to Stirling, before the baptism of your son, whom God might
+preserve. This message was faithfully delivered by me at Newcastle in
+England, where the said earl then remained, in presence of his friends
+and company, where they all condescended to have no further dealing with
+your husband, and to enter into the said band. With this deliberation, I
+returned to Stirling, where ... your Majesty's gracious pardon was
+granted unto them all.... Immediately after, the said Earl of Morton
+repaired to Whittinghame, where the Earl Bothwell and Secretary
+Lethington came to him; what speech passed there amongst them, as God
+shall be my judge, I knew nothing at that time; but at their departure I
+was requested by the said Earl Morton to accompany the Earl Bothwell and
+Secretary to Edinburgh, and to return with such answer as they should
+obtain of your Majesty, which being given to me by the said persons, as
+God shall be my judge, was no other than these words, "Show to the Earl
+Morton that the Queen will hear no speech of that matter appointed unto
+him." When I craved that the answer might be made more sensible,
+Secretary Lethington said, that the earl would sufficiently understand
+it, albeit few or none at that time understand what passed amongst them.
+It is known to all men, as well by the railing letters passed betwixt
+the said earl and Lethington, when they became in divers factions, as
+also a book set forth by the ministers, wherein they affirm that the
+earl has confessed to them, before his death, that the Earl Bothwell
+came to Whittinghame to propose the calling away of the King your
+husband, to the which proposition the said Earl of Morton affirms that
+he could give no answer unto such time he might know your Majesty's
+mind, which he never received....
+
+
+
+
+SECTION VIII
+
+THE END
+
+
+_CONTENTS_
+
+ 1. Connecting Note.
+
+ 2. Contemporary Verses on the Babington Conspiracy.
+
+ 3. Queen Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth on hearing the
+ announcement of her sentence.
+
+ 4. Clauses from Queen Mary's Will.
+
+ 5. Appeal for Spiritual Faculties.
+
+ 6. "O Domine Deus, speravi in te."
+
+ 7. Contemporary Official Report of the Execution.
+
+_CONNECTING NOTE_
+
+ Queen Mary's life, after the conclusion of the conference at
+ Westminster, was occupied with plots and negotiations for her
+ escape from captivity. The proposal for her marriage with the Duke
+ of Norfolk was opposed both in Scotland and in England; and an
+ insurrection was raised by the Earls of Northumberland and
+ Westmoreland, which was speedily suppressed (November, 1569). In
+ January of the following year the Earl of Moray was assassinated at
+ Linlithgow, and the Earl of Lennox, Darnley's father, succeeded him
+ as Regent. Maitland of Lethington finally seceded from the "King's
+ party," and allied himself with Kirkaldy of Grange, who held
+ Edinburgh Castle for Mary. The Norfolk conspiracy continued to
+ raise the expectations of the Marians till the capture, in the
+ spring of 1571, of Charles Baillie, who was carrying letters from
+ the papal agent, Rudolfi, for Queen Mary, Norfolk, the Spanish
+ ambassador, and the Bishop of Ross. On the strength of Baillie's
+ disclosures, Norfolk was put to death in June 1572. Elizabeth
+ declined to gratify the English Parliament by executing her
+ prisoner, but attempted to arrange for her delivery to the Earl of
+ Morton, now Regent of Scotland, with a view to his accepting the
+ responsibility for Mary's death. Morton broke off the negotiations
+ as Elizabeth refused to give her open sanction to the deed.
+ Edinburgh Castle surrendered in June 1573, and its fall, and the
+ loss of Lethington and Grange, gave the death-blow to the hopes of
+ the Queen of Scots. She maintained, however, a constant
+ correspondence with Elizabeth and with Spain and Rome, clutching
+ eagerly at any hope of release, however vague. In 1586 she became
+ involved, to what extent is disputed, in what is known as the
+ Babington Conspiracy, which had for its object the assassination of
+ Elizabeth and her ministers, and the restoration of Catholicism
+ throughout Great Britain. Walsingham received information as to the
+ plot, and obtained possession of letters alleged to be written by
+ Mary to Babington. The conspirators were put to death, and Mary was
+ tried by a Commission of Peers in the end of 1586. The following
+ verses, addressed to the conspirators, indicate the common feeling
+ in England at the time. They are quoted from a poem by William
+ Kempe, published in 1587, and entitled "A Dutiful Invective against
+ the moste haynous Treasons of Ballard and Babington ... together
+ with the horrible attempts and actions of the Queen of Scottes....
+ For a New Yeares gift to all loyall English subjects." The author
+ of the verses is not Kemp the player, but a writer of some
+ treatises on Education. _Cf._ "Dict. Nat. Biog."
+
+_A DUTIFUL INVECTIVE_
+
+ The Scottish Queen, with mischief fraught, for to perform the will
+ Of him whose pupil she hath been hath used all her skill;
+ By words most fair, and loving terms, and gifts of value great:
+ For to persuade your hollow hearts, your duties to forget,
+ And for to be assistant still, her treacheries to further,
+ Wherein she reckons it no sinne though you commit great murther.
+ Such is her heinous hateful mind, who long hath lived in hope,
+ By such her subtle lawless means (and help of cursed Pope)
+ Both to deprive our sovereign Queen of her imperial crown,
+ And true religion to repel, God's Gospel to put down.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Wherein you fully did conclude that it could never be,
+ Except you first conspired her death, by secret treachery.
+ And thereupon consulted oft, and sundry ways did seek
+ For to perform this devilish act, which you so well did like.
+ Next unto this your promise was to lend your help and aid,
+ With all the force and power you could, to foes that should invade.
+ And thereby for to set at large that Queen whom I did name,
+ Who always in her treacherous mind, doth nought but mischief frame.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+_THE CAUSE OF ALL OUR TROUBLES_
+
+ For plainly hath it fallen out, by sundry proofs most true,
+ She was the only maintainer of all this treacherous crew:
+ For trial whereof we may see, how that our gracious Queen,
+ Both having care the very truth most plainly might be seen,
+ And she with honour might be tried, in that she was a Prince,
+ Did cause the chiefest peers her faults by justice to convince:
+ Who did assemble at her place, by name called Fotheringay,
+ There to examine out the truth, and hear what she could say;
+ And to that end did then direct to them a large commission
+ For to examine every one in whom they found suspicion.
+ Who meeting at that place, it plainly did appear,
+ How that she was the chiefest cause of all our troubles here.
+ And that she by persuasions did seek for to withdraw
+ The subjects' hearts from this our Queen, who erst had lived in awe;
+ And that the treasons named before were all by her consent,
+ And that she author was thereof, and did the same invent,
+ Whereto her answer was so light, and to so small effect,
+ As that the weakness of the same her treasons did detect.
+ And thereupon these peers of State, having a due regard
+ To what she could object thereto, and likewise nothing spared
+ By circumstance to search out truth, did forthwith then pronounce
+ That she was guilty of these crimes, and could not them renounce.
+ Which sentence so by them declared, was by our Queen's consent,
+ Plainly revealed to all estates in court of Parliament;
+ And was by them considered of, who then did all agree
+ To join in suit unto her Grace, the same to ratify.
+
+
+Queen Mary's Letter to Queen Elizabeth.
+
+_Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_, vol. ii. p. 200.
+FOTHERINGAY, December 19, 1586.
+
+MADAME,--Having with difficulty obtained leave from those to whom you
+have committed me to open to you all I have on my heart, as much for
+exonerating myself from any ill-will, or desire of committing cruelty, or
+any act of enmity against those with whom I am connected in blood; as
+also, kindly, to communicate to you what I thought would serve you, as
+much for your weal and preservation as for the maintenance of the peace
+and repose of this isle, which can only be injured if you reject my
+advice. You will credit or disbelieve my discourse, as it seems best to
+you.
+
+I am resolved to strengthen myself in Christ Jesus alone, who, to those
+invoking Him with a true heart, never fails in His justice and
+consolation, especially to those who are bereft of all human aid; such
+are under His holy protection: to Him be the glory! He has equalled my
+expectation, having given me heart and strength, _in spe contra spem_,
+to endure the unjust calumnies, accusations, and condemnations (of those
+who have no such jurisdiction over me) with a constant resolution to
+suffer death for upholding the obedience and authority of the
+Apostolical Roman Catholic Church.
+
+Now, since I have been on your part informed of the sentence of your
+last meeting of Parliament, Lord Buckhurst and Beale having admonished
+me to prepare for the end of my long and weary pilgrimage, I beg to
+return you thanks on my part for these happy tidings, and to entreat you
+to vouchsafe to me certain points for the discharge of my conscience.
+But since Sir A. Paulet has informed me (though falsely) that you had
+indulged me by having restored to me my almoner, and the money that they
+had taken from me, and that the remainder would follow; for all this I
+would willingly return you thanks, and supplicate still further as a
+last request, which I have thought for many reasons I ought to ask of
+you alone, that you will accord this ultimate grace, for which I should
+not like to be indebted to any other, since I have no hope of finding
+aught but cruelty from the Puritans, who are at this time, God knows
+wherefore! the first in authority, and the most bitter against me.
+
+I will accuse no one: nay, I pardon with a sincere heart every one, even
+as I desire every one may grant forgiveness to me, God the first. But I
+know that you, more than any one, ought to feel at heart the honour or
+dishonour of your own blood, and that, moreover, of a queen and the
+daughter of a king.
+
+_A LAST REQUEST_
+
+Then, Madame, for the sake of that Jesus to whose name all powers bow, I
+require you to ordain that when my enemies have slaked their black
+thirst for my innocent blood, you will permit my poor desolated servants
+altogether to carry away my corpse, to bury it in holy ground with the
+other queens of France, my predecessors, especially near the late queen,
+my mother; having this in recollection, that in Scotland the bodies of
+the kings, my predecessors, have been outraged, and the churches
+profaned and abolished; and that as I shall suffer in this country, I
+shall not be given place near the kings, your predecessors, who are mine
+as well as yours: for according to our religion, we think much of being
+interred in holy earth. As they tell me that you will in nothing force
+my conscience nor my religion, and have even conceded me a priest,
+refuse me not this my last request, that you will permit free sepulchre
+to this body when the soul is separated, which, when united, could never
+obtain liberty to live in repose, such as you would procure for
+yourself; against which repose--before God I speak--I never aimed a
+blow: but God will let you see the truth of all after my death.
+
+And because I dread the tyranny of those to whose power you have
+abandoned me, I entreat you not to permit that execution be done on me
+without your own knowledge, not for fear of the torment, which I am most
+ready to suffer, but on account of the reports which will be raised
+concerning my death unsuspected, and without other witnesses than those
+who would inflict it, who, I am persuaded, would be of very different
+qualities from these parties whom I require (being my servants) to stay
+spectators, and with witnesses of my end in the faith of our sacrament,
+of my Saviour, and in obedience to His Church. And after all is over,
+that they together may carry away my poor corpse (as secretly as you
+please), and speedily withdraw, without taking with them any of my goods
+except those which in dying I may leave to them, which are little enough
+for their long and good services.
+
+_ELIZABETH'S JEWEL_
+
+One jewel that I received of you I shall return to you with my last
+words, or sooner if you please.
+
+Once more I supplicate you to permit me to send a jewel and a last adieu
+to my son, with my dying benediction, for of my blessing he has been
+deprived since you sent me his refusal to enter into the treaty whence I
+was excluded by his wicked council; this last point I refer to your
+favourable consideration and conscience as the others, but I ask them in
+the name of Jesus Christ, and in respect of your consanguinity, and for
+the sake of King Henry VII., your grandfather and mine, and by the
+honour of the dignity we both hold, and of our sex in common, do I
+implore you to grant these requests.
+
+_MARY'S TREATMENT_
+
+As to the rest, I think you know that in your name they have taken down
+my dais, but afterwards they owned to me that it was not by your
+commandment, but by the intimation of some of your privy council. I
+thank God that this wickedness came not from you, and that it serves
+rather to vent their malice than to afflict me, having made up my mind
+to die. It is on account of this, and some other things, that they
+debarred me from writing to you, and after they had done all in their
+power to degrade me from my rank, they told me "that I was but a mere
+dead woman, incapable of dignity." God be praised for all!
+
+I could wish that all my papers were brought to you without reserve,
+that at last it may be manifest to you that the sole care of your safety
+was not confined to those who are so prompt to persecute me. If you will
+accord this my last request, I would wish that you would write for them,
+otherwise they do with them as they choose. And, moreover, I wish that
+to this, my last request, you will let me know your last reply.
+
+To conclude, I pray God, the just Judge, of His mercy that He will
+enlighten you with His Holy Spirit, and that He will give you His grace
+to die in the perfect charity I am disposed to do, and to pardon all
+those who have caused, or who have co-operated in, my death. Such will
+be my last prayer to my end, which I esteem myself happy will precede
+the persecution which I foresee menaces this isle, where God is no
+longer seriously feared and revered, but vanity and worldly policy rule
+and govern all. Yet will I accuse no one, nor give way to presumption.
+Yet while abandoning this world, and preparing myself for a better, I
+must remind you that one day you will have to answer for your charge,
+and for all those whom you doom, and that I desire that my blood and my
+country may be remembered in that time. For why? From the first days of
+our capacity to comprehend our duties, we ought to bend our minds to
+make the things of this world yield to those of eternity!
+
+From Fotheringay, this 19th December, 1586.
+ Your sister and cousin,
+ Prisoner wrongfully,
+ MARIE ROYNE.
+
+
+The Will of the Queen of Scots.
+
+_Strickland's Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_, vol. ii. p. 237.
+
+ [The Will contains clauses relative to the payments of her debts,
+ and of legacies to her servants. The selections given are of more
+ general interest.]
+
+In the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, I, Mary,
+by the grace of God, Queen of Scotland and Dowager of France, being on
+the point of death, and not having any means of making my will, have
+myself committed these articles to writing, and I will and desire, that
+they have the same force, as if they were made in due form.
+
+In the first place, I declare that I die in the Catholic, Apostolic, and
+Romish faith. First, I desire that a complete service be performed for
+my soul in the Church of St. Denis in France, and another in St.
+Peter's, at Rheims, where all my servants are to attend, in such manner
+as may be ordered to do by those to whom I have given directions, and
+who are named therein.
+
+Further, that an annual obit be founded for prayers for my soul, in
+perpetuity, in such place, and after such manner, as shall be deemed
+most convenient....
+
+I appoint my cousin, the Duke of Guise, principal executor of my will.
+After him, the Archbishop of Glasgow, the Bishop of Ross, and Monsieur
+de Ruissieu, my chancellor....
+
+I recommend Marie Paiges, my god-daughter, to my cousin, Madame de
+Guise, and beg her to take her into her service, and my aunt de Saint
+Pierre to get Moubray some good situation, or retain her in her service,
+for the honour of God.
+
+Done this day, 7th February 1587.
+
+ MARY, QUEEN.
+
+
+_APPEAL FOR FACULTIES_
+
+Queen Mary's Appeal to the Pope for Spiritual Faculties.
+
+ [The following document is here printed for the first time, so far
+ as is known to the Editor. It is from a MS. at Blairs College, and
+ is published by kind permission of the Right Reverend the Rector,
+ and with the advantage of revision by the Reverend Professor Welsh.
+ It is dated {158-}, and probably belongs to the last year of Queen
+ Mary's life.]
+
+Cum Serenissima Regina Scotiae multis ab hinc annis in Anglorum
+haereticorum custodias sit inclusa atque ob id non possit Catholicae
+Ecclesiae sacramenta suscipere et rebus divinis praesertim vero missae
+sacrificio nisi clam et magno cum periculo interesse, supplex petit a
+Sanctissimo Domino Nostro quam diu in illa custodia retinetur, ut
+sacerdoti catholico suo capellano pro tempore existenti concedatur,
+facultas non modo exercendi omnia munera episcopalia exceptis ordinis et
+confirmationis sacramentis, et Chrysmatis consecratione; sed etiam
+absolvendi ab haeresi, et haereticos poenitentes gremio sanctae matris
+Ecclesiae reconciliandi; quod frequentes ibi se offerant huiusmodi
+occasiones.
+
+Deinde cum in hac rerum calamitate ipsi Reginae opus sit ad sua secreta
+consilia et commercia tractanda et exsequenda, uti opera nonnullorum
+Anglorum, qui nisi profanis haereticorum et schismaticorum precibus et
+communioni intersint, vel a praefectis carceris prohiberentur, ne
+Reginae inservirent, vel non possent ita commode illa consilia et
+commercia juvare; dignetur Sanctitas Sua sacerdoti capellano, quem
+Regina delegerit hanc potestatem illos ab omni censura et poena in tali
+casu absolvendi; et quoties opus fuerit in gratiam Sanctae matris
+Ecclesiae reducendi; ii tamen, quoad fieri potest, vitare debent impiam
+huiusmodi communionem et rerum sacrarum prophanationem.
+
+Permittat quoque Sanctitas Sua, ut tales etiam ante absolutionem possint
+sine scrupulo tum Reginae tum sacerdotis celebrantis et aliorum qui
+missae intererunt, praesentes adesse in ea missa quae coram Regina,
+durante ejus captivitate celebrabitur.
+
+Petit etiam Regina, ut 25 numero viri catholici, per eam nominandi, quo
+commodius et securius ipsi inserviant, possint sine scrupulo et sine
+periculo et metu censurarum et peccati, hujusmodi precibus et
+communionibus haereticorum interesse, ita tamen, ut cum illis non
+communicent, ac nefandis illorum actibus ne verbo quidem consentiant.
+
+Concedat quoque sua Beatitudo ipsi Reginae plenam indulgentiam et
+remissionem omnium peccatorum in forma jubilei, quoties genibus flexis
+orat confessa coram sacra Eucharistia, vel eam suscipit, ac quoties
+patienter fert injuriam ab haereticis sibi illatam; eam dem quoque
+obtineat indulgentiam in articulo mortis ore dicendo Jesus Maria vel
+idem corde saltem memorando.
+
+Postremo Regina summis precibus Sanctissimum Dominum Nostrum orat, ut
+quem sibi delegerit sacerdotem, possit ab eo in confessione sacramentali
+absolvi a cunctibus casibus etiam Sedi Apostolicae reservatis, atque in
+bulla coenae Domini contentis.
+
+ [It is not known what reply was sent; but the forthcoming volume of
+ "Vatican Papers," to be edited for the Scottish History Society by
+ Father Pollard, S.J., may throw light on the subject.]
+
+TRANSLATION.
+
+ Since Her Most Serene Majesty, the Queen of Scotland, has been for
+ these many years a prisoner in the hands of the English heretics,
+ and on that account is unable to receive the sacraments of the
+ Catholic Church, or to be present, except secretly and at great
+ risk, at divine service, and especially at the Sacrifice of the
+ Mass, she humbly supplicates of His Holiness that, so long as she
+ is kept in that restraint:
+
+ That to a Catholic priest, her chaplain for the time being, there
+ may be granted the faculty, not only of exercising all the powers
+ of a bishop, except the sacrament of Orders and Confirmation, and
+ the consecration of the Chrism, but also of absolving from heresy
+ and receiving penitent heretics into the bosom of Holy Mother
+ Church. Such opportunities frequently offer themselves.
+
+ Secondly, since, in this sad condition of her affairs, the Queen
+ herself has need, in connexion with her secret counsels and
+ negotiations, of the assistance of some Englishmen, who, unless
+ they attend the blasphemous prayers and communion of the heretics,
+ would be excluded, by her gaolers, from the Queen's presence, or
+ would have difficulty in aiding her counsels and plans, let His
+ Holiness grant to a priest, whom the Queen may choose as chaplain,
+ the power of absolving them from all censure and penalty in such
+ circumstances, and restoring, as often as there is need, to the
+ grace of Holy Mother Church, it being understood that, as far as
+ possible, they shall avoid this impious communion and profanation
+ of Holy Things.
+
+ Let His Holiness also permit that such persons, even before
+ absolution, may without scruple either to the Queen or to the
+ celebrating priest, or to all others who may be present, be present
+ and assist at the Mass which shall be celebrated in presence of the
+ Queen during her captivity.
+
+ The Queen also begs that Catholic men, twenty-five in number,
+ nominated by her, in order that they may serve her more
+ conveniently and safely, may without scruple and without danger or
+ fear of censures and of sin, be present at such prayers and
+ communions of the heretics, it being understood that they shall not
+ communicate with them or give even verbal consent to their
+ nefarious acts.
+
+ Let His Holiness grant also to the Queen herself a plenary
+ indulgence and remission of all her sins, in the form of a jubilee,
+ as often as, having confessed her sins, she may pray on bended
+ knees before the Holy Eucharist, or receive it, and as often as she
+ patiently endures injuries inflicted on her by heretics. May she
+ obtain also the same indulgence at the moment of death by invoking
+ with her lips, Jesu, Maria, or at least meditating on them in her
+ heart.
+
+ Finally the Queen begs His Holiness with many prayers, that
+ whomsoever she shall choose as a priest, she may be by him, in
+ sacramental confession, absolved from all censures, even from those
+ reserved to the Holy Apostolic See, and contained in the Bull
+ "Coena Domini."
+
+
+Illustration: SILVER-GILT HAND-BELL. Height 4-1/2 inches. (_Used by Queen
+Mary in Captivity._)
+
+
+_"IN THEE HAVE I TRUSTED"_
+
+Poem composed by Queen Mary in view of her Approaching Death.
+
+ O Domine Deus, speravi in te!
+ O care mi Jesu, nunc libera me!
+ In dura catena, in misera poena,
+ Languendo, gemendo, et genu flectendo,
+ Adoro, imploro ut liberes me.
+
+ _Tr. Mr. Swinburne, Mary Stuart_, Act V.
+
+ O Lord my God,
+ I have trusted in thee;
+ O Jesu my dearest one,
+ Now set me free.
+ In prison's oppression,
+ In sorrow's obsession,
+ I weary for thee.
+ With sighing and crying,
+ Bowed down as dying,
+ I adore thee, I implore thee, set me free!
+
+
+_PARTING WITH ROBERT MELVILLE_
+
+1587.--February 8. Narrative of the Execution, sent to the Court.
+
+_Ellis's Letters_, Ser. ii. vol. iii. p. 113, from the
+Lansdowne MS. 51, Art. 46.
+
+First, the said Scottish Queen, being carried by two of Sir Amias
+Paulett's gentlemen, and the Sheriff going before her, came most
+willingly out of her chamber into an entry next the Hall, at which place
+the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of Kent, commissioners for the
+execution, with the two governors of her person, and divers knights and
+gentlemen did meet her, where they found one of the Scottish Queen's
+servants, named Melvin, kneeling on his knees, who uttered these words
+with tears to the Queen of Scots, his mistress, "Madam, it will be the
+sorrowfullest message that ever I carried, when I shall report that my
+Queen and dear mistress is dead." Then the Queen of Scots, shedding
+tears, answered him, "You ought to rejoice rather than weep for that the
+end of Mary Stuart's troubles is now come. Thou knowest, Melvin, that
+all this world is but vanity, and full of troubles and sorrows; carry
+this message from me, and tell my friends that I die a true woman to my
+religion, and like a true Scottish woman and a true Frenchwoman. But God
+forgive them that have long desired my end; and He that is the true
+Judge of all secret thoughts knoweth my mind, how that it ever hath been
+my desire to have Scotland and England united together. Commend me to my
+son, and tell him that I have not done anything that may prejudice his
+kingdom of Scotland; and so, good Melvin, farewell;" and kissing him,
+she bade him pray for her.
+
+_AN ENGLISH NOBLEMAN_
+
+Then she turned to the Lords and told them that she had certain requests
+to make unto them. One was for a sum of money, which she said Sir Amyas
+Paulet knew of, to be paid to one Curle her servant; next, that all her
+poor servants might enjoy that quietly which by her Will and Testament
+she had given unto them; and lastly, that they might be all well
+entreated, and sent home safely and honestly into their countries. "And
+this I do conjure you, my Lords, to do."
+
+Answer was made by Sir Amyas Paulet, "I do well remember the money your
+Grace speaketh of, and your Grace need not to make any doubt of the not
+performance of your requests, for I do surely think they shall be
+granted."
+
+"I have," said she, "one other request to make unto you, my Lords, that
+you will suffer my poor servants to be present about me, at my death,
+that they may report when they come into their countries how I died a
+true woman to my religion."
+
+Then the Earl of Kent, one of the commissioners, answered, "Madam, it
+cannot well be granted, for that it is feared lest some of them would
+with speeches both trouble and grieve your Grace, and disquiet the
+company, of which we have had already some experience, or seek to wipe
+their napkins in some of your blood, which were not convenient." "My
+Lord," said the Queen of Scots, "I will give my word and promise for
+them that they shall not do any such thing as your Lordship has named.
+Alas! poor souls, it would do them good to bid me farewell. And I hope
+your Mistress, being a maiden Queen, in regard of womanhood, will suffer
+me to have some of my own people about me at my death. And I know she
+hath not given you so straight a commission, but that you may grant me
+more than this, if I were a far meaner woman than I am." And then
+(seeming to be grieved) with some tears uttered these words: "You know
+that I am cousin to your Queen, and descended from the blood of Henry
+the Seventh, a married Queen of France, and the anointed Queen of
+Scotland."
+
+"_BESIDE THE BLOCK--ALONE_"
+
+Whereupon, after some consultation, they granted that she might have
+some of her servants according to her Grace's request, and therefore
+desired her to make choice of half-a-dozen of her men and women: who
+presently said that of her men she would have Melvin, her apothecary,
+her surgeon, and one other old man beside; and of her women, those two
+that did use to lie in her chamber.
+
+After this, she being supported by Sir Amias's two gentlemen aforesaid,
+and Melvin carrying up her train, and also accompanied with the Lords,
+Knights, and Gentlemen aforenamed, the Sheriff going before her, she
+passed out of the entry into the Great Hall, with her countenance
+careless, importing thereby rather mirth than mournful cheer, and so she
+willingly stepped up to the scaffold which was prepared for her in the
+Hall, being two feet high and twelve feet broad, with rails round about,
+hung and covered with black, with a low stool, long cushion, and block,
+covered with black also. Then, having the stool brought her, she sat her
+down; by her, on the right hand, sat the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl
+of Kent, and on the left hand stood the Sheriff, and before her the two
+executioners; round about the rails stood Knights, Gentlemen, and
+others.
+
+Then, silence being made, the Queen's Majesty's Commission for the
+execution of the Queen of Scots was openly read by Mr. Beale, clerk of
+the Council; and these words pronounced by the Assembly, "God save the
+Queen." During the reading of which Commission the Queen of Scots was
+silent, listening unto it with as small regard as if it had not
+concerned her at all; and with as cheerful a countenance as if it had
+been a pardon from her Majesty for her life; using as much strangeness
+in word and deed as if she had never known any of the Assembly, or had
+been ignorant of the English language.
+
+_A THEOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY_
+
+Then one Doctor Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough, standing directly before
+her, without the rail, bending his body with great reverence, began to
+utter this exhortation following: "Madam, the Queen's most excellent
+Majesty," &c, and iterating these words three or four times, she told
+him, "Mr. Dean, I am settled in the ancient Catholic Roman religion, and
+mind to spend my blood in defence of it." Then Mr. Dean said: "Madam,
+change your opinion, and repent you of your former wickedness, and
+settle your faith only in Jesus Christ, by Him to be saved." Then she
+answered again and again, "Mr. Dean, trouble not yourself any more, for
+I am settled and resolved in this my religion, and am purposed therein
+to die." Then the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Earl of Kent, perceiving
+her so obstinate, told her that since she would not hear the exhortation
+begun by Mr. Dean, "We will pray for your Grace, that it stand with
+God's will you may have your heart lightened, even at the last hour,
+with the true knowledge of God, and so die therein." Then she answered,
+"If you will pray for me, my Lords, I will thank you; but to join in
+prayer with you I will not, for that you and I are not of one religion."
+
+_THE EARL OF KENT_
+
+Then the Lords called for Mr. Dean, who, kneeling on the scaffold
+stairs, began this prayer, "O most gracious God and merciful Father,"
+&c, all the Assembly, saving the Queen of Scots and her servants, saying
+after him. During the saying of which prayer, the Queen of Scots,
+sitting upon a stool, having about her neck an _Agnus Dei_, in her hand
+a crucifix, at her girdle a pair of beads with a golden cross at the end
+of them, a Latin book in her hand, began with tears and with loud and
+fast voice to pray in Latin; and in the midst of her prayers she slided
+off from her stool, and kneeling, said divers Latin prayers; and after
+the end of Mr. Dean's prayer, she kneeling, prayed in English to this
+effect: "For Christ His afflicted Church, and for an end of their
+troubles; for her son; and for the Queen's Majesty, that she might
+prosper and serve God aright." She confessed that she hoped to be saved
+"by and in the blood of Christ, at the foot of whose Crucifix she would
+shed her blood." Then said the Earl of Kent, "Madam, settle Christ Jesus
+in your heart, and leave those trumperies." Then she little regarding,
+or nothing at all, his good counsel, went forward with her prayers,
+desiring that "God would avert His wrath from this Island, and that He
+would give her grief and forgiveness for her sins." These, with other
+prayers she made in English, saying she forgave her enemies with all her
+heart that had long sought her blood, and desired God to convert them to
+the truth; and in the end of the prayer she desired all saints to make
+intercession for her to Jesus Christ, and so kissing the crucifix, and
+crossing of her also, said these words: "Even as Thy arms, O Jesus, were
+spread here upon the Cross, so receive me into Thy arms of mercy, and
+forgive me all my sins."
+
+_SMILING CHEER_
+
+Her prayer being ended, the executioners, kneeling, desired her Grace to
+forgive them her death; who answered, "I forgive you with all my heart,
+for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles." Then they,
+with her two women, helping of her up, began to disrobe her of her
+apparel; she never changed her countenance, but with smiling cheer she
+uttered these words, "that she never had such grooms to make her
+unready, and that she never put off her clothes before such a company."
+
+Then she, being stripped of all her apparel saving her petticoat and
+kirtle, her two women beholding her made great lamentation, and crying
+and crossing themselves prayed in Latin; she, turning herself to them,
+embracing them, said these words in French, "Ne criez vous; j'ay promis
+pour vous;" and so crossing and kissing them, bade them pray for her,
+and rejoice and not weep, for that now they should see an end of all
+their mistress's troubles. Then she, with a smiling countenance, turning
+to her men servants, as Melvin and the rest, standing upon a bench nigh
+the scaffold, who sometime weeping, sometime crying out aloud, and
+continually crossing themselves, prayed in Latin, crossing them with her
+hand bade them farewell; and wishing them to pray for her even until the
+last hour.
+
+"_INTO THY HANDS_"
+
+This done, one of the women having a Corpus Christi cloth lapped up
+three-corner ways, kissing it, put it over the Queen of Scots' face, and
+pinned it fast to the caul of her head. Then the two women departed from
+her, and she kneeling down upon the cushion most resolutely, and without
+any token or fear of death, she spake aloud this Psalm in Latin, "In te,
+Domine, confido, non confundar in eternum," &c. {Ps. xxv.}. Then,
+groping for the block, she laid down her head, putting her chin over the
+block with both her hands, which holding there, still had been cut off,
+had they not been espied. Then lying upon the block most quietly, and
+stretching out her arms, cried, "In manus tuas, Domine," &c, three or
+four times. Then she lying very still on the block, one of the
+executioners holding of her slightly with one of his hands, she endured
+two strokes of the other executioner with an axe, she making very small
+noise or none at all, and not stirring any part of her from the place
+where she lay; and so the executioner cut off her head, saving one
+little grisle, which being cut asunder, he lifted up her head to the
+view of all the assembly, and bade "God save the Queen." Then her
+dressing of lawn falling off from her head, it appeared as grey as one
+of threescore and ten years old, polled very short, her face in a moment
+being so much altered from the form she had when she was alive, as few
+could remember her by her dead face. Her lips stirred up and down a
+quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.
+
+Then Mr. Dean said with a loud voice, "So perish all the Queen's
+enemies;" and afterwards the Earl of Kent came to the dead body, and
+standing over it, with a loud voice said, "Such end of all the Queen's
+and the Gospel's enemies."
+
+Illustration: EFFIGY AT WESTMINSTER.
+
+_THE LAST COURTIER_
+
+Then one of the executioners pulling off her garters, espied her little
+dog which was crept under her clothes, which could not be gotten forth
+but by force, yet afterward would not depart from the dead corpse, but
+came and lay between her head and her shoulders, which being imbrued
+with her blood, was carried away and washed, as all things else were
+that had any blood was either burned or clean washed; and the
+executioners sent away with money for their fees, not having any one
+thing that belonged unto her. And so, every man being commanded out of
+the Hall, except the Sheriff and his men, she was carried by them up
+into a great chamber lying ready for the surgeons to embalm her.
+
+ A full account of Queen Mary's last days will be found in "The
+ Tragedy of Fotheringay," by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott. In August
+ 1587, the Queen was buried, with great ceremony, in Peterborough
+ Cathedral, and, in 1612, was reinterred in Westminster Abbey by her
+ son James VI. and I.
+
+
+
+
+ APPENDICES
+
+
+ _CONTENTS_
+
+ (A.) Genealogical Tables.
+
+ (B.) Lord Darnley.
+
+ (C.) Contemporary Writers.
+
+ (D.) Authorities.
+
+ (E.) Controversial Books.
+
+
+
+
+_APPENDIX A._
+
+
+(A.) TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF MARY TO LORD DARNLEY AND TO
+THE DUKE OF CHATELHERAULT.
+
+ JAMES II., King of Scotland.
+ |
+ +----------------------+-------------------+
+ | |
+ James III. Mary = James, Lord Hamilton.
+ | |
+ James IV. = Margaret, = Archibald, +-----+-------+
+ | dau. of | Earl of | |
+ | Henry VII. | Angus. | |
+ | of England. | James, Elizabeth, _m._
+ | | 1st Earl Matthew, Earl
+ | | of Arran. of Lennox.
+ James V. = Mary of | | |
+ | Guise. | James, |
+ | | 2nd Earl |
+ | | of Arran |
+ Mary Stuart. | and Duke of John, Earl
+ | Chatelherault. of Lennox.
+ | |
+ +----------------+ |
+ | |
+ Margaret = Matthew, Earl
+ | of Lennox.
+ |
+ Henry, Lord Darnley.
+
+
+TABLE SHOWING THE POSITION OF MARY AND DARNLEY WITH REGARD TO THE
+CROWN OF ENGLAND.
+
+ HENRY VII.
+ |
+ +-------------------+---------+------------+
+ | | |
+ Henry VIII. James IV. = Margaret = Archibald, Mary = Charles, Duke
+ +------+----+ | | Earl of | of Suffolk.
+ | | | | | Angus |
+ Edward VI. | Elizabeth. James V. | +---+-----+
+ | | | | |
+ Mary. | Margaret, _m._ | |
+ Mary. Matthew, Earl | |
+ of Lennox. | |
+ | Frances, Eleanor,
+ | _m._ _m._
+ Henry, Lord Henry, Henry,
+ Darnley. Duke of Earl of
+ Suffolk. Cumberland.
+ | |
+ +-----------------+-----------------+ |
+ | | |
+ Lady Jane Grey. Catherine, _m._ |
+ Edward, Earl of |
+ Hertford. |
+ |
+ +--------------------------+
+ | |
+ Margaret, _m._ Henry, Earl of Derby.
+
+
+
+
+_APPENDIX B._
+
+(B.) LORD DARNLEY.
+
+
+It may be of some interest to collect a few contemporary opinions
+regarding the unfortunate Lord Darnley. The extracts from Sir James
+Melville and Randolph (pp. 46-53, 54-56) sufficiently illustrate
+the personality of Mary, and we need only add Knolly's description
+of the Queen of Scots on her arrival in England (Wright's
+"Elizabeth," vol. i. pp. 280-1). He wrote to Cecil: "This ladie and
+princess is a notable woman. She semeth to regard no ceremonious
+honour beside the acknowledging of her estate regalle. She sheweth
+a disposition to speake much, to be bold, to be pleasant, and to be
+very famylyar. She sheweth a great desire to be avenged of her
+enemies: she sheweth a readiness to expose herself to all perylls
+in hope of victorie; she delyteth much to hear of hardiness and
+valiancye, commending by name all approved hardy men of her
+cuntrye, altho' they be her enemies: and she commendeth no
+cowardice even in her friends. The thing that most she thirsteth
+after is victory, and it semeth to be indifferent to her to have
+her enemies diminish, either by the sword of her friends, or by the
+liberall promises and rewards of her purse, or by division and
+quarrells raised among themselves; so that for victorie's sake,
+payne and perrylls semeth pleasant unto her, and in respect of
+victorie, welthe and all thyngs semeth to her contemptuous and
+vile."
+
+Our best picture of Darnley comes from the pen of the continuator
+of Knox. "He was of a comely stature, and none was like unto him
+within this island; he died under the age of one and twenty years;
+prompt and ready for all games and sports; much given to hawking
+and hunting, and running of horses, and likewise to playing on the
+lute; and also to Venus chamber he was liberal enough; he could
+write and dictate well; but he was somewhat given to wine, and much
+feeding, and likewise to inconstancy; and proud beyond measure, and
+therefore contemned all others; he had learned to dissemble well
+enough, being from his youth misled up in Popery" (Laing's "Knox,"
+vol. ii. p. 551). Incidental references to Darnley's character will
+be found on pp. 47-8, 64-5, 87-8, &c. The author of the "Histoire
+of James the Sext" wrote of him, "He was a comelie Prince, of a
+fayre and large stature of bodie, pleasant in countenance, and
+affable to all men, and devote, weill exercised in martiall
+pastymes upoun horseback as ony Prince of that age, but was sa
+facile as he could conceal no secret, although it might tend to his
+own weill." Of Darnley's literary abilities we possess two
+indications--a letter written to Mary Tudor, and the following
+ballad, both printed in Maidment's "Scottish Songs and Ballads,"
+vol. ii. It may be noted that the figure of the turtle-dove or
+wood-pigeon occurs in the ballad and in one of the "Casket
+Letters."
+
+ Gife langour makis men licht,
+ Or dolour thame decoir,
+ In earth there is no wicht,[98]
+ May me compair in gloir.
+ Gif cairfuill thoftis restoir
+ My havy heart from sorrow
+ I am for evir moir
+ In joy, both evin and morrow.
+
+ Gif plesour be to pance,[99]
+ I playne me nocht opprest,
+ Or absence micht avance,
+ My heart is haill possesst,
+ Gif want of quiet rest
+ From cairis micht me convoy,
+ My mynd is nocht mollest,
+ Bot evir moir in joy.
+
+ Thocht that I pance in paine,
+ In passing to and fro,
+ I laubor all in vane,
+ For so hes mony mo,
+ That hes nocht servit so,
+ In suting of thair sueit,[100]
+ The nar the fyre I go
+ The grittar is my heit.
+
+ The turtour for hir maik,
+ Mair dule may nocht indure
+ Nor I do for hir saik,
+ Evin hir quha hes in cure
+ My hairt, quhilk salbe sure,
+ And service to the deid,
+ Unto that lady pure,
+ The well of woman heid.
+
+ Schaw shedfull to that sueit
+ My pairt so permanent
+ That no mirth quhill[101] we meit,
+ Sall cause me be content;
+ But still my hairt lament,
+ In sorrowfull siching soir,
+ Till tyme sho be present,
+ Fairweill, I say no moir.
+
+_Finis quod King Hary Stewart._
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ [98] Man.
+
+ [99] Think.
+
+ [100] Sweet.
+
+ [101] Till.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This lament for Darnley (also printed by Maidment) was doubtless
+used as a political weapon against Queen Mary:--
+
+ To Edinburgh about six hours at morn,
+ As I was passing pansand out the way;
+ Ane bonny boy was sore making his moan,
+ His sorry song was Oche, and Wallaway!
+ That ever I should lyve to see that day,
+ Ane king at eve, with sceptre, sword and crown;
+ At morn but a deformed lump of clay,
+ With traitors strong so cruelly put down!
+
+ Then drew I near some tidings for to speir,
+ And said, My friend, what makis thee sa way.
+ Bloody Bothwell hath brought our king to beir,
+ And flatter and fraud with double Dalilay.
+ At ten houris on Sunday late at een,
+ When Dalila and Bothwell bade good night,
+ Off her finger false she threw ane ring,
+ And said, My Lord, ane token you I plight.
+
+ She did depart then with an untrue train,
+ And then in haste and culverin they let craik,
+ To teach their feiris to know the appoint time,
+ About the kinge's lodging for to clap.
+ To dance that night they said she should not slack,
+ With leggis lycht to hald the wedow walkan;
+ And baid fra bed until she heard the crack,
+ Whilk was a sign that her good lord was slain.
+
+ O ye that to our kirk have done subscryve,
+ These Achans try alsweill traist I may,
+ If ye do not, the time will come, belyve,
+ That God to you will raise some Iosuay;
+ Whilk shall your bairnis gar sing Wallaway,
+ And ye your selvis be put down with shame;
+ Remember on the awesome latter day,
+ When ye reward shall receive for your blame.
+
+ I ken right well ye knaw your duty,
+ Gif ye do not purge you ane and all,
+ Then shall I write in pretty poetry,
+ In Latin laid in style rhetorical;
+ Which through all Europe shall ring like ane bell,
+ In the contempt of your malignity.
+ Fye, flee fra Clynemnestra fell,
+ For she was never like Penelope.
+
+ With Clynemnestra I do not fain to fletch,
+ Who slew her spouse, the great Agamemnon;
+ Or with any that Ninus' wife doth match,
+ Semiramis quha brought her gude lord down.
+ Quha do abstain fra litigation,
+ Or from his paper hald aback the pen?
+ Except he hate our Scottish nation,
+ Or then stand up and traitors deeds commend?
+
+ Now all the woes that Ovid in Ibin,
+ Into his pretty little book did write,
+ And many mo be to our Scottish Queen,
+ For she the cause is of my doleful dyte.
+ Sa mot her heart be fillet full of syte,
+ As Herois was for Leander's death;
+ Herself to slay for woe who thought delyte,
+ For Henry's sake to like our Queen was laith.
+
+ The dolours als that pierced Dido's heart,
+ When King Enee from Carthage took the flight;
+ For the which cause unto a brand she start,
+ And slew herseif, which was a sorry sight.
+ Sa might she die as did Creusa bright,
+ The worthy wife of douty Duke Jason;
+ Wha brint was in ane garment wrought by slight
+ Of Medea through incantation.
+
+ Her laughter light be like to true Thisbe,
+ When Pyramus she found dead at the well,
+ In languor like unto Penelope,
+ For Ulysses who long at Troy did dwell.
+ Her dolesome death be worse than Jezebel,
+ Whom through an window surely men did thraw;
+ Whose blood did lap the cruel hundis fell,
+ And doggis could her wicked bainis gnaw.
+
+ Were I an hound--oh! if she an hare,
+ And I an cat, and she a little mouse,
+ And she a bairn, and I a wild wod bear,
+ I an ferret, and she cuniculus.
+ To her I shall be aye contrarius--
+ When to me Atropos cut the fatal thread,
+ And fell deithis dartys dolorous,
+ Then shall our spirits be at mortal feid.
+
+ My spirit her spirit shall douke in Phlegethon,
+ Into that painful filthy flood of hell,
+ And then in Styx, and Lethe baith anone--
+ And Cerberus that cruel hound sa fell,
+ Sall gar her cry with mony gout and yell,
+ O Wallaway! that ever she was born,
+ Or with treason by ony manner mell,
+ Whilk from all bliss should cause her be forlorn.
+
+
+
+
+(C.) CONTEMPORARY WRITERS.
+
+
+GEORGE BUCHANAN.
+
+The writings of George Buchanan with which we are concerned are his
+"Detection" of Queen Mary, and his "History of Scotland." Buchanan
+was the friend and adviser of Mary's enemies, and his references to
+her are polemical, not historical. His "Detection" is based on the
+"Book of Articles" (_cf._ p. 144), and it is not always consistent
+with the statements in his "History." Sheriff AEneas Mackay admits
+with regard to it that "it must be deemed a calumnious work." The
+reader must decide for himself what credit to attach to statements
+made by Buchanan, and otherwise unattested. He occupies among
+Mary's accusers the position held by Lesley among her friends. His
+title to fame is not confined to the Marian controversy. He was a
+very distinguished humanist, and his writings possess both learning
+and charm. (_Cf._ Mr. Hume Brown's recent volume entitled "George
+Buchanan.")
+
+
+CONAEUS.
+
+George Conn belonged to an Aberdeenshire family of Roman Catholic
+sympathies, and was educated at Douay, Paris, and Rome. He was
+Papal agent accredited to Queen Henrietta Maria from 1636 to 1639.
+He died in 1640. The date of his birth is unknown, and he is not
+quite strictly a contemporary author. But he lived in Paris at a
+time when people must have been alive who could remember Queen
+Mary's residence in France, and his "Life of Mary Stuart,"
+published in 1624, has all the freshness of a contemporary source.
+
+
+LORD HERRIES.
+
+John Maxwell, fourth Lord Herries, was, although a Protestant, a
+staunch supporter of Queen Mary. He opposed the Bothwell marriage,
+but remained faithful after the surrender at Carberry Hill. He
+joined the Queen after her escape from Lochleven, was present at
+the Battle of Langside, and accompanied her in her flight to
+England. In spite of some temporising with her enemies, he was
+selected, along with the Bishop of Ross, to defend her at York and
+Westminster, and he was probably involved in the Norfolk plot. When
+he became convinced of the hopelessness of Mary's cause, he came to
+an arrangement with the victorious party, and took a part in
+politics till his death in 1583. He seems, however, always to have
+been ready to assist the Queen had there been any chance of
+success. His "Memoirs" possess an unusual interest in virtue of his
+intimate knowledge of the secret history of the reign.
+
+
+JOHN KNOX.
+
+The extracts from Knox's "History of the Reformation in Scotland"
+are interesting as bearing the impress of their author's vigorous
+personality. But it must be remembered that, as the leader of the
+Protestant clergy, he was a strong partisan, and his descriptions
+cannot be accepted literally. Different readers will decide
+differently as to the credit to be given to Knox's statements. The
+most valuable edition of Knox is the large one by the late Mr.
+David Laing, which contains much important annotation. The
+concluding portion of the "History" is not from Knox's own pen, but
+is the work of an unknown writer, who is generally described as
+Knox's Continuator.
+
+
+JOHN LESLEY.
+
+The Bishop of Ross was a native of Inverness-shire, and was
+educated at the University of Aberdeen. The first public capacity
+in which he was employed was as one of a deputation of Roman
+Catholic nobles to invite Queen Mary to return to Scotland, after
+the death of Francis II. He became Bishop of Ross in 1566. He
+rendered his chief services to Queen Mary as one of the agents for
+her defence at the Conferences at York and Westminster, and he was
+thereafter involved in most of the schemes for Mary's release. He
+survived the Queen for nine years, and died in 1596 at Guirtenburg,
+near Brussels. He was about seventy years of age.
+
+Lesley's chief work is his "History of Scotland from 1437 to 1561."
+The Scots edition was first published in 1830, but the Latin
+version, which is more complete, appeared during the author's
+lifetime, and was translated into Scots, as early as 1596, by
+Father James Dalrymple of Regensburg. For the period with which we
+are concerned Lesley is a contemporary authority; but he wrote with
+a purpose, and was inclined to exaggeration. His "Defence of Queen
+Mary's Honour" was a reply to Buchanan's "Detection."
+
+
+LINDSAY OF PITSCOTTIE.
+
+Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie was a cadet of the family of Crawford.
+He was born about 1500, and died about 1565, and took no part in
+public affairs. His "History" was not published till 1728. It is a
+work to which we are indebted for much gossip, and it contains many
+humorous anecdotes. The writer was a strong Protestant, and shared
+with many of his contemporaries a fondness for moralising. His book
+is not absolutely reliable by any means; but in the passage quoted
+he appears to best advantage.
+
+
+SIR JAMES MELVILLE.
+
+Sir James Melville had been an attendant on Queen Mary since her
+childhood. In 1549, when he was fourteen years of age and she
+seven, he became her page. After some military, and diplomatic
+service he became one of the gentlemen of the Bed Chamber on the
+Queen's return to Scotland. His two visits to London as ambassador
+from Mary to Elizabeth are recorded in the passage quoted in the
+text. After the fall of the Queen Melville attached himself to the
+ruling party, and was prominent in politics till James's accession
+to the throne of England. Thereafter, he lived quietly at his
+estate of Hallhill, in Fife, where he died in 1617. During his
+retirement he wrote his "Memoirs," which were published by his
+grandson in 1683. His memory was not invariably trustworthy; but
+his fascinating style has made his writing one of the most popular
+chronicles of the time. His picture of the rival queens is one of
+the most characteristic passages in his work (pp. 46-53).
+
+
+CLAUDE NAU.
+
+Claude de la Boisselierre Nau was sent by the Cardinal of Lorraine
+to Queen Mary as a Secretary in 1575. Thenceforward he remained her
+confidential adviser, although his loyalty to his own interests was
+more marked than his devotion to his mistress, and he was generally
+believed to have betrayed her in connection with the Babington
+conspiracy. After her death he was released by Queen Elizabeth, and
+entered the service of Henry IV. of France. The MS. known as "Nau's
+History of Mary Stewart" is in the British Museum, and was printed
+in 1883 by Father Joseph Stevenson, S.J. The evidence on which Mr.
+Stevenson attributes it to Nau is given in his introduction.
+
+
+LORD RUTHVEN.
+
+Patrick, third Lord Ruthven, was one of the Protestant nobles who
+formed the body known as the "Lords of the Congregation" during the
+absence of Queen Mary in France. He was not popular even on his own
+side, for we find mysterious accusations of sorcery and enchantment
+attaching to his name. At the murder of Rizzio he appeared in the
+Queen's room, gaunt and haggard, having risen from a sick bed in
+the neighbouring house. After the murder he fled to England and
+wrote for the benefit of Queen Elizabeth his "Relation" of the
+circumstances. He makes numerous accusations against Mary, which
+have generally been received with suspicion owing to the position
+of the author as an exiled rebel anxious to justify himself before
+a foreign sovereign. He died at Newcastle in June 1566, three
+months after the murder. The "articles" are printed, not only in
+the "Relation," but in the first column of Goodall's _Examination_,
+and the third volume of Keith's "History," while those signed by
+Darnley are copied from the original in the Appendix (p. 641) to
+the Sixth Report of the Historical MSS. Commissioners.
+
+
+DIURNAL OF OCCURRENTS.
+
+The "Diurnal of Occurrents in Scotland" was first printed by the
+Bannatyne Club in 1833 (from a MS. then in the possession of Sir
+John Maxwell of Pollock). It deals with the history of Scotland
+from 1513 to 1575. During the period with which we are concerned,
+it is clearly the diary of an Edinburgh citizen, and it is of great
+value, especially in fixing dates. The anonymous diarist was not a
+partisan of the Queen, but his work is more impartial than any
+other of the period. Another contemporary diary, by Robert Birrell,
+is published in Dalyell's "Fragments of Scottish History," 1798.
+
+
+GUDE AND GODLY BALLATES.
+
+The controversy of the sixteenth century gave rise to many
+political songs and ballads, which became known to the Protestant
+party as the "Gude and Godly Ballates." Most of them were aimed
+against Roman Catholicism in general, but some are invectives
+against Queen Mary herself. The specimens given are among the best
+known. They are slightly earlier in date than the arrival of Mary
+in Scotland; but they serve to illustrate the bitterness of the
+struggle.
+
+
+
+
+(D.) AUTHORITIES.
+
+
+The remaining contemporary authorities are to be found in the
+letters of ambassadors, and the other diplomatic correspondence of
+the time. But it must be remembered that a statement can by no
+means be implicitly believed because it appears in such documents.
+The circumstances of the writer, his opportunities of obtaining
+information on the particular topic, his personal prejudices, the
+impression that he wished to convey to his correspondent, must all
+be allowed due weight. The correspondence and other information is
+largely contained in the following books:--
+
+
+(1.) OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.
+
+_Acts of Parliament of Scotland._
+
+_Reports of the Royal Commission upon Historical MSS._
+
+_Register of the Privy Council of Scotland._
+
+_Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland_, preserved in the
+Public Record Office.
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to Foreign Affairs_, 1542-1587.
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs_, preserved in the
+Archives of Simancas.
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to English Affairs_, preserved in the
+Archives of Venice.
+
+_Calendar of Border Papers._
+
+_The Hamilton Papers._
+
+_Calendar of Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_,
+1898.
+
+
+(2.) BOOKS WHICH CONTAIN ORIGINAL LETTERS, &c.
+
+_Faedera, Conventiones, Literae, &c., inter Reges Angliae et alios_,
+ed. by Thomas Rymer. London, 1704-1735.
+
+_Queen Elizabeth and her Times_, by Thomas Wright. London, 1838.
+
+_History of the Affairs of Church and State in Scotland_, by the
+Right Rev. Robert Keith, Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church.
+Edinburgh, 1734 (reprinted by the Spottiswoode Society).
+
+_Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726_, edited by Philip,
+Earl of Hardwicke. London, 1778.
+
+_The Annals of Aboyne_, edited by George, 11th Marquis of Huntly.
+(New Spalding Club.)
+
+_Life of Queen Mary_, by George Chalmers. London, 1818.
+
+_History of Scotland_, by William Robertson, D.D.
+
+_History of Scotland_, by Patrick Fraser Tytler.
+
+_Inventories of Mary Queen of Scots_, edited by Joseph Robertson.
+
+_Examination of the Letters said to have been written by Mary Queen
+of Scots, to James, Earl of Bothwell_, by Walter Goodall, 1744.
+
+_History of Scotland_, by Malcolm Laing.
+
+_Illustrations of British History_, by Edmund Lodge.
+
+_Elizabeth and Mary_, by Fred. Von Raumer.
+
+_Original Letters, Illustrative of British History_, ed. Ellis.
+
+_Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers_, by John Hosack, 1870-74.
+
+_Mary Queen of Scots, from her Birth to her Flight into England_,
+by D. Hay Fleming.
+
+_Recueil des Lettres de Marie Stuart_, ed. Labanoff.
+
+_Letters of Mary Stuart_, ed. Agnes Strickland.
+
+_Cabala, sive Scrinia Sacra._ London, 1691.
+
+_Collections relating to Mary Queen of Scots_, by James Anderson.
+
+_A Lost Chapter in the Life of Mary Stuart_, by John Stuart.
+
+_Queen Mary at Jedburgh_, by John Small.
+
+_Illustrations of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots._ (Maitland
+Club.)
+
+_Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse_,
+edited by Teulet.
+
+_The Tragedy of Fotheringay_, by the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott.
+
+These are the main authorities. A complete list of publications
+dealing with the question up to 1700, will be found in "A
+Bibliography of Works relating to Mary Queen of Scots, 1544-1700,"
+by John Scott, C.B. (Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, 1896). Very
+full references will be found in Mr. Hay Fleming's notes. The list
+of authorities appended to the articles "Mary Stuart," in the
+_Dictionary of National Biography_, should also be consulted.
+
+
+
+
+(E.) CONTROVERSIAL WORKS.
+
+
+The general historians who deal with the period--Hume, Robertson,
+Tytler, Laing, Froude, and Hill Burton--are usually ranked among
+Queen Mary's opponents. Hume and Froude occupy the most decided
+position. Among other writers who are definitely against the theory
+of Mary's innocence, must be reckoned Mignet ("Life of Mary Queen
+of Scots"), Mr. D. Hay Fleming ("Mary Queen of Scots"), and Mr. T.
+F. Henderson (articles, "Mary Stuart," "Henry Stewart, Lord
+Darnley," "James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell," &c., in the
+_Dictionary of National Biography_). No one can hope to understand
+the present position of the controversy without the writings of Mr.
+Fleming and Mr. Henderson. Among general controversialists on the
+side of Queen Mary, may be mentioned the works already quoted, by
+Walter Goodall, George Chalmers, and John Hosack, William Tytler's
+"Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots" (1790),
+Whitaker's "Mary Queen of Scots Vindicated" (1778), Miss Agnes
+Strickland's "Lives of the Queens of Scotland," Mr. Alex. Walker's
+"Mary, Queen of Scots," Mr. M'Neel-Caird's "Mary Stuart," and Sir
+John Skelton's "Impeachment of Mary Stuart," "Maitland of
+Lethington," and "Life of Mary Stuart." Mr. Swinburne's "Mary Queen
+of Scots" is one of the most attractive works on the subject. The
+reader will recollect that the "false Duessa" in Spenser's "Faerie
+Queen" is the Queen of Scots.
+
+The last few years have seen the publication of many important
+works dealing with the problem of the Casket Letters, _e.g._:--
+
+Bresslau: "Die Kassettenbriefe der Koenigin Maria Stuart," in the
+_Historisches Taschenbuche_, 1882.
+
+Sepp: _Die Kassettenbriefe_, 1884.
+
+Gerde: "Geschichte der Koenigin Maria Stuart," 1885.
+
+T. F. Henderson: "Casket Letters, and Mary Queen of Scots." 2nd ed.
+1890.
+
+Philippson: "Histoire du Regne de Marie Stuart," 1891-92.
+
+The English reader will find the material in Mr. T. F. Henderson's
+work ample for his purpose. The preface to Mr. Hay Fleming's "Mary
+Queen, of Scots" promises a second volume, which will contain the
+life in captivity, and, of course, deal with the letters. No Marian
+apologist has, as yet, attempted an answer to the more recent
+evidence on the other side, and Hosack's great work is now
+considerably superseded. The foregoing lists are, of course,
+selected. A full Bibliography is a great task, not yet attempted.
+
+THE END
+
+
+Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London
+
+
+ _Published by_ DAVID NUTT, _270-271 Strand, London, and Sold by all
+ Booksellers throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland._
+
+ SCOTTISH VERNACULAR LITERATURE
+
+ A SUCCINCT HISTORY
+
+ By T. F. HENDERSON
+
+ Printed at the Constable Press, 1898
+
+ Crown 8vo, x, 464 pp. Buckram, top gilt, 6s.
+
+ CONTENTS:--The Scottish Vernacular--Minstrelsy and
+ Romance--Historical Poetry--The Scottish Fabliau and the Decay of
+ Romance--The Early Chaucerians--Dunbar and Walter Kennedy--Gavin
+ Douglas and Sir David Lyndsay--Minor and Later Poets of the 16th
+ Century--Anonymous Poetry of the 15th and 16th
+ Centuries--Vernacular Prose--Traditional Ballads and Songs--Before
+ Ramsay--Ramsay to Burns--Burns and afterwards.
+
+ =_Some Press Notices_=
+
+ =Outlook.=--"Truly admirable for its conciseness and adequacy of
+ critical treatment."
+
+ =Literature.=--"A work of great merit and interest, and unique in
+ its field."
+
+ =Scotsman.=--"Will be of great use to those who wish a general
+ guide to Scottish literature in prose, such as there was, as well
+ as in verse."
+
+ =North British Daily Mail.=--"A model of what such a handbook
+ should be--thorough, concise, well balanced."
+
+ =Saturday Review.=--"Excellent in every respect."
+
+ =Morning Post.=--"It is not easy to recall another volume,
+ conceived on this apparently unambitious scale, which is at once so
+ scholarly, so thorough, so agreeable."
+
+ =Glasgow Herald.=--"Deserves a hearty welcome and no
+ stinted=praise."
+
+ =Arbroath Herald.=--"Few readers will fail to appreciate the
+ justice and the suggestive force of his general survey of Scottish
+ literature."
+
+
+
+
+Transcribers Note
+
+Headings printed at the top of pages in the original have been
+converted to sub-headings and placed and the head of the most relevant
+paragraph.
+
+Much of the text being letters and transcripts, inconsistant spellings
+have been retained.
+
+Footnote 64 had no anchor in the text. Since it appears to relate
+to the whole of letter III an anchor has been inserted at to top of the
+letter.
+
+Ligature oe has been represented as [oe].
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 1542-1587 ***
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