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Payne. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + .book {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em;} + hr {width: 95%; color: #000; clear: both;} + table {margin-left: auto; padding:4px; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} + .brd_bt {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} + .brd_bt2 {border-bottom: solid #000 2px;} + .brd_tp {border-top: solid #000 1px;} + .bbox6 {border: solid #000 6px} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; text-indent:0; font-size: 0.75em; + text-align: right; color: #b0b0b0;} + .pagenum2 {position: absolute; left: 92%; color: #ffffff;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .text_rt {text-align: right;} + .text_lf {text-align: left;} + .smaller {font-size: 0.75em;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .ws_nowrap {white-space: nowrap;} + .bold {font-weight: bolder;} + .undrscr {text-decoration: underline;} + .gesperrt {letter-spacing:4px} + .caption1 {font-weight: bold; font-size:2.50em; text-align: center;} + .caption2 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.50em; text-align: center;} + .caption3 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.15em; text-align: center;} + .caption3nc {font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.15em;} + .trans_notes {background:#d0d0d0; padding: 7px; border:solid black 1px;} + .ind2em {margin-left: 2em;} + .blockquot {margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;} + sup, sub {font-size:0.75em;} + .ws_nowrap {white-space: nowrap;} + .index {width:400px;} + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific +Coast, by Harry Thom Payne + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Game Birds and Game Fishes of the Pacific Coast + +Author: Harry Thom Payne + +Release Date: November 16, 2011 [EBook #38032] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GAME BIRDS AND GAME FISHES *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<div class="book"><!-- Begin Book --> +<div class="center"> +<a name="cover" id="cover"></a> +<img src="images/cover.png" width="397" height="600" title="" alt="" /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption1"> +GAME BIRDS<br /> +<br /> +AND<br /> +<br /> +GAME FISHES<br /> +<br /> +OF THE<br /> +<br /> +PACIFIC COAST +</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3"> +. . . <i>BY</i> . . . +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption2"> +H. T. PAYNE<br /> +</div> +<br /> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/shell.png" width="59" height="55" alt="Shell" title="Shell" /> +</div> +<br /> +<div class="center"> +Illustrated with Half-tones from Photographs of<br /> +Live and Carefully Mounted<br /> +Birds and Fishes.<br /> +<br /> +With Ready Reference Diagrams of Each Family,<br /> +Giving the Scientific and Common Names<br /> +of Each Genus and Species, Their<br /> +Relationship, Breeding Grounds<br /> +and General Range.<br /> +<br /> +NEWS PUBLISHING CO., Los Angeles. +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="center"> +Copyrighted 1913, Under Act of Congress,<br /> +By H. T. Payne +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">INTRODUCTION</div> + +<p>Laws recently enacted by most of the states for the +better protection of the game, imposing a nominal license +for the privilege of hunting it, have enabled us +to take a census, as it were, of that vast number of +the American people who enjoy the health-giving sports +of the field. This census reveals the fact, that, of the +whole population of the Pacific Coast, nearly twenty per +cent of all those over fifteen years of age are licensed +sportsmen. Add to these the large number of anglers, +not counted in this enumeration, and the rapidly increasing +number of young ladies who are learning to +enjoy the exhilarating sports of the field and stream, +and this percentage will be appreciably increased. It is, +therefore, obvious that a study of the game birds and +game fishes must be one of interest to a very large +portion of our people, and especially to the younger +generation whose knowledge of the game they bring +to bag is still in the formative state.</p> + +<p>Unlike all other works treating of the birds and fishes, +this one is written from the standpoint of the practical +sportsman and angler, rather than for the student of +ornithology or ichthyology. I have, therefore avoided +the use of technical names as much as possible, and +employed in the description of the various species the +plainest language consistent with a clear understanding +of their distinguishing features. I have, however, for +the benefit of those who wish to learn their scientific +names and genetic relationship, added after the description +of the members of each family, a tabulated form, +giving the Order, Family, Subfamily and Genus to +which the several species belong; together with their +common names, general range and breeding grounds. +A new and convenient feature of ready reference.</p> + +<p>The numerous illustrations, which are from photographs +of the actual birds, is a new feature of great +importance to the student, as they give the perfect markings +of every feather, and the true gradation of color as +appearing in nature.</p> + +<p>That, by placing within the reach of the younger generation +of sportsmen, such knowledge of the game birds +and game fishes as I have gained through more than +half a century spent in their pursuit, may, in a measure, +liquidate the deep debt I owe for the many happy hours +and excellent health drawn from the exhilarating sports +of the field and stream, is the earnest wish of</p> + +<div class="text_rt"> +THE AUTHOR. +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/i008.png" width="600" height="372" alt="Bird Anatomy" title="Bird Anatomy" /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST</div> + +<p>In describing the game birds of the Pacific Coast, I +have included all those found in any considerable numbers +from the British Columbia line, south to and including +the state of Arizona, the Mexican states of +Sonora and Chihuahua and the peninsula of Lower +California, for in some of these less frequented places, +game birds are found in great numbers and great variety. +This is especially true in these southern sections +with the quail, for here its voice is heard in all the +notes of the gamut, from the soft, turkey-like call of the +mountain species, the soul-stirring whistle of the bobwhite, +or the sharp, decisive "can't see me" of the valley +quail, through all the varied changes of the blue +quail family, to the low plaintive note of the massena +quail of Mexico.</p> + +<p>While it is not the purpose of this work to give a +scientific classification of the game birds of which it +treats, a brief statement of the manner in which they +are grouped and classified by the ornithologist will materially +assist the reader in the study of those species +herein mentioned.</p> + +<p>The ornithologist groups all the birds of North America +into seventeen "Orders"; each of these including all +birds of a similar nature. Some of these orders are +divided into two or more suborders, where, while clearly +belonging to the order, there is yet a sufficient difference +in certain groups of families to justify this further +separation. The next division is the "family," which is +again divided into "genera," and each "genus" into +"species."</p> + +<p>Of the seventeen orders of American birds, the scope +of this work includes only six; for all of the birds, commonly +called game birds, belong to one or the other of +the following orders:</p> + +<p>The <b>Gallinæ</b>—All gallinaceous, or chicken-like birds. +Of this order we only have to consider two families: +The <b>Tetraonidæ</b>, composed of the quail and grouse, and +the <b>Phasianidæ</b>, composed of the turkeys and pheasants.</p> + +<p>The <b>Anseres</b>—Lamellirostral, or soft-billed swimmers, +such as the ducks, geese, swans and mergansers, comprising +the one family, <b>Anatidæ</b>, which is divided into +five subfamilies, with four of which we are concerned, +viz.: The <b>Anatinæ</b>, the fresh-water ducks; the <b>Fuligulinæ</b>, +the salt-water ducks; the <b>Anserinæ</b>, the geese and +brant; and the <b>Cygninæ</b>, the swans.</p> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> +<p>The <b>Columbæ</b>—This order has but one family, the +<b>Columbidæ</b>, composed of the pigeons and doves.</p> + +<p>The <b>Limicolæ</b>—This order has seven families, only +three of which I have mentioned as being of sufficient +interest to the sportsmen of the Pacific Coast to justify +a description of them. These are the <b>Recurvirostridæ</b>, +composed of the stilts and avocets; the <b>Scolopacidæ</b>, +the snipes, curlews, yellow-legs, willits, marlins, sandpipers, +etc.; and the <b>Charadridæ</b>, the plovers.</p> + +<p>The other two orders, the <b>Herodiones</b> and the <b>Paludicolæ</b>, +the first composed largely of the herons, storks, +ibises, and egrets, and the latter of the cranes, rails +gallinules and coots, afford more pleasure to the sportsman +through their stately appearance on his hunting +grounds than as game birds. The coots, however, are +not considered game by our sportsmen.</p> + +<p>It is well to state here also, that ornithologists do not +always agree in the classification and nomenclature of +birds. One claiming that a certain species or genus +should be separated, while others insist that there is no +reason for such separation. With the one exception of +the California valley quail, I have followed the plan of +the American Ornithologists' Union. In this exception +I have followed such good authorities as Bonapart, Elliott, +Ridgeway and Gambel, and given the California +valley quail the generic name of <b>Lophortyx</b>, instead of +classing them with the Callipepla, to which belong the +scaled quail, a species with no distinction between the +sexes.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE QUAIL</div> + +<p>While the eastern half of the continent has but one +genus of quail, the Pacific Coast, including Mexico, is +well supplied with five genera and eighteen species, to +which may be added four subspecies. Nine species of +the genus, <b>Colinus</b>, however, and two of the genus, +<b>Callipepla</b>, do not come into the United States.</p> + +<p>Properly speaking we have no quail in America, all +of our so-called quail being partridges, but the use of +the word "quail" has become so common that these +birds will, in all probability, be known as quail for all +time. But whatever the name, they are resourceful +beyond comparison, and gamy to the fullest degree; +affording with dog and gun the most enjoyable of all +out-door sport.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"><img src="images/i010.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">MOUNTAIN QUAIL<br />(Oreortyx pictus)</td> + <td class="caption3">PLUMED QUAIL<br />(Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE MOUNTAIN QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oreortyx pictus)</div> + +<p>The mountain quails are the largest and most beautiful +of all the American quails, though the least hunted +and the least gamy. There is but one genus, with one +species and two subspecies. Two of these inhabit the +mountains of California and Oregon, and the third, the +high ranges of the peninsula of Lower California. While +most of the sportsmen of the Pacific Coast are conversant +with the general character and coloration of the +mountain quail, I believe but few of them have ever +seen the more beautiful species that inhabit the San +Pedro Martir mountains of Lower California.</p> + +<p>The present species, given the English name of mountain +partridge, by the ornithologists, and which he has +taken for his type, is a small race found only on the +Coast Range from the Bay of San Francisco north into +Oregon, and, therefore, never reaches the high altitudes +reached by its near relatives, the <b>Oreortyx pictus plumiferus</b>, +to which the English name, plumed partridge, has +been given. In fact, both of these varieties are plumed, +though that of the latter is a trifle the longer. The +fact that the plumed quail ascends the mountains each +spring to heights of from five to eight thousand feet for +nesting purposes, gives it a better claim to the name, +mountain, than has the other variety.</p> + +<p>The present species, the mountain quail, is generally +found in the canyons and on the damp hill-sides where +ferns are abundant. They have very little of the migratory +habits of the other species, except when driven +down in the winter by the snows. Their habits and +general plan of coloration are so much like those of the +other two species that I shall describe them all together, +with the proper mention of wherein they differ.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE PLUMED QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oreortyx pictus plumiferus)</div> + +<p>The range of the plumed partridge is throughout the +entire length of the Sierra Nevadas and of the coast +range south of San Francisco bay into Lower California, +where it intergrades with the San Pedro partridge, but +it does not cross the Colorado river and enter Arizona +or the mainland of Mexico. This species begins its +migrations early in the spring, keeping close to the +snow line until they reach altitudes as high as 7000 to +8000 feet, where they nest and rear their young. In +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +the fall, just before the winter rains begin, they commence +their migrations down again to the foothills, +where they remain until the following spring. Unless +driven by unusually heavy snows, they rarely descend +lower than 2000 to 3000 feet above sea level.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">SAN PEDRO MARTIR MOUNTAIN QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oreortyx pictus confinis)</div> + +<p>The San Pedro partridge, so named by the ornithologist, +is a resident of the San Pedro Martir mountains +of Lower California, and ascends to a height of ten +thousand feet, and is rarely seen lower than five thousand +feet above the sea.</p> + +<p>I want to say here that no work on ornithology that +I have seen, describes the San Pedro partridge properly. +Most likely this is the result of an examination +of the intergrades only, for they do intergrade with the +California species to the northward. The two species +first mentioned have the plume from one and a half to +two and a half inches long and nearly round in form. +The plume of the San Pedro partridge is flat, about +three-sixteenths of an inch wide and from three and a +half to four and a half inches long. The plume of the +other varieties is erectile, but that of the San Pedro +denizen is soft and falls down the side. In all species +both sexes are alike, with the exception that the plume +of the female is generally a trifle the shorter; but this +can not always be relied upon to distinguish the sex.</p> + +<p>Generally speaking there is not much sport in hunting +the mountain quail, but I have at times had a bevy scattered +in ferns, and in such cases had very good sport +with them with a dog, and found them to lie very well. +They are about a half larger than the valley quail, and +as a table bird much more succulent.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Top of head, back of neck and breast, an ashy +blue, darker on the back of the neck than the breast; +back and wings, inclining to olive brown, in the Coast +species with a slight reddish tinge; abdomen and flanks, +rich chestnut barred with black and white; under tail +feathers, black; entire throat, reaching well down onto +the breast, rich chestnut, bordered with white; chin, +white; bill, black. The two California species have two +round, black plumes falling gracefully over the back of +the neck, but erectile when excited. These plumes will +vary from one and a half to two and a half inches in +length. The Lower California species have two flat, +black plumes about three-sixteenths of an inch in width +and from three and a half to five inches long. Both +sexes are alike in all species.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +<b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest, like that of all gallinaceous +birds, is a depression on the ground, hidden among a +bunch of bushes or under a log, surrounded by a few +dry leaves. The number of eggs will average about a +dozen, rather oval in shape and of a light ochreous +color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Length (<a href="#Page_8">see diagram</a>), will average +about 10 inches; wing 5 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, bill about <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub> of an inch.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i014.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL (Lophortyx californicus vallicola)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CALIFORNIA VALLEY QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Lophortyx californicus vallicola)</div> + +<p>There are two varieties of the California valley quail. +They are distinguished not so much by the slight difference +in color as in the very marked difference in +their habits.</p> + +<p>As with the mountain quail the ornithologist has taken +the wrong bird for the type, making the larger race +the subspecies. To the species (<b>Lophortyx californicus</b>) +inhabiting the foothills of the Coast range north of the +bay of San Francisco and into western Oregon, the +ornithologist has given the English name California partridge. +This species is a lover of damp places and rank +growths of underbrush and ferns. The subspecies +(<b>Lophortyx californicus vallicola</b>), to which has been +given the name valley partridge, ranges from central +Oregon throughout the great valleys of California, the +foothills of the western slope of the Sierras, both sides +of the Coast range south from San Francisco bay and +throughout the peninsula of Lower California. Like the +mountain quail it does not cross the Colorado desert +into Arizona or the mainland of Mexico. Nevertheless +it has a wider range than any other one species of game +bird.</p> + +<p>Of all the game birds of America the California valley +quail is the most resourceful and characterized by the +greatest cunning. Having hunted these birds for upward +of fifty years and practically throughout their +entire range, I freely give them credit for knowing +more tricks and being able to concoct more schemes of +deception than all the rest of the <b>tetraonidæ</b> combined, +and this resourcefulness has led to most of the false +statements regarding their behavior and gameness. It +has been said by writers, who should know better, that +a dog is no use in hunting them because of their disposition +to run. Any bird with more game than a fool-hen +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +will either flush or run where there is no undercover +in which to hide, and the valley quail being so +often found in dry, open places or chaparral devoid of +undercover, will either flush or run until it finds suitable +hiding grounds.</p> + +<p>But give the valley quail cover in which to hide and +it can and will out-hide any game bird except the Montezuma +quail of Mexico. In fact it is this remarkable +faculty of hugging the ground until it is almost stepped +upon that has led, more than anything else, to its false +reputation as a runner. The man who hunts the valley +quail without a dog—and most of its detractors do—can +walk through a patch of good cover with a hundred +birds scattered in it for an hour or more and not get up +a half dozen. Unlike the bobwhite or the Montezuma +quail of Mexico, the valley quail bunches in the fall. +These bunches will contain anywhere from two or three +broods to two or three hundred individuals, and sometimes +even thousands, and they seem to understand that +the larger the bunch the greater the necessity for avoiding +pursuit. They are fond of the open places and the +bare hill-tops and when driven from these, being a +brush bird, they very naturally seek the brush. If there +is no grass or suitable undercover in which to hide they +will continue to work their way through it or double +back on their pursuers until hiding places are found, +when they will hug the ground so closely that even a +good dog must pass reasonably near to them before he +will detect their scent. The man who hunts without a +dog generally passes through the cover into which his +bevy has settled, continues his walk for a mile or more, +then sits down, filling the air with a sulphurous streak +of strong sounding words as he curses the game little +birds for running, while the resourceful little fellows, +closely hid, laugh over the security a false reputation +has given them.</p> + +<p>There has been a great deal written about the ability +of quail to withhold their scent, and many theories have +been advanced. That all game birds do lose their scent +temporarily while passing rapidly through the air I believe +to be true, and the valley quail has this faculty +strongly added to its other resources. This too often +deceives the inexperienced man even when hunting with +a dog. Where birds have been flushed into good cover +and can not be raised, sit down and take a smoke, if +you like, for twenty minutes or half an hour, then cast +in your dog and you will be rewarded with point after +point, where before your dog failed to detect the slightest +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +scent. After years of experience with all of the upland +birds of the United States and half of Mexico, I +do not hesitate to pronounce the California quail the +chief of them all in gameness, in resourcefulness, and +in its general adaptability to furnish the highest form +of upland shooting. But California quail can not be +hunted successfully without a good dog.</p> + +<p>The food of the adult California quail, according to +an investigation made by the United States Agricultural +Department, through the examination of the stomachs +of 619 birds, taken during every month of the +year, except May, consists of 97 per cent vegetable and +3 per cent animal matter, the vegetable varying according +to the seasons. During the rainy season, when +green vegetation is abundant, grasses and foliage of +various kinds form fully 80 per cent of the entire food, +while in the dry season it forms barely one per cent. +In the dry season weed seeds form as high as 85 per +cent of the food; one stomach examined containing 2144 +seeds of various kinds. During the harvesting season +when there is a good deal of grain on the ground, and +during the sowing season, grains form about 6 per cent +of the diet. During the season when wild blackberries, +elder and other wild berries are ripe, these, with a few +grapes and a little of some other fruits, form 23 per +cent of the food.</p> + +<p>During the first week of the life of the young birds, +insects of various kinds make up 75 per cent of their +food, but by the time they are a month old their animal +food is no greater than that of the old birds.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Forehead, gray; top and back of head, +sooty black, bordered with white running around from +one eye to the other, and this again has a faint edging +of black; throat, black, margined with white; plume, +narrow at the base and wide at the top, consisting of +six black, V-shaped feathers, each folded within the +other and curved forward; back and sides of the neck +to the shoulders, deep ashy blue with the feathers margined +with black. Back and wings, bluish brown; +primaries, or longest wing feathers, dark brown; breast, +deep ashy blue, shading into a dirty buff at the lower +part of the abdomen; flanks, dirty brown with white +markings.</p> + +<p>The northern coast species are darker with more of +an olive tinge. But all the markings are the same.</p> + +<p>Female—The female resembles the male in general +color, but without the black head and throat. The +lume is dirty brown, about half the length of the male's +and nearly straight.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +<b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest consists of a depression in +the ground carefully hid away in some bunch of grass or +brush, and usually contains from fifteen to twenty very +light buff or white eggs, often faintly speckled.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Length, eight to nine inches; wing, +4 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; tail, 4; bill, <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i018.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">GAMBEL QUAIL OR ARIZONA QUAIL (Lophortyx gambeli)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE GAMBEL QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption2">(Lophortyx gambeli)</div> + +<p>The gambel partridge occupies a unique position in its +common nomenclature. In California it is known as the +Arizona quail, while the sportsmen of Arizona refer to +it as the California quail. In this, too, they both have +good reasons for the names used, for these birds are +found on both sides of the Colorado river, that is in +both Arizona and California. Commencing in the Mexican +state of Sonora, where they are found from the +western slope of the Sierra Madre mountains to the +Gulf of California, the range of the species extends +northward and eastward through western Arizona, and, +crossing the Colorado river onto the desert of the same +name, passes through southeastern California into +southern and central Nevada and Utah. The gambel +quail belongs to the same genus as the two species of +the California valley quail and in general appearance +resembles them.</p> + +<p>The gambel quail is emphatically a desert bird, able +to live through the long, dry seasons without water. If +there are any trees in its neighborhood it will seek +them for roosting purposes, but it is found distributed +over vast sections where even the smallest brush is +very scattering and under cover nearly quite if not +entirely absent, yet in such places this member of the +resourceful blue quail family protects itself from hawks +and predatory animals with an astonishing success. +The gambel quail is a true runner and can develop an +astonishing speed for so small a bird. A very large part +of the unwarranted reputation of the California valley +quail as a runner is derived from confounding it with +the gambel and the habit of the Arizona sportsmen of +calling the gambel the California quail, but even as +great runners as the gambel quail are, I have found +them to lie well to the dog in the heavy bunch-grass +sections of southeastern California and southern Nevada. +I have also had fine sport with them along the +bottoms of the Colorado river, where they are to be +found in abundance.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +The food is practically the same as the California +valley quail.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—The general color of the upper parts and the +breast is lighter and more of an ashy blue than the +valley quail, but in its markings the gambel is the +more conspicuous and more brilliant. The black throat, +bordered with white, the gray forehead and the forward +turned plume are common to both, but the top of the +head of the gambel is a bright cinnamon red, while that +of the valley quail is a sooty brown. The flanks of the +gambel are conspicuously marked with bright chestnut +brown with each feather with a narrow central stripe +of white.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—Are the same in this species as in +the valley quail.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Same as the valley quail.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i020.png" width="600" height="355" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">SCALED QUAIL (Callipepla squamata)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE SCALED QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Callipepla squamata)</div> + +<p>Next in geographical order is the scaled quail of Arizona +and northern Mexico generally. This, too, is a +desert bird which I have seen in great numbers at least +twenty-five miles from the nearest water. It is the +only member of the quail family where there is no +difference in the markings of the sexes, except the +mountain quail. In the open country it, too, is a runner, +though it can not begin to develop the speed of +the gambel nor will it continue to run for such long distances.</p> + +<p>During a residence of a year in the state of Chihuahua, +Mexico, where I was developing some mining property, +I found the scaled quail in great numbers all +around me. Very few of the Mexican people are wing +shots and few hunt except for the resulting meat. Little +attention, therefore, is paid to the quail, and in the +section where I was located I do not believe that even +the "oldest inhabitant" of the quail settlement had ever +heard the report of a shotgun. I had with me a brace +of English setters, and these birds, though found among +chino grama grass and low maguey plant, which offered +splendid opportunities for hiding, not only tried my +patience to the limit, but that of my dogs as well, by +deliberately walking about twenty-five to thirty paces +in front of me without the least thought of either hiding +or taking to wing. By firing a couple of shots over them +each morning I soon educated them to flush at the sight +of me. In a couple of weeks they behaved very well +and furnished me with good sport, hiding readily and +lying good for the dogs.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> +<p>Most of the game birds need more or less educating +before they fully meet the requirements of the sportsmen. +Most, too, of the complaints that sportsmen make +regarding the bad behavior of certain species of game +or birds of certain sections should be charged to the +lack on the part of the hunter of a knowledge of their +habits rather than to the ill manners of the birds. One +will often hear it said that certain men are lucky hunters +and can not help staggering onto their game. Such +men are lucky because they make a close study of the +ways of the birds of each separate character of country. +Knowing the places in which they will most likely +be found feeding, they approach them from such directions +as will have a tendency to drive them into the +desired cover. A great deal of the annoyance of running +birds, I have found, can be avoided by a careful +study of their habits and proper management in handling +them, and this is especially true of the scaled +quail.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—The back, the wings and tail coverts are a +light, ashy blue, but the feathers of the shoulders, +breast and abdomen are margined with dark brown, +with a yellowish arrow-shaped central spot which gives +them the appearance of scales. Its throat is a very faint +buff, and instead of the plume of the genus Lophortyx +it has a broad erectile crest with the feathers tipped +with white. Both sexes are alike.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nesting habits are the same as +those of the other species of the blue quail family, but +the eggs are more of a buff and generally more speckled with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—About the same as the valley quail.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CHESTNUT-BELLIED SCALE QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Callipepla squamata castaneigastra)</div> + +<p>The chestnut-bellied scaled quail is a subspecies of +the scaled quail just described. They are not numerous +and hardly enter the territory covered by this work. +Intergrades of the two species are occasionally found +in northern Mexico and possibly in southeastern Arizona. +In general appearance they resemble the former +species, being, however, a little darker and with a +strong chestnut blotch on the belly.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i022.png" width="600" height="355" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">ELEGANT QUAIL (Callipepla elegans)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE ELEGANT QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Callipepla elegans)</div> + +<p>Along the western slope of the Sierra Madre range +in the state of Sonora, Mexico, is to be found another +member of the blue quail family whose habits appeal +strongly to the sportsman. This species, known as the +elegant quail, is one of the most handsomely marked of +the group. From the blending of the white throat of +the bobwhite with the black one of the gambel, and +the brown of the back of the one with the blue of the +other, together with a marked resemblance in its call +to that of the bobwhite, suggests the possibility of its +origin having resulted from a cross of the two genera. +I may add that both the gambel and a species of the +<b>Collinus</b>, bobwhite, are found in this same section.</p> + +<p>The elegant quail is generally found in and around +the cultivated fields which they seem to prefer to the +open country. While the elegant quail will walk leisurely +in front of their pursuer until too closely approached, +they can in no sense be termed runners. When flushed +they take to cover and lie closely. Like all the quail +of Mexico they have been hunted but little and need to +be well scared before they become properly educated +to the gun. After a few days' hunting I found them a +very satisfactory game bird. Being found around the +fields, the grounds and cover were all that could be +desired for excellent sport.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Plume straight, upright feathers about +an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in length, +varying in color—possibly on account of age—from a +light lemon to a dark reddish orange. The throat is +finely mottled with small black and white dots, giving +it a dark gray appearance. The general color of the +back and the wing and tail coverts is a dark blue with +about half of the exposed portion of each feather tipped +with a bright, rich brown. The breast and abdomen is +a light, ashy blue, profusely flecked with large, circular +white spots.</p> + +<p>Female—The plume is about two-thirds the length of +that of the male, brown in color and barred with black. +The breast and abdomen are spotted like the male but +the back is much the color of the English snipe.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The same as the other species of the +blue quail.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Same as the valley quail.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i026.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">MASSENA QUAIL (Cyrtonyx montezuma)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE MASSENA OR MONTEZUMA QUAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Cyrtonyx Montezuma)</div> + +<p>The Massena, or Montezuma quail, is a distinct genus +from the blue quail family. In many respects it resembles +the bobwhite in color, though far more fancifully +marked. It is also nearly one-half larger, though in +some parts of Arizona and in New Mexico there is a +smaller species of the same genus known as fool quail. +The Mexican bird is far from a fool, and although it +roosts on the ground like the bobwhite, it is resourceful +enough to take care of itself in a country where +vermin of all kinds are very plentiful. Its range is from +near the northern boundary south through the larger +portion of Mexico.</p> + +<p>The Montezuma quail is emphatically a grass bird +and inhabits the grassy foothills and the cultivated +fields, where it affords fine sport with a dog. It is very +cosmopolitan as to climate, for it is found at altitudes +of from five to six thousand feet, where considerable +snow falls, as well as in the foothills of the hot, tropical +valleys of the lowlands, and thrives equally well in +all sections. It is a bird of peculiar habits. When +startled by the approach of an enemy the bevy at once +huddles together, where the birds remain motionless +until they are approached to within from one to four +feet, according to the cover they are in. If they think +that they have not been seen or that the object of their +alarm is going to pass by, there is not the slightest +motion made by any one of them, but when they decide +to take wing for safety every bird in perfect unison +springs into the air to a height of about six feet and +darts rapidly away. They are quick on the wing and +seem able to carry away a good deal of shot. The +flight generally is not more than one hundred yards, +and when they alight they scatter well and will then +out-hide any bird that lives. I have both ridden and +walked, without a dog, for hours through a country +where they were plentiful without seeing a bird, except +where I chanced to nearly step upon them, yet with a +dog I have found on the same grounds probably an +average of fifteen bevies to the square mile. For work +with a dog I prefer them to any bird I have ever hunted. +They give out a strong scent, for points on bevies of +from six to fifteen birds, made thirty to forty yards +away are no uncommon occurrence. Then when you +walk in front of your dog they never flush until you +have almost stepped upon them. A scattered bevy will +lie securely hid until each individual is flushed.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<p>Unlike the blue quail they never gather in large flocks, +but always remain in single broods until broken up in +the spring for nesting purposes.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—The head of these birds have a very +bizarre appearance whose strange black and white markings +seem to have no more purpose or design than the +black and white chalk marks on a clown's face. The +head of the male is crested with semi-erectile feathers +in the shape of a broad hood of dark yellowish brown +color, falling about half way down the neck; groundwork +of the back and of the wing and tail coverts is a +dark ocher barred with a deep rich brown; breast and +flanks are nearly black, dotted with large white spots, +and from the throat to the vent is a stripe about five-eighths +of an inch wide of a dark rich chestnut.</p> + +<p><b>Female</b>—The female, with the exception of the white +dots on the breast and flanks is much the color of the +female bobwhite.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is like that of the quail +generally, simply a depression in the ground, carefully +hidden away in some thick matted grass or bunch of +brush, and generally higher up the hill-sides than they +are found at other times. Eggs, white, and of a china +appearance, and from ten to fifteen in number.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—While these birds are fully one-half +larger than the blue quail, the very short tail makes +their total length not over 8 to 9 inches; wing, 5 inches, +and bill, <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i028.png" width="600" height="356" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">BOBWHITE (Colinus virginianus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BOBWHITE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Colinus virginianus)</div> + +<p>I have said that the voice of the bobwhite is heard +in the land. This is true, for the clear notes of his little +throat awaken the morning echoes from eastern +Oregon to the islands of Puget Sound. This great little +game bird, whose praise has been recounted in volumes +of prose and sung in the rhythmic measures of +countless lines of verse, is not a native of the coast, +but he knew a good thing when he saw it. When he +was turned loose in the Pacific Northwest he cast his +bright little eyes about him and remarked to himself:</p> + +<p>"This looks good to me. Bobwhite, get busy at once +in raising big families and settle up your new domain."</p> + +<p>And he has done it, for now the sportsmen of the +Pacific Northwest have better bobwhite shooting than +is to be found in any part of the eastern states.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> +<p>The bobwhite roosts on the ground and always remains +in single broods. When startled they huddle together +and flush in a bunch. They are good hiders and +lie well to the dog. They are seldom found far from +water and rarely in heavy brush. They are fond +of stubble or corn fields and the grassy nooks along +the fences. Many efforts have been made to acclimatize +this species farther south in California but they have +all proved failures on account of the dryer climate and +the lack of insects during the rearing season of their +young. They must have a damp climate where the vegetation +remains green, thus furnishing an abundance of +insects during the early summer on which to feed their +young. For until a bobwhite is nearly grown it lives +almost entirely upon insects.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—General color of the upper parts, light +buff, marked with triangular blotches of brown; head +and back of the neck, dark chestnut; forehead, gray; +light stripe from above the eye passing down the side +of the neck; throat, white or very light buff, faintly +bordered with dark brown or black; breast, light buff +with the feathers tipped with brown; flanks chestnut +mixed with black and white.</p> + +<p>Female—Generally lighter, and without the white +throat and light breast.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are rude depressions on +the ground beneath a fence rail or fallen limb, or in a +bunch of thick grass or brush. The eggs number anywhere +from fifteen to twenty and of a pure white color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length about nine inches; wing, +4 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; bill, <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE MASKED BOBWHITE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Colinus ridgewayi)</div> + +<p>A smaller species of the bobwhite, known as the +masked bobwhite, were reasonably plentiful along the +border of southern Arizona and south through the state +of Sonora, Mexico. Like the typical bobwhite they were +strictly a field and grass bird. But through the heavy +pasturing of that section, together with a series of dry +seasons denuding the whole country of such cover as +would be necessary for their protection from hawks and +vermin, they have become nearly if not quite extinct. +They differed from the eastern bobwhite in that the +male had a black throat instead of a white one and a +bright cinnamon breast. The female differed also in +having a light buff throat, and generally of a lighter +color.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3"> +Order, GALLINAE<br /> +Family, TETRAONIDAE<br /> +Subfamily, PERDICINAE +</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Order, GALLINAE<br /> +Family, TETRAONIDAE<br /> +Subfamily, PERDICINAE</div> + + +<table style="width:100%" summary="taxon list"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="3">Oreortyx</td> + <td rowspan="3" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="215" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>pictus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Mountain quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Coast Range of California from Monterey Bay north into Western Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>pictus plumiferus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Mountain quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Both sides of the Sierra Nevadas from Central Oregon south. Coast range valleys south from San Francisco Bay into Lower California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>pictus confinis</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Lower California<br />mountain quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Peninsula of Lower California, inter-grading in the northern part with the pictus plumiferus.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="3">Lophortyx</td> + <td rowspan="3" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="215" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>californicus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Valley quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Coast Range valleys of California from San Francisco Bay north into Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>californicus<br />vallicola</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Valley quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Both sides of the Sierra Nevadas from Central Oregon south. Coast range valleys south from San Francisco Bay into Lower California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>gambeli</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Gambel quail<br /><br />Arizona quail</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Southern Nevada, Southeastern California, Western Arizona and Northern Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Callipepla</td> + <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="215" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>squamata</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Scaled quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Southern Arizona and Northern Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>elegans</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Elegant quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Southern Sonora, Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Cyrtonyx</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>montezuma</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Montezuma quail<br /><br />Messena quail</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Southwestern Arizona and south into Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Colinus</td> + <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>ridgewayi</td> + <td style="width:5%"> </td> + <td>Masked Bobwhite</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Northwestern Sonora, Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>virginianus</td> + <td style="width:5%"> </td> + <td>Bobwhite</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Introduced and acclimated in Washington and Oregon and the islands of Puget Sound.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE WILD TURKEY</div> + +<p>If there is any member of the feathered tribe entitled +to the designation of royal game bird, it is the +wild turkey. This magnificent bird, whose size and +cunning challenges at once the admiration and the skill +of the sportsman, is a native of North and Central +America, and found in its wild state in no other part +of the globe. The ocellated turkey, the Central American +species, is even more gaudy in plumage than the +peacock, but as it is not found within the territorial +scope of these articles, I shall leave its resplendent +colors to scintillate in its own tropic sun, undescribed.</p> + +<p>Of the North American turkeys the scientist recognizes +four varieties. The <b>Meleagris sylvestris</b> of the +eastern states, except Florida, the <b>Meleagris sylvestris +osceola</b> of Florida, the <b>Meleagris sylvestris elliotti</b> of +the Rio Grande district of southern Texas and northeastern +Mexico, and the <b>Meleagris gallopavo</b> of Arizona, +New Mexico, part of Colorado, and west and south +through the larger portion of old Mexico. It is of this +last species that I shall write.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i032.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WILD TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE MEXICAN WILD TURKEY</div> +<div class="caption3">(Meleagris gallopavo)</div> + +<p>Outside of the progenitors of our common barnyard +fowl, there is no wild bird that mankind has domesticated +whose distribution in its domestic state has become +so wide as that of the wild turkey, and none have +been so highly prized as an article of food. It is from +the Mexican wild turkey, <b>Meleagris gallopavo</b>, that all +of our domestic turkeys have descended. First captured +in Mexico by the early settlers of that country, +they were taken to the West Indies and there domesticated +as early as 1527, for Oviedo, in his "Natural History +of the Indias," speaks of the wild turkey having +been taken from Mexico to the islands and there being +bred in a domestic state. From the West Indies they +were taken to Spain, France and England, and again +brought back to America as domestic fowls. In 1541 +they must have been scarce yet in England, for in an +edict promulgated by Cranmer in that year, the "turkey +cocke" was named as one of "the greater fowles," +and which "an ecclesiastic was to have but one in a +dishe." By 1573, however, they must have become quite +plentiful, for in that year Tusser mentions them as the +most approved "Christmas husbandlie fare."</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> +<p>Inasmuch as there were no settlements of either English, +French or Spanish in America north of Mexico +until 1584, or in that section of the country inhabited +by the eastern species of wild turkey until sixty years +after the turkey is known to have been introduced into +England, the common belief that the eastern species +(<b>Meleagris sylvestris</b>) was the foundation of the domestic +turkey is clearly an error; but the ornithologist does +not find it necessary to consult history to determine the +origin of the domestic turkey. That distinguishing feature +of the Mexican wild turkey (<b>Meleagris gallopavo</b>), +the broad, light sub-terminal of the rump feathers, is +so strong that even after three and a half centuries of +domestication, changes in color through selection in +breeding, and possibly crossing to some extent with the +eastern and Florida species, those markings, peculiar to +it alone, are unmistakably present even in the lightest-colored +varieties.</p> + +<p>As a game bird the turkey has but few equals. Like +most of game birds they are comparatively tame and +unsuspicious until after they have been hunted, and +learned that of all animals man is their greatest foe and +most to be dreaded, for whenever he is within sight he +is within the range of his instruments of destruction. +I have seen the Mexican wild turkey constantly running +or flushing in front of us from morning till night as we +traveled through their country for days. They showed +but little fear, for while we killed all we could eat, we +were constantly traveling, so that those that had been +introduced to the white man's methods of destroying +were left behind us, and those in front of us had yet +the lesson to learn; but when the wild turkey has been +hunted a little it becomes about as wary, cunning and +resourceful as any bird that flies.</p> + +<p>The Mexican wild turkey is the largest of the race, +and has been, and is yet, the most plentiful. They are +strictly mountain dwellers, not often found in altitudes +of less than twenty-five hundred to three thousand feet, +and more frequently from four to six thousand, and +even up to eight thousand feet or more. They are +strictly timber dwellers, usually, if not always, living in +the pine forests, for I can not call to mind a single +instance where I have found them except where pines +of some variety were the principal trees. In size, individuals +vary a good deal. So, also, will the general +average be found to vary as much as ten pounds in +different localities. Generally the higher their habitat +the larger the birds, some of the old gobblers reaching +forty pounds if not more. I remember killing one in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +the Sierra Madres of northern Mexico that I carried +about three miles into camp over a very rough country. +By the time I got him there I was willing to bet my +last "silver 'dobe" that he weighed a ton. I have also +killed some very large ones in the San Francisco mountains +of Arizona.</p> + +<p>The wild turkey, like the mountain quail, has an up +and down mountain migration. In the early spring the +hens begin to work up the mountains and seek the +densest jungles, and of course the gobblers follow them. +The gobblers are polygamous, and have but little respect +for their families. They will not only destroy +the nests, but even the young birds. For this reason +the hens are very secretive in nesting, taking as much +care in hiding them away from the gobblers as from +their other enemies. As soon as the hens begin setting +the gobblers gather in flocks and remain by themselves +until joined in the early fall by the hens and their half-grown +broods. After this the flocks soon begin their +migration to the lower hills and mountain openings, +and congregate into immense roosts. Places were once +to be seen where they had filled the trees for acres in +such numbers as to break the limbs in many instances. +In those times and localities they were too tame and +too plentiful to afford much amusement to the man who +hunted them for sport, but with the exception of some +places in Mexico that day has passed, and the sportsman +who hunts these grand game birds now will find +a quarry worthy of his skill and affording him sufficient +exertion to whet his appetite for the delicious feast they +furnish him.</p> + +<p>Both the habits and the habitat of the wild turkey +make the sport of hunting them especially enjoyable. +As soon as the gobblers are deserted by the hens they +become more wary, and the crack of a twig or the sight +of a man, be he ever so far away, and they at once +seek cover. Then the keen eye and the noiseless tread +of the still hunter is called upon for his best and most +careful efforts, for the eyes of these gobblers are quick +to catch the slightest move and their ears acute to the +faintest sound. The curiosity of a deer often makes +him hesitate long enough for the opportunity of a shot, +but the gobbler, after the hens have left him, is no +longer lured by curiosity. His business is to keep out +of sight, and he can do it, after he has once learned the +destructiveness of man, just a little more successfully +than any other bird or animal that I have ever hunted.</p> + +<p>There are no wild turkeys west of the Colorado river, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +nor on the peninsula of Lower California; but there can be +no reason to doubt that, had the mountains of Arizona +connected with the pines of the Coast range in San +Bernardino county or with the Sierras of Inyo or Kern, +the mountains of California would have been as well +supplied with turkey as are its valleys with quail.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—The color of the wild turkey varies very much +except in those that are found in the higher mountains +and far away from civilization. Domestication of over +three hundred and fifty years has not yet robbed the +turkey of its love for the wild and they are often seen +long distances away from the farms feeding contentedly. +In countries where the wild turkey still existed +these tame varieties of various colors have mixed with +them, often to such an extent as to change the color +very materially. I have seen flocks in Mexico ranging +close to ranch houses with turkeys among them so light-colored +that they were no doubt tame birds that had +wandered away with their wild progenitors.</p> + +<p>The wild turkey of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico and +Colorado is a dark bronze bird with a light-colored +rump, caused by the upper tail coverts being tipped +with a broad sub-terminal band of white, narrowly tipped +with black. The tail feathers are dark brown, spotted +with black and tipped with white.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest of the wild turkey is generally +in a depression in the ground, high up on the +mountains, and carefully hidden away in some dense +thicket. I cannot call to mind ever seeing but two +nests. One of these had but seven eggs while the other had +seventeen. The markings are the same as those of the +tame turkey.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—The total length varies from three to +four and a half feet; wing 18 to 24 inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i036.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">MONGOLIAN PHEASANT (Phasianus torquatus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE MONGOLIAN PHEASANT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Phasianus torquatus)</div> + +<p>While the wild turkey is the only representative of +the <b>Phasianidæ</b> found native to the American continent, +the Mongolian pheasant has been so successfully acclimatized +in Oregon and Washington that it must now +be recognized as an established resident species.</p> + +<p>After it became an established fact that these pheasants +were proving a success in Oregon, there became a +demand for their introduction into California, and thousands +of dollars were spent for a number of years in +an unsuccessful effort to acclimatize them.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> +<p>The pheasant, like the grouse, is a cold country bird, +and the mild and dry climate of California does not appeal +to their peculiar tastes or the requirements of their +physical being. Oregon, however, possesses the climatic, +floral and entomic conditions for which nature +has fitted them. Green vegetation lasts during the +whole season in which they rear their young, thus furnishing +them with that abundance of insects necessary +to the health and nourishment of the young chicks. +They are endowed with certain physical attributes for +which the cold of winter is necessary to preserve a +continued healthful condition, and this, too, they find +in Oregon. In fact this constitutional demand for the +cold of winter has been by nature so strongly implanted +within them that the rearing of thirty generations in +the comparatively mild climate of Oregon has not effaced +it, and obeying this primal instinct they have +migrated through Washington and into the better-loved +and colder winters of British Columbia.</p> + +<p>Therefore, while California undoubtedly may have an +abundance of wild turkeys, quail in unlimited numbers +and of two or three more species than we have at present, +the timber and the plain tinamus of South America, +and possibly the sand grouse of southern Europe, she +will never have pheasants unless they be of the extreme +southern varieties, and never have more than a +limited supply of grouse.</p> + +<p>North of the mountains of southern Oregon and +through Washington into British Columbia pheasants +are plentiful and furnish the principal sport of the +lovers of upland shooting of that section of the Pacific +Coast. The Mongolian pheasant as a game bird has his +merits and demerits. As a large, beautiful plumaged +bird to grace the game bag the pheasant stands without +a rival. As a table bird the pheasant is only surpassed +in delicacy of flavor by the wild turkey. As an +aggravating runner from the dog the pheasant is in a +class by itself, and as an evader of all pursuit when +wounded, "the Chinaman," as they are generally called +in Oregon, can give odds to the gambel quail. Though +the pheasant is a large bird and able to carry off a +good deal of shot, it starts so slow to one accustomed +to the rapid flight of the California quail that a reasonably +fair shot will find no difficulty in getting the +limit with a sixteen gauge.</p> + +<p>They are slow starters, caused by their habit of rising +at an angle of forty-five to fifty degrees until they reach +a height of about ten feet before their rapid flight begins, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +but when once on the wing they are quite swift flyers.</p> + +<p>While I have said that the pheasants are aggravating +runners, this is principally so in the latter part of the +season. In the earlier parts they are commonly found +in the stubble fields, potato and other vegetable patches, +and usually in single broods. At such times I have +found them to lie quite well to the dog, not flushing +until closely approached, and running but little except +when winged. They are then easy shooting, but the +fine size of the bird and the beautiful plumage of the +cocks give a zest to the sport and a pleasant distinctiveness +which every sportsman will be pleased to add +to the list of upland shooting he has engaged in.</p> + +<p>To those who wish to spend a season on these handsome +birds, Oregon, especially, offers an attraction +which goes far beyond its good supply of pheasants. +During the open pheasant season the climate of Oregon +is as near perfect as one can ask. That season of the +eastern states that has been idealized in verse, and is +known as Indian summer, finds its superlative in the +early fall of Oregon. The sun shines brightly, but with +its rays softened by its sub-equinoctial position; the +air is mild, clear and invigorating, and the golden hues +of the stubble field, the yet bright green of the grassy +pastures, the rich tints of the dying autumn leaves, all +framed in the blue-green fringe of the near-by pines +and firs, produce a picture strikingly beautiful and always +enjoyed. It is in this delightful season with such +a picture on every side, heightened by an occasional +glimpse of some towering mountain peak with its crown +of eternal snows, that the sportsman of Oregon lays +aside the cares of life and lives in an elysium during +his pheasant-shooting days. The setting of the stage +is as much to the play as the acting. So with our days +after game. The invigorating air we breathe, the beauty +of the landscape, the stateliness of the forest, the +rugged grandeur of the mountains, the soul-inspiring +picture of our dogs on point and back, lends more to the +real enjoyment of the day than does the size of the +bag we carry home.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—The male of the Mongolian pheasant +can not be confounded with any other game bird in +America. Its very long tail feathers—from fifteen to +twenty inches—will always prove a distinguishing mark. +Its rich metallic colors of black, cinnamon, chestnut and +ocher give it a combination of hues surpassing that of +any other of our game birds.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> +<p>Female—Nor should the female ever be mistaken for +any other bird. It partakes much of the general colors +of the male, but much subdued and more of a general +ochreous hue, the plumage being buff mottled with +brown. The tail, however, is not more than one-fourth +the length of that of the male.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is generally a depression on +the ground, but often in the hollow of some log. The +eggs number from 12 to 18 and are of a dark ochre in +color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—The measurements of a Mongolian +pheasant are practically useless on account of the +larger portion of it being the tail, which greatly varies +in length.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table style="width:610px" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i040.png" width="600" height="350" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3"> + <table width="610" summary="names"> +<tr> + <td>MOURNING DOVE<br />(Zenaidura macroura)</td> + <td>BANDED PIGEON<br />(Columba faciata)</td> + <td>WHITE-WINGED DOVE<br />(Melopelia leucoptera)</td> +</tr> + </table> + </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="THE_PIGEONS_AND_DOVES" id="THE_PIGEONS_AND_DOVES"></a> +<div class="caption2">THE PIGEONS AND DOVES</div> + +<p>The family <b>Columbidæ</b> is represented on the Pacific +Coast by three genera which are considered, to more +or less extent, legitimate game, though they can not be +termed game birds in the generally accepted use of +the term. Still as they are hunted to a very considerable +extent by the sportsmen of the Coast, they rightfully +belong in a work of this kind. I shall, therefore, +give them a place, and briefly treat each species that +is pursued as game within the territory under consideration.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WILD PIGEON</div> +<div class="caption3">(Columba faciata)</div> + +<p>The wild, or banded pigeon, is a mountain dweller, +found principally in the southern half of the territory +covered by this work. They visit the valleys in the +fall and winter months to feed on the oak mast, and at +such times they are seen in large flocks in the Sacramento, +San Joaquin and coast valleys of California. +They are found in good numbers in parts of Arizona, +and are common along both sides of the Sierra Madres +of Mexico. When visiting the valleys they afford good +sport, as they are swift flyers and capable of carrying +off a good deal of shot. They have no migrations like +the passenger pigeon once so plentiful in the eastern +states, nor do they congregate in such immense flocks.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +<b>Color</b>—About the same as the darker colored tame +pigeon; the tail is a trifle longer than the tame bird +and a little lighter than the rest of the plumage with a +dark band across the middle of it; a small patch of +white feathers at the back of the head. Both sexes +are alike.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is built in the trees of small +twigs and grass. Two eggs are layed at a time, and a +pair of young birds are produced about every six weeks +from April to August.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—A trifle more than the tame pigeon.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE MOURNING DOVE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Zenaidura macroura)</div> + +<p>The mourning dove is a cosmopolitan species found +in greater or less numbers in all sections. They have +a slight migratory movement from the higher to the +lower altitudes, but they cannot be called a migratory +bird. A large number of these birds begin their nesting +season in the mountains at altitudes of from 2000 to +4000 feet, raising one brood at that height, then moving +down and nesting again, and moving again until +they reach the lower valleys, where they remain all +winter, congregating in certain places in flocks of hundreds. +Many, however, remain in the valleys all the +year and nest around the fields and along the streams.</p> + +<p>The mourning dove is so well known in every country +that a description of it is unnecessary.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is generally built in the +small trees and lined with any soft article that they +can find. The eggs number two and a pair of the young +birds are hatched about every six weeks from May to +September.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WHITE-WINGED DOVE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Melopelia leucoptera)</div> + +<p>The white-winged dove is nearly one-half larger than +the common mourning dove. They range from Mexico +through southern Arizona to the Colorado desert in +southeastern California. In some parts of Arizona and +in Mexico they are found in large numbers, and afford +good shooting. Their habits are the same as the common +dove, both as to food and nesting, though in parts +of Mexico it nests in the pitahaya plants—a species of +cactus—of whose fruit it is very fond.</p> + +<p>This species can easily be distinguished from any +other member of the dove family by the broad patch of +white on the wings.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3"> +Order, GALLINAE<br /> +Family, TETRAONIDAE<br /> +Subfamily, TETRAONINAE. (Grouse) +</div> +<br /> +<table summary="Grouse Family"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Bonasa</td> + <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="85" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td style="width:15%">umbellus sabini</td> + <td style="width:15%">Oregon ruffed grouse</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td style="width:70%">Western Oregon and Washington and Northwestern California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td style="width:15%">umbellus togata</td> + <td style="width:15%">Canada ruffed grouse</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td style="width:70%">Eastern sides of Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington, thence East.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Centrocercus</td> + <td> </td> + <td style="width:15%">urophasianus</td> + <td style="width:15%">Sage hen</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td style="width:70%">Northeastern California, Nevada and the sage lands of Oregon and Washington.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="3">Dendragapus</td> + <td style="width:3%" rowspan="3"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="165" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td style="width:15%">franklini</td> + <td style="width:15%">Spruce grouse</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Western slope of the Cascade Mountains.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td style="width:15%">obscurus</td> + <td style="width:15%">Dusky grouse</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Northeastern Arizona and Eastern Nevada.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td style="width:15%">obscurus fuliginosus</td> + <td style="width:15%">Sooty grouse</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Coast Range and Sierras from Southern California to British Columbia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pediocaetes</td> + <td> </td> + <td style="width:15%" class="ws_nowrap">phasianellus columbianus</td> + <td style="width:15%">Sharp-tail hen</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td style="width:70%">Eastern Oregon and Washington and a few in Northeastern California.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE GROUSE</div> + +<p>Within the territorial scope of this work there are +seven species of the grouse family, though only four of +these are in any way common. As the wild turkey is +confined to the southern extremity of the Pacific Coast +hunting grounds, so are the grouse principally found +in the northern sections. I have met with a few dusky +grouse (<b>Dendragapus obscurus</b>) in the mountains of +Arizona, but they are by no means plentiful. There +were a few and possibly is yet an occasional sooty +grouse (<b>Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus</b>) in the mountains +of southern California, but grouse in sufficient +numbers to furnish any kind of sport are not found +much south of Yosemite valley in the Sierras, or south +of Humboldt county in the Coast range. An occasional +pair or small flock, however, may be met with considerable +south of the points named.</p> + +<p>The grouse is a northern bird, extending into far +colder regions than any other subfamily of the gallinaceous +group. The ptarmigan, of course, are grouse.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i042.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">SOOTY GROUSE (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE SOOTY GROUSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus)</div> + +<p>The sooty grouse, commonly called blue grouse by +the sportsmen of California, are reasonably plentiful in +the Sierras from the Yosemite north into Oregon, where +they are quite plentiful, and from there through Washington +into Alaska. It is a mountain dweller, being +found at altitudes fully 9000 feet above the sea. In +the winter it descends to lower latitudes, but seldom +below 3000 feet. It is naturally a confiding bird where +it has not been hunted much, and for this reason has +been given the name, "fool hen," in many localities. +But like most of the feathered tribe, it soon learns the +destructiveness of man, and after gaining this knowledge +it is quite able to take care of itself. When flushed +it flies with a cackling sound, generally taking refuge +in the tall pines, where it is an expert hider. In the +nesting season it produces a drumming sound and struts +like a turkey. This drumming is produced by inflating +an air sack on each side of the neck. Later in the season +these sacks dry up and nearly disappear. It's only +migrations are ascending and descending the mountains +with the seasons.</p> + +<p>According to a published statement of the Section of +Biological Survey of the United States Department of +Agriculture, the food of the sooty grouse consists of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +buds, seeds, leaves and insects, of which 68 per cent is +leaves, buds and the tender ends of young twigs; 6.73 +per cent insects and the balance seeds, berries and +the like. The flesh is generally of a fine flavor, though +at times it will be found to be tainted a little strongly +with the flavor of the pine.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Back of head, back of neck and all +upper parts, a sooty brown; light streak over the eye +and a light throat; breast, a dead or sooty black; the +rest of the under parts a slaty gray; tail tipped with +gray.</p> + +<p>Female—Generally lighter in color but otherwise resembling +the male.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is usually nothing more than +a depression in the ground among dried leaves or grass, +well concealed from view. The eggs, which average +about a dozen, are of a cream color, spotted with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, from 18 to 22 inches; +wing, 9 to 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>. The weight will vary from 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 4 pounds.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i046.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">OREGON RUFFED GROUSE (Bonasa umbellus sabini)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE OREGON RUFFED GROUSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Bonasa umbellus sabini)</div> + +<p>The Oregon ruffed grouse is the handsomest species +of the ruffed grouse genus, and is truly a beautiful bird +with its deep, rich browns, orange and black. The eastern +species of this genus is wrongly known in the north +Atlantic states by the name of partridge, and as wrongly +called pheasant in Virginia and some other of the +southern states. The Pacific Coast species ranges from +northern California along the Coast range through +Oregon, Washington and far into British Columbia. +It is a wary bird, full of cunning and gamy qualities. +The male of this genus is, I believe, the only member +of the grouse family that drums all the year; all others +confining their drumming to the nesting season. This +drumming is made with the wings and not by the inflation +of an air sack as with other species. The +sound, also, is much different, having more of a rolling +reverberation. In the spring they will take their position +on some rock or dead log and strut back and forth +with their heads thrown back and their tails spread out +to show the beautiful hues of the feathers and drum +for hours to attract the hens or challenge the other +males to an almost life and death combat, in which they +fight in the same manner as the game cock. They live +among the pines, usually near some little opening where +they are fond of feeding. When startled they take at +once to the timber and are quickly lost to view. For +this reason dogs are almost useless in hunting them. +They are never found in numbers greater than a single +brood, even though the brood may be decimated by +the gun of the sportsman or the cunning of the vermin +to no more than two or three.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> +<p>The flesh of the ruffed grouse is white and generally +tender and of fine flavor, although in the late fall or +winter when its food consists almost wholly of fir buds +it tastes quite strong of turpentine. Its food generally +is about the same as the sooty grouse and in about the +same percentages.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head, light chestnut, the feathers on the top +being long and capable of erection when excited; a tuft +of long, rich brown feathers will be found on each side +of the neck; back, reddish chestnut mottled with black; +rump and tail-coverts, more of a cinnamon color +blotched with dark brown; flanks, lighter and barred +with black; tail, rusty brown barred with deep brown +and tipped with two bands of gray, separated by a +streak of black; under tail-coverts, orange, barred with +black and tipped with white; wing feathers, brown with +a central stripe of light yellow.</p> + +<p>The female is marked the same but somewhat lighter +in coloring.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest, like that of all the gallinaceous +birds, is made on the ground and hidden away +in some thick cluster of brush or beneath some log. +The eggs are of a buff color spotted with dark brown, +and number from ten to fifteen.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length from 16 to 19 inches; +wing about 7 or 8 inches. Weight about 2 pounds.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CANADIAN RUFFED GROUSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Bonasa umbellus togata)</div> + +<p>The Canadian ruffed grouse ranges through the eastern +side of the Cascade mountains of Oregon and Washington, +but does not pass over to the Pacific side. It +resembles the Oregon ruffed grouse very closely except +that it is much lighter in color, and the female either +lacks the tufts of feathers on the neck entirely, or where +present, they are very small. Like the Oregon species +it is a dweller in the heavy timber, and follow the +same habits in most all respects. It is of a more confiding +nature, however, often sitting unconcerned upon +a tree while several of its companions are being shot, +making no effort to get away or save itself from the +same fate.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Color</b>—The color of this species is more of a grayish +brown than the Oregon species, and lacking that rich +chestnut that adds so much to the beauty of the latter. +The brown markings, however, are possibly a little more +conspicuous. The upper tail feathers are more of a +blue, mottled and barred with a blackish brown. A +large tuft of feathers on each side of the neck of a +smoky brown, edged with metallic green. Unlike the +Oregon species these feathers are entirely absent or +very small on the female.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest and eggs are the same as +the Oregon grouse.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—In size the two species do not vary to +any considerable extent.</p> + + +<div class="caption2">THE SPRUCE GROUSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Dendragapus franklini)</div> + +<p>The spruce or Franklin grouse of Oregon and Washington +is a species of the Canadian spruce grouse, and +ranges diagonally through the mountains of eastern +Oregon and Washington, and thence to the coast of +British Columbia. It confines its habitat to the higher +mountains, being seldom found below an elevation of +four to five thousand feet. This is another of the grouse +family that has been given the name of "fool hen," on +account of its naturally tame nature. When sitting on +the limb of a tree, but a few feet above the ground, it +considers itself safe from all harm and makes little +effort to escape, and may often be killed with a stick. +There is little sport in shooting this variety. The food +of this species, like all other mountain dwelling grouse, +is buds, tender shoots and seeds, berries and insects +when obtainable.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Upper parts gray, the central back and +the wings having a brownish hue; the tail-coverts, which +are tipped with broad splashes of white is a distinguishing +feature of this species; feathers, on the flanks +tipped broadly with white, throat, black, imperfectly +edged with white; tail, nearly square at the end and of +a brownish color.</p> + +<p>Female—Considerably more of an ochreous cast. It +has the same characteristic broad white tips on the +feathers of the flanks; tail, dirty ochre, mottled with +black and narrowly tipped with white.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is a depression in the +ground in some secluded place and lined with leaves +or grass. The eggs, averaging about a dozen, are of +a reddish buff mottled with brown.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length about 15 inches; wing +about 7 inches. Weight from one and a half to two +pounds.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i048.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">SAGE COCK (Centrocercus urophasianus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE SAGE HEN</div> +<div class="caption3">(Centrocercus urophasianus)</div> + +<p>The sage grouse, or sage hen is the largest of the +grouse of America, some of the males weighing as much +as seven pounds. Its range, so far as the geographical +scope of this work is concerned, is northeastern California, +Nevada, and eastern Oregon and Washington, +but it extends much farther east. It is only found in +the sage brush districts of the high altitudes. They +usually remain in single broods, though they are sometimes +found in much larger flocks. They often travel +for considerable distances, "following the leader" in +single file. They strut in the nesting season, but in a +peculiar way, pushing their breasts on the ground until +the feathers are worn off and even the skin abraded.</p> + +<p>A peculiarity of the sage grouse is that it has no +gizzard, but instead it has a stomach more like that of +an animal. The young birds lie quite well to a dog and +furnish very good sport, and until they are about half +grown the flesh is quite good, but the older birds are +very unsavory and in fact almost unpalatable. This is +caused by their feeding almost entirely upon the leaves +of the sage.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Upper parts, gray, barred with brown; +tail, very long, the longer feathers being quite narrow +and stiff and barred also with brown; a dark line over +the eye and a light one from the eye down the side of +the neck; throat and cheeks, nearly white, mottled +with black; a few long hairy like feathers grow from +the side of the neck of the male birds.</p> + +<p>Female—The female is colored and marked like the +male but considerably darker, is much smaller, with +shorter tail and without the hairy feathers on the side +of the neck.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is nothing more than a hollow +in the midst of some bunch of brush, possibly lined +with a few leaves. The eggs are from twelve to eighteen +in number and of a greenish shade, mottled with +bright brown, but these spots are easily rubbed off.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Male—Total length from 24 to 28 +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +inches; wing, 12 to 14. Weight, from four to seven pounds.</p> + +<p>Female—Total length, from 20 to 22 inches; wing, +10 to 12. Weight, from three to five pounds.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i050.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">SHARP-TAIL GROUSE (Pediocætes phasianellus columbianus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Pediocætes phasianellus columbianus)</div> + +<p>The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse is the "prairie +chicken" of eastern Washington. It is far different +from the pinated grouse (<b>Tympanuchus</b>) of the middle +states, commonly called prairie chicken. Its habitat +is much the same, however, being the open plains and +untimbered foothills east of the Cascade mountains in +Washington and through eastern Oregon into northern +Nevada, and the extreme northeastern corner of California. +The sharp-tail grouse has the same habit of +strutting in large groups like the prairie chicken at the +beginning of the nesting season. They do not drum, +however, like the eastern bird, but make a noise more +like an attempt to crow. They also take refuge in the +timber for protection from the storms of winter.</p> + +<p>During the hunting season they lie well to a dog and +afford fine shooting. The food of the sharp-tailed grouse +consists of about ten per cent insects, the balance being +made up of seeds, grains and berries, with a good percentage +of "brouse" in the winter.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Side of head and throat, pale buff with +mottlings of brown on the cheeks; back and wings, gray, +mottled with black; breast, light buff. Under parts, +white with lines of dark brown; central tail feathers +long and pointed; no long feathers on the neck.</p> + +<p>Female—Resembles the male with the exception that +the tail feathers are not so long.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is a rude affair on the +ground, lined with a little dead grass and generally +contains from ten to fifteen eggs of a greenish buff +speckled with fine dots of brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length from 14 to 16 inches, +with the wing about eight; the central tail feathers are +about five inches in length. The average bird will weigh +about two pounds.</p> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order ANSERES</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Subfamily, ANSERENAE - Geese</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Geese"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range. (All breed far north.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Chen</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>hyperborea</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>White goose (large)</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Southern California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>rossi</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Ross' goose<br />Small white goose</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Mexico north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Anser</td> + <td> </td> + <td>albifrons gambeli</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>White-fronted goose<br />Gray goose</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Mexico north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dendrocygna</td> + <td> </td> + <td>fulva</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Fulvous tree duck<br />Mexican tree duck<br />Cavalier</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central California south through Mexico. Breeds from Central California to Central Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="5">Branta</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="5"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="205" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>canadensis</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="ws_nowrap">Canada goose<br />Honker</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From central Mexico north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>canadensis<br />hutchinsii</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Hutchins' goose</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Southern California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>canadensis<br />occidentalis</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="ws_nowrap">White-cheeked goose</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Inland plains from Central California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>canadensis<br />minima</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Black brant<br />Cackling goose</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Southern California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>nigricans</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Black sea brant</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>On certain bays from Magdalena, Lower California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Philacte</td> + <td> </td> + <td>canagica</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Emperor goose</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>A rare visitor south of Humboldt Bay, California.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">Subfamily, CYGNINAE - Swans</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Swans"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range. (All breed far north.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Olor</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>columbianus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Whistling swan</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Oregon north. Rarely as far south as Central California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>buccinator</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Trumpeter swan</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Southern California north.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="THE_WATERFOWL"></a> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE WATERFOWL</div> + +<p>The great variety of the waterfowl of the Pacific +Coast, the wonderful numbers in which they are found +and the excellent shooting they afford, forms a subject, +which, to do it justice, would require the space of an +ordinary volume.</p> + +<p>With the exception of the Gulf tier of the Southern +states, waterfowl on the Atlantic Coast are but birds of +passage, tarrying for a time on their way to milder +winter quarters; tourists loitering for a day or two at +attractive by-stations as they wing their way south in +the fall and again on their return north in the spring. +They are leaving the isolation of the far north or the +mountain lakes and marshes where they spent the summer +rearing their young and they are seeking more +favorable feeding grounds in the milder climate of the +South, where animal and vegetable life is not in the +state of hibernation which prevents it from furnishing +them with an abundance of food during their southern +sojourn.</p> + +<p>Over the larger portion of our hunting grounds what +is the beginning of the calendar year is in fact the beginning +of our spring. When the frost king lays his +hand upon all vegetable and insect life in the East, +spreading his white shroud over field and pasture and +breaking with his icy sleet from the vine and the brush +their clinging leaves; when from the trees have fallen +the last vestige of their autumnal crowns of gold and +crimson; when the last flower has shed its petals; when +the last hum of insect is heard and the last song of +bird has died away on the southern horizon—'tis then +the early rains of the Coast start the new sown grain +in the fields, give life again to the grasses of the plains, +carpet the foothills and the valleys with the gold and +purple and crimson of innumerable flowers, and our +veritable spring commences.</p> + +<p>With us, therefore, waterfowl are not passing pilgrims, +tarrying for a few days only as they rest and +feed on their way to the open waters and green pastures +in which they intend to pass those months marked +winter on the calendar of the year. They are not mere +hurrying flocks alighting now and again as they wing +their way back to their breeding grounds in the spring +But ours is the Mecca to which they journey; ours the +feeding grounds on which they assemble from the lakes +and marshes of the Arctic; from the whole chain of the +Aleutian Islands; from the inland seas of British Columbia +and from the mountain lakes of our own Sierras +from Washington to Mexico. Here on the bays, estuaries +and marshes of the coast and the lakes and ponds +of the valleys, throughout the whole length of these +hunting grounds, countless millions of these birds have +found their winter feeding grounds for unnumbered +ages. No cold, no ice, no snow, no howling blizzards to +stop them in their search for food or disturb their midday +rest upon our quiet waters. In warmth they feed +upon the tender shoots of the young grasses that fringe +their watery haunts or bask in sunshine on the sandy +shores.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> +<p>It is the popular impression that all ducks breed in +the far north and migrate from there south. One has +only to shoot on the lakes of Mexico to learn how erroneous +this impression is, for one will meet varieties +quite common there that rarely if ever reach the southern +boundaries of the United States.</p> + +<p>The masked duck (<b>Nomonyx dominicus</b>) is a purely +southern species reaching Mexico only in its breeding +season. The three species of the Mexican tree duck, +quite common in that country, come but little into the +United States. One of these, the black-bellied tree duck +(<b>Dendrosygna autumnalis</b>) migrates to some little extent +into Texas and to less extent into New Mexico and +Arizona. The fulvous tree duck (<b>Dendrosygna fulva</b>) +extends its migrations still farther north, breeding to +considerable extent in Arizona and southern California, +but rarely seen as far north as the center of the state. +The other species of the genus (<b>Dendrosygna elegans</b>), +for which I know no English name, is even rare as far +south as southern Jalisco. The cinnamon teal is a southern +duck, breeding in Arizona, Texas and southern +California but so rarely seen north of San Francisco +that a gentleman who had killed a straggler near Marysville, +when showing it to me, said that he couldn't find +a man in the town who could tell him what it was. +Yet the cinnamon teal is very common in Mexico and +Arizona and quite plentiful in southern California in +the spring, before the flocks break up and the birds +seek their nesting places.</p> + +<p>Northern bred ducks and purely northern species visit +us in great numbers during the winter months, and to +these must be added the vast number of these birds +that breed in the mountains throughout our hunting +grounds.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> +<p>The ornithologist divides the ducks into two subfamilies; +the fresh-water ducks forming the subfamily, +<b>Anatinæ</b>, and the salt-water ducks the subfamily, +<b>Fullgilinæ</b>. These two families can easily be distinguished +by their feet. If a salt-water duck, the hind +toe will be found to have a small web or flap on the +under side, but if the bird belongs to the fresh-water +group, the toe will be as clean as any land bird.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i054.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">MALLARD (Anas boschas)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE MALLARD</div> +<div class="caption3">(Anas boschas)</div> + +<p>The mallard is possibly the best known duck in America, +it being found in greater or less numbers everywhere +from the Arctic to Central America. It is a resident +species throughout the Pacific Coast, breeding on +the mountain lakes and streams from Mexico to Alaska, +and even to a considerable extent on the lower marshes +of California, Oregon and Washington. On the fresh +water ponds and overflows they congregate in great +numbers during the winter months and a bag limit of +twenty is no uncommon thing. Like all of the fres-hwater +ducks of this Coast, they, too, are often found +in considerable numbers on the tide lands and salt +marshes.</p> + +<p>The mallard of the Pacific Coast can hardly be said +to be a migratory duck, for it breeds from Mexico north. +Its migrations consisting more of altitudinal movements +than of longitudinal. While it breeds on the +mountain lakes of Mexico, it is rarely seen in the higher +altitudes during the winter months.</p> + +<p>Hybrids between the mallard and the pin-tail and +the mallard and the widgeon have been occasionally +met with on the marshes of the Coast. This is most +likely caused by the mating of cripples that had not the +strength to make the flight to their usual breeding +grounds.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head and neck, dark green with a metallic +luster; white ring around the neck at the bottom +of the green; back, gray; breast, chestnut brown; under +parts dirty white; tail, black with two feathers +curled upwards; speculum, (<a href="#Page_8">see diagram</a>) purple, bordered +with black and white.</p> + +<p>Female—Head, dark buff; breast, lighter buff with +brown mottlings; legs, orange colored; speculum same +as the male; bill, yellow, blotched with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is placed on the ground and +lined with grass, feathers and down. The eggs number +eight to a dozen and are of a greenish tinge.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Male—Total length, from 20 to 25 +inches; wing, 10 to 12 inches; bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> +<p>Female—Total length, from 18 to 20 inches; wing, 9 +to 10 inches; bill, 2 to 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i056.png" width="600" height="366" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">GADWALL (Anas strepera)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE GADWALL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Anas strepera)</div> + +<p>The gadwall was at one time quite plentiful on the +shooting grounds of California, south of San Francisco; +but, on account of our season opening later and closing +earlier than in years past, few are killed now. The +gadwall is really a southern duck, coming into the +United States to breed. When the California season +opened on the first of September and closed the first +of April, there were plenty of gadwall found on its +ponds in the early fall and late in the spring. Now, +but few are killed except in the southern part of the +state. Such as are killed are generally found on the +mountain lakes and ponds of the higher valleys. On +the waters of Mexico and Lower California, however, +they are met with in good numbers.</p> + +<p>The gadwall, however, migrates as far north as British +Columbia for breeding purposes as well as breeding on +the mountain lakes of all the territory through which +it ranges.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head, +light brown, finely mottled with dark +brown and black; neck and breast, finely streaked with +wavy black and white; under parts, grayish white; +rump and tail, black; speculum, black and white, with +the lesser wing-coverts chestnut; feet, orange, and bill +nearly white.</p> + +<p>Female—Closely resembling the male but with very +little chestnut on the wings.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest which is usually made a +little way back from the water is lined with dead grass, +and contains from ten to twelve eggs of a light buff +color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 19 inches; wing, +10, and bill, 1.60.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i058.png" width="600" height="362" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WIDGEON (Anas americana)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WIDGEON</div> +<div class="caption3">(Anas Americana)</div> + +<p>The widgeon is one of the most common ducks of the +Coast, both north and south. As well as being one of +the most plentiful of the interior lakes and ponds, they +are found in great numbers on the salt marshes and +tide overflows, and even form great dark patches on +the ocean as they take their midday rest on its bosom +a mile or so beyond the surf. They breed on the mountain +lakes and streams all along the Coast from Mexico north.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +<p>The widgeon begins its migrations early in the fall +and great numbers find their way as far south as the +Coast marshes and lower lakes of Mexico. They feed +largely on the plains and frequent the fields in search +of grain. In migrating or flying from pond to pond +they usually go in quite large flocks.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head, pinkish white on top, with a +greenish streak from the eye back to the ociput; below +this the head and neck are speckled with black +and white; back and wing-coverts, gray with fine markings +of black; breast, a light brick red with a purplish +cast; speculum, black and green. Axillars, white with +dark shafts.</p> + +<p>Female—The female resembles the male in all but +the green on the head and the reddish color of the +breast.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is generally built in some +tuft of grass or thick weeds near some water's edge. +The eggs average about a dozen and are of very light +brownish white.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 18 inches; wing 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, +and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i060.png" width="600" height="365" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas carolinensis)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">GREEN-WINGED TEAL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Anas carolinensis)</div> + +<p>The green-winged teal is another variety that is very +plentiful on the Coast, breeding in great numbers on +our mountain lakes and along the streams from Mexico +to Alaska, and even to considerable extent on the lower +marshes, especially from central California north. While +many of these are killed on the salt marshes and tide +lands, they are more generally frequenters of the inland +ponds and overflows. Nesting late and maturing +early, they are both a late and early duck on our shooting +grounds, and remain constantly with us during the +whole winter. Shooting on a pass over which the teal +are flying from one pond to another furnishes about the +finest sport of the duck shooter's life. In such cases +they come in small flocks, and single birds must be +selected; being a small mark and very rapid flyers they +require a good lead and quick work. In fact, a brace +of green-winged teal with a pressing engagement at +the next pond makes about as pretty a target as the +sportsman often fires at.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> +<p>The green-winged teal, like the widgeon, feeds a +great deal on the plains and in the fields.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Top of head and neck, brown of a chestnut +tinge, the feathers forming almost a crest; a broad +stripe of green runs back from the eye to the neck; +back and sides, mottled gray; breast, buff, shaded to +white on the abdomen and spotted with black; speculum, +green.</p> + +<p>Female—The top of the head of the female is a rusty +brown, and with a very faint stripe on the sides; upper +parts, gray, spotted with black; speculum, green.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest of the green-winged teal is +generally a little more carefully made than most of +the ground nesting ducks. The eggs average about ten +and are of a light brownish buff.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—The green-winged teal is the smallest +of the fresh-water ducks. Total length, about 14 inches; +wing, 7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>; bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i062.png" width="600" height="364" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CINNAMON TEAL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Anas cyanoptera)</div> + +<p>The cinnamon teal, very commonly called the blue-winged +teal by the sportsmen of the Coast, is only a +late fall and early spring bird on our shooting grounds +north of Lower California and Mexico. While the cinnamon +teal has a blue wing there is no resemblance +between the male cinnamon and the male blue-winged. +The females of the two species, however, have a marked +resemblance in color but a wide difference in shape of +body. The female cinnamon teal is much darker on +the throat than the blue-winged female, and generally +shows a considerable of the cinnamon color of the male. +The male of the blue-winged teal partakes more of the +grayish color of the green-winged variety and has a +white crescent in front of the eye. The northern limit +of the cinnamon teal is about the latitude of San Francisco +so far as their appearance on our shooting grounds +is concerned. A few, however, go farther north for +breeding purposes. They are quite common in the +southern part of California, where they come to breed. +They winter in Mexico, Lower California and Arizona +in great numbers. They nest on the mountain lakes +and along the mountain streams of California and even +as far north as Oregon. In southern California they +nest along the salt-water marshes, especially those of +Los Angeles, Orange and San Diego counties.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—The male bird cannot well be mistaken +for that of any other species. The general color being +a dark cinnamon, or in fact much nearer a chestnut in +color; the head being somewhat darker than the rest +of the bird; the upper wing-coverts being blue, form a +large patch of blue at the shoulders when the wing is +at rest; the speculum, like that of all the teal is green.</p> + +<p>Female—The female resembles the female of the +blue-winged teal, but is a little larger with a longer and +slimmer body; the chin is dusky and the throat is +speckled; the breast also has a slight tinge of the cinnamon +color of the male.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are built generally in long +grass patches of the low grounds bordering the streams +and lakes and even the salt marshes. The eggs which +average about a dozen are of a peculiar light creamy +color with a faint bluish tinge.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 16 inches; wing, 7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; +bill, 1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i064.png" width="600" height="366" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Anas discors)</div> + +<p>The blue-winged teal is only a straggler north of +Lower California, Arizona and Mexico. In Mexico and +Lower California I know them to be quite common, and +reasonably plentiful in some parts of Arizona.</p> + +<p>The blue-winged teal is a plumper bird than either +of the other species, and not near so handsomely +marked. It is a rapid flyer and affords good shooting in +those sections where it is plentiful.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head, a glossy purplish gray, darker on +top; between the eye and the bill is a white crescent-shaped +mark about one-fourth wider in its center than +the eye; the wing-coverts are blue like those of the +cinnamon teal; back, dark gray; under parts, gray, +spotted with black; speculum, rich green; bill, black, +and legs and feet, yellow.</p> + +<p>Female—The female resembles the female of the cinnamon +teal; but unlike the cinnamon it has no dark +markings under the chin, or any of the cinnamon color +faintly seen on the cinnamon female. The bill also is +much shorter, and the legs are of a yellowish tinge.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are much the same as the +other members of the teal family. The eggs about a +dozen in number are pale buff.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 15 inches; wing, about 7, +and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> + +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i068.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">SHOVELLER OR SPOON-BILL (Spatula clypeata)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE SPOON-BILL OR SHOVELLER</div> +<div class="caption3">(Spatula clypeata)</div> + +<p>The shoveler, or spoonbill, as they are commonly +called, is also an early duck upon our ponds; they, too, +breed throughout the mountains of our hunting grounds. +When they first arrive on our ponds they are very fat +and finely flavored, but they soon become poor of flesh +and lose the flavor brought with them from their mountain +homes. And then they are generally let pass undisturbed +by the discriminating sportsman.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head and neck, green; breast, white, +shading into rusty chestnut toward the abdomen; lesser +wing-coverts, blue; speculum, green, with white border; +legs, orange red.</p> + +<p>Female—The female is much smaller than the male +and lacks all its high coloring. The general color is +buff, mottled with brown; wing-coverts and speculum, +same as the male.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest, which is a rude affair, generally +contains from seven to ten eggs of a light buff +color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length of the male, about 20 +and the female, 18 inches; wing, 9 to 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill, about +2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 2 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches, and very broad at the end.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i066.png" width="600" height="365" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">PIN-TAIL OR SPRIG (Dafila acuta)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE PIN-TAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Dafila acuta)</div> + +<p>The pin-tail, or sprig is another very common duck +of the Coast. Great numbers of this species breed on +our mountain lakes and, maturing early, they are about +the first to appear upon our shooting grounds, great +flocks reaching as far south as San Diego county, the +mouth of the Colorado river and the lakes and marshes +of Lower California, Arizona and northern Mexico as +early as the middle of August or the first of September. +They come from the mountains plump and fat, and +as soon as the shooting season is open prove quite acceptable +to the epicure.</p> + +<p>The pin-tail ranges throughout the territory covered +by this work and far to the north of it, and the fact that +they breed around the mountain lakes for the whole distance +accounts for their early appearance on the shooting +grounds of the Coast.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head and neck, rich brown, with a +white stripe running from the ociput down the sides of +the neck to the breast; bill, lead color, with a black +stripe along the top; back, gray; breast, white; central +tail feathers, very long and pointed; speculum, light +smoky brown, edged with white.</p> + +<p>Female—The female is much more of an ocher brown +than the male, and without the stripe on the neck or +the lead color of the bill. The top of the head and the +sides of the neck are streaked with brown; breast, +spotted with dark brown; under parts, white. While +it somewhat resembles the female mallard, the much +narrower bill and difference of the speculum should +prevent any error in identification. Besides the tail is +pointed and the axillars are white, barred with dark +brown.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is usually back a little distance +from the water's edge and contains from eight to +twelve bluish-white eggs.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, male, 28 and female, 22 +inches; wing, 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill, 2 inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i070.png" width="600" height="364" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WOOD DUCK</div> +<div class="caption3">(Aix sponsa)</div> + +<p>The wood duck, the handsomest of all the American +ducks, is not plentiful anywhere, and seems to be growing +fewer in numbers. Ornithologists class them as resident +ducks, breeding throughout their range. From my +personal experience I believe that they are migratory, +at least to a considerable extent, for while many flocks +of from half a dozen to twenty birds can be seen along +the timbered portions of the Sacramento river during +the summer months and the early fall, as well as along +other wooded streams of the Coast, few are to be seen +during the shooting season. From this fact I can draw +but one conclusion; they migrate south in the winter. +A few are killed each winter but they can only be considered +a rare duck whose beauty lends an occasional +charm to the game bag.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—The male has a long crest falling down +the back of the neck and showing a green and purple +luster; the bill is red with a dark stripe on top; a +broad stripe of white commences under the bill and +passes down the neck, meeting another stripe of white +that nearly encompasses the neck; sides and front of +lower neck, brownish purple, dotted with white; back, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +a bronze green; speculum, bluish purple, bordered with +black and white.</p> + +<p>Female—The general plan of the markings of the +female is the same as that of the male, but the colors +are not so bright, nor the crest so long. The crest is +more of a brown, and the breast a pale brown, mottled +with dark spots.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is built in the hollow of a +tree or stump, and occasionally a considerable distance +above the ground. The eggs, which average about eight, +are of a pale brownish white. The young are taken +from the nest in the bill of the mother, and are often +seen perched on her back while she is swimming around +in search of food.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length of the male, about 18 +inches, with the female about an inch less; wing, 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> to +9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill 1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>8</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE FULVOUS TREE DUCK</div> +<div class="caption3">(Dendrocygna fulva)</div> + +<p>The fulvous tree-duck, commonly called the Mexican +tree-duck, and cavalier, as well as the black-bellied tree-duck +(<b>Dendrosygna autumnalis</b>), according to the classification +of the ornithologist, belong to the subfamily, +<b>Anserinæ</b>, the same family as the geese. The fact that +they have a bill more like that of the goose than any +other duck, a goose neck also, and that there is no difference +in the sexes will show the reason for such classification. +Their generic name, however, signifies tree-swan. +The fulvous tree-duck ranges on our hunting +grounds as far north as Sacramento, where occasionally +one is killed. They come here only to breed and, +therefore, late in the season. Quite a few are killed in +southern California, and from Arizona and Lower California +south they are very plentiful. The black-bellied +tree-duck is only met with as a straggler north of Chihuahua, +Mexico. Another species of the same genus +(<b>Dendrosygna elegans</b>) is a still more southern bird, +seldom seen north of the state of Guerrero.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Sides of head and neck and lower parts, buff; +top of head, back of neck and back, dark brown; wings, +dark brown; neck, long and slim; bill, resembles that +of a goose very much. Both sexes alike.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are generally built in a +hollow tree or stump. The eggs number from ten to +fifteen and are of an ochreous white.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, about 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill, 1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order, ANSERES<br /> +Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, ANATINAE<br /> +(Fresh water ducks)</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Ducks"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="6">Anas</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="6"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="255" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>boschas</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="ws_nowrap">Mallard</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Throughout the scope of this work. Breeds wherever found.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>strepera</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Gadwall</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central California south. Breeds wherever found.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>americana</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Widgeon Baldpate</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From British America south. Breeds on the mountain lakes from California south.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>carolinensis</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="ws_nowrap">Green-winged teal</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From British America south. Breeds throughout its range.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>cyanoptera</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Cinnamon teal</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central California south. Breeds from Central California to Central Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>discors</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Blue-winged teal</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Arizona south into Mexico. Breeds throughout lakes from Mexico north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Spatula</td> + <td> </td> + <td>clypeata</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Shoveller or<br />Spoon-bill</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From British America south. Breeds on the mountain lakes from Mexico north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dafila</td> + <td> </td> + <td>acuta</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Pin-tail or Sprig</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From British America south. Breeds from Central California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Aix</td> + <td> </td> + <td>sponsa</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Wood duck</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Along the wooded streams from Central California north. Breeds wherever found.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="bay_and_sea_ducks"></a> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE BAY and SEA DUCKS</div> + +<p>As I have already stated the ducks are divided into +two subfamilies, the one the <b>Anatinæ</b>, commonly called +fresh-water ducks, the other the <b>Fuligulinæ</b>, commonly +known as the salt-water ducks. A distinguishing feature +of the salt-water ducks is the little flap or web on the +hind toe, which is not seen in the fresh-water varieties.</p> + +<p>On our shooting grounds, however, whether the blind +is on the salt-water marsh or the fresh-water pond, both +kinds are sure to fall to the gun in almost equal numbers. +Of the more common of the fresh-water varieties +the gadwall and the mallard are seen the least on the +salt marshes and the tide overflows, yet even these are +quite often met with in these places. So it is with the +salt-water species. All except the scoters are frequenters +of the mountain lakes, fresh-water ponds and overflows. +The red-head, both species of the scaups, the +canvasback and the ruddy are commonly found on the +fresh-waters. The ring-neck, and, in fact, the red-head +are much more common on these waters than on the +salt or brackish marshes.</p> + +<p>With the exception, therefore, that certain species +always predominate at a given place at certain times +of the season, the sportsman's aim brings down a well-assorted +bag, let him shoot where he may, on marsh, +pond or overflow, from Washington to Mexico.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i074.png" width="600" height="363" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">CANVASBACK (Aythya vallisnaria)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CANVASBACK</div> +<div class="caption3">(Aythya vallisneria)</div> + +<p>The canvasback, the duck par excellence of the Eastern +states, is very plentiful in the more northern portions +of the territorial scope of these articles, though I +have seen them in good numbers on the lakes of Mexico. +It is the general supposition that the canvasback breeds +in the far north, but from the fact that they are found +on the lakes of Mexico as early as October, they must +also breed on the higher lakes of our mountains. On +our lower marshes they are a late duck, but they appear +on our mountain lakes quite early in the season. Canvasback +shooting on our waters affords the finest of +sport, as it does not partake so much of flock shooting +as it does on the Chesapeake and the Delaware rivers. +While I certainly prefer our shooting, by no means do +I prefer our ducks. When killed on the mountain lakes, +our canvasback possesses nearly if not quite as fine +flavor as do those of the Eastern states, but when killed +on the bays and salt marshes of California they are +fishy and barely palatable. This is caused by the absence +of the so-called wild celery, properly tape grass +(<b>Vallisneria spiralis</b>), the common food of the Eastern +canvasback. Our birds have the habit of feeding largely +on the shallow waters of the tide lands and marshes and +of consuming large quantities of crustaceans, such as +clams, crabs, mussels and the like, and it takes but a +few days' diet of this kind to make the canvasback about +the poorest of ducks. I have killed these ducks on the +high lakes and ponds of Mexico, when, on account of +something they fed upon, they were really unfit to eat.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head and neck, nearly black; back, +light gray; bill, black, and forming nearly a straight +line from the tip to the crown of the head; belly and +flanks, nearly white.</p> + +<p>Female—Head and neck, cinnamon brown, paler on +the throat; back, dark gray.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest of the canvasback is generally +found on some little knoll in the marsh, and is +lined with dead grass and feathers, and often with considerable +down. The eggs, which are about ten in number, +are of a dark creamy white.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, from 18 to 22 inches; +the more northern birds within the territory here covered +will always be found considerably larger than those +of the more southern latitudes. Wing, 8 to 9 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches, +and bill about 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i076.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">RED-HEAD (Aythya americana)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE RED-HEAD</div> +<div class="caption3">(Aythya americana)</div> + +<p>The red-head is quite a common duck in the southern +sections of the Coast hunting grounds. Though purely +a bay or salt-water duck, that is, belonging to the subfamily +<b>Fuligulinæ</b>, it is not found to any great extent +on the salt-water marshes, preferring the higher lakes, +ponds and reservoirs of the mountain valleys and foothills. +I found them one season in great numbers on +the San Rafael marshes, high up in the mountains of +Lower California, and all the shooting two friends and +myself wished to do had no effect in driving them away, +although the ponds of the marsh were few and small.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head and neck, reddish chestnut; lower +neck and upper breast, sooty brown, a mixture of finely +penciled lines of gray and brown; speculum, gray; back, +gray; feathers on the top of the head almost form a +crest; bill, lead color.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> +<p>Female—Head and neck, light cinnamon brown, very +pale on the sides of the head near the bill, and throat +nearly white; breast and shoulders, dirty light brown, +and back a darker dirty brown.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest, like that of the canvasback, +is generally built in the marsh or on the low banks of +a lake, usually lined with down and contains about ten +eggs of a brownish buff color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 20 inches; wing, +8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> to 8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; bill barely 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i078.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK OR BLUE-BILL (Aythya marila neartica)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE AMERICAN SCAUP, OR BLUE-BILL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Aythya marila neartica)</div> + +<p>The American scaup, or blue-bill, the lesser scaup +(<b>Aythya affinis</b>) and the ring-neck (<b>Aythya collaris</b>) +are very plentiful from Washington to Mexico. These +three species are generally grouped together by the +sportsmen of the Coast under the name of black jacks, +black ducks, black-heads or blue-bills; all three species +being considered as belonging to the one variety, and +the lesser scaup (<b>Aythya affinis</b>) as the younger birds. +With the males, at least, there should be no excuse for +this error, for they can be easily distinguished by the +color of the speculum, or bright band on the wings, and +by the color of the metallic sheen of the head and neck. +The speculum of the American scaup, or larger blue-bill, +is white, the head and neck showing a greenish +sheen, quite pronounced in the sunlight. The lesser +scaup, or little blue-bill (<b>Aythya affinis</b>) has a white +speculum also, but the sheen of the head and neck is +purple. The ring-neck (<b>Aythya collaris</b>), has a gray +speculum, which, though quite light in color, can easily +be distinguished from the pure white of the other two. +The metallic sheen of the head of the ring-neck is a dark +indigo blue. The bill of the ring-neck is quite different +from that of the scaups, being much darker in color and +more of a sooty tinge and with a faint bluish band +across it about half an inch from the end. The females +of all three species resemble each other very closely, +but the difference in size will generally determine to +which species they belong. The two blue-bills can be +told from the female ring-neck by their white speculums. +The female ring-neck has the gray of the male, +but this does not distinguish it from the female red-head. +The smaller size of the ring-neck and darker +appearance of the head and neck will always indicate +to which species the female belongs. The bill of the +female red-head meets the skull in quite an abrupt manner, +while hat of the ring-neck has more of the sloping +character of the canvasback.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head and neck, black, showing a green +luster in the sun; back, gray, finely lined with black; +under parts, white; speculum, white.</p> + +<p>Female—Head, dead brown, with a light gray patch +at the base of the bill blending into the brown of the +head; breast and back, dirty brown; under parts, white; +speculum, white; bill, bluish.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is a crude affair near the +water's edge, containing about ten pale olive-buff eggs.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 18 inches; wing, +8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, and bill, 1 <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub> inches. The females are but a trifle smaller.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE LESSER SCAUP, OR LITTLE BLUE-BILL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Aythya affinis)</div> + +<p>The little blue-bill, or lesser scaup, like its larger +relative, is a cosmopolitan species, and commonly met +with in flocks of the other, which has led to the common +error of classing the two together, the one as the +elder and the other as the younger birds.</p> + +<p>While in general color and markings they are very +similar, there is so much difference in their size that +they should be easily distinguished. With the males +this is very easy for the head of the larger species has +a green sheen, the head of the lesser has a purple sheen +as shown in the sun. The bill of this species is more +of a blue and much smaller, being not over 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches +in length.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—The color and markings are the same as the +American scaup, with the exception that the metallic +sheen of the head, as already mentioned, is purple.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The same as the American scaup.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 16 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, +7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, and bill 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i080.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">RING-NECK (Aythya collaris)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE RING-NECK</div> +<div class="caption3">(Aythya collaris)</div> + +<p>In the breeding season the ring-neck male has a dirty +orange ring around the neck which disappears wholly, +or nearly so, before the beginning of the hunting season. +The ring-neck is generally more plentiful on the +fresh waters. I have seen great numbers of them at +the mouth of the Colorado river. In fact, both the ring-neck +and the lesser scaup range much farther south +than do the larger species, for while few of the larger +scaup are seen in Mexico, great quantities of the little +blue-bills are found throughout the republic, especially +on the salt marshes of the two coasts. All of these +three species breed along the mountain lakes from California +north.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +<b>Color</b>—Male—Head and neck, black, with an indigo +sheen when turned in the sun. This will always distinguish +it from the larger blue-bill whose sheen is +green and the lesser blue-bill whose sheen is purple. +The speculum is gray; bill, bluish with a pale blue band +across it about a half inch from the end.</p> + +<p>Female—The female of this species resembles the female +of the red-head very closely. It is considerable +darker, however, and the bill joins the head without +the marked indentation seen in the red-head.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest and eggs are the same as +the scaups.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 17 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, 8, +and bill, 2 inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i082.png" width="600" height="361" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">RUDDY DUCK (Erismatura rubida)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE RUDDY DUCK, OR WIRE-TAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Erismatura rubida)</div> + +<p>The ruddy duck is a very common duck on our shooting +grounds, from one end to the other, though as a +rule it is not much sought after by our sportsmen. +When feeding on the salt marshes they are not very +palatable, it is true, but when killed on fresh waters +they are one of our finest flavored ducks, if properly +cooked. After refusing many shots at these little ducks +and even many times failing to carry home those I did +kill, it remained for Mr. Babcock, then of the Coronado +Hotel, of San Diego, California, to demonstrate to me +the real value of the ruddy duck. I was one of the +party shooting with him on his preserve at Otay dam. +When we came into the house after our morning's shoot, +a most enjoyable one, he asked each member of the +party what kind of duck he wished for his dinner. Mallards, +canvasbacks, sprigs and widgeons had been +named, so when he came to me I answered that any +kind would do me. To this he replied: "Then you shall +have one of my favorites." When dinner was ready, +before each plate was a beautifully roasted duck of the +species chosen by the member of the party for whom +that plate was laid, but the plates in front of Mr. Babcock +and myself each contained two plump little birds +that I did not recognize in their undress uniform. After +I had tasted of one, Mr. Babcock asked: "How do you +like my selection?" "Very much," I answered, "but +what are they? I never ate anything better." "The +much despised ruddy," was his reply, "the superior of +the canvasback when properly handled." The best evidence +that I fully endorsed all that he claimed for the +ruddy duck is the fact that there was nothing left of +my two birds but well-picked bones. The ruddy duck +may well be called a resident species over the whole +of the Pacific Coast shooting grounds, for they breed +not only on the lakes and streams, but on the lower +marshes as well, throughout the whole territory.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> +<p>The ruddy duck is known by a number of names such +as "wire tail," "dipper," "bullet-head," "buffle-head," etc.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Top of head, dark brown; sides of head +below the eye, dirty white; upper parts, brown; no +speculum on the wing; axillars, very light gray with +light brown shafts; tail, broad and stiff with the feathers +pointed; under parts, dirty white.</p> + +<p>Female—Much the color of the male, but more of a +dirty brown. Side of the head and throat, dirty gray.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are usually built on little +hillocks in the marshes, and contain from six to eight +dirty white eggs.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—The ruddy is a small duck with a very +rounded body. Total length, about 15 inches; wing, 6, +and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches, strongly depressed in the center.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i084.png" width="600" height="362" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta clangula americana)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Glaucionetta clangula americana)</div> + +<p>The American golden-eye is a visitor from the far +north to the northern portions of the territory covered +by this work. An occasional straggler is killed as far +south as San Francisco, but they are a cold country +bird. They are more common in the interior of Washington +and Oregon than along the coast.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head and upper half of neck, dark +green with a metallic sheen; a nearly round patch of +white between the eye and the base of the bill; lower +part of neck, most of the back and the under parts, +white; upper part of the back, rump and tail, black; +wings, mostly white.</p> + +<p>Female—Head and upper neck, brown; gray spot at +the base of the bill; breast and under parts, gray; back +and most of the wings, brownish black.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is usually built in a hollow +tree or stump and contains about ten eggs of a bluish +white color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 19 inches; wing, +9, and bill, 1 <sup>7</sup>/<sub>8</sub>. Female about one-tenth smaller.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i090.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE (Glaucionetta ilandica)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Glaucionetta ilandica)</div> + +<p>Barrow's golden-eye is another duck that is seen, but +little within the Pacific Coast hunting grounds, and only +then near the coast sections of the northern part. They +are found more plentiful on the islands along the north +Pacific coast.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—The male resembles the American golden-eye +very closely, except that the head of the Barrow's is +more of a purple, or greenish purple. The white at the +base of the bill is also different, it being a crescent +shape instead of round.</p> + +<p>The female differs in the head being more of a cinnamon +brown, and the back more of a gray and slightly +mottled with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Nest, Eggs and Measurements</b>—The same as the +American golden-eye.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i086.png" width="600" height="358" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">BUTTER-BALL (Charitonetta albeola)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BUTTER-BALL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Charitonetta albeola)</div> + +<p>The butter-ball, or buffle-head, is another common +duck all over the country. But where we have so many +larger and better ducks they are little sought for, and +are generally considered poor shooting. Yet I recall +one occasion when with a friend I was shooting on a +couple of foothill ponds where many of these little ducks +had congregated, they furnished us with fine sport. The +larger ducks were soon scared away, but the little butter-balls +would not leave. One of us was stationed at +each pond and we soon had them all in the air.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—Head, greenish purple, with a strong +metallic luster; white patch running from the eye to the +back of the head; feathers of the head long, forming a +crest; back, black; under parts white and a broad white +patch on the wing.</p> + +<p>Female—The female is a very modestly colored bird +to have so gaudy a mate. Head and upper parts, a +dark, dead brown; under parts, white; speculum, white; +a small, elongated white spot on the side of the head.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is usually built on some +elevation such as a stump or log; some times in a tree. +The eggs, numbering eight to ten, are of a pale buff +color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 11 to 12 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, +about 6, and bill, 1 inch.</p> +<br /> + + +<div class="caption2">THE OLD SQUAW, OR LONG-TAILED DUCK</div> +<div class="caption2">(Clangula hyemalis)</div> + +<p>The old squaw, or long-tailed duck, comes but little +into California, though a few are killed each year in +Washington and Oregon. I killed one several years ago +as far south as Los Angeles county, California, the only +one I have ever known to get that far away from his +northern home.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Male—As the winter plumage is the only garb +that one of this species will be seen in on these hunting +grounds, I will only mention it. Head, white, with a +patch of brownish black on the side of the head and +side of the neck; breast, black, continuing over the +back; belly, white; wings, white; a band of yellow +across the bill; central tail feathers, black and very +long.</p> + +<p>Female—Head, white, with a dark patch on the top +and on the side; breast and back, smoky black; under +parts, white; no long feathers in the tail.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i088.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrionicus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE HARLEQUIN DUCK</div> +<div class="caption3">(Histrionicus histrionicus)</div> + +<p>The harlequin duck is a northern bird that comes but +little into the United States on either coast. A few +stragglers are met with in Oregon and Washington, and +an occasional one is killed in California. These and the +old squaw add a pleasing variety to our mounted collections, +but nothing to our sport.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—The accompanying illustration is the best description +of this duck that can be given, as the colors +are white and a brownish black. It is about the size +of the widgeon.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i091.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Oidemia deglandi)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE SCOTERS</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oidemia deglandi—Oidemia americana)</div> + +<p>The scoters, or coots, as they are called on the Atlantic +coast, are all found on this coast southward to +Mexico. Of these the white-winged scoter (<b>Oidemia +deglandi</b>) is the most common, being found in large +numbers on all the bays and inlets of the coast as far +south as the Magdalena bay, Lower California.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"> +Order, ANSERES<br /> +Family, ANATIDAE Subfamily, FULIGULINAE.<br /> +(Bay and sea ducks)</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Bay and Sea Ducks"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="5">Aythya</td> + <td rowspan="5" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="285" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>vallisneria</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Canvasback</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Northern Mexico north. Breeds on the higher lakes from Eastern Oregon to the Arctic.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>americana</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Red-head</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central Mexico north. Breeds on the interior lakes from Eastern Oregon north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>neartica</td> + <td> </td> + <td>American scaup<br />Blue-bill<br />Black-jack</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central California north. Breeds on the interior lakes from Washington north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>affinis</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Lesser scaup<br />Blue-bill<br />Black-jack</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From northern Mexico north. Breeds on the interior lakes from Washington north to the Arctic.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>collaris</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Ring-neck<br />Black-jack</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central California north. More common on fresh waters. Breeds on the interior lakes from Oregon to the Arctic.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Glaucionetta</td> + <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="135" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>americana</td> + <td> </td> + <td style="width:9.5em;">American golden-eye</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Rare south of Oregon. Breeds from northern Washington north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>islandica</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Barrows golden-eye</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Very rare south of Puget Sound. Found only along the coast. Breed on the Aleutian Islands and Alaska north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Charitonetta</td> + <td> </td> + <td>albeola</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Buffle-head<br /><br />Butter-ball</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central Mexican coast north. Breeds along the coast from Washington north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Erismatura</td> + <td> </td> + <td>rubida</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Ruddy duck<br /><br />Wire-tail</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central Mexico north. Breeds on the mountain lakes throughout its range.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Oidemia</td> + <td rowspan="2" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="20" height="155" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>americana</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Americas scoter<br /><br />Black coot</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From the Lower California coast north. Breeds on the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska coast.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>deglandi</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>White-winged scoter<br /><br />White-winged coot</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From the Lower California coast north. Breeds on the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska coast.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="THE_GEESE_OF_THE_PACIFIC_COAST"></a> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST</div> + +<p>The hunting grounds of the Pacific Coast have a +greater variety of geese than any other section of +America. Here are to be found every species known +to the Eastern states, except the barnacle brant of the +Atlantic. But in return for the absence of this species +of sea brant we have the black sea brant, the white-cheeked +goose, the ross goose, the emperor goose (none +of which are found east of the Rocky Mountains) and +the hutchins goose, the lesser snow goose, the white-fronted +goose and the little brown brant, which are only +stragglers east of the Mississippi valley, and only sparingly +seen that far east. Thus it will be seen that within +the Pacific Coast hunting grounds there are four genera +and nine species of the goose family. All of these +are found in the northern parts of these hunting +grounds, but only about one-half of them visit the southern +parts. Increased areas of cultivation, the drainage +of vast sections of marshy lands and the absence of +laws for their protection have greatly reduced the once +wonderful supply.</p> + +<p>Acres of geese sounds fabulous, yet miles of geese is +the only expression which conveys an adequate idea of +the wonderful numbers in which these birds were seen +on the Coast half a century ago. The great majority +of the geese of the Coast at that time were of the white +varieties, and it is a veritable fact that in California, +and especially in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Los Angeles +valleys, these geese congregated during the +winter months in such numbers as to whiten the plains +for miles. Many flocks of honkers were mixed with +them, as well as some of the other darker varieties. +These darker species of the family, however, were far +more plentiful in the northern parts of the State than +in the southern. That part of the Sacramento valley +known as the Maine Prairies has always been a favorite +feeding place for the Canada goose and its subspecies.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="Canada Goose and Brant image"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i094.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> + <table width="610" class="center" summary="names"> +<tr> + <td>CANADA GOOSE<br />(Branta canadensis)</td> + <td>BROWN BRANT<br />(Branta minima)</td> +</tr> + </table> + </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE CANADA GOOSE, OR HONKER</div> +<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis)</div> + +<p>The Canada goose, or honker as it is commonly called, +was and is quite common on the Coast. This goose, the +largest of the Americans, has a wide distribution, ranging +from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Arctic +to Central America. They breed as far south as southern +Oregon, at any rate, and possibly on the higher +mountain lakes as far south as Mexico, for they seem +to make their appearance on the Coast shooting grounds +of Mexico nearly, if not quite, as early as they do here.</p> + +<p>The flesh of the Canada goose is the equal if not the +superior of the tame goose. Its flight, except when migrating +long distances, is generally low, and in such +cases it can be called by the hunter to within shooting +distance.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head and neck, black, with a white stripe running +from the chin back of the eye to near the top of +the head; upper parts, dark brownish gray; breast, +dull, light gray, grading into white at the abdomen; +tail and wings, black. Both sexes alike.</p> + +<p><b>Eggs and Nest</b>—The nest is generally built of sticks +and grass, lined with feathers, and either in the marshes +or on the banks of a stream, and rarely if ever contain +more than six or seven, and often not more than +four, eggs of a very light brownish white.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, about 19 inches; bill, about +1 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i096.png" width="600" height="360" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE (Branta canadensis occidentalis)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WHITE-CHEEKED GOOSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis occidentalis)</div> + +<p>The white-cheeked goose, known also as Mexican +goose, is found only on the Pacific Coast and never east +of the Cascades in Washington and Oregon, or the +Sierra Nevadas in California. In fact, they are generally +confined to localities not far from the ocean. +While both the honker and the Hutchins goose have a +white cheek, the white of the honker meets under the +chin or blends into a gray, but the white of the white-cheeked +variety is separated either with a distinct black +stripe under the chin or a mottled black and white one. +Also the black of the neck of the white-cheeked goose +and the brownish gray of the breast is very generally +separated by a white collar, though sometimes this is +so faint as to be almost indistinguishable.</p> + +<p>The white-cheeked goose is rarely seen south of +Monterey Bay, California.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +<b>Color</b>—Same as the Canada goose, except that the +white on the cheeks is either separated under the chin +by a black stripe or by only a very few white feathers in +the black. Between the neck and the dull gray of the +breast is a narrow white stripe, or collar. This some +times is very faint, and, in fact, some times, though +very rarely, absent. This absence of the collar is quite +likely caused by its inter-grading with the Hutchins +goose.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The same as the Canada goose.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, never more than 16 inches; +bill, not more than 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE HUTCHINS GOOSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis hutchinsii)</div> + +<p>We have on the Pacific Coast four varieties of the +<b>Branta canadensis</b>, or that species to which belongs the +Canada goose, all resembling each other closely except +in size. Two of these species are generally considered +honkers by most of our sportsmen, while others have +two or three local names for them, among which are +Mexican goose and Lower California goose. The fact +is that while the Canada goose is quite common on the +coasts of Mexico, neither the Hutchins goose nor the +white-cheeked goose migrate that far south.</p> + +<p>The Hutchins goose so closely resembles the Canada +goose, or honker as it is popularly called, that it is +principally distinguished by its smaller size and a considerable +difference in the call. The Hutchins goose +ranges as far east as the Mississippi valley, and on +the Pacific Coast south only to about Santa Barbara +county, California. This is one of the two varieties that +is given the local names of Mexican and Lower California +goose.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Same as the Canada goose, from which it is +only distinguished by its smaller size and a considerable +difference in its call.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—Same as the Canada goose.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, not more than 17 inches; bill, +1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CACKLING GOOSE, OR BROWN BRANT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Branta canadensis minima)</div> + +<p>The cackling goose, known also as brown brant and +gray brant, is the most common of the four varieties +and much the smallest. (<a href="#Page_104">See illustration.</a>) Its markings +are the same as the Canada goose, but its under +parts are somewhat darker. While in total length it is +fully half that of the honker, in weight it is not more +than one-third. The cackling geese are commonly found +in flocks of the white geese, both in their feeding and +their migrations. This species ranges east as far as +the Mississippi valley and south on the Coast as far as +the mouth of the Colorado river and to some extent +into Lower California. It is more numerous than any +other of the dark colored geese of the Pacific Coast.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +<b>Color</b>—The same as the Canada goose, with the exception +that it is a little darker on the under parts.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The same as the Canada goose, but +the eggs number as high as ten.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, 13 to 14 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; bill, from +one to one and one-eighth.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i098.png" width="600" height="366" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3"> + <table width="610" class="center" summary="names"> +<tr> + <td>LESSER SNOW GOOSE<br />(Chen hyperborea)</td> + <td>ROSS GOOSE<br />(Chen rossii)</td> +</tr> + </table> + </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE SNOW GOOSE, OR WHITE GOOSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Chen hyperborea)</div> + +<p>The lesser snow geese, commonly called white geese, +are the larger of the two species of white geese so +numerous on the Coast. They not only feed, but migrate +in great flocks, and these migrations often take +place at night when their sharp cries will be heard high +in the air. The lesser snow goose is found as far east +as the Mississippi valley and south on the Pacific Coast +to San Diego. Occasionally a few are seen at Ensenada +and the valley of the Palms in Lower California. The +meat is tough and poor in flavor and, therefore, they are +hunted but little except by the market hunters, who, +somehow, succeed in selling a good number of them +to the uninitiated.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Pure white, with black bill and legs; the primaries, +or long feathers of the wings, are black.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are made close to the +water's edge and contain about ten dirty white eggs.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, about 16 inches; bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> +inches.</p> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE ROSS GOOSE, OR LITTLE WHITE GOOSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Chen rossii)</div> + +<p>The Ross goose has been given the name of China +goose by many who wanted some distinguishing nomenclature +for them, when in fact the Ross goose is purely +an American Pacific Coast bird. Like the snow goose +it is pure white with black primary plumes. Young +birds of both species are occasionally seen in the early +part of the season more or less mottled on the breast +with yellowish gray feathers. The Ross goose is only +about half the size of the snow goose. Aside from this +it can always be known by the warty appearance of the +upper half of the bill. They are commonly seen, both +in feeding and in their migrations, mixed in the flocks +of the snow geese. Occasionally they are seen as far +east as Utah and Montana, but only in small numbers.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +The Ross goose migrates as far south as Central +Mexico, great numbers of them congregating on Lake +Chapala, in the state of Jalisco.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Same as the snow goose.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, about 14 inches; bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, with +warty excresences on the upper part.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i100.png" width="600" height="359" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, OR SPECKLE-BREAST (Anser albifrons gambeli)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">WHITE FRONTED GOOSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Anser albifrons gambeli)</div> + +<p>The white-fronted goose, or speckle-breast as it is +commonly called, is quite common on the Coast south to +Mexico, where great numbers congregate on Lake Chapala, +Jalisco. This is another western species, though +ranging to some extent as far east as the Mississippi +valley and an occasional flock wanders even to the Atlantic +coast. The breasts of the old birds are commonly +profusely speckled with black feathers. The +white-fronted goose is a little more exclusive in its +habits than any of the others named, being generally +found in flocks by themselves. As a table bird the meat +is quite palatable, and large numbers are sold in the +markets.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head, grayish brown, with a white spot at the +junction of the bill, but this is absent from the young +birds; neck, lighter, shading into white or dull white on +the breast, mottled with black; back, ashy gray, edged +with brown; shafts of the quills, white; bill and legs, +light pink.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is usually well made and +lined with feathers and down. The eggs number about +seven or eight, and are of a pale greenish white.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, 16 inches; bill, 2 inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i102.png" width="600" height="362" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">EMPEROR GOOSE (Philacte canagica)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE EMPEROR GOOSE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Philacte canagica)</div> + +<p>The Emperor goose is a north Pacific species, breeding +principally on the islands of the Alaska coast. The +great majority of these birds winter well to the north +of us, though a number venture southward into California +to Humboldt bay and even south of that. A small +flock or two is seen almost every winter on the marshes +near San Francisco. A close watch of the markets +will reveal one or two offered for sale almost every +winter.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +<b>Color</b>—Head and back of neck, white; throat, brownish +gray, shading into light gray on the breast and +abdomen; back, a little darker; the feathers being gray, +tipped with lighter gray, with a sub-terminal band of +brownish gray; legs, flesh color.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are usually found on the +small islands of the salt marshes, and contain eight to +ten eggs of a dull white color.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, about 15 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> +inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i104.png" width="600" height="357" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">BLACK SEA BRANT (Branta nigricans)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BLACK SEA BRANT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Branta nigricans)</div> + +<p>The black sea brant is another purely Pacific Coast +species, found nowhere else except as a straggler. They +resemble the barnacle brant of the Atlantic (<b>Branta +barnicla</b>) except in the shape of the head and bill. A +differing characteristic, however, is that the white speckling +on the sides of the neck of the barnacle brant extends +all around the front of the neck in the case of the +black sea brant. As their name implies, these are purely +seabirds, rarely flying over the land even, and only +found in such bays as produce the eel grass on which +they feed almost exclusively. I only know of the following +places within the Pacific Coast shooting grounds +where the black sea brant is found. These are: Puget +sound, Washington; Coos bay, Oregon; Humboldt, Tomales, +Moro and San Diego bays, California, and Magdalena +bay, Lower California. In most of these places +they ate plentiful during the winter season. Of all +birds that fall to the aim of the sportsman, the black +sea brant is the most difficult to get within range of. +This is only accomplished by great caution and a good +deal of strategy, but when they are brought to bag the +reward is a full compensation, for of all the waterfowl +their flesh is the most delicious. The sea brant is rarely +found away from the haunts mentioned, yet the bird +from which the accompanying illustration was made +was killed from a small flock that had strayed into +the lower end of San Francisco bay, near Redwood City, +and was mounted by that accomplished sportsman and +taxidermist, Chase Littlejohn, of that place.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—General color, black; throat, with a white +or speckled ring all around the neck, except a small +portion of the back; flanks, mottled white and black; +under tail feathers, white.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is only a depression on the +ground, but nicely lined with down. The eggs, numbering +six to eight, are of a dull white.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Wing, 13 inches; bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE SWANS</div> +<div class="caption3">(Olor columbianus) and (Olor buccinator)</div> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3">(Subfamily, CYGNINAE)</div> + +<p>Both the whistling swan (<b>Olor columbianus</b>) and the +trumpeter swan (<b>Olor buccinator</b>) were once very plentiful +on the Pacific Coast hunting grounds, as far south +as central California, and especially so on the Columbia +river and the lakes of Oregon and Washington. A +few were met with also as far south as San Diego county, +California.</p> + +<p>I shall never forget the first two swans I ever killed +and my experience with them. It was the first winter +after I came to California and I was living in Los Angeles, +then a little Mexican village, and three of us +were doing our own housekeeping. Whatever the reason—most +likely from some hallucination of boyhood—I +entertained the belief that swans must be exceedingly +fine eating. As I prided myself then, just after crossing +the plains, upon being a good cook, great preparations +were made for an extra fine feast on what I fancied +would be a delicious bird. We had a good stove and +the first of the two swans was carefully "stuffed" with +the choicest dressing, consisting of the combined suggestions +of the three of us. It was placed in the oven, +the fire carefully tended and the magnificent bird repeatedly +"basted." When it was ready and placed on +the table it fell to my lot to do the carving. Having +drawn my knife across the hunger-producing carcass +without making any perceptible impression, I decided +that it must be the fault of a dull knife. Among our +table furnishings we had no sharpening steel, a scythe +stone doing service in its stead. I hunted this up and +began on the knife with the "mower's challenge" stroke +and soon had an edge that would have cut through anything +less than an eighty-pound rail. With no little effort +I amputated the legs and the wings, and cutting +a generous piece from one side of the breast passed it +to one of my companions, who at once began on it with +his knife. A few attempts to sever it and he reached +for the scythe stone. Then when he began chewing on +the segregated piece he declared that it was not cooked +enough. A dispute followed as to whether it is over-cooking +or under-cooking that makes a bird tough. With +this momentous question still unsettled we decided that +some of the many ingredients that we had put into the +"stuffing" must have given the meat its sole-leather +consistency. We had a couple of hounds, whose teeth +had been well tested in many a coyote kill, and we +passed this first swan up to them.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> +<p>The next day the other bird was worked into a fine +stew and well cooked. When served the stew was fine. +The dumplings were light and fairly melted in our +mouths; the red peppers were hot; the aroma of onions +was just of that degree to suggest the ambrosia of the +gods; but the swan! Well, the hounds ate it through +the compulsion of hunger.</p> + +<p>A half-grown swan, however, is very good eating.</p> + +<p>There is very little difference in the two varieties. The +whistling swan being more of a northern bird, rarely +migrating as far south as central California. About the +only noticeable difference is that the whistling swan +has a small yellow spot at the V-shaped point of the bill +where it meets the eye.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="THE_WADERS_AND_SHORE_BIRDS"></a> +<div class="caption2">THE WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS</div> + +<p>The Pacific Coast is especially rich in waders and +shore birds, there being upwards of forty species that +are more or less common, with some ten or more that +are occasional visitors. Of these few can be considered +game birds, while others are so small that they are +rarely shot by our sportsmen. Many of both the waders +and the shore birds are constant residents. Others +come from still farther south for breeding purposes, +while still others breed north of us and migrate throughout +the territorial scope of these articles to spend their +winters.</p> + +<p>The shore birds, while very common, are hunted but +little by the sportsmen of this region, and many of the +smaller species that are considered quite a delicacy by +our eastern brethren are passed by entirely by our lovers +of the gun. The reasons for this will be obvious to +all who have read the preceding pages and noted the +abundance and great variety of larger and better game. +By better game I mean birds that furnish better sport +by requiring more skill in approaching them and better +marksmanship in bringing them to bag. The little mountain +plover, of the southern part of the Coast, while not +surpassed even by the jack snipe as a table delicacy, +are hunted but little, even where they are very abundant, +because there is little sport to be had in shooting +them. And the same is true, in a great measure, of +several other species. Sportsmen, therefore, are little +acquainted with these birds either as to their names, +gastronomic merits or means of identification.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="Page_107"></a> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i107.png" width="600" height="351" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadis gaurauna)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE HERONS and IBISES</div> +<div class="caption3">(Order, <span class="smcap">Herodiones</span>)</div> + +<p>While none of the order <b>Herodiones</b>, which includes +the storks, herons, ibises and bitterns, can be considered +game birds, they are so common about our waters, +and some of them add such a charm to the scene by +their beautiful plumage and graceful movement, that +mention of some of them here will not be out of place.</p> + +<p>The great blue heron (<b>Ardea herodias</b>) is the most +common of these waders. With his long, gracefully +curved neck and slender legs he wades with stately +mien along the shallow waters of the lakes, marshes +and streams, both summer and winter, for he is to the +manner born and has no desire to seek other lands or +other climes. The herons are said to be destructive to +fish. This can be to a limited extent only, for they +subsist very largely on the enemies of the fish, destroying +hundreds of snakes, water lizards and other +fish destroyers.</p> + +<p>The snowy heron, or white crane as it is commonly +called (<b>Ardea candidissima</b>), is another handsome wader +that lends a charm to the lakes, ponds and streams +from Oregon south through Mexico. Built on the same +graceful lines as its blue relative, and with a plumage +as white as the purest snow, it never fails to attract +attention.</p> + +<p>Three representatives of the family <b>Ibididæ</b> are found +here and present a pleasing and interesting group.</p> + +<p>The white-faced glossy ibis (<b>Plegadis guarauna</b>) +ranges over the larger portion of the Coast, but +from Lower California north only for breeding purposes. +Its long curved bill, slim, gracefully bent neck, shapely +body, tall legs and irridescent reflections of its plumage +in the sunlight, place it among the most attractive of +North American birds. Unlike the herons they are gregarious +and are, therefore, seen in flocks of varying +size. The glossy ibis is often called bronze curlew, but +this is a bad misnomer, as they are in no way related +to the curlew.</p> + +<p>Another of the family is the white ibis (<b>Guara alba</b>). +These are quite common in Lower California and Mexico. +They rarely migrate into California, though they +venture much to the north of us in a northeastern direction, +reaching the shores of the Great Salt Lake, +during the breeding season. The scarlet ibis (<b>Guara +rubra</b>), the other member of the family, is confined to +Mexico, so far as these articles are concerned.</p> + +<p>The American egret (<b>Ardea egretta</b>) ranges from Oregon +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +south to South America. It was at one time quite +plentiful in California, but its handsome plumes attracted +the eye of the milliner, which in turn aroused +the cupidity of the market hunter, and these beautiful +birds are now rare north of Lower California and Mexico, +and are rapidly decreasing even there. The reddish +egret (<b>Ardea rufescens</b>) is an inhabitant of Lower +California and Mexico, not coming north of these places. +Though not as handsome as the white egret, it is also +being exterminated for the same purposes.</p> + +<p>The birds that I have so far mentioned, while not +game birds, are so constantly before the eyes of the +sportsmen who engage in waterfowl shooting that they +can not help but be interested in them. They add a +variety and a beauty to the scene, and many an hour's +wait, that otherwise would have been tedious, has +passed away pleasantly in watching the graceful movements +of some one or more of these stately waders.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="THE_CRANES_RAILS_GALLINULGALLINULES"></a> +<div class="caption2">THE CRANES, RAILS, GALLINULES</div> + +<p>To the order, <b>Paludicolae</b>, belong the cranes, rails, gallinules +and coots, or mudhens, as they are commonly +called. Of the members of this order we are concerned +only with the cranes, rails and coots. The sandhill crane +(<b>Grus canadensis</b>) is a common visitor to all parts of the +Coast, but more plentiful in the interior valleys than +near the seashore. They are generally hard to approach +and for that reason they are but little hunted by +our sportsmen. The whooping crane (<b>Grus americana</b>) +once common throughout the middle states, is still met +with to considerable extent in Mexico, but it is by no +means a common visitor.</p> + +<p>The California clapper rail, known also as the San +Mateo rail (<b>Rallus obsoletus</b>), is the largest as well as +the most important of the rail family in this section. +At one time the clapper rail was very plentiful in certain +localities in California and furnished abundant +sport, though rather of a tame nature, to those who +hunted them. Being an easy bird to kill and unsuspicious, +they have been rapidly reduced in numbers until +now they are in danger of extinction unless laws +are enacted giving them better protection. The clapper +is only a straggler south of San Francisco bay.</p> + +<p>The Virginia rail (<b>Rallus virginianus</b>), a species not +more than half the size of the clapper rail, is found +sparingly over the Coast, but principally on the fresh +water marshes.</p> + +<p>The little yellow rail (<b>Porzana noveboracensis</b>) is +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +found on the fresh waters from central California south, +but it is nowhere abundant.</p> + +<p>The black rail (<b>Porzana jamaicensis</b>) is another of +the smaller rails that are found on the fresh waters to +a limited extent. Both this and the last preceding one +are so small that they are seldom shot, though as an +article of food they are very delicate.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="THE_SHORE_BIRDS"></a> +<div class="caption2">THE SHORE BIRDS</div> +<div class="caption2">(Order, <span class="smcap">Limicolae</span>)</div> + +<p>The order <b>Limicolae</b>, which is composed of the shore +birds proper, is abundantly represented. They are seen +wading in the shallow waters, carefully watching for +worms, insects and other species of food upon which +they live, boring in the soft mud, scurrying in flocks +from place to place, or running along the beach as the +surf recedes, picking up the jetsam of the sea, then +taking wing or running back like a playful child to the +higher ground as the foaming crest of the next breaker +rushes up the sandy shingle. Or, as is the case of the +phalaropes and some others, they may be seen riding +lightly upon the restless billows far out at sea. Modest +in coloring and plain in plumage, the shore birds seem +to belong to the plebeians of the avafauna, for they +are constant workers, always busy, always plying their +slender legs rapidly as they hurry from one spot to another, +never idle, never resting for a moment.</p> + +<p>Of the shore birds there are six families and twenty +genera represented on the Coast. Most of them are +quite abundant from Washington to Mexico on their +respective feeding grounds.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i111.png" width="600" height="351" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3"> + <table width="610" class="center" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td>WILSON SNIPE, OR JACK-SNIPE<br />(Gallinago delicata)</td> + <td>DOWITCHER<br />(Macrorhamphus scolopaceus)</td> +</tr> + </table> + </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WILSON, OR JACK SNIPE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Gallinago delicata)</div> + +<p>Of all the shore birds the jack snipe, English snipe +or Wilson snipe as it is variously called, is the most +highly prized as a table delicacy and furnishes the best +sport with the dog and gun. Usually lying well for +the dog, erratic in its flight and quick on the wing, the +Wilson snipe is one of the most difficult birds to bring +to bag. It is not only erratic in its flight, but it is +erratic in its nature as well. One day it will be found +on a given feeding ground in abundance and on the +next not one is to be seen, while possibly the day following +they are there again in great numbers. To this +uncertainty and the corkscrew flight, peculiar to it +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +alone, is due much of the charm that jack snipe shooting +affords. While these birds are commonly called +jack snipe or English snipe, their proper name is Wilson +snipe, but like the rose, no matter what the name, +they are just as gamy and just as delicious. The Wilson +snipe migrates here to but little extent, and these +migrations are altitudinal rather than latitudinal. They +breed commonly in all the mountain valleys and even +as low down as on the Sacramento marshes south of +the city of the same name. I found a pair breeding a +few years ago in the low hills of San Luis Obispo county +not half a mile from the ocean beach.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head, black, with a central stripe of brown; +back, a mixture of dark brown, pale brown, yellow and +dull white; greater wing-coverts, dark brown, tipped +with white; throat, dull white, barred with brown; a +dark stripe running from the base of the bill across the +eye to the occiput; under parts of the wings, dull white, +barred with black; tail feathers, dark brown, tipped +with white, and with a sub-terminal bar of black. No +web between the toes.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is a very crude affair made +on the ground and with but little lining of any kind. It +contains from three to four grayish eggs, blotched +with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 11 inches; wing, 5 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; +bill, 3 inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE DOWITCHER, OR RED-BREASTED SNIPE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Macrorhampus scolopaceus)</div> + +<p>Though not of the same genus, the closet relative to +the Wilson snipe is the dowitcher or red-breasted snipe. +By many who are not accustomed to the Wilson snipe +and its many vagaries, the red-breasted snipe is often +mistaken for the former. The red-breasted snipe may +easily be distinguished by the small web between the +outer and middle toes. This species of the dowitcher +is a western bird, breeding well to the north and migrating +south to Mexico.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head and back, more of a gray than the Wilson +snipe, with the feathers edged with a pale buff; +light gray stripe running from the base of the bill over +the eye to the occiput; chin, dull white; breast, gray, +with a tinge of cinnamon red; tail, banded with dark +brown; a small web between the outer and middle toes, +extending about one-fourth down the outer toe.</p> + +<p><b>Eggs and Nest</b>—Nest made on the ground and containing +from three to four dull white eggs.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 10 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, 5 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>; +bill, about 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches, and with a considerable swelling +at the end.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i113.png" width="600" height="352" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">GREATER YELLOW-LEGS (Totanus melanoleucus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE GREATER YELLOW-LEGS</div> +<div class="caption3">(Totanus melanoleucus)</div> + +<p>The greater yellow-legs migrates throughout the entire +region, being common on the beaches of Washington, +Oregon and California during the fall and early +winter as it works its way to Lower California and +Mexico. It somewhat resembles the godwit in coloring, +but it is more of a grayish tinge. Its shorter bill—not +over two and a half inches in length—will always +distinguish it from the godwit. So, also, will its sharp +whistling note. It is nearly as delicate a table bird as +the Wilson snipe.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Top of head and neck, brown, with whitish +streaks; back, brown, with the feathers edged with +white; chin, white; breast, white, lined with narrow +streaks of brown; bill, black, and legs, yellow.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are built close to the water's +edge, containing four light buff eggs, spotted with +brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 14 inches; wing, 7 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>; +bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, to 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i115.png" width="600" height="350" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">MARLIN OR GODWIT (Limosa fedoa)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE MARLIN, OR MARBLED GODWIT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Limosa fedoa)</div> + +<p>The marbled godwit, or marlin as it is also called, +is one of the largest birds of the <b>Scolopacidæ</b> family. +It ranges from Alaska to Central America. This species +is seen in large numbers in the early fall along the sea +beaches of California as they are working their way +south. They spend the winter in great quantities in +Lower California and Mexico. There should be no difficulty +in distinguishing the godwit from any of the other +shore birds, its long upward curved bill and brownish-barred +back being features by which it may always be +known.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Top of head and back of neck, brown, streaked +with paler brown; feathers of the back, brown, with +ochreous edges; throat and forehead, pale buff, with +faint markings of brown; bill slightly turned upward.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—Nest a crude affair on the ground, +containing four eggs of an ash color, mottled with a +dead brown.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 19 inches; wing, 8 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>; +bill, about 4 inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE RED-BACKED SANDPIPER</div> +<div class="caption3">(Tringa alpina pacifica)</div> + +<p>The red-backed sandpiper, or American dunlin, is +one of the larger members of the genus and quite plentiful +on the Coast marshes, but it is seldom seen in the +interior valleys except during its migrations. In its +winter plumage, in which our sportsmen see it, it is of +a dull light gray color. A diagnostic feature of this +species is the slightly downward curved bill.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head and upper parts, light gray, with a white +stripe over the eye; shafts of the feathers are dark +brown, producing a streaky appearance. In its summer +plumage the head and back are reddish brown, wings +brownish and abdomen black.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—Nests on the ground without lining. +Eggs, bluish white, with brown spots.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, +4 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>; bill, 1 <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub>.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WILLET</div> +<div class="caption3">(Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)</div> + +<p>The willet, or stone curlew as it is sometimes called, +is a resident species, breeding from Washington to Mexico. +It is a western bird, ranging eastward to the +Mississippi valley, where it is but a straggler. In size +it is nearly as large as the marlin. Its black wings, +with broad, white patches, and feet webbed for about +half the length of the toes, are distinguishing features, +easily recognized. It is generally found on the salt +marshes.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—The general color of the plumage is ashy +white or light gray, usually with some light buff markings +on the breast. When flying it shows a broad, white +patch on the wings, caused by the upper part of the +primaries and part of the secondaries being white. Its +smoky black axillars will always distinguish it.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is any place on the ground +where it can deposit three or four pale buff eggs, spotted +with dark brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 15 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, 8 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; +bill, 2 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 2 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order, LIMICOLAE</div> +<div class="caption2">Family SCOLOPACIDAE.</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Snipes and Sandpipers"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Gallinago</td> + <td> </td> + <td>delicata</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Wilson snipe<br />Jack snipe</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Throughout the marshes of the coast.<br />Breeds in the mountain valleys.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Macrorhamphus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>scolopaceus</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td class="ws_nowrap;">Dowitcher<br />Red-breasted snipe</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Along the fresh waters of the interior valleys.<br />Breeds in British Columbia and Alaska.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tringa</td> + <td> </td> + <td>pacifica</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Red-backed sandpiper</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From the Central Mexican coast north.<br />Breeds from Washington north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Limosa</td> + <td> </td> + <td>fedoa</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Marble godwit<br />Marlin</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Early and late migrant along the coast<br />from Mexico north. Breeds in the far north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Totanus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>melanoleucus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Yellow-legs</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Early and late migrant along the coast,<br />passing the winter in Southern California<br />and Mexico. Breeds in the mountain<br />valleys.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Symphemia</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>semipalmata<br />inornata</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Western Willet</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Mexico north. Breeds throughout<br />its range.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Numenius</td> + <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="80" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>longirostris</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="36" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Jack curlew</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="36" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td><br />Early and late migrant. Winters in<br />Southern California and Mexico. Breeds<br />throughout its range.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>hudsonicus</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Long-billed curlew<br /><br />Hudsonian curlew<br /></td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="20" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Same habits as the long-billed and<br />usually found with it. But breeds farther<br />north.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i117.png" width="600" height="352" alt="" title="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3"> + <table summary="names"> +<tr> + <td>HUDSONIAN CURLEW<br />(Numenius hudsonicus)</td> + <td>LONG-BILLED CURLEW<br />(Numenius longirostris)</td> +</tr> + </table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE LONG-BILLED CURLEW</div> +<div class="caption3">(Numenius longirostris)</div> + +<p>The long-billed curlew, or sickle bill as it is often +called, is a plentiful resident in all suitable localities. +The young birds mature early and find their way to the +marshes during August, when the season for their killing +should begin. At this time and even during the +month of September they are quite palatable, but later +they become strong in flavor. In these months they +feed largely upon the seeds and insects to be found +on the plains, but later they confine themselves principally +to the marshes. They breed near the mountain +lakes and streams and even to considerable extent on +the lower grounds. A glance at the accompanying illustration +will be sufficient to enable the uninitiated to always +know a curlew.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head, back of neck and back, dark brown, +mottled with buff; throat and under parts, pale buff, +the feathers on the breast being streaked with brown; +axillars, reddish brown.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is usually made on the +ground in tall grass and back some distance from the +marsh. The eggs are about four and of an olive gray, +spotted with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, without the bill, which +varies very much, about 20 inches; wing, 9 to 11; bill, +from four to eight inches, and bent downwards, with +nearly as much curve as a sickle; in most specimens +the bill will be about six inches in length.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE HUDSONIAN CURLEW</div> +<div class="caption3">(Numenius hudsonicus)</div> + +<p>The Hudsonian curlew, or jack curlew, by which name +it is also known, is also a common visitor to our hunting +grounds. It is often seen mixed with flocks of the +preceding species, which leads many to suppose that +they are the younger birds of that species. Unlike the +long-billed, the Hudsonian curlew is not a resident species, +or, at least, not to so great an extent, although it +makes its appearance on our marshes quite early in +the season, even as far south as central California. In +markings the two species are almost identical, with the +exception that the Hudsonian is somewhat paler in +shade. Any doubt arising as to which species a specimen +may belong can easily be settled by an examination +of the axillar plumes. If a long-bill, these feathers +will be a solid reddish-brown, but if a Hudsonian, they +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +will be of a pale buff color barred with a dull-brown, the +buff and brown being nearly of the same width. Both +species become less common north of southern California +during the late winter months.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Same as the long-billed curlew, except that it +is a little paler on the under parts, and the mottling +shows more distinctly on the back. The axillars are +pale buff, distinctly barred with light brown.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The same as the long-billed curlew.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, including bill, which +varies but little in this species, about 17 inches; wing, +9, and bill about 3 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i120.png" width="600" height="351" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER (Charadrius squatarola)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER</div> +<div class="caption3">(Charadrius squatarola)</div> + +<p>The largest of the family <b>Charadridæ</b> is the black-bellied +plover. In its plumage, both summer and winter, +it closely resembles the golden plover, as the black +on the sides of the head, front of neck, breast and abdomen +disappear from both species in their winter plumage. +But, notwithstanding this, they can easily be distinguished +by the small rudimentary hind toe of the +black-bellied species, the other having but three toes. +A few specimens of the golden plover have been taken +on the Coast, but it is of rare occurrence. The black-bellied +plover is reasonably common along the coast +line, but it is not seen to any great extent in the interior +valleys.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Upper plumage, dull brown, mottled with gray, +the top of the head being somewhat darker; under +parts, nearly white and the sides and breast streaked +with brown. In the summer the throat and belly are +black.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is usually made on the uplands, +where four eggs are deposited of a pale olive, +spotted with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 11 inches; wing, 7 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, +and bill, 1 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i122.png" width="600" height="352" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3"> + <table class="center" style="width:100%" summary="names"> +<tr> + <td>SNOWY PLOVER<br />(AEgialitis nivosa)</td> + <td>MOUNTAIN PLOVER<br />(AEgialitis montana)</td> + <td>RING-NECK PLOVER<br />(AEgialitis semipalmata)</td> +</tr> + </table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE MOUNTAIN PLOVER</div> +<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis montana)</div> + +<p>The mountain plover is very plentiful on the plains +of southern California during the winter months. This +little bird as a table delicacy is not surpassed by any +of the long list of shore birds. In fact it is preferred +by many to the far-famed jack snipe. It is an upland +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +bird, feeding largely on insects, and rarely found near +the marshes whether salt or fresh-water. In its winter +plumage, as seen here, its underparts are white with +the breast and upper parts of a brownish gray.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Throat, breast and under parts, white; the +rest of the plumage, light buffish gray; sometimes the +breast will show a slight tinge of buff; axillars, white; +bill, black. Three toes without web.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are placed on the uplands +and contain three grayish eggs, spotted with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 8 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches; wing, 6, and +bill, <sup>9</sup>/<sub>10</sub> of an inch.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE SNOWY PLOVER</div> +<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis nivosa)</div> + +<p>The snowy plover is quite common from northern +California to Mexico. It is a small bird and, while it is +hunted but little, its flesh is quite delicate. In its winter +plumage it is much lighter in color than any of the +others named.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Top of head, back of neck and back, buffish +gray; forehead and under parts, white; a patch of +dull brown just above the white of the forehead, and +another of the same color on each side of the throat. +Three toes without web.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nests are found throughout its +range; they are nothing more than a depression in the +sand and contain four grayish buff eggs, spotted with +black.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 6 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches; wing, +4 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, and bill <sup>5</sup>/<sub>8</sub> of an inch.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE RING-NECKED PLOVER</div> +<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis semipalmata)</div> + +<p>The ring-neck plover is a fairly common visitor during +the winter months. It is usually seen on the coast +or on other sandy shores. It may be known by its +partially webbed feet.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Forehead, chin and neck, white, with a faint +streak of dull brown from the bill under the eye to the +back of the neck; a band of dull, brownish gray on the +breast; back and wings, ashy gray; under parts, white; +bill, black with a spot of orange at the base. Three toes +which are webbed for about half their length.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—Nests are made in the sand and contain +from three to four dirty white eggs, spotted with +brown.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p> +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 6 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches; wing, 4 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub>, +and bill, <sup>3</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inch.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">WILSON'S PLOVER</div> +<div class="caption3">(AEgialitis wilsonia)</div> + +<p>While the Wilson plover is found to some extent on +the southern Atlantic Coast, it may properly be said to +be a Pacific species. Here it is seen on the beaches +in large numbers, just beyond the reach of the surf, +picking the insects and minute shellfish as they are +washed on the sand, or flying in flocks just above the +breakers.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Forehead and stripe over the eye, white; black +stripe in front of crown; top of head and stripe from +the eye to the bill, black; black band just below the +throat; back, gray; under parts, white; bill black, and +legs and feet, light pink.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is a mere depression in +the ground, with three to four eggs of a pale olive, +spotted with dark brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, 7 to 8 inches; wing, 4 +to 5; bill, about <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> of an inch. <a name="missing">Three toes with a small</a></p> +<div class="center"> +[Note: Unfinished sentence above in <a href="images/pg_125_text.png">original printed version</a>.] +</div> + +<p>There are a number of other plovers on the hunting +grounds of the Pacific Coast, but they are either +too small or the flesh too poor to interest the sportsman. +Of these the killdeer plover is the most common +and the best known. A description of these would +be of no interest to the sportsman and therefore add +nothing to the purposes of this work.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i124.png" width="600" height="350" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">AMERICAN AVOCET (Recurvirostra americana)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="THE_AVOCET" id="THE_AVOCET"></a>THE AVOCET</div> +<div class="caption3">(Recurvirostra americana)</div> + +<p>The family <b>Recurvirostridæ</b> has but two representatives +on the Coast. The American avocet breeds from +Washington southward and spends its winters from +central California south. They are quite plentiful in +southern California during the winter months, increasing +in numbers in Lower California and Mexico. Its +webbed feet and long upward turned bill are features +by which it may always be known. It is generally +found in flocks and frequents both fresh and salt-waters.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Head and neck, ashy gray; back and under +parts, white; the primaries and upper half of the secondaries, +black, making the wing about half black; +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +bill, very slender and curved upward; legs, very long +and of a lead color; feet, webbed.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest contains three to four eggs +of a pale olive, spotted with brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 19 inches; wing, +8, and bill, 3 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BLACK-NECKED STILT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Himantopus mexicanus)</div> + +<p>The black-necked stilt is the other representative of +the family. The stilt breeds as far north as eastern +Oregon, but is little seen north of southern California +in the winter. From there south it is plentiful. It may +be easily known by the back of its head and neck, its +back being black and the rest of the plumage nearly +pure white. Its legs are a dark pink.</p> + +<p><b>Color</b>—Wings, back, back of neck and top of head, +black; balance of the plumage, white; legs, dark pink +and very long. Toes, three and partly webbed.</p> + +<p><b>Nest and Eggs</b>—The nest is rarely anything but bare +ground on which is deposited three to four eggs of a +pale brown, spotted with dark brown.</p> + +<p><b>Measurements</b>—Total length, about 15 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches; wing, +9, and bill 2 <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order, LIMICOLAE</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Family CHARADRIDAE - Plovers</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Plovers"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Charadrius</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="64" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>squatarola</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="ws_nowrap">Black-bellied plover</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Mexico north. Breeds from Oregon north to Alaska.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>dominicus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Golden plover</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Only an occasional migrant.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="4">Aegialitis</td> + <td rowspan="4"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="175" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>semipalmata</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Ring-necked plover</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Alaska south to Lower California. Breeds in its northern range.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>nivosa</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Snowy plover</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Central California south to Lower California and Mexico. Breeds throughout its range.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>montana</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Mountain plover</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Interior plains of California and Arizona. Breeds in the mountain valleys.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>wilsonia</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Wilson's plover</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Oregon south to Mexico. Breeds throughout its range.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE - Avocets and Stilts</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Avocets and Stilts"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Recurvirostra</td> + <td> </td> + <td>americana</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Avocet</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Mexico north to California. Breeds from Eastern Oregon south.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Himantopus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>mexicanus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Black-necked stilt</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Mexico to Southern California. Breeds near the mountain lakes.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i128.png" width="600" height="299" title="Fish Anatomy" alt="Fish Anatomy" /></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST</div> + +<p>Like in that portion of this work devoted to the +game birds, this also is written in popular language, +avoiding, as far as possible, all technical words and +phrases, with the intention of furnishing a plain description +of the game fishes of the Coast which anyone, +unlearned in the science of ichthyology, may understand, +and by which be able to identify any of the +fishes he may capture.</p> + +<p>With fishes, like with birds, there are certain parts +that must be referred to in order to show wherein one +species differs from another. Wherever these parts +have a common English name, that name has been +used. But as there are a few parts that can only be +referred to by their scientific names, a diagram has +been added showing the location of all parts referred +to in the text.</p> + +<p>In scope it treats only of such varieties as rise to +the fly or are caught by trolling with rod and reel, +whether from the stream, lake, bay or ocean, and furnish +sport to the angler who fishes for the exhilarating +pleasure their capture affords.</p> + +<p>The Pacific Coast is rich in game fishes, not only in +the varieties found in its lakes and streams, but as well +in its bays and estuaries, while the broad ocean furnishes +varieties whose size and fighting qualities are +not surpassed, even if equaled, in any other part of +the world. To place in the hands of the young angler, +and others who may not have given the subject the +necessary attention, a convenient handbook by the +aid of which even the novice may readily recognize +the species of fish he has landed, is the object of these +pages.</p> + +<hr style='width: 35%; color: #000;' /> + +<p>All of the salmon, the trout, the chars, the white-fish +and the lake herring have been classed by the +naturalist in one family and given the name, <b>Salmonidæ</b>; +but it is only with three genera of the subfamily, +<b>Salmoninæ</b> that we are concerned. These are the +Pacific salmon (<b>Oncorhynchus</b>), the true trout (<b>Salmo</b>) +and the Eastern trout and the dolly varden trout +(<b>Salvelinus</b>). The Atlantic salmon belong to the genus +Salmo, the same as the true trout, and have but one +species (<b>Salmo salar</b>), which partake more of the habits +of the trout than do their Pacific cousins.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE PACIFIC SALMON</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus)</div> + +<p>Notwithstanding the fact that the salmon is one of +the most valuable of all the food fishes, but little is +known of its habits after it leaves the stream in which +it is hatched until it returns to spawn, supposed to be +from three to four years afterward. Whether they +remain near the mouths of the streams, or whether +they migrate to distant feeding grounds are questions +that have never been solved. All of the five species +are caught with seins in Puget Sound in greater or +less numbers all the year round. From the action of +those that spawn in the Sacramento river it would +seem that they migrate southward and far out to sea, +for on their return to spawn they enter Monterey Bay +only on its southern side, and following around it at +no great distance from the shore, leave it at the northern +headlands and skirt the shore northward until they +reach the entrance to San Francisco Bay on their way +up the Sacramento river. Where the young fish make +their habitat from the time they drift down the stream +in which they were spawned until they return again to +spawn has never been determined. They spawn but +once and die soon afterward. As I know that this last +statement will be disputed by some, for reasons best +known to themselves, I will quote from that excellent +work by Evermann and Jordan, "American Food and +Game Fishes." "We have carefully," say these gentlemen, +"examined the spawning habits of both forms of +the red fish and chinook salmon in the head waters of +Salmon river, Idaho, during two entire seasons, from +the time the fish arrived in July until the end of September, +by which time all the fish had disappeared. +A number of important questions were settled by these +investigations. In the first place it was found that all +of the fish arrived upon the spawning grounds in perfect +physical condition, so far as external appearances +indicated; no sores, bruises or other mutilations showing +on any of more than 4000 fish examined. During the +spawning, however, the majority became more or less +injured by rubbing against the gravel of the spawning-beds, +or by fighting with one another. Soon after done +spawning every one of them died, not only both forms +of the red fish but the chinook salmon as well. The +dying is not due to the injuries the fish received on +the spawning-grounds; many were seen dying or dead +which showed no external or other injuries whatever. +The dying of the West Coast salmon is in no manner +determined by distance from the sea. Observations +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +made by us and others elsewhere show that the individuals +of all species of the <b>Oncorhynchus</b> die after +one spawning, whether the spawning-beds are remote +from the sea or only a short distance from salt-water."</p> + +<p>The angler's concern, however, is not so much with +the procreative habits of the salmon as it is with their +behavior while feeding and after being hooked.</p> + +<p>Salmon are rarely caught by still fishing, but they +will take the spoon or a sardine or other small fish +impaled upon the hook. They take the bait generally +with some hesitation, though at times they strike it +with all the impetuosity of the trout. Then the singing +reel calls for careful and immediate action on the part +of the angler, for the ten to forty pound fish on his +light tackle is going to put up a fight worthy of his +skill. In his mad rush for liberty the gamy fish gradually +rises to the surface, and when at last checked by +the skill of the angler, he will often leap out of the +water to a height of from four to eight feet, his beautiful +sides scintillating in the rays of the sun, forming +a picture to gladden the heart of the angler, for if he +be a true sportsman he will fish with such tackle only +as will give his adversary a fair chance in the fight +and require the fullest exercise of his own knowledge +and skill to bring his fish to gaff. The salmon is a +strong fighter but his rushes do not last long for a fish +of its size. For this reason much of the sport of salmon +fishing is lost through the use of too heavy tackle. The +writer landed one without difficulty weighing 33 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> +pounds on a nine thread, Cuttyhunk line and a 5 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> foot +steel rod weighing less than six ounces, and I believe +that a fifty pound fish can be landed with the same +tackle. Trolling with hand lines for salmon is practiced +by some, but such is not angling. Hauling in an +impaled fish hand over hand with a small cable is +neither sport nor sportsmanlike.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i130.png" width="600" height="368" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">CHINOOK SALMON (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CHINOOK, OR KING SALMON</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)</div> + +<p>This species has a multiplicity of names, being known +in different localities as chinook, quinnat, king, Sacramento +river and Columbia river salmon, besides half +a dozen or more Indian names. Its distribution is the +widest of any of the Pacific salmon, ranging on both +sides of the ocean from the latitude of Monterey Bay +to Behring Straits. The run begins on the Columbia +river as early as the latter part of February, many of +the fish going up its tributaries 1000 miles or more to +spawn. Farther south the run becomes gradually later. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +The spawning season also varies with the locality, and +ranges from the latter part of July to the middle of +November. The date of spawning seems to be determined +by the temperature of the water, for it is said +that the salmon will not spawn, even if on the spawning +grounds, until the water has fallen to a temperature +of 54 degrees Fahrenheit.</p> + +<p>The chinook salmon is the largest of the family, +specimens having been taken in Alaska waters that +have weighed 100 pounds, while 50 to 60 pound fish are +common. Those taken in the Columbia river are said +to average 22 pounds, while the average of the Sacramento +river catch is 16.</p> + +<p>Head, rather pointed; eye, small and situated a little +in front of the back of the mouth; body, rounded and +full, the deepest part being about midway of its length; +pectoral fins, short and situated low and just behind +the gills; dorsal fin, nearly midway of the back; ventral +fins, a little behind the center of the dorsal; anal +fin about half way between the ventral and the tail; +adipose fin, a little in front of the rear of the ventrals; +caudal fin, or tail, slightly forked.</p> + +<p>The back, dorsal fin and tail are generally well covered +with dark brownish black spots. There are few +spots as a rule on the head, and those are of a slaty +color.</p> + +<p>There is always some variation in color, but usually +the back is quite dark, turning to bluish on the sides +and light silver below. As the spawning season approaches, +the jaws of the males become lengthened and +badly distorted and the color changes to more of a pinkish +hue and blotched in appearance. The gills are never +alike on both sides, varying from 15 to 19 in number. +(<a href="#Page_128">See plate</a> giving names of all parts mentioned.)</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">BLUEBACK, OR SOCK-EYE SALMON, REDFISH</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus nerka)</div> + +<p>This species is next in commercial value to the +chinook. It has been taken occasionally in the Sacramento +river but it is not common south of the Columbia +river. The run of this species begins about the first of +April and the fish go as far as Salmon river, Idaho, +fully 1000 miles from the sea to spawn. By a peculiar +instinct this species only run up such rivers as have +lakes at their heads, and spawn in the lakes or at the +mouths of little streams emptying into them, in many +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +of the lakes of Oregon and Washington are found the +young of the blue-back salmon which are commonly +called redfish. These fish never leave these lakes and +therefore never attain a size of more than five to seven +pounds.</p> + +<p>Head, short and pointed and light olive in color; under +jaw, white; body, long, slim and rather flattened; +back, blue; sides, silver; belly, dull white; dorsal fin, +dark; others flesh color; tail, rather narrow and well +forked; gills, 13 to 15. As the spawning season approaches +the whole fish takes on a decided reddish cast, +which sometimes becomes as dark as a brick-red. The +jaw becomes very much hooked, and a few spots appear.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE SILVER SALMON</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus kisutch)</div> + +<p>In line of importance the silver salmon occupies the +next place. It is also known by a number of names, +among which are koho, skowitz and kisutch. It is a +small fish, rarely exceeding 16 inches in length and +never reaching more than ten pounds in weight. Its +range is from Alaska south to Monterey Bay, where it +has recently been planted and seems to flourish. It +spawns in the smaller coast streams, never going far +from the salt water. Its run begins about the first +of September, spawning in October and November.</p> + +<p>Head, short with blunt snout; opercles or gill covers, +very convex; body, shaped very much like the chinook; +back, bluish green; sides, silver white. It has but few +spots and these are confined pretty much to the head, +upper fins and tail. Gills, 13 or 14.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE HUMP-BACK SALMON</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)</div> + +<p>This is another small species, rarely exceeding six +pounds in weight but more commonly from three to +four. Its range is from the Sacramento river, where it +appears in limited numbers, north to Alaska.</p> + +<p>Body, slim, scales very small; back, blue and sides +silvery white. Profusely spotted on the after part of +the back, with large oval spots on the tail. Gills, 11 +to 13.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE DOG SALMON</div> +<div class="caption3">(Oncorhynchus keta)</div> + +<p>The dog salmon rarely exceeds ten pounds in weight +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +Its range is from the Sacramento river north, and its +spawning-grounds the small streams up which it never +extends any great distance from the salt water.</p> + +<p>Head, quite pike-like in shape and therefore much +longer and slimmer than the chinook. Back, dirty +brown, with the sides of much the same color, but of +a lighter tint; fins, very dark; very few distinct spots, +with those showing very small; gills, 13 or 14.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—The Pacific salmon are only caught +by trolling. They will take a spoon, or any live bait. +The most successful lure, however, is a sardine, or +other small fish of six to eight inches in length. Pass +the hook through both eyes, take a half hitch around +the head, insert the point of the hook in the gill and +by bending the fish in the shape of the hook bring the +point out about an inch and a half or two inches from +the tail. This allows the fish to remain curved, and +gives it a revolving motion while trolling, resembling +a live, though disabled fish.</p> + +<p>A salmon rod should consist of a butt 14 to 16 inches +in length, with a hand piece in front of the reel; tip, +6 feet long and not to weigh more than 7 ounces; line +not to exceed standard 12-thread. With fishes weighing +from 40 pounds and upward, 300 feet of line can be used +to advantage.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i135.png" width="600" height="369" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo irideus</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE RAINBOW TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo irideus)</div> + +<p>There are at least four distinct species of trout; that +is, trout proper and chars, now common to the coast. +One of these, the Eastern brook trout, is the result of +artificial hatching and distribution. These, as well as +the rainbow, and to lesser extent the cutthroat, have +been so widely distributed by the state fish commission +and private hatcheries that to attempt to give the +present habitat of the several species would be sure +to result in many errors which might be confounding. +The Eastern brook trout has taken kindly to our waters +and seem to be doing well in all suitable streams. +Several other foreign species of trout have been introduced +into our waters as well as these, among which are +the Loch Leven, the German brown trout and the Mackinaw, +but the success of their acclimatization has yet +to be fully determined, though the Loch Leven and +German brown seem to be doing well in the higher +streams.</p> + +<p>The Eastern brook trout and the native species, +known as dolly varden, are chars and belong to the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +genus <b>Salvelinus</b>, but the rainbow and the cutthroat +are true trout belonging to the genus <b>Salmo</b>. The rainbow +and the cutthroat present a variety of forms in different +localities and these have been given separate +specific names by the naturalist. With many of these +species(?) the only difference seems to be too slight to +entitle them to specific or even sub-specific separation; +the variation being no more than that found in the +color and markings of the same fishes in the same +stream, caused by the depth of the water, the food, or +other local conditions.</p> + +<p>The rainbow trout is now a resident, either through +natural or artificial distribution, of nearly all the +streams of the Coast from Washington to Lower California. +They vary in size, color and number of scales +in different localities and have been given distinct specific +names in the various sections, those of the Coast +streams of California being used as the typical form. +These several varieties, even in their natural condition, +showed very little, if any positive line of demarkation, +but since the establishment of the many hatcheries +on the Coast and the wide distribution of the fry +hatched from the spawn of the rainbow of the Sacramento +and its tributaries, of the steelhead of the Eel +river, and of the typical form of the Coast streams, +there seems but one course now left, and that is to +group them all as one species under the original name +of rainbow.</p> + +<p>The rainbow is a very handsome trout, varying in +size from adults of but a few inches in the smaller +Coast streams, to 25 and 30 inches long in the larger +rivers and lakes. Its dark spotted back and silvery +sides with the rich metallic colors of the rainbow streak +gives it a coloration that is at once brilliant and pleasing. +As a game fish it has no superior, if indeed an +equal. It takes the fly with a rush, often leaping out +of the water to seize it as it is descending. Then it +fights with a determination, often breaking three or +four feet into the air, shaking its head to free the hook +like a terrier shakes a rat. It seldom sounds and never +sulks. The rainbow trout goes to the sea at varying +ages, the same as all other trout that can get there +without passing through long stretches of warm and +sluggish water. In the salt water it attains a greater +size, changes its color in accordance with the length +of time it has been there, but on returning again to +the stream it soon assumes its original plan of coloring.</p> + +<p>Head, about one-fourth of the whole length from the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +snout to the base of the caudal fin, varying much with +age and size. Generally the greatest depth is about +one fourth of the length of the fish, but this also varies +very much with the character of the waters it inhabits. +In rapid running streams the fish are always slimmer +than in more sluggish ones. I have known them 20 +inches or more in length, when confined in large reservoirs, +to become so heavy that they would weigh one +pound to every two inches in length. The lateral line, +or rainbow varies, in intensity of color, but always +showing in varying shades of red, pink, and sometimes +blue of a metallic luster. The vertical black blotches +seen on the sides are the marks of immature fish.</p> + +<p>The snout of the rainbow is considerably more rounding +than that of the salmon, and the head larger in +proportion. The eye also is much larger and fuller. +The shape and position of the fins are almost identical +with those of the salmon, but a little larger in proportion +to the size of the fish. The tail, however, varies +considerably, being more rounded, and showing only a +slight indentation in the center.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE GOLDEN TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo irideus agua bonita)</div> + +<p>If there is any variety of the rainbow trout found on +the Coast that is entitled to a sub-specific name it is +the golden trout of Mt. Whitney. They were originally +found in only a short portion of two little streams fed +by the snows of Mt. Whitney, and vary but little from +each other. In one stream they have been given the +name of <b>Salmo irideus agua bonita</b>, and in the other +that of <b>Salmo irideus rooseveltii</b>, after ex-president +Roosevelt. They are of a beautiful color with scarlet +markings at the base of the fins and with a lateral +stripe of bright scarlet blending into a rich orange. +One peculiarity of these fish is that the par marks or +vertical blotches on the sides of other young fish still +show on the adults of these. This form of the rainbow +has changed its color through the process of natural +selection, caused no doubt, by the color of the rocks in +the shallow streams it inhabits. Below on these same +streams where the rocks are of a darker color the fish +assume the natural color of the rainbow.</p> + +<p>The writer is possibly the first white man to ever +catch one of the golden trout. They were taken in +1865 with a small piece of the flank of a deer skin +slipped over the hook, with the hair clipped to about +half an inch in length. No sooner was this improvised +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +fly cast upon the water than it was eagerly seized by +one of these beautiful fish. When it was landed the +color astonished me, and knowing that it was a trout, I +thought it must be a diseased one and threw it back. +Making another cast I secured another one as promptly +as the first, and it being the same objectionable +color and of the same size—about eight inches—I concluded +that it was the same fish and this time threw it +on the bank. As fast as my deer skin fly would strike +the water it would be eagerly seized by one of these +game little fellows and all of the same size and color. +I was puzzled and called to my companion, who was +cooking our supper but a few yards away, to "come and +see what was the matter with these fish." Professing +some scientific knowledge, he cut one of them open, +examined the meat and the intestines and finally pronounced +it in a healthy condition, finishing with:</p> + +<p>"The coffee is boiling and the bacon is fried; hurry +up, and as soon as you get a mess I'll fry them and +take all chances."</p> + +<p>I soon had a mess for supper and while he was frying +them I caught enough for breakfast, for the game +little fellows would race for the fly as fast as it struck +the water. We ate them with a relish, for we had had +nothing but bacon, venison and frying-pan bread for a +month. As we found ourselves alive in the morning +we increased the prescription to a good alapathic dose +for breakfast.</p> + +<p>The golden trout are small, rarely reaching a length +of more than fifteen inches. The back is olive, sides +and belly light orange or golden yellow with a scarlet +stripe along the center of the belly and at the base of +the pectoral, ventral and anal fins, which are of themselves +more or less of a golden color. Tail, olive, grading +into orange on the lower part. Few spots in front +of the dorsal fin but abundant behind it.</p> + +<p>While the rainbow trout of the Coast have been +given several sub-specific names, such as <b>masoni</b> for +the Coast streams of Oregon and Washington, <b>shasta</b> +and <b>stonei</b> for those of the upper Sacramento basin, and +<b>gilberti</b> for those of Kern river, there seems to be so +very little reason for this distinction beyond the usual +variations of color in all trout, spots and size with the +changing conditions of water and feed, that I shall make +no mention of the very slight variations upon which +the ichthyologist has based the claim to a sub-specific nomenclature.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">THE STEELHEAD TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo rivularis)</div> + +<p>The history of the so-called steelhead trout and the +efforts to class these sea-run fishes as a species separate +from the rainbow and the cutthroat, is interesting, +if not amusing. No one questioned that they were +other than the sea-run of the rainbow or the cutthroat, +according to the locality, until Dr. Richardson, mistaking +a young blue-back salmon for a so-called steelhead +gave it the scientific name of <b>Salmo gairdneri</b>, and the +description of this young salmon was recognized as +that of the steelhead for years, and under this name +it appears in the statutes of California, with a separate +season for its protection. In other words the <b>Salmo +gairdneri</b> of the laws of California is a young blue-back +salmon and not a sea-run trout of any kind. Recently +Dr. Ayers to correct the mistake, examined a fish taken +from the Sacramento river and said to be a steelhead, +gave it the name of <b>Salmo rivularis</b>, and this now stands +as the scientific name of the so-called steelhead. Dr. +Jordan, in an article recently published in the Pacific +Monthly, says: "There has been much discussion as +to whether the steelhead is a species really distinct +from the rainbow trout, and on this subject the writer +(Jordan) has at different times held different opinions."</p> + +<p>If one authority bases his reasons for a belief in a +specific difference between the rainbow and the steelhead +on the fact that he did find a difference between +a blue-back salmon and a rainbow, and another authority +finds so little difference that he holds different +opinions at different times, can there be any wonder +that the practical angler, who catches these sea-run +fish at the mouths of our rivers in every stage of transition, +or gradation, if you please, from the typical rainbow +to the Simon pure steelhead, refuses to believe +that there is a specific difference?</p> + +<p>Then again, Messrs. Jordan and Evermann in bulletin +47 of the United States National Museum, "The +Fishes of North and Middle America," say: "In the +lower course of the Columbia they (the steelhead) are +entirely distinct from the cutthroat or clarki series, +and no one would question the validity of the two +species. In the lower Snake river and other waters +east of the Cascade range, the two forms or species +are indistinguishable, being either undifferentiated +or else inextricably mixed."</p> + +<p>From this it would seem clear that the steelhead of +the Columbia, where the cutthroat abounds, are cutthroats +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +that have gone to the sea, grown larger in the +larger body of water—a natural condition of all fishes—and +changed in color and appearance. That while +they are yet in the lower Columbia and only recently +from the salt water, they still maintain a sufficient difference +to be easily distinguished from the cutthroat; +but by the time that they have reached the "Snake river +and other waters east of the Cascade range," their long +residence in the fresh water has again restored them +to their former appearance. The same changes are +found with the rainbow and the steelhead of farther +south. All trout are anadromous to greater or less +extent, unless actually landlocked or living in streams +so distant from the sea that they would be compelled +to pass through long stretches of warm and sluggish +water to reach it. The small trout of the coast streams +are compelled to go to the ocean quite early in the +season by the falling of the water to such an extent +that in many cases the streams go dry before the beginning +of the winter rains, and in the larger body of +water they rapidly increase in size. The steelhead of +the Columbia river always retains the cutthroat sing-manual, +to greater or less extent, while the steelhead +of the lower coast has no red on the jaw. The claim +that the smaller head of the steelhead is a distinguishing +mark, fails in effect, for it is an undisputable fact +that the older and larger the trout the smaller becomes +the relative size of the head. The other claim that the +larger scales of the rainbow is a distinguishing feature +from the steelhead is not founded on facts. For while +the scales of the rainbow counted along the lateral line +vary from as low as 120 in the coast streams, they +run as high as 150 in the same streams, as high as 160 +in the McCloud and 185 in the Kern. The average being +135 in the smaller coast streams, 150 in the Sacramento +basin, and 170 in the Kern. The steelhead's scales run +from 130 to 155. An average of 145; or exactly an average +of those of the coast streams and the Sacramento. +Were it possible for the Kern river trout to enter the +ocean no doubt we would find steelhead running as high +as 185 to the section.</p> + +<p>Whatever may be the origin of the large sea-running +trout called steelheads, the fact remains that it is a +grand fish both in size and fighting qualities. In the +ocean it eagerly takes the spoon and fights with a +vigor not even surpassed by the rainbow of the streams. +After a short sojourn in the fresh waters it rises to a +fly just as readily.</p> + +<p>Since the above was written Dr. Jordan has made the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +statement publicly, that he is thoroughly convinced that +the rainbow trout and the so-called steelhead are one +and the same fish; the only difference being that the +latter has grown larger and changed its color during +its life in the salt water, this variation of color returning +again after a short sojourn in the fresh water +streams, giving it all the original appearance of the +rainbow, or of the cutthroat, as the case may be.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CUTTHROAT TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo clarki)</div> + +<p>The cutthroat trout very largely take the place of +the rainbow in the waters of northern California and in +Washington and Oregon, and its various forms are +more common to the lakes. Like the rainbow they have +been artificially distributed to such an extent that they +are now found in many of the streams of California +and nearly all of Washington and Oregon. As a general +rule they are not as keen fighters as the rainbow, +but in the cold streams of Oregon and Washington they +put up a fight worthy of the most gamy fish. In the +lakes of Washington and Oregon, and such as Tahoe, +Donner and other large bodies of water in California, +they reach a large size; fishes of ten and twelve pounds +being not uncommon. When not landlocked they go to +the sea the same as the rainbow and return as the +steelhead of the Columbia and other northern streams. +Like the rainbow the cutthroat has been divided into +several subspecies.</p> + +<p>General appearance like that of the rainbow. The +color on the back is a lighter olive or dark steel color. +The upper parts are generally thickly covered with +dark spots, varying in color and shape, and the lower +fins are also spotted with smaller spots. The inner +edge of the lower jaw is strongly marked with deep +red and it is from this red mark on the throat that +the species takes its name. The sides are generally +of a marked pinkish hue or coppery brown. The red +mark of the throat will always prove a distinguishing +feature.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">SILVER TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo tahoensis)</div> + +<p>In Lake Tahoe there are two varieties of trout that +have been given separate specific names. They both +belong to the cutthroat series, but vary considerable +from the typical form. The one commonly called silver +trout is a resident of the deep waters of the lake and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +grows to a large size, specimens having been taken +fully 30 inches long.</p> + +<p>Back, dark green; side and sides of head, coppery; +lower jaw, yellow. The spots are so profuse that many +of them run into each other and form long blotches in +many instances. All of the fins are spotted, those on +the dorsal and the tail being oblong in shape. The +belly also is covered with many small spots.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">LAKE TAHOE TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo henshawi)</div> + +<p>The other variety of trout found in Lake Tahoe, and +the most common one, is a very handsome fish. Its +native habitat is the lakes of Tahoe, Donner, Independence, +Webber, Pyramid and others of the high mountains, +and the Truckee, Carson and Humboldt rivers. +Specimens of this trout have been taken that weighed +fully six pounds.</p> + +<p>Back, green, varying in depth of color with the water; +sides, light, with a strong coppery tinge. The spots on +this variety are generally quite large above, but growing +smaller below and reaching well onto the belly. Its +coppery sides and larger spots should prove a distinguishing +feature. Like all the cutthroats it has the +red markings below the jaws.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">LAKE SOUTHERLAND TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo jordani)</div> + +<p>Another peculiar variety of the cutthroat trout is +found in Lake Southerland of Eastern Washington. Its +distinguishing features are its orange-red fins and intensely +black spots which are very profuse. It is a +gamy fish and full of fight to the finish.</p> + +<p>In several of the lakes of Washington there are varieties +of trout differing in coloration and location of their +spots that have been given specific names by the naturalist, +such as crescent trout, beardslee trout and +bathaecetor trout, all residents of Crescent lake. But +as they all belong to the cutthroats and vary each from +the other but little, further mention is unnecessary.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">RIO GRANDE TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo spilurus)</div> + +<p>The Rio Grande trout, which is also a cutthroat, has +a very limited distribution within the territorial scope +of this work. It is found in the streams of the eastern +slope of the Sierra Madre Mountains of Chihuahua, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +Mexico. Its head is shorter and more rounded than +the other species of the cutthroat, with a mouth also +very large. The spots are principally confined to the +latter half of the body and most profuse on the tail.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">COLORADO RIVER TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salmo pleuriticus)</div> + +<p>The Colorado river trout, also a cutthroat, is the common +trout of Arizona, where it is found in nearly all +the mountain streams of the territory which flow to +the Colorado river. It differs only from the typical +cutthroat by having its spots mostly on that part of the +body behind the dorsal fin; and the lower fins strongly +marked with red.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">DOLLY VARDEN TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salvelinus parki)</div> + +<p>The dolly varden is the only char native to the Pacific +Coast, and like the Eastern brook trout is not properly +a trout. They both are chars and belong to the +genus <b>Salvelinus</b>—not to the <b>Salmo</b>. The dolly varden +often reaches a length of thirty to thirty-six inches, and +a weight of twelve pounds. It is a more slender fish +than the rainbow and not so rounded on the back. It +is very largely a bottom feeder and, therefore, rather +of a sluggish nature. It rises but little to the fly and +makes a poor fight.</p> + +<p>Back, olive green but without the marble markings +of the Eastern brook trout. Spots on the back and +sides are red, not very close together and about the +size of three-fourths of the diameter of the eye. The +lower fins have a reddish tinge, of varying hue in different +waters. It is a native of the McCloud river and +has been little distributed.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i145.png" width="600" height="367" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">EASTERN BROOK TROUT (Salvalinus fontinalis)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">EASTERN BROOK TROUT</div> +<div class="caption3">(Salvelinus fontinalis)</div> + +<p>The Eastern brook trout—properly a char—was introduced +into the coast waters several years ago and +found our waters so congenial that it must now be considered +a resident species, for it is to be met with in +many of our streams, and thrives well in any of the +higher localities. The brook trout is a handsome fish +with its brown and olive marbled back, scarlet spots +and salmon-colored sides. Its beauty has challenged +the cunning of the painter, and been immortalized by +the genius of the poet. Its gamy qualities stood for +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +centuries as beyond comparison until the bended rod +and singing reel announced the impalement of the native +of the Golden West, with its mad rushes and terrier-like +fights; then the rosy beauty of the East had +to yield the palm to the rainbow-colored, fighting pirate +of the Pacific.</p> + +<p>The brook trout may easily be distinguished from any +of the other trout of the coast by its marbled back and +red spotted sides. Besides this the whole fish is more +of a pinkish color. It varies in size like the others of +the family, according to the waters it inhabits, attaining +about the same size as the rainbow in the same +waters.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—On account of over fishing the +streams, and the very bad habit of killing so many +small fish, the majority of the trout caught on the Pacific +Coast are small. If there were more sportsmen +and less fishermen on our streams this condition would +not exist. For the sportsman will throw back all the +little babies that are not over six inches in length and +allow them another year to grow. And in this connection +I want to say to the young boys and girls: be true +sportsmen and sportswomen and never fish for trout +with anything but artificial flies. You may not catch +as many fish while you are learning, but you will soon +find that you are having ten times more sport. As to +the rod and line, you will never get it too light. The +longer you have been a flycaster, the lighter you will +want them; and the lighter they are the more sport +you will have.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE SALMON AND TROUT</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Order, ISOSPONDYLI</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Family, SALMONIDAE Subfamily, SALMONINAE</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Salmon"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range and Breeding Grounds</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="4">Oncorhynchus</td> + <td rowspan="4" style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="205" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>tschawytscha</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Quinant<br />Chinook</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Monterey Bay north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>nerka</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="32" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Blue-back<br />Redfish</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Sacramento river north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>kisutch</td> + <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td class="ws_nowrap">Silver salmon</td> + <td rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Monterey Bay north. Sacramento river north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>keta<br /><br />gorbuscha</td> + <td class="ws2nowrap">Dog salmon<br /><br />Hump-back salmon</td> + <td>From Sacramento river north.<br /><br />From Sacramento river north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="11">Salmo</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="11"><img src="images/brace_lf1.png" width="18" height="305" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>irideus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Rainbow trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Lower California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>irideus auga<br />bonito</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Golden trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Western slope of Mt. Whitney.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>irideus roosevelti</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Golden trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Western slope of Mt. Whitney.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>rivularis</td> + <td rowspan="7"> </td> + <td>Steel-head trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Ventura river north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>clarki</td> + <td>Cutthroat trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Central California north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>tahoensis</td> + <td>Silver trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Lake Tahoe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>henshawi</td> + <td>Tahoe trout</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="18" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Lakes Tahoe, Donner, Independence, Webber; Truckee and Carson rivers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>jordani</td> + <td>Lake Southerland</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Lake Southerland, Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>spilurus</td> + <td>Rio Grande trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Tributaries of the Rio Grande river.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>plueriticus</td> + <td>Colorado trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Tributaries of the Colorado river.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Salvelinus</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="96" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>parki</td> + <td rowspan="2"> </td> + <td>Dolly Varden trout</td> + <td> </td> + <td>McCloud river north.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>fontinalis</td> + <td>Eastern brook trout</td> + <td style="width:5%"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Acclimatized in many streams of the coast.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i149.png" width="600" height="368" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS (Micropterus dolomieu)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK BASS</div> +<div class="caption3">(Micropterus dolomieu)</div> + +<p>The black bass is not a native of the coast, but both +species are now so well established in our waters that +they must now be classed as permanent residents, for +whether it is the crystal lake, the flowing stream, the +little pond, the artesian-fed reservoir or the brackish +slough, they thrive equally well and take any lure from +the artificial fly to the plebeian angleworm.</p> + +<p>Black bass are prolific breeders and rapid growers. +A case is on record where eight males and seven females +were planted in a pond in May and during the +November following over 37,000 young fish were taken +from the same pond, each from three to four inches +long.</p> + +<p>The black bass is a short, deep fish with a double +dorsal fin; the front half being stiff and spiney and +the latter half soft and rayed. The color is variable, +but always dark and from a dirty green to a blackish +brown on the back, shading to a dirty white on the +belly. The gill covers are pointed at the back, with +a darker spot on the point. In the small-mouthed variety +the end of the upper bone of the mouth does not +quite reach to the back edge of the eye, this with the +scales on the cheek numbering from 16 to 18, can always +be relied upon as a distinguishing diagnosis from +the large-mouthed variety.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASS</div> +<div class="caption3">(Micropterus salmoides)</div> + +<p>There is but little difference in the habits of the +large and small-mouthed black bass, and but little difference +in their appearance, but the distinguishing features +may easily be known. The end of the upper bone +of the mouth of the large-mouthed variety extends behind +the eye, and the rows of scales on the cheek number +only 10 or 12.</p> + +<p>While both species seem to do well any place, the +large-mouthed are better adapted to muddy bottomed +ponds and sloughs and brackish waters. The average +weight of the adults of either species is about three +pounds, though individuals are often taken weighing +from six to seven. It is reported that specimens have +been taken in the state of California that have weighed +eight and three-quarters and nine pounds.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—The black bass will take any lure +from the artificial fly to the plebeian angleworm. In +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +trolling, a medium sized, Kewell spoon is to be preferred. +I have always found, however, that the best +sport is to be had by casting with a large trout fly—the +color varying with the season—close to the edge of +lily pads or tules. The tackle for fly-fishing should be +the same as for trout. For trolling the rod should be +shorter and stiffer.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">SACRAMENTO PIKE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Ptychocheilus oregonensis)</div> + +<p>The Sacramento pike, known also by the names +chappaul and squawfish, and as lake trout in the San +Joaquin Valley, while but little sought after by the +angler, can rightfully be classed as a game fish, for it +rises to the fly as readily as a trout and often gets +cursed for doing so. It is a very common fish in many +of the lakes and streams from Washington south to the +San Joaquin Valley. Like nearly all fish its size depends +very much upon the waters in which it is found. +In Washington it has been known to reach a length of +four feet, but it is more commonly met with from eight +to twenty inches. In shape it resembles a trout, but +with a slimmer and more pointed head. The dorsal +fin is large and located about midway between the +snout and the end of the tail; ventral fins, slightly in +front of the dorsal and not as large as the anal which +is set about its length from the ventrals; tail, strongly +forked.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i151.png" width="600" height="366" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">STRIPED BASS (Roccus lineatus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">STRIPED BASS</div> +<div class="caption3">(Roccus lineatus)</div> + +<p>The striped bass, like many people who have crossed +the continent to California, readily appreciated the +many advantages of a life on the Pacific Coast. From +a couple of shipments brought from the East in 1879 +and 1882 they have grown to be one of the most important +food fishes of the state, about 3,000,000 pounds +being annually marketed. They were at first liberated +in the Bay of San Francisco, but later some effort has +been made to distribute them, with the result that they +are now found in small quantities along the coast from +Los Angeles to Humboldt.</p> + +<p>From their fine size—three to forty pounds—they +stand well with the angler as a game fish and furnish +good sport if the tackle is light enough. Their rushes +are not equal to those of the steelhead or the salmon +or the yellow-tail, nor do they fight with the same vigor +or with the same persistency.</p> + +<p>The striped bass is unlike any other coast fish. Its +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +back is light olive; sides, nearly white with seven or +eight longitudinal stripes running the whole length of +the body, the dorsal fin is double, but not joined like +that of the black bass. The first half is spiny with the +after division rayed and soft. It is a salt water fish, +making its habitat in and near the mouths of rivers, +and often running up them for 100 miles or more. Use +the same rod and line as for salmon.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<a name="THE_GAME_FISH_OF_THE_SEA" id="THE_GAME_FISH_OF_THE_SEA"></a> +<div class="caption2">THE GAME FISH OF THE SEA</div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p>There certainly is no better sport to be had any place +with the trout, salmon and bass than that furnished by +the rivers, lakes and bays of the Pacific Coast. To this +excellent sport must be added another of the most exciting +character, and one distinctly Californian, and that +is the capture with rod and reel of the large sea fishes +found in the waters of the Santa Barbara Channel, and +more especially of Catalina Island. The great variety, +gamy qualities and massive size of these fishes furnish +a sport at once exciting and exhilarating, and challenging +the keenest exercise of the ability of the sportsman.</p> + +<p>The world-wide fame of these waters, and the grand +sport they furnish have resulted in the establishment +on Catalina Island of one of the finest, if not the most +perfect and best equipped angler's resort in the world, +from its launches and boatmen to its clubhouses and +hotels, and made it the Mecca of the expert anglers of +the civilized nations of the earth.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i153.png" width="600" height="370" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">LEAPING TUNA (Thunnus thynnus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE TUNA</div> +<div class="caption3">(Thunnus thynnus)</div> + +<p>The leaping tuna is the largest of the great game +fishes of the Pacific. It ranges from Monterey Bay, +where it is sparingly met with, south to Mexico. About +Catalina Island they are found in great numbers and of +great size. The excellent sport their capture with rod +and reel furnishes, has drawn to the island the expert +anglers of the world, and resulted in the formation of +the now famous "Tuna Club of Catalina," with its members +residing in all parts of the world; and of which +no one can become a member until he has landed a +tuna of 100 pounds or more with rod and reel and with +a line not larger than a 24-thread Cuttyhunk.</p> + +<p>Professor Charles F. Holder, an expert angler with a +national reputation, and who has angled for all fishes +and in all waters, says, "The most sensational fish of +these waters is the leaping tuna. It is the tiger of the +California seas, a living meteor, which strikes like a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +whirlwind, and played with a rod that is not a billiard +cue or a club in stiffness, will give the average man +the contest of his life."</p> + +<p>The record for the largest tuna caught with a rod +and reel is held at this writing by Col. C. P. Morehouse +of Pasadena, who brought to gaff a 251 pound +tuna after a six-and-a-half-hours' fight, during which it +had towed his boat over ten miles. But even a greater +fight than this is recorded, but the fish was not landed. +This fish fought for seventeen hours and thirty minutes +before its wonderful endurance and splendid courage +mastered the skill of the angler. Mr. C. B. Stockton +has to his credit a fight which not only shows the +great endurance of this angler but the remarkable vitality +of these fish. This fight lasted for sixteen hours +and fifty-five minutes before the fish was brought to +gaff. It weighed 170 pounds and was taken on the +regulation tackle.</p> + +<p>Body, round and sloping rapidly from the middle to +the caudal fin, and very small and round at the base of +the tail; tail divided into two long forks; two dorsal +fins, the first beginning just behind the gill-covers with +the pectoral and ventral fins a trifle farther back; second +dorsal fin smaller than the first and located nearly +half way between it and the caudal; anal fin midway +between the ventral and the caudal; bony, saw-like projections +from the second dorsal fin, and from the anal +fin to the tail; color, blue on the back and silvery white +on the sides.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—The flyingfish is about the only bait +with which the tuna can be caught. The hook, which +must be attached to about 3 <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> or 4 inches or light +chain and with a wire snell, is passed into the mouth +and down the belly of the flyingfish, the barb projecting +about midway of the fish. A small string is passed +through the nose and under lip and tied through a link +of the chain to keep the mouth shut. The speed of the +boat should be from two to four miles an hour. In +the middle of the day, when the tunas are feeding in +schools, the sinker should be removed, and the lure +skipped along the surface of the water. This effect can +be helped by the motion of the rod.</p> + +<p>The Catalina Tuna Club has adopted the following +tackle specifications:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>For Tuna and Swordfish—Rod to be of wood, consisting +of a butt and tip, and to be not shorter than +6 feet, 9 inches over all. Tip not less than 5 feet +in length, and to weigh not more than 16 ounces. +Line not to exceed standard 24-thread.</p></div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i155.png" width="600" height="364" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">ALBACORE (Germo alalunga)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">THE ALBACORE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Germo alalunga)</div> + +<p>The albacore is another genus of the same family, and +reaches a weight of 40 to 80 pounds; averaging 25 +pounds. It is seldom seen as far north as San Francisco, +but is abundant from Santa Barbara south to +Central America. Like all of the family it is a gamy +fish, and affords good sport to the angler. In general +shape and appearance it resembles the tuna, but will +always be distinguished by its long, sword-like pectoral +fins that start from near the gills, and a trifle lower +than the eye, and reach beyond the second dorsal fin.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—The albacore will take almost any +lure from a sardine to a white rag. The speed of the +boat can also be varied very much. I have known them +to be caught on a hand line trolled behind a coast +steamer. About three miles an hour, however, will give +the best results. The following light tackle specifications +of the Tuna Club will be found quite satisfactory +for the average albacore:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Rod to be of wood, consisting of a butt and tip, +and to be not shorter than 6 feet, over all. Butt to +be not over 14 inches in length. Tip not less than +5 feet in length, and to weigh not more than 6 +ounces. Line not to exceed standard 9-thread.</p></div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE YELLOW-FIN ALBACORE</div> +<div class="caption3">(Germo microptera)</div> + +<p>Another of the <b>Scrombridæ</b> family, and very closely +allied to the albacore, is the yellow-fin albacore. This +fish has erroneously been called "yellow-fin tuna." It +does not belong to the genus <b>Thunnus</b> any more than +does the albacore or the bonito. It is only a visitor to +the California waters, and often does not make its appearance +for one or two seasons at a time. They are +common to the coasts of Japan and the Hawaiian Islands, +and are supposed to migrate with the Japanese +current. This species fights altogether on the surface, +but lacks the sterling gamy qualities of the tuna.</p> + +<p>In shape it is built very much on the lines of the +albacore, but with its pectoral fins only extending back +to about half way between the anal and ventral, the +other fins are placed the same as the albacore, and all +except the pectoral strongly tinged with bright lemon; +pectoral fin is more of a bright brown; eye, large and +prominent.</p> + +<p>A few have been taken weighing as much as 40 +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +pounds and one even 65 pounds. The average, however, +is about 30 pounds.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i157.png" width="600" height="366" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">BONITO (Sarda chilensis)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BONITO, OR SKIPJACK</div> +<div class="caption3">(Sarda chilensis)</div> + +<p>To the angler who is not looking for the largest of +game, the bonito—known as skipjack to the Catalina +anglers—is possibly the most interesting of the ocean +game fishes. Its beautiful metallic colors, its rapid +movements, and pleasing habit of always fighting on +the surface, and rarely, if ever sulking, makes it a +most attractive game to the discriminating angler.</p> + +<p>The bonito also belongs to the <b>Scrombidæ</b> family, and +ranges from Point Conception to Mexico and south +through the tropics.</p> + +<p>Body, rounded, tapering rapidly to the tail, which is +strongly forked, but not so much as the albacore; +pectoral fins, short and placed opposite the eye; dorsal +fin, double, with saw-like ridges from the second dorsal +and the anal fins to the tail, the same as in all of this +family. Color, dark blue on the back, with a metallic +luster; sides, silvery white, with dark longitudinal lines. +Weight, from six to twelve pounds.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—The light tackle specifications of +the Tuna Club, given for albacore cannot be improved +upon for these fish.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i159.png" width="600" height="368" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">SPANISH MACKEREL (Scomberomorus concolor)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">SPANISH MACKEREL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Scomberomorus concolor)</div> + +<p>This is another of the <b>Scrombidæ</b> family. It ranges +north to Monterey Bay, where it makes its appearance +in September, remaining until November, when it goes +south to the Santa Barbara channel; remaining in these +waters and about Catalina Island during most of the +winter. This fish is called bonito by many of the +Catalina anglers, which is a misnomer, as it is a much +slimmer fish than the bonito.</p> + +<p>The pectoral fins are small and located a little above +the center of the body and close to the gill covers; +front dorsal starts just above the base of the pectorals +and extend along the back for a distance a little more +than the length of the head, and nearly meeting the +second dorsal, which is about the same width as its +heighth; ventral fins, a little in front of the pectorals +and rather small; front of the anal fin under the back +of the second dorsal. Back, steel blue; sides, silvery. +Oblique lines, of the darker color of the back, running +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +forward and downward to a little below the lateral line.</p> + +<p>Weight, usually from nine to twelve pounds, though +they occasionally attain a weight of eighteen pounds.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—The same as for the bonito.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i161.png" width="600" height="369" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">CHUB MACKEREL OR GREEN-BACK (Scomber japonicus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<div class="caption2">THE CHUB MACKEREL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Scomber japonicus)</div> + +<p>The chub mackerel, the smallest of the <b>Scombridæ</b> +family, approaches very closely the true mackerel of +the East. It is hard to find a fish of any variety more +delicious than a chub mackerel, caught from the yacht +and placed on the broiler as soon as it quits flapping. +They are occasionally found as far north as Monterey +bay, but their real range is from the Santa Barbara +channel south. With reasonably light trout tackle they +put up a gamy and interesting fight.</p> + +<p>Back, bluish green, mottled with irregular darker +streaks, some of which pass below the lateral line; first +dorsal fin quite high, and about the distance of its +height in front of the second dorsal; second dorsal and +anal about the same size and nearly opposite each +other; tail forked, but not so broadly as the bonito. +Weight, from one-half to three pounds.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—Trout tackle and spoon will furnish +interesting sport. But they will take any lure.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i163.png" width="600" height="367" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">YELLOW-TAIL (Seriola dorsalis)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE YELLOW-TAIL</div> +<div class="caption3">(Seriola dorsalis)</div> + +<p>The yellow-tail belongs to the family <b>Carangidæ</b>, the +same to which belong the pompanos, and is one of the +gamiest of sea fishes. In fact, it is generally said by +experts who have fished for all varieties and in all +waters, both salt and fresh, that the yellow-tail of Catalina +is the gamiest fish, pound for pound, that swims. +Whether this be true or not, it is certainly one of the +hardest and most persistent fighters found anywhere +and furnishes the angler with rod and reel from an +hour to two hours of lively sport before he can bring it +to gaff. One well-known writer on angling subjects +says: "It never knows when it is dead." While the +average catch will run from ten to thirty pounds, specimens +have been taken weighing sixty-five pounds. It is +occasionally met with in Monterey bay, but its range +is from the Santa Barbara channel south, where it is +caught the larger portion of the year.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order, ACANTHROPTERI.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Family, SCROMBIDAE</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Tuna"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Thunnus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>thynnus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Leaping tuna</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Coronado Islands to Monterey Bay.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Germo</td> + <td style="width:5%" rowspan="2"><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="48" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>microptera</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Yellow-fin albacore</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>Irregular visitors to the waters of Catalina Island and adjacent mainland.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>alalunga</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Albacore</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Point Conception south.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Sarda</td> + <td> </td> + <td>chilensis</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Bonito</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Santa Barbara south.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Scomberomorus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>concolor</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Spanish mackerel</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Monterey Bay south.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Scomber</td> + <td> </td> + <td>japonicus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Chub mackerel</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Point Conception south.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p>Grayish blue on the back; sides, a dull silver, with +a yellowish buff stripe along the lateral line; fins, green, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +with a strong yellowish tinge; tail, yellowish buff. +Scales small, with the head bare, except a small patch +on the cheeks. Pectoral fin on a level with the eye and +small; ventral under the center of the pectoral; caudal, +slim and forked. The dorsal fin is double, the front +being very small with spines and the second half more +than twice as high; dorsal and anal fins continue in a +low membrane to very near the tail. Body, elliptical +and very small at the base of the caudal fin.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—Same as for salmon or albacore.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i165.png" width="600" height="369" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH (Tetrapturus mitsukuri)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE CALIFORNIA SWORDFISH</div> +<div class="caption3">(Tetrapturus mitsukuri)</div> + +<p>By many anglers for large and exciting game, the +California swordfish is pronounced the king of all game +fishes. Certainly they put up a very determined and +exciting fight. In size they average about 180 pounds, +though one has been taken at Catalina by W. C. +Boschen that weighed 355 pounds. When a swordfish +is hooked its rushes are desperate, even reckless, and +at times dangerous to the angler. In its determined +efforts to free itself from the impaling hook, it threshes +the waters into foam, repeatedly leaping into the air, +where the sunlight scintillating upon the purple of its +back and silvery sides adds the charm of color to the +excitement of the contest. It is safe to say that there +is no fish, either in the salt or fresh waters, that is so +constantly on the surface and in the air during its +struggles for freedom as is the California swordfish. +Thirty, forty and even fifty clean leaps into the sunlight +by the one fish have been recorded in its desperate +struggle to baffle the skill of the angler.</p> + +<p>The snout of the swordfish is continued into a long, +sharp bone, which measured from the back of the +mouth is about one-fourth of the length of the fish from +the mouth to the base of the tail. The under jaw is +also a sharp projecting bone about half the length of +the sword. The dorsal fin rises sharply from the top of +the head to a height nearly equaling the depth of the +body, the latter part curving downward and continuing +along the back to nearly the center of the body; tail +divided into two long, slim forks; second dorsal and +anal near the tail and nearly opposite each other; ventral +fin below the terminal of the first dorsal; pectoral +fins rather long and located close to the gill-covers; +two long, slender feelers projecting from the center of +the throat just below the base of the pectorals; eye +very large and bright dark blue.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> +<p>Purplish green on the back, with blue perpendicular +stripes fading into the silvery sides; fins, dark purple.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—Same as for tuna.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BLACK SEA BASS, OR JEW-FISH</div> +<div class="caption3">(Stereolepis gigas)</div> + +<p>This monster of the ocean, commonly called jew-fish, +seems to be in all respects a gigantic black bass, closely +resembling the small-mouthed of the fresh waters, and +no further description will be necessary for anyone +who may be fortunate enough to land one to know to +what species it belongs. In fact, he will know just what +he has hooked long before the monster shows himself on +the top of the water. This huge black sea bass seems +to have a very restricted range, for it is only known +from the Coronado Islands to the Farallones. They +are very plentiful around Catalina Island, where they +are usually taken with hand lines. They can not be +called a game fish, though they are now being taken +with rod and reel at Catalina and furnish a kind of +"heavy-weight" sport for those who like it. One weighing +over 436 pounds has been taken on a tuna rod and +twenty-one thread line. The writer saw one several +years ago that was taken on a hand line that weighed +720 pounds and was over seven feet in length. They are +fish of great strength and will tow a boat with ease at a +considerable speed.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle</b>—The same as for tuna, with fish bait.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE BARACUDA</div> +<div class="caption3">(Sphyraena argentea)</div> + +<p>The baracuda is a common fish from San Francisco +south to Mexico. In the Santa Barbara channel and +about Catalina and San Diego it is largely taken by +trolling with light tackle, when it affords really good +sport. It is a long, slim fish, reaching three and even +three and a half feet in length, the usual catch being +from two to two and a half feet in length.</p> + +<p>Head long and slender; eye high up on the head and +nearly half way between the snout and the back of the +gill covers. Pectoral fin just below the lateral line; +first dorsal spinous and nearly opposite the ventral; +second dorsal about midway between the first and the +tail; anal almost directly under the second dorsal.</p> + +<p>Bluish brown on the back, grading into white on the +belly.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—Same as for bonito.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">WHITING and CROAKERS</div> + +<p>There are three other species of fish which inhabit +the surf of the Pacific from Point Conception, south to +Mexico, that, while they can not be properly termed +game fishes, furnish the angler fine sport because of +the gamy fight they make on light tackle. These are +the whiting (<b>Menticirrhus undulatus</b>), the spot-fin croaker +(<b>Roncador stearnsi</b>) and the yellow-fin croaker (<b>Umbrina +roncador</b>). The first of these is known locally by +the names of courbina and surf-fish, which are bad +misnomers. The name, surf-fish, is given by the ichthyologist +to a species of perch, and the courbina belongs +to the genus <b>Pogonias</b> and is not found as far north as +the California coast. These names should be abandoned +by the anglers and the proper English name of whiting +used. The word courbina is Italian and means croaker, +from the Latin, corvus, crow.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i167.png" width="600" height="373" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">WHITE SEA BASS (Cygonoscion nobilis)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">THE WHITE SEA BASS</div> +<div class="caption3">(Cygonoscion nobilis)</div> + +<p>The white sea bass is purely a California species, +ranging from the Coronado Islands to about the latitude +of San Francisco. They are caught trolling and make a +gamy fight on rod and reel. Twenty to forty pound +fish are common and they have been caught weighing +seventy-five pounds.</p> + +<p>Light bluish on the back and white on the sides, +with many small specks; dark spot at the base of the +pectoral fins. Head, long, with pointed snout, and with +the scales of the head running nearly to its end. Dorsal +fin double, the first half having ten spines and the latter +twenty-one or twenty-two soft rays. Anal with two +spines and nine rays. Tail but little forked.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle</b>—The same as for salmon or yellow-tail.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i169.png" width="600" height="366" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND SUCKER (Menticirrhus undulatus)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">CALIFORNIA WHITING OR SAND-SUCKER</div> +<div class="caption3">(Menticirrhus undulatus)</div> + +<p>This species is common to the sand beaches of the +Pacific, from Point Conception south to Guaymas, Mexico. +It feeds during the larger part of the year in the +surf, and is caught from the wharfs or by long casts +with heavy sinkers from the beach. The whiting appears +on the California coast in two varieties, the <b>undulatus</b> +proper and a subspecies which I think has never +been classified. At any rate, the difference seems sufficient +to entitle it to a subspecies classification, for the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +mouth curves strongly downward, and, therefore, does not +extend so far back as the undulatus proper. The tail also +differs, in having both upper and lower lobes rounded, +instead of the upper being square as in the <b>undulatus</b>.</p> + +<p>Head, about one-fifth of the entire length; snout, +rather pointed, and projecting beyond the mouth; mouth +reaching to the center of the eye; small barbel on the +lower lip. Dorsal fin, double, the first with from seven +to nine spines, the second soft and reaching from the +first to within about the length of the head from the +tail; pectoral fins near the gills and about the width +of the eye below the center of the body; ventral fins, +a little behind the pectoral; anal fin under the center +of the second dorsal; dorsal fins dark; pectoral, ventral +and anal fins, light with darker tips; tail of the +<b>undulatus</b> proper, upper lobe square and lower lobe +rounded. Back, bluish brown, shading to white on the +belly; scales, small. Below the lateral line are a number +of small spots forming irregular lines running backward +and upward. Size, rarely exceeding eight pounds.</p> + +<p>The illustration is of the variety that I have referred +to as a subspecies.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—The three-six tackle. Rod to be of +wood, consisting of a butt and tip, and to be not shorter +than six feet over all; weight of entire rod not to exceed +six ounces; butt not to be over twelve inches in +length. Line not to exceed standard 6-thread. Lure, +sandflies, mussels or clams.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i171.png" width="600" height="367" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">YELLOW-FIN CROAKER (Umbrina roncador)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">YELLOW-FIN CROKER</div> +<div class="caption3">(Umbrina roncador)</div> + +<p>The yellow-fin croaker is found in the surf or near +it along the sandy beaches from some distance north of +Point Conception south to Manzanillo, Mexico, where it +is known by the name "corvina con aletas amarillas," +or "croaker with yellow fins."</p> + +<p>Head, about one-fifth the whole length; snout, very +blunt, with a small barbel on the lower lip. Dorsal +fin double, the first half with seven or eight spines, the +longest about two-thirds the length of the head; second +half rayed and about two-thirds the height of the first, +and reaching to about half the length of the head from +the tail; pectoral fins short, and placed close to the gills +and a little below the center of the body; ventral fins +just below the pectoral and a trifle longer; anal fin, +below the center of the second dorsal; tail, nearly +square. Back, greenish brown, with a metallic luster +and giving a pinkish tinge in some lights; sides, shading +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +to white on the belly. A few irregular spots on +the sides forming faint lines.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="SPOT-FIN_CROAKER" id="SPOT-FIN_CROAKER"></a> +SPOT-FIN CROAKER</div> +<div class="caption3">(Roncador stearnsi)</div> + +<p>The spot-fin croaker appears in and near the surf of +the Pacific Coast from Point Conception south to Mexico. +<b>Roncador</b> is Spanish and signifies snorer. This +species resembles the yellow-fin very closely, but is +usually lighter in color and more metallic in appearance. +It can always be distinguished from the yellow-fin +by the distinct black spots at the base of the pectoral +fins.</p> + +<p><b>Tackle and Lure</b>—Same as for whiting.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<a name="THE_TUNA_CLUB_OF_CATALINA_ISLAND" id="THE_TUNA_CLUB_OF_CATALINA_ISLAND"></a> +<div class="caption2">THE TUNA CLUB OF CATALINA ISLAND</div> + +<p>I cannot close these articles on fish and fishing without +a few words of commendation of the Tuna Club of +Catalina Island. From the very inception of this organization +it has striven to encourage the use of light +tackle by all anglers. To this end, it has adopted three +classes of tackle specifications for the taking of the +several kinds of fish found in the waters surrounding +its island home, and provided a number of cups and buttons +to be awarded each year to anglers who land fishes +of certain weights, with such tackle as is prescribed +therefore by its rules. This campaign, which it has so +energetically urged in behalf of scientific angling, has +worked wonders in its section of the Coast. The old +methods of landing fish, even of the gamiest quality, +by the employment of nothing more than brute force +at the end of an unbreakable cable, has almost disappeared +in its section, and scientific angling with the +lightest possible tackle has taken its place. But the +good work of the Tuna Club has not been confined to +the boundaries of its own section. Anglers from other +sections of the country visiting Catalina, and seeing the +additional pleasure derived from the use of light tackle, +have become enthusiastic advocates of this more scientific +means, and returning to their homes have spread +the propaganda there.</p> + +<p>To the stiff pole and chalk-line fishermen of confirmed +habits I have nothing to say. But to the younger +generation who have not yet grown grey in the practice +of bad habits, I wish to urge upon them the use +of the lightest tackle possible, as a means of developing +greater skill and deriving greater pleasure from +their favorite sport. And this is equally true whether +it be a tuna or a trout.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Order, ACANTHROPTERI.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Family, SCIAENIDAE</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="smaller" summary="Croakers"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt">Genus</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Species</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Common Names</td> + <td style="width:5%" class="brd_bt"> </td> + <td class="brd_bt">Range</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Menticirrhus</td> + <td> </td> + <td>undulatus</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>California whiting<br />or sand sucker</td> + <td><img src="images/brace_lf3.png" width="18" height="24" alt="left brace" /></td> + <td>From Point Conception south to Guaymas, Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Roncador</td> + <td> </td> + <td>stearnsi</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Spot-fin croaker</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Point Conception south to Manzanillo, Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Umbrina</td> + <td> </td> + <td>roncador</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Yellow-fin croaker</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From Point Conception south to Manzanillo, Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Cygonoscion</td> + <td> </td> + <td>nobilis</td> + <td> </td> + <td>White sea bass</td> + <td> </td> + <td>From San Francisco south to Coronado Islands.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">ATTRACTIVE FISHING RESORTS</div> + +<p>It is possible that the day may come when man will +be so engrossed with the pursuit of the dollar that the +call of the wild will no longer quicken the pulsations +of his heart. But until that time does come, the wild +creatures of nature, whose pursuit affords the most +healthful and exhilarating pastime, will continue to lure +him to their haunts.</p> + +<div style="margin-left: 2em;"> +"To sit on rocks and gaze o'er flood and fell;<br /> + To slowly trace the forest's shady scene,<br /> +Where things that own not man's dominion dwell,<br /> + And mortal feet hath ne'er, or rarely, been," +</div> +<br /> + +will long continue to present a charm to all who love +the sublimity of the mountains, the beauty of the flower-decked +fields, or the awe-inspiring grandeur of the +ocean.<br /><br /> + +<p>To draw a bead on the antlered buck; to stop the +flight of the gamy quail; to land the denizen of the +mountain stream, or troll the ocean's depth for the +tuna, the salmon or the yellow-tail, furnishes a pastime +whose recollection draws one back again and again to +sit on nature's lap and listen to her teachings. The +recollection of these pleasures are locked in the treasure +vaults of the memory, where the wearings of time +can never erase them; for when the once firm step that +carried him proudly up the mountain's side shall falter +and become a palsied wreck of time, and the eye, +dimmed by the accumulated mists of years, shall see +clearly, only in retrospect, he will sit by his fire-side +in slippered feet, and, gazing down the long vistas of +the past, live over and over again in his reveries the +pleasures furnished by the forest, the field, the stream +and the ocean.</p> + +<p>Nothing would please me better than to describe herein +the many places where, during a residence on the +Pacific Coast of more than half a century, I have enjoyed +these sports in the fullest degree. But even the +merest mention of the almost innumerable hunting +grounds and trout streams, and the hundreds of mountain +and sea-side resorts, from Washington to Mexico, +would, of itself, make a volume of no mean size. I am, +therefore, restricted to the mention of only a few of +the more attractive places where good sea fishing can +be found, coupled with such accommodations and surroundings +as appeal to the discriminating pleasure +seeker.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">CATALINA ISLAND.</div> + +<p>Almost due south of Los Angeles, and about twenty +miles from the mainland, is the far-famed island of +Catalina.</p> + +<p>It is still a debatable question whether it was the +leaping tuna that made Catalina famous, or whether it +was its many attractions, its facilities for sea fishing and +its splendid accommodations, that gave the sport of tuna +fishing a world-wide reputation.</p> + +<p>This beautiful island, with its diversified amusements; +its grand scenery; its wonderful drives; its +surf less sea bathing; its marine views; its perfect +equipment for sea fighting, and its splendidly appointed +hotel, has made it the Mecca to which the enthusiastic +anglers of the world make their regular pilgrimages, +for it seems to be the favored habitat of all the game +fishes of the ocean, except the salmon and the striped +bass.</p> + +<p>Catalina is the home of the Tuna Club, the greatest +fishing organization of the world, with its international +membership pledged to the promotion of scientific +angling. It is here where the world's records are made, +and the greatest feats in landing the fighting monsters +of the sea have been achieved.</p> + +<p>In its variety of game fishes I know of no place to +equal it. The leaping tuna, the albacore, the Spanish +mackerel, the bonito, the chub mackerel, the white sea +bass, the yellow-tail, and the California swordfish, the +sensational fighter of the ocean, are all here and ready +to give the light tackle angler the most exciting contest +of his life.</p> + +<p>When the angler waits for the tides, he wants some +other divertisement to occupy his mind. At Catalina he +finds a pastime suitable to every hour, to every fancy, +to every mood. He can bathe in its crystal waters; he +can stroll along its pebbly beaches or climb its hills +in search of wild goats; he can ride through its charming +valleys, over its lofty peaks and around the dizzy +heights that overlook the ocean; he can increase the +elasticity of his step on its tennis courts, or exercise +his muscle on its golf links. He can view the ancient +relics of a departed people, study the strange and curious +forms of ocean life in the extensive aquariums, or +comfortably seated in a glass-bottomed boat, marvel at +the extravagant splendor of the marine gardens, hundreds +of feet below the surface, where sirens sing and +mermaids are said to dwell. And, when he has gone +the rounds, and longs again for more exciting sport, +well—then he can go fishing.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table style="width:100%" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td class="center"><img src="images/i176.png" width="387" height="600" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">HOTEL DEL MONTE</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">DEL MONTE</div> + +<p>Monterey Bay is pre-eminently the fishing ground +for the Pacific salmon. As these gamy fish seek their +spawning grounds, after their four-years' sojourn in +unknown waters, they enter Monterey Bay at its southern +headland and follow around it at varying distances +from the shore. During this season the Hotel Del +Monte, with its splendid appointments and scenic beauty, +is the favored Mecca of the salmon anglers. Here +boats with experienced boatmen, and a good supply of +tackle and bait are always to be had. The contour of +the peninsula, with its high mountain crest, forming +the southern shore of the bay, is such that the strong +winds of the open ocean is cut off from the Del Monte +side, allowing the waters of this side of the bay to retain +that smoothness that makes either boating or fishing +a delight. This, too, may have something to do +with the feeding habits of the salmon, thereby accounting +for the usually large catches made by the guests +of the hotel.</p> + +<p>While the Pacific Coast furnishes fine sport for the +angler, both in its fresh and salt waters, with an infinite +variety of gamy fishes, salmon fishing must be +classed as one of the most satisfying. An angler likes +to see his adversary and know with what he is contending. +The salmon is a surface fighter, leaping high +into the air when he finds himself impaled; and this +sight of his beautiful sides, scintillating in the sunlight, +quickens the pulsations of the heart of the angler and +gives zest to the sport.</p> + +<p>Each section of the coast has its fish and fishing +peculiar to itself; but I care not from what section the +expert angler may come, he will enjoy the salmon +fishing of Monterey Bay. He will do more; for the +Hotel Del Monte is one of the delightful show places +of the Pacific Coast. Space will not admit of an enumeration +of the many interesting sights here to be seen. +There are glimpses of California life a hundred years +ago by the side of picturesque golf links and tennis +courts. A modern hostelry hid away in the center of +a primeval park. A seventeen-mile drive through shady +mountain dells and along weirdly beautiful ocean coves +and rocky crags. The marine gardens as seen at the +bottom of the ocean through glass-bottomed boats. +These, and many other interesting relics and inspiring +scenes are the side attractions for the salmon angler +who visits Del Monte.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td class="center"><img src="images/i178.png" width="600" height="384" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">FISHING PIER, DEL MAR</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">DEL MAR.</div> + +<p>Del Mar is one of the few beach resorts where the +pleasure-seeker can divide his time among the whole +range of out-door amusements. The long pleasure wharf +and the miles of just that character of beach where +the whiting, the croaker, the chub mackerel and the +young sea bass love to feed, offer the finest of still fishing. +If he is ambitious for a contest with the big +fighting fishes of the deeper waters, he can take a +boat and soon be floating over the haunts of the yellow-tail, +the albacore and the bonito. If he prefers the +report of the gun to the music of the reel, a short walk +back from the hotel brings him into the country of the +game little quail.</p> + +<p>Again, he can, by a short ride to the ponds and lagoons, +change from upland to waterfowl shooting.</p> + +<p>But the gamut is not yet run; for within easy reach +are several mountain streams where he can cast his +flies on their waters with good returns. And, if he +seeks to pit his cunning and his skill against the watchful +deer, a pleasant and interesting ride over a good +motor road, takes him into the wilds of the Cuyamaca +mountains.</p> + +<p>But the sportsman in his outings will always think +of his comforts as well as his sports, and for those Del +Mar has planned with a lavish hand.</p> + +<p>It is not all of the enjoyment of a good meal to have +a choice selection of viands, admirably cooked by an +experienced chef, and served in the most approved manner. +It is not all of a good night's rest, after the fatigue +of a day's sport, to have lain on a downy bed in +a richly appointed room. Agreeable service; the affability +of the management; the pervading air of welcome; +the society of congenial companions; the beauty +of the situation; the inspiring views; the charm of +the many scenes that each day photographs upon the +memory, adds a relish to the menu which no chef can +compound, and a restfulness to one's slumber that the +ingenuity of no upholsterer can supply. For a part of +these delightful adjuncts to one's enjoyment, I am willing +to give credit to the excellent taste of the founders +of Del Mar. But the beauty of its surroundings, +the possibility of its charming individuality, must be +credited to those exclusive gifts which nature first bestowed +upon it.</p> + +<p>Del Mar is twenty-two miles from San Diego and 111 +from Los Angeles, and can be reached from either of +these cities by the Santa Fe railroad, or by a good +motor road, distinguished for its many interesting views.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table width="610" summary="picture frame"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i180.png" width="600" height="381" title="" alt="" /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3">AQUARIUM, VENICE</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">VENICE</div> + +<p>That there is but one Venice in America is the verdict +of all who have visited this charming sea-side resort. +Its oriental architecture, and its numerous canals, +on whose surface floats in Italian ease, real Venetian +gondolas, give it an atmosphere suggestive of the Mediterranean. +But it is not of its Venetian aspect, nor its +endless chain of amusements, from its surf and plunge +bathing to its rollicking scenic railroad and hair-raising +dash through its cavernous rapids, or its hundred or +more interesting pastimes for the pleasure seeker, that +the attention of the reader is herein directed.</p> + +<p>It is to those forms of sea life that contribute to his +pleasure that his attention is called, for the waters of +Venice furnish a wonderful variety of these, as will be +seen by a visit to the large aquarium maintained on +the pier by the University of Southern California. From +the wharfs he can angle for smelt, mackerel and perch, +as well as for halibut and other bottom fishes. From +the beach, by bait-casting into the surf, he is rewarded +with croaker, whiting (erroneously called corbina), and +young sea bass, locally known as sea trout.</p> + +<p>By taking a launch and going out into the open water, +his ambition to bring to gaff the larger species of the +deeper sea can be gratified with strikes from the tuna, +the albacore, the bonito, the mackerel and the yellow-tail +that will give him a contest worthy of his metal.</p> + +<p>These launch trips upon the bosom of the open ocean, +are among the chiefest pleasures of our beach resorts, +for the angler not only finds keen sport in the landing +of these larger fishes, but an exhilarating recreation, +restful to the mind and healthful to the body.</p> + +<p>Then, when his day's sport is over, whether his outing +is only for a day, or for the several weeks of his vacation, +His comforts are to be considered. In these Venice +offers as wide a range as it does in its amusements. +At the splendidly appointed Hotel St. Marks he can find +the most luxurious accommodations; he can dine at one +of its deservedly popular cafes; or, if he wants to spend +his vacation in restful quietude with his family, he can +take a furnished villa on the bank of one of the canals, +hidden away in a wealth of flowers and forest trees, +with the sea breeze tempered to a balmy zephyr. To +this sequestered home he can bring his fish, fresh from +the sea, and broiling them to his particular taste, enjoy +the last delight of the angler's day of sport.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS</div> +<br /> +<table class="index" summary="Index to Illustrations"> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">DOVES—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mourning Dove,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> White-winged Dove,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">DUCKS—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> American Golden-eye,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> American Scaup,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Barrow's Golden-eye,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Blue-bill,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Butter-ball,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Canvasback,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Gadwall,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Harlequin,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mallard,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Pin-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Red-head,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Ring-neck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Ruddy,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Scoter, White-winged,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Shoveler,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Spoon-bill,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sprig,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Teal, Blue-winged,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Teal, Cinnamon,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Teal, Green-winged,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Widgeon,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Wire-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Wood Duck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">FISHES—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Albacore,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bass, Small-mouthed, Black,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bass, Striped,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bass, White Sea,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bonito,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Croaker, Yellow-fin,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mackerel, Chub,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mackerel, Spanish,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Salmon, Chinook,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sand-sucker,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Skip-jack,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Swordfish,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Trout, Eastern Brook,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Trout, Rainbow,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Tuna, Leaping,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Whiting, California,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Yellow-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">GEESE—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Black Brant,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Brown Brant,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Cackling Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Canada Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Emperor Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Honker,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Little White Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Ross Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Speckle-breast,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Snow Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> White-cheeked Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> White-fronted Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></p></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">GROUSE—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Oregon Ruffed,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sage Hen,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sharp-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sooty,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">PHEASANT, Mongolian,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">PIGEON, Band-tailed,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">QUAIL—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Arizona,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bobwhite, Virginia,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> California Valley,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Elegant,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Gambel,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Massena,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Montezuma,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mountain,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Plumed,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Scaled,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf" colspan="2">SHORE BIRDS—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Avocet,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Curlew, Sickle-bill,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Curlew, Hudsonian,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Dowitcher,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Godwit,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Ibis, White-fronted, Glossy,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Marlin,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Plover, Black-bellied,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Plover, Mountain,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Plover, Ring-neck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Plover, Snowy,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Snipe, Jack or Wilson,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Snipe, Red-Breasted,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Yellow-legs,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_lf">TURKEY, Mexican Wild,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2">INDEX</div> +<br /> + +<table class="index" summary="Index"> +<tr> + <td>ANATIDAE, family,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ANATINAE, subfamily,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ANSERENAE, subfamily,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ANSERES, order,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>BAY AND SEA DUCKS,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>CHARADRIDAE, family,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>COLUMBIDAE, family,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>CYGNINAE, subfamily,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>DOVES—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mourning Dove,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> White-winged Dove,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>DUCKS—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> American Golden-eye,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> American Scaup,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Barrow's Golden-eye,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Blue-bill,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Butter-ball,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Canvasback,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Fulvous Tree Duck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Gadwall,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Harlequin Duck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Lesser Scaup Duck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Little Blue-bill,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Long-tailed Duck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mallard,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Old Squaw,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Pin-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Red-head,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Ring-neck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Ruddy Duck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Scoters,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Shoveler,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Spoon-bill,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sprig,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Subfamily, genus & species, fresh-water ducks,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Subfamily, genus & species, salt-water ducks,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Teal—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Blue-wing,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Cinnamon,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Green-wing,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Widgeon,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Wire-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Wood Duck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>FISHES—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Albacore,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Yellow-fin,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bass—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Black, Large-mouth,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Black, Small-mouth,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Striped,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>White Sea,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Baracuda,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bonito,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Croaker—family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Spot-fin,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Yellow-fin,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Jewfish,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mackerel—family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Chub,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Green-back,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Spanish,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sacramento Pike,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Salmon,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Salmon—family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Blue-back,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Chinook,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Dog,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Hump-back,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>King,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Redfish,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Silver,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Sock-eye,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sand-sucker,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Skip-jack,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Swordfish,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Trout—family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Colorado River,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Cutthroat,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Dolly Varden,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Eastern Brook,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Golden,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Lake Tahoe,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Lake Southerland,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Rainbow,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Rio Grande,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Silver,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Steel-head,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Tuna,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Whiting, California,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Yellow-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>FISHING RESORTS,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Catalina Island,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Del Mar,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Del Monte,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Venice,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>GAME BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC COAST,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>GAME FISHES OF THE SEA,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>GEESE OF THE PACIFIC COAST,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>GEESE, FAMILY, GENUS AND SPECIES,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Black Sea Brant,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Brown Brant,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Cackling Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Canada Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Emperor Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Honker,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Hutchins Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Little White Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Ross Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Speckle-breast,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Snow Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> White Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> White-cheeked Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> White-fronted Goose,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>GROUSE—Family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Canadian Ruffed,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Oregon Ruffed,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sage Hen,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sharp-tail,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sooty,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Spruce,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PHEASANT, Mongolian,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PIGEON, Wild,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>PIGEONS AND DOVES,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>QUAIL—Family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Arizona,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bobwhite,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Bobwhite, Masked,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> California Valley,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Elegant,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Gambel,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Massena,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Montezuma,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mountain,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Lower California,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Plumed,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> San Pedro Mountain,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Scaled,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Chestnut-bellied,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>SHORE BIRDS—Family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Avocet,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Cranes, Rails and Gallinules,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Curlew, Sickle-bill,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Hudsonian,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Dowitcher,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Godwit,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Herons and Ibises,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Marlin,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Plover, family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Black-bellied,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Mountain,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Ring-neck,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Snowy,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Wilson,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Rails,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Sandpiper, Red-backed,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Snipe, family, genus and species,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Jacksnipe,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Red-breasted,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span style="width:2.5em"> </span>Wilson,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Stilt, Black-necked,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Willet,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Yellow-legs,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>SWANS,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>TUNA CLUB,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>TURKEYS, Wild,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Mexican, Wild,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>WATERFOWL,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>WADERS AND SHORE BIRDS,</td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/i187a.png" width="338" height="274" + title="FISHING TACKLE, Chas. H. Kewell Co., 436-438 Market St., + San Francisco, Cal." alt="FISHING TACKLE" /> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Manufacturers and Patentees</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption1">Trout Flies-Dry & Wet</div> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" summary="image frame"> +<tr> + <td class="caption2">KEWELL-<br />STEWART<br />SPOON</td> +<td class="center"><img src="images/i187b.png" width="109" height="48" + title="Kewart Reg. U. S. Patent Office" alt="Kewart Reg. U. S. Patent Office" /></td> +<td class="caption2">KEWELL-<br />LAFORGE<br />SPINNER</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Write for Catalogue P</div> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> +<table style="width:100%" class="center" summary="page frame"> +<tr> + <td class="bbox6"> +<div style="float: right"> +<img src="images/i188a.png" width="221" height="169" title="fishing" alt="fishing" /> +</div> +<br /> +<div style="clear: both"> +<div class="caption2">Tufts-Lyon Arms Co.</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption1 gesperrt">Sporting Goods</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">GOOD SHOOTING GOODS</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Special Tuna <span style="position:relative; top:4px"> + <img src="images/i188b.png" width="11" height="36" title="and" alt="and" /></span> + Swordfish Tackle</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">Los Angeles, California</div> +<br /> +<div style="float: left"> +<img src="images/i188c.png" width="221" height="176" title="fishing" alt="fishing" /> +</div> +</div> +<br /> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<table style="width:100%" class="center" summary="page frame"> +<tr> + <td class="bbox6"> +<table style="width:100%" class="center" summary="page frame"> +<tr> + <td class="bbox6"> +<div class="caption2">A FULL LINE OF</div> + +<div class="caption1">Sporting Goods</div> +<br /> + +<table style="width:65%" class="center" summary="frame"> +<tr> + <td> + <table class="bold ind2em" style="width:95%" summary="firearms"> + <tr> + <td> SHOTGUNS</td> + <td> RIFLES</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Parker, Ithaca,</td> + <td>Hopkins & Allen</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Remington, Stevens,</td> + <td>Winchester</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Winchester, Marlin,</td> + <td>Remington</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hopkins & Allen,</td> + <td>Stevens</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Ainsley H. Fox,</td> + <td>Savage</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>L. C. Smith,</td> + <td>Marlin</td> + </tr> + </table> + <br /> + Marble's Game-Getter Gun<br /> + <br /> + + <table class="bold ind2em" style="width:95%" summary="handguns"> + <tr> + <td> REVOLVERS</td> + <td> AUTOMATIC PISTOLS</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Harrington & Richardson</td> + <td>Smith & Wesson</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Hopkins & Allen</td> + <td>Savage</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Smith & Wesson</td> + <td>Mouser</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Iver-Johnson</td> + <td>Loger</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Colts</td> + <td>Colts</td> + </tr> + </table> + <br /> + Stevens Target Pistols<br /> + </td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<div class="bold">AMMUNITION</div> +<br /> +U. M. C., Winchester, Selby—Field and Trap Shells<br /> +Dupont, Ballistite, New E. C., Schultz Powders<br /> +<br /> +<div class="bold">Blue Rock Traps and Pigeons</div> +<br /> +<div class="bold">HUNTING CLOTHING</div> + +Our Own Make of Khaki, Canvas, Corduroy Suits<br /> +Hats and Leggins.<br /> +<br /> +Shaw-duck Ulsters, Coltskin Reafers, Duluth Mackinaws,<br /> +Knit Jackets, Webber-stitch Coats, Roughneck<br /> +Sweaters, Flannel Shirts, Knit Caps,<br /> +Woolen Socks.<br /> +<br /> +Laced Boots and Hunting Shoes.<br /> +Oiled Clothing, Rubber Suits and Boots. Sleeping<br /> +Bags, Oregon Blankets, Comforts, Bedding Rolls,<br /> +Carryall Bags, Ponchos and Knapsacks, Packsaddles,<br /> +Kyaks, Water Bottles and Canteens.<br /> +<br /> + +<hr style="height:2px; color:#000;" /> +<hr style="height:2px; color:#000;" /> + +<table style="width:90%" summary="address"> +<tr> + <td class="caption1" colspan="2">The Wm. H. Hoegee, Inc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="center" colspan="2">138-40.42 South Park</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption3nc text_lf">LOS ANGELES,</td> + <td class="caption3nc text_rt">CAL.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> + +<table style="width:100%" class="bbox6 center" summary="taxidermist advertisement"> +<tr> + <td><img src="images/i190a.png" width="145" height="183" + title="Deer Antlers" alt="Deer Antlers" /></td> + <td><span class="caption3">I Mounted The</span><br /><br /> + <span class="caption2">African Collection</span><br /><br /> + <span class="caption3">OF</span><br /><br /> + <span class="caption2">Stewart Edward White</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" class="caption3 brd_tp">If You want high grade taxidermy send<br /> + me your trophies.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" class="caption1">Albert E. Colburn</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" class="caption3">806 South Broadway</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" class="caption2">LOS ANGELES, CALIF.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<table style="width:100%" class="bbox6 center" summary="photography supply advert"> +<tr> + <td class="caption1">A KODAK</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>is as necessary to your hunting outfit as your<br /> +gun, and a shot with it often far more<br /> +satisfactory because it is</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption2">A LASTING PLEASURE</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Everything you need in the Kodak Line will<br /> +be found at the</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption1">Earl V. Lewis Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> + <table summary="detail"> +<tr> + <td><span class="undrscr">Two Stores</span> </td> + <td>226 West Fourth St.<br />306 West Seventh St.</td> +</tr> + </table> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="caption2">Bring your films for developing and<br />printing</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="trans_notes"> +<div class="caption2">Transcriber's Notes</div> + + <p>The text presented here is that contained in the original printed + version. Other than the typographical corrections listed below and + a number of minor corrections, the following changes were introduced:</p> + +<table summary="changes made"> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1) Paragraphs split by illustrations or tables were rejoined.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">2) The illustrations were placed above the section + describing the species illustrated.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">3) The following errata notes displayed on the bottom of pages 112, + 114 and 116 in the original publication have been applied:</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_lf">"In the make-up of a few pages on the shore birds, the + scientific names have become transposed.<br />They should read:<br /> + <a href="#Page_112">Page 112</a>: Dowitcher (Macrohampus scolopaceus).<br /> + <a href="#Page_114">Page 114</a>: Yellow-legs (Totanus melanoleucus).<br /> + " " : Marlin (Limosa fedora).<br /> + <a href="#Page_116">Page 116</a>: Red-backed sandpiper (Tringa alpina pacifica).<br /> + " " : Willet (Symphemia Semipalmata inornata)."<br /></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">4) There appears to be text missing under the description of + "WILSON'S PLOVER" in the "Measurements" section on <a href="#missing">page 125</a>.<br /> + A note was inserted to that effect</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">5) The Æ ligature which was used in the caption of the + image on <a href="#Page_122">page 122</a> has been changed to the letters "AE" for consistancy + with the way those names are displayed elsewhere in the book.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> + +<a name="typos"></a> +<div class="caption2">Typographical Corrections</div> +<br /> +<div class="center"> +<table summary="typo listing"> +<tr> + <td class="brd_bt2">Page</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="brd_bt2">Correction</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Banapart ⇒ Bonapart</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>"Male" added for consistancy</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Spatula acuta ⇒ Dafila acuta</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Aythya amaricana ⇒ Aythya americana</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Chen rossi ⇒ Chen rossii</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Plegadis gaurauna ⇒ Plegadis guarauna</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Gaura alba ⇒ Guara alba</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Grus mericana ⇒ Grus canadensis</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>GALLINUL ⇒ GALLINULES</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Grus mericana ⇒ Grus americana</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Charadrous squaterola ⇒ Charadrius squatarola</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>AVOSET => AVOCET</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Loch Loven ⇒ Loch Leven</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>Cygnocian nobilis ⇒ Cygonoscion nobilis</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> + <td> </td> + <td>SPOT-FIN CRAOKER ⇒ SPOT-FIN CROAKER</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +</div><!-- End Book --> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Game Birds and Game Fishes of the +Pacific Coast, by Harry Thom Payne + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GAME BIRDS AND GAME FISHES *** + +***** This file should be named 38032-h.htm or 38032-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/0/3/38032/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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